MD-core.owl -- the core content of the Mental Disease ontology branch of the Mental Functioning ontology project. To be imported into the full ontology project. Wherever possible uses as primary ID the DOID (Disease Ontology) ID. symptoms code DSM-IV-TR code DSM-IV-TR ICD-10 code ICD-10 code ICD-10 code BFO_0000055 BFO_0000055s BFO_0000055ed BFO_0000117 BFO_0000117s BFO_0000117ed BFO_0000132 BFO_0000132s BFO_0000132ed BFO_0000163 BFO_0000163s BFO_0000163ed manifestationOf manifestationOfs manifestationOfed A substance addiction in which the substance that is compulsively consumed is alcohol (CHEBI:30879). 309.90 [DSM-IV code] F10 [ICD-10 Code] Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of alcohol [ICD-10] alcohol addiction alcohol dependence [DSM-IV] MFOMD_0000060 A substance addiction in which the substance compulsively consumed is nicotine (CHEBI:18723). 305.1 [DSM-IV Code] F17 [ICD-10 Code] Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of tobacco [ICD-10] nicotine addiction nicotine dependence [DSM-IV] MFOMD_0000062 A sleep disorder of the upper respiratory system that causes the person to stop breathing while asleep. MFOMD_0000193 Disorders characterized by social deficits and communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, and in some cases, cognitive delays. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum The DSM-5 diagnosis encompasses previous diagnoses (from DSM_IV-TR) of autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, and PDD-NOS. Rather than categorizing these diagnoses, the DSM-5 will adopt a dimensional approach to diagnosing disorders that fall underneath the autism spectrum umbrella. MFOMD_0000208 Disorder that is characterised by recurrent, intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviours that involve unusual objects, activities, or situations. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) parafilia paraphilia 302.4 Exhibitionism 302.81 Fetishism 302.89 Frotteurism 302.2 Pedophilia 302.83 Sexual Masochism 302.84 Sexual Sadism 302.3 Transvestic Fetishism 302.82 Voyeurism 302.9 Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified F65.2 Exhibitionism F65.0 Fetishism F65.8 Frotteurism F65.4 Pedophilia F65.5 Sexual Masochism F65.5 Sexual Sadism F65.1 Transvestic Fetishism F65.3 Voyeurism F65.9 Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified The Paraphilias include: - Pedophilia (sexual activity with a child usually 13 years old or younger) - Exhibitionism (exposure of genitals to strangers) - Voyeurism (observing private activities of unaware victims) - Frotteurism (touching, rubbing against a nonconsenting person) - Fetishism (use of inanimate objects) - Sexual masochism (being humiliated or forced to suffer) - Sexual sadism (inflicting humiliation or suffering) - Transvestic fetishism (cross-dressing) - Paraphilia Not Otherwise Specified (cover paraphilias not falling into the already named diagnoses such as those involving dead people, urine, feces, enemas and obscene phone calls) http://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/paraphilias MFOMD_0000085 The preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in physical appearance. DSM-IV-TR MFOMD_0000192 A somatoform disorder characterized by a chief complaint of severe chronic pain which is neither feigned nor intentionally produced, but in which psychological factors appear to play a major role in onset, severity, exacerbation, or maintenance. trastorno por dolor 307.89 F45.4 The pain cannot be fully attributed to a known medical disorder, and causes clinically significant distress, impairment, or both in social, academic, occupational, or other areas of functioning. Psychological factors are judged to play an important role in the onset, severity, exacerbation, or maintenance of the pain and the pain is not intentionally produced or better accounted for by a mood disorder, anxiety disorder, or psychotic disorder. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/914594-overview In most cases the pain has persisted for many years by the time the individual comes to the attention of the mental health profession. Important factors that appear to influence recovery from pain disorder are the individual's acknowledgment of pain. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000032 MFOMD_0000051 A mood disorder in which people who have normal mental health throughout most of the year experience depressive symptoms in the winter or summer. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder winter depression winter blues summer depression summer blues seasonal depression major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern MFOMD_0000206 Personality disorder that is a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behaviour. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) Trastorno esquizotípico de la personalidad 301.22 F21 People with this personality disorder manifest peculiar thoughts and behaviours and have poor interpersonal relationships. Many believe they posses magical thinking abilities or special powers, and some are subject to recurrent illusions. Speech oddities, such as frequent digression or vagueness in conversation, are often present. The evaluation of individuals must take into account their cultural milieu. The people with this disorder seem to have problems in thinking and perceiving; and often show social isolation, hypersensitivity, and inappropriate affect (emotions); they seem to lack pleasure from social interactions. Research has demonstrated some cognitive processing abnormalities in individuals with schizotypal personality disorder that help to explain many of the symptoms, and is more prevalent among the first-degree biological relatives of individuals with Schizophrenia than the general population. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000044 MFOMD_0000139 Personality disorder that is a pattern of inestability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) Trastorno límite de la personalidad 301.83 F60.31 Persons with this disorder are impulsive, have chronic feelings of emptiness, and form unstable and intense interpersonal relationships. They may be quite friendly one day and quiet hostile the next. females are three times more likely than males to receive the diagnosis. The individuals with this disorder can empathise with and nurture other people, but only with the expectation that the other person will "be there" in return to meet their own needs on demand. this individuals are prone to sudden and dramatic shifts in their view of others, who may alternately be seen as beneficent supports or as cruelly punitive. MFOMD_0000047 This disorder is a pattern of submissive and clinging behaviour related to and excessive need to be taking care of. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) trastorno de la personalidad por dependencia 301.6 F60.7 Individuals with this personality disorder have great difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others, they tend to be passive and allow other people to take the initiative and assume responsibility for most major areas of their lives. This need for others goes beyond age-appropriate and situation-appropriate requests for assistance. These individuals feel so unable to function alone that they will agree with things that they feel are wrong rather than risk losing the help of those to whom they look for guidance. http://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/dependent-personality-disorder MFOMD_0000066 The essential feature of this disorder is a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo de la personalidad 301.4 F60.5 Individuals with this personality disorder attempt to maintain a sense of control through painstaking attention rules, trivial details, procedures, lists, schedules, or form to the extent that the major point of the activity is lost. They are excessively careful and prone to repetition, paying extraordinary attention to detail and repeatedly checking for possible mistakes; they display excessive devotion to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships because they have often the feeling of not having time for that. These individuals plan ahead in meticulous detail and are unwilling to consider changes. Totally wrapped up in their own perspective, they have difficulty acknowledging the viewpoints of others. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000070 Anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and persistent thoughts and feelings and repetitive, ritualized behaviors. trastorno obsesivo compulsivo The characteristics of Obsessive-compulsive disorder are: - Intrusive thoughts or images (obsessions) - Repetitive or ritualistic actions (compulsions) The most frequent symptoms in this disorder are: - contamination concerns with consequent washing - concerns about harm to self or others with consequent checking. Additional subgroups has been shown such as a cluster of symptoms of symmetry concerns and arranging rituals, and a cluster focused on hoarding. "Obsessive-compulsive disorder". Dan J Stein 301.4 F42.8 Is characterized by obsessions (intrusive, repetitive thoughts or images that produces anxiety) or compulsions (the need to perform acts or to dwell on thoughts to reduce anxiety). Frequently this two occur together, although is possible to occur separately. In this disorder are described the inability to resist or rid oneself of uncontrollable, alien, and often unacceptable thoughts or to keep from performing ritualistic acts over and over again arouses intense anxiety. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. The obsessions or compulsions in this disorder Cause marked distress, are time consuming (take longer than 1 h a day), or greatly interfere with the person's normal routine, occupational (or academic) functioning, or usual social activities or relationships. "Obsessive-compulsive disorder" Dan J Stein MFOMD_0000028 Dissociative identity disorder(Formerly Multiple personality disorder) Is a dramatic condition in which two or more relatively independent personalities appear to exist in one person. Understanding abnormal behavior. David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Su dissociative identity disorder trastorno de identidad disociativo 300.14 F44.81 The relationship among the multiple personalities in the individual are often complex. Only one personality is evident at any one time, and the alternation of personalities usually produces periods of amnesia in the personality that has been displaces. However, one or several personalities may be aware of the existence of the others. The personalities usually differ from one another and sometimes are direct opposite. The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000077 The essential feature of the Dissociative Disorders is a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. The disturbance may be sudden or gradual, transient or chronic. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) trastornos disociativos MFOMD_0000074 Personality disorder where the essential feature is a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) Trastorno esquizoide de la personalidad 301.20 F60.1 Individuals with this personality disorder appear to lack a desire for intimacy, seem indifferent to opportunities to develop close relationships, and do not seem to derive much satisfaction from being part of a family or other social group. They prefer expending time by themselves, rather than been with other people, and often appear to be socially isolated or "loners" and almost always choose solitary activities or hobbies that do not include interaction with others. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) Some studies have shown that schizoid personality disorder is associated with a cold, unempathic, and emotionally impoverished childhood. Whether there is a genetic predisposition to the disorder is not clear. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. MFOMD_0000043 This section include disorders of impulse control that are not classified as part of the presentation of disorders in other sections of the DSM-IV-TR.DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) trastornos del control de los impulsos no clasificados en otros apartados 312.34 Intermittent explosive disorder 312.32 Kleptomania 312.33 Pyromania 312.31 Pathological gambling 312.39 Trichotillomania 312.30 Impulse-control disorder not otherwise specified F63.8 Intermittent explosive disorder F63.2 Kleptomania F63.1 Pyromania F63.0 Pathological gambling F63.3 Trichotillomania F63.9 Impulse-control disorder not otherwise specified The disorders include in this section are: - Intermittent explosive disorder.- Disorder characterised by discrete episodes of failure to resist aggressive impulses resulting in serious assaults or destruction of property. - Kleptomania .- Disorder characterised by the recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal objects not needed for personal use or monetary value. - Pyromania.- Disorder characterised by a pattern of fire setting for pleasure, gratification, or relief of tension. - Pathological gambling .- Disorder characterised by recurrent and persistent maladaptive gambling behaviour. - Trichotillomania .- Disorder characterised by recurrent pulling out of one's hair for pleasure, gratification, or relief of tension that results in noticeable hair loss. - Impulse-control disorder not otherwise specified.- Is included for coding disorders of impulse control that do not meet the criteria for any of the specific Impulse-Control Disorders. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000090 Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others' motives are interpreted as malevolent. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) trastorno paranoide de la personalidad 301.0 F60.0 People with this disorder show unwarranted suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, and reluctant to trust others. They interpret others' motives as being malevolent, question their loyalty or trustworthiness, persistently bear grudges, or are suspicious of the fidelity of their spouses. Many persons with this disorder fail to go for treatment because of their guardedness and mistrust. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. This disorder may be first apparent in childhood and adolescence with solitariness, poor peer relationships, social anxiety, underachievement in school, hypersensitivity, peculiar thoughts and language, and idiosyncratic fantasies. These children may appear to be "odd: or "eccentric" and attract teasing. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000042 Personality disorder that is a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) trastorno antisocial de la personalidad 1.- superficial charm and good intelligence 2.- shallow emotions and lack of empathy, guilt, or remorse 3.- behaviours indicative of little life plan or order 4.- failure to learn from experiences and absence of anxiety 5.- unreliability, insincerity, and untruthfulness "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. 