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| Tetracycline, sold under various brand names, is an antibiotic in the tetracyclines family of medications, used to treat a number of infections, including acne, cholera, brucellosis, plague, malaria, and syphilis. It is available in oral and topical formulations.
Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and loss of appetite. Other side effects include poor tooth development if used by children less than eight years of age, kidney problems, and sunburning easily. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. It works by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria.
Tetracycline was patented in 1953 and was approved for prescription use in 1954. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Tetracycline is available as a generic medication. Tetracycline was originally made from bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. |
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InChI=1S/C22H24N2O8/c1- 21(31)8-5-4-6-11(25)12(8)16(26)13-9(21)7-10-15(24(2)3)17(27)14(20(23)30)19(29)22(10,32)18(13)28/h4-6,9-10,15,25,27-28,31-32H,7H2,1-3H3,(H2,23,30)/t9-,10-,15-,21+,22-/m0/s1 |
| OFVLGDICTFRJMM-WESIUVDSSA-N |
| [H][C@@]12C[C@@]3([H])C(C(=O)c4c(O)cccc4[C@@]3(C)O)=C(O)[C@]1(O)C(=O)C(C(N)=O)=C(O)[C@H]2N(C)C |
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Escherichia coli
(NCBI:txid562)
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See:
PubMed
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Escherichia coli metabolite
Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli.
antimicrobial agent
A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans.
antibacterial drug
A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
antiprotozoal drug
Any antimicrobial drug which is used to treat or prevent protozoal infections.
protein synthesis inhibitor
A compound, usually an anti-bacterial agent or a toxin, which inhibits the synthesis of a protein.
metabolite
Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
(via tetracyclines )
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antibacterial drug
A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
antiprotozoal drug
Any antimicrobial drug which is used to treat or prevent protozoal infections.
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View more via ChEBI Ontology
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(4S,4aS,5aS,6S,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide
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tetracycline
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ChemIDplus
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tetracyclinum
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(4S,4aS,5aS,12aS)-4-(Dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide
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Abramycin
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Achromycin
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Anhydrotetracycline
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DrugBank
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Deschlorobiomycin
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ChemIDplus
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Liquamycin
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Tetracyclin
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ChEBI
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Tetracycline
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KEGG COMPOUND
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TETRACYCLINE
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tétracycline
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Tetrazyklin
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Tsiklomitsin
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1739
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VSDB
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2611
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DrugCentral
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C06570
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KEGG COMPOUND
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CPD0-1414
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MetaCyc
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D00201
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KEGG DRUG
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DB00759
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Tetracycline
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Patent
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US2886595
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Patent
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Patent
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US3019173
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Patent
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US3301899
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Patent
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1103368
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2230417
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Reaxys
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60-54-8
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Cronan JE (2016)
pBR322 vectors having tetracycline-dependent replication.
Plasmid 84-85, 20-26 [PubMed:26876942]
[show Abstract]
Few Escherichia coli cloning vectors are available that can both be stably maintained and efficiently cured. One such vector is pAM34, a pBR332 derivative constructed by Gil and Bouché (1991). Replication of this plasmid is driven by the lacZYA promoter under control of a gratuitous inducer. However, lac operator-repressor interactions are also used to regulate many expression systems which limit the utility of pAM34. In this report pAM34 has been modified by replacement of the lac regulatory elements with those of the transposon Tn10 tetracycline resistance module. This resulted in medium copy number plasmids that are dependent on the presence of tetracycline (or less satisfactorily, anhydrotetracycline) for replication. The tetracycline-dependent plasmids are rapidly lost in the absence of tetracycline and plasmid loss is markedly accelerated when the host strain expresses a tetracycline efflux pump. | Huang X, Zhang X, Feng F, Xu X (2016)
Biodegradation of tetracycline by the yeast strain Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans XPY-10.
Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology 46, 15-22 [PubMed:25286144]
[show Abstract]
We investigated the behavior of tetracycline degradation and its degradation products upon treatment of isolated yeast that we termed "XPY-10." XPY-10 was isolated from wastewater and identified as Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans by morphological and physiological tests and 5.8S rRNA ITS sequencing. In our experiments, 78.28 ± 0.8% of tetracycline was removed within 7 days with XPY-10. The degradation of tetracycline fitted well with the first-order kinetic model. We also speculated upon the biodegradation products formed during biodegradation. The possible structures of five products were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. During practical application, XPY-10 was shown to have an obvious influence on biodegradation, and 89.61% of tetracycline was removed in feedlot sewage after 7 days of reaction. The chemical oxygen demand removal reached 73.47%. | Antony B, Thomas S, Chandrashekar SC, Kumar MS, Kumar V (2009)
Osteomyelitis of the mandible due to Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans.
Indian journal of pathology & microbiology 52, 115-116 [PubMed:19136803]
[show Abstract]
Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans is a capnoic gram negative coccobacilli known to produce juvenile periodontitis. This organism was isolated in pure culture from an unusual case of osteomyelitis of the mandible. The patient was treated with tetracycline, which is the drug of choice for A. actinomycetemcomitans and the clinical response improved. From our limited review of the literature, it appears that this is the first case of osteomyelitis due to A.actinomycetemcomitans reported in India. | Aleksandrov A, Simonson T (2008)
Binding of tetracyclines to elongation factor Tu, the Tet repressor, and the ribosome: a molecular dynamics simulation study.
Biochemistry 47, 13594-13603 [PubMed:19032078]
[show Abstract]
Tetracycline (Tc) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that kills bacteria by interrupting protein biosynthesis. It is thought that the bacteriostatic action of Tc is associated with its binding to the acceptor site (or A site) in the bacterial ribosome, interfering with the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA. Recently, however, the crystal structure of a complex between Tc and trypsin-modified elongation factor Tu (tm-EF-Tu) was determined, raising the question of whether Tc binding to EF-Tu has a role in its inhibition of protein synthesis. We address this question using computer simulations. As controls, we first compute relative ribosome binding free energies for seven Tc variants for which experimental data are available, obtaining good agreement. We then consider the binding of Tc to both the trypsin-modified and unmodified EF-Tu-GDP complexes. We show that the direct contribution of EF-Tu to the binding free energy is negligible; rather, the binding can be solely attributed to interactions of Tc with a bridging Mg(2+) ion and the GDP phosphate groups. The effects of trypsin modification are modest. Further, our calculations show that EF-Tu does not exhibit any binding preference for Tc over the nonantibiotic, 4-dedimethyl-Tc, and EF-Tu does not bind the Tc analogue tigecycline, which is a potent antibiotic. In contrast, both the ribosome and the Tet Repressor protein (involved in Tc resistance) do show a binding preference for Tc over 4-dedimethyl-Tc, and the ribosome prefers to bind tigecycline over Tc. Overall, our results provide insights into the binding properties of tetracyclines and support the idea that EF-Tu is not their primary target. | Farombi EO, Ugwuezunmba MC, Ezenwadu TT, Oyeyemi MO, Ekor M (2008)
Tetracycline-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats: effects of vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine.
Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie 60, 77-85 [PubMed:18406588]
[show Abstract]
Tetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic employed clinically in the treatment of bacteria infections, is known to cause a number of biochemical dysfunctions and suspected to induce testicular damage to animals and humans, but there is paucity of data on its effect and mechanism of action on the male reproductive system. The present study therefore evaluates its spermatotoxic and testicular toxicity in male rats and the chemoprotective effects of Vitamin C (Vit C) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Tetracycline was administered orally at the dose level of 28.6 mg/kg body weight per day in two equal divided doses (12h interval). Vit C and NAC were also administered orally to the rats at doses of 200 and 50 mg/kg body weight per day, respectively, for the 14 days of the experiment. While there was no change in the body weights of rats, tetracycline administration caused significant decrease in the relative weights of testis, epididymis and seminal vesicles (P<0.05). Administration of tetracycline caused a reduction in the epididymal sperm motility, percentage of live spermatozoa, sperm count, and an increase in abnormal sperm morphology, as well as induction of adverse histopathologic changes in the testes. While Vit C and NAC significantly mitigated the toxic effect of tetracycline on sperm parameters, the antioxidants did not improve the adverse histopathologic changes induced by antibiotic. Treatment of rats with tetracycline significantly decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the levels of GSH and serum testosterone, while the activity of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased. Both Vit C and NAC significantly attenuated the toxic effects of tetracycline to the antioxidant and testicular marker enzymes as well as markers of oxidative stress. Collectively, the results suggest that therapeutic dose of tetracycline elicits spermatotoxic and testicular toxicity in male rats through induction of oxidative stress. The chemoprotective effects of Vit C and NAC during tetracycline treatment suggest that these antioxidants may find clinical application in cellular damage involving reactive oxygen species (ROS). | Adişen E, Kaymak Y, Gurer MA, Durukan E (2008)
Topical tetracycline in the treatment of acne vulgaris.
Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD 7, 953-955 [PubMed:19112759]
[show Abstract]
BackgroundTopical tetracycline was the first topical antibiotic approved for the treatment of acne, its use has been limited because of the skin penetration problems of the active ingredient.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new formulation of topical tetracycline [Imex, tetracycline hydrochloride 3%, 20g] monotherapy in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris.MethodsThe sample group consisted of 87 volunteer students of both sexes with grade 1 to grade 2 acne as assessed by Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) severity grading system. Subjects were instructed to apply topical tetracycline twice daily for 8 weeks. Subject were evaluated at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, and 8.ResultsOf 87 subjects, 68 completed the 8-week treatment period. The mean reduction rates of opened comedones were 55.4%, closed comedones were 27.1%, papules were 24.8%, pustules were 27.3%. After 8 weeks of treatment, a statistically significant reduction was only observed in the mean counts of the papules and pustules (P < 0.001).ConclusionTetracycline is a well-tolerated topical agent and is particularly effective in the treatment of inflammatory lesions in acne. | Kulik EM, Lenkeit K, Chenaux S, Meyer J (2008)
Antimicrobial susceptibility of periodontopathogenic bacteria.
The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 61, 1087-1091 [PubMed:18326855]
[show Abstract]
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance profiles of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens and to detect possible changes in antibiotic resistance over the time period of 1991-2005.MethodsA. actinomycetemcomitans (125 strains), P. gingivalis (152 strains) and P. intermedia/P. nigrescens (326 strains) isolated during the years 1991-2005 were tested for their susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, clindamycin, metronidazole, phenoxymethylpenicillin and tetracycline using the Etest.ResultsNo antibiotic resistance was detected in P. gingivalis, whereas a few isolates of P. intermedia were not susceptible to clindamycin (0.9%), phenoxymethylpenicillin (13.5%) or tetracycline (12.6%). Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, tetracycline and metronidazole were the most effective antibiotics against A. actinomycetemcomitans with 0%, 0.8% and 20.8% non-susceptible isolates, respectively. However, 88% of the A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates were non-susceptible to phenoxymethylpenicillin and 88% to clindamycin. When strains isolated in the years 1991-94 were compared with those isolated in the years 2001-04, there was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains non-susceptible to clindamycin, metronidazole or phenoxymethylpenicillin, or in the percentage of P. intermedia strains non-susceptible to phenoxymethylpenicillin or tetracycline (P > 0.4 each).ConclusionsIncreasing antibiotic resistances in periodontopathogenic bacteria are not yet a problem in the Northern part of Switzerland. | Charlat S, Davies N, Roderick GK, Hurst GD (2007)
Disrupting the timing of Wolbachia-induced male-killing.
Biology letters 3, 154-156 [PubMed:17251127]
[show Abstract]
Several lineages of maternally inherited symbionts have evolved the ability to kill infected females' sons, a phenomenon known as male-killing. Male-killing varies in its timing, from early (death during embryogenesis) to late (mortality of late larval instars). Following the observation that treatment of male-killer infected adult females Hypolimnas bolina with tetracycline, a bacteriostatic antibiotic, produces a delay in the timing of male death, we hypothesized that early male-killers possess the ability to kill males through bacterial activity outside of embryogenesis. We verified this hypothesis by showing that treatment of surviving larvae with the bacteriocidal antibiotic rifampicin rescues males. This discounted the hypothesis that delayed death occurred due to postponed effects of toxins produced at earlier stages, and thus supported the importance of bacterial activity in the larval phase in delayed male-killing. These results argue against the view that early male-killing is achieved by specifically targeting an early developmental process within the sex determination pathway. | Cham G, Pan JC, Lim F, Earnest A, Gopalakrishnakone P (2006)
Effects of topical heparin, antivenom, tetracycline and dexamethasone treatment in corneal injury resulting from the venom of the black spitting cobra (Naja sumatrana), in a rabbit model.
Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) 44, 287-292 [PubMed:16749547]
[show Abstract]
BackgroundThe Naja sumatrana cobra can spit venom in defense and may result in permanent blindness. The study sought to determine the efficacy of topical heparin, Haffkine antivenom, tetracycline and dexamethasone.Materials and methodsMale New Zealand White Rabbits were used. Pooled venom was frozen at -30 degrees C. 0.05 mL of 20 times dilute venom was introduced into the conjunctiva, in groups of three rabbits randomly. Heparin at 5000 IU/mL, Haffkine antivenom or saline control was administered repeatedly on each rabbit's eye over 158 minutes, after a specified delay. In other groups, 1% tetracycline, 0.1% dexamethasone or a placebo ointment was applied and repeated at 24 and 48 hours. All the rabbits were assessed after 24, 48, 72 hours, one and two weeks by an ophthalmologist blinded to the treatment arms.ObservationsFollowing ocular envenomation, there was immediate blepharospasm, lacrimal secretions, redness and chemosis; more intense in the normal saline group. The Roper-Hall grades improved, corneas re-epithelialized and inflammation quietened in the heparin and antivenom-treated rabbit eyes compared to controls. Scarring appeared from the first week, but ameliorated in the heparin and antivenom groups. Heparin treatment remained efficacious up to four minutes delay. The tetracycline, dexamethasone and placebo groups had worsening Roper-Hall trends, greater corneal epithelial loss, inflammation and scarring. Combined heparin-tetracycline therapy was as efficacious with heparin alone.ConclusionTopical heparin or antivenom therapy significantly improved overall outcomes in rabbit corneas exposed to Naja sumatrana venom, compared to tetracycline, dexamethasone and controls. Heparin treatment remains efficacious up to 4 minutes delay. | Nublat C, Braud C, Garreau H, Vert M (2006)
Ammonium bicarbonate as porogen to make tetracycline-loaded porous bioresorbable membranes for dental guided tissue regeneration: failure due to tetracycline instability.
Journal of biomaterials science. Polymer edition 17, 1333-1346 [PubMed:17260506]
[show Abstract]
The goal of this work was to manufacture a bioresorbable porous membrane aimed at both promoting osseous regeneration in oral surgery and delivering an antibiotic drug locally. The selected design consisted of a porous poly (D,L-lactic acid) matrix having a closed smooth face on one side to prevent inner migration of conjunctive and epithelial cells, and the rest of the membrane presenting open porosity to allow in-growth of osseous neotissue. The antibiotic drug was tetracycline because of its large antibacterial spectrum and its osteogenetic activity. Solvent casting/particulate leaching and gas foaming/salt leaching methods were selected to create the porosity, and ammonium bicarbonate was selected as thermosensitive water-soluble porogen because other studies reported that sodium chloride was difficult to remove totally. One-side-skinned, porous permeable membranes were successfully obtained. However, deleterious alterations of the drug were observed that were assigned to the basicity of the porogen, thus precluding any practical use in vivo. | Sapadin AN, Fleischmajer R (2006)
Tetracyclines: nonantibiotic properties and their clinical implications.
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 54, 258-265 [PubMed:16443056]
[show Abstract]
Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics that act as such at the ribosomal level where they interfere with protein synthesis. They were first widely prescribed by dermatologists in the early 1950s when it was discovered that they were effective as a treatment for acne. More recently, biologic actions affecting inflammation, proteolysis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, metal chelation, ionophoresis, and bone metabolism have been researched. The therapeutic effects of tetracycline and its analogues in various diseases have also been investigated. These include rosacea, bullous dermatoses, neutrophilic diseases, pyoderma gangrenosum, sarcoidosis, aortic aneurysms, cancer metastasis, periodontitis, and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. We review the nonantibiotic properties of tetracycline and its analogues and their potential for clinical application. | de Jong CE, Jonsson N, Field H, Smith C, Crichton EG, Phillips N, Johnston SD (2005)
Collection, seminal characteristics and chilled storage of spermatozoa from three species of free-range flying fox (Pteropus spp.).
