István Mikó (imiko) https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 Jennifer C. Girón (jgiron) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Luis A. González Montaña (lagonzalezmo) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 Sergei Tarasov (starasov) https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 The ontology for the Anatomy of the Insect SkeletoMuscular system (AISM) contains terms used to describe the cuticle - as a single anatomical structure - and the skeletal muscle system, to be used in insect biodiversity research. Ontology for the Anatomy of the Insect SkeletoMuscular system 2022-06-27 This annotation property defines a "sensu", which is the combination of a bibliographic reference, a label and a class (represented by verbatim and logical definitions). Given this model, independent observations can be inferred across to compute synonymy (multiple labels attached to one), homonymy (one label attached to multiple classes). Yoder MJ, Mikó I, Seltmann KC, Bertone MA, Deans AR (2010) A Gross Anatomy Ontology for Hymenoptera. PLOS ONE 5: e15991. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015991.g004 This annotation property is on the label of a class in owl. sensu This annotation property defines a "sensu", which is the combination of a bibliographic reference, a label and a class (represented by verbatim and logical definitions). Given this model, independent observations can be inferred across to compute synonymy (multiple labels attached to one), homonymy (one label attached to multiple classes). Yoder MJ, Mikó I, Seltmann KC, Bertone MA, Deans AR (2010) A Gross Anatomy Ontology for Hymenoptera. PLOS ONE 5: e15991. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0015991.g004 This annotation property is on the label of a class in owl. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-17 definition The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition definition IAO:0000116 uberon editor_note true editor_note editor note editor note curator note An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg IAO:0000232 uberon curator_notes true curator_notes curator note curator note curator notes If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL is a defining property chain axiom If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R. is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive uberon dc-contributor true dc-contributor contributor http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description uberon dc-description true dc-description description http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title uberon dc-title true dc-title title A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. uberon dcterms-isReferencedBy true dcterms-isReferencedBy is referenced by isReferencedBy http://purl.org/dc/terms/license uberon dcterms-license true dcterms-license license Date on which the resource was changed. date_modified subset_property database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym in_subset A preferred label. 2022-03-03 skos:prefLabel X lateral to y if x is further from the midsagittal plane than y. lateral_to X lateral to y if x is further from the midsagittal plane than y. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 lateral_to imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 X medial to y if x is closer to the midsagittal plane than y. medial_to X medial to y if x is closer to the midsagittal plane than y. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 medial_to imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 x encircles y if both x and y are regions of the 2D structure z, or 2D cross-sections of a 3D object z, and the boundary of y on z is exclusively continuous with x. encircles x encircles y if both x and y are regions of the 2D structure z, or 2D cross-sections of a 3D object z, and the boundary of y on z is exclusively continuous with x. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 encircles imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 y is encircled by x if both x and y are regions of the 2D structure z, or 2D cross-sections of a 3D object z, and the boundary of y on z is exclusively continuous with y. encircled by y is encircled by x if both x and y are regions of the 2D structure z, or 2D cross-sections of a 3D object z, and the boundary of y on z is exclusively continuous with y. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 encircled by imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 sclerite A encircles_via_conjunctiva sclerite B if A is encircled_via_conjuntiva X that encircles B encircles via conjunctiva sclerite A encircles_via_conjunctiva sclerite B if A is encircled_via_conjuntiva X that encircles B starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 2021-05-31 sclerite B is encircled_via_conjunctiva if sclerite A encircles_via_conjuntiva X sclerite B encircled via conjunctiva sclerite B is encircled_via_conjunctiva if sclerite A encircles_via_conjuntiva X sclerite B jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-06-14 is part of is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of part_of BFO:0000050 external protein quality spatial uberon part_of part_of part of part of part_of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of has part has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) Q1 has_part Q2 if and only if: every instance of Q1 is a quality_of an entity that has_quality some Q2. a core relation that holds between a whole and its part a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part has_part BFO:0000051 chebi_ontology external protein quality spatial uberon has_part false has_part We use the has_part relation to relate complex qualities to more primitive ones. A complex quality is a collection of qualities. The complex quality cannot exist without the sub-qualities. For example, the quality 'swollen' necessarily comes with the qualities of 'protruding' and 'increased size'. has part has part has_part Q1 has_part Q2 if and only if: every instance of Q1 is a quality_of an entity that has_quality some Q2. PATOC:CJM preceded by X preceded_by Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X) X preceded_by Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X). x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. is preceded by preceded_by http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:preceded_by BFO:0000062 is preceded by takes place after external uberon preceded_by preceded_by preceded by preceded by preceded_by is preceded by SIO:000249 takes place after Allen:precedes precedes x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. BFO:0000063 external uberon precedes precedes precedes precedes occurs in b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t occurs_in unfolds in unfolds_in BFO:0000066 external gene_ontology occurs_in occurs_in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant occurs in occurs in site of [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t BFO:0000067 uberon contains_process contains_process Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant contains process contains process x anterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail: bearer x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail: bearer. cjm 2009-07-31T02:15:46Z BSPO:0000096 rostral_to spatial uberon anterior_to anterior_to anterior to anterior_to x anterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. BSPO:cjm x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail: bearer x anterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the head. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail: bearer. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 x distal to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal). x distal_to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal). BSPO:0000097 spatial uberon distal_to distal_to distal to distal_to x distal to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal). BSPO:cjm x distal_to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal). x distal_to y iff x is further along the proximo-distal axis than y, towards the appendage tip. A proximo-distal axis extends from tip of an appendage (distal) to where it joins the body (proximal). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 x dorsal to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). x dorsal_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). BSPO:0000098 spatial uberon dorsal_to dorsal_to dorsal to dorsal_to x dorsal to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). BSPO:cjm x dorsal_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). x dorsal_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the back. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 x posterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. x posterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. BSPO:0000099 caudal to caudal_to spatial uberon posterior_to posterior_to posterior to posterior_to x posterior to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. BSPO:cjm x posterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. x posterior_to y iff x is further along the antero-posterior axis than y, towards the body/tail. An antero-posterior axis is an axis that bisects an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 caudal to x proximal to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y. x proximal_to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y. BSPO:0000100 spatial uberon proximal_to proximal_to The elbow is proximal to the hand, but distal to the shoulder. proximal to proximal_to x proximal to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y. BSPO:cjm x proximal_to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y. x proximal_to y iff x is closer to the point of attachment with the body than y. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 x ventral to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). x ventral_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). BSPO:0000102 spatial uberon ventral_to ventral_to ventral to ventral_to x ventral to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that extends through an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). BSPO:cjm x ventral_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). x ventral_to y iff x is further along the dorso-ventral axis than y, towards the front. A dorso-ventral axis is an axis that bisects an organism from back (e.g. spinal column) to front (e.g. belly). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Crosses at an angle that is 90 degrees, or close to 90 degrees. In any non-linear organism, the main axes are rarely perpendicular when taken through the organism as a whole. BSPO:0000104 spatial approximately_perpendicular_to approximately_perpendicular_to approximately perpendicular to Crosses at an angle that is 90 degrees, or close to 90 degrees. In any non-linear organism, the main axes are rarely perpendicular when taken through the organism as a whole. BSPO:cjm On the opposite side from. For example, the left arm is contralateral to the right arm (and the right leg). BSPO:0000106 spatial contralateral_to contralateral_to contralateral to On the opposite side from. For example, the left arm is contralateral to the right arm (and the right leg). BSPO:cjm Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines. BSPO:0000107 uberon deep_to deep_to deep to deep_to Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines. Further away from the surface of the organism. Thus, the muscular layer is deep to the skin, but superficial to the intestines. BSPO:cjm Near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer. BSPO:0000108 uberon superficial_to superficial_to superficial to superficial_to Near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer. Near the outer surface of the organism. Thus, skin is superficial to the muscle layer. BSPO:cjm Closer to the left side of the organism. Example: The dorsal fin is right of the left pectoral fin, but is left of the right eye. On the type level: X left of Y <=> every instance x of X is left of some instance y of Y, and there exists some organism o such that x part of o and y part of o. BSPO:0000110 spatial left_of left_of left of Closer to the left side of the organism. Example: The dorsal fin is right of the left pectoral fin, but is left of the right eye. On the type level: X left of Y <=> every instance x of X is left of some instance y of Y, and there exists some organism o such that x part of o and y part of o. BSPO:cjm Closer to the right side of the organism. Example: The dorsal fin is right of the left pectoral fin, but is left of the right eye. On the type level: X left of Y <=> every instance x of X is right of some instance y of Y, and there exists some organism o such that x part of o and y part of o. BSPO:0000111 spatial right_of right_of right of Closer to the right side of the organism. Example: The dorsal fin is right of the left pectoral fin, but is left of the right eye. On the type level: X left of Y <=> every instance x of X is right of some instance y of Y, and there exists some organism o such that x part of o and y part of o. BSPO:cjm Direcly opposite to. i.e. on the opposite side through the axis. BSPO:0000113 spatial opposite_to opposite_to opposite to Direcly opposite to. i.e. on the opposite side through the axis. BSPO:cjm X in left side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the left portion. X in_left_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the left portion. BSPO:0000120 spatial uberon in_left_side_of in_left_side_of in left side of in_left_side_of https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern X in left side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the left portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X in_left_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the left portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X in right side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the right portion. X in_right_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the right portion. BSPO:0000121 spatial uberon in_right_side_of in_right_side_of in right side of in_right_side_of https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern X in right side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two left and right portions, X is part of the right portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X in_right_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into left and right portions, X is part_of the right portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X posterior side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part of the posterior portion. X posterior_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part_of the posterior portion. BSPO:0000122 uberon in_posterior_side_of in_posterior_side_of in posterior side of in_posterior_side_of X posterior side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part of the posterior portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X posterior_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part_of the posterior portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X anterior side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part of the anterior portion. X anterior_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part_of the anterior portion. BSPO:0000123 uberon in_anterior_side_of in_anterior_side_of in anterior side of in_anterior_side_of X anterior side of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part of the anterior portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X anterior_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into two anterior and posterior portions, X is part_of the anterior portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X proximal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the proximal portion. x in proximal side of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part of the proximal portion. BSPO:0000124 uberon in_proximal_side_of in_proximal_side_of in proximal side of in_proximal_side_of X proximal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the proximal portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 x in proximal side of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part of the proximal portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X distal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the distal portion. x in distal side of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part of the distal portion. BSPO:0000125 uberon in_distal_side_of in_distal_side_of in distal side of in_distal_side_of X distal_side_of Y <=> if Y is subdivided into distal and proximal portions, X is part_of the distal portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 x in distal side of y <=> if y is subdivided into two proximal and distal portions, y is part of the distal portion. BSPO:PATO_mtg_2009 X in lateral side of Y <=> if X is in left side of Y or X is in right side of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure X in_lateral_side_of Y <=> if X is in_left_side_of Y or X is in_right_side_of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure X in_lateral_side_of Y <=> if X is in_left_side_of Y or X is in_right_side_of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure. BSPO:0000126 spatial uberon in_lateral_side_of in_lateral_side_of in lateral side of in_lateral_side_of https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern X in lateral side of Y <=> if X is in left side of Y or X is in right side of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure UBERON:cjm X in_lateral_side_of Y <=> if X is in_left_side_of Y or X is in_right_side_of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure X in_lateral_side_of Y <=> if X is in_left_side_of Y or X is in_right_side_of Y. X is often, but not always a paired structure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 X proximalmost part of Y <=> X is in proximal side of Y and X is adjacent to the proximal boundary of Y X proximalmost_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the proximal boundary of Y X proximalmost_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the proximal boundary of Y. BSPO:0001106 uberon proximalmost_part_of proximalmost_part_of proximalmost part of proximalmost_part_of X proximalmost part of Y <=> X is in proximal side of Y and X is adjacent to the proximal boundary of Y X proximalmost part of Y <=> X is in proximal side of Y and X is adjacent to the proximal boundary of Y https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 X proximalmost_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the proximal boundary of Y X proximalmost_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the proximal boundary of Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 This relation holds when both the deep_to and ajdacent_to relationship similarly hold. x immediately deep to y iff x deep_to y and x is contiguous with y. BSPO:0001107 uberon immediately_deep_to immediately_deep_to immediately deep to immediately_deep_to This relation holds when both the deep_to and ajdacent_to relationship similarly hold. This relation holds when both the deep_to and ajdacent_to relationship similarly hold. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 x immediately deep to y iff x deep_to y and x is contiguous with y. BSPO:curators X distalmost_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the distal boundary of Y. BSPO:0001108 uberon distalmost_part_of distalmost_part_of distalmost part of distalmost_part_of X distalmost_part_of Y <=> X is part_of Y and X is adjacent_to the distal boundary of Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 BSPO:0015001 spatial finishes_axis finishes_axis A directional axis can be divided by a plane. Following Allen Interval Algebra terminology we say that the side on which the axis initiates starts the axis, with the other side finishing the axis. If s finishes axis x, and x has end point p, then x overlaps p finishes axis crossing at right angles BSPO:0015005 spatial orthogonal_to orthogonal_to orthogonal to crossing at right angles BSPO:cjm Intersects at two points. BSPO:0015006 spatial passes_through passes_through passes through Intersects at two points. BSPO:cjm BSPO:0015007 spatial starts_axis starts_axis A directional axis can be divided by a plane. Following Allen Interval Algebra terminology we say that the side on which the axis initiates starts the axis, with the other side finishing the axis. . If s starts axis x, and x has start point p, then x overlaps p starts axis BSPO:0015008 spatial surface_of surface_of placeholder. used for relation between anatomical surface and an anatomical side. surface of x immediately superficial to y iff x superficial to y and x is contiguous with y. BSPO:0015014 uberon immediately_superficial_to immediately_superficial_to immediately superficial to x immediately superficial to y iff x superficial to y and x is contiguous with y. BSPO:curators GOREL:0002003 external results_in_distribution_of results_in_distribution_of results_in_distribution_of GOREL:0002004 external results_in_fission_of results_in_fission_of results_in_fission_of This document is about information artifacts and their representations A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic. person:Alan Ruttenberg Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy is about A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named. A primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically 2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r person:Alan Ruttenberg Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan denotes inverse of the relation 'denotes' Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Mike Conlon denoted by inheres in this fragility inheres in this vase this fragility is a characteristic of this vase this red color inheres in this apple this red color is a characteristic of this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists. inheres_in Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing. characteristic of inheres in bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility Inverse of characteristic_of a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. bearer_of is bearer of RO:0000053 external uberon bearer_of bearer_of bearer of bearer of has characteristic participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in RO:0000056 external uberon participates_in participates_in participates in participates in participates_in has participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant RO:0000057 external has_participant has_participant has participant has participant this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. function_of is function of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. function of this red color is a quality of this apple a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists. is quality of quality_of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. quality of this investigator role is a role of this person a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. is role of role_of This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. role of this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. has_function has function this apple has quality this red color a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. has_quality RO:0000086 protein uberon has_quality false has_quality has quality has quality has_quality this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role RO:0000087 chebi_ontology has_role false false has_role has role a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has disposition inverse of has disposition This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020. disposition of is location of my head is the location of my brain this cage is the location of this rat a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ location_of RO:0001015 uberon location_of location_of location of location of location_of contained in Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. Containment obtains in each case between material and immaterial continuants, for instance: lung contained_in thoracic cavity; bladder contained_in pelvic cavity. Hence containment is not a transitive relation. If c part_of c1 at t then we have also, by our definition and by the axioms of mereology applied to spatial regions, c located_in c1 at t. Thus, many examples of instance-level location relations for continuants are in fact cases of instance-level parthood. For material continuants location and parthood coincide. Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. To understand this relation, we first define overlap for continuants as follows: c1 overlap c2 at t =def for some c, c part_of c1 at t and c part_of c2 at t. The containment relation on the instance level can then be defined (see definition): Intended meaning: domain: material entity range: spatial region or site (immaterial continuant) contained_in contained in contains RO:0001019 uberon contains contains contains contains located in my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/ located_in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in RO:0001025 uberon located_in located_in located in located in located_in This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation. This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation. the surface of my skin is a 2D boundary of my body a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts. Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape. 2D_boundary_of boundary of is 2D boundary of is boundary of surface of RO:0002000 uberon boundary_of boundary_of 2D boundary of boundary of boundary_of my body has 2D boundary the surface of my skin a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts. Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape. David Osumi-Sutherland has boundary has_2D_boundary RO:0002002 uberon has_boundary has_boundary has 2D boundary has 2D boundary has boundary has_boundary David Osumi-Sutherland http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22402613 RO:0002005 nerve supply uberon innervated_by innervated_by http://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/issues/detail?id=6 innervated_by innervated_by nerve supply FMA:85999 X outer_layer_of Y iff: . X :continuant that bearer_of some PATO:laminar . X part_of Y . exists Z :surface . X has_boundary Z . Z boundary_of Y has_boundary: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002002 boundary_of: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002000 David Osumi-Sutherland RO:0002007 external uberon bounding_layer_of bounding_layer_of A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane. A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane. bounding layer of bounding layer of A relation that holds between two linear structures that are approximately parallel to each other for their entire length and where either the two structures are adjacent to each other or one is part of the other. Note from NCEAS meeting: consider changing primary label David Osumi-Sutherland Example: if we define region of chromosome as any subdivision of a chromosome along its long axis, then we can define a region of chromosome that contains only gene x as 'chromosome region' that coincident_with some 'gene x', where the term gene X corresponds to a genomic sequence. coincident with A 'has regulatory component activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is regulated by B. dos 2017-05-24T09:30:46Z RO:0002013 external has_regulatory_component_activity has_regulatory_component_activity has regulatory component activity A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that negatively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is negatively regulated by B. dos 2017-05-24T09:31:01Z RO:0002014 external has_negative_regulatory_component_activity has_negative_regulatory_component_activity By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function. Internal regulatory functions are treated as components. For example, NMDA glutmate receptor activity is a cation channel activity with positive regulatory component 'glutamate binding' and negative regulatory components including 'zinc binding' and 'magnesium binding'. has negative regulatory component activity A relationship that holds between a GO molecular function and a component of that molecular function that positively regulates the activity of the whole. More formally, A 'has regulatory component activity' B iff :A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A has_component B and A is positively regulated by B. dos 2017-05-24T09:31:17Z By convention GO molecular functions are classified by their effector function and internal regulatory functions are treated as components. So, for example calmodulin has a protein binding activity that has positive regulatory component activity calcium binding activity. Receptor tyrosine kinase activity is a tyrosine kinase activity that has positive regulatory component 'ligand binding'. has positive regulatory component activity dos 2017-05-24T09:44:33Z A 'has component activity' B if A is A and B are molecular functions (GO_0003674) and A has_component B. has component activity w 'has process component' p if p and w are processes, w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type. dos 2017-05-24T09:49:21Z has component process A relationship between a process and a barrier, where the process occurs in a region spanning the barrier. For cellular processes the barrier is typically a membrane. Examples include transport across a membrane and membrane depolarization. dos 2017-07-20T17:19:37Z occurs across dos 2017-09-17T13:52:24Z Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. directly regulated by Process(P2) is directly regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. GOC:dos Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1. dos 2017-09-17T13:52:38Z directly negatively regulated by Process(P2) is directly negatively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 directly negatively regulated by P1. GOC:dos Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1. dos 2017-09-17T13:52:47Z directly positively regulated by Process(P2) is directly postively regulated by process(P1) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P2 is directly postively regulated by P1. GOC:dos A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity. dos 2017-09-22T14:14:36Z This relation is designed for constructing compound molecular functions, typically in combination with one or more regulatory component activity relations. has effector activity A 'has effector activity' B if A and B are GO molecular functions (GO_0003674), A 'has component activity' B and B is the effector (output function) of B. Each compound function has only one effector activity. GOC:dos David Osumi-Sutherland <= Primitive instance level timing relation between events before or simultaneous with Relation between occurrents, shares start and end boundaries. David Osumi-Sutherland RO:0002082 coincides_with is_equal_to uberon simultaneous_with simultaneous_with t1 simultaneous_with t2 iff:= t1 before_or_simultaneous_with t2 and not (t1 before t2) simultaneous with simultaneous with simultaneous_with Relation between occurrents, shares start and end boundaries. Allen:is_equal_to https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 David Osumi-Sutherland X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X) ends after X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y). David Osumi-Sutherland starts_at_end_of A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process immediately precedes another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes[SIO:000251]. RO:0002087 directly preceded by is directly preceded by is immediately preceded by starts_at_end_of external uberon immediately_preceded_by immediately_preceded_by X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately preceded by immediately preceded by immediately_preceded_by A non-transitive temporal relation in which one process immediately precedes another process, such that there is no interval of time between the two processes[SIO:000251]. SIO:000251 is immediately preceded by SIO:000251 David Osumi-Sutherland ends_at_start_of meets RO:0002090 external immediately_precedes immediately_precedes X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately precedes immediately_precedes Relation between a neuron and an anatomical structure that its soma is part of. Relation between a neuron and an anatomical structure that its soma is part of. David Osumi-Sutherland <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some ( <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0043025> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some ?Y) BFO_0000051 some (GO_0043025 and BFO_0000050 some ?Y) RO:0002100 fly_anatomy.ontology has_soma_location has soma location Relation between a neuron and an anatomical structure that its soma is part of. FBC:DOS Every B cell[CL_0000236] has plasma membrane part some immunoglobulin complex[GO_0019814] Holds between a cell c and a protein complex or protein p if and only if that cell has as part a plasma_membrane[GO:0005886], and that plasma membrane has p as part. Alexander Diehl Chris Mungall Lindsay Cowell <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005886> and <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051> some ?Y) has plasma membrane part x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y x overlaps y iff they have some part in common. BFO_0000051 some (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y) RO:0002131 external spatial uberon overlaps overlaps "(forall (x y) (iff (overlaps x y) (exists (z) (and (part of z x) (part of z y)))))" CLIF [] overlaps overlaps true x overlaps y iff they have some part in common. BSPO:cjm Relation between a 'neuron projection bundle' and a region in which one or more of its component neuron projections either synapses to targets or receives synaptic input. T innervates some R Expands_to: T has_fasciculating_neuron_projection that synapse_in some R. Relation between a 'neuron projection bundle' and a region in which one or more of its component neuron projections either synapses to targets or receives synaptic input. T innervates some R Expands_to: T has_fasciculating_neuron_projection that synapse_in some R. David Osumi-Sutherland <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002132> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0043005> that (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002131> some (<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0045202> that <http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050> some Y?))) RO_0002132 some (GO_0043005 that (RO_0002131 some (GO_0045202 that BFO_0000050 some ?Y))) RO:0002134 fly_anatomy.ontology uberon innervates innervates http://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/issues/detail?id=6 innervates innervates Relation between a 'neuron projection bundle' and a region in which one or more of its component neuron projections either synapses to targets or receives synaptic input. T innervates some R Expands_to: T has_fasciculating_neuron_projection that synapse_in some R. FBC:DOS X continuous_with Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary. David Osumi-Sutherland connected to The label for this relation was previously connected to. I relabeled this to "continuous with". The standard notion of connectedness does not imply shared boundaries - e.g. Glasgow connected_to Edinburgh via M8; my patella connected_to my femur (via patellar-femoral joint) RO:0002150 uberon continuous_with continuous_with continuous with continuous with continuous_with FMA:85972 lactation SubClassOf 'only in taxon' some 'Mammalia' S only_in_taxon T iff: S SubClassOf in_taxon only T. U only_in_taxon T: U is a feature found in only in organisms of species of taxon T. The feature cannot be found in an organism of any species outside of (not subsumed by) that taxon. Down-propagates in U hierarchy, up-propagates in T hierarchy (species taxonomy). Implies applicable_to_taxon. x only in taxon y if and only if x is in taxon y, and there is no other organism z such that y!