301.7 F60.2 The indicators of this disorder are chronic antisocial behavioural patterns, such as a failure to conform to social or legal codes, a lack of anxiety and guilt, and irresponsible behaviours. People with this disorder show little guilt for their wrongdoing, which may include lying, using other people, and aggressive sexual acts. Their relationship with others are superficial and fleeting and involve little loyalty. Antisocial personality disorder is more prevalent among men than women, and among the first-degree biological relatives of those with the disorder than the general population. The risk to biological relatives of females with the disorder tends to be higher than the risk to biological relatives of males with the disorder. Both adopted and biological children of parents with this disorder have and increased risk of developing it. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. MFOMD_0000045 Mental disease that causes difficulties in concentrating and performing tasks, particularly in children. 314.01 [DSM-IV Code] ADHD attention deficit - hyperactivity disorder [DSM-IV] Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric and a neurobehavioral disorder. It is characterized by either significant difficulties of inattention or hyperactivity and impulsiveness or a combination of the two. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), symptoms emerge before seven years of age. There are three subtypes of the disorder which consist of it being predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI or ADHD-I), predominately hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-HI or ADHD-H), or the two combined (ADHD-C). Oftentimes people refer to ADHD-PI as "Attention deficit disorder" (ADD), however, the term was revised in the 1994 version of the DSM. ADHD impacts school-aged children and results in restlessness, acting impulsively, and lack of focus which impairs their ability to learn properly. It is the most commonly studied and diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children, affecting about 3 to 5 percent of children globally and diagnosed in about 2 to 16 percent of school-aged children. It is a chronic disorder with 30 to 50 percent of those individuals diagnosed in childhood continuing to have symptoms into adulthood. Adolescents and adults with ADHD tend to develop coping mechanisms to compensate for some or all of their impairments. It is estimated that 4.7 percent of American adults live with ADHD. Standardized rating scales such as the World Health Organization's Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale can be used for ADHD screening and assessment of the disorder's symptoms' severity. ADHD is diagnosed two to four times more frequently in boys than in girls, though studies suggest this discrepancy may be partially due to subjective bias of referring teachers. ADHD management usually involves some combination of medications, applied behavior analysis (ABA, previously known as behavior modification), lifestyle changes, and counseling. Its symptoms can be difficult to differentiate from other disorders, increasing the likelihood that the diagnosis of ADHD will be missed. In addition, most clinicians have not received formal training in the assessment and treatment of ADHD, in particular in adult patients. [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention-Deficit_Hyperactivity_Disorder] The onset criterion on this disorder has been changed from “symptoms that caused impairment were present before age 7 years” to “several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present prior to age 12”. www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes from dsm-iv-tr to dsm-5.pdf MFOMD_0000008 Is the partial or total loss of important information, sometimes occurring suddenly after stressful or traumatic event. Understanding abnormal behavior. David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. amnesia disociativa 300.12 F44.0 The disturb person may be unable to recall information such as his or her name, address, friends, and relatives but does remember the necessities of daily life. This disorder most commonly presents as a retrospectively reported gap or series of gaps in recall for aspects of the individual's life history. These gaps are usually related to traumatic or extremely stressful events. There are five types of memory disturbances in dissociative amnesia that vary in terms of the degree and type of memory that is lost: - localised amnesia.- the individual fails to recall events that occurred during a circumscribed period of time, usually the first few hours following a profoundly disturbing event. - selective amnesia.- the person can recall some, but not all, of the events during a circumscribed period of time. - generalised amnesia.- failure of recall encompasses the person's entire life. - systematised amnesia.- loss of memory for certain categories of information, such as all memories relating to one's family or to a particular person. - continuous amnesia.- is defined as the inability to recall events subsequent to a specific time un to and including the present. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000075 Disorder characterized by a persistent or recurrent feeling of being detached from one’s mental processes or body that is accompanied by interact reality testing. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) trastorno de despersonalización 300.6 F48.1 The individual with this disorder may feel like an automaton or as if he or she is leaving in a dream or a movie. There may be a sensation of being an outside observer of one's mental processes, one's body, or parts of one's body. Various types of sensory anaesthesia, lack of affective response, and sensation of lacking control of one's actions, including speech, are often present. Like other dissociative disorders, this one can be precipitated by physical or psychological stress. There is some evidence that emotional abuse, especially by parents, may be related to this disorder. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. MFOMD_0000078 Is characterised by clinically significant anxiety provoked by exposure to certain types of social or performance situations, often leading to avoidance behaviour. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) fobia social Individuals with Social Phobia almost always experience symptoms of anxiety , such as: - palpitations - tremors - sweating - gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhoea - muscle tension - blushing - confusion http://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=w_HajjMnjxwC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=social+phobia+symptoms+dsm+iv&ots=i7TQ8qcO8C&sig=7U7UHMprbc5VaLks9rhHl3LJX4E#v=onepage&q=social%20phobia%20symptoms%20dsm%20iv&f=true 300.23 F40.1 An individual with this phobia avoids or endures these situations, which often lead to intense anxiety reactions or panic attacks. The person's fear stems foam anxiety that, when in the company of others, he or she will perform one or more activities in a way that is embarrassing or humiliating. There is no such a fear when the person engages in any of these activities in private. People with this phobia, usually realise that their behaviour and fears are irrational, but this understanding does not reduce the distress they feel. Social phobias can be divided into three types: 1.- Performance (excessive anxiety over activities such as playing a musical instrument, public speaking, eating in a restaurant, using public restrooms). 2.- Limited interactional (excessive fear only in specific social situations, such as going out on a date or interacting with an authority figure). 3.- Generalized (extreme anxiety displayed in most social situations; where multiple social fears were present, including fears of public speaking, using the toilet away from home, eating or drinking in public, and writing with someone watching). "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. MFOMD_0000018 Is characterised by a symptomatic presentation that is equivalent to schizophrenia except for its duration (i.e., the disturbance last from 1 to 6 months) and the absence of requirement that there be a decline in functioning. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) 295.40 F20.8 MFOMD_0000092 This eating disorder is characterised by repeated episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviours such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or other medications; fasting; or excessive exercise. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) bulimia 307.51 F50.2 Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by recurrent and frequent episodes of binge eating—i.e., unusually large amounts of food consumed in a short time— and a feeling that one lacks control over eating. Binging and purging are often performed in secret, with feelings of shame alternating with relief, and this behaviours both occur, on average, at least twice a week for 3 months. http://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/bulimia-nervosa DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) The only change that have been made from the DSM-IV-TR to DSM-V criteria for bulimia nervosa, is a reduction in the required minimum average frequency of binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviour frequency from twice to once weekly. http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf MFOMD_0000073 Is characterised by at least 2 years of depressed mood for more days than not, accompanied by additional depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) 300.4 F34.1 Dysthymic disorder must have the precedes, while depressed, of two (or more) of the following: (1) poor appetite or overeating (2) insomnia or hypersomnia (3) low energy or fatigue (4) low self-esteem (5) poor concentration or difficulty making decisions (6) feelings of hopelessness MFOMD_0000194 esquizofrenia tipo paranoide 295.30 F20.0x At the DSM-5, the DSM-IV subtypes of schizophrenia (i.e., paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types) are eliminated due to their limited diagnostic stability, low reliability, and poor validity. These subtypes also have not been shown to exhibit distinctive patterns of treatment response or longitudinal course. (Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5, American Psychiatric Publishing) Is the most common form of schizophrenia, and is characterized by the preoccupations with one or more systematized delusions or auditory hallucinations and by the absence of such symptoms as disorganized speech and behaviour or flat affect. The deluded individuals believe that others are plotting against them, are talking about them, or are out to harm them in some way. They are constantly suspicious, and their interpretations of the behaviour and motives of others are distorted. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. MFOMD_0000017 Preoccupation with fears of having, or the idea that one has, a serious disease based on a misinterpretation of one or more bodily signs or symptoms. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) hipocondría - Having a long-term intense fear or anxiety about having a serious disease or health condition - Worrying that minor symptoms or bodily sensations mean you have a serious illness - Seeing doctors repeated times or having involved medical exams - Frequently switching doctors — if one doctor tells you that you aren't sick, you may not believe it and seek out other opinions - Continuously talking about your symptoms or suspected diseases with family and friends - Obsessively doing health research - Frequently checking your body for problems - Frequently checking your vital signs - Thinking you have a disease after reading or hearing about it http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypochondria/DS00841/DSECTION=symptoms 300.7 F45.2 The preoccupation in Hypochondriasis may be with bodily functions; minor physical abnormalities; or with vague and ambiguous physical sensations. The person attributes this symptoms or signs to the suspected disease and is very concerned with their meaning, authenticity, and aetiology. Repeated physical examinations, diagnostic test, and reassurance from the physician do little to allay the concern about bodily disease or affliction. Individuals with Hypochondriasis may become alarmed by reading or hearing about disease, knowing someone who becomes sick, or from observations, sensations, or occurrences within their own bodies. Concern about the feared illness often becomes a central feature of the individual's self-image, a topic of social discourse, and response to life stresses. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) Some several predisposing factors of hypocondriasis included a history of physical illness, parental attention to somatic symptoms, low pain threshold, or greater sensitivity to somatic cues. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. MFOMD_0000038 Disorder in which the individual with it chronically complains of bodily symptoms that have no physical basis. Understanding abnormal behavior.David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. trastorno de somatización Each of the following criteria must have been met, with individual symptoms occurring at any time during the course of the disturbance: 1) Four pain symptoms: a history of pain related to at least four different sites (e.g., head, abdomen, back, joints, extremities, chest, rectum) or functions (e.g., menstruation, sexual intercourse, urination). 2) Two gastrointestinal symptoms: a history of at list two gastrointestinal symptoms other than pain (e.g., nausea, bloating, vomiting other than during pregnancy, diarrhoea, or intolerance of several different foods). 3) One sexual symptom: a history of at least one sexual or reproductive symptom other than pain (e.g., sexual indifference, erectile or ejaculatory dysfunction, irregular menses, excessive menstrual bleeding, vomiting throughout pregnancy). 4) One pseudoneurological symptom: a history of at least one symptom or deficit suggesting a neurological condition not limited to pain (conversion symptoms such as impaired coordination or balance, paralysis or localised weakness, difficulty swallowing or lump in throat, aphonia, urinary retention, hallucinations, loss of touch or pain sensation, double vision, blindness, deafness, seizures; dissociative symptoms such as amnesia; or loss of consciousness other than fainting). DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) 300.81 F45.0 The essential feature of Somatization disorder is a pattern of recurring, multiple, clinically significant somatic complaints. A somatic complaint is considered to be clinically significant if it results in medical treatment (e. g., the taking of medication) or causes significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Individuals with this disorder usually describe their complaints in colourful, exaggerated terms, but specific factual information is often lacking. They often seek treatment from several physicians concurrently, which may lead to complicated and sometimes hazardous combinations of treatments. Adoption studies indicate that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the risk for this disorder; having a biological or adoptive parent with this disorder increase the risk of developing it. Three features that suggest a diagnosis of Somatization disorder rather than a general medical condition include: 1) Involvement of multiple organ system. 