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| bromoethane |
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| CHEBI:47232 |
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| A bromoalkane that is ethane carrying a bromo substituent. It is an alkylating agent used as a chemical intermediate in various organic syntheses. |
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This entity has been manually annotated by the ChEBI Team.
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| eMolecules:475226 |
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| Bromoethane, also known as ethyl bromide, is a chemical compound of the haloalkanes group. It is abbreviated by chemists as EtBr (which is also used as an abbreviation for ethidium bromide). This volatile compound has an ether-like odor. |
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Read full article at Wikipedia
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| InChI=1S/C2H5Br/c1-2-3/h2H2,1H3 |
| RDHPKYGYEGBMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
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solvent
A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
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carcinogenic agent
A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
alkylating agent
Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases.
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solvent
A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition.
refrigerant
A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure.
local anaesthetic
Any member of a group of drugs that reversibly inhibit the propagation of signals along nerves. Wide variations in potency, stability, toxicity, water-solubility and duration of action determine the route used for administration, e.g. topical, intravenous, epidural or spinal block.
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View more via ChEBI Ontology
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1-bromoethane
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PDBeChem
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bromic ether
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ChemIDplus
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ethyl bromide
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ChemIDplus
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hydrobromic ether
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ChemIDplus
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monobromoethane
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ChemIDplus
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6092
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ChemSpider
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BBX
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PDBeChem
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Bromoethane
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Wikipedia
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C19354
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KEGG COMPOUND
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| View more database links |
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1209224
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Reaxys Registry Number
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Reaxys
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74-96-4
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CAS Registry Number
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ChemIDplus
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74-96-4
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CAS Registry Number
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NIST Chemistry WebBook
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Shastri A, Singh PJ, Krishnakumar S, Das AK, Raja Sekhar BN (2017)
Electronic spectroscopy of ethyl bromide probed by VUV photoabsorption and quantum chemical calculations.
Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP 19, 6454-6469 [PubMed:28197565]
[show Abstract]
The electronically excited states of ethyl bromide and its deuterated isotopologue (C2H5Br and C2D5Br) are studied using synchrotron radiation based photoabsorption spectroscopy in the wavenumber region 50 000-86 000 cm-1. A detailed spectral analysis supported by quantum chemical calculations is presented. A complex Rydberg series structure comprising of nsa1, npa1, npe, nda1 and nde series, converging to each of the two spin-orbit split components of the first ionization potential (2E3/2 and 2E1/2) is observed for both the isotopologues. Quantum defect values are consistent with excitation from Br lone pair orbitals. Rydberg series analysis is extended to several higher members as compared to earlier work and corroborates the dominance of the spin-orbit mechanism over the hyperconjugative effect. A few new Rydberg series members converging to the second and third ionization potentials are observed and assigned. The complete gas phase VUV photoabsorption spectrum of C2D5Br up to its first ionization limit and its infrared absorption spectrum in the liquid phase are reported for the first time. An extended vibronic analysis of bands accompanying the first few Rydberg series is reported along with several new assignments. DFT calculations on ground states of neutral and ionic species and TDDFT calculations on singlet and triplet excited states aid and support the spectral analysis. Potential energy curves with respect to the C-Br bond length and the C-C-Br bond angle provide further insights into the nature of the excited states. This work represents a comprehensive study of the electronic absorption spectrum of ethyl bromide and its deuterated counterpart. | Gardiner SH, Karsili TN, Lipciuc ML, Wilman E, Ashfold MN, Vallance C (2014)
Fragmentation dynamics of the ethyl bromide and ethyl iodide cations: a velocity-map imaging study.
Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP 16, 2167-2178 [PubMed:24317740]
[show Abstract]
The photodissociation dynamics of ethyl bromide and ethyl iodide cations (C2H5Br(+) and C2H5I(+)) have been studied. Ethyl halide cations were formed through vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization of the respective neutral parent molecules at 118.2 nm, and were photolysed at a number of ultraviolet (UV) photolysis wavelengths, including 355 nm and wavelengths in the range from 236 to 266 nm. Time-of-flight mass spectra and velocity-map images have been acquired for all fragment ions and for ground (Br) and spin-orbit excited (Br*) bromine atom products, allowing multiple fragmentation pathways to be investigated. The experimental studies are complemented by spin-orbit resolved ab initio calculations of cuts through the potential energy surfaces (along the RC-Br/I stretch coordinate) for the ground and first few excited states of the respective cations. Analysis of the velocity-map images indicates that photoexcited C2H5Br(+) cations undergo prompt C-Br bond fission to form predominantly C2H5(+) + Br* products with a near-limiting 'parallel' recoil velocity distribution. The observed C2H3(+) + H2 + Br product channel is thought to arise via unimolecular decay of highly internally excited C2H5(+) products formed following radiationless transfer from the initial excited state populated by photon absorption. Broadly similar behaviour is observed in the case of C2H5I(+), along with an additional energetically accessible C-I bond fission channel to form C2H5 + I(+) products. HX (X = Br, I) elimination from the highly internally excited C2H5X(+) cation is deemed the most probable route to forming the C2H4(+) fragment ions observed from both cations. Finally, both ethyl halide cations also show evidence of a minor C-C bond fission process to form CH2X(+) + CH3 products. | Borkar S, Sztáray B (2010)
Self-consistent heats of formation for the ethyl cation, ethyl bromide, and ethyl iodide from threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy.
The journal of physical chemistry. A 114, 6117-6123 [PubMed:20433180]
[show Abstract]
The dissociative photoionization onsets of Br and I loss reactions were measured for C(2)H(5)Br and C(2)H(5)I, respectively, by threshold photoelectron photoion coincidence (TPEPICO) spectroscopy to establish the heats of formation of these two basic ethyl halides. The appearance energy of ethyl cation from ethyl bromide was found to be 1074.2 +/- 0.8 kJ mol(-1), and that from ethyl iodide was found to be 1016.4 +/- 0.8 kJ mol(-1). The heats of formation of ethyl bromide and ethyl iodide are interconnected through the ethyl cation. In establishing the thermochemistry of the ethyl halides, the ethyl cation heat of formation was concluded to be 915.5 +/- 1.3 kJ mol(-1) on the basis of a recent value for ethyl radical heat of formation and the well-established ionization energy and on the basis of ab initio isodesmic calculations using recent PEPICO data. Using this anchor, we obtained the following heats of formation: Delta(f)H(0K) degrees[EtBr] = -40.8 +/- 1.5 kJ mol(-1) and Delta(f)H(0K) degrees[EtI] = 6.3 +/- 1.5 kJ mol(-1). These results are more consistent with the higher EtBr heats of formation values in the literature, contrary to recent findings. For ethyl iodide, the latest calorimetric value does not agree within the claimed accuracy. | Yuan X, Li X, Zhu E, Hu J, Sheng W, Cao S (2008)
A novel hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent modified by phenolic hydroxyl group of 2-naphthol with bromoethane as crosslinking reagent
Carbohydrate Polymers. 74, 468-473 [Agricola:IND44115155]
[show Abstract]
A novel hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent of LM-6 was prepared by post-crosslinking reaction with 2-naphthol. Bromoethane was used as crosslinking reagent to substitute poisonous organic compound of chloromethyl methylether. Selective adsorption on LM-6 in mixture solution which consisting of 2-naphthol and naphthalene shows that the adsorption of 2-naphthol and naphthalene in aqueous solution are mainly pushed by physical interaction. The adsorption of 2-naphthol is also partly pushed by chemical interaction. The adsorptive enthalpy illuminates that there exists hydrogen-bonding between 2-naphthol and LM-6. Owning to hydrogen-bonding, the adsorption capacity of 2-naphthol on LM-6 is markedly higher than that of naphthalene. In aqueous solution, the adsorption process contains two steps: desorption of water first and then adsorption of solute. Dynamic analysis shows that adsorption capacity of 2-naphthol is higher than that of naphthalene. The adsorption rate is mainly affected by the diffusion of liquid membrane, the diffusion inside particulate or coordinated effect. | Holder JW (2008)
Analysis of chloroethane toxicity and carcinogenicity including a comparison with bromoethane.