Theriogenology 64, 1072-1089 [PubMed:15913752]
[show Abstract]
This study reports observations on the collection and characteristics of semen from free-range populations of flying fox in Brisbane, Australia. Semen was successfully recovered by electroejaculation from 107 of 115 wild flying foxes (Pteropus alecto, Pteropus poliocephalus and Pteropus scapulatus). A proportion of ejaculates collected from all three species contained seminal vesicle secretions, the incidence of which appeared related to breeding season. Ejaculate volume was small (5--160 microL), requiring a specialised collection vessel and immediate extension to avoid desiccation. Sperm morphological abnormalities and characteristics are described for the first time. In two species (P. scapulatus and P. alecto), sperm quality varied with breeding season. Dilution in Tris-citrate-fructose buffer and subsequent incubation (37 degrees C) of Pteropus semen for 2-3h appeared to have a negative impact on sperm motility and the percentage of sperm with intact plasma membranes and acrosomes and represents a concern for the potential development and use of assisted breeding technology in these species. Preliminary attempts to develop a short-term chilled preservation protocol for flying fox semen revealed that sperm viability (percentage motility and percentage live sperm with intact acrosomes) was significantly reduced after 102 h chilled storage at 5 degrees C; nevertheless, approximately 40% of the spermatozoa were still motile and contained intact acrosomes. Glycerol was neither protective nor detrimental to sperm survival during chilled storage. Microbial flora of the prepuce, urethra and semen of all species were isolated and their antibiotic susceptibility tested. Tetracycline, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftazidime were the most effective antibiotics in preventing growth of all identified bacteria; however, their effects on sperm survival were not investigated. | Domingues ZR, Cortés ME, Gomes TA, Diniz HF, Freitas CS, Gomes JB, Faria AM, Sinisterra RD (2004)
Bioactive glass as a drug delivery system of tetracycline and tetracycline associated with beta-cyclodextrin.
Biomaterials 25, 327-333 [PubMed:14585720]
[show Abstract]
The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical-chemical properties, in vivo biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of bioactive glasses (BG) used as a controlled release device for tetracycline hydrochloride and an inclusion complex formed by tetracycline and beta-cyclodextrin at 1:1 molar ratio. The BG as well as their compounds loaded with tetracycline (BT) and tetracycline:beta-cyclodextrin (BTC) were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The in vivo test was carried out with female mice split into three groups treated with bioactive glass either without drugs, or associated with tetracycline, or with tetracycline:beta-cyclodextrin by subcutaneous implantation. The histological examination of tissue at the site of implantation showed moderate inflammatory reactions in all groups after 72 h. The bacterial effect was tested on A. actinomycetemcomitans suspended in BHI broth, with or without bioactive particles. A considerable bacteriostatic activity was found with BT and BTC glasses, as compared to plain glass. The presence of cyclodextrin was important to slow down the release of tetracycline for a long period of time and it was verified that the presence of tetracycline or its inclusion complex, tetracycline:beta-cyclodextrin, did not affect the bioactivity of the glass. | Zou MX, Xia ZD, Liang XH (2003)
[Antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae epidemic strains in Changsha].
