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| dinitrogen oxide |
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| CHEBI:17045 |
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| A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream. |
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This entity has been manually annotated by the ChEBI Team.
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CHEBI:44250, CHEBI:7598, CHEBI:14661, CHEBI:25568
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| ChemicalBook:CB7676965, eMolecules:3715154 |
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| Nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide), commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, or factitious air, among others, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N2O. At room temperature, it is a colourless non-flammable gas, and has a slightly sweet scent and taste. At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidiser similar to molecular oxygen.
Nitrous oxide has significant medical uses, especially in surgery and dentistry, for its anaesthetic and pain-reducing effects, and it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Its colloquial name, "laughing gas", coined by Humphry Davy, describes the euphoric effects upon inhaling it, which cause it to be used as a recreational drug inducing a brief "high". When abused chronically, it may cause neurological damage through inactivation of vitamin B12. It is also used as an oxidiser in rocket propellants and motor racing fuels, and as a frothing gas for whipped cream.
Nitrous oxide is also an atmospheric pollutant, with a concentration of 333 parts per billion (ppb) in 2020, increasing at 1 ppb annually. It is a major scavenger of stratospheric ozone, with an impact comparable to that of CFCs. About 40% of human-caused emissions are from agriculture, as nitrogen fertilisers are digested into nitrous oxide by soil micro-organisms. As the third most important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide substantially contributes to global warming. Reduction of emissions is an important goal in the politics of climate change. |
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Read full article at Wikipedia
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| GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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Escherichia coli
(NCBI:txid562)
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See:
PubMed
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greenhouse gas
A gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range, so contributing to the 'greenhouse effect'.
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bacterial metabolite
Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria.
analgesic
An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.
food packaging gas
A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container.
NMDA receptor antagonist
Any substance that inhibits the action of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. They tend to induce a state known as dissociative anesthesia, marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia, while side effects can include hallucinations, nightmares, and confusion. Due to their psychotomimetic effects, many NMDA receptor antagonists are used as recreational drugs.
raising agent
A food additive which liberates gas so as to increase the volume of a dough or batter, resulting in a lighter and softer finished product.
food propellant
A propellant that is used to expel foods from an aerosol container.
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general anaesthetic
Substance that produces loss of consciousness.
vasodilator agent
A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
analgesic
An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms.
food packaging gas
A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container.
refrigerant
A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure.
raising agent
A food additive which liberates gas so as to increase the volume of a dough or batter, resulting in a lighter and softer finished product.
food propellant
A propellant that is used to expel foods from an aerosol container.
inhalation anaesthetic
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View more via ChEBI Ontology
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dinitrogen oxide
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oxidodinitrogen(N—N)
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diazyne 1-oxide
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NIST Chemistry WebBook
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Dinitrogen monoxide
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KEGG COMPOUND
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Dinitrogen oxide
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KEGG COMPOUND
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Distickstoffmonoxid
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ChEBI
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E942
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ChEBI
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factitious air
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ChemIDplus
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gaz hilarant
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ChEBI
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Lachgas
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ChEBI
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laughing gas
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ChemIDplus
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N2O
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IUPAC
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nitrogen protoxide
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ChemIDplus
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nitrogenium oxydulatum
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ChEBI
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Nitrous oxide
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KEGG COMPOUND
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nitrous oxide
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UniProt
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NNO
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IUPAC
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oxyde nitreux
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ChEBI
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protoxyde d'azote
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ChemIDplus
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R-744A
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ChEBI
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Stickstoff(I)-oxid
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ChEBI
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4238
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DrugCentral
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C00887
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KEGG COMPOUND
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c0650
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UM-BBD
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D00102
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KEGG DRUG
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N2O
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PDBeChem
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Nitrous_oxide
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Wikipedia
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| View more database links |
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10024-97-2
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CAS Registry Number
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KEGG COMPOUND
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10024-97-2
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CAS Registry Number
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ChemIDplus
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10024-97-2
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CAS Registry Number
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NIST Chemistry WebBook
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2153410
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Gmelin Registry Number
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Gmelin
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8137358
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Reaxys Registry Number
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Reaxys
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Cousaert C, Heylens G, Audenaert K (2013)
Laughing gas abuse is no joke. An overview of the implications for psychiatric practice.
Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 115, 859-862 [PubMed:23643142]
[show Abstract]
Abuse of nitrous oxide--also known as laughing gas--can lead to a number of well-known neurological symptoms but also to less documented psychiatric symptoms. Studies show abuse prevalence rates ranging from 12% to 20% among youngsters and thereby classify nitrous oxide as one of the five most frequently used inhalants. Its abuse still remains unrecognized in psychiatric settings, however. Since treatment is straightforward, it is important to raise the awareness of clinicians with respect to typical signs and symptoms. This paper presents a case report and gives an overview of the existing literature on psychiatric symptoms and therapy. | Rault JL, Lay DC (2011)
Nitrous oxide by itself is insufficient to relieve pain due to castration in piglets.
Journal of animal science 89, 3318-3325 [PubMed:21622873]
[show Abstract]
Surgical castration is performed on most male piglets in the United States. However, castration is painful and analgesics have been considered to relieve pain. Inhalant gases with analgesic properties allow for a fast induction, have short-term and reversible effects, and are a needle-free option. Nitrous oxide (N(2)O; "laughing gas") has been widely used in human surgery and dental offices as an analgesic, sedative, and anxiolytic drug, yet N(2)O has not been thoroughly investigated for use in farm animals. We hypothesized that the analgesic effect of N(2)O could reduce the pain experienced by piglets during or immediately after castration. Twenty-four male piglets, from 12 litters, were castrated at 3 d of age. One piglet received N(2)O and a littermate received air as a control. After 150 s of exposure to the gas, castration was performed while the piglet remained exposed to the gas. Agitation scores and total vocalization length were recorded during castration. Behavioral observations were continued for 3 d postcastration by using a 5-min scan-sampling method for 4 h the first morning and for 2-h periods in the morning and afternoon of each day thereafter. Body weight gain was measured on the day before castration, at 3 d postcastration, and at weaning. Data were analyzed using a mixed model in SAS (Cary, NC). Nitrous oxide successfully induced anesthesia in all N(2)O piglets, as validated by a skin pinch test and the loss of the palpebral reflex. Total vocalization length was shorter in piglets receiving N(2)O during the induction phase (P = 0.003) but was not different during castration itself because piglets receiving N(2)O awoke and vocalized as much as control piglets (P = 0.87). Agitation scores during the whole procedure were reduced in piglets receiving N(2)O in both frequency (P = 0.005) and intensity (P = 0.026). For 2 h after castration, piglets receiving N(2)O displayed less huddling behavior than did control piglets (P = 0.01). Over the 3 d, piglets receiving N(2)O performed more tail wagging (P = 0.02) and tended to show fewer sleep spasms (P = 0.06) than did control piglets. Piglets given N(2)O tended to have a reduced growth rate compared with control piglets at 3 d postcastration and at weaning (P = 0.05 and P = 0.06, respectively). Nitrous oxide was effective in inducing anesthesia in neonatal piglets during handling. Nonetheless, its analgesic effects appeared insufficient in preventing castration-induced pain. | Eilers H, Larson MD (2010)
The effect of ketamine and nitrous oxide on the human pupillary light reflex during general anesthesia.
Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical 152, 108-114 [PubMed:19910265]
[show Abstract]
The neurotransmitters and receptor types involved in the afferent arm of the human pupillary light reflex are unknown. We hypothesized that the pupillary light reflex is mediated in part by NMDA receptors and that it would be depressed by the NMDA antagonists, nitrous oxide and ketamine. To study this question, sixteen patients received general anesthesia with desflurane, fentanyl, and muscular relaxation with rocuronium. After a stable level of general anesthesia had been obtained and at least 1h after the start of the surgical procedure, ketamine 1mg/kg (N=8) or saline (N=8) was injected intravenously by random selection. Heart rate, pupil size, pupillary light reflex, BIS scores, and blood pressure were measured every 2min before and for 30min after drug administration. A similar study of sixteen patients was then conducted with either addition of 60% nitrous oxide or 60% nitrogen to the gas mixture. We observed that the pupillary light reflex was depressed by ketamine and nitrous oxide by approximately 50%. The BIS score, representing the processed electroencephalogram, was elevated by ketamine and unchanged with nitrous oxide. Heart rate, pupil size, and blood pressure were unchanged by the drugs when compared to the control groups. We conclude that the two NMDA antagonists ketamine and nitrous oxide depress the human pupillary light reflex during general anesthesia whereas other monitored parameters were either unchanged or paradoxically elevated by the drugs. These findings present evidence that glutamate NMDA receptor activation is involved in generating the human pupillary light reflex. | Gayet S, Bernit E, Sati H, Veit V, Mazodier K, Schleinitz N, Kaplanski G, Harlé JR (2009)
[Pain prevention with fixed 50% nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture during bone-marrow biopsy].
La Revue de medecine interne 30, 208-214 [PubMed:18992971]
[show Abstract]
PurposeDuring bone-marrow biopsy, one third of patients score their pain as moderate or severe. Combination of analgesic and hypnotic is effective at reducing pain, but prolonged medical surveillance is necessary. The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness and ease of use of the equimolar nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture (nitrous oxide), a short acting analgesic with little sedative effect, during bone-marrow biopsy.MethodsAs part of a non-controlled prospective observational study, patients undergoing a bone-marrow biopsy received nitrous oxide as an adjuvant to local anaesthesia. Facemask was self-maintained. A questionnaire was given after completion of the procedure to assess the pain (with a numerical-rating scale [RS] ranging from 0 to 10) as the main criterion and the ease of the procedure, the tolerance, and satisfaction, as secondary criteria. The physician noted adverse reactions.ResultsNineteen women and 21 men were included. The median age was 51 years. Ninety percent of patients felt slight pain, less than 5 out of 10 on the RS. Only one patient had difficulty in keeping the mask. A patient experienced nausea and four presented a fleeting euphoria noticed by the physician. Ninety-five of patients wished to use nitrous oxide again should further bone-marrow examinations be necessary.ConclusionNitrous oxide is an effective analgesic when performing bone-marrow biopsies. Ten percent of patients feel a moderate to severe pain instead of one third. Despite some mild side effects, there is a very good appreciation by patients. Since this study, the authors routinely use nitrous oxide. | Smith I (2006)
Nitrous oxide in ambulatory anaesthesia: does it have a place in day surgical anaesthesia or is it just a threat for personnel and the global environment?
Current opinion in anaesthesiology 19, 592-596 [PubMed:17093360]
[show Abstract]
Purpose of reviewNitrous oxide is by far the oldest anaesthetic still in routine use and its continued use is often questioned. Nitrous oxide is toxic with prolonged exposure, can damage the environment, causes pressure effects through expansion of closed air-filled spaces and has long been suspected of being harmful following chronic exposure to trace concentrations. What could possibly justify the continuing use of nitrous oxide?Recent findingsThis review will attempt to demonstrate that the harmful effects of nitrous oxide are limited and not relevant to the majority of ambulatory patients. The environmental effects of nitrous oxide derived from anaesthetic use are negligible and there is no convincing evidence of harm to personnel.SummaryNot only is nitrous oxide almost certainly less hazardous than is sometimes perceived, it has numerous benefits which are not easily replicated by possible alternatives. In particular, its use improves the quality and safety of induction and maintenance of anaesthesia and facilitates faster recovery with minimal adverse effects. All of these benefits are achieved while at the same time reducing overall costs. With few significant drawbacks and numerous advantages, there appears still to be a valuable place for nitrous oxide in modern ambulatory anaesthesia. | Hancock SM, Eastwood JR, Mahajan RP (2005)
Effects of inhaled nitrous oxide 50% on estimated cerebral perfusion pressure and zero flow pressure in healthy volunteers.