Toxicology and industrial health 24, 655-675 [PubMed:19141570]
[show Abstract]
Chloroethane (CE) gas carcinogenicity is analyzed and determined from a National Toxicology Program (NTP) bioassay where an inhalation concentration of 15,000 ppm CE gas in air produced the highest incidence of an uncommon-to-rare tumor ever observed by the NTP. Persistently inhaled CE produces endometrial cancers in female mice. The first-tumor-corrected uterine endometrial incidence (I) in B6C3F1 mice is 90%, but no significant tumors occurred in F344 rats. The endometrial cancers dispersed by 1) migrating locally to the adjacent myometrium, 2) then migrating to the bloodstream by intravasation, 3) entering 17 distal organs by extravasation and adapting to the new tissue environment. Distal cancers retained sufficient endometrial cell features to be recognized at each metastatic site. CE produced one of the highest metastasis rates ever observed by NTP of 79%. Comparing CE with bromoethane (BE), a structural analogue, it was found that BE too produced rare murine endometrial cancers yielding the second highest NTP incidence rate of I = 58% with a similar high malignancy rate of 56%. Because of the historical rarity of endometrial tumors in the B6C3F1 mouse, both of these SAR haloethanes seem to be evoking a strong, related carcinogenic potential in B6C3F1 mice, but not in F344 rats. The question of whether humans are similar to mice or to rats is addressed here and in Gargas, et al., 2008. The powerful carcinogenesis caused by these halohydrocarbons may have been caused by excessive and metabolically unresolved acetaldehyde (AC) which is directly generated by Cyp2E1 in the oxidative elimination of CE. With >95% AC metabolic production, as predicted from pharmacokinetic (PK) studies depending on CE exposure, AC is the main elimination intermediate. AC is a known animal carcinogen and a strongly suspected human carcinogen. Also, CE causes incipient decreases of tissue essential glutathione pools [GSH] by Phase II conjugation metabolic elimination of CE (and BE), by glutantione transferase (GST), in most organs (except brain) exposed to high circulating CE and it metabolites. In three laboratories, an excessive stress reaction of hyperkinesis was observed only during 15,000 ppm gas exposure but not when the exposure ceased or when exposure was presented at 150 ppm. Test rodents other than the female mice did not exhibit a pattern of visible stress nor did they have a carcinogenic response to CE gas. Unremitting stress has been documented to contribute a feedback to the hypothalamus which stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-axis (HPA), which in turn, induces the adrenal glands. Because estrus and estrogen and progesterone levels were unaltered by CE gas, the adrenal over stimulation, causing high steroid output, may be the penultimate step in this extraordinary carcinogenic response. High adrenal production of corticosteroids could adversely promote endometrial cells to cancers in mice - a mechanism that has already been observed in humans. | Martínez-Avilés M, Rosado-Reyes CM, Francisco JS (2007)
Atmospheric oxidation mechanism of bromoethane.
The journal of physical chemistry. A 111, 11652-11660 [PubMed:17941615]
[show Abstract]
A mechanism for the atmospheric oxidation of bromoethane is proposed from an ab initio study. Using CCSD(T)/6-311++G(2df,2p)//MP2/6-31G(d) level of theory, the structure and energetics of the 35 species and transition states involved in the atmospheric oxidation of bromoethane are examined. From these calculations, reaction enthalpies and activation energies to characterize the potential energy surface of the proposed mechanism for the complete atmospheric degradation of bromoethane are determined. The studies revealed that the hydrogen abstraction from the alpha carbon has the lowest activation energy barrier of all the possible abstractions, making this pathway the most energetically favored pathway for the atmospheric oxidation process. The brominated species that result from the oxidation at the alpha carbon are BrC(O)CH(3) and BrC(O)H. Other species resulting from oxidation initiated at the beta carbon are also identified. | Tang Y, Ji L, Zhu R, Wei Z, Zhang B (2005)
Photodissociation study of ethyl bromide in the ultraviolet range by the ion-velocity imaging technique.
Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry 6, 2137-2144 [PubMed:16208756]
[show Abstract]
The photodissociation of ethyl bromide has been studied in the wavelength range of 231-267 nm by means of the ion velocity imaging technique coupled with a [2+1] resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) scheme. The velocity distributions for the Br ((2)P(1/2)) (denoted Br*) and Br ((2)P(3/2)) (denoted Br) fragments are determined, and each can be well-fitted by a narrow single-peaked Gaussian curve, which suggests that the bromine fragments are generated as a result of direct dissociation via repulsive potential-energy surfaces (PES). The recoil anisotropy results show that beta(Br) and beta(Br*) decrease with the wavelength, and the angular distributions of Br* suggest a typical parallel transition. The product relative quantum yields at two different wavelengths are Phi(234nm)(Br*)=0.17 and Phi(267nm)(Br*)=0.31. The relative fractions of each potential surface for the bromine fragments' production at 234 and 267 nm reveal the existence of a curve crossing between the (3)Q(0) and (1)Q(1) potential surfaces, and the probability of curve crossing decreases with the laser wavelength. The symmetry reduction of C(2)H(5)Br from C(3v) to C(s) invokes a nonadiabatic coupling between the (3)Q(0) and (1)Q(1) states, and with higher energy photons, the probability that crossing will take place increases. | Tang B, Zhang S, Wang Y, Tang Y, Zhang B (2005)
One-color two-photon mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy of ethyl bromide through a dissociative intermediate state.