2) Early onset and chronic course without development of physical signs or structural abnormalities. 3) Absence of laboratory abnormalities that are characteristic of the suggested general medical condition. Somatization disorder does nor protect individuals from having other independent general medical conditions. The onset of multiple physical symptoms late in life is almost always due to a general medical condition. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000029 MFOMD_0000050 Disorder where anxiety (worry, fear, apprehension, or unease) happens over otherwise common things or events, is difficult for the individual to control, is excessive, and lasts at least 6 months. Generalized Anxiety Disorder" Janet M. Torpy, MD; Alison E. Burke, MA; Robert M. Golub, MD. trastorno de ansiedad generalizada The concerns of this disorder are accompanied by physiological responses such as: - Heart palpitations - Muscle tension - Restlessness - Trembling - Sleep difficulties - Poor concentration - Persistent apprehension - Nervousness "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. Other symptoms can be headaches, changes in appetite, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, ediginess or irritability. "Generalized Anxiety Disorder" Janet M. Torpy, MD; Alison E. Burke, MA; Robert M. Golub, MD. 300.02 F41.1 This disorder is characterized by persistent high levels of anxiety and excessive worry over many life circumstances, the disorder is chronic, and it produces social and functional impairment. Because the people with this disorder are unable to discover the “real” source of their fears, they remain anxious and occasionally experience even more acute attacks of anxiety. They appear to have lower threshold for uncertainty, which leads worrying; to have erroneous beliefs such as “worry is an effective way to deal with problems”. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. MFOMD_0000027 The essential feature is a clinical course that is characterised by one or more Major Depressive Episodes without a history of Manic, Mixed, or Hypomanic episodes. depression depressive disorder major depressive disorder [DSM-IV] Symptoms of Depression Affective domain.- Sadness, unhappiness, apathy, anxiety, brooding Cognitive domain.- Pessimism, guilt, inability to concentrate, negative thinking, loss of interest and motivation, suicidal thoughts. Behavioural domain.- Low energy, neglect of personal appearance, crying, psychomotor retardation, agitation. Physiological domain.- Poor or increased appetite, constipation, sleep disturbance, disruption of the menstrual cycle in women, loss of sex drive. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. DSM-IV lists several codes for depression depending on the most recent episode: 296.36 Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, In Full Remission 296.35 Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, In Partial Remission 296.31 Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, Mild 296.32 Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, Moderate 296.34 Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, Severe With Psychotic Features 296.33 Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, Severe Without Psychotic Features 296.3 Major Depressive Disorder, Recurrent, Unspecified 296.26 Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode, In Full Remission 296.25 Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode, In Partial Remission 296.21 Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode, Mild 296.22 Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode, Moderate 296.24 Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode, Severe With Psychotic Features 296.23 Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode, Severe Without Psychotic Features 296.2 Major Depressive Disorder, Single Episode, Unspecified MFOMD_0000049 MFOMD_0000144 This disorder is a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) trastorno de la personalidad por evitación 301.82 F60.6 Persons with this disorder tend to have low self-esteem and to avoid social relationships without a guarantee of uncritical acceptance by others, although they do not desire to be alone, on the contrary, they crave affection and active social life, but they are caught in a vicious cycle been preoccupied with rejection, they are constantly alert to signs of derogation or ridicule leading to many perceived instances of rejection, which at the same time cause them to avoid others. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. MFOMD_0000065 Personality disorder is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over the time, and leads to distress or impairment. DSM-IV-TR trastornos de la personalidad Only when personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive and cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress do they constitute Personality Disorders. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000039 Disorder in which the individual will complain of physical problems or impairments of sensory or motor functions controlled by the voluntary nervous system, all suggesting a neurological disorder but with no underlying organic cause. Understanding abnormal behavior. David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. trastorno de conversión Motor symptoms or deficits include: - Impaired coordination or balance - Paralysis or localised weakness - Aphonia - Difficulty swallowing or a sensation of a lump in the throat - Urinary retention Sensory symptoms or deficits include: - Loss of touch or pain sensation - Double vision - Blindness - Deafness - Hallucinations. Symptoms may also include seizures or convulsions. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) 300.11 F44.x .4 With Motor Symptom or Deficit .5 With Seizures or Convulsions .6 With Sensory Symptom or Deficit .7 With Mixed Presentation The symptoms of this disorder are not intentionally produced or feigned, and is not diagnosed if the symptoms or deficits are fully explained by a neurological or general medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or as a culturally sanctioned behaviour or experience. A person with this disorder actually believes that there is a genuine physical problem, and it produces notable distress or impairment in social or occupational functioning. the most common conversion symptoms seen in neurological clinics involve psychogenic pain, disturbances of stance and gait, sensory symptoms, dizziness, and psychogenic seizures. The occurrence of symptoms is often related to stress. Nearly 75 percent of respondents in one sample reported that their conversion symptoms developed after they had experienced a stressor. Some symptoms may require extensive neurological and physical examinations to rule out a true medical disorder before a diagnosis of conversion disorder can be made. Discriminating between people who are faking and those with this disorder is difficult. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. Conversion symptoms typically do not conform to known anatomical pathways and physiological mechanisms, but instead follow the individual's conceptualization of a condition. A"paralyzed" extremity will be moved inadvertently while dressing or when attention is directed elsewhere. If placed above the head and released, a "paralyzed" arm will be briefly retain its position, then fall to the side, rather than striking the head. this disorder has been reported to be more common in rural populations, individuals of lower socioeconomic status, and individuals less knowledgeable about medical and psychological concepts. As many as one-third of individuals with conversion symptoms have a current or prior neurological condition. This disorder appears to be more frequent in women than in men. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000031 A substance addiction in which the substance compulsively consumed is marijuana. 304.30 [DSM-IV Code] F12 [ICD-10 Code] Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cannabinoids [ICD-10] cannabis dependence [DSM-IV] marijuana addiction MFOMD_0000061 A sexual dyisfunction is a disruption of any part of the normal sexual response cycle. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. The sexual response cycle can be divides into the following phases: 1.- Desire: This phase consist of fantasies about sexual activity and the desire to have sexual activity. 2.- Excitement: This phase consist of a subjective sense of sexual pleasure and accompanying physiological changes. 3.- Orgasm: This phase consist of a peaking of sexual pleasure, with release of sexual tension and rhythmic contraction of the perineal muscles and reproductive organs. 4.- Resolution: This phase consist of a sense of muscular relaxation and general well-being. Disorders of sexual response may occur at one or more of this phases. Clinical judgments about the presence of a sexual dysfunction should take into account the individual's ethnic, cultural, religious, and social background, which may influence sexual desire, expectations, and attitudes about performance. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000080 trastornos de ansiedad MFOMD_0000033 Mental condition in which a person suffers severe anxiety and depression after a very frightening or shocking experience, such as an accident or a war. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/post-traumatic-stress-disorder trastorno por estrés postraumático A person suffering from Post Traumatic stress disorder can experience: - Flashbacks - Nightmares or daydreams (in which the traumatic event is experienced again). - Experience of abnormally intense startle responses - Insomnia - May have difficulty concentrating. - Traumatic memories, which have two distinctive characteristics: 1) they can be triggered by stimuli that remind the patient of the traumatic event; 2) they have a "frozen" or wordless quality, consisting of images and sensations rather than verbal descriptions. http://www.minddisorders.com/Ob-Ps/Post-traumatic-stress-disorder.html#ixzz2h8VzYrwc 309.81 F43.1 Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be summarized as a "a normal reaction to abnormal events." Although the most important causal factor in PTSD is the traumatic event itself, individuals differ in the intensity of their cognitive and emotional responses to trauma; some persons appear to be more vulnerable than others. In some cases, this greater vulnerability is related to temperament or natural disposition, with shy or introverted people being at greater risk. In other cases, the person's vulnerability results from chronic illness, a physical disability, or previous traumatization—particularly abuse in childhood. Studies of specific populations have shed light on the social and cultural causes of PTSD. In general, societies that are highly authoritarian, glorify violence, or sexualize violence have high rates of PTSD even among civilians. Researchers have not found any correlation between race and biological vulnerability to PTSD. The degree of risk for PTSD is related to three factors: - the amount and intensity of exposure to the suffering of trauma victims; - the worker's degree of empathy and sensitivity; - and unresolved issues from the worker's personal history. The patient attempts to reduce the possibility of exposure to anything that might trigger memories of the trauma, and to minimize his or her reactions to such memories. This cluster of symptoms includes feeling disconnected from other people, psychic numbing, and avoidance of places, persons, or things associated with the trauma. Patients with PTSD are at increased risk of substance abuse as a form of self-medication to numb painful memories. The patient suffers from significant social, interpersonal, or work-related problems as a result of the PTSD symptoms. http://www.minddisorders.com/Ob-Ps/Post-traumatic-stress-disorder.html MFOMD_0000015 Disorders that include psychotic symptoms as a prominent aspect of their presentation. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) Should be understood that psychotic symptoms are not necessarily consider to be core or fundamental features of these disorders, nor do the disorders in this section necessarily have a common aetiology. MFOMD_0000091 Personality disorder in which the essential feature is a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) trastorno narcisista de la personalidad 301.81 F60.8 People with this disorder require attention and admiration and have difficulty accepting personal criticism. In conversations they talk mainly about themselves and show a lack of interest in others. Many have fantasies about power or influence, and they constantly overestimate their talents and importance, how reflective responses and idealisation involving unlimited success, a sense of entitlement, and sense of self-importance. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. MFOMD_0000064 The substance-related disorders include disorders related to taking of a drug of abuse (including alcohol), to the side effects of a medication, and to toxin exposure. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000127 Bipolar disease is a mental disease that leads to disruptive mood swings encompassing manic and depressive moods. Bipolar affective disorder [ICD-10] F31 [ICD-10 Code] bipolar disorder [DSM-IV] Bipolar disorder or bipolar affective disorder (historically known as manic-depressive disorder) is a psychiatric diagnosis for a mood disorder in which people experience disruptive mood swings that encompass a frenzied state known as mania (or hypomania) and, usually, symptoms of depression. Bipolar disorder is defined by the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated energy levels, cognition, and mood with or without one or more depressive episodes. At the lower levels of mania, such as hypomania, individuals may appear energetic and excitable. At a higher level, individuals may behave erratically and impulsively, often making poor decisions due to unrealistic ideas about the future, and may have great difficulty with sleep. At the highest level, individuals can show psychotic behavior, including violence. Individuals who experience manic episodes also commonly experience depressive episodes, or symptoms, or a mixed state in which features of both mania and depression are present at the same time. These events are usually separated by periods of "normal" mood; but, in some individuals, depression and mania may rapidly alternate, which is known as rapid cycling. Severe manic episodes can sometimes lead to such psychotic symptoms as delusions and hallucinations. The lifetime prevalence of all types of bipolar disorder is thought to be about 4% (meaning that about 4% of people experience some of the characteristic symptoms at some point in their life). Prevalence is similar in men and women and, broadly, across different cultures and ethnic groups. Genetic factors contribute substantially to the likelihood of developing bipolar disorder, and environmental factors are also implicated. Bipolar disorder is often treated with mood stabilizing medications and psychotherapy. In serious cases, in which there is a risk of harm to oneself or others, involuntary commitment may be used. These cases generally involve severe manic episodes with dangerous behavior or depressive episodes with suicidal ideation. There are widespread problems with social stigma, stereotypes, and prejudice against individuals with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. People with bipolar disorder exhibiting psychotic symptoms can sometimes be misdiagnosed as having schizophrenia. [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder] DSM offers several different codes for bipolar, disambiguating the type of the most recent episode: 296.8 Bipolar Disorder NOS 296.56 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Depressed, In Full Remission 296.55 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Depressed, In Partial Remission 296.51 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Depressed, Mild 296.52 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Depressed, Moderate 296.54 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Depressed, Severe With Psychotic Features 296.53 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Depressed, Severe Without Psychotic Features 296.5 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Depressed, Unspecified 296.4 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Hypomanic 296.46 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Manic, In Full Remission 296.45 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Manic, In Partial Remission 296.41 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Manic, Mild 296.42 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Manic, Moderate 296.44 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Manic, Severe With Psychotic Features 296.43 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Manic, Severe Without Psychotic Features 296.4 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Manic, Unspecified 296.66 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Mixed, In Full Remission 296.65 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Mixed, In Partial Remission 296.61 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Mixed, Mild 296.62 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Mixed, Moderate 296.64 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Mixed, Severe With Psychotic Features 296.63 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Mixed, Severe Without Psychotic Features 296.6 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Mixed, Unspecified 296.7 Bipolar I Disorder, Most Recent Episode Unspecified 296.06 Bipolar I Disorder, Single Manic Episode, In Full Remission 296.05 Bipolar I Disorder, Single Manic Episode, In Partial Remission 296.01 Bipolar I Disorder, Single Manic Episode, Mild 296.02 Bipolar I Disorder, Single Manic Episode, Moderate 296.04 Bipolar I Disorder, Single Manic Episode, Severe With Psychotic Features 296.03 Bipolar I Disorder, Single Manic Episode, Severe Without Psychotic Features 296 Bipolar I Disorder, Single Manic Episode, Unspecified 296.89 Bipolar II Disorder MFOMD_0000048 Disorders that have a disturbance in mood as the predominant feature. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) affective disorder MFOMD_0000030 This disorder is a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association) trastorno histriónico de la personalidad 301.50 F60.4 Individuals with this personality disorder are uncomfortable or feel unappreciated when they are not the centre of attention; they tend to draw attention to themselves and may initially charm new acquaintances by their enthusiasm, apparent openness, or flirtatiousness. If they are not the centre of attention they may do something dramatic, as make up stories or create a scene in order to draw attention to themselves. they also can be inappropriately sexually provocative or seductive, not only toward persons in whom the individual has a sexual or romantic interest, but occurs in a wide variety of social, occupational, and professional relationship beyond what is appropriate for the social context; also they are overly concerned with impressing others by their appearance and their emotions often seem to be turned on and off too quickly to be deeply felt, which may lead others to accuse the individual of faking these feelings. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000056 The common feature of this kind of disorders is the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition and are not fully explained by a general medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) trastornos somatomorfos MFOMD_0000034 Primary sleep disorders are those in which none of another mental disorder, a general medical condition or a substance is responsible. This disorders are presumed to arise from endogenous abnormalities in sleep-wake generating or timing mechanisms, often complicated by conditioning factors, and are subdivided into: Dyssomnias and Parasomnias. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) trastornos del sueño MFOMD_0000087 Is a disorder in which a mood episode and the active-phase symptoms of schizophrenia occur together and were preceded or are followed by at least two weeks of delusions or hallucinations without prominent mood symptoms. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) 295.70 F25.x .0 bipolar type .1 depressive type MFOMD_0000093 A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behaviour, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation. esquizofrenia - Lack of insight - Auditory hallucinations - Ideas of reference - Delusions of reference - Suspiciousness - Flatness of affect - Delusional mood - Delusions of persecution - Thought alienation - Thoughts spoken aloud ICD-10 diagnostic criteria At least one present most of the time for a month - Thought echo, insertion or withdrawal, or thought broadcast - Delusions of control referred to body parts, actions, or sensations - Delusional perception - Hallucinatory voices giving a running commentary, discussing the patient, or coming from some part of the patient’s body - Persistent bizarre or culturally inappropriate delusions Or at least two present most of the time for a month - Persistent daily hallucinations accompanied by delusions - Incoherent or irrelevant speech - Catatonic behaviour such as stupor or posturing - Negative symptoms such as marked apathy, blunted or incongruous mood 295.xx F20.xx People with schizophrenia typically hear voices (auditory hallucinations), which often criticise or abuse them. The voices may speak directly to the patient, comment on their actions, or discuss the patients among themselves. Often this people try to make some sense of these hallucinations, and this can lead to the development of strange beliefs or delusions (mild symptoms can occur in healthy people and are not associated with illness). Schizophrenia typically presents in early adulthood or late adolescence. Men have an earlier age of onset than women, and also tend to experience a more serious form of the illness with more negative symptoms, less chance of a full recovery, and a generally worse outcome. The greatest risk factor for schizophrenia is a positive family history, although the risks in general point to an interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors that drive increasingly deviant development and finally frank psychosis. Stimulants like cocaine and amphetamines can induce a picture clinically identical to paranoid schizophrenia, and recent reports have also implicated cannabis. More than 80% of patients with their first episode of psychosis will recover, although less than 20% will never have another episode. While many patients with schizophrenia have a lifelong vulnerability to recurrent episodes of illness, a large proportion will have few relapses and make a good functional recovery. An acute onset, an obvious psychosocial precipitant, and good premorbid adjustment all can improve the prognosis. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1914490/pdf/bmj-335-7610-cr-00091.pdf MFOMD_0000000 Agoraphobia is anxiety about, or avoidance of, places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrassing) or in which help may not be amiable in the event of having a panic attack or panic-like symptoms. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) agorafobia Some of the following patterns have been found in patients with Agoraphobia. - Some physical or psychological stressor. - Altered physical sensation, such as increased heart rate and over-breathing. - Faulty appraisal, such as incorrectly interpreting the symptoms as representing a severe physical problem- a heart attack or loss of control. - Avoidance of the situation associated with the fear. the attack were described as highly aversive, and the patients' belief that they represented a pathological outcome intensified the fear. this lead to avoidance. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) The anxiety typically leads to a pervasive avoidance of a variety of situations that may include being alone outside the home or being home alone; being in a crowd of people; travelling in automobile, bus, or airplane; or being on a bridge or in an elevator. The differential diagnosis to distinguish agoraphobia from social and specific phobia and from severe separation anxiety disorder can be difficult because all of this conditions are characterised by avoidance of specific situations. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000035 Psychiatric disorder in which debilitating anxiety and fear arise frequently and without reasonable cause. trastorno de pánico Individuals with panic disorder report intense panic attacks alternating with periods of somewhat low anxiety, during which they may be apprehensive about having another panic attack. Some physical symptoms that the people report during the attack are: - breathlessness - sweating - choking - nausea - heart palpitations. An example of a patient describing her feelings is this: “ It happened so suddenly. Without warning I felt like I had been swept up in a tornado! … my pulse was pounding, my palms were drenched with sweat, and my throat was closing up, leaving me gasping for air. I felt paralyzed with fear, convinced I was going to die.“ Anxiety itself is the major disturbance in this disorder, which is characterized by severe frightening episodes of apprehension and feelings of impending doom. These episodes are often described as horrible and can last from a few minutes to several hours. According to DSM-IV-TR, a diagnosis of panic disorder includes recurrent unexpected panic attacks and at least one month of apprehension over having another attack or worrying about the consequences of an attack. The attacks are especially fared because they often occur unpredictably and without warning. Many patients report a disturbed childhood environment that involved anxiety over separation from parents, family conflicts, or school problems. Others indicate that they first experienced after some forms of separation, such as leaving home, or after the loss or threatened loss of a loved one. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. MFOMD_0000026 Extreme fear of a specific object or situation. Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. fobia específica - Excessive or irrational fear of a specific object or situation. - Avoiding the object or situation or enduring it with great distress. - Physical symptoms of anxiety or a panic attack, such as a pounding heart, nausea or diarrhea, sweating, trembling or shaking, numbness or tingling, problems with breathing (shortness of breath), feeling dizzy or lightheaded, feeling like you are choking. - Anticipatory anxiety, which involves becoming nervous ahead of time about being in certain situations or coming into contact with the object of your phobia. (For example, a person with a fear of dogs may become anxious about going for a walk because he or she may see a dog along the way.) Children with a specific phobia may express their anxiety by crying, clinging to a parent, or throwing a tantrum. http://www.webmd.com/anxiety-panic/specific-phobias 300.29 F40.2 Exposure to the stimulus nearly always produces intense anxiety or a panic attack. Specific phobias are about twice as prevalent in women as in men and are rearely incapacitating. The degree to which they interfere with daily life depends on how easy is to avoid the feared object or situation. The phobias often begin during childhood. Is plausible that phobias may result from an interaction of biological, cognitive, and environmental factors. According to the psychodynamic viewpoint, phobias are expressions of wishes, fears and fantasies that are unacceptable to the patient. these unconscious conflicts are displaced (or shifted) from their original internal source to an external object or situation; the person blocks from consciousness the real source of anxiety and is able to avoid the dangerous impulse that the phobia represents. DSM-IV-TR divides specific phobias into five types: 1.- Animal (such as spiders or snakes) 2.- Natural environmental ( such as earthquakes, thunder, water) 3.- Blood/injections or injury; individuals with this type of phobia, as opposed to other phobias, are likely to have a history of fainting in the phobic situation. 4.- Situational (includes fear of traveling in cars, planes, and elevators and fear of heights, tunnels, and bridges) 5.- Other (phobic avoidance of situations that may lead to choking, vomiting, or contracting an illness) "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. MFOMD_0000016 Disorder that results from exposure to a traumatic stressor that results in dissociation, reliving the experience, and attempts to avoid reminders events. Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. trastorno por estrés agudo Either while experiencing the traumatic event or after the event, the individual has at least three of the following dissociative symptoms: - A subjective sense of numbing, detachment or absence of emotional responsiveness - A reduction in awareness of his or her surroundings - Derealization - Depersonalization - Dissociative amnesia They may experience difficulty concentrating, feel deterched from their bodies, experience the world as unreal or dreamlike, or have increasing difficulty recalling specific details of the traumatic event. At list one of the symptoms from each of the symptoms clusters required for posttraumatic stress disorder is presents. - The traumatic event is persistently reexperienced (e.g. recurrent recollections, images, thoughts, dreams, illusions, flashback episodes, a sense of reliving the event, or distress on exposure to reminders of the event.) - Reminders of the traumas (e.g. places, people, activities) are avoided. - hyperarousal in response to stimuli reminiscent of the trauma is present (e.g., difficulty sleeping, irritability, poor concentration, hypervigilance, and exaggerated startle response, and motor restlessness.) DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association) 308.3 F43.0 In this disorder, following the trauma, the traumatic event is persistently reexperienced, and the individual displays marked avoidance of stimuli that may arouse recollections of the trauma and has marked symptoms of anxiety or increased arousal. The disturbance lasts for a minimum of 2 days and a maximum of 4 weeks after the traumatic event; if symptoms persist beyond 4 weeks, the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder may be applied. Individuals with this disorder may have a decrease in emotional responsiveness, often finding it difficult or impossible to experience pleasure in previously enjoyable activities, and frequently feel guilty about pursuing usual life tasks. If the trauma led to another's death or to serious injury, survivors may feel guilt about having remanded intact or about not providing enough help to others. Individuals with this disorder often perceived themselves to have greater responsibility for the consequences of the trauma than is warranted. There is some evidence that social supports, family history, childhood experiences, personality variables, and preexisting mental disorders may influence the development of Acute Stress Disorder. This disorder can develop in individuals without any predisposing conditions, particularly if the stressor is especially extreme. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000019 Is characterised by at least one month of nonbizarre delusions without other active-phase symptoms of schizophrenia. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) 297.1 F22.0 Criterion A for delusional disorder no longer has the requirement that the delusions must be nonbizarre. DSM-5 no longer separates delusional disorder from shared delusional disorder. If criteria are met for delusional disorder then that diagnosis is made. (Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5, American Psychiatric Publishing) MFOMD_0000094 In this disorder the psychotic symptoms are judged to be a direct physiological consequence of a drug of abuse, a medication, or toxin exposure. DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association) substance-induced psychotic disorder MFOMD_0000098 trastornos de la conducta alimentaria These disorders are characterised by severe disturbances in eating behaviour, from which a perception of body shape and weight is an essential feature of them. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) MFOMD_0000071 Disorder characterised by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight, the individual is intensely afraid of gaining weight, and exhibits a significant disturbance in the perception of the shape or size of his or her body. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) anorexia nerviosa 307.1 F50.0 People with anorexia see themselves as overweight even though they are dangerously thin. The process of eating becomes an obsession to them. Unusual eating habits develop, such as avoiding what they perceive as high caloric food and meals, picking out a few foods and eating only these in small quantities, or carefully weighing and portioning food. People with anorexia may repeatedly check their body weight and many engage in other techniques to control their weight, such as intense and compulsive exercise or purging by means of vomiting and abuse of laxatives, enemas, and diuretics. http://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/anorexia-nervosa MFOMD_0000072 When an individual persists in use of alcohol or other drugs despite problems related to use of the substance, substance dependence may be diagnosed. Compulsive and repetitive use may result in tolerance to the effect of the drug and withdrawal symptoms when use is reduced or stopped. (DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association, 2000) substance addiction ICD-10 codes F10-F19 [WHO ICD:http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F10-F19] Substance dependence can be diagnosed with physiological dependence, evidence of tolerance or withdrawal, or without physiological dependence. DSM-IV substance dependencies include: 303.90 Alcohol dependence 304.00 Opioid dependence 304.10 Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic dependence (including benzodiazepine dependence and barbiturate dependence) 304.20 Cocaine dependence 304.30 Cannabis dependence 304.40 Amphetamine dependence (or amphetamine-like) 304.50 Hallucinogen dependence 304.60 Inhalant dependence 304.80 Polysubstance dependence 304.90 Phencyclidine (or phencyclidine-like) dependence 304.90 Other (or unknown) substance dependence 305.10 Nicotine dependence [Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction] MFOMD_0000052 A substance addiction in which the substance compulsively consumed is cocaine (CHEBI:27958) 304.20 [DSM-IV Code] F14 [ICD-10 Code] Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine [ICD-10] cocaine addiction cocaine dependence [DSM-IV] MFOMD_0000058 A substance addiction in which the substance compulsively consumed is heroin (CHEBI:27808) heroin addiction MFOMD_0000059 A disease which is a disposition to undergo pathological mental processes. mental health condition http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/1/1/10 The Mental Disease ontology follows the strategy of the Ontology of General Medical Science in distinguishing mental disease, mental disorder, diagnosis of mental disease, mental disease course and pathological mental process as separately distinguishable entities. Here is a quick guide to how these terms are used in this ontology. A mental disease is an underlying disposition to pathological mental processes. A mental disease course is the sum of the pathological mental processes that are caused by the underlying disease. A pathological mental process is a pathological process caused by a mental disease. A mental disorder is a physical disorder, for example, dysfunctional neurotransmitter receptors, altered brain connectivity, missing or damaged brain parts etc. The disorder is the material basis for the disease and it is by virtue of the disorder that the disease causes the pathological processes that form part of the disease course. A diagnosis of a mental disease is a clinician's statement that a patient has a mental disease by virtue of observable manifestations of that disease, such as behaviour, observable aspects of the underlying disorder, or self-reported experiences. mental disease A process addiction in which the subject makes compulsive use of Internet facilities. internet addiction An internet addiction in which the subject makes compulsive use of internet gaming facilities. internet gaming addiction Clinically significant behavioural and/or cognitive pathology. While the ontology subscribes to the widely accepted theory that there is a biomedical basis for mental diseases, the standard descriptions of mental disorders focus solely on symptomatic descriptions. Therefore, we have classified the mental disorders beneath OGMS's 'disease course' via a parent class 'mental disease course' rather than classifying them as diseases. mental disorder An internet addiction in which the subject makes compulsive use of the Internet software Facebook. facebook addiction F30.1 (mania without psychotic symptoms), F30.2 (mania with psychotic symptoms) [ICD-10] manic episode [ICD-10] Mood is elevated out of keeping with the patient's circumstances and may vary from carefree joviality to almost uncontrollable excitement. Elation is accompanied by increased energy, resulting in overactivity, pressure of speech, and a decreased need for sleep. Attention cannot be sustained, and there is often marked distractibility. Self-esteem is often inflated with grandiose ideas and overconfidence. Loss of normal social inhibitions may result in behaviour that is reckless, foolhardy, or inappropriate to the circumstances, and out of character. [ICD-10] full-blown manic mood episode The DSM-IV-TR defines a hypomanic episode as including, over the course of at least four days, elevated mood plus three of the following symptoms OR irritable mood plus four of the following symptoms: pressured speech inflated self-esteem or grandiosity decreased need for sleep flight of ideas or the subjective experience that thoughts are racing easy distractibility and attention-deficit similar to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder increase in psychomotor agitation involvement in pleasurable activities that may have a high potential for negative psycho-social or physical consequences (e.g., the person engages in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, reckless driving, or foolish business investments) [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomania] hypomanic mood episode A depressed mood episode is a pathological mental process characterised by persistent feelings of sadness, anxiety, guilt, anger, isolation or hopelessness and other negative valence emotions, disturbances in sleep and appetite, fatigue, loss of interest in usually enjoyable activities and morbid or suicidal ideation. The criteria below are based on the formal DSM-IV criteria for a Major Depressive Episode. A diagnoses of major depressive episode requires that the patient has—over a two-week period—experienced five or more of the symptoms below, and these must be outside the patient's normal behaviour. Either depressed mood or decreased interest or pleasure must be one of the five (although both are frequently concomitant). Mood For the better part of nearly every day, the patient reports a depressed mood or appears depressed to others. The patient may state that he or she has been feeling sad, depressed, blue, empty, "down in the dumps," hopeless, etc. If the patient is in denial about these feelings, yet appears to be on the verge of tearfulness, manifests a depressed facial expression and disposition, or appears to be overly irritable, these may also indicate the presence of depressed mood. Some people may report physical complaints (i.e., aches, pains, headaches) rather than depressed mood, and physical symptoms without physical cause are sometimes indicators of depression. Anhedonia and loss of interest For most of nearly every day, interest or pleasure is markedly decreased in nearly all activities (noted by the patient or by others). People suffering with depression tend to lose interest in things they once found enjoyable. Activities are no longer enjoyable and there is often a loss of interest in or desire for sex. People who are depressed may say, "I just don't care anymore," or "nothing matters anymore." Friends and family of the depressed person may notice that he/she has withdrawn from friends, or has neglected or quit doing activities that were once a source of enjoyment. Change in eating, appetite, or weight Although not dieting, there is a marked loss or gain of weight (such as 5% in one month) or appetite is markedly decreased or increased nearly every day. Changes in appetite take on two manifestations: under- or over-eating. In the first instance, some people never feel hungry, can go long periods without wanting to eat, may forget to eat, or if they do eat a small amount of food may be sufficient. A reduction in weight is often associated with a melancholic type of depression. In the second instance, some people tend toward an increase in appetite and may gain significant amounts of weight. They may tend to crave certain types of food such as sweets or carbohydrates. People with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) often crave foods high in carbohydrates. Weight gain is often associated with atypical depression. Sleep Nearly every day the patient sleeps excessively, known as hypersomnia, or not enough, known as insomnia. Insomnia is the most common type of sleep disturbance for people who are clinically depressed. Having difficulty falling asleep at night is known as "initial" insomnia; waking in the middle of the night and being unable to go back to sleep as "middle insomnia", and; waking too early as "terminal insomnia". Insomnia is often associated with a melancholic type of depression. A less frequent sleeping problem is oversleeping (called "hypersomnia"). This may occur in the form of sleeping for prolonged periods at night or increased sleeping during the daytime. Even with excess sleep, a person may still feel tired and sluggish during the day. People with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may sleep longer during the winter months. Hypersomnia is often associated with an atypical depression. Motor activity Nearly every day others can see that the patient's activity is agitated or slow. People suffering from depression may be either quite agitated (psychomotor agitation), or very lethargic (psychomotor retardation) in their mannerisms and behavior. If a person is agitated, he or she may find it difficult to sit still, may pace the room, wring his/her hands, or fidget with clothes or objects. Someone with psychomotor retardation tends to move sluggishly, may move across a room very slowly, avert his/her eyes, sit slumped in a chair and speak slowly, saying little. In terms of diagnosis, the agitation or slowing down of one's demeanor must be to the degree that it can be observed by others. Fatigue Nearly every day the person experiences extreme fatigue.[3] A decrease in energy and feeling fatigued are very common symptoms for those who are clinically depressed. A person may feel tired without having engaged in any physical activity, and day-to-day tasks become difficult, including getting washed and dressed in the morning. Job tasks or housework become very tiring, and the person finds that his/her work at home, school, or on the job suffers.[4] Self-worth Nearly every day the patient feels worthless or inappropriately guilty. These feelings are not just about being depressed, they may be delusional. Depressed people may think of themselves in very negative, unrealistic ways such as manifesting a preoccupation with past "failures", personalisation of trivial events, or believing that minor mistakes prove their inadequacy. They also may have an unrealistic sense of personal responsibility and see things beyond their control as being their fault. Additionally, self-loathing is common in clinical depression, and can lead to a downward spiral when combined with other symptoms. Concentration Noted by the patient or by others, nearly every day the patient is indecisive or has trouble thinking or concentrating. A person with depression frequently experiences negative and pessimistic thoughts, and reports that his/her ability to think, concentrate, or make decisions becomes impaired. Memory and distraction problems are common. This problem can be notably pronounced, causing significant difficulty in functioning for those involved in intellectually demanding activities. Thoughts of death The patient has had repeated thoughts about death (other than the fear of dying), suicide (with or without a plan) or has made a suicide attempt. The frequency and intensity of thoughts about suicide can range from believing that friends and family would be better off if one were dead, to frequent thoughts about committing suicide (generally related to wishing to stop the emotional pain), to detailed plans about how the suicide would be carried out. Less severely suicidal people may have regular thoughts of suicide, while those who are more severely suicidal may have made specific plans and decided upon a day and location for the suicide attempt. Thoughts of suicide occur mostly when triggered. Thoughts of suicide happen more frequently than normal. Diagnostic caveats In diagnosing the symptoms a trained therapist must take the following into account: These symptoms must cause clinically important distress, or impair work, social or personal functioning, and they should not fulfil the criteria for Mixed Episode. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., abuse of a drug or medication) or a general medical condition (e.g., hypothyroidism). Other than in the case of severe symptoms (severely impaired functioning, severe preoccupation with worthlessness, ideas of suicide, delusions or hallucinations or psychomotor retardation), the episode should not have begun within two months of the loss of a loved one. [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_episode] depressed mood episode esquizofrenia tipo desorganizado 295.10 F20.1x At the DSM-5, the DSM-IV subtypes of schizophrenia (i.e., paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types) are eliminated due to their limited diagnostic stability, low reliability, and poor validity. These subtypes also have not been shown to exhibit distinctive patterns of treatment response or longitudinal course. (Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5, American Psychiatric Publishing) (Formerly called hebephrenic schizophrenia) is characterized by grossly disorganized behaviours manifested in disorganized speech and behaviour and flat or grossly inappropriate affect. People with this disorder act in an absurd, incoherent, or very odd manner that conforms to the stereotype of “crazy” behaviour. Their emotional responses to real-life situations are typically flat, the hallucinations and delusions of patients with this form of schizophrenia tend to shift from theme to theme rather than remain centered on a single idea. People with this disorder usually exhibit extremely bizarre and seemingly childish behaviours, such as masturbating in public or fantasizing aloud. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. disorganized schizophrenia esquizofrenia tipo catatónico 295.20 F20.2x At the DSM-5, the DSM-IV subtypes of schizophrenia (i.e., paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types) are eliminated due to their limited diagnostic stability, low reliability, and poor validity. These subtypes also have not been shown to exhibit distinctive patterns of treatment response or longitudinal course. (Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5, American Psychiatric Publishing) The prime characteristic of this form of schizophrenia is a marked disturbance in motor activity, either extreme excitement or motoric immobility. Diagnostic criteria include two or more of the following symptoms: - Motoric immobility or stupor - Excessive, purposeless motor activity - Extreme negativism (resisting direction) or physical resistance - Peculiar voluntary posturing or movements - Echolalia (repetition of others people’s speech) or echopraxia (repetition of others people’s movements). During periods of extreme withdrawal, people with this form of schizophrenia may not eat or control their bladder or bowel functions. Alternating periods of excited motor activity and withdrawal may occur in this disorder. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. catatonic schizophrenia esquizofrenia tipo indiferenciado 295.90 F20.3x At the DSM-5, the DSM-IV subtypes of schizophrenia (i.e., paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types) are eliminated due to their limited diagnostic stability, low reliability, and poor validity. These subtypes also have not been shown to exhibit distinctive patterns of treatment response or longitudinal course. (Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5, American Psychiatric Publishing) This form of schizophrenia is diagnosed when the person’s behaviour shows prominent psychotic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for the paranoid, disorganized or catatonic categories. These symptoms may include thought disturbances, delusions, hallucinations, incoherence, and severely impaired behaviour. Some time undifferentiated schizophrenia turns out to be an early stage of another subtype. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. undifferentiated schizophrenia esquizofrenia tipo residual 295.60 F20.5x At the DSM-5, the DSM-IV subtypes of schizophrenia (i.e., paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types) are eliminated due to their limited diagnostic stability, low reliability, and poor validity. These subtypes also have not been shown to exhibit distinctive patterns of treatment response or longitudinal course. (Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5, American Psychiatric Publishing) The diagnosis of this form of schizophrenia is reserved for people who have had at least one previous schizophrenic episode but who are now showing an absence of prominent psychotic features. There is continuing evidence of two or more symptoms, such as marked social isolation, peculiar behaviours, blunted affect, odd beliefs, or unusual perceptual experiences. The disorder may be in remission. In any case, the person’s symptoms are neither strong enough nor prominent enough to warrant classification as one of the other types of schizophrenia. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. residual schizophrenia http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/1/1/10 pathological mental process A disease course of a mental disease. mental disorder http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/1/1/10 mental disease course A diagnosis asserting the presence of an instance of a mental disease in a given organsim. http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/1/1/10 diagnosis of mental disease A bodily feature of an organism that is (a) a deviation from clinical normality that is the realization of a mental disease and is (b) observable. http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/1/1/10 manifestation of a mental disease Addiction is a mental disease in which a person persists in the use of a mood altering substance or in a behaviour despite adverse consequences. Addictions can include, but are not limited to, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, exercise abuse, pornography and gambling. Classic hallmarks of addiction include: impaired control over substances/behavior, preoccupation with substance/behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs). Physiological dependence occurs when the body has to adjust to the substance by incorporating the substance into its 'normal' functioning. This state creates the conditions of tolerance and withdrawal. Tolerance is the process by which the body continually adapts to the substance and requires increasingly larger amounts to achieve the original effects. Withdrawal refers to physical and psychological symptoms people experience when reducing or discontinuing a substance the body had become dependent on. Symptoms of withdrawal generally include but are not limited to anxiety, irritability, intense cravings for the substance, nausea, hallucinations, headaches, cold sweats, and tremors. [WIkipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction] addiction disorder An addiction to a process, which might be a behaviour, such as gambling, or procrastination. behavioural addiction [DSM-IV] Increasingly referred to as process addiction or non-substance-related addiction, behavioral addiction includes a compulsion to repeatedly engage in an action until said action causes serious negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social, and/or financial well-being. One sign that a behavior has become addictive is if it persists despite these consequences. [Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction] Process or behaviour addiction is not included in DSM-IV. Behavioral addiction has been proposed as a new class in DSM-5, but the only category included is gambling addiction. Internet addiction and sex addiction are included in the appendix. [Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction] process addiction A process addiction in which the patient compulsively gambles. gambling addiction A process addiction in which the subject compulsively performs sexual activity. sex addiction A process addiction in which the person compulsively performs shopping activities. shopping addiction A process addiction in which the subject compulsively makes use of a sunbed. addiction to use of a sunbed Is a confusion over personal identity (or even the assumption of a new identity), accompanied by unexpected travel away from home. Understanding abnormal behavior.David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue.DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) fuga disociativa 300.13 F44.1 The onset of this disorder is usually related to traumatic, stressful, or overwhelming life events. Most cases are described in adults. Single episodes are most commonly reported and may last from hours to months. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) dissociative fugue This disorders are related to the appetitive phase and are characterized by a lack of sexual desire. ”Understanding abnormal behavior”. David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. trastornos del deseo sexual 302.71 ( Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder) 302.79 ( Sexual Aversion Disorder) F52.0 ( Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder) F52.10 ( Sexual Aversion Disorder) There are two types of sexual desire disorders: - Hypoactive sexual desire disorder; where the essential feature is a deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity. More frequently, the disorder develops in adulthood, after period of adequate sexual interest, in association with psychological distress, stressful life events, or interpersonal difficulties. The loss of sexual desire may be continuous or episodic, depending on psychosocial or relationship factors. - Sexual aversion disorder; where the essential feature is the aversion to and active avoidance of genital sexual contact with a sexual partner. The individual reports anxiety, fear, or disgust when confronted by a sexual opportunity with a partner. The intensity of the individual's reaction when exposed to the aversive stimulus may range from moderate anxiety and lack of pleasure to extreme psychological distress. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) sexual desire disorder This disorders are problems that occur during the excitement phase and that relate to difficulties with feelings of sexual pleasure or with the physiological changes associated with sexual excitement. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. trastornos de la excitación sexual 302.72 (Both Female Sexual Arousal Disorder and Male Erectile Disorder) F52.2 (Both Female Sexual Arousal Disorder and Male Erectile Disorder) The sexual arousal disorders are divided in two: - Female sexual arousal disorder: which consist in the inability to attain or maintain physiological response and/or psychological arousal during sexual activity. - Male erectile disorder: which consist in the inability to attain or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse and/or psychological arousal during sexual activity. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. sexual arousal disorder Inability to achieve an orgasm after entering the excitement phase and receiving adequate sexual stimulation. ”Understanding abnormal behavior”. David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. trastornos del orgasmo 302.73 (Female Orgasmic Disorder) 302.74 (Male Orgasmic Disorder) 302.75 (Premature Ejaculation) F52.3 (Both, Female Orgasmic Disorder and Male Orgasmic Disorder) F52.4 (Premature Ejaculation) The orgasmic disorders are divided in three: - Female orgasmic disorder (formerly inhibited Female Orgasm), in which the essential feature is a persistent or recurrent delay in, or absence of, orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase. Primary orgasmic dysfunction is considered relatively common in women: approximately 10 percent of all women have never achieved and orgasm. - Male Orgasmic Disorder (formerly inhibited Male Orgasm), in which the essential feature is a persistent or recurrent delay in, or absence of, orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase. Some males with this disorder can reach coital orgasm but only after very prolonged and intense noncoital stimulation. Some can ejaculate only from masturbation. An even subgroup have experienced orgasm only at the moment of waking from an erotic dream. - Premature Ejaculation, in which the essential feature is the persistent or recurrent onset of orgasm and ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation before, on, or shortly after penetration and before the person wishes it. The majority of males with this disorder can delay orgasm during self-masturbation for a considerably longer time than during coitus. The clinician must take into account factors that affect duration of the excitement phase, such as age, novelty of the sexual partner or situation, and recent frequency of sexual activity. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. orgasmic disorder In the sexual pain disorders there are two condition how it can be manifested: Dyspareunia.- is a recurrent or persistent pain in the genitals before, during, or after sexual intercourse. The physical examination for individuals with this disorder typically does not demonstrate genital abnormalities. The repeated experience of genital pain during coitus may result in the avoidance of sexual experience, disrupting existing sexual relationships or limiting the development of new sexual relationship. Vaginismus.- the essential feature of this disorder is the recurrent or persistent involuntary contraction of the perineal muscles surrounding the outer third of the vagina when vaginal penetration with penis, finger, tampon, or speculum is attempted. In some females, even the anticipation of vaginal insertion may result in muscle spam. Once the disorder is established, the course is usually chronic unless ameliorated by treatment. Acquired Vaginismus also may occur suddenly in response to a sexual trauma or a general medical condition. trastornos sexuales por dolor 302.76 (Dyspareunia) 306.51 (Vaginismus) (Both not due to a general medical condition) F52.6 (Dyspareunia) F52.5 (Vaginismus) (Both not due to a general medical condition) sexual pain disorder Primary disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep or of excessive sleepiness and are characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality or timing of sleep. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) disomnias 307.42 Primary Insomnia 307.44 Primary Hypersomnia 347.00 Narcolepsy 780.57 Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder 327.3x Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder 307.47 Dyssomnia Not Otherwise Specified F51.0 Primary Insomnia F51.1 Primary Hypersomnia G47.4 Narcolepsy G47.3 Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder F51.2 Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder F51.9 Dyssomnia Not Otherwise Specified This section includes: - Primary Insomnia.- The essential feature of this disorder is a complaint of difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or of nonrestorative sleep that lasts for at least one month. - Primary Hypersomnia.- The essential feature of this disorder is excessive sleepiness for at least one month as evidenced either by prolonged sleep episodes or by daytime sleep episodes occurring almost daily. - Narcolepsy.- The essential feature of this disorder are repeated irresistible attacks of refreshing sleep, cataplexy, and recurrent intrusion of elements of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep into the transition period between sleep and wakefulness. - Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder.- The essential feature of this disorder is sleep disruption, leading to excessive sleepiness or, less commonly, to insomnia, that is judged to be due to abnormalities of ventilation during sleep. - Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder.- The essential feature of this disorder is a persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption that results from altered function of the circadian timing system or from a mismatch between the individual's endogenous circadian sleep-wake system and exogenous demands regarding the timing and duration of sleep. - Dyssomnia Not Otherwise Specified.- Is a category for insomnias, hypersomnias, or circadian rhythm disturbances that do not meet criteria for any specific Dyssomnia. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) primary sleep disorder: dyssomnia Disorders characterised by abnormal behavioural or physiological events occurring in association with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep-wake transitions. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) parasomnias 307.47 Nightmare Disorder 307.46 Sleep Terror Disorder 307.46 Sleepwalking Disorder 307.47 Parasomnia Not Otherwise Specified F51.5 Nightmare Disorder F51.4 Sleep Terror Disorder F51.3 Sleepwalking Disorder F51.8 Parasomnia Not Otherwise Specified This section includes: - Nightmare Disorder.- The essential feature of this disorder is the repeated occurrence of frightening dreams that lead to awakenings from sleep. - Sleep Terror Disorder.- The essential feature of this disorder is the repeated occurrence of sleep terrors, that is, abrupt awakenings from sleep usually beginning with a panicky scream or cry. - Sleepwalking Disorder.- The essential feature of this disorder is repeated episodes of complex motor behaviour initiated during sleep, including rising from bed and walking about. - Parasomnia Not Otherwise Specified.- This category is for disturbances that are characterized by abnormal behavioural or physiological events during sleep or sleep-wake transitions, but that do not meet criteria for a more specific Parasomnia. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) primary sleep disorder: parasomnia Is a disorder that lasts more than one day and remits by one month. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) 298.8 F23.xx .81 with marked stressor(s) .80 without marked stressor(s) brief psychotic disorder Is characterised by the presence of a delusion in an individual who is influenced by someone else who has a longer-standing delusion with similar content. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) 297.3 F24 Criterion A for delusional disorder no longer has the requirement that the delusions must be nonbizarre. DSM-5 no longer separates delusional disorder from shared delusional disorder. If criteria are met for delusional disorder then that diagnosis is made. (Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5, American Psychiatric Publishing) shared psychotic disorder In this disorder the psychotic symptoms are judged to be a direct physiological consequence of a general medical condition. DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association) F06.x .2 with delusions .0 with hallucinations psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition a sudden and transient episode of loss of muscle tone accompanied by full conscious awareness, often triggered by emotions such as laughing, crying, terror, etc. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataplexy cataplexy A failure to be able to "think straight." Thoughts may come and go rapidly. The person may not be able to concentrate on one thought for very long and may be easily distracted, unable to focus attention. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26296 disordered thinking Erroneous beliefs that usually involve a misinterpretation of perceptions or experiences. (their content may include a variety of themes (e.g., persecutory, referential, somatic, religious, or grandiose). DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) delusion Anxiety or fear that something bad or unpleasant will happen. apprehension When a person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice. Difficulties pronouncing sounds, or articulation disorders, and stuttering are examples of this disorder. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association speech disorder Is characterised by disturbance of consciousness and changes in cognition (memory deficit, disorientation, and language and perceptual disturbances). The patient often shows a reduced ability to focus, sustain or shift attention and exhibits disorganized patterns of thinking, as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech. At times patients show a reduced level of consciousness and disturbances in the cycle of sleep and waking. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. delirium The habitual voiding of urine during the day or night into one's clothes, bed, or floor. The behaviour is generally involuntary, but in rare situations it may be intentional. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. The child must be at least five years old and must void inappropriately at least twice per week for at least three months enuresis Involves repeated defecating onto one's clothes, the floor or other inappropriate places. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. The child must be at least four years old and must have defecated inappropriately at least once a month for at least three months encopresis The need to perform acts or to dwell on thoughts to reduce anxiety. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. compulsion An emotional state characterised by elevated mood, expansiveness, or irritability, often resulting in hyperactivity. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. Mania is characterized by increased irritability, hyperactivity, euphoric and/or delusional thinking, promiscuity, heightened risk-taking, decreased sleep, decreased need for sleep and, in some patients, is accompanied by psychosis. Mood-stabilizing drugs: mechanisms of action (Robert J. Schloesser, Keri Martinowich, Husseini K. Manji) mania An intrusive and repetitive thought or image that produce anxiety. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. obsession Marked motor abnormalities including motoric immobility (i.e., catalepsy or stupor), certain types of excessive motor activity (apparently purposeless agitation not influenced by external stimuli), extreme negativism (apparent motiveless resistance to instructions or attempts to be moved) or mutism, posturing or stereotyped movements, and echolalia or echopraxia. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) catatonic behaviour An alteration in the perception or experience of the self so that one feels detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's mental processes or body (e.g., feeling like one is in a dream). DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) depersonalization An alteration in the perception or experience of the external world so that it seems strange or unreal (e.g., people may seem unfamiliar or mechanical). DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) derealization The recurrence of a memory, feeling, or perceptual experience from the past. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) flashback Sensory perception that has the compelling sense of reality of a true perception but that occurs without external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) hallucination The erroneous belief that one's thoughts, words, or actions will cause or prevent a specific outcome in some way that defies commonly understood laws of cause and effect. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) Magical thinking may be a part of normal child development. magical thinking A subjective complaint of difficulty falling or staying asleep or poor sleep quality. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) A subjective complaint of difficulty falling or staying asleep or poor sleep quality. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) insomnia The apprehensive anticipation of future danger or misfortune accompanied by a feeling of dysphoria or somatic symptoms of tension. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) pathological anxiety A kidnapping or terrorist hostage identifies with and has sympathy for his or her captors on whom he or she is dependent for survival. http://www.abess.com/glossary.html Stockholm syndrome A disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment. The disturbance may be sudden or gradual, transient or chronic. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) dissociation A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic that are usually based on understandable associations, distracting stimuli, or plays on words. When severe, speech may be disorganised and incoherent. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) flight of ideas An inflated appraisal of one's worth, power, knowledge, importance, or identity. When extreme, grandiosity may be of delusional proportions. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) grandiosity A persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus) that results in a compelling desire to avoid it. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) This often leads either to avoidance of the phobic stimulus or to enduring it with dread. phobia A state of unresponsiveness with immobility and mutism. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) stupor Is a common medical term for thoughts about homicide. There is a range of homicidal thoughts which spans from vague ideas of revenge to detailed and fully formulated plans without the act itself. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicidal_ideation homicidal thoughts R45.850 homicidal ideations little or no emotion in situations where strong reactions are expected. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue flat affect Extreme fear of being in public places or open spaces from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing. http://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx agoraphobia A state in which a person remains attached to objects or activities more appropriate for an earlier stage of psychosexual development. http://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx fixation Lack of energy. Psychopharmacology Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior (Jerrold S. Meyer, Linda F. Quenzer) anergia The sensation of tiny creatures crawling over the cocaine user's skin. Psychopharmacology Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior (Jerrold S. Meyer, Linda F. Quenzer) cocaine bugs The inability or unwillingness of a patient in psychoanalysis to discuss certain ideas, desires, or experiences. http://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx resistance In classical conditioning, the learned response made to a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired some of the properties of another stimulus with which it has been paired. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. conditioned response The act of intentionally causing one's own death. Suicide is often committed out of despair, the cause of which is frequently attributed to a mental disorder such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder,alcoholism, or drug abuse. Stress factors such as financial difficulties or troubles with interpersonal relationships often play a role. Efforts to prevent suicide include limiting access to firearms, treating mental illness and drug misuse, and improving economic development. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide) suicide Period of intense fear or apprehension that are of sudden onset and of variable duration from minutes to hours. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack panic attack Period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary). DSM-IV-TR manic episode Symptom or feature of mental illness typically characterized by radical changes in personality, impaired functioning, and a distorted or nonexistent sense of objective reality. psychosis Parasomnia characterized by the loss of normal skeletal muscle atonia during REM sleep with prominent motor activity accompanying dreaming. http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/130/11/2770.short RBD REM sleep behaviour disorder Disorder in which the major sleep episode is delayed in relation to the desired clock time, resulting in symptoms of sleep-onset insomnia or difficulty in awakening at the desired time. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Revised. Diagnostic and Coding Manual (American Academy of Sleep Medicine in association with the European Sleep Research Society, Japanese Society of Sleep Research and Latin American Sleep Society) delayed sleep-phase syndrome The essential feature is a period of at least 2 weeks during which there is either depressed mood or the loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities. In children and adolescents, the mood may be irritable rather than sad. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) The individuals must also experience at least four additional symptoms drawn from a list that includes changes in appetite or weight, sleep, and psychomotor activity; decreased energy; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions; or recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, plans, or attempts. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) major depressive episode Is defined as a distinct period during which there is an abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that last at least 4 days. This period of abnormal mood must be accompanied by at least three additional symptoms from a list that includes inflated self-esteem or grandiosity (nondelusional), decreased need for sleep, pressure of speech, flight of Ideas, distractibility, increased involvement in goal-directed activities or psychomotor agitation, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) hypomanic episode Dream that can cause a strong emotional response from the mind, typically fear or horror, but also despair, anxiety and great sadness. The dream may contain situations of danger, discomfort, psychological or physical terror. Nightmares can have physical causes such as sleeping in an uncomfortable or awkward position, having a fever, or psychological causes such as stress, anxiety, and ingestion of opioid drugs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare nightmare Is characterised by a period of time (lasting at least 1 week) in which the criteria are met both for a Manic episode and for a Major depressive episode nearly every day. The individual experiences rapidly alternating moods (sadness, irritability, euphoria) accompanied by symptoms of a Manic episode and a Major depressive episode. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) mixed episode Consists of episodes of uncontrollable eating. compulsive overeating During such binges, a person rapidly consumes an excessive amount of food. Most people who have eating binges try to hide this behavior from others, and often feel ashamed about being overweight or depressed about their overeating. Although people who do not have any eating disorder may occasionally experience episodes of overeating, frequent binge eating is often a symptom of an eating disorder. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binge_eating binge eating The essential features are recurrent episodes of being eating associated with subjective and behavioural indicators of impaired control over, and significant distress about, the binge eating and the absence of the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviours (such as self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives and other medications, fasting, and excessive exercise) that are characteristic of Bulimia Nervosa. Indicators of impaired control include eating very rapidly, eating until feeling uncomfortably full, eating large amounts of food when not hungry, eating alone because of embarrassment over how much one is eating, and feeling disgust, guilt, or depression after overeating. The marked distress required for the diagnosis includes unpleasant feelings during and after the binge episode, as well as concerns about the long-term effect of the recurrent binge episodes on body weight and shape. Binge episodes must occur, on average, at least 2 days a week for a period of at least 6 months. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) binge-eating disorder The response to emotional pressure suffered for a prolonged period over which an individual perceives he or she has no control. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_stress chronic stress The essential feature of caffeine intoxication is recent consumption of caffeine and five or more symptoms that develop during, or shortly after caffeine use. DSM-IV-TR caffeinism - Restlessness - Nervousness - Excitement - Insomnia - Flushed face - Diuresis - Gastrointestinal disturbance - Muscle twitching - Rambling flow of thought and speech - Tachycardia or cardiac arrhythmia - Periods of inexhaustibility - Psychomot agitation 305.90 caffeine intoxication Is defined as the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, e.g. exercise, hobbies, music, sexual activities or social interactions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhedonia anhedonia Behavior that may manifest itself in a variety of ways, ranging from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation. The person may appear markedly disheveled, may dress in an unusual manner (i.e., wearing multiple overcoats, scarves, and gloves on a hot day), or may display clearly inappropriate sexual behavior (e.g., public masturbation) or unpredictable and untriggered agitation (e.g., shouting or swearing). grossly disorganized behavior Is a medical term for thoughts about or an unusual preoccupation with suicide. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_ideation suicidal thoughts R45.851 suicidal ideations Catatonic behavior marked by agitation and seemingly pointless movement. http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Catatonic-disorders.html catatonic excitement Catatonic behavior with markedly slowed motor activity, often to the point of immobility and seeming unawareness of the environment. http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Catatonic-disorders.html catatonic stupor Catatonic behavior in which the person assumes a rigid position and holds it against all efforts to move him or her. http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Catatonic-disorders.html catatonic rigidity Catatonic behavior in which the person assumes a bizarre or inappropriate posture and maintains it over a long period of time. http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Catatonic-disorders.html catatonic posturing Behavior in which the limb or other body part of a catatonic person can be moved into another position that is then maintained. The body part feels to an observer as if it were made of wax. http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Catatonic-disorders.html waxy flexibility (in catatonia) Absence, poverty, or loss of control of voluntary muscle movements. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/akinesia akinesia Is characterized by the person's face appearing immobile and unresponsive, with poor eye contact and reduced body language. Although a person with affective flattening may smile and warm up occasionally, his or her range of emotional expressiveness is clearly diminished most of the time. http://www.biopsychinstitute.com/psychiatric-disorders/schizophrenia affective flattening Is manifested by brief, laconic, empty replies. poverty of speech The individual with alogia appears to have a diminution of thoughts that is reflected in decreased fluency and productivity of speech. http://www.biopsychinstitute.com/psychiatric-disorders/schizophrenia alogia Is characterized by an inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities. The person may sit for long periods of time and show little interest in participating in work or social activities. http://www.biopsychinstitute.com/psychiatric-disorders/schizophrenia avolition A condition or phenomenon involving distorted memory or confusions of fact and fantasy, such as confabulation or déjàvu. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/paramnesia paramnsesia Automatic psychological process that protects the individual against anxiety and from awareness of internal or external stressors or dangers. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) defense mechanism The basic defense mechanism by which painful or guilt-producing thoughts, feelings, or memories are excluded from conscious awareness. http://www.apa.org/research/action/glossary.aspx repression Repression of dangerous impulses, followed by converting them to their direct opposite. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. reaction formation Ridding oneself of threatening desires or thoughts by attributing them to others. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. projection Explaining one's behavior by giving well-thought-out and socially acceptable reasons that do not happen to be the real ones. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. rationalization Directing an emotion, such as hostility or anxiety, toward a substitute target. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. displacement A symbolic attempt, often ritualistic or repetitive, to right a wrong or negate some disapproved thought, impulse or act. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. undoing A retreat to an earlier developmental level that demands less mature responses and aspirations. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue. regression Physical state in which a person is abnormally active. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperactivity hyperactivity Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc. http://dictionary.sensagent.com/assaultive%20behavior/en-en/ assaultive behavior Self-destructive acts that can consist in completed suicide, attempted suicide, and non suicidal self-injury. http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/mental_health_disorders/suicidal_behavior/suicidal_behavior.html suicidal behavior Belief that others are out to get him or her. http://psychcentral.com/encyclopedia/2008/delusion/ delusion of persecution Inability to rest or relax or be still. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/restlessness restlessness Long and confused speech or writing. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/britanico/rambling_4 rambling State of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnolence somnolence drowsiness Feeling of worry and anxiety. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/nervousness nervousness Thought process believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety or fear, often to the point of irrationality and delusion. Paranoid thinking typically includes persecutory beliefs, or beliefs of conspiracy concerning a perceived threat towards oneself. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoia paranoia Group hysteria, in which large numbers of people exhibits similar symptoms that have no apparent cause. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue mass madness Condition characterised by distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning, or physical or emotional symptoms such as shaking, irritability, and inability to concentrate after reducing or ceasing intake of a substance. "Understanding abnormal behavior". David Sue, Derald Wing Sue, Stanley Sue withdrawal abstinence syndrome Feeling of emotional and mental discomfort as a symptom of discontentment, restlessness, dissatisfaction, malaise, depression, anxiety or indifference. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphoria dysphoria Disorder where symptoms (e.g., markedly depressed mood, marked anxiety, marked affective lability, decreased interest in activities) regularly occurred during the last week of the luteal phase (and remitted within a few days of the onset of menses). These symptoms must be severe enough to markedly interfere with work, school, or unusual activities and be entirely absent for at least 1 week post menses. American Psychiatric Association, DSM-IV-TR PMDD premenstrual dysphoric disorder Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a generic term which includes a broad group of emotional, behavioral and physical symptoms that occur for several days to several weeks before menses and subside following the menstrual period. Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder: definitions and diagnosis. ( Ellen W Freeman) premenstrual syndrome Persistent inability to achieve orgasm despite responding to sexual stimulation. anorgasmia Depending on the substance involved, the dysfunction may involve impaired desire, impaired arousal, impaired orgasm, or sexual pain. substance-induced sexual dysfunction State of increased psychological and physiological tension marked by such effects as reduced pain tolerance, anxiety, exaggeration of startle responses, insomnia, fatigue and accentuation of personality traits. Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. hyperarousal The essential features of this disorder are prominent anxiety symptoms that are judged to be due to the direct physiological effects of a substance. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) Depending on the nature of the substance and the context in which the symptoms occur, the disturbance may involve prominent anxiety, panic attacks, phobias or obsessions or compulsions. substance-induced anxiety disorder The essential feature of this disorder is a prominent disturbance in sleep that is sufficiently severe to warrant independent clinical attention., and is judged to be due to the direct physiological effects of a substance. DSM-IV-TR (american Psychiatric Association) substance-induced sleep disorder The inability to perform in the interaction with other people. social dysfunction The dysfunction in the pursuit of and engagement in meaningful occupation. Occupational dysfunction and eating disorders: theory and approach to treatment (Roann Barris, EdD, OTR) occupational dysfunction function of the mind involving awareness of three dimensions: time, place and person. wikipedia orientation Psychological urge to administer a discontinued medication or recreational drug. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craving_%28withdrawal%29 craving (withdrawal) A state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. medical-dictionary disorientation The unability to think or express one's thoughts in a clear or orderly manner. incoherence Problems with orientation lead to disorientation. wikipedia disorientation extreme or rapid change in mood. wikipedia mood swing State of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods. wikipedia sleepiness somnolence Refers to disorganized thinking as evidenced by disorganized speech. formal thought disorder (FTD) Specific thought disorders include derailment, poverty of speech, tangentiality, illogicality, perseveration, neologism, and thought blocking. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_disorder thought disorder (TD) Thought disorder characterized by discourse consisting of a sequence of unrelated or only remotely related ideas. The frame of reference often changes from one sentence to the next. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derailment_%28thought_disorder%29 derailment Thought disorder shown from speech with a lack of observance to the main subject of discourse, such that a person whilst speaking on a topic deviates from the topic. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangentiality tangentiality in speech The repetition of a particular response, such as a word, phrase, or gesture, despite the absence or cessation of a stimulus, usually caused by brain injury or other organic disorder. Symptoms include lacking ability to transition or switch ideas appropriately with the social context, as evidenced by the repetition of words or gestures after they have ceased to be socially relevant or appropriate. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseveration perseveration Phenomenon that occurs occurs when a person's speech is suddenly interrupted by silences that may last a few seconds to a minute or longer. When the person begins speaking again, after the block, they will often speak about a subject unrelated to what was being discussed when blocking occurred. It is described as being experienced as an unanticipated, quick and total emptying of the mind. People with schizophrenia commonly experience thought blocking and may comprehend the experience in peculiar ways. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_blocking thought blocking BFO_0000054ed BFO_0000054 BFO_0000054s