Hunan yi ke da xue xue bao = Hunan yike daxue xuebao = Bulletin of Hunan Medical University 28, 53-55 [PubMed:12934399]
[show Abstract]
ObjectiveTo evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae epidemic strains in Changsha and to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of gonorrhea.Methodsbeta-Lactamase was determined by a modified iodometric method and the susceptibility to 9 antibiotic agents was tested by the disc diffusion method in 86 isolates.ResultsPlasmid-mediated penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae and plasmid-mediated tetracycline-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae were 40.69% and 23.26%, respectively. Of all the 9 antibiotic agents, tetracycline, cefmetazole, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin had a higher resistance and the percentages of resistance were 45.35%, 50.00%, 62.79%, 77.91%, and 87.21%, respectively. On the other hand, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, and spectinomycin had a higher susceptibility and the percentages of susceptibility were 77.91%, 80.23%, 86.05%, and 98.84%, respectively.ConclusionPenicillin, tetracycline and fluoroquinolone can not be used as routine agents to cure gonorrhea; and spectinomycin can be used as primary medicine to cure gonorrhea in Changsha, but clinical doctors need to pay more attention to it because resistant strains have come into existence. | Simkovicová M, Hanzen J, Milosovic P, Lisalová M (2001)
[Coagulase negative staphylococci isolated on blood cultures].
Epidemiologie, mikrobiologie, imunologie : casopis Spolecnosti pro epidemiologii a mikrobiologii Ceske lekarske spolecnosti J.E. Purkyne 50, 117-120 [PubMed:11550419]
[show Abstract]
224 coagulase-negative strains of staphylococci (CNS) isolated from haemocultures of hospitalized patients were classified into 11 types. The most frequent one was S. epidermis (73.2%), S. haemolyticus (7.6%), S. lugdunensis (6.7%) and S. hominis (3.6%). In different strains virulence factors were assessed: production of mucus and delta toxin. Based on these properties the strains were classified into biotypes. Of 164 strains of S. epidermis mucus was produced by 64.6% and delta toxin by 75.0%. Of 17 strains of S. haemolyticus mucus was produced by 8 and delta toxin by 10 strains. Of 15 strains of S. lugdunensis 9 strains produced both virulence factors. Of 8 strains of S. hominis 5 strains produced mucus and 3 delta toxin. In strains S. capitis, S. sciuri, S. auricularis, S. caprae these factors were not detected. The most frequent biotypes were: subtype 3 (43.3%), 1a (26.8%) and 1b (10.3%). The sensitivity of CNS to 11 antibacterial substances was assessed quantitatively by estimating the MIC (mg/l). The most effective antibiotic was vancomycin (100%) and tetracycline (76.8%). Only 26.3% strains were sensitive to oxacillin and cefalotine. Of 224 CNS (70%) were resistant to more than 8 antibacterial substances. | Orrett FA, Shurland SM (2001)
Susceptibility patterns and serotypes of non-typhoidal salmonella in Trinidad.
Saudi medical journal 22, 852-855 [PubMed:11744940]
[show Abstract]
ObjectiveTo study the serotype distribution of non-typhoidal salmonella isolated from clinical specimens and to evaluate their susceptibility patterns to the most commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents used in this region.MethodsA retrospective study during the period 1993 1999 was carried out at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex Microbiology Laboratory, a teaching hospital in the northwestern part of Trinidad. Strains of non-typhoidal salmonella were serogrouped with polyvalent Salmonella O antiserum and sent to the local Public Health Laboratory for confirmation and further serotyping.ResultsA total of 412 strains of non-typhoidal salmonella were serotyped. Of the 13 serotypes, Salmonella enteritidis was the most prevalent 57%, followed by Salmonella typhimurium, 25%, Salmonella virchow 5% and Salmonella heidelberg, 4%. Three hundred and sixty-two (87.5%) non-typhoidal salmonella were isolated from stool, 38 (9%) from blood, 8 (2%) from urine and 4 about 1% from infected wounds. Of the 13 serotypes only Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella virchow and Salmonella heidelberg were simultaneously isolated from blood and stool. One serotype, Salmonella aberdeen, was encountered for the first time in 1993. All isolates were fully sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, cefuroxime and ceftrioxone. Resistance to ampicillin, augmentin and co-trimoxazole was less than 4%. One third of all non-typhoidal salmonella isolates were resistant to tetracyclines.ConclusionThe most prevalent serotypes were Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium which accounted for 82% of all isolates. The prevalence of resistance of non-typhoidal salmonella to antibiotics was very low (5%). Therefore, due to this low prevalence of resistance, we did not provide details of resistance in relation to serotype. However, it was observed that of the 137 non-typhoidal salmonella resistant to tetracycline, more than 80% were Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium strains. Of the 9 antibiotics, tetracycline was the only drug to which one-third of the non-typhoidal salmonella were resistant. Due to the risk of resistance continued surveillance of susceptibility patterns of non-typhoidal salmonella to antibiotics must be maintained and encouraged. | Bondi M, Messi P, Guerrieri E, Bitonte F (2000)
Virulence profiles and other biological characters in water isolated Aeromonas hydrophila.