The Journal of chemical physics 123, 164305 [PubMed:16268695]
[show Abstract]
Mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectra of ethyl bromide were obtained using one-color two-photon ionization through a dissociative intermediate state. Accurate values for the adiabatic ionization energy have been obtained, 83099+/-5 and 85454+/-5 cm(-1) for the X1 2E and X2 2E states of the ethyl bromide cation, respectively, giving a splitting of 2355+/-10 cm(-1). Compared with conventional photoelectron data, the two-photon MATI spectrum exhibited a more extensive vibrational structure with a higher resolution, mainly containing the modes involving the dissociation coordinate. The observed modes were analyzed and discussed in terms of wave packet evolving on the potential-energy surface of the dissociative state. | Aoyama H, Couse JF, Hewitt SC, Haseman JK, He H, Zheng X, Majstoravich S, Korach KS, Dixon D (2005)
Upregulation of estrogen receptor expression in the uterus of ovariectomized B6C3F1 mice and Ishikawa cells treated with bromoethane.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology 209, 226-235 [PubMed:15922381]
[show Abstract]
In a 2-year NTP bioassay, Bromoethane (BE) was found to induce endometrial neoplasms in the uterus of B6C3F1 mice [; ]. In women, hormonal influences, such as "unopposed" estrogenic stimulus, have been implicated as important etiologic factors in uterine cancer. BE, however, does not affect the serum concentrations of sex hormones in female B6C3F1 mice [] and the mechanism of BE-induced uterine carcinogenesis still remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the estrogenic effects of BE on the uterus of ovariectomized B6C3F1 mice and on Ishikawa cells. Groups of 6 mice were given daily s.c. injections of 0, 100, 500 or 1000 mg BE/kg for 3 consecutive days. Mice treated with 17beta-estradiol served as positive controls. Mice were necropsied 24 h after the final injection, and uteri were weighed and examined histologically and immunohistochemically along with the vagina. Changes observed in the estrogen-treated mice included increased uterine weights, edema and inflammation of the endometrium, increased epithelial layers of the uterine and vaginal lumens and keratinization of the vaginal epithelium. In the BE-treated mice, no such changes occurred; however, immunohistochemical staining of the uterus revealed a significant increase in immunoexpression of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) in the two higher dose groups. Analysis of mRNA also showed slightly increased uterine ERalpha expression in these groups. Upregulated expression of ERalpha was confirmed in BE-treated Ishikawa cells, in which Western blotting analyses identified an intense signal at approximately 66 kDa, which is consistent with ERalpha. These data suggest that upregulated expression of ERalpha may be important in the induction of endometrial neoplasms in BE-treated mice. | Picut CA, Aoyama H, Holder JW, Gold LS, Maronpot RR, Dixon D (2003)
Bromoethane, chloroethane and ethylene oxide induced uterine neoplasms in B6C3F1 mice from 2-year NTP inhalation bioassays: pathology and incidence data revisited.
Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie 55, 1-9 [PubMed:12940622]
[show Abstract]
Chloroethane, bromoethane and ethylene oxide represent a unique set of chemicals that induce endometrial neoplasms in the uterus of B6C3F1 mice following an inhalation route of exposure. The results of the NTP's chronic bioassays with these three compounds resulted in an unusually high incidence of uterine epithelial neoplasms in B6C3F1 mice (chloroethane 86%, bromoethane 56%) and a lower incidence for ethylene oxide (10%). The uterine neoplasms were classified as adenomas, adenocarcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas for bromoethane, and as adenocarcinomas for both chloroethane and ethylene oxide. The adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas were invasive into the myometrium and the serosa, and metastasized to a wide variety of organs. Metastatic sites included most commonly the lung, lymph nodes, and ovary at unusually high rates of metastases (79% for chloroethane and 38% for bromoethane). Because of the dramatically high rates of uterine neoplasms (induced by chemicals given by the inhalation route) and metastases, a re-evaluation of the pathology and incidence data was undertaken. The earlier results were confirmed. The mechanism of uterine carcinogenesis by chloroethane, bromoethane and ethylene oxide is unclear. | Bucher JR, Morgan DL, Adkins B, Travlos GS, Davis BJ, Morris R, Elwell MR (1995)
Early changes in sex hormones are not evident in mice exposed to the uterine carcinogens chloroethane or bromoethane.