Anaesthesia 60, 129-132 [PubMed:15644008]
[show Abstract]
The role of vascular tone in determining cerebral perfusion pressure is increasingly being appreciated. It has been suggested that zero flow pressure, the arterial pressure at which blood flow ceases, represents the effective downstream pressure of the cerebral circulation. Nitrous oxide is a cerebral vasodilator and may therefore decrease zero flow pressure and increase cerebral perfusion pressure. However, these effects may be opposed by the increase in intracranial blood volume produced by cerebral vasodilation. We studied eight healthy volunteers at normocapnia and studied the effects of the inhalation of nitrous oxide 50% on estimated cerebral perfusion pressure and zero flow pressure using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. We found that nitrous oxide 50% significantly increased estimated cerebral perfusion pressure (p = 0.03), whilst decreasing zero flow pressure (p = 0.01). These results suggest that the vasomotor effects of nitrous oxide predominate in determining the effective downstream pressure of the cerebral circulation in healthy individuals. | Sommer N, Romano C, Jevtovic-Todorovic V (2005)
Chronic exposure to nitrous oxide increases [3H]MK801 binding in the cerebral cortex, but not in the hippocampus of adult mice.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1053, 301-308 [PubMed:16179535]
[show Abstract]
Chronic exposure of adult mice to inhalational anesthetic nitrous oxide (N2O) results in anesthetic tolerance. N2O is an NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) antagonist. It has been demonstrated that chronic administration of members of the NMDA antagonist class of drugs (e.g., MK801) causes upregulation of NMDA receptors in certain brain regions that could, at least in part, explain the development of tolerance. We sought to determine whether the anesthetic tolerance resulting from chronic exposure to N2O reflects changes in the number and/or distribution of NMDA receptors. We exposed mice to either a 50- or 75-vol% N2O atmosphere continuously for 1 or 2 weeks and performed binding studies with [3H]MK801 and NR1 antibodies. Binding studies revealed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in [3H]MK801 binding in the cerebral cortex after 2 weeks of N2O (50- and 75-vol%) exposure. Immunocytochemical binding of NR1 antibodies in selected brain regions showed no changes in distribution pattern. The timing of this increase in [3H]MK801 binding correlates with the time period required for development of tolerance. | Schönherr ME, Hollmann MW, Graf B (2004)
[Nitrous oxide. Sense or nonsense for today's anaesthesia].
Der Anaesthesist 53, 796-812 [PubMed:15316643]
[show Abstract]
Nitrous oxide has been used in addition to other volatile anaesthetics to provide general anaesthesia and short time sedation for more than 150 years. However, the exact mechanisms of action remain unclear. For decades nitrous oxide was considered to be the ideal anaesthetic because of his favourable physical properties and low cardiovascular side effects. However, the known side effects of nitrous oxide as well as the implementation of new anaesthetic agents and short acting opiates led to more and more criticism about the administration of this gas. Nitrous oxide is still frequently used for mask induction primarily in paediatric anaesthesia and gynaecology. However, recent studies have shown that omitting nitrous oxide can also be a risk factor because of an increased susceptibility to intraoperative awareness. Careful consideration of the illustrated contraindications and side effects as well as the available alternatives, shows that nitrous oxide is still an option in general anaesthesia. | Zacny JP, Hurst RJ, Graham L, Janiszewski DJ (2002)
Preoperative dental anxiety and mood changes during nitrous oxide inhalation.