The new microbiologica 23, 347-356 [PubMed:11061623]
[show Abstract]
Thirty water isolates of A. hydrophila were tested for potential virulence profiles, antibiotic resistance and Bacteriocin-Like Substances (BLS) production. Cytotoxic activity was present in all strains tested, 87% were hemolytic and 70% adhesive. Lysine decarboxylase reactions (LDC) positivity was correlated with virulence factors: 100% versus cytotoxicity, 84% versus adherence, 76% versus hemolytic activity. The correlation was also present in the LDC-negative strains. Hemolytic and cytotoxic activities were frequently associated: high cytotoxicity, corresponding to high hemolytic activity and vice versa. The in vitro susceptibility of A. hydrophila to 28 antibacterial agents showed that cefotaxime was the most active beta-lactam antibiotic, and Cefuroxime inhibited 90% of the strains. Isolates were resistant to Penicillin G, Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Amoxicillin, Cephalotin and Cefaclor. Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoine, the quinolones and the aminoglycosides (except Streptomycin) were consistently active. BLS production never emerged against closely-related microorganisms. On the contrary A. hydrophila presented a heteroinhibitory activity against non-taxonomically related genera such as Listeria spp. (L. seeligeri NCTC 11856, L. welshimeri NCTC 11857, L. ivanovii NCTC 11846) and S. aureus ATCC 25923. Although a large number of strains showed virulence determinants together with other biological characters such as antibiotic resistance and BLS production, it was not possible to relate these factors to the observed plasmids. | Varga JM, Kalchschmid G, Klein GF, Fritsch P (1991)
Mechanism of allergic cross-reactions--I. Multispecific binding of ligands to a mouse monoclonal anti-DNP IgE antibody.
Molecular immunology 28, 641-654 [PubMed:1650428]
[show Abstract]
A recently developed solid-phase binding assay was used to investigate the specificity of ligand binding to a mouse monoclonal anti-dinitrophenyl IgE [IgE(aDNP)]. All DNP-amino acids, that were tested, inhibited the binding of radio-labeled IgE(aDNP) to DNP covalently attached to polystyrene microtiter plates; however, the concentration for 50% inhibition varied within four orders of magnitude, DNP-L-serine being the most, DNP-proline the least potent inhibitor. In addition to DNP analogues a large number (2074) of drugs and other compounds were tested for their ability to compete with DNP for the binding site of IgE(aDNP). At the concentrations used for screening 59% of the compounds had no significant inhibition; 19% inhibited the binding of IgE(aDNP) more than 50%. Several families of compounds (tetracyclines, polymyxines, phenotiazines, salicylates and quinones) of effective competitors were found. Within these families change in the functional groups attached to the "family stem" had major effects on the affinity of ligand binding. The occurrence frequencies of interactions of ligands with IgE(aDNP) is in good agreement with a semi-empirical model for multispecific antibody-ligand interactions. | Wilkins TD, Smith LD (1974)
Chemotherapy of an experimental Fusobacterium (Sphaerophorus) necrophorum infection in mice.
Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 5, 658-662 [PubMed:15825421]
[show Abstract]
An experimental animal model for testing antibiotics in vivo against Fusobacterium (Sphaerophorus) necrophorum has been developed. It incorporates the subcutaneous injection of the bacteria into mice followed by intraperitoneal administration of the antibiotic at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Mean effective dose values are based on the number of survivors 21 days after challenge. Tetracycline was the most effective drug tested, with a mean effective dose of 5.0 mg/kg, compared with mean effective dose values of 11.1 for clindamycin, 11.8 for penicillin-G, and 52.9 for lincomycin. |
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