Toxicology and applied pharmacology 130, 169-173 [PubMed:7839365]
[show Abstract]
Chloroethane and bromoethane have been shown to cause a marked uterine tumor response in B6C3F1 mice exposed for 2 years. These chemicals are nearly unique in this regard among the nearly 400 chemicals studied by the National Toxicology Program, and the reasons for this carcinogenic activity are unclear. The possible relationship of changes in blood concentrations of sex hormones to this response was evaluated by examining the estrous cycle of mice prior to and during a 21-day exposure to concentrations of the haloethanes which resulted in the tumorigenic response in the 2-year studies. Serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone were determined at the termination of the exposures and compared to exposure group and stage of the estrous cycle. No consistent patterns of change were found in estrous cyclicity or in blood concentrations of sex hormones. Thus, the findings suggest that early changes in circulating sex hormones are not important contributing factors in the uterine neoplasia caused by these chemicals. | National Toxicology Program (1989)
Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Bromoethane (Ethyl Bromide) (CAS No. 74-96-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies).
National Toxicology Program technical report series 363, 1-186 [PubMed:12695778]
[show Abstract]
Bromoethane is an alkylating agent used primarily as a chemical intermediate in various organic syntheses. In toxicology and carcinogenesis studies, groups of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of each sex received whole-body exposure to bromoethane (greater than 98% pure) once for 4 hours or for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 14 days, 14 weeks, or 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Single-Exposure, Fourteen-Day, and Fourteen-Week Studies: Single-exposure inhalation studies were conducted in rats and mice at target concentrations of 625, 1,250, 2,500, 5,000, or 10,000 ppm bromoethane. All rats exposed to 10,000 ppm bromoethane and 3/5 female rats exposed to 5,000 ppm died before the end of the single-exposure studies. All mice exposed to 5,000 or 10,000 ppm bromoethane and 2/5 female mice exposed to 1,250 ppm died before the end of the studies. Fourteen-day inhalation studies were conducted in rats and mice at target concentrations of 0, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 ppm bromoethane. All rats and mice exposed to 2,000 or 4,000 ppm died before the end of the 14-day studies. Final mean body weights of exposed and control rats were similar. Fourteen-week inhalation studies were conducted in rats and mice at target concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 400, 800, or 1,600 ppm bromoethane. Four of 10 male and 2/10 female rats exposed to 1,600 ppm died before the end of the 14-week studies. The final mean body weights of rats exposed to 1,600 ppm were lower than the initial mean body weights. Compound-related lesions observed in rats at 1,600 ppm, but not at lower concentrations, included minimal atrophy of the thigh muscle, minimal-to-moderate multifocal mineralization in the cerebellum of the brain, minimal-to-severe hemosiderosis of the spleen, marked atrophy of the testis, and minimal-to- mild atrophy of the uterus. The effects in the testis and uterus are probably due to chemical-related loss in body weight during the studies. In mice, compound-related deaths included 3/10 male and 1/10 female mice exposed to 1,600 ppm, 1/9 males exposed to 800 ppm, and 1/10 males exposed to 400 ppm. The final mean body weights of male and female mice exposed to 1,600 ppm were about 15% lower than those of controls. Compound-related effects included atrophy of the uterus and involution of the ovary in females exposed to 1,600 ppm bromoethane. Based on these results, 2-year studies were conducted by exposing groups of 49 or 50 rats or mice of each sex to bromoethane at 0, 100, 200, or 400 ppm, 6 hours per day, 5 days per week. Body Weight and Survival in the Two-Year Studies: Mean body weights of exposed and control rats were generally similar throughout the studies. No significant differences in survival were observed between any groups of male rats (control, 17/49; 100 ppm, 26/50; 200 ppm, 27/50; 400 ppm, 21/50); survival of the 100-ppm group of female rats was greater than that of controls (19/50; 29/50; 24/49; 23/50), and the number of control and 400-ppm male rats and control female rats surviving to the end of the studies was low. Mean body weights of the 400-ppm group of male mice were up to 9% lower than those of controls throughout the study. Mean body weights of the 400-ppm group of female mice were generally 6%-16% lower than those of controls after week 29. No differences in survival were observed between any group of male mice (35/50; 37/50; 30/50; 34/50). The survival of the 400-ppm group of female mice was lower than that of controls at the end of the study (36/50; 37/50; 37/49; 