=z a and x is in taxon z. The original intent was to treat this as a macro that expands to 'in taxon' only ?Y - however, this is not necessary if we instead have supplemental axioms that state that each pair of sibling tax have a disjointness axiom using the 'in taxon' property - e.g. 'in taxon' some Eukaryota DisjointWith 'in taxon' some Eubacteria Chris Mungall RO:0002160 never_outside_taxon specific_to specific_to_taxon protein uberon only_in_taxon false only_in_taxon Down-propagates. The original name for this in the paper is 'specific_to'. Applicable to genes because some genes are lost in sub-species (strains) of a species. only in taxon only_in_taxon S only_in_taxon T iff: S SubClassOf in_taxon only T. PMID:20973947 U only_in_taxon T: U is a feature found in only in organisms of species of taxon T. The feature cannot be found in an organism of any species outside of (not subsumed by) that taxon. Down-propagates in U hierarchy, up-propagates in T hierarchy (species taxonomy). Implies applicable_to_taxon. ROC:Waclaw x is in taxon y if an only if y is an organism, and the relationship between x and y is one of: part of (reflexive), developmentally preceded by, derives from, secreted by, expressed. Chris Mungall Jennifer Deegan RO:0002162 uberon in_taxon in_taxon Connects a biological entity to its taxon of origin. in taxon A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common There are two ways to encode this as a shortcut relation. The other possibility to use an annotation assertion between two classes, and expand this to a disjointness axiom. Chris Mungall Note that it would be possible to use the relation to label the relationship between a near infinite number of structures - between the rings of saturn and my left earlobe. The intent is that this is used for parsiomoniously for disambiguation purposes - for example, between siblings in a jointly exhaustive pairwise disjointness hierarchy BFO_0000051 exactly 0 (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) spatially disjoint from https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Part-disjointness-Design-Pattern a 'toe distal phalanx bone' that is connected to a 'toe medial phalanx bone' (an interphalangeal joint *connects* these two bones). Binary relationship: x connected_to y if and only if there exists some z such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b RO:0002170 uberon connected_to connected_to Connection does not imply overlaps. connected to connected to https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Connectivity-Design-Pattern https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-articulations-Design-Pattern Binary relationship: x connected_to y if and only if there exists some z such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. Binary relationship: x connected_to y if and only if there exists some z such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern The M8 connects Glasgow and Edinburgh a 'toe distal phalanx bone' that is connected to a 'toe medial phalanx bone' (an interphalangeal joint *connects* these two bones). Binary relationship: z connects x if and only if there exists some y such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. c connects a if and only if there exist some b such that a and b are similar parts of the same system, and c connects b, specifically, c connects a with b. When one structure connects two others it unites some aspect of the function or role they play within the system. this is currently used for both structural relationships (such as between a valve and the chamber it connects) and abstract relationships (anatomical lines and the entities they connect) RO:0002176 uberon connects connects connects connects https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Connectivity-Design-Pattern https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-articulations-Design-Pattern Binary relationship: z connects x if and only if there exists some y such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. Binary relationship: z connects x if and only if there exists some y such that z connects x and y in a ternary connected_to(x,y,z) relationship. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern a is attached to part of b if a is attached to b, or a is attached to some p, where p is part of b. attached to part of (anatomical structure to anatomical structure) RO:0002177 uberon attaches_to_part_of attaches_to_part_of attached to part of attached to part of attaches_to_part_of true true Relation between an arterial structure and another structure, where the arterial structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy. relation between an artery and the structure is supplies with blood. Individual ontologies should provide their own constraints on this abstract relation. For example, in the realm of anatomy this should hold between an artery and an anatomical structure RO:0002178 arterial supply of uberon supplies supplies source: FMA supplies supplies arterial supply of FMA:86003 Relation between an collecting structure and another structure, where the collecting structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy away from the other structure. Individual ontologies should provide their own constraints on this abstract relation. For example, in the realm of anatomy this should hold between a vein and an anatomical structure RO:0002179 drains blood from drains from uberon drains drains source: Wikipedia drains drains w 'has component' p if w 'has part' p and w is such that it can be directly disassembled into into n parts p, p2, p3, ..., pn, where these parts are of similar type. The definition of 'has component' is still under discussion. The challenge is in providing a definition that does not imply transitivity. For use in recording has_part with a cardinality constraint, because OWL does not permit cardinality constraints to be used in combination with transitive object properties. In situations where you would want to say something like 'has part exactly 5 digit, you would instead use has_component exactly 5 digit. RO:0002180 external protein uberon has_component false has_component has component has component x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y Chris Mungall Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland David Osumi-Sutherland Melissa Haendel Terry Meehan Terry Meehan RO:0002202 uberon develops_from develops_from This is the transitive form of the develops from relation develops from develops from develops_from inverse of develops from Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland Terry Meehan RO:0002203 uberon develops_into develops_into develops into develops_into Candidate definition: x directly_develops from y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participate in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p, and a substantial portion of the matter of x comes from y, and the start of x is coincident with or after the end of y. Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland has developmental precursor FBbt RO:0002207 uberon directly_develops_from directly_develops_from TODO - add child relations from DOS directly develops from directly develops from directly_develops_from inverse of directly develops from developmental precursor of directly develops into process(P1) regulates process(P2) iff: P1 results in the initiation or termination of P2 OR affects the frequency of its initiation or termination OR affects the magnitude or rate of output of P2. We use 'regulates' here to specifically imply control. However, many colloquial usages of the term correctly correspond to the weaker relation of 'causally upstream of or within' (aka influences). Consider relabeling to make things more explicit Chris Mungall David Hill Tanya Berardini GO Regulation precludes parthood; the regulatory process may not be within the regulated process. regulates (processual) false RO:0002211 external gene_ontology regulates regulates regulates regulates Process(P1) negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 terminates P2, or P1 descreases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. Chris Mungall negatively regulates (process to process) RO:0002212 external gene_ontology negatively_regulates negatively_regulates negatively regulates negatively regulates Process(P1) postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 initiates P2, or P1 increases the the frequency of initiation of P2 or the magnitude or rate of output of P2. Chris Mungall positively regulates (process to process) RO:0002213 external gene_ontology positively_regulates positively_regulates positively regulates positively regulates mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974) osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption' A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process. Chris Mungall has function realized in For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)". RO_0000053 some (RO_0000054 only ?Y) RO:0002215 external protein uberon capable_of false capable_of capable of capable of c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p. Chris Mungall has function in RO_0000053 some (RO_0000054 only (BFO_0000050 some ?Y)) RO:0002216 external uberon capable_of_part_of capable_of_part_of capable of part of capable of part of true x surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies the majority of the outermost boundary of x x surrounded_by y iff: x is adjacent to y and for every region r adjacent to x, r overlaps y x surrounded_by y iff: x is adjacent to y and for every region r adjacent to x, r overlaps y. Chris Mungall RO:0002219 uberon surrounded_by surrounded_by surrounded by surrounded by surrounded_by x surrounded_by y iff: x is adjacent to y and for every region r adjacent to x, r overlaps y x surrounded_by y iff: x is adjacent to y and for every region r adjacent to x, r overlaps y. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts. The epidermis layer of a vertebrate is adjacent to the dermis. The plasma membrane of a cell is adjacent to the cytoplasm, and also to the cell lumen which the cytoplasm occupies. The skin of the forelimb is adjacent to the skin of the torso if these are considered anatomical subdivisions with a defined border. Otherwise a relation such as continuous_with would be used. x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary. x adjacent_to y iff: x and y share a boundary x adjacent_to y iff: x and y share a boundary. This relation acts as a join point with BSPO Chris Mungall RO:0002220 external spatial uberon adjacent_to adjacent_to adjacent to adjacent to adjacent_to A caterpillar walking on the surface of a leaf is adjacent_to the leaf, if one of the caterpillar appendages is touching the leaf. In contrast, a butterfly flying close to a flower is not considered adjacent, unless there are any touching parts. inverse of surrounded by inverse of surrounded_by inverse of surrounded_by. Chris Mungall RO:0002221 uberon surrounds surrounds surrounds surrounds inverse of surrounded_by inverse of surrounded_by. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kBv1ep_9g3sTR-SD3jqzFqhuwo9TPNF-l-9fUDbO6rM/edit?pli=1 A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. temporally related to Relation between occurrents, shares a start boundary with. inverse of starts with Chris Mungall Allen RO:0002223 uberon starts starts starts starts Relation between occurrents, shares a start boundary with. Allen:starts Relation between occurrents, shares a start boundary with. Allen:starts https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. Chris Mungall started by RO:0002224 external uberon starts_with starts_with starts with starts with x develops from part of y if and only if there exists some z such that x develops from z and z is part of y Chris Mungall RO:0002225 uberon develops_from_part_of develops_from_part_of develops from part of develops from part of develops_from_part_of x develops_in y if x is located in y whilst x is developing Chris Mungall EHDAA2 Jonathan Bard, EHDAA2 RO:0002226 uberon develops_in develops_in This relation take from EHDAA2 - precise semantics yet to be defined develops in develops in develops_in Relation between occurrents, shares an end boundary with. inverse of ends with Chris Mungall RO:0002229 finishes uberon ends ends ends ends Relation between occurrents, shares an end boundary with. Allen:starts ZFS:finishes Relation between occurrents, shares an end boundary with. Allen:starts ZFS:finishes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. Chris Mungall finished by RO:0002230 external uberon ends_with ends_with ends with ends with x 'has starts location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'starts with' z and z 'occurs in' y Chris Mungall starts with process that occurs in RO:0002231 external has_start_location has_start_location has start location has start location x 'has end location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'ends with' z and z 'occurs in' y Chris Mungall ends with process that occurs in RO:0002232 external has_end_location has_end_location has end location has end location p has input c iff: p is a process, c is a material entity, c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p. Chris Mungall consumes RO:0002233 external has_input has_input has input has input p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present at the beginning of p. p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present in the same state at the beginning of p. Chris Mungall produces RO:0002234 external has_output has_output has output has output Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 3; Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 4 [Kardong] x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y Chris Mungall RO:0002254 uberon has_developmental_contribution_from has_developmental_contribution_from has developmental contribution from has developmental contribution from inverse of has developmental contribution from Chris Mungall RO:0002255 uberon developmentally_contributes_to developmentally_contributes_to developmentally contributes to developmentally_contributes_to t1 developmentally_induced_by t2 if there is a process of organ induction (GO:0001759) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor tissue type T to T', where T' develops_from T. t1 induced_by t2 if there is a process of developmental induction (GO:0031128) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor anatomical structure type T to T', where T' develops_from T Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland Melissa Haendel induced by Developmental Biology, Gilbert, 8th edition, figure 6.5(F) GO:0001759 We place this under 'developmentally preceded by'. This placement should be examined in the context of reciprocal inductions[cjm] RO:0002256 uberon developmentally_induced_by developmentally_induced_by sources for developmentally_induced_by relationships in Uberon: Developmental Biology, Gilbert, 8th edition, figure 6.5(F) developmentally induced by developmentally induced by developmentally_induced_by t1 developmentally_induced_by t2 if there is a process of organ induction (GO:0001759) with t1 and t2 as interacting participants. t2 causes t1 to change its fate from a precursor tissue type T to T', where T' develops_from T. GO:0001759 Inverse of developmentally induced by Chris Mungall developmentally induces Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p false Chris Mungall In general you should not use this relation to make assertions - use one of the more specific relations below this one RO:0002258 uberon developmentally_preceded_by developmentally_preceded_by This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from developmentally preceded by developmentally preceded by A faulty traffic light (material entity) whose malfunctioning (a process) is causally upstream of a traffic collision (a process): the traffic light acts upstream of the collision. c acts upstream of p if and only if c enables some f that is involved in p' and p' occurs chronologically before p, is not part of p, and affects the execution of p. c is a material entity and f, p, p' are processes. acts upstream of A gene product that has some activity, where that activity may be a part of a pathway or upstream of the pathway. c acts upstream of or within p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of or within p. c is a material entity and p is an process. affects acts upstream of or within x developmentally replaces y if and only if there is some developmental process that causes x to move or to cease to exist, and for the site that was occupied by x to become occupied by y, where y either comes into existence in this site or moves to this site from somewhere else This relation is intended for cases such as when we have a bone element replacing its cartilage element precursor. Currently most AOs represent this using 'develops from'. We need to decide whether 'develops from' will be generic and encompass replacement, or whether we need a new name for a generic relation that encompasses replacement and development-via-cell-lineage Chris Mungall replaces RO:0002285 uberon developmentally_replaces developmentally_replaces developmentally replaces developmentally replaces developmentally_replaces Inverse of developmentally preceded by Chris Mungall developmentally succeeded by 'hypopharyngeal eminence' SubClassOf 'part of precursor of' some tongue Chris Mungall part of developmental precursor of p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical structure and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss). This property and its subproperties are being used primarily for the definition of GO developmental processes. The property hierarchy mirrors the core GO hierarchy. In future we may be able to make do with a more minimal set of properties, but due to the way GO is currently structured we require highly specific relations to avoid incorrect entailments. To avoid this, the corresponding genus terms in GO should be declared mutually disjoint. Chris Mungall RO:0002295 external results_in_developmental_progression_of results_in_developmental_progression_of results in developmental progression of results in developmental progression of every flower development (GO:0009908) results in development of some flower (PO:0009046) p 'results in development of' c if and only if p is a developmental process and p results in the state of c changing from its initial state as a primordium or anlage through its mature state and to its final state. Chris Mungall http://www.geneontology.org/GO.doc.development.shtml RO:0002296 external results_in_development_of results_in_development_of results in development of results in development of an annotation of gene X to anatomical structure formation with results_in_formation_of UBERON:0000007 (pituitary gland) means that at the beginning of the process a pituitary gland does not exist and at the end of the process a pituitary gland exists. every "endocardial cushion formation" (GO:0003272) results_in_formation_of some "endocardial cushion" (UBERON:0002062) Chris Mungall GOC:mtg_berkeley_2013 RO:0002297 external results_in_formation_of results_in_formation_of results in formation of results in formation of an annotation of gene X to cell morphogenesis with results_in_morphogenesis_of CL:0000540 (neuron) means that at the end of the process an input neuron has attained its shape. tongue morphogenesis (GO:0043587) results in morphogenesis of tongue (UBERON:0001723) The relationship that links an entity with the process that results in the formation and shaping of that entity over time from an immature to a mature state. Chris Mungall GOC:mtg_berkeley_2013 RO:0002298 external results_in_morphogenesis_of results_in_morphogenesis_of results in morphogenesis of results in morphogenesis of an annotation of gene X to cell maturation with results_in_maturation_of CL:0000057 (fibroblast) means that the fibroblast is mature at the end of the process bone maturation (GO:0070977) results_in_maturation_of bone (UBERON:0001474) The relationship that links an entity with a process that results in the progression of the entity over time that is independent of changes in it's shape and results in an end point state of that entity. Chris Mungall GOC:mtg_berkeley_2013 RO:0002299 external results_in_maturation_of results_in_maturation_of results in maturation of results in maturation of cjm RO:0002304 external causally_upstream_of,_positive_effect causally_upstream_of,_positive_effect holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x increases the frequency, rate or extent of y causally upstream of, positive effect cjm RO:0002305 external causally_upstream_of,_negative_effect causally_upstream_of,_negative_effect holds between x and y if and only if x is causally upstream of y and the progression of x decreases the frequency, rate or extent of y causally upstream of, negative effect q characteristic of part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w. q inheres in part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w. Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of characteristic of part of Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of inheres in part of Chris Mungall inheres in part of characteristic of part of true an annotation of gene X to cell differentiation with results_in_maturation_of CL:0000057 (fibroblast) means that at the end of the process the input cell that did not have features of a fibroblast, now has the features of a fibroblast. The relationship that links a specified entity with the process that results in an unspecified entity acquiring the features and characteristics of the specified entity Chris Mungall GOC:mtg_berkeley_2013 RO:0002315 external results_in_acquisition_of_features_of results_in_acquisition_of_features_of results in acquisition of features of results in acquisition of features of A relationship that holds via some environmental process Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the process of evolution. evolutionarily related to A mereological relationship or a topological relationship Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships mereotopologically related to A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502) Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development developmentally related to a particular instances of akt-2 enables some instance of protein kinase activity Chris Mungall catalyzes executes has is catalyzing is executing This relation differs from the parent relation 'capable of' in that the parent is weaker and only expresses a capability that may not be actually realized, whereas this relation is always realized. This relation is currently used experimentally by the Gene Ontology Consortium. It may not be stable and may be obsoleted at some future time. enables A grouping relationship for any relationship directly involving a function, or that holds because of a function of one of the related entities. Chris Mungall This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function RO:0002328 uberon functionally_related_to functionally_related_to functionally related to functionally related to this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p. Chris Mungall false RO:0002329 uberon part_of_structure_that_is_capable_of part_of_structure_that_is_capable_of part of structure that is capable of part of structure that is capable of true c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p Chris Mungall actively involved in enables part of involved in inverse of enables Chris Mungall enabled by inverse of regulates Chris Mungall regulated by (processual) RO:0002334 external regulated_by regulated_by regulated by regulated by inverse of negatively regulates Chris Mungall RO:0002335 external negatively_regulated_by negatively_regulated_by negatively regulated by negatively regulated by inverse of positively regulates Chris Mungall RO:0002336 external positively_regulated_by positively_regulated_by positively regulated by positively regulated by A relationship that holds via some process of localization Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is a grouping relation. related via localization to This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from some initial location l to some destination. Chris Mungall RO:0002338 external has_target_start_location has_target_start_location has target start location has target start location This relationship holds between p and l when p is a transport or localization process in which the outcome is to move some cargo c from a an initial location to some destination l. Chris Mungall RO:0002339 external has_target_end_location has_target_end_location has target end location has target end location Holds between p and l when p is a transportation or localization process and the outcome of this process is to move c from one location to another, and the route taken by c follows a path that is aligned_with l Chris Mungall RO:0002341 external results_in_transport_along results_in_transport_along results in transport along results in transport along Holds between p and m when p is a transportation or localization process and the outcome of this process is to move c from one location to another, and the route taken by c follows a path that crosses m. Chris Mungall RO:0002342 external results_in_transport_across results_in_transport_across results in transport across results in transport across 'pollen tube growth' results_in growth_of some 'pollen tube' Chris Mungall RO:0002343 external results_in_growth_of results_in_growth_of results in growth of results in growth of 'mitochondrial transport' results_in_transport_to_from_or_in some mitochondrion (GO:0005739) Chris Mungall RO:0002344 external results_in_transport_to_from_or_in results_in_transport_to_from_or_in results in transport to from or in results in transport to from or in An organism that is a member of a population of organisms is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. is member of member part of SIO RO:0002350 uberon member_of member_of member of member of has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. SIO RO:0002351 uberon has_member has_member has member has member inverse of has input Chris Mungall RO:0002352 uberon input_of input_of input of input of inverse of has output Chris Mungall RO:0002353 external protein uberon output_of false output_of output of output of output_of Chris Mungall formed as result of a is attached to b if and only if a and b are discrete objects or object parts, and there are physical connections between a and b such that a force pulling a will move b, or a force pulling b will move a Chris Mungall attached to (anatomical structure to anatomical structure) RO:0002371 uberon attaches_to attaches_to attached to attached to attaches_to m has_muscle_origin s iff m is attached_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s does not move. The site of the origin tends to be more proximal and have greater mass than what the other end attaches to. m has_muscle_origin s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s does not move. The site of the origin tends to be more proximal and have greater mass than what the other end attaches to. Chris Mungall Wikipedia:Insertion_(anatomy) RO:0002372 uberon has_muscle_origin has_muscle_origin The origin is the end of a muscle that attaches to the more fixed part of the skeleton, which is the proximal end in limb muscles has muscle origin has muscle origin has_muscle_origin We need to import uberon muscle to create a stricter domain constraint m has_muscle_origin s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s does not move. The site of the origin tends to be more proximal and have greater mass than what the other end attaches to. Wikipedia:Insertion_(anatomy)#Muscles m has_muscle_insertion s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s moves. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone. m has_muscle_insertion s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s moves. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone. Chris Mungall Wikipedia:Insertion_(anatomy) RO:0002373 uberon has_muscle_insertion has_muscle_insertion The insertion is the point of attachment of a muscle that moves the most when the muscle shortens, or the most distal end of limb muscles has muscle insertion has muscle insertion has_muscle_insertion We need to import uberon muscle into RO to use as a stricter domain constraint m has_muscle_insertion s iff m is attaches_to s, and it is the case that when m contracts, s moves. Insertions are usually connections of muscle via tendon to bone. Wikipedia:Insertion_(anatomy) A relationship that holds between two material entities in a system of connected structures, where the branching relationship holds based on properties of the connecting network. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving branching relationships This relation can be used for geographic features (e.g. rivers) as well as anatomical structures (plant branches and roots, leaf veins, animal veins, arteries, nerves) in branching relationship with https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/170 Deschutes River tributary_of Columbia River inferior epigastric vein tributary_of external iliac vein x tributary_of y if and only if x a channel for the flow of a substance into y, where y is larger than x. If x and y are hydrographic features, then y is the main stem of a river, or a lake or bay, but not the sea or ocean. If x and y are anatomical, then y is a vein. Chris Mungall drains into drains to tributary channel of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary http://www.medindia.net/glossary/venous_tributary.htm This relation can be used for geographic features (e.g. rivers) as well as anatomical structures (veins, arteries) RO:0002376 uberon drains into tributary_of tributary_of tributary of tributary of tributary_of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary drains into dbpowl:drainsTo A lump of clay and a statue x spatially_coextensive_with y if and inly if x and y have the same location Chris Mungall This relation is added for formal completeness. It is unlikely to be used in many practical scenarios spatially coextensive with In the tree T depicted in https://oborel.github.io/obo-relations/branching_part_of.png, B1 is a (direct) branching part of T. B1-1, B1-2, and B1-3 are also branching parts of T, but these are considered indirect branching parts as they do not directly connect to the main stem S x is a branching part of y if and only if x is part of y and x is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of y we need to check if FMA branch_of implies part_of. the relation we intend to use here should - for example, see vestibulocochlear nerve Chris Mungall RO:0002380 uberon branching_part_of branching_part_of branching part of branching part of branching_part_of FMA:85994 x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction). Chris Mungall has developmental potential involving x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y. Chris Mungall RO:0002385 uberon has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to has potential to developmentally contribute to has potential to developmentally contribute to x has potential to developmentally induce y iff x developmentally induces y or x is capable of developmentally inducing y Chris Mungall has potential to developmentally induce x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y. Chris Mungall RO:0002387 uberon has_potential_to_develop_into has_potential_to_develop_into has potential to develop into has potential to develop into x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y. Chris Mungall RO:0002388 uberon has_potential_to_directly_develop_into has_potential_to_directly_develop_into has potential to directly develop into has potential to directly develop into inverse of upstream of Chris Mungall RO:0002404 external causally_downstream_of causally_downstream_of causally downstream of causally downstream of Chris Mungall RO:0002405 external immediately_causally_downstream_of immediately_causally_downstream_of immediately causally downstream of immediately causally downstream of This relation groups causal relations between material entities and causal relations between processes This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causally related to p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain Chris Mungall RO:0002411 external causally_upstream_of causally_upstream_of causally upstream of causally upstream of p is immediately causally upstream of q iff both (a) p immediately precedes q and (b) p is causally upstream of q. In addition, the output of p must be an input of q. Chris Mungall RO:0002412 external immediately_causally_upstream_of immediately_causally_upstream_of immediately causally upstream of immediately causally upstream of p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q. We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2 Chris Mungall influences (processual) RO:0002418 external affects causally_upstream_of_or_within causally_upstream_of_or_within causally upstream of or within inverse of causally upstream of or within Chris Mungall RO:0002427 external causally_downstream_of_or_within causally_downstream_of_or_within causally downstream of or within c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' regulates some p Chris Mungall involved in regulation of c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' positively regulates some p Chris Mungall involved in positive regulation of c involved in regulation of p if c is involved in some p' and p' negatively regulates some p Chris Mungall involved in negative regulation of c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p OWL does not allow defining object properties via a Union Chris Mungall involved in or reguates involved in or involved in regulation of A protein that enables activity in a cytosol. c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure. Chris Mungall executes activity in enables activity in is active in true c executes activity in d if and only if c enables p and p occurs_in d. Assuming no action at a distance by gene products, if a gene product enables (is capable of) a process that occurs in some structure, it must have at least some part in that structure. GOC:cjm GOC:dos p contributes to morphology of w if and only if a change in the morphology of p entails a change in the morphology of w. Examples: every skull contributes to morphology of the head which it is a part of. Counter-example: nuclei do not generally contribute to the morphology of the cell they are part of, as they are buffered by cytoplasm. Chris Mungall RO:0002433 uberon contributes_to_morphology_of contributes_to_morphology_of contributes to morphology of A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected. Considering relabeling as 'pairwise interacts with' This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact. Chris Mungall Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules. in pairwise interaction with interacts with http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MI_0914 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/interaction-relations/ http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MI_0914 https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/wiki/InteractionRelations An interaction relationship in which the two partners are molecular entities that directly physically interact with each other for example via a stable binding interaction or a brief interaction during which one modifies the other. Chris Mungall binds molecularly binds with molecularly interacts with http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MI_0915 http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MI_0915 Axiomatization to GO to be added later Chris Mungall An interaction relation between x and y in which x catalyzes a reaction in which a phosphate group is added to y. phosphorylates The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A regulates the kinase activity of B. A and B can be physically interacting but not necessarily. Immediately upstream means there are no intermediate entity between A and B. Chris Mungall Vasundra Touré molecularly controls directly regulates activity of The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that negatively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A negatively regulates the kinase activity of B. Chris Mungall Vasundra Touré directly inhibits molecularly decreases activity of directly negatively regulates activity of The entity A, immediately upstream of the entity B, has an activity that positively regulates an activity performed by B. For example, A and B may be gene products and binding of B by A positively regulates the kinase activity of B. Chris Mungall Vasundra Touré directly activates molecularly increases activity of directly positively regulates activity of Chris Mungall This property or its subproperties is not to be used directly. These properties exist as helper properties that are used to support OWL reasoning. helper property (not for use in curation) 'otolith organ' SubClassOf 'composed primarily of' some 'calcium carbonate' x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y. x composed_primarily_of y iff: more than half of the mass of x is made from parts of y x composed_primarily_of y iff: more than half of the mass of x is made from parts of y. Chris Mungall RO:0002473 uberon RO:0002473 composed_primarily_of composed_primarily_of composed primarily of p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c. Chris Mungall has part that occurs in true Chris Mungall is kinase activity Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, typically connecting an anatomical entity to a biological process or developmental stage. relation between physical entity and a process or stage Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing during some s. x existence starts during y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts and before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: x existence starts during y iff α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y). Chris Mungall RO:0002488 begins_to_exist_during uberon RO:0002488 existence_starts_during existence_starts_during existence starts during Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing during some s. Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c comes into existing during some s. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c comes into existence at the start of p. x starts ends with y if and only if the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x existence starts with y iff α(x) = α(y). Chris Mungall RO:0002489 uberon existence_starts_with existence_starts_with existence starts with Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c comes into existence at the start of p. Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c comes into existence at the start of p. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 x existence overlaps y if and only if either (a) the start of x is part of y or (b) the end of x is part of y. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff (α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y)) OR (ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y)) Chris Mungall The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription. existence overlaps x exists during y if and only if: 1) the time point at which x begins to exist is after or equal to the time point at which y begins and 2) the time point at which x ceases to exist is before or equal to the point at which y ends. Formally: x existence starts and ends during y iff α(x) >= α(y) & α(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) <= ω(y) & ω(x) >= α(y) Chris Mungall RO:0002491 exists during uberon existence_starts_and_ends_during existence_starts_and_ends_during The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription. existence starts and ends during Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely. x existence ends during y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends and after or equivalent to the point at which y starts. Formally: x existence ends during y iff ω(x) <= ω(y) and ω(x) >= α(y). Chris Mungall RO:0002492 ceases_to_exist_during uberon RO:0002492 existence_ends_during existence_ends_during The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription. existence ends during Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely. Relation between continuant c and occurrent s, such that every instance of c ceases to exist during some s, if it does not die prematurely. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c ceases to exist at the end of p. x existence ends with y if and only if the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: x existence ends with y iff ω(x) = ω(y). Chris Mungall RO:0002493 uberon existence_ends_with existence_ends_with The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription. existence ends with Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c ceases to exist at the end of p. Relation between continuant and occurrent, such that c ceases to exist at the end of p. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 x transformation of y if x is the immediate transformation of y, or is linked to y through a chain of transformation relationships Chris Mungall RO:0002494 transforms from uberon transformation_of transformation_of transformation of transforms from SIO:000657 x immediate transformation of y iff x immediately succeeds y temporally at a time boundary t, and all of the matter present in x at t is present in y at t, and all the matter in y at t is present in x at t Chris Mungall RO:0002495 direct_transformation_of immediately transforms from uberon immediate_transformation_of immediate_transformation_of immediate transformation of direct_transformation_of direct_transformation_of https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 immediately transforms from SIO:000658 x existence starts during or after y if and only if the time point at which x starts is after or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x existence starts during or after y iff α (x) >= α (y). Chris Mungall RO:0002496 uberon existence_starts_during_or_after existence_starts_during_or_after The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription. existence starts during or after x existence ends during or before y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Chris Mungall RO:0002497 uberon existence_ends_during_or_before existence_ends_during_or_before The relations here were created based on work originally by Fabian Neuhaus and David Osumi-Sutherland. The work has not yet been vetted and errors in definitions may have occurred during transcription. existence ends during or before A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process causal agent in process p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causal relation between processes Chris Mungall depends on The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. causal relation between entities Forelimb SubClassOf has_skeleton some 'Forelimb skeleton' A relation between a segment or subdivision of an organism and the maximal subdivision of material entities that provides structural support for that segment or subdivision. A relation between a subdivision of an organism and the single subdivision of skeleton that provides structural support for that subdivision. Chris Mungall has supporting framework The skeleton of a structure may be a true skeleton (for example, the bony skeleton of a hand) or any kind of support framework (the hydrostatic skeleton of a sea star, the exoskeleton of an insect, the cytoskeleton of a cell). RO:0002551 uberon has sekeletal support has supporting framework has_skeleton has_skeleton has skeleton This should be to a more restricted class, but not the Uberon class may be too restricted since it is a composition-based definition of skeleton rather than functional. A relation between a subdivision of an organism and the single subdivision of skeleton that provides structural support for that subdivision. A relation between a subdivision of an organism and the single subdivision of skeleton that provides structural support for that subdivision. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Chris Mungall causally influenced by (entity-centric) causally influenced by Chris Mungall interaction relation helper property http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/interaction-relations/ https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/wiki/InteractionRelations Chris Mungall molecular interaction relation helper property The entity or characteristic A is causally upstream of the entity or characteristic B, A having an effect on B. An entity corresponds to any biological type of entity as long as a mass is measurable. A characteristic corresponds to a particular specificity of an entity (e.g., phenotype, shape, size). Chris Mungall Vasundra Touré causally influences (entity-centric) causally influences A relation that holds between elements of a musculoskeletal system or its analogs. Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the biomechanical processes. biomechanically related to inverse of branching part of Chris Mungall RO:0002569 uberon has_branching_part has_branching_part has branching part x lumen_of y iff x is the space or substance that is part of y and does not cross any of the inner membranes or boundaries of y that is maximal with respect to the volume of the convex hull. Chris Mungall GOC:cjm RO:0002571 uberon lumen_of lumen_of lumen of s is luminal space of x iff s is lumen_of x and s is an immaterial entity Chris Mungall RO:0002572 uberon luminal_space_of luminal_space_of luminal space of inverse of has skeleton Chris Mungall RO:0002576 uberon skeleton_of skeleton_of skeleton of Process(P1) directly regulates process(P2) iff: P1 regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly regulates P2. Chris Mungall directly regulates (processual) directly regulates gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell' s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p Chris Mungall has part structure that is capable of p results in breakdown of c if and only if the execution of p leads to c no longer being present at the end of p results in breakdown of RO:0002588 external results_in_assembly_of results_in_assembly_of results in assembly of results_in_assembly_of RO:0002590 external results_in_disassembly_of results_in_disassembly_of results in disassembly of results_in_disassembly_of p results in organization of c iff p results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of c RO:0002592 external results_in_organization_of results_in_organization_of results in organization of A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. Chris Mungall causal relation between material entity and a process pyrethroid -> growth Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a regulates p. capable of regulating Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a negatively regulates p. capable of negatively regulating renin -> arteriolar smooth muscle contraction Holds between c and p if and only if c is capable of some activity a, and a positively regulates p. capable of positively regulating Inverse of 'causal agent in process' RO:0002608 external process_has_causal_agent process_has_causal_agent process has causal agent Process(P1) directly postively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 positively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding positively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly positively regulates P2. directly positively regulates (process to process) directly positively regulates Process(P1) directly negatively regulates process(P2) iff: P1 negatively regulates P2 via direct physical interaction between an agent executing P1 (or some part of P1) and an agent executing P2 (or some part of P2). For example, if protein A has protein binding activity(P1) that targets protein B and this binding negatively regulates the kinase activity (P2) of protein B then P1 directly negatively regulates P2. directly negatively regulates (process to process) directly negatively regulates a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix. Melissa Haendel RO:0003000 external uberon produces produces Note that this definition doesn't quite distinguish the output of a transformation process from a production process, which is related to the identity/granularity issue. produces produces a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a. Melissa Haendel RO:0003001 external uberon produced_by produced_by produced by produced by produced_by p 'has primary input ot output' c iff either (a) p 'has primary input' c or (b) p 'has primary output' c. cjm 2018-12-13T11:26:17Z RO:0004007 external has_primary_input_or_output has_primary_input_or_output has primary input or output p has primary output c if (a) p has output c and (b) the goal of process is to modify, produce, or transform c. cjm 2018-12-13T11:26:32Z RO:0004008 external has_primary_output has_primary_output has primary output p has primary output c if (a) p has output c and (b) the goal of process is to modify, produce, or transform c. GOC:cjm GOC:dph GOC:kva GOC:pt PMID:27812932 p has primary input c if (a) p has input c and (b) the goal of process is to modify, consume, or transform c. cjm 2018-12-13T11:26:56Z RO:0004009 external has_primary_input has_primary_input has primary input p has primary input c if (a) p has input c and (b) the goal of process is to modify, consume, or transform c. GOC:cjm GOC:dph GOC:kva GOC:pt PMID:27812932 Holds between an entity and an process P where the entity enables some larger compound process, and that larger process has-part P. cjm 2018-01-25T23:20:13Z enables subfunction cjm 2018-01-26T23:49:30Z acts upstream of or within, positive effect cjm 2018-01-26T23:49:51Z acts upstream of or within, negative effect c 'acts upstream of, positive effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is positive cjm 2018-01-26T23:53:14Z acts upstream of, positive effect c 'acts upstream of, negative effect' p if c is enables f, and f is causally upstream of p, and the direction of f is negative cjm 2018-01-26T23:53:22Z acts upstream of, negative effect cjm 2018-03-13T23:55:05Z causally upstream of or within, negative effect cjm 2018-03-13T23:55:19Z causally upstream of or within, positive effect The entity A has an activity that regulates an activity of the entity B. For example, A and B are gene products where the catalytic activity of A regulates the kinase activity of B. Vasundra Touré regulates activity of p acts on population of c iff c' is a collection, has members of type c, and p has participant c pg 2020-06-08T17:21:33Z RO:0012003 external acts_on_population_of acts_on_population_of acts on population of acts on population of pg 2021-02-26T07:28:29Z RO:0012008 external results_in_fusion_of results_in_fusion_of results in fusion of results in fusion of q1 different_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) NOT =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. different in magnitude relative to q1 different_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) NOT =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 q1 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) > magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'increased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'. increased in magnitude relative to q1 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) > magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 q1 decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) < magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'decreased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'. decreased in magnitude relative to q1 decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) < magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 s3 has_cross_section s3 if and only if : there exists some 2d plane that intersects the bearer of s3, and the impression of s3 upon that plane has shape quality s2. Example: a spherical object has the quality of being spherical, and the spherical quality has_cross_section round. has cross section s3 has_cross_section s3 if and only if : there exists some 2d plane that intersects the bearer of s3, and the impression of s3 upon that plane has shape quality s2. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 q1 reciprocal_of q2 if and only if : q1 and q2 are relational qualities and a phenotype e q1 e2 mutually implies a phenotype e2 q2 e. There are frequently two ways to state the same thing: we can say 'spermatocyte lacks asters' or 'asters absent from spermatocyte'. In this case the quality is 'lacking all parts of type' - it is a (relational) quality of the spermatocyte, and it is with respect to instances of 'aster'. One of the popular requirements of PATO is that it continue to support 'absent', so we need to relate statements which use this quality to the 'lacking all parts of type' quality. reciprocal of q1 reciprocal_of q2 if and only if : q1 and q2 are relational qualities and a phenotype e q1 e2 mutually implies a phenotype e2 q2 e. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen. X device utilizes material Y means X and Y are material entities, and X is capable of some process P that has input Y. X utilizes Y means X and Y are material entities, and X is capable of some process P that has input Y. Asiyah Lin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9625-1899 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9625-1899 Bill Duncan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2620-0345 A diagnostic testing device utilizes a specimen means that the diagnostic testing device is capable of an assay, and this assay a specimen as its input. See github ticket https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/issues/497 2021-11-08T12:00:00Z utilizes device utilizes material utilizes A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in the existence of C OR affects the intensity or magnitude of C. RO:0019000 gene_ontology regulates_characteristic regulates_characteristic regulates characteristic A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) positively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in an increase in the intensity or magnitude of C. RO:0019001 gene_ontology positively_regulates_characteristic positively_regulates_characteristic positively regulates characteristic A relationship that holds between a process and a characteristic in which process (P) negatively regulates characteristic (C) iff: P results in a decrease in the intensity or magnitude of C. RO:0019002 gene_ontology negatively_regulates_characteristic negatively_regulates_characteristic negatively regulates characteristic p has anatomical participant c iff p has participant c, and c is an anatomical entity cjm 2018-09-26T01:08:58Z results in changes to anatomical or cellular structure x is parallel t y iff x and y are lines or planes which when extended indefinitely do not cross. spatial parallel_to parallel to x is parallel t y iff x and y are lines or planes which when extended indefinitely do not cross. BSPO:curators http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 exactly 0 ?Y lacks_part http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 exactly 0 (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0005886 and http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some ?Y) lacks_plasma_membrane_part OBSOLETE. q1 decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) < magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. RO:0015008 quality decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to Refer to https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/454 for obsoletion reason. This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'decreased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'. obsolete decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to true OBSOLETE. q1 decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) < magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. PATOC:CJM OBSOLETE. q1 different_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) NOT =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. RO:0015006 quality different_in_magnitude_relative_to Refer to https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/454 for obsoletion reason. obsolete different_in_magnitude_relative_to true OBSOLETE. q1 different_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) NOT =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. PATOC:CJM OBSOLETE. q1 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) > magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. RO:0015007 quality increased_in_magnitude_relative_to Refer to https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/454. This relation is used to determine the 'directionality' of relative qualities such as 'increased strength', relative to the parent type, 'strength'. obsolete increased_in_magnitude_relative_to true OBSOLETE. q1 increased_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) > magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. PATOC:CJM OBSOLETE. q1 similar_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. RO:0015009 quality similar_in_magnitude_relative_to Refer to https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/454 for obsoletion reason. obsolete similar_in_magnitude_relative_to true OBSOLETE. q1 similar_in_magnitude_relative_to q2 if and only if magnitude(q1) =~ magnitude(q2). Here, magnitude(q) is a function that maps a quality to a unit-invariant scale. PATOC:CJM protein has_gene_template false has_gene_template x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y. uberon anteriorly_connected_to anteriorly connected to x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y. x anteriorly_connected_to y iff the anterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x posterior_to y. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern carries uberon channel_for channel for uberon channels_from channels_from uberon channels_into channels_into x is a conduit for y iff y passes through the lumen of x. uberon conduit_for conduit for x distally_connected_to y iff the distal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x proximal_to y. uberon distally_connected_to distally connected to x distally_connected_to y iff the distal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x proximal_to y. x distally_connected_to y iff the distal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x proximal_to y. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern uberon extends_fibers_into extends_fibers_into Relationship between a fluid and a material entity, where the fluid is the output of a realization of a filtration role that inheres in the material entity. uberon filtered_through Relationship between a fluid and a filtration barrier, where the portion of fluid arises as a transformation of another portion of fluid on the other side of the barrier, with larger particles removed filtered through a indirectly_supplies s iff a has a branch and the branch supplies or indirectly supplies s. add to RO uberon indirectly_supplies indirectly_supplies x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y. uberon posteriorly_connected_to posteriorly connected to x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y. x posteriorly_connected_to y iff the posterior part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x anterior_to y. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern uberon protects protects x proximally_connected_to y iff the proximal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x distal_to y. uberon proximally_connected_to proximally connected to x proximally_connected_to y iff the proximal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x distal_to y. x proximally_connected_to y iff the proximal part of x is connected to y. i.e. x connected_to y and x distal_to y. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern c site_of p if c is the bearer of a disposition that is realized by a process that has p as part. uberon capable_of_has_part site_of site_of uberon subdivision_of placeholder relation. X = 'subdivision of A' and subdivision_of some B means that X is the mereological sum of A and B subdivision of Relation between an anatomical structure (including cells) and a neuron that chemically synapses to it. uberon synapsed_by synapsed by . uberon transitively_anteriorly_connected_to transitively anteriorly connected to . http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern uberon transitively_connected_to transitively_connected to . uberon transitively_distally_connected_to transitively distally connected to . http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern . uberon transitively_proximally_connected_to transitively proximally connected to . http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/Connectivity-Design-Pattern A protein coding gene resilin in fruit fly. gene FlyBase:FBgn0034157 Category=external. resilin (fruit fly) A protein coding gene resilin in fruit fly. PRO:DNx The projection of the inner surface of the cuticle. cuticular internal depression imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The projection of the inner surface of the cuticle. 2021-05-19 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle that is composed two articular surfaces that are adjacent to each other. Articulations are 'anatomical clusters', collections of not direclty connected (continuous) sclerite surfaces that are adjacent to another sclerite. The cranio-mandibular articulation is the articular surface of the cranium and the adjacent articular surface of the mandible. The articular surfaces are sometimes located on the same sclerite. insect articulation imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of cuticle that is composed two articular surfaces that are adjacent to each other. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 Articulations are 'anatomical clusters', collections of not direclty connected (continuous) sclerite surfaces that are adjacent to another sclerite. The cranio-mandibular articulation is the articular surface of the cranium and the adjacent articular surface of the mandible. The articular surfaces are sometimes located on the same sclerite. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of the insect cuticle that is less flexible than the neighboring conjunctiva(e) (conjunctiva(e) that the sclerite is continuous with. sclerite imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of the insect cuticle that is less flexible than the neighboring conjunctiva(e) (conjunctiva(e) that the sclerite is continuous with. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 sclerite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sclerite: distinctly sclerotized region of the integument, with thick layer of exocuticle." The region of the insect cuticle that is more flexible than the neighboring sclerite(s) (sclerite(s) that the conjunctiva is continuous with). Conjunctivae are more flexible and usually less thick than sclerties of the cuticle allowing the sclerites to move relative to each other. Micro-CT based methods cannot be used to accurately differentiate slcerites from conjunctiuvae. CLSM (the excitation wavelengths of sclerites and conjunctivae are different in response of 488 nm emission vawelength), histological sections or simple dissections need to be applied to define relative flexibility of the insect cuticle. If a conjunctiva entirelly encircles a sclerite, then the 'encircles' and 'encircled by' object properties are used to link the sclerite and the conjunctiva even in cases in which the encircled sclerites or conjunctivae are part of an evagination allowing to model spatial relationship between appendage segments: the pedicel is encircled by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva, which is encircled by the scape or the the coxa encircles the coxo-femoral conjunctiuva that encircels the femur. membrane conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of the insect cuticle that is more flexible than the neighboring sclerite(s) (sclerite(s) that the conjunctiva is continuous with). imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 Conjunctivae are more flexible and usually less thick than sclerties of the cuticle allowing the sclerites to move relative to each other. Micro-CT based methods cannot be used to accurately differentiate slcerites from conjunctiuvae. CLSM (the excitation wavelengths of sclerites and conjunctivae are different in response of 488 nm emission vawelength), histological sections or simple dissections need to be applied to define relative flexibility of the insect cuticle. If a conjunctiva entirelly encircles a sclerite, then the 'encircles' and 'encircled by' object properties are used to link the sclerite and the conjunctiva even in cases in which the encircled sclerites or conjunctivae are part of an evagination allowing to model spatial relationship between appendage segments: the pedicel is encircled by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva, which is encircled by the scape or the the coxa encircles the coxo-femoral conjunctiuva that encircels the femur. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 membrane Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Membrane: very flexible, unsclerotized area of the integument." The region of the cuticle that corresponds to a concave surface. External cuticular depression. The surface of the cuticle in insects is the entire surface of an organism, and it is composed of flat, concave and convex regions. Concavities sometimes correspons with invaginations of the cuticle and the underlaying sinlge layer epidermis, somtimes correspond to a decreased cuticular thickness. cuticular depression imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of the cuticle that corresponds to a concave surface. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 External cuticular depression. The surface of the cuticle in insects is the entire surface of an organism, and it is composed of flat, concave and convex regions. Concavities sometimes correspons with invaginations of the cuticle and the underlaying sinlge layer epidermis, somtimes correspond to a decreased cuticular thickness. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of cuticle that corresponds with an invagination of the single layer epidermis (epidermal fold). The cuticular invagination sometimes corresponds to a cuticular depression (concavity on the surface of the cuticle). cuticular invagination imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of cuticle that corresponds with an invagination of the single layer epidermis (epidermal fold). The cuticular invagination sometimes corresponds to a cuticular depression (concavity on the surface of the cuticle). imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 The region of cuticle with higher content of resilin. elastic cuticle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of cuticle with higher content of resilin. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 elastic cuticle 2020-10-27 The region of the cuticle that corresponds to a convex surface. The surface of the cuticle in insects is the entire surface of an organism, and it is composed of flat, concave and convex regions. Convexities sometimes correspons with evaginations of the cuticle and the underlaying sinlge layer epidermis and sometimes correspond to an increased cuticular thickness." cuticular protrusion imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of the cuticle that corresponds to a convex surface. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 The surface of the cuticle in insects is the entire surface of an organism, and it is composed of flat, concave and convex regions. Convexities sometimes correspons with evaginations of the cuticle and the underlaying sinlge layer epidermis and sometimes correspond to an increased cuticular thickness." imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 A part or structure that is produced by evagination. evaginated imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 A part or structure that is produced by evagination. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 evaginated imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 The articulation between the mandible and the cranium. cranio-mandibular articulation imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The articulation between the mandible and the cranium. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 The articulation between the cardo and the cranium. cranio-cardinal articulation imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The articulation between the cardo and the cranium. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 The articulation between the scapus and the cranium. cranio-antennal articulation imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The articulation between the scapus and the cranium. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 The articulation between the head and the neck. head-cervical articulation imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The articulation between the head and the neck. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-10-27 The sclerite of the insect maxilla that is attached to the head capsule by the oral foraminal conjunctiva and to the cuticle of stipes by the stipito-cardinal conjunctiva. cuticle of cardo imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The sclerite of the insect maxilla that is attached to the head capsule by the oral foraminal conjunctiva and to the cuticle of stipes by the stipito-cardinal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 cuticle of cardo Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cardo: basal element of maxilla, articulating with head capsule; usually moved by one cranial muscle and one tentorial muscle." The sclerite of the insect head that is attached to the neck membrane and the oral foraminal conjunctiva, bears the eye cuticle and surrounds the brain cephalic capsule insect cranium head capsule imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The sclerite of the insect head that is attached to the neck membrane and the oral foraminal conjunctiva, bears the eye cuticle and surrounds the brain jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 cephalic capsule jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 insect cranium imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 head capsule Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The head capsule is almost always a rigid, well sclerotized structural unit, equipped with a defined set of appendages. It is reinforced by strengthening ridges and the endoskeletal tentorium" The axillary sclerite that is on the dorsal region of the basal wing conjunctiva and lateral to the first axillary sclerite. dorsal second axillary sclerite imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The axillary sclerite that is on the dorsal region of the basal wing conjunctiva and lateral to the first axillary sclerite. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-10 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the tergum by the metanoto-abdominal tergite I conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite II by the abdominal tergite I-abdominal tergite II conjunctiva. abdominal tergite I jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the tergum by the metanoto-abdominal tergite I conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite II by the abdominal tergite I-abdominal tergite II conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-18 The axillary sclerite that is part of the dorsal region of the basal wing conjunctiva and is anterior to the third axillary sclerite. first axillary sclerite imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The axillary sclerite that is part of the dorsal region of the basal wing conjunctiva and is anterior to the third axillary sclerite. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-10 The cuticle of the appendage of the insect maxilla that is attached to the stipes by the stipito-galeal conjunctiva. cuticle of galea jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the appendage of the insect maxilla that is attached to the stipes by the stipito-galeal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of galea Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Galea: outer endite lobe of maxilla, usually semimembranous and equipped with sensilla (mainly chemoreceptors)." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the paired appendage of the labium that is attached to the palpiger by the palpigero-palpal conjunctiva. cuticle of labial palpus imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the paired appendage of the labium that is attached to the palpiger by the palpigero-palpal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of labial palpus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Labial palp: tactile appendage of the labium." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the appendage of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of stipes by the stipito-lacinial conjunctiva. cuticle of lacinia jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the appendage of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of stipes by the stipito-lacinial conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of lacinia Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Lacinia: inner endite lobe of maxilla, usually firmly connected or fused with stipes; usually sclerotized, with mesally curved apex and articulated spines arranged along mesal edge." 2021-12-08 The region of cuticle that corresponds with an evagination of the cuticle and the single layer epidermis (epidermal fold). The cuticular evagination usually corresponds to a cuticular protrusion (convexity on the surface of the cuticle). cuticular evagination jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-08-01 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of cuticle that corresponds with an evagination of the cuticle and the single layer epidermis (epidermal fold). The cuticular evagination usually corresponds to a cuticular protrusion (convexity on the surface of the cuticle). imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 The cuticular protrusion that does not correspond to an evagination. solid cuticular protrusion imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular protrusion that does not correspond to an evagination. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 solid cuticular protrusion 2020-11-11 The evagination of the cuticle that is musculated (connected to the body via muscles). cuticle of insect appendage jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-08-01 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The evagination of the cuticle that is musculated (connected to the body via muscles). imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 cuticle of insect appendage Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "any part, piece, or organ attached by a joint to the body or to any other main structure" 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the paired appendage of the insect thorax that is composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. cuticle of insect leg jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the paired appendage of the insect thorax that is composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of insect leg 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the appendage of the head capsule that is connected by the antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva to the cuticle of the scapus, which is connected by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva to the cuticle of the pedicellus; the cuticle of the pedicellus is connected by the pedicellar-first flagellomeral conjunctiva to the cuticle of the first flagellomere; the cuticle of the first flagellomere is connected by interflagellomeral conjunctiva to the next cuticle of flagellomere. Further cuticle of flagellomeres are connected to each other by interflagellomeral conjunctiva. cuticle of antenna imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the appendage of the head capsule that is connected by the antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva to the cuticle of the scapus, which is connected by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva to the cuticle of the pedicellus; the cuticle of the pedicellus is connected by the pedicellar-first flagellomeral conjunctiva to the cuticle of the first flagellomere; the cuticle of the first flagellomere is connected by interflagellomeral conjunctiva to the next cuticle of flagellomere. Further cuticle of flagellomeres are connected to each other by interflagellomeral conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of antenna Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Antenna: head appendage of segment 2, innervated by deutocerebrum; in Insecta composed of scapus, pedicellus and flagellum; primarily multisegmented and filiform." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the flat, paired appendage on the dorso-lateral region of the pterothorax. cuticle of insect wing imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the flat, paired appendage on the dorso-lateral region of the pterothorax. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of insect wing Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "in adult insects or subimago of Ephemeroptera, paired mambranous appendages, supported by veins, located on the mesothorax or metathorax, functioning in flight" 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the paired appendage of the prothorax that is anterior to the cuticle of a mid leg and composed of cuticle of procoxa, cuticle of protrochanter, cuticle of profemur, cuticle of protibia, cuticle of protarsus, and cuticle of propretarsus. cuticle of fore leg jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the paired appendage of the prothorax that is anterior to the cuticle of a mid leg and composed of cuticle of procoxa, cuticle of protrochanter, cuticle of profemur, cuticle of protibia, cuticle of protarsus, and cuticle of propretarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-03 cuticle of fore leg 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the paired appendage of the mesothorax that is posterior to the cuticle of a fore leg, anterior to the cuticle of a hind leg, and composed of cuticle of mesocoxa, cuticle of mesotrochanter, cuticle of mesofemur, cuticle of mesotibia, cuticle of mesotarsus, and cuticle of mesopretarsus. cuticle of mid leg jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the paired appendage of the mesothorax that is posterior to the cuticle of a fore leg, anterior to the cuticle of a hind leg, and composed of cuticle of mesocoxa, cuticle of mesotrochanter, cuticle of mesofemur, cuticle of mesotibia, cuticle of mesotarsus, and cuticle of mesopretarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-03 cuticle of mid leg 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the paired appendage of the metathorax that is posterior to the cuticle of a mid leg and composed of cuticle of metacoxa, cuticle of metatrochanter, cuticle of metafemur, cuticle of metatibia, cuticle of metatarsus, and cuticle of metapretarsus. cuticle of hind leg jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the paired appendage of the metathorax that is posterior to the cuticle of a mid leg and composed of cuticle of metacoxa, cuticle of metatrochanter, cuticle of metafemur, cuticle of metatibia, cuticle of metatarsus, and cuticle of metapretarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-03 cuticle of hind leg 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the paired insect wing that is continuous with the mesonotum. cuticle of fore wing imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticle of the paired insect wing that is continuous with the mesonotum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of fore wing 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the paired insect wing that is continuous with the metanotum. cuticle of hind wing imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticle of the paired insect wing that is continuous with the metanotum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of hind wing 2021-12-08 The unicellular cuticular evagination that constitutes a sclerite with its base surrounded by socket membrane. cuticular seta imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The unicellular cuticular evagination that constitutes a sclerite with its base surrounded by socket membrane. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 cuticular seta Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Seta (=macrotrichium): articulated hair with socket, formed by trichogen cell." 2021-12-10 2020-11-11 The multicellular evagination of the cuticle that corresponds to an epithelial fold, composed of some sclerite that is encricled by a conjunctiva (moveable). The difference between an appendage and a spur is the lack of muscles attached to the spur, otherwise, the mandible would be also a spur. Spines are multicellular evaginations that are not encircled by conjunctivae. Moveable beetle horns are spurs while not moveable beetle horns are spines. cuticular spur imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The multicellular evagination of the cuticle that corresponds to an epithelial fold, composed of some sclerite that is encricled by a conjunctiva (moveable). imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 The difference between an appendage and a spur is the lack of muscles attached to the spur, otherwise, the mandible would be also a spur. Spines are multicellular evaginations that are not encircled by conjunctivae. Moveable beetle horns are spurs while not moveable beetle horns are spines. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 cuticular spur Richards AG, Richards PA (1979) The cuticular protuberances of insects. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 8: 143–157. "Multicellular protuberances without differentiation of specialized cells" 2021-12-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(79)90013-8 The seta that is flat. cuticular scale imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The seta that is flat. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 cuticular scale 2021-12-10 The cuticle of the mouthpart and appendage that is attached to the clypeus by the clypeo-labral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the epipharynx. cuticle of labrum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the mouthpart and appendage that is attached to the clypeus by the clypeo-labral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the epipharynx. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of labrum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Labrum: unpaired upper lip, connected with distal edge of clypeus." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the mouthpart and sclerite between the cuticle of the labrum and the cuticle of the insect maxilla that is attached to the head capsule by the oral foraminal conjunctiva and the cranio-mandibular muscle. cuticle of insect mandible imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the mouthpart and sclerite between the cuticle of the labrum and the cuticle of the insect maxilla that is attached to the head capsule by the oral foraminal conjunctiva and the cranio-mandibular muscle. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of insect mandible Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The mandibles are the paired appendages of the 4th head segment and receive their innervation from the anterior part of the suboesophageal ganglion [...] They are primarily a compact, undivided and strongly sclerotized element without appendages." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the mouthpart appendage of the head capsule, between the cuticle of the insect mandible and the cuticle of the labium, composed of cuticle of cardo, which is attached to the cuticle of stipes by the cardo-stipital conjunctiva; the cuticle of stipes, which is attached to the cuticle of galea by the stipito-galeal conjunctiva, to the cuticle of lacinia by the stipito-lacinial conjunctiva, and to the cuticle of palpifer by the stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva; the cuticle of palpifer is attached to the cuticle of maxillary palpus by the palpifero-palpal conjunctiva. cuticle of insect maxilla imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the mouthpart appendage of the head capsule, between the cuticle of the insect mandible and the cuticle of the labium, composed of cuticle of cardo, which is attached to the cuticle of stipes by the cardo-stipital conjunctiva; the cuticle of stipes, which is attached to the cuticle of galea by the stipito-galeal conjunctiva, to the cuticle of lacinia by the stipito-lacinial conjunctiva, and to the cuticle of palpifer by the stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva; the cuticle of palpifer is attached to the cuticle of maxillary palpus by the palpifero-palpal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of insect maxilla Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Maxilla: head appendage of segment 5, innervated by maxillary nerve originating from intermediate part of suboesophageal complex; primarily composed of cardo, stipes, endite lobes (lacinia, galea) and maxillary palp." 2021-12-08 The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that connects the mesothorax and the metathorax. mesothoracic-metathoracic conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that connects the mesothorax and the metathorax. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-18 The conjunctiva of the insect thorax joining the prothorax and the mesothorax. prothoracic-mesothoracic conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect thorax joining the prothorax and the mesothorax. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2020-03-18 The cuticle of the appendage of the insect leg that is attached to the cuticle of tarsus by the tarso-pretarsal conjunctiva. ungues cuticle of pretarsus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the appendage of the insect leg that is attached to the cuticle of tarsus by the tarso-pretarsal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 ungues Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ungues: pretarsal claws; unpaired in Collembola and Protura, usually paired in Diplura and Insecta." cuticle of pretarsus 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the appendage of the cuticle of labium composed of the cuticle of glossa and cuticle of paraglossa jointly. cuticle of ligula imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the appendage of the cuticle of labium composed of the cuticle of glossa and cuticle of paraglossa jointly. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of ligula Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "Ligula - The terminal lobes of the labium collectively, or a terminal part of the labium formed by the union of the lobes." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the appendage of the labium, and part of the ligula, that is attached to the prementum by the premental-glossal conjunctiva. cuticle of glossa imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the appendage of the labium, and part of the ligula, that is attached to the prementum by the premental-glossal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of glossa Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Glossa: paired inner endite lobes of the prementum." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the paired appendage of the labium, and part of the ligula, that is attached to the cuticle of prementum by the premental-paraglossal conjunctiva. cuticle of paraglossa imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the paired appendage of the labium, and part of the ligula, that is attached to the cuticle of prementum by the premental-paraglossal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of paraglossa Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paraglossa: paired outer endite lobes of the prementum (labium)." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the appendage of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of palpifer by the palpifero-palpal conjunctiva. cuticle of maxillary palpus The cuticle of the appendage of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of palpifer by the palpifero-palpal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of maxillary palpus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Palp: tactile appendage of maxilla" 2021-12-08 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The notum or sclerite on the dorsal region of the mesothorax that is posterior to the pronotum, connected via the mesonoto-mesopleural conjuntiva to the dorsal margin of the mesopleuron, that is not adjacent to the mesocoxa, but attached to it by the mesocoxal muscle. mesonotum jcgiron imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jcgiron jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jcgiron jcgiron jcgiron jcgiron The notum or sclerite on the dorsal region of the mesothorax that is posterior to the pronotum, connected via the mesonoto-mesopleural conjuntiva to the dorsal margin of the mesopleuron, that is not adjacent to the mesocoxa, but attached to it by the mesocoxal muscle. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The sclerite that is continuous with the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva and the basal wing conjunctiva and contains the mesofurca. mesopectus imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The sclerite that is continuous with the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva and the basal wing conjunctiva and contains the mesofurca. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 mesopectus 2020-11-11 The trochantin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the mesothorax and is attached to a mesocoxa and surrounded by the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva. mesotrochantin imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The trochantin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the mesothorax and is attached to a mesocoxa and surrounded by the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 mesotrochantin 2020-11-11 The trochantin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the prothorax and is attached to a procoxa and surrounded by the basal procoxal conjunctiva. protrochantin imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The trochantin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the prothorax and is attached to a procoxa and surrounded by the basal procoxal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 protrochantin 2020-11-11 The trochantin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the metathorax and is attached to a metacoxa and surrounded by the basal metacoxal conjunctiva. metatrochantin imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The trochantin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the metathorax and is attached to a metacoxa and surrounded by the basal metacoxal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 metatrochantin 2020-11-11 The sclerite of the labium that is connected to the mentum by the mental-premental conjunctiva, to the palpiger by the premental-palpigeral conjunctiva, to the paraglossa by the premental-paraglossal conjunctiva, and to the glossa by the premental-glossal conjunctiva. prementum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the labium that is connected to the mentum by the mental-premental conjunctiva, to the palpiger by the premental-palpigeral conjunctiva, to the paraglossa by the premental-paraglossal conjunctiva, and to the glossa by the premental-glossal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 prementum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prementum: distal main element of labium, bearing the endite lobes (glossa and paraglossa) and the labial palp." The sclerite that is posterior to the pronotum and receives the site of attachment of the dilutor muscle of the first thoracic spiracle. prepectus imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The sclerite that is posterior to the pronotum and receives the site of attachment of the dilutor muscle of the first thoracic spiracle. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 prepectus 2020-11-11 The notum or sclerite on the dorsal region of the prothorax that is attached to cranial muscles, procoxal muscles, contiuous posterioirly with the neck membrane and with pronoto-propleural conjunctiva and not adjacent (not touching) to the procoxa. pronotum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The notum or sclerite on the dorsal region of the prothorax that is attached to cranial muscles, procoxal muscles, contiuous posterioirly with the neck membrane and with pronoto-propleural conjunctiva and not adjacent (not touching) to the procoxa. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2022-03-09 2021-03-18 pronotum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pronotum: prothoracic tergum." The cuticle of the mere that is part of the labial palpus. cuticle of labial palpomere jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the mere that is part of the labial palpus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of labial palpomere 2021-12-08 The sclerite on the ventral region of the prothorax that bears the profurca and is attached to the propleuro-prosternal conjunctiva. prosternum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The sclerite on the ventral region of the prothorax that bears the profurca and is attached to the propleuro-prosternal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The sclerite that is cylindrical and encircles and is encircled by conjunctiva. ring sclerite imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite that is cylindrical and encircles and is encircled by conjunctiva. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 The ring sclerite that is part of an appendage and is attached to muscle. cuticle of appendage segment imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The ring sclerite that is part of an appendage and is attached to muscle. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 cuticle of appendage segment 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of the mid leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the mesothorax by the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva and to the mesotrochanter by the mesocoxal-mesotrochanteral conjunctiva. cuticle of mesocoxa imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of the mid leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the mesothorax by the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva and to the mesotrochanter by the mesocoxal-mesotrochanteral conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of mesocoxa 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of the hind leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the metathorax by the basal metacoxal conjunctiva and to the metatrochanter by the metacoxal-metatrochanteral conjunctiva. cuticle of metacoxa imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of the hind leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the metathorax by the basal metacoxal conjunctiva and to the metatrochanter by the metacoxal-metatrochanteral conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of metacoxa 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of the fore leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the prothorax by the basal procoxal conjunctiva and to the protrochanter by the procoxal-protrochanteral conjunctiva. cuticle of procoxa imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of the fore leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the prothorax by the basal procoxal conjunctiva and to the protrochanter by the procoxal-protrochanteral conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of procoxa 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of a fore leg attached to the distal margin of the profemur by the profemoro-protibial conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the protarsus by the protibio-protarsal conjunctiva. cuticle of protibia jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of a fore leg attached to the distal margin of the profemur by the profemoro-protibial conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the protarsus by the protibio-protarsal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-03 cuticle of protibia 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of a mid leg attached to the distal margin of the mesofemur by the mesofemoro-mesotibial conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the mesotarsus by the mesotibio-mesotarsal conjunctiva. cuticle of mesotibia jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of a mid leg attached to the distal margin of the mesofemur by the mesofemoro-mesotibial conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the mesotarsus by the mesotibio-mesotarsal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-03 cuticle of mesotibia 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of a hind leg attached to the distal margin of the metafemur by the metafemoro-metatibial conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the metatarsus by the metatibio-metatarsal conjunctiva. cuticle of metatibia jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of a hind leg attached to the distal margin of the metafemur by the metafemoro-metatibial conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the metatarsus by the metatibio-metatarsal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-03 cuticle of metatibia 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of a fore leg attached to the distal margin of the protrochanter by the protrochantero-profemoral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the protibia by the profemoro-protibial conjunctiva. cuticle of profemur jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of a fore leg attached to the distal margin of the protrochanter by the protrochantero-profemoral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the protibia by the profemoro-protibial conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of profemur 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of a mid leg attached to the distal margin of the mesotrochanter by the mesotrochantero-mesofemoral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the mesotibia by the mesofemoro-mesotibial conjunctiva. cuticle of mesofemur jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of a mid leg attached to the distal margin of the mesotrochanter by the mesotrochantero-mesofemoral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the mesotibia by the mesofemoro-mesotibial conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of mesofemur 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of a hind leg attached to the distal margin of the metatrochanter by the metatrochantero-metafemoral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the metatibia by the metafemoro-metatibial conjunctiva. cuticle of metafemur jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of a hind leg attached to the distal margin of the metatrochanter by the metatrochantero-metafemoral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the metatibia by the metafemoro-metatibial conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of metafemur 2021-12-08 The ring sclerite that is part of an appendage and is not attached to somatic muscle. cuticle of mere imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The ring sclerite that is part of an appendage and is not attached to somatic muscle. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of mere 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the mere that is part of the tarsus. cuticle of tarsomere imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the mere that is part of the tarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of tarsomere "Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tarsomere: subelement of tarsus in Insecta; number often taxon-specific, sometimes differing on legs of different segments (diagnostic value: tarsal formula)." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of a leg attached to the distal margin of the femur by the femoro-tibial conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the tarsus by the tibio-tarsal conjunctiva. cuticle of tibia jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of a leg attached to the distal margin of the femur by the femoro-tibial conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the tarsus by the tibio-tarsal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-03 cuticle of tibia Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tibia: 4th element of leg; usually cylindrical and equipped with paired terminal spurs, often with rows of spines." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of a leg attached to the distal margin of the trochanter by the trochantero-femoral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the tibia by the femoro-tibial conjunctiva. cuticle of femur jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of a leg attached to the distal margin of the trochanter by the trochantero-femoral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the tibia by the femoro-tibial conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of femur Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Femur: 3rd element of leg, often largest part." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the insect thorax by the basal coxal conjunctiva and to the trochanter by the coxal-trochanteral conjunctiva. cuticle of coxa imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is attached to the latero-ventral region of the insect thorax by the basal coxal conjunctiva and to the trochanter by the coxal-trochanteral conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of coxa Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coxa: basal element of leg; articulated with pleural, sternal and usually also trochantinal elements of thoracic segment." 2021-12-08 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule. insect cranial muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-12-13 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-04 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the antenna. cranio-antennal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the antenna. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-12-13 2021-04-04 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the insect mandible. cranio-mandibular muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the insect mandible. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-12-13 2021-04-04 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the labium. cranio-labial muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the labium. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-04 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the labrum. cranio-labral muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the labrum. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-12-13 2021-04-04 The coxal muscle of the mesocoxa. mesocoxal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The coxal muscle of the mesocoxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 mesocoxal muscle 2020-11-11 The somatic muscle that inserts in the coxa. All of the coxal muscles, except the second sternal-metacoxal muscle, are attached to the thorax. coxal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The somatic muscle that inserts in the coxa. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-12-13 2021-04-21 All of the coxal muscles, except the second sternal-metacoxal muscle, are attached to the thorax. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticle of the mouthpart appendage composed of the cuticle of submentum, which is attached by the submental-mental conjunctiva to the cuticle of mentum, which is attached by the mental-premental conjunctiva to the cuticle of prementum, which is attached to the cuticle of palpiger by the premental-palpigeral conjunctiva, the cuticle of paraglossa by the premental-paraglossal conjunctiva, and the cuticle of glossa by the premental-glossal conjunctiva; the cuticle of palpiger is attached by the palpigero-palpal conjunctiva to the cuticle of labial palpus. cuticle of labium imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the mouthpart appendage composed of the cuticle of submentum, which is attached by the submental-mental conjunctiva to the cuticle of mentum, which is attached by the mental-premental conjunctiva to the cuticle of prementum, which is attached to the cuticle of palpiger by the premental-palpigeral conjunctiva, the cuticle of paraglossa by the premental-paraglossal conjunctiva, and the cuticle of glossa by the premental-glossal conjunctiva; the cuticle of palpiger is attached by the palpigero-palpal conjunctiva to the cuticle of labial palpus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of labium Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The labium or lower lip forms the posterior (orthognathous head) or ventral (prognathous head) closure of the preoral space and of the salivarium. It is homologous to the maxilla (2nd maxilla) of crustaceans, but its proximal parts form a structural unit without a recognizable median line or suture." 2021-12-08 The elastic cuticle of the head capsule that is transparent and covers the eye. eye cuticle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The elastic cuticle of the head capsule that is transparent and covers the eye. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 eye cuticle 2020-11-11 The resilin rich region that connects two sclerites. ligament imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The resilin rich region that connects two sclerites. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 ligament 2020-11-11 The apodeme of elastic cuticle that is continuous with somatic muscle. The usually cylindircal evagination of the cuticle that is resilin rich and is continuous with somatic muscles. cuticular tendon imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The apodeme of elastic cuticle that is continuous with somatic muscle. 2022-06-22 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The usually cylindircal evagination of the cuticle that is resilin rich and is continuous with somatic muscles. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 cuticular tendon Klass K-D (2001) The female abdomen of the viviparous earwig Hemimerus vosseleri (Insecta: Dermaptera: Hemimeridae), with a discussion of the postgenital abdomen of Insecta. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 251–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02239.x "tendon is used herein to designate membranous internal cuticular projections" The branching invagination of elastic cuticle that is cylindrical and contains taenidia. trachea imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The branching invagination of elastic cuticle that is cylindrical and contains taenidia. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 trachea Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Trachea: tube-shaped elements of the tracheal system." The conjunctiva of the insect head that is attached to the salivarium and to the oral foraminal conjunctiva. hypopharynx imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect head that is attached to the salivarium and to the oral foraminal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 hypopharynx Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Hypopharynx: median unpaired lobe between mouthparts and epipharynx; anterior (dorsal) surface continuous with anterior pharynx." The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the mesopleuron and the metapleuron. mesopleuro-metapleural conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the mesopleuron and the metapleuron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the metasternum and the metacoxa. metasterno-metacoxal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the metasternum and the metacoxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjunctiva of the prothorax that joins the prosternum and the procoxa. prosternal-procoxal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the prothorax that joins the prosternum and the procoxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjunctiva of the metathorax that joins the metapleuron and the metacoxa. metapleuro-metacoxal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the metathorax that joins the metapleuron and the metacoxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjuctiva that is continuous with the posterior margin of the head capsule and with the anterior margin of the prnotum, and bears cervical sclerites. cervical membrane neck membrane imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The conjuctiva that is continuous with the posterior margin of the head capsule and with the anterior margin of the prnotum, and bears cervical sclerites. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 cervical membrane Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cervical membrane: membrane connecting the head and prothorax." The conjunctiva of the insect head that connects the head capsule and the mouthparts. oral foraminal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect head that connects the head capsule and the mouthparts. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-03 The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the pronotum and the mesonotum. pronoto-mesonotal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the pronotum and the mesonotum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjunctiva that is attached to the pronotum and the mesopectus. pronoto-mesopectal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that is attached to the pronotum and the mesopectus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The conjunctiva that encircles a ring sclerite. ring conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The conjunctiva that encircles a ring sclerite. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-03 The conjunctiva that encircles the mesocoxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral regions of the mesothorax. basal mesocoxal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the mesocoxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral regions of the mesothorax. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 The conjunctiva that encircles the metacoxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral regions of the metathorax. basal metacoxal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the metacoxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral regions of the metathorax. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-18 The conjunctiva of the insect head that is connected to the oral foraminal conjunctiva and to the distal margin of the labrum. epipharynx imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The conjunctiva of the insect head that is connected to the oral foraminal conjunctiva and to the distal margin of the labrum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 epipharynx Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Epipharynx: semimembranous or membranous posterior wall of labrum and roof of cibarium." The conjunctiva that encircles the procoxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral regions of the prothorax. basal procoxal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the procoxa and connects it to the ventral and lateral regions of the prothorax. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-18 The cuticular region that is anterior (distal) to the neck membrane (encircled by the neck membrane) and contains the head capsule, the antenna, the eyes, mouthparts and surrounds the brain. cuticle of insect head jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-08-01 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular region that is anterior (distal) to the neck membrane (encircled by the neck membrane) and contains the head capsule, the antenna, the eyes, mouthparts and surrounds the brain. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 cuticle of insect head Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The head is a compact and complex tagma with a concentration of a broad array of structures und functions. It is equipped with sense organs such as the highly complex compound eyes and the antennae, an elaborate set of mouthparts, and a complex muscle apparatus. It also contains central elements of the nervous system, the anterior part of the digestive tract including the cibarium (preoral cavity) and the salivarium, and also neurohaemal organs." 2021-12-08 The region of cuticle that is connected to some muscles of the fore and hind legs and is posterior to the neck membrane and aterior to the first abdominal spiracle. The hind leg muscles sometimes attach to the second abdominal sternite. The abdominal sopiracles are different in their structure from tghe thoracic spiracles as they are opened and closed by two articulating sclerites that are moved by two sets of muscles whereas the thoracic spiracles are closed by only one occlusor muscle and opened by the flexibility of the distal tracheal region. The border between the thorax and the abdomen is sometimes marked by the anterior first abdmonial tergal conjunctiva. In Hymenoptera, the border between the abdomen and the thorax cannot be defined as the anterior first abdmonial tergal conjunctiva is absent, the sclerite that receives muscles from the metacoxa also contains the first abdominal spiracle. cuticle of insect thorax jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-08-01 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of cuticle that is connected to some muscles of the fore and hind legs and is posterior to the neck membrane and aterior to the first abdominal spiracle. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 The hind leg muscles sometimes attach to the second abdominal sternite. The abdominal sopiracles are different in their structure from tghe thoracic spiracles as they are opened and closed by two articulating sclerites that are moved by two sets of muscles whereas the thoracic spiracles are closed by only one occlusor muscle and opened by the flexibility of the distal tracheal region. The border between the thorax and the abdomen is sometimes marked by the anterior first abdmonial tergal conjunctiva. In Hymenoptera, the border between the abdomen and the thorax cannot be defined as the anterior first abdmonial tergal conjunctiva is absent, the sclerite that receives muscles from the metacoxa also contains the first abdominal spiracle. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 cuticle of insect thorax 2021-12-08 The region of the cuticle that is posterior to the thorax. The thorax is defined based on local properties (e.g. attachment sites of coxal muscles) and therefore we can reference this class for the definition of the abdomen. cuticle of insect abdomen jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-08-01 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of the cuticle that is posterior to the thorax. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 The thorax is defined based on local properties (e.g. attachment sites of coxal muscles) and therefore we can reference this class for the definition of the abdomen. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 cuticle of insect abdomen 2021-12-08 The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the cardo and the stipes. cardo-stipital conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the cardo and the stipes. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The cuticle of the sclerite of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of cardo by the cardo-stipital conjunctiva, attached to the cuticle of lacinia by the stipito-lacinial conjunctiva, attached to the cuticle of palpifer by the stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva, and attached to the cuticle of galea by the stipito-galeal conjunctiva. cuticle of stipes imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the sclerite of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of cardo by the cardo-stipital conjunctiva, attached to the cuticle of lacinia by the stipito-lacinial conjunctiva, attached to the cuticle of palpifer by the stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva, and attached to the cuticle of galea by the stipito-galeal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 cuticle of stipes Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Stipes: second element of maxilla, connected with cardo by a hinge; bearing endite lobes (galea and lacinia) and maxillary palp." The conjunctiva that encircles the base of the antenna (scape) and is encircled by the head capsule as the antennal foramen. cranio-antennal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The conjunctiva that encircles the base of the antenna (scape) and is encircled by the head capsule as the antennal foramen. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 The cuticle of the segment of the antenna that is connected to the head capsule and the antennifer by the basal antennal conjunctiva and to the pedicellus by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva. cuticle of scapus imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of the antenna that is connected to the head capsule and the antennifer by the basal antennal conjunctiva and to the pedicellus by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of scapus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 Scapus: basal element of antenna, with two muscles attached to the pedicellus. 2021-12-08 The conjunctiva of the antenna that connects the scapus and the pedicellus. scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the antenna that connects the scapus and the pedicellus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The cuticle of the segment of the antenna that is attached to the scapus by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva and to the first flagellomere by the pedicel-first flagellomere conjunctiva. cuticle of pedicellus imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of the antenna that is attached to the scapus by the scapal-pedicellar conjunctiva and to the first flagellomere by the pedicel-first flagellomere conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of pedicellus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pedicellus: second antennal segment in Insecta; contains Johnston’s organ and lacks intrinsic muscles." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the mere that is part of the antenna. cuticle of flagellomere imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticle of the mere that is part of the antenna. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of flagellomere 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the first flagellomere of the antenna, attached to the pedicel by the pedicel-first flagellomere conjunctiva. cuticle of first flagellomere jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the first flagellomere of the antenna, attached to the pedicel by the pedicel-first flagellomere conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-02-19 cuticle of first flagellomere Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Flagellomere: segment of the flagellum." 2021-12-08 The conjunctiva of the antenna that connects the pedicellus and the first flagellomere. pedicellar-first flagellomeral conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the antenna that connects the pedicellus and the first flagellomere. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The region of the cuticle on the lateral region of the metathorax that is attached to the metanotum and the metasternum, and is attached to the metacoxa by the metacoxal muscle and the basal metacoxal conjunctiva. metapleuron imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle on the lateral region of the metathorax that is attached to the metanotum and the metasternum, and is attached to the metacoxa by the metacoxal muscle and the basal metacoxal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The conjunctiva of the prothorax that joins the propleuron and the procoxa. propleuro-procoxal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the prothorax that joins the propleuron and the procoxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The sclerite on the ventral region of the mesothorax that bears the mesofurca and is attached to the mesopleuro-mesosternal conjunctiva. mesosternum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite on the ventral region of the mesothorax that bears the mesofurca and is attached to the mesopleuro-mesosternal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjunctiva of the fore leg joining the distal margin of a procoxa and the proximal margin of a protrochanter. procoxal-protrochanteral conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the fore leg joining the distal margin of a procoxa and the proximal margin of a protrochanter. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-18 The conjunctiva of the mid leg joining the distal margin of a mesocoxa and the proximal margin of a mesotrochanter. mesocoxal-mesotrochanteral conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the mid leg joining the distal margin of a mesocoxa and the proximal margin of a mesotrochanter. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-18 The conjunctiva of the hind leg joining the distal margin of a metacoxa and the proximal margin of a metatrochanter. metacoxal-metatrochanteral conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the hind leg joining the distal margin of a metacoxa and the proximal margin of a metatrochanter. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-18 The conjunctiva that corresponds to one epithelial cell and surrounds a sclerotized unicellular cuticular evagination. Should coincide with 'exactly one' epithelial cell, but that violates OWL specs. socket membrane imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The conjunctiva that corresponds to one epithelial cell and surrounds a sclerotized unicellular cuticular evagination. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 Should coincide with 'exactly one' epithelial cell, but that violates OWL specs. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-26 socket membrane 2020-11-11 The cuticular evagination that corresponds to the evagination on the membrane of a single cell and not to the evagination of a cell layer. Should coincide with 'exactly one' epithelial cell, but that violates OWL specs. unicellular cuticular evagination imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular evagination that corresponds to the evagination on the membrane of a single cell and not to the evagination of a cell layer. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 Should coincide with 'exactly one' epithelial cell, but that violates OWL specs. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-26 The region of cuticle that corresponds to the evagination of the single layer epithelium. multicellular cuticular evagination imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of cuticle that corresponds to the evagination of the single layer epithelium. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 multicellular cuticular evagination 2020-11-11 The seta that has one opening distally. Should coincide with 'exactly one' pore canal, but that violates OWL specs. uniporous sensillum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The seta that has one opening distally. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 Should coincide with 'exactly one' pore canal, but that violates OWL specs. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-23 The seta that has multiple cuticular pores (openings of class III exocrine glands). multiporous sensillum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The seta that has multiple cuticular pores (openings of class III exocrine glands). imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 multiporous sensillum Ando, T., Sekine, S., Inagaki, S., Misaki, K., Badel, L., Moriya, H., Sami, M.M., Itakura, Y., Chihara, T., Kazama, H. and Yonemura, S., 2019. Nanopore formation in the cuticle of an insect olfactory sensillum. Current Biology, 29(9), pp.1512-1520. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982219303410#fig4 2020-11-11 The multiporous plate that is elongated. placoid sensillum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The multiporous plate that is elongated. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 placoid sensillum 2020-11-11 The multiporous sensillum that is flat. multiporous plate imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The multiporous sensillum that is flat. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 multiporous plate 2020-11-11 The branching cuticular invagination that corresponds to the invagination of the membrane of a single cell and does not contain taenidia. Should coincide with 'exactly one' epithelial cell, but that violates OWL specs. cuticular exocrine gland duct imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The branching cuticular invagination that corresponds to the invagination of the membrane of a single cell and does not contain taenidia. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 Should coincide with 'exactly one' epithelial cell, but that violates OWL specs. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-26 cuticular exocrine gland duct 2021-12-10 2020-11-11 The region of the cuticle that is continuous to the proximal region of a trachea and can be closed by muscles. spiracle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of the cuticle that is continuous to the proximal region of a trachea and can be closed by muscles. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 spiracle Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spiracle: external opening of the tracheal system." The cuticular ivagination that is branched into umerous branches. Branching cuticular invaginations porvide important models for branchig morphogenesis. branching cuticular invagination imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular ivagination that is branched into umerous branches. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 Branching cuticular invaginations porvide important models for branchig morphogenesis. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 The branching cuticular invagination that is located between the mid and hindgut. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001054 malphigian tube imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The branching cuticular invagination that is located between the mid and hindgut. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 malphigian tube 2020-11-11 The cuticular invagination that is hollow. The apophysis in HAO refers to an ivagination of the cuticle that is cylindrical as opposed to a ridge that is elongate. Beutel et al. 2014 differentiate apodemes from apophyses in that apodemes are solid and apophyses are hollow. cuticular apophysis imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular invagination that is hollow. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 The apophysis in HAO refers to an ivagination of the cuticle that is cylindrical as opposed to a ridge that is elongate. Beutel et al. 2014 differentiate apodemes from apophyses in that apodemes are solid and apophyses are hollow. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 cuticular apophysis Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Apophysis: hollow cuticular invagination." 2021-12-10 The coiled ridge in the wall of the trachea. taenidium imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The coiled ridge in the wall of the trachea. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 taenidium Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Taenidium: spiral-shaped strengthening ridge of the tracheae." 2020-11-11 The furca of the mesothorax that is attached to the mesocoxa via muscle. mesofurca imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The furca of the mesothorax that is attached to the mesocoxa via muscle. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The furca of the metathorax that is attached to the metacoxa via muscle. metafurca imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The furca of the metathorax that is attached to the metacoxa via muscle. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The furca of the prothorax that is attached to the procoxa via muscle. profurca imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The furca of the prothorax that is attached to the procoxa via muscle. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The apophysis that is located ventromedially on the thorax and is connected to the coxa via muscles. endosternite furca imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The apophysis that is located ventromedially on the thorax and is connected to the coxa via muscles. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 endosternite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Furca (=sternal apophysis, endosternite): endoskeletal element (entapophysis) of furcasternum; paired furcal arms often connected with pleural ridge by short muscle." furca Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Furca (=sternal apophysis, endosternite): endoskeletal element (entapophysis) of furcasternum; paired furcal arms often connected with pleural ridge by short muscle." The coxal muscle of the procoxa. procoxal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The coxal muscle of the procoxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 procoxal muscle 2020-11-11 The coxal muscle of the metacoxa. metacoxal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The coxal muscle of the metacoxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 metacoxal muscle 2020-11-11 The somatic muscle that inserts in the femur. femoral muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The somatic muscle that inserts in the femur. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-13 2021-04-21 The somatic muscle that inserts in the tibia. tibial muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The somatic muscle that inserts in the tibia. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-13 2021-04-21 The somatic muscle that inserts in the pretarsus. There are usually two muscle bands of the pretarsal muscle, one is arising from the femur, the other from the tibia. The muscle usually inserts on a resilin rich basal sclerite of the pretarsus, the unguitractor plate. pretarsal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The somatic muscle that inserts in the pretarsus. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-12-13 2020-11-11 There are usually two muscle bands of the pretarsal muscle, one is arising from the femur, the other from the tibia. The muscle usually inserts on a resilin rich basal sclerite of the pretarsus, the unguitractor plate. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 The somatic muscle that inserts in the profemur. profemoral muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The somatic muscle that inserts in the profemur. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-13 2021-04-21 The somatic muscle that inserts in the mesofemur. mesofemoral muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The somatic muscle that inserts in the mesofemur. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-13 2021-04-21 The somatic muscle that inserts in the metafemur. metafemoral muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The somatic muscle that inserts in the metafemur. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-13 2021-04-21 The somatic muscle that inserts in the protibia. protibial muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The somatic muscle that inserts in the protibia. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-13 2021-04-21 The somatic muscle that inserts in the mesotibia. mesotibial muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The somatic muscle that inserts in the mesotibia. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-13 2021-04-21 The somatic muscle that inserts in the metatibia. metatibial muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The somatic muscle that inserts in the metatibia. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-13 2021-04-21 The cuticular depression that is circular. cuticular fovea imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular depression that is circular. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 cuticular fovea 2021-12-10 The cuticular depression that does not correspond to an epithelial fold. The cuticular depression (concavity on the surface of the cuticle) that does not correspond to a cuticular invagination (epithelial fold). The cuticule is less thick at the site of a cuticular impression. cuticular groove imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular depression that does not correspond to an epithelial fold. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The cuticular depression (concavity on the surface of the cuticle) that does not correspond to a cuticular invagination (epithelial fold). The cuticule is less thick at the site of a cuticular impression. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 cuticular groove former 'impression' imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-12-10 The invagination on a sclerite that is elongated. cuticular ridge imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The invagination on a sclerite that is elongated. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-11 cuticular ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ridge: cuticular strengthening ridge." "They are not lines of fusion or molting lines."(p. 12) 2021-12-10 The conjunctiva in the head capsule that forms a pouch between the hypopharynx and the labium and bears the exocrine gland duct. salivarium jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The conjunctiva in the head capsule that forms a pouch between the hypopharynx and the labium and bears the exocrine gland duct. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 salivarium Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Salivarium: posterior part of preoral space between hypopharynx and labium, with opening of salivary ducts." The invagination of the cuticle that is largely membranous. cuticular pouch imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The invagination of the cuticle that is largely membranous. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-12 cuticular pouch 2021-12-10 The ridge that is in the sagittal line of the ventral part thorax. discrimenal lamella imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The ridge that is in the sagittal line of the ventral part thorax. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-12 The cuticular depression (concavity on cuticle surface) that corresponds with a cuticular ridge (an elongate cuticular invagination). cuticular sulcus imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular depression (concavity on cuticle surface) that corresponds with a cuticular ridge (an elongate cuticular invagination). imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-12-10 2020-11-12 cuticular sulcus 2021-12-10 The longitudinal (parallel to antero-posterior axis) sulcus that corresponds to the discrimenal lamella. discrimen imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The longitudinal (parallel to antero-posterior axis) sulcus that corresponds to the discrimenal lamella. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-12 discrimen Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Discrimen: longitudinal ridge medially dividing the sternum" The cuticle of the appendage of the insect head that is encircled by the oral foraminal conjunctiva. cuticle of mouthpart imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the appendage of the insect head that is encircled by the oral foraminal conjunctiva. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-12-10 2021-04-21 cuticle of mouthpart 2021-12-10 2020-11-17 The insect articulation between the propleuron and the procoxa. propleuro-procoxal artiulation imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The insect articulation between the propleuron and the procoxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The region of cuticle where two sclerites meet. articular surface imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of cuticle where two sclerites meet. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The sclerite of the salivarium. salivary sclerite imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The sclerite of the salivarium. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The notum or sclerite on the dorsal region of the metathorax that is posterior to the mesonotum, connected via the metanoto-metapleural conjuntiva to the dorsal margin of the metapleuron, that is not adjacent to the metacoxa, but attached to it by the metacoxal muscle. metanotum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jcgiron jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jcgiron jcgiron jcgiron jcgiron The notum or sclerite on the dorsal region of the metathorax that is posterior to the mesonotum, connected via the metanoto-metapleural conjuntiva to the dorsal margin of the metapleuron, that is not adjacent to the metacoxa, but attached to it by the metacoxal muscle. jcgiron 2021-04-21 The sclerite that is continuous with the basal metacoxal conjunctiva and the basal wing conjunctiva and contains the metafurca. metapectus imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The sclerite that is continuous with the basal metacoxal conjunctiva and the basal wing conjunctiva and contains the metafurca. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-04-21 The conjunctiva is encircled by a tarsomere that encircles another tarsomere. intertarsomeral conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva is encircled by a tarsomere that encircles another tarsomere. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-18 The conjunctiva that encircles the coxa and connects them to the ventral and lateral thoracic regions. These conjunctivae can be used as stable reference points in insects that poseess legs, and can be used to define sclerites on the lateral side of the thorax. basal coxal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the coxa and connects them to the ventral and lateral thoracic regions. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-17 These conjunctivae can be used as stable reference points in insects that poseess legs, and can be used to define sclerites on the lateral side of the thorax. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-17 The insect region of integument that is part of the chitin-based cuticle. The AISM focuses on anatomical structures that are part of the insect (chitinous) cuticle. These structures are acellular regions of the integument. Regions of the insect cuticle with different mechanical properties (i.e. increased and descresed flexinility, thickness, and elasticity) are continuous with each other (e.g. sclerites are continuous with conjunctivae or resilin rich regions are continuous with regions with less resilin content). region of cuticle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The insect region of integument that is part of the chitin-based cuticle. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-23 The AISM focuses on anatomical structures that are part of the insect (chitinous) cuticle. These structures are acellular regions of the integument. Regions of the insect cuticle with different mechanical properties (i.e. increased and descresed flexinility, thickness, and elasticity) are continuous with each other (e.g. sclerites are continuous with conjunctivae or resilin rich regions are continuous with regions with less resilin content). imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2020-11-23 The orifice that is contained by the cuticle and connects the inside of the insect with the outside, is tubular, and whose diameter is smaller than 100 nm. Should coincide with 'exactly one' epithelial cell, but that violates OWL specs. pore canal imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The orifice that is contained by the cuticle and connects the inside of the insect with the outside, is tubular, and whose diameter is smaller than 100 nm. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-02-04 Should coincide with 'exactly one' epithelial cell, but that violates OWL specs. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-26 pore canal Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pore canals: thin perforations of the cuticle." The solid cuticular protrusion that coincides with only one epidermal cell (smaller than the diameter of the epidermal cell). Should coincide with 'exactly one' epithelial cell, but that violates OWL specs. acantha imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The solid cuticular protrusion that coincides with only one epidermal cell (smaller than the diameter of the epidermal cell). imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-02-04 Should coincide with 'exactly one' epithelial cell, but that violates OWL specs. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-26 acantha Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Acanthae: hairs without sockets, one per hypodermal cell." The hairlike seta that is short and thick walled. sensillum chaeticum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The hairlike seta that is short and thick walled. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-02-08 sensillum chaeticum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum chaeticum: shorter than sensillum trichodeum, thick-walled." The cuticular seta that is elongated and acuminate. Hairlike seta that is long. sensillum trichodeum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular seta that is elongated and acuminate. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 Hairlike seta that is long. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-02-08 sensillum trichodeum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum trichodeum: hair-like sensilla, seta associated with sensory cell." Seta that is located in the middle of a depression with narrowed external opening. sensillum coeloconicum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 Seta that is located in the middle of a depression with narrowed external opening. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-02-08 sensillum coeloconicum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum coeloconicum: sensillum with modified seta in a cavity, with narrowed external opening of surrounding cuticle." The solid cuticular invagination of a sclerite. apodeme imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The solid cuticular invagination of a sclerite. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 apodeme Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Apodeme: solid cuticular invagination serving as muscle insertion area." Klass K-D (2001) The female abdomen of the viviparous earwig Hemimerus vosseleri (Insecta: Dermaptera: Hemimeridae), with a discussion of the postgenital abdomen of Insecta. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 251–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2001.tb02239.x "tendon is used herein to designate sclerotized internal cuticular projections" The seta that is conical. sensillum basiconicum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The seta that is conical. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 sensillum basiconicum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum basiconicum: sensillum with rounded, conical seta." The cuticular protrusion of the head capsule thag is continuous with the antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva and adjacent to the cuticle of the scapus The cuticular protrusion (process, protuberace) that bears the cranial articular surface of the cranio-antennal articulation. antennifer imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular protrusion of the head capsule thag is continuous with the antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva and adjacent to the cuticle of the scapus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 The cuticular protrusion (process, protuberace) that bears the cranial articular surface of the cranio-antennal articulation. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-02-08 antennifer Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Antennifer: small cephalic process articulating with the antenna." The solid, paired, branching cuticular invagination of the head capsule that is attached to the antenna and the mouthparts via muscles. The paired apophysis that connects the posterior (ventral in prognathous head) and anterior (dorsal in prognathous head) walls of the head capsule and serves as site of isertion of atennal and mouthpart muscles. tentorium imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The solid, paired, branching cuticular invagination of the head capsule that is attached to the antenna and the mouthparts via muscles. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The paired apophysis that connects the posterior (ventral in prognathous head) and anterior (dorsal in prognathous head) walls of the head capsule and serves as site of isertion of atennal and mouthpart muscles. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-02-11 tentorium Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tentorium: cephalic endoskeleton, usually composed of paired anterior, posterior and dorsal tentorial arms and a transverse tentorial bridge (corpotentorium)." The insect cranial muscle that is attached to the tentorium and to the antenna. tentorio-antennal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect cranial muscle that is attached to the tentorium and to the antenna. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The cuticular depression that corresponds to an apophysis. cuticular pit imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular depression that corresponds to an apophysis. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-02-12 cuticular pit 2021-12-10 The tentorial pit that correspods to the anterior (dorsal in prognathous head) end of the tentorium. anterior tentorial pit imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The tentorial pit that correspods to the anterior (dorsal in prognathous head) end of the tentorium. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-02-12 anterior tentorial pit Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anterior tentorial pit (or groove): externally visible invagination area and origin of anterior tentorial arm; adjacent with dorsolateral clypeal margin." The tentorial pit that correspods to the posterior (ventral in prognathous head) end of the tentorium. posterior tentorial pit imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The tentorial pit that correspods to the posterior (ventral in prognathous head) end of the tentorium. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-02-12 posterior tentorial pit Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Posterior tentorial pit (or groove): externally visible invagination of posterior part of head capsule and origin of posterior tentorial arm; adjacent with foramen occipitale or gula." The cuticular pit that correspods to the tentorium. tentorial pit imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular pit that correspods to the tentorium. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-12-10 2021-02-12 Is the foramen encircled a sclerite. arthropod foramen imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 Is the foramen encircled a sclerite. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The arthropod foramen of the head capsule that contains the antennifer and surrounds the scapus via the antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva. antennal socket torulus antennal foramen imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The arthropod foramen of the head capsule that contains the antennifer and surrounds the scapus via the antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 torulus Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "antennal socket = torulus = basal socket of antenna" The paired sclerite of the postabdomen that is attached to the abdominal tergite IX by the abdominal tergite IX-gonocoxa IX conjunctiva and is articulated with abdominal tergite IX. second coxopodite second gonocoxite second valvifer cuticle of gonocoxa IX jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The paired sclerite of the postabdomen that is attached to the abdominal tergite IX by the abdominal tergite IX-gonocoxa IX conjunctiva and is articulated with abdominal tergite IX. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-03-19 second coxopodite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coxopodite (=valvifer, gonocoxa, gonocoxite): short basal piece of ovipositor elements of female genital segments VIII and IX." second gonocoxite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coxopodite (=valvifer, gonocoxa, gonocoxite): short basal piece of ovipositor elements of female genital segments VIII and IX." second valvifer Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coxopodite (=valvifer, gonocoxa, gonocoxite): short basal piece of ovipositor elements of female genital segments VIII and IX." The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that connects the abdominal tergite IX and the gonocoxa IX. abdominal tergite IX-gonocoxa IX conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that connects the abdominal tergite IX and the gonocoxa IX. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-03-19 The protrusion on a sclerite that is elongated. cuticular carina starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 The protrusion on a sclerite that is elongated. starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 2021-05-06 cuticular carina Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "an elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily high or acute" 2021-12-10 Dorsal part of postabdomen dorsal postabdomen starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 Dorsal part of postabdomen starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 2021-05-31 The cuticular fovea that is small. cuticular puncture starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 The cuticular fovea that is small. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-10 2021-07-21 cuticular puncture Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a small impression on the cuticle" 2021-12-10 The cuticular protrusion of a sclerite that is small. cuticular granule starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 The cuticular protrusion of a sclerite that is small. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-07-21 cuticular granule Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a little grain or a minute grainlike elevation". 2021-12-10 The cuticular protrusion of a sclerite that is rounded (circular). cuticular tubercle starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 The cuticular protrusion of a sclerite that is rounded (circular). jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-07-21 cuticular tubercle Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a small knoblike or rounded protuberance" 2021-12-10 The cuticular protrusion of a sclerite that is sharp. cuticular spine starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 The cuticular protrusion of a sclerite that is sharp. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-07-21 cuticular spine Richards AG, Richards PA (1979) The cuticular protuberances of insects. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 8: 143–157. "Multicellular protuberances without differentiation of specialized cells [...] evaginations, non-movable" 2021-12-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(79)90013-8 The region of cuticle that bears an anatomical collection that is composed of granules. granulated cuticle jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 The region of cuticle that bears an anatomical collection that is composed of granules. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-10 2021-07-21 granulated cuticle Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "covered with or made up of very small grains or granules" 2021-12-10 The region of cuticle that bears an anatomical collection that is composed of punctures. punctate cuticle jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 The region of cuticle that bears an anatomical collection that is composed of punctures. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 20021-12-10 2021-07-21 punctate cuticle Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "set with fine, impressed points or punctures appearing as pin-pricks" 2021-12-10 The region of the cuticle that bears an anatomical collection that is composed of setae. setose cuticle jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 The region of the cuticle that bears an anatomical collection that is composed of setae. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-10 2021-07-21 setose cuticle Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "furnished or covered with setae or stiff hairs" 2021-12-10 The cuticular evagination constituted by conjunctiva that is elongated. conjunctival keel starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 The cuticular evagination constituted by conjunctiva that is elongated. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-11-19 The cuticular evagination constituted by conjunctiva that is circular. conjunctival tubercle starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 starasov https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5237-2330 The cuticular evagination constituted by conjunctiva that is circular. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-11-19 The cuticular depression constituted by conjunctiva that is elongated. conjunctival fold imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The cuticular depression constituted by conjunctiva that is elongated. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-11-19 The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal tentorial arm and the proximal margin of the scapus. anterior tentorio-scapal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal tentorial arm and the proximal margin of the scapus. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 anterior tentorio-scapal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior or dorsal tentorial arms" "Insertion: Anterior (ventral) basal margin of the scape" The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal or anterior tentorial arm and the proximo-dorsal margin of the scapus. posterior tentorio-scapal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal or anterior tentorial arm and the proximo-dorsal margin of the scapus. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 posterior tentorio-scapal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior or dorsal tentorial arms" "Insertion: Posterior (dorsal) basal margin of the scape" The cranio-antennal muscle that extends between the dorsal or anterior tentorial arm and the proximo-lateral margin of the scapus. lateral tentorio-scapal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cranio-antennal muscle that extends between the dorsal or anterior tentorial arm and the proximo-lateral margin of the scapus. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 lateral tentorio-scapal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior or dorsal tentorial arms" "Insertion: Lateral basal margin of the scape" The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal or anterior tentorial arm and the proximal margin of the scapus. medial tentorio-scapal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal or anterior tentorial arm and the proximal margin of the scapus. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 medial tentorio-scapal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior or dorsal tentorial arms" "Insertion: Mesal basal margin of the scape" The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the frons and the pedicellus. fronto-pedicellar muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the frons and the pedicellus. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 fronto-pedicellar muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Frons" "Insertion: Lateral edge of the pedicel" The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal or dorsolateral regions of the scapus and the lateral or dorsolateral regions of the pedicellus. lateral scapo-pedicellar muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the dorsal or dorsolateral regions of the scapus and the lateral or dorsolateral regions of the pedicellus. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 lateral scapo-pedicellar muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Dorsal or dorsolateral wall of the scape" "Insertion: Lateral or dorsolateral wall of the pedicel" The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the scapus and the pedicellus. medial scapo-pedicellar muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the scapus and the pedicellus. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 medial scapo-pedicellar muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesal or dorsomesal wall of the scape" "Insertion: Mesal, anteriomesal or anterior edge of the pedicel" The cranio-labral muscle that is attached to the frons and the labrum. frontolabral muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-labral muscle that is attached to the frons and the labrum. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 frontolabral muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesally on the frons or on the antennal base" "Insertion: Mesally on the outer basal wall of the labrum" The cranio-labral muscle that is attached to the frontoclypeal ridge and the labrum. epistoepipharyngeal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-labral muscle that is attached to the frontoclypeal ridge and the labrum. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 epistoepipharyngeal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Epistomal sulcus" "Insertion: Basal labral wall" The cranio-labral muscle that is attached to the frons and the tormae. frontoepypharyngeal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-labral muscle that is attached to the frons and the tormae. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 frontoepypharyngeal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesally on the frons or on the antennal base, usually on the same level as musculus frontolabralis" "Insertion: Basal labral wall or tormae" The apodeme at either side of the proximal margin of the labrum. torma lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The apodeme at either side of the proximal margin of the labrum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 torma Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tormae: lateral apodemes of labral base" The cranio-labral muscle that extends betwen the sides of the labrum. transversal labral muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cranio-labral muscle that extends betwen the sides of the labrum. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 transversal labral muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Ventral labral wall" "Insertion: Ventral labral wall of the other side" The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the insect mandible. internal cranio-mandibular muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the insect mandible. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 internal cranio-mandibular muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Ventral, posterior, lateral and/or dorsal parts of the head capsule and/or posterior and anterior tentorial arms" "Insertion: Tendon that inserts at the median edge of the mandible" The cranio-mandibular muscle that extends between the gena and the lateral margin of the insect mandible. posteroexternal cranio-mandibular muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-mandibular muscle that extends between the gena and the lateral margin of the insect mandible. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 posteroexternal cranio-mandibular muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Gena and postgena" "Insertion: Tendon that inserts at the lateral edge of the mandible" The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the gena and the insect mandible. anteroexternal cranio-mandibular muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the gena and the insect mandible. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 anteroexternal cranio-mandibular muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Gena, below the compound eye" "Insertion: With a tendon on the mandible, posterior to the anterior articulation complex" The hypopharyngeal sclerite on the proximal region of the hypopharynx. fulturae hypopharyngeal arms oral arms hypopharyngeal suspensorium jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2022-06-27 The hypopharyngeal sclerite on the proximal region of the hypopharynx. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-22 2021-04-22 fulturae Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 hypopharyngeal arms Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 oral arms Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 hypopharyngeal suspensorium Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Suspensorium (=fulturae, hypopharyngeal arms, oral arms): sclerotized strengthening elements of proximal hypopharynx." The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the suspensorium and the insect mandible. hypopharyngeomandibular muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the suspensorium and the insect mandible. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 hypopharyngeomandibular muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Small sclerite close to the loral arm (Thermobia), scleroticed arm that elongates the loral arm (Neoptera)" "Insertion: Inner side of the lateral wall of the mandible" The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the dorsal tentorial arm and the proximal margin of the insect mandible. superolateral tentorio-mandibular muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the dorsal tentorial arm and the proximal margin of the insect mandible. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 superolateral tentorio-mandibular muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior and dorsal tentorial arm" "Insertion: Outer basal edge of the mandibular body, between processus paratentorialis and posterior articulation" The cranio-mandibular muscle that extends between the anterior tentorial arm and the proximal-ventral margin of the insect mandible. inferolateral tentorio-mandibular muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cranio-mandibular muscle that extends between the anterior tentorial arm and the proximal-ventral margin of the insect mandible. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 inferolateral tentorio-mandibular muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior tentorial arm" "Insertion: Ventral basal margin of the mandible" The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the anterior tentorial arm and the insect mandible. superomedial tentorio-mandibular muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-mandibular muscle that is attached to the anterior tentorial arm and the insect mandible. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 superomedial tentorio-mandibular muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior and dorsal tentorial arm below musculus tentoriomandibularis externus dorsalis" "Insertion: Upper inner end of the mandible, just below the posterior mandibular condyle" The cranio-mandibular muscle that extends between the anterior tentorial arm and the dorso-medial region of the insect mandible. inferomedial tentorio-mandibular muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cranio-mandibular muscle that extends between the anterior tentorial arm and the dorso-medial region of the insect mandible. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 inferomedial tentorio-mandibular muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior tentorial arm, below musculus tentoriomandibularis lateralis superior" "Insertion: Mediodorsal wall of the mandibular cavity" The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the insect maxilla. insect cranio-maxillar muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-12-13 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the insect maxilla. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-12-13 2021-04-04 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the gena and the cardo. cranio-cardinal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the gena and the cardo. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 cranio-cardinal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Postgena and gena" "Insertion: Basal cardinal process" The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the gena and the lacinia. cranio-lacinial muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the gena and the lacinia. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 cranio-lacinial muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Posterior part of the gena" "Insertion: Basal edge of lacinia" The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the tentorium and the cardo. tentorio-cardinal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the tentorium and the cardo. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 tentorio-cardinal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Tentorium" "Insertion: Distal part of the cardo, close to the carostipital sulcus" The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the tentorium and the stipital ridge. anterior tentorio-stipital muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the tentorium and the stipital ridge. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 anterior tentorio-stipital muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Tentorium" "Insertion: Stipital ridge" The ridge that is part of the stipes. stipital ridge lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The ridge that is part of the stipes. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 stipital ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the tentorium and the stipes. posterior tentorio-stipital muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the tentorium and the stipes. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 posterior tentorio-stipital muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Tentorium" "Insertion: Basally on the stipes, close to the stipitocardinal suture" The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the stipes and the lacinia. stipito-lacinial muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the stipes and the lacinia. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 stipito-lacinial muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Lateral wall of the stipes, basal to the maxillary palpus" "Insertion: Basal edge of lacinia, in some cases common tendon with 0mx4" The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the stipes and the galea. stipito-galeal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the stipes and the galea. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 stipito-galeal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Lateral wall of the stipes, basal to the maxillary palpus" "Insertion: Basal edge of galea" The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the stipes and the maxillary palpus. stipito-palpal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the stipes and the maxillary palpus. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 stipito-palpal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x The cuticle of the mere that is part of the maxillary palpus. cuticle of maxillary palpomere jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the mere that is part of the maxillary palpus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of maxillary palpomere 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the palpiger and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere II. cuticle of maxillary palpomere I jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the palpiger and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere II. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of maxillary palpomere I Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere I and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere III. cuticle of maxillary palpomere II jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere I and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere III. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of maxillary palpomere II Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere II and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere IV. cuticle of maxillary palpomere III jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere II and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere IV. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of maxillary palpomere III Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere III and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere V. cuticle of maxillary palpomere IV jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere III and to the proximal margin of the maxillary palpomere V. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of maxillary palpomere IV Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere IV. cuticle of maxillary palpomere V lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cuticle of the maxillary palpomere that is attached to the distal margin of the maxillary palpomere IV. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-21 cuticle of maxillary palpomere V Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x 2021-12-08 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the first maxillar palpomere and the second maxillar palpomere. first maxillar palpopalpal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the first maxillar palpomere and the second maxillar palpomere. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 first maxillar palpopalpal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Basal edge of palpomere 1" "Insertion: Basal edge of palpomere 2" The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the second maxillar palpomere and the third maxillar palpomere. second maxillar palpopalpal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the second maxillar palpomere and the third maxillar palpomere. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 second maxillar palpopalpal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesal edge of palpomere 2" "Insertion: Mesal edge of palpomere 3" The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the third maxillar palpomere and the fourth maxillar palpomere. third maxillar palpopalpal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the third maxillar palpomere and the fourth maxillar palpomere. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 third maxillar palpopalpal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Basal edge of palpomere 3" "Insertion: Basal edge of palpomere 4" The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the fourth maxillar palpomere and the fifth maxillar palpomere. fourth maxillar palpopalpal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-maxillar muscle that is attached to the fourth maxillar palpomere and the fifth maxillar palpomere. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 fourth maxillar palpopalpal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesal edge of palpomere 4" "Insertion: Mesal edge of palpomere 5" The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the postoccipital phragma and the glossa. postoccipitoglossal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the postoccipital phragma and the glossa. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 postoccipitoglossal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Postoccipital phragma" "Insertion: glossa" The internal apodeme that is continuous with the cuticle of the notum and is attached to a dorsal longitudinal muscle. phragma lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The internal apodeme that is continuous with the cuticle of the notum and is attached to a dorsal longitudinal muscle. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 phragma Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Phragma: large, ridge-shaped internal apodeme." "Phragma (=antecosta): dorsal thoracic transverse ridge, attachment site of dorsal longitudinal indirect flight muscles." (p. 121) The phragma that is continuous with the postocciput. postoccipital phragma jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The phragma that is continuous with the postocciput. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 postoccipital phragma Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the postoccipital phragma and the prementum. postoccipitopremental muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the postoccipital phragma and the prementum. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 postoccipitopremental muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Postoccipital phragma, laterad to musculus postoccipitoparaglossalis" "Insertion: Posteriolateral angle of the prementum" The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the posterior tentorial arm and the prementum. tentorio-premental muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the posterior tentorial arm and the prementum. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 tentorio-premental muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Posterior tentorial arms, cranium" "Insertion: Laterobasal edge of prementum" The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the posterior tentorial arm and the paraglossa. tentorio-paraglossal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the posterior tentorial arm and the paraglossa. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 tentorio-paraglossal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Posterior tentorial arms, postoccipital ridge or cranium" "Insertion: Paraglossa, close to the labial palp" The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the submentum and the prementum. submentopremental muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the submentum and the prementum. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 submentopremental muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mediobasal part of submentum or gula" "Insertion: Mediobasal edge of prementum, close to the gales" The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the submentum and the mentum. submentomental muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the submentum and the mentum. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 submentomental muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: submentum" "Insertion: mentum" The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the prementum and the paraglossa. premento-paraglossal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the prementum and the paraglossa. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 premento-paraglossal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesal on the basal edge of the prementum" "Insertion: Dorsobasal edge of paraglossa" The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the prementum and the glossa. premento-glossal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the prementum and the glossa. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 premento-glossal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Mesally on the prementum" "Insertion: Mediobasal edge of glossa" The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the prementum and the labial palpus. premento-palpal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-labial muscle that is attached to the prementum and the labial palpus. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 premento-palpal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: prementum" "Insertion: labial palpus" The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the hypopharynx. cranio-hypopharyngeal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the hypopharynx. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-12-13 2021-04-04 The cranio-hypopharyngeal muscle that is attached to the frons and the suspensorium. fronto-oral muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-hypopharyngeal muscle that is attached to the frons and the suspensorium. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 fronto-oral muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Frons" "Insertion: Oral arms of the suspensorial sclerites" The cranio-hypopharyngeal muscle that is attached to the anterior tentorial arm and the suspensorium. tentorio-oral muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The cranio-hypopharyngeal muscle that is attached to the anterior tentorial arm and the suspensorium. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 tentorio-oral muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Anterior tentorial arm, epistomal sulcus or frons close to epistomal sulcus" "Insertion: Oral arms of the suspensorial sclerites, well seperated from above" The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the tentorium. insect cranio-tentorial muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-12-13 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The somatic muscle that is attached to the head capsule and the tentorium. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-12-13 2021-04-04 The insect cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the tentorial bridge and the frons. tentorio-frontal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the tentorial bridge and the frons. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 tentorio-frontal muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Laterad on the anterior corpotentorium" "Insertion: Frons" The insect cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the tentorial bridge and the tentorium. tentorio-tentorial muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The insect cranio-antennal muscle that is attached to the tentorial bridge and the tentorium. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-03 tentorio-tentorial muscle Wipfler B, Machida R, Mueller B, Beutel RG (2011). On the head morphology of Grylloblattodea (Insecta) and the systematic position of the order, with a new nomenclature for the head muscles of Dicondylia. Systematic Entomology, 36(2), 241-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00556.x "Origin: Ventrolaterad on the anterior corpotentorium" "Insertion: Mesad on the posterior tentorium" The somatic muscle that is part of the insect leg. insect leg muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The somatic muscle that is part of the insect leg. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-13 2021-04-21 The somatic muscle that is part of the insect thorax. insect thoracic muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The somatic muscle that is part of the insect thorax. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-13 2021-04-21 The insect thoracic muscle that is not fan-shaped and runs along the dorsal region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis. dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The insect thoracic muscle that is not fan-shaped and runs along the dorsal region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 The insect thoracic muscle that runs parallel to the dorsal-ventral axis. dorso-ventral thoracic muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that runs parallel to the dorsal-ventral axis. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 dorso-ventral thoracic muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the notum (or tergum) and the pleura. tergo-pleural muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the notum (or tergum) and the pleura. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 tergo-pleural muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the sternum and the pleura. sterno-pleural muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the sternum and the pleura. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 sterno-pleural muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 The insect thoracic muscle that is not fan-shaped and runs along the ventral region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis. ventral-longitudinal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The insect thoracic muscle that is not fan-shaped and runs along the ventral region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 ventral-longitudinal muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the prophragma and the postocciput. prophragma-occipital muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the prophragma and the postocciput. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-06 prophragma-occipital muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: prophragma" "insertion: postocciput" The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the pronotum and the postocciput. pronoto-occipital muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the pronotum and the postocciput. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-06 pronoto-occipital muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: pronotum" "insertion: postocciput" The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the prophragma and the cervical sclerite. prophragma-cervical muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the prophragma and the cervical sclerite. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-06 prophragma-cervical muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: prophragma" "insertion: cervical sclerite" The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the cervical sclerite and the postocciput. dorsal cervico-occipital muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the cervical sclerite and the postocciput. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-04 dorsal cervico-occipital muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: cervical sclerite" "insertion: postocciput" The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the pronotum and the prophragma. pronoto-phragmal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that is attached to the pronotum and the prophragma. lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-04-04 pronoto-phragmal muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "origin: pronotum" "insertion: prophragma" The phragma of the mesonotum that attaches to muscles attached to the pronotum. prophragma lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The phragma of the mesonotum that attaches to muscles attached to the pronotum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The dorsoventral thoracic muscle of the prothorax that is attached to the anterior margin of a cervical sclerite and the dorso-lateral region of the postocciput. anterior cervico-occipital muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The dorsoventral thoracic muscle of the prothorax that is attached to the anterior margin of a cervical sclerite and the dorso-lateral region of the postocciput. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 anterior cervico-occipital muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "The dorsoventral muscle that arises from dorsolateral postocciput and inserts on anterior tip of first lateral cervical sclerite." The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the antero-lateral region of the pronotum and the medial region of the propleuron. anterior pronoto-cervical muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the antero-lateral region of the pronotum and the medial region of the propleuron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 anterior pronoto-cervical muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "The dorsoventral muscle that arises from anterolateral pronotum and inserts on atypically on middle region of anterior propleural sclerite." The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the tentorium and the prophragma. prophragma-tentorial muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the tentorium and the prophragma. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 prophragma-tentorial muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the profurca and the lateral region of the prophragma. profurca-prophragmal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the profurca and the lateral region of the prophragma. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 profurca-prophragmal muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "The dorsoventral muscle that arises from posterior face of proximal profurcal arm and inserts on lateral prophragma." The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the posterior region (occipital region) of the head capsule and the profurca. profurca-occipital muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the posterior region (occipital region) of the head capsule and the profurca. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 profurca-occipital muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that extends between the medial region of the prophragma and the medial region of the mesophragma. prophragma-mesophragmal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The dorsal longitudinal thoracic muscle that extends between the medial region of the prophragma and the medial region of the mesophragma. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 prophragma-mesophragmal muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 "The dorsal longitudinal muscle that arises from median prophragma and inserts on median mesophragma." The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the profurca and the mesonotum. profurca-mesonotal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The dorsoventral thoracic muscle that extends between the profurca and the mesonotum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 profurca-mesonotal muscle Friedrich, F., & Beutel, R. G. (2008). The thorax of Zorotypus (Hexapoda, Zoraptera) and a new nomenclature for the musculature of Neoptera. Arthropod Structure & Development, 37(1), 29-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2007.04.003 The somatic muscle that is part of the insect abdomen. insect abdominal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 2021-12-13 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The somatic muscle that is part of the insect abdomen. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 The insect abdominal muscle that runs along the lateral region, parallel to the dorsal-ventral axis. lateral abdominal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect abdominal muscle that runs along the lateral region, parallel to the dorsal-ventral axis. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 lateral abdominal muscle Klug, R., & Bradler, S. (2006). The pregenital abdominal musculature in phasmids and its implications for the basal phylogeny of Phasmatodea (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 6(3), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2005.08.004 The insect abdominal muscle that runs along the ventral region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis. ventral longitudinal abdominal muscle lagonzalezmo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9136-9932 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect abdominal muscle that runs along the ventral region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 ventral longitudinal abdominal muscle Klug, R., & Bradler, S. (2006). The pregenital abdominal musculature in phasmids and its implications for the basal phylogeny of Phasmatodea (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 6(3), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2005.08.004 The insect abdominal muscle that runs along the dorsal region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis. dorsal longitudinal abdominal muscle jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect abdominal muscle that runs along the dorsal region, parallel to the anterior-posterior axis. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-22 dorsal longitudinal abdominal muscle Klug, R., & Bradler, S. (2006). The pregenital abdominal musculature in phasmids and its implications for the basal phylogeny of Phasmatodea (Insecta: Polyneoptera). Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 6(3), 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ode.2005.08.004 The sclerite of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of stipes by the stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva and to the cuticle of maxillary palpus by the palpifero-palpal conjunctiva. cuticle of palpifer jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the insect maxilla that is attached to the cuticle of stipes by the stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva and to the cuticle of maxillary palpus by the palpifero-palpal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-17 cuticle of palpifer Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Palpifer: small separate element of stipes, bears the maxillary palp." The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the mentum and the prementum. mental-premental conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the mentum and the prementum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-17 The sclerite of the cuticle of labium that is cmposed of the submentum and the mentum, which are connected by the submental-mental conjunctiva postmentum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the cuticle of labium that is cmposed of the submentum and the mentum, which are connected by the submental-mental conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-17 postmentum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postmentum: posterior main element of labium, posteriorly adjacent with foramen occipitale in hexapods without gula or hypostomal bridge; often separated into two sclerites, the anterior mentum and the posterior submentum." The sclerite of the labium that is anterior to the submentum and posterior to the prementum, and attached to the prementum by the mental-premental conjunctiva. mentum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the labium that is anterior to the submentum and posterior to the prementum, and attached to the prementum by the mental-premental conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-17 mentum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Mentum: intermediate part of labium, anterior part of postmentum; bears the prementum at its distal edge." The sclerite of the labium that is anteriorly attached to the mentum by the submental-mental conjunctiva. submentum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the labium that is anteriorly attached to the mentum by the submental-mental conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-17 submentum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Submentum: posterior part of a divided postmentum." The sclerite of the cuticle of labium that is attached to the prementum by the premental-palpigeral conjunctiva and to the cuticle of labial palpus by the palpigero-palpal conjunctiva. cuticle of palpiger jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the cuticle of labium that is attached to the prementum by the premental-palpigeral conjunctiva and to the cuticle of labial palpus by the palpigero-palpal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-17 cuticle of palpiger Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Palpiger: small separate element of prementum, bears the labial palp." The conjunctiva of the head capsule that connects the antennifer and the scapus. antenniferal-scapal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the head capsule that connects the antennifer and the scapus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 Is the conjunctiva of the antenna that connects a flagellomere and other flagellomere. interflagellomeral conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Is the conjunctiva of the antenna that connects a flagellomere and other flagellomere. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the stipes and the lacinia. stipito-lacinial conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the stipes and the lacinia. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the stipes and the palpifer. stipito-palpiferal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the stipes and the palpifer. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the stipes and the galea. stipito-galeal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the stipes and the galea. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the palpifer and the maxillary palpus. palpifero-palpal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the palpifer and the maxillary palpus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the submentum and the mentum. submental-mental conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the submentum and the mentum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the prementum and the palpiger. premental-palpigeral conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the prementum and the palpiger. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the prementum and the paraglossa. premental-paraglossal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the prementum and the paraglossa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the prementum and the glossa. premental-glossal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the prementum and the glossa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the palpiger and the labial palpus. palpigero-palpal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the labium that connects the palpiger and the labial palpus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the clypeus and the labrum. clypeo-labral conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect maxilla that connects the clypeus and the labrum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 The region of the head capsule that is anterior to the frons and is attached to the labrum by the clypeo-labral conjunctiva clypeus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the head capsule that is anterior to the frons and is attached to the labrum by the clypeo-labral conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 clypeus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Clypeus: anteroventral part of head capsule; primarily separated from frons by transverse frontoclypeal strengthening ridge between anterior tentorial pits; usually bearing the labrum at its distal margin." The region of cuticle of the head capsule that is located posterior to the clypeus and delimited by the frontal suture. frons jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle of the head capsule that is located posterior to the clypeus and delimited by the frontal suture. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-03 frons Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Frons: frontal part of head capsule, delimited by ecdysial lines (frontal sutures); often triangular and bearing unpaired (median) ocellus." The ridge along the dorsal and lateral regions of the head capsule that is adjacent to the foramen occipitale. postoccipital ridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ridge along the dorsal and lateral regions of the head capsule that is adjacent to the foramen occipitale. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 postoccipital ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postoccipital ridge: strengthening ridge enclosing the foramen occipitale dorsally and laterally; also serving as muscle attachment area." The ridge of the head capsule surrounding the eye cuticle. circumocular ridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ridge of the head capsule surrounding the eye cuticle. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-19 circumocular ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Circumocular ridge: internal ridge enclosing compound eye." The foramen of the head capsule that connects with the neck membrane and is divided by the tentorial bridge into alaforamen and neuroforamen. occipital foramen foramen occipitale jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The foramen of the head capsule that connects with the neck membrane and is divided by the tentorial bridge into alaforamen and neuroforamen. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 occipital foramen jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 foramen occipitale Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Foramen occipitale (=foramen magnum): posterior opening of head capsule; divided by tentorial bridge into alaforamen and neuroforamen." The apophysis of the tentorium originating from each posterior tentorial arm. corpotentorium tentorial bridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The apophysis of the tentorium originating from each posterior tentorial arm. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 corpotentorium Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tentorial bridge (=corpotentorium): transverse element connecting posterior tentorial arms, often plate-like." tentorial bridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tentorial bridge (=corpotentorium): transverse element connecting posterior tentorial arms, often plate-like." The dorsal region of the head capsule that surrounds the coronal suture, and is connected laterally to the genae. vertex jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The dorsal region of the head capsule that surrounds the coronal suture, and is connected laterally to the genae. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 vertex Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Vertex: posterodorsal part of head capsule, usually medially divided by ecdysial line (coronal suture)." The lateral region of the head capsule, connected dorsally to the sides of the vertex. gena jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The lateral region of the head capsule, connected dorsally to the sides of the vertex. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 gena Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gena: lateral region of head capsule; not separated from vertex by a ridge or suture." The lateral region of the head capsule that connects dorsally to the ventral side of the gena and ventrally to the mandible. subgena jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The lateral region of the head capsule that connects dorsally to the ventral side of the gena and ventrally to the mandible. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 subgena Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Subgena: narrow lateral region of head capsule, above external side of mandibular base, usually separated from gena by subgenal ridge." The region of the cuticle of the head capsule that coincides with an ecdysial line. cuticular suture jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle of the head capsule that coincides with an ecdysial line. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 cuticular suture Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Suture: ecdysial suture, zone of weakness." 2021-12-10 The cuticular suture that surrounds the frons and is connected to the coronal suture. frontal suture jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticular suture that surrounds the frons and is connected to the coronal suture. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-10 2021-04-03 frontal suture Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Frontal suture: paired ecdysial sutures enclosing frons; anterior parts of epicranial suture." The longitudinal cuticular suture that is on the vertex and is connected to the frontal suture. coronal suture jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The longitudinal cuticular suture that is on the vertex and is connected to the frontal suture. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-10 2021-04-03 coronal suture Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coronal suture: unpaired median ecdysial sutures dividing vertex; anteriorly continuous with frontal sutures." The ridge of the head capsule comprising the posterior region of the subgenal ridge. pleurostomal ridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ridge of the head capsule comprising the posterior region of the subgenal ridge. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 pleurostomal ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 [Pleurostomal ridge: anterior section of the subgenal ridge above the mandibular base. (p. 14)] The ridge of the head capsule that separates the gena and the subgena. subgenal ridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ridge of the head capsule that separates the gena and the subgena. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 subgenal ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Subgenal ridge: strengthening ridge separating gena from subgena." The lateral region of the head capsule that is adjacent to the foramen occipitale hypostomal bridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The lateral region of the head capsule that is adjacent to the foramen occipitale jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 hypostomal bridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Hypostomal bridge: partial closure of foramen occipitale, formed by ventromedially adjacent extensions of lateral head capsule." [posterior section of the subgenal ridge; p. 14] The ridge of the head capsule that separates the clypeus and the frons. frontoclypeal ridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ridge of the head capsule that separates the clypeus and the frons. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 frontoclypeal ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Frontoclypeal (strengthening) ridge (=frontoclypeal “suture”, epistomal “suture”): internal ridge separating clypeus from frons, between anterior tentorial pits." The sclerite on the ventral region of the head capsule that is limited laterally by the gular ridges, posteriorly by the foramen occipitale and anteriorly by the submentum. gula jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite on the ventral region of the head capsule that is limited laterally by the gular ridges, posteriorly by the foramen occipitale and anteriorly by the submentum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 gula Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gula: sclerite partially closing foramen occipitale, formed by sclerotized region of ventral cervical membrane." Each ridge on the ventral region of the head capsule marking the sides of the gula. gular ridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Each ridge on the ventral region of the head capsule marking the sides of the gula. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 gular ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gular ridges: lateral internal ridges enclosing the gula." The apophysis of the tentorium that originates from each posterior tentorial pit. posterior tentorial arm jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The apophysis of the tentorium that originates from each posterior tentorial pit. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 posterior tentorial arm Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Posterior tentorial arm: paired posterior element of tentorium; originates at posterior tentorial pit." The apophysis of the tentorium that is connected to an anterior tentorial pit. anterior tentorial arm jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The apophysis of the tentorium that is connected to an anterior tentorial pit. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 anterior tentorial arm Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anterior tentorial arm: paired tentorial element anterior to tentorial bridge; originates at anterior tentorial pit." The apophysis of the tentorium that is connected to an anterior tentorial arm. dorsal tentorial arm jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The apophysis of the tentorium that is connected to an anterior tentorial arm. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 dorsal tentorial arm Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Dorsal tentorial arm: paired dorsal element of tentorium, originating at anterior arm or connecting area of anterior and posterior arm; often connected with head capsule by fibrillae." The arthropod foramen that is part of the foramen occipitale and is located above the tentorial bridge. alaforamen jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The arthropod foramen that is part of the foramen occipitale and is located above the tentorial bridge. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-03 alaforamen Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Alaforamen: part of foramen occipitale above tentorial bridge; passage of oesophagus and tracheal stems." The arthropod foramen that is part of the foramen occipitale and located below the tentorial bridge. neuroforamen jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The arthropod foramen that is part of the foramen occipitale and located below the tentorial bridge. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-03 neuroforamen Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Neuroforamen: part of foramen occipitale below tentorial bridge; passage of cervical connectives between suboesophageal complex and prothoracic ganglion." The posterior region of the head capsule that is continuous with the posterior region of the gena and is anterior to the postoccipital ridge. postgena jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The posterior region of the head capsule that is continuous with the posterior region of the gena and is anterior to the postoccipital ridge. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 postgena Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postgena: posterior genal region anterior to postoccipital ridge." The region of the head capsule that is continuous with the postgena and adjacent to the foramen occipitale. postgenal bridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the head capsule that is continuous with the postgena and adjacent to the foramen occipitale. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 postgenal bridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postgenal bridge: partial closure of foramen occipital formed by postgenal extensions." The ridge of the head capsule that encircles the antennal foramen. circumantennal ridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ridge of the head capsule that encircles the antennal foramen. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 circumantennal ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "The antennal foramen is enclosed by a circumantennal ridge, which often bears a small articulatory process, the antennifer." The dorsolateral region of the head capsule that is posterior to the postoccipital ridge postocciput jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-17 The dorsolateral region of the head capsule that is posterior to the postoccipital ridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-17 2021-02-24 postocciput Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postocciput: posteriormost head region." The region of the head capsule that comprises the posterior region of the subgena. hypostoma jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the head capsule that comprises the posterior region of the subgena. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 hypostoma Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Hypostoma: posterior part of subgena." The ridge composing the posterior region of the subgenal ridge. hypostomal ridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ridge composing the posterior region of the subgenal ridge. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 hypostomal ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Hypostomal ridge: posterior part of subgenal ridge." The ridge that runs along the posterior region of the head capsule. occipital suture occipital ridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ridge that runs along the posterior region of the head capsule. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 occipital suture jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 occipital ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Occipital ridge (=“occipital suture”): ridge on posterior head region; present in some groups, oblique and short or more or less parallel to postocciptal rigde (Orthoptera). No true segmental border." The region of cuticle comprising the posterior region of the clypeus. postclypeus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle comprising the posterior region of the clypeus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 postclypeus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postclypeus: sclerotized and pigmented proximal part of clypeus." The region of the cuticle comprising the anterior region of the clypeus. anteclypeus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle comprising the anterior region of the clypeus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 anteclypeus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anteclypeus: transparent distal part of clypeus." The region of the cuticle that is composed of the clypeus and the labrum. clypeolabrum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle that is composed of the clypeus and the labrum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 clypeolabrum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Clypeolabrum: area comprising the fused clypeus and labrum." The sense organ of the insect head that is covered by the eye cuticle. compound eye jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sense organ of the insect head that is covered by the eye cuticle. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-03 compound eye Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Compound eye: paired main light sense organs; almost always composed of numerous ommatidia." The sense organ of the insect head that is covered by eye cuticle. ocellus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sense organ of the insect head that is covered by eye cuticle. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-03 ocellus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ocellus: relatively simple median eye with single cornea lens and always lacking a crystalline cone: three are probably present in the groundplan of Insecta, but reductions occur in many groups." Are apophyses of the tentorium originating at each anterior tentorial arm. laminatentoria jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Are apophyses of the tentorium originating at each anterior tentorial arm. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-02-24 laminatentoria Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "In some groups an accessory bridge is formed by medially fused internally directed processes, the laminatentoria. This feature is sometimes erroneously referred to as “perforated corpotentorium”." The region of cuticle of the insect abdomen that is posteriorly connected to the postabdomen. preabdomen jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle of the insect abdomen that is posteriorly connected to the postabdomen. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-05 preabdomen Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Preabdomen (=pregenital segments): anterior abdominal segments (I–VII)." The region of cuticle of the insect abdomen that is anteriorly connected to the preabdomen. postabdomen jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle of the insect abdomen that is anteriorly connected to the preabdomen. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-05 postabdomen Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postabdomen: posterior segments (VIII–XI) bearing genital appendages." The sclerite of the insect abdomen that is dorsal and medial. abdominal tergum abdominal tergite imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The sclerite of the insect abdomen that is dorsal and medial. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 abdominal tergum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tergum: plate-like dorsal sclerite of abdominal segment." abdominal tergite Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) 1 Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 520 pp. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ "major plate of the abdominal tergum" The sclerite of the insect abdomen that is ventral and medial. sternum abdominal sternite jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the insect abdomen that is ventral and medial. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 sternum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sternum: plate-like ventral sclerite of abdominal segment." The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that surrounds the spiracles. pleural membrane jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that surrounds the spiracles. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 pleural membrane Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pleural membrane: lateral unsclerotized part of abdominal segments, connecting tergum and sternum; usually bearing spiracles I–VIII." The sclerite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite X by the abdominal tergite X-epiproct conjunctiva. proctiger epiproct jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite X by the abdominal tergite X-epiproct conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-05 proctiger Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) 1 Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 520 pp. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ [not defined] epiproct Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Epiproct: unpaired dorsal element (tergum) of segment XI." The paired sclerite of the insect abdomen that is attached to the lateral margin of the abdominal tergite X by the abdominal tergite X-paraproct conjunctiva. paraproct jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The paired sclerite of the insect abdomen that is attached to the lateral margin of the abdominal tergite X by the abdominal tergite X-paraproct conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-05 paraproct Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paraproct: paired lateral element of segment XI." The cuticular evagination of the postabdomen that is distal and attached to the cuticle of parameres by the paramero-aedeagal conjunctiva and is connected to the endophallus. insect penis cuticle of aedeagus imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticular evagination of the postabdomen that is distal and attached to the cuticle of parameres by the paramero-aedeagal conjunctiva and is connected to the endophallus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-05 insect penis Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Penis: main element of the male copulatory apparatus." cuticle of aedeagus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Aedeagus (penis is often used as a synonym): male copulatory organ." The cuticular invagination of the postabdomen that is attached distally to the gonopore and basally to the aedeagus. endophallus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticular invagination of the postabdomen that is attached distally to the gonopore and basally to the aedeagus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-05 endophallus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Endophallus: membranous extrusible internal part of aedeagus." The cuticle of the paired cuticular evagination of the postabdomen that is attached to the cuticle of phallobase by the phallobasal-parameral conjunctiva and to the cuticle of aedeagus by the paramero-aedeagal conjunctiva. cuticle of paramere imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the paired cuticular evagination of the postabdomen that is attached to the cuticle of phallobase by the phallobasal-parameral conjunctiva and to the cuticle of aedeagus by the paramero-aedeagal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-05 cuticle of paramere Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Parameres: paired lateral parts of aedeagus." The region of cuticle of the postabdomen that is attached to the abdominal sternite IX by the abdominal sternite IX-phallobase conjunctiva and to the paramere by the phallobasal-parameral conjunctiva. basal piece phallobase jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle of the postabdomen that is attached to the abdominal sternite IX by the abdominal sternite IX-phallobase conjunctiva and to the paramere by the phallobasal-parameral conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-05 basal piece Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Phallobase (=basal piece): part of segment IX bearing copulatory organ." phallobase Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Phallobase (=basal piece): part of segment IX bearing copulatory organ." The region of cuticle of the endophallus that is thicker. endophallite jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle of the endophallus that is thicker. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 endophallite Génier F (2019) Endophallites: a proposed neologism for naming the sclerotized elements of the insect endophallus (Arthropoda: Insecta). Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.) 55: 482–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2019.1685907 "endophallite(s) refer to the sclerotized structures of the endophallus whether the structure be circular, flat, folded or spiniform." The region of the cuticle in the postabdomen that is attached to the genital chamber. bursa copulatrix jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle in the postabdomen that is attached to the genital chamber. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 bursa copulatrix Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Bursa copulatrix: evagination of the vagina, receives the copulatory organ." The paired sclerite of the postabdomen that is attached to the abdominal sternite VII by the abdominal sternite VII-gonocoxa conjunctiva and is articulated with abdominal tergite IX. It is attached at the base of gonostylus VIII and adjacent to the gonopore. first coxopodite first gonocoxite first valvifer cuticle of gonocoxa VIII jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The paired sclerite of the postabdomen that is attached to the abdominal sternite VII by the abdominal sternite VII-gonocoxa conjunctiva and is articulated with abdominal tergite IX. It is attached at the base of gonostylus VIII and adjacent to the gonopore. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-05 first coxopodite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coxopodite (=valvifer, gonocoxa, gonocoxite): short basal piece of ovipositor elements of female genital segments VIII and IX." first gonocoxite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coxopodite (=valvifer, gonocoxa, gonocoxite): short basal piece of ovipositor elements of female genital segments VIII and IX." first valvifer Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coxopodite (=valvifer, gonocoxa, gonocoxite): short basal piece of ovipositor elements of female genital segments VIII and IX." cuticle of gonocoxa VIII Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Coxopodite (=valvifer, gonocoxa, gonocoxite): short basal piece of ovipositor elements of female genital segments VIII and IX." The region of cuticle that is connected to the oviduct, the bursa copulatrix and the gonocoxa VIII, and is adjacent to the gonopore. genital chamber jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle that is connected to the oviduct, the bursa copulatrix and the gonocoxa VIII, and is adjacent to the gonopore. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-05 genital chamber Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Genital chamber: cavity formed by an inflection of the body wall, receiving the common oviduct." The cuticle of the appendage of the abdominal sternite VIII that is part of the ovipositor. cuticle of gonapophysis jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the appendage of the abdominal sternite VIII that is part of the ovipositor. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-04-05 cuticle of gonapophysis Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gonapophysis (=valves or valvulae 1–3): distal piece of ovipositor elements of female genital segments VIII and IX, inserted on coxopodites, usually elongated." 2021-12-08 The seta that is flattened. sensillum placodeum imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The seta that is flattened. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 sensillum placodeum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sensillum placodeum: flat sensillum with strongly modified plate-like seta." The seta that is elongated. trichobothrium jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The seta that is elongated. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 trichobothrium Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Trichobothrium: very long and fine sensillum, vibroreceptor." The proximal apodemes of the aedeagus. titillators paraphyses jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The proximal apodemes of the aedeagus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 titillators Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paraphyses (=titillators): paired appendages of aedeagus." paraphyses Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paraphyses (=titillators): paired appendages of aedeagus." The region of the cuticle thar is proximally attached to the gonopore. ductus ejaculatorius jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle thar is proximally attached to the gonopore. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 ductus ejaculatorius Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ductus ejaculatorius: unpaired ectodermal duct connecting vasa deferentia (i.e. vesiculae seminales) and aedeagus." The orifice in the postabdomen that marks the opening of the reproductive system. gonopore jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The orifice in the postabdomen that marks the opening of the reproductive system. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 gonopore Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gonopore: external opening of the common oviduct." 2021-03-05 The region of the cuticle of the postabdomen that is paired and connected to the anterior region of the gonocoxa VIII. cuticle of gonostylus VIII jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle of the postabdomen that is paired and connected to the anterior region of the gonocoxa VIII. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-05 cuticle of gonostylus VIII Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Gonostyli: appendages of gonocoxae (usually only on coxopodite IX)" 2021-12-13 The region of cuticle of the postabdomen that is distal to the genital chamber. ovipositor jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle of the postabdomen that is distal to the genital chamber. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 ovipositor Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ovipositor: paired postabdominal apparatus (segments VIII and IX) primarily used for depositing eggs." The region of the cuticle that is part of the oviduct and connected to the bursa copulatrix. spermatheca jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle that is part of the oviduct and connected to the bursa copulatrix. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 spermatheca Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spermatheca (=receptaculum seminis): unpaired or paired evagination of female genital tract; storage of sperm; connected by spermathecal duct (=ductus receptaculi) with vagina or bursa copulatrix." The region of the cuticle that is part of the oviduct and attached to the spermatheca. spermathecal gland jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle that is part of the oviduct and attached to the spermatheca. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 spermathecal gland Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spermathecal gland: provides nourishment for spermatozoa stored in spermatheca." The sulcus that coincides with the precoxal ridge. precoxal suture precoxal sulcus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sulcus that coincides with the precoxal ridge. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 precoxal suture Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Precoxal suture: suture separating katepisternum and preepisternum." The cuticular protrusion of the pleuron that is connected lateraly to the notum. fulcrum pleural wing process jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticular protrusion of the pleuron that is connected lateraly to the notum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 fulcrum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Fulcrum (=pleural wing process): anterodorsal apex of the pleural ridge." pleural wing process Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Fulcrum (=pleural wing process): anterodorsal apex of the pleural ridge." The conjunctiva between the insect thorax and the insect abdomen that connects the posterior margin of the metanotum to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite I. metanoto-abdominal tergite I conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva between the insect thorax and the insect abdomen that connects the posterior margin of the metanotum to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite I. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The region of cuticle that is continuous with the genital chamber. oviduct jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle that is continuous with the genital chamber. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 oviduct Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Oviduct: female genital duct; originating as paired structures from ovarioles, uniting as common (median) oviduct." The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that joins the abdominal sternite VIII and the gonocoxa VIII. abdominal sternite VII-gonocoxa VIII conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that joins the abdominal sternite VIII and the gonocoxa VIII. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite I by the abdominal tergite I-abdominal tergite II conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite III by the abdominal tergite II-abdominal tergite III conjunctiva. abdominal tergite II jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite I by the abdominal tergite I-abdominal tergite II conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite III by the abdominal tergite II-abdominal tergite III conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite I and the abdominal tergite II. abdominal tergite I-abdominal tergite II conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite I and the abdominal tergite II. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite II by the abdominal tergite II-abdominal tergite III conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite IV by the abdominal tergite III-abdominal tergite IV conjunctiva. abdominal tergite III jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite II by the abdominal tergite II-abdominal tergite III conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite IV by the abdominal tergite III-abdominal tergite IV conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite II and the abdominal tergite III. abdominal tergite II-abdominal tergite III conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite II and the abdominal tergite III. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite III and the abdominal tergite IV. abdominal tergite III-abdominal tergite IV conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite III and the abdominal tergite IV. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite III by the abdominal tergite III-abdominal tergite IV conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite V by the abdominal tergite IV-abdominal tergite V conjunctiva. abdominal tergite IV jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite III by the abdominal tergite III-abdominal tergite IV conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite V by the abdominal tergite IV-abdominal tergite V conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite IV by the abdominal tergite IV-abdominal tergite V conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite VI by the abdominal tergite V-abdominal tergite VI conjunctiva. abdominal tergite V jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite IV by the abdominal tergite IV-abdominal tergite V conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite VI by the abdominal tergite V-abdominal tergite VI conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite IV and the abdominal tergite V. abdominal tergite IV-abdominal tergite V conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite IV and the abdominal tergite V. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite V by the abdominal tergite V-abdominal tergite VI conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite VII by the abdominal tergite VI-abdominal tergite VII conjunctiva. abdominal tergite VI jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite V by the abdominal tergite V-abdominal tergite VI conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite VII by the abdominal tergite VI-abdominal tergite VII conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite V and the abdominal tergite VI. abdominal tergite V-abdominal tergite VI conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite V and the abdominal tergite VI. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VI by the abdominal tergite VI-abdominal tergite VII conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite VIII by the abdominal tergite VII-abdominal tergite VIII conjunctiva. abdominal tergite VII jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Is the abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VI by the abdominal tergite VI-abdominal tergite VII conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite VIII by the abdominal tergite VII-abdominal tergite VIII conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite VI and the abdominal tergite VII. abdominal tergite VI-abdominal tergite VII conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite VI and the abdominal tergite VII. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 Is the abdominal tergite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VII by the abdominal tergite VII-abdominal tergite VIII conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite IX by the abdominal tergite VIII-abdominal tergite IX conjunctiva. abdominal tergite VIII jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Is the abdominal tergite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VII by the abdominal tergite VII-abdominal tergite VIII conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite IX by the abdominal tergite VIII-abdominal tergite IX conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite VII and the abdominal tergite VIII. abdominal tergite VII-abdominal tergite VIII conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite VII and the abdominal tergite VIII. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The sclerite of the insect thorax or the insect abdomen that is on the lateral region of the notum. paranota laterotergite jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the insect thorax or the insect abdomen that is on the lateral region of the notum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 paranota Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Paranota (=laterotergites): dorsolateral tergal duplicatures." laterotergite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Laterotergite: separate lateral portion of abdominal tergum (only few groups)." laterotergite Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) 1 Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 520 pp. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ additional pair of sclerites flanking each tergite The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the metasternum by the metasterno-abdominal sternite I conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite II by the abdominal sternite I-abdominal sternite II conjunctiva. abdominal sternite I jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the metasternum by the metasterno-abdominal sternite I conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite II by the abdominal sternite I-abdominal sternite II conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the metathorax that joins the metapleura and the metasternum. metapleuro-metasternal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the metathorax that joins the metapleura and the metasternum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjunctiva between the insect thorax and the insect abdomen that connects the posterior margin of the metasterum to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite I. metasterno-abdominal sternite I conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva between the insect thorax and the insect abdomen that connects the posterior margin of the metasterum to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite I. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite I and the abdominal sternite II. abdominal sternite I-abdominal sternite II conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite I and the abdominal sternite II. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite I by the abdominal sternite I-abdominal sternite II conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite III by the abdominal sternite II-abdominal sternite III conjunctiva. abdominal sternite II jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The abdominal tergite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite I by the abdominal sternite I-abdominal sternite II conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite III by the abdominal sternite II-abdominal sternite III conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite II by the abdominal sternite II-abdominal sternite III conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite IV by the abdominal sternite III-abdominal sternite IV conjunctiva. abdominal sternite III jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite II by the abdominal sternite II-abdominal sternite III conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite IV by the abdominal sternite III-abdominal sternite IV conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite III by the abdominal sternite III-abdominal sternite IV conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite V by the abdominal sternite IV-abdominal sternite V conjunctiva. abdominal sternite IV jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite III by the abdominal sternite III-abdominal sternite IV conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite V by the abdominal sternite IV-abdominal sternite V conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite IV by the abdominal sternite IV-abdominal sternite V conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite VI by the abdominal sternite V-abdominal sternite VI conjunctiva. abdominal sternite V jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite IV by the abdominal sternite IV-abdominal sternite V conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite VI by the abdominal sternite V-abdominal sternite VI conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite V by the abdominal sternite V-abdominal sternite VI conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite VII by the abdominal sternite VI-abdominal sternite VII conjunctiva. abdominal sternite VI jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite V by the abdominal sternite V-abdominal sternite VI conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite VII by the abdominal sternite VI-abdominal sternite VII conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VI by the abdominal sternite VI-abdominal sternite VII conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite VIII by the abdominal sternite VII-abdominal sternite VIII conjunctiva. abdominal sternite VII jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The abdominal sternite of the preabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VI by the abdominal sternite VI-abdominal sternite VII conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite VIII by the abdominal sternite VII-abdominal sternite VIII conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The abdominal sternite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VII by the abdominal sternite VII-abdominal sternite VIII conjunctiva. In males it is attached to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite IX by the abdominal sternite VIII-abdominal sternite IX conjunctiva. In females it is attached to the anterior margin of the gonocoxa. abdominal sternite VIII jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The abdominal sternite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VII by the abdominal sternite VII-abdominal sternite VIII conjunctiva. In males it is attached to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite IX by the abdominal sternite VIII-abdominal sternite IX conjunctiva. In females it is attached to the anterior margin of the gonocoxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite II and the abdominal sternite III. abdominal sternite II-abdominal sternite III conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite II and the abdominal sternite III. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite III and the abdominal sternite IV. abdominal sternite III-abdominal sternite IV conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite III and the abdominal sternite IV. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite IV and the abdominal sternite V. abdominal sternite IV-abdominal sternite V conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite IV and the abdominal sternite V. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite V and the abdominal sternite VI. abdominal sternite V-abdominal sternite VI conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite V and the abdominal sternite VI. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite VI and the abdominal sternite VII. abdominal sternite VI-abdominal sternite VII conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite VI and the abdominal sternite VII. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite VII and the abdominal sternite VIII. abdominal sternite VII-abdominal sternite VIII conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite VII and the abdominal sternite VIII. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 Is the abdominal tergite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VIII by the abdominal tergite VIII-abdominal tergite IX conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite X by the abdominal tergite IX-abdominal tergite X conjunctiva. abdominal tergite IX jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Is the abdominal tergite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VIII by the abdominal tergite VIII-abdominal tergite IX conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal tergite X by the abdominal tergite IX-abdominal tergite X conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 Is the abdominal tergite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite IX by the abdominal tergite IX-abdominal tergite X conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the epiproct and paraproct. abdominal tergite X jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 Is the abdominal tergite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite IX by the abdominal tergite IX-abdominal tergite X conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the epiproct and paraproct. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The abdominal sternite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VIII by the abdominal sternite VIII-abdominal sternite IX conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite X by the abdominal sternite IX-abdominal sternite X conjunctiva. abdominal sternite IX jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The abdominal sternite of the postabdomen that is attached to the posterior margin of the abdominal sternite VIII by the abdominal sternite VIII-abdominal sternite IX conjunctiva and to the anterior margin of the abdominal sternite X by the abdominal sternite IX-abdominal sternite X conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the abdominal tergite X and the epiproct. abdominal tergite X-epiproct conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the abdominal tergite X and the epiproct. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite VIII and the abdominal tergite IX. abdominal tergite VIII-abdominal tergite IX conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite VIII and the abdominal tergite IX. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite IX and the abdominal tergite X. abdominal tergite IX-abdominal tergite X conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal tergite IX and the abdominal tergite X. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite VIII and the abdominal sternite IX. abdominal sternite VIII-abdominal sternite IX conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite VIII and the abdominal sternite IX. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite IX and the abdominal sternite X. abdominal sternite IX-phallobase conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect abdomen that connects the abdominal sternite IX and the abdominal sternite X. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is anteriorly connected to the head by the neck membrane, posteriorly connected to the mesothorax by the prothorax-mesothorax conjunctiva, and contains the pronotum, the propeluron, the prosternum and one pair of legs. cuticle of prothorax jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is anteriorly connected to the head by the neck membrane, posteriorly connected to the mesothorax by the prothorax-mesothorax conjunctiva, and contains the pronotum, the propeluron, the prosternum and one pair of legs. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 cuticle of prothorax Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prothorax: 1st thoracic segment, always completely wingless in extant hexapods." 2021-12-08 The region of the cuticle of the pterothorax that bears mid legs and fore wings. cuticle of mesothorax jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle of the pterothorax that bears mid legs and fore wings. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 cuticle of mesothorax Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Mesothorax: 2nd thoracic segment, anterior segment of pterothorax; bearing forewings (groundplan of Pterygota)." 2021-12-08 The region of the cuticle of the pterothorax that bears the hind legs and the hind wings. cuticle of metathorax jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle of the pterothorax that bears the hind legs and the hind wings. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 cuticle of metathorax Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Metathorax: 3rd thoracic segment, posterior segment of pterothorax; bearing hindwings (groundplan of Pterygota)." 2021-12-08 The dorsal region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is attached to the dorsal margin of the pleuron. tergum notum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