Journal of the American Dental Association (1939) 133, 82-88 [PubMed:11811748]
[show Abstract]
BackgroundAn estimated 35 million Americans experience significant apprehension about dental procedures, while an additional 10 to 12 million are considered to be "dental phobic" and avoid needed dental care altogether. Nitrous oxide is a general anesthetic used at subanesthetic concentrations to reduce anxiety during dental procedures. The purpose of this study was to characterize mood changes during nitrous oxide inhalation in patients with different levels of preoperative dental anxiety.MethodsForty-six patients who were to receive nitrous oxide during a dental procedure completed two anxiety scales. These patients were categorized into three groups: low anxiety, or LA, moderate anxiety, or MA, and high anxiety, or HA. They completed a visual analog scale of subjective effects before, during and after the dental procedure.ResultsA number of visual analog ratings, the majority of which could be considered pleasant, increased during nitrous oxide administration. It is significant that this increase in pleasant mood occurred in the HA and MA groups to the same degree as it did in the LA group. Patients in the HA and MA groups had elevated preoperative visual analog ratings of "anxious" that were reduced during nitrous oxide administration to a level equivalent to that reported by patients who had low preoperative anxiety. Patients in the HA group also had elevated preoperative visual analog ratings of "having unpleasant thoughts" and "feel bad" compared with the LA group. These ratings were reduced in the HA group to a level equivalent to that reported by patients in the LA group.Conclusions and clinical implicationsRegardless of their preoperative anxiety level, patients experienced a number of mood-altering effects during nitrous oxide inhalation, the majority of which could be considered pleasant. Ratings of an unpleasant nature decreased markedly in patients with high anxiety. These findings suggest that nitrous oxide may be an effective therapy in reducing patient anxiety during dental procedures. | Nagata A, Nakao Si S, Nishizawa N, Masuzawa M, Inada T, Murao K, Miyamoto E, Shingu K (2001)
Xenon inhibits but N(2)O enhances ketamine-induced c-Fos expression in the rat posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices.
Anesthesia and analgesia 92, 362-368 [PubMed:11159233]
[show Abstract]
Both nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and xenon are N:-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists that have psychotomimetic effects and cause neuronal injuries in the posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices. We investigated the effect of xenon, xenon with ketamine, N(2)O, and N(2)O with ketamine on c-Fos expression in the rat posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortices, a marker of psychotomimetic effects. Brain sections were prepared, and c-Fos expression was detected with immunohistochemical methods. A loss of microtubule-associated protein 2, a marker of neuronal injury, was also investigated. The number of Fos-like immunoreactivity positive cells by ketamine IV at a dose of 5 mg/kg under 70% N(2)O (128 +/- 12 cells per 0.5 mm(2)) was significantly more than those under 30% (15 +/- 2 cells per 0.5 mm(2)) and 70% xenon (2 +/- 1 cells per 0.5 mm(2)). Despite differences in c-fos immunoreactivity, there was no loss of microtubule-associated protein 2 immunoreactivity in any group examined. Xenon may suppress the adverse neuronal effects of ketamine, and combined use of xenon and ketamine seems to be safe in respect to neuronal adverse effects. | Lam AM, Mayberg TS, Eng CC, Cooper JO, Bachenberg KL, Mathisen TL (1994)
Nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia causes more cerebral vasodilation than an equipotent dose of isoflurane in humans.
Anesthesia and analgesia 78, 462-468 [PubMed:7880215]
[show Abstract]
To compare the cerebral vascular and metabolic effect of an isoflurane-nitrous oxide mixture to an equipotent dose of isoflurane at 1.1 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC), and to study the interaction between nitrous oxide and isoflurane anesthesia, we measured right middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (V mca) and cerebral arteriovenous oxygen content difference (AVDO2) in six healthy patients during normocapnia and normothermia under the following sequence of steady-state anesthetic conditions: Condition A, 0.5 MAC of isoflurane, Condition B, 0.5 MAC of isoflurane + 0.6 MAC of N2O, Condition C, 1.1 MAC of isoflurane + 0.6 MAC of N2O, and Condition D, 1.1 MAC of isoflurane. The study entry sequence was randomized. V mca and AVDO2 during 1.1 MAC of isoflurane (Condition D) was 48 +/- 7 cm/s and 3.9 +/- 0.6 vol%, respectively. Substituting 0.6 MAC of isoflurane with an equipotent concentration of N2O (Condition B) resulted in an increase in both V mca and AVDO2 of approximately 20% (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that the increase in flow was accompanied by an even greater increase in metabolic rate. Adding 0.6 MAC of N2O to 1.1 MAC of isoflurane (Condition C) also increased V mca (P < 0.05). We conclude that N2O is a more potent cerebral vasodilator than an equipotent dose of isoflurane alone in humans. |
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