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| rotenone |
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| CHEBI:28201 |
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| A member of the class of rotenones that consists of 1,2,12,12a-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]furo[2,3-h]chromen-6(6aH)-one substituted at position 2 by a prop-1-en-2-yl group and at positions 8 and 9 by methoxy groups (the 2R,6aS,12aS-isomer). A non-systemic insecticide, it is the principal insecticidal constituent of derris (the dried rhizome and root of Derris elliptica). |
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This entity has been manually annotated by the ChEBI Team.
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CHEBI:8897, CHEBI:26583
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| ChemicalBook:CB6397762, eMolecules:510195, eMolecules:30157212, ZINC000003860715 |
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more structures >>
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| Rotenone is an odorless, colorless, crystalline isoflavone. It occurs naturally in the seeds and stems of several plants, such as the jicama vine, and in the roots of several other members of the Fabaceae. It was the first-described member of the family of chemical compounds known as rotenoids. Rotenone is approved for use as a piscicide to remove alien fish species, see Uses. It has also been used as a broad-spectrum insecticide, but its use as an insecticide has been banned in many countries. |
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Read full article at Wikipedia
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InChI=1S/C23H22O6/c1- 11(2)16-8-14-15(28-16)6-5-12-22(24)21-13-7-18(25-3)19(26-4)9-17(13)27-10-20(21)29-23(12)14/h5-7,9,16,20-21H,1,8,10H2,2-4H3/t16-,20-,21+/m1/s1 |
| JUVIOZPCNVVQFO-HBGVWJBISA-N |
| [H][C@@]1(CC2=C3O[C@]4([H])COC5=C(C=C(OC)C(OC)=C5)[C@]4([H])C(=O)C3=CC=C2O1)C(C)=C |
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Mundulea chapelieri
(IPNI:20004737-1)
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Found in
flower
(BTO:0000469).
See:
PubMed
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Mundulea chapelieri
(IPNI:20004737-1)
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Found in
leaf
(BTO:0000713).
See:
PubMed
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Mundulea chapelieri
(IPNI:20004737-1)
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Found in
bark
(BTO:0001301).
See:
PubMed
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Erycibe expansa
(IPNI:267866-1)
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Found in
stem
(BTO:0001300).
See:
PubMed
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Antheroporum pierrei
(IPNI:474590-1)
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Found in
twig
(BTO:0001411).
Dried leaves and twigs were extracted with CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1)
See:
PubMed
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Antheroporum pierrei
(IPNI:474590-1)
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Found in
leaf
(BTO:0000713).
Dried leaves and twigs were extracted with CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1)
See:
PubMed
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Derris elliptica
(NCBI:txid56063)
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See:
DOI
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toxin
Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant.
metabolite
Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
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piscicide
A substance which is poisonous to fish and is primarily used to eliminate dominant species of fish in water.
antineoplastic agent
A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
phytogenic insecticide
An insecticide compound naturally occurring in plants.
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View more via ChEBI Ontology
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(2R,6aS,12aS)-8,9-dimethoxy-2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1,2,12,12a-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]furo[2,3-h]chromen-6(6aH)-one
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(−)-cis-rotenone
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ChemIDplus
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(−)-rotenone
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ChemIDplus
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(12aS,6aS,2R)-8,9-dimethoxy-2-(1-methylvinyl)-1,2-dihydrochromano[3,4-b]furano [2,3-h]chroman-6-one
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ChEBI
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5'β-rotenone
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NIST Chemistry WebBook
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[2R-(2α,6aα,12aα)]-1,2,12,12a-tetrahydro-8,9-dimethoxy-2-(1-methylethenyl)[1]benzopyrano[3,4-b]furo[2,3-H][1]benzopyran-6(6aH)-one
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NIST Chemistry WebBook
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barbasco
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ChemIDplus
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canex
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ChemIDplus
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dactinol
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ChemIDplus
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Derris
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ChEBI
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noxfire
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ChemIDplus
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paraderil
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ChemIDplus
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Rotenone
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KEGG COMPOUND
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tubatoxin
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ChemIDplus
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83-79-4
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CAS Registry Number
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ChemIDplus
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83-79-4
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CAS Registry Number
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NIST Chemistry WebBook
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99070
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Reaxys Registry Number
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Reaxys
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Innos J, Hickey MA (2021)
Using Rotenone to Model Parkinson's Disease in Mice: A Review of the Role of Pharmacokinetics.