23/49). Nonneoplastic and Neoplastic Effects in the Two-Year Studies: The incidences of pheochromocytomas or malignant pheochromocytomas (combined) of the adrenal medulla were increased in exposed male rats (control, 8/40; 100 ppm, 23/45; 200 ppm, 18/46; 400 ppm, 21/46). Granular cell neoplasms of the brain were seen in exposed male rats but not in controls (0/49; 3/50; 1/50; 1/50). A glioma, an astrocytoma, or an oligodendroglioma was seen in 3/50 male rats exposed to 100 p in 3/50 male rats exposed to 100 ppm. Gliomas were not observed in control female rats, but they occurred in exposed female rats with a significant positive trend (0/50; 1/50; 1/48; 3/50). The historical incidence of granular cell tumors in male F344/N rat chamber controls at the study laboratory is 0/297. The incidences of gliomas in the exposed female groups were not significantly greater than that in the controls and were within the historical incidence range for glial cell neoplasms for untreated controls in NTP studies (mean: 23/1,969, 1%; range: 0/50-3/50), but they exceeded the historical incidence range for chamber controls at the study laboratory (mean: 1/297, 0.3%; range: 0/50-1/50). Alveolar epithelial hyperplasia was increased in rats exposed to 400 ppm bromoethane (male: 3/48; 7/49; 7/48; 18/48; female: 5/50; 4/48; 5/47; 10/49). Alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas or carcinomas (combined) were seen in four male rats exposed to 200 ppm and in one exposed to 400 ppm. Alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas were observed in 3/49 female rats at 400 ppm but not at lower concentrations or in controls. The incidences in exposed male and female rats were not significantly greater than those in controls; however, the historical incidence in rat chamber controls for alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas or carcinomas (combined) at the study laboratory is 6/299 (2%) for males and 4/297 (1.3%) for females. The incidences of epithelial hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia of the nasal cavity were increased in rats exposed to 400 ppm. The incidence of suppurative inflammation of the nasal cavity was increased in exposed male rats, and the incidences of suppurative inflammation of the larynx and metaplasia of the olfactory sensory epithelium were increased in exposed male and female rats. An adenoma of the nose was seen in one 400-ppm male rat and in one 400-ppm female mouse. Suppurative inflammation and dilatation of the salivary gland ducts were observed at increased incidences in the 200- and 400-ppm groups of female rats. Animals were found to be positive for rat coronavirus/sialodacryoadenitis virus antibodies. The incidence of mammary gland neoplasms was significantly lower in female rats at 400 ppm than in controls (18/50; 15/50; 10/48; 7/50). Adenomas (0/50; 1/50; 1/47; 6/48), adenocarcinomas (0/50; 2/50; 3/47; 19/48), and squamous cell carcinomas (0/50; 1/50; 1/47; 3/48) of the uterus occurred in exposed female mice and not in control mice. The incidence of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms was greater in male mice at 400 ppm than in controls (adenomas or carcinomas, combined: 7/50; 6/50; 12/50; 15/50). Acute/chronic inflammation of the lung was observed at increased incidences in female mice at 200 and 400 ppm. Genetic Toxicology: Bromoethane, tested in a closed environment of a desiccator, was mutagenic in S. typhimurium strain TA100 with and without exogenous metabolic activation; it was not mutagenic in strain TA98. In cultured CHO cells, bromoethane induced sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) but not chromosomal aberrations in both the presence and absence of exogenous metabolic activation. Conclusions: Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of bromoethane for male F344/N rats, as indicated by increased incidences of pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland; neoplasms of the brain and lung may also have been related to exposure to bromoethane. For female F344/N rats, there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity, as indicated by marginally increased incidences of neoplasms of the brain and lung. For male B6C3F1 mice, there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity, based on marginally increased incidences of neoplasms of the lung. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity for female B6C3F1 mice, as indicated by neoplasms of the uterus. Synonyms: monobromoethane; bromic ether; hydrobromic ether | Karimullina NK, Gizatullina AA (1969)
[On the liver condition in animals under the effect of bromic ether].
Farmakologiia i toksikologiia 32, 165-167 [PubMed:5772141] | (1965)
Ethyl bromide (bromoethane) CH3CH2Br.
American Industrial Hygiene Association journal 26, 192-195 [PubMed:5828123] | TAKACS J, INCZEDY J, ERDEY L (1962)
[Simultaneous determination of methyl bromide and ethyl bromide].
Journal of chromatography 9, 247-249 [PubMed:13980246] |
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