Chemical research in toxicology 34, 1223-1239 [PubMed:33961406]
[show Abstract]
Rotenone is a naturally occurring toxin that inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Several epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in individuals exposed chronically to rotenone, and it has received great attention for its ability to reproduce many critical features of PD in animal models. Laboratory studies of rotenone have repeatedly shown that it induces in vivo substantia nigra dopaminergic cell loss, a hallmark of PD neuropathology. Additionally, rotenone induces in vivo aggregation of α-synuclein, the major component of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites found in the brain of PD patients and another hallmark of PD neuropathology. Some in vivo rotenone models also reproduce peripheral signs of PD, such as reduced intestinal motility and peripheral α-synuclein aggregation, both of which are thought to precede classical signs of PD in humans, such as cogwheel rigidity, bradykinesia, and resting tremor. Nevertheless, variability has been noted in cohorts of animals exposed to the same rotenone exposure regimen and also between cohorts exposed to similar doses of rotenone. Low doses, administered chronically, may reproduce PD symptoms and neuropathology more faithfully than excessively high doses, but overlap between toxicity and parkinsonian motor phenotypes makes it difficult to separate if behavior is examined in isolation. Rotenone degrades when exposed to light or water, and choice of vehicle may affect outcome. Rotenone is metabolized extensively in vivo, and choice of route of exposure influences greatly the dose used. However, male rodents may be capable of greater metabolism of rotenone, which could therefore reduce their total body exposure when compared with female rodents. The pharmacokinetics of rotenone has been studied extensively, over many decades. Here, we review these pharmacokinetics and models of PD using this important piscicide. | Sharma N, Khurana N, Muthuraman A, Utreja P (2021)
Pharmacological evaluation of vanillic acid in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease rat model.
European journal of pharmacology 903, 174112 [PubMed:33901458]
[show Abstract]
In the present study, we investigated the anti-Parkinson's effect of vanillic acid (VA) (12 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg p.o.) against rotenone (2 mg/kg s.c.) induced Parkinson's disease (PD) in rats. The continuous administration of rotenone for 35 days resulted in rigidity in muscles, catalepsy, and decrease in locomotor activity, body weight, and rearing behaviour along with the generation of oxidative stress in the brain (rise in the TBARS, and SAG level and reduced CAT, and GSH levels). Co-treatment of VA and levodopa-carbidopa (100 mg/kg + 25 mg/kg p.o.) lead to a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in the muscle rigidity and catalepsy along with a significant (P < 0.001) increase in body weight, rearing behaviour, locomotion and muscle activity as compared to the rotenone-treated group in the dose dependent manner, showing maximum effect at the 50 mg/kg. It also showed reversal of levels of oxidative stress parameters thus, reducing the neuronal oxidative stress. The level of DA was also estimated which showed an increase in the level of DA in the VA plus standard drug treated animals as compared to rotenone treated group. Histopathological evaluation showed a high number of eosinophilic lesions in the rotenone group which were found to be very less in the VA co-treated group. The study thus proved that co-treatment of VA and levodopa-carbidopa, significantly protected the brain from neuronal damage due to oxidative stress and attenuated the motor defects indicating the possible therapeutic potential of VA as a neuroprotective in PD. | Zhang D, Li S, Hou L, Jing L, Ruan Z, Peng B, Zhang X, Hong JS, Zhao J, Wang Q (2021)
Microglial activation contributes to cognitive impairments in rotenone-induced mouse Parkinson's disease model.
Journal of neuroinflammation 18, 4 [PubMed:33402167]
[show Abstract]
BackgroundCognitive decline occurs frequently in Parkinson's disease (PD), which greatly decreases the quality of life of patients. However, the mechanisms remain to be investigated. Neuroinflammation mediated by overactivated microglia is a common pathological feature in multiple neurological disorders, including PD. This study is designed to explore the role of microglia in cognitive deficits by using a rotenone-induced mouse PD model.MethodsTo evaluate the role of microglia in rotenone-induced cognitive deficits, PLX3397, an inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, and minocycline, a widely used antibiotic, were used to deplete or inactivate microglia, respectively. Cognitive performance of mice among groups was detected by Morris water maze, objective recognition, and passive avoidance tests. Neurodegeneration, synaptic loss, α-synuclein phosphorylation, glial activation, and apoptosis were determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot or immunofluorescence staining. The gene expression of inflammatory factors and lipid peroxidation were further explored by using RT-PCR and ELISA kits, respectively.ResultsRotenone dose-dependently induced cognitive deficits in mice by showing decreased performance of rotenone-treated mice in the novel objective recognition, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze compared with that of vehicle controls. Rotenone-induced cognitive decline was associated with neurodegeneration, synaptic loss, and Ser129-phosphorylation of α-synuclein and microglial activation in the hippocampal and cortical regions of mice. A time course experiment revealed that rotenone-induced microglial activation preceded neurodegeneration. Interestingly, microglial depletion by PLX3397 or inactivation by minocycline significantly reduced neuronal damage and α-synuclein pathology as well as improved cognitive performance in rotenone-injected mice. Mechanistically, PLX3397 and minocycline attenuated rotenone-induced astroglial activation and production of cytotoxic factors in mice. Reduced lipid peroxidation was also observed in mice treated with combined PLX3397 or minocycline and rotenonee compared with rotenone alone group. Finally, microglial depletion or inactivation was found to mitigate rotenone-induced neuronal apoptosis.ConclusionsTaken together, our findings suggested that microglial activation contributes to cognitive impairments in a rotenone-induced mouse PD model via neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, providing novel insight into the immunopathogensis of cognitive deficits in PD. | Kampjut D, Sazanov LA (2020)
The coupling mechanism of mammalian respiratory complex I.
Science (New York, N.Y.) 370, eabc4209 [PubMed:32972993]
[show Abstract]
Mitochondrial complex I couples NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreduction to proton pumping by an unknown mechanism. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of ovine complex I in five different conditions, including turnover, at resolutions up to 2.3 to 2.5 angstroms. Resolved water molecules allowed us to experimentally define the proton translocation pathways. Quinone binds at three positions along the quinone cavity, as does the inhibitor rotenone that also binds within subunit ND4. Dramatic conformational changes around the quinone cavity couple the redox reaction to proton translocation during open-to-closed state transitions of the enzyme. In the induced deactive state, the open conformation is arrested by the ND6 subunit. We propose a detailed molecular coupling mechanism of complex I, which is an unexpected combination of conformational changes and electrostatic interactions. | Meurers BH, Zhu C, Fernagut PO, Richter F, Hsia YC, Fleming SM, Oh M, Elashoff D, Dicarlo CD, Seaman RL, Chesselet MF (2009)
Low dose rotenone treatment causes selective transcriptional activation of cell death related pathways in dopaminergic neurons in vivo.
Neurobiology of disease 33, 182-192 [PubMed:19013527]
[show Abstract]
Mitochondrial complex I inhibition has been implicated in the degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons in Parkinson's disease. However, the mechanisms and pathways that determine the cellular fate of DA neurons downstream of the mitochondrial dysfunction have not been fully identified. We conducted cell-type specific gene array experiments with nigral DA neurons from rats treated with the complex I inhibitor, rotenone, at a dose that does not induce cell death. The genome wide screen identified transcriptional changes in multiple cell death related pathways that are indicative of a simultaneous activation of both degenerative and protective mechanisms. Quantitative PCR analyses of a subset of these genes in different neuronal populations of the basal ganglia revealed that some of the changes are specific for DA neurons, suggesting that these neurons are highly sensitive to rotenone. Our data provide insight into potentially defensive strategies of DA neurons against disease relevant insults. | Morikawa T, Xu F, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M (2006)
Structures of new flavonoids, erycibenins D, E, and F, and NO production inhibitors from Erycibe expansa originating in Thailand.
Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin 54, 1530-1534 [PubMed:17077549]
[show Abstract]
A new flavanol, erycibenin D, and two new flavans, erycibenins E and F, were isolated from the stems of Erycibe expansa originating in Thailand. The structures of new flavonoids were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. In addition, the inhibitory activities of the isolated constituents from E. expansa on lipopolysaccharide-activated nitric oxide production in mouse peritoneal macrophages were examined. Among the principal constituents, two isoflavones, clycosin (IC50 = 13 microM) and erythrinin B (18 microM), and two rotenoids, deguelin (26 microM) and rotenone (27 microM), were found to show potent inhibitory activity. | Testa CM, Sherer TB, Greenamyre JT (2005)
Rotenone induces oxidative stress and dopaminergic neuron damage in organotypic substantia nigra cultures.
Brain research. Molecular brain research 134, 109-118 [PubMed:15790535]
[show Abstract]
Rotenone, a pesticide and complex I inhibitor, causes nigrostriatal degeneration similar to Parkinson disease pathology in a chronic, systemic, in vivo rodent model [M. Alam, W.J. Schmidt, Rotenone destroys dopaminergic neurons and induces parkinsonian symptoms in rats, Behav. Brain Res. 136 (2002) 317-324; R. Betarbet, T.B. Sherer, G. MacKenzie, M. Garcia-Osuna, A.V. Panov, J.T. Greenamyre, Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson's disease, Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2000) 1301-1306; S.M. Fleming, C. Zhu, P.O. Fernagut, A. Mehta, C.D. DiCarlo, R.L. Seaman, M.F. Chesselet, Behavioral and immunohistochemical effects of chronic intravenous and subcutaneous infusions of varying doses of rotenone, Exp. Neurol. 187 (2004) 418-429; T.B. Sherer, J.H. Kim, R. Betarbet, J.T. Greenamyre, Subcutaneous rotenone exposure causes highly selective dopaminergic degeneration and alpha-synuclein aggregation, Exp. Neurol. 179 (2003) 9-16.]. To better investigate the role of mitochondria and complex I inhibition in chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease, we developed methods for long-term culture of rodent postnatal midbrain organotypic slices. Chronic complex I inhibition over weeks by low dose (10-50 nM) rotenone in this system lead to dose- and time-dependent destruction of substantia nigra pars compacta neuron processes, morphologic changes, some neuronal loss, and decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein levels. Chronic complex I inhibition also caused oxidative damage to proteins, measured by protein carbonyl levels. This oxidative damage was blocked by the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). At the same time, alpha-tocopherol also blocked rotenone-induced reductions in TH protein and TH immunohistochemical changes. Thus, oxidative damage is a primary mechanism of mitochondrial toxicity in intact dopaminergic neurons. The organotypic culture system allows close study of this and other interacting mechanisms over a prolonged time period in mature dopaminergic neurons with intact processes, surrounding glia, and synaptic connections. | Cao S, Schilling JK, Miller JS, Andriantsiferana R, Rasamison VE, Kingston DG (2004)
Cytotoxic compounds from Mundulea chapelieri from the Madagascar Rainforest.
Journal of natural products 67, 454-456 [PubMed:15043430]
[show Abstract]
Bioassay-guided fractionation of methanolic extracts of Mundulea chapelieri resulted in the isolation of two new flavonoids, isomundulinol (1) and 3-deoxy-MS-II (2), in addition to the eight known flavonoids 8-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-5,7-dimethoxyflavanone, MS-II, mundulinol, mundulone, munetone, rotenolone, rotenone, and tephrosin, and one known sesquiterpenoid, 8alpha-acetoxyelemol. The structures of the new flavonoids 1 and 2 were determined by 1D and 2D NMR experiments. All the isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxicity against the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line; rotenolone and rotenone were the most potent compounds isolated, with IC(50) values of 0.5 and 0.7 microg/mL, respectively. | Newhouse K, Hsuan SL, Chang SH, Cai B, Wang Y, Xia Z (2004)
Rotenone-induced apoptosis is mediated by p38 and JNK MAP kinases in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells.
Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 79, 137-146 [PubMed:14976342]
[show Abstract]
Rotenone is a naturally derived pesticide that has recently been shown to evoke the behavioral and pathological symptoms of Parkinson's disease in animal models. Though rotenone is known to be an inhibitor of the mitochondrial complex I electron transport chain, little is known about downstream pathways leading to its toxicity. We used human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells to study mechanisms of rotenone-induced neuronal cell death. Our results suggest that rotenone, at nanomolar concentrations, induces apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells that is caspase-dependent. Furthermore, rotenone treatment induces phosphorylation of c-Jun, the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and the p38 mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase, indicative of activation of the p38 and JNK pathways. Importantly, expression of dominant interfering constructs of the JNK or p38 pathways attenuated rotenone-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that rotenone induces apoptosis in the dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells that requires activation of the JNK and p38 MAP kinases and caspases. These studies provide insights concerning the molecular mechanisms of rotenone-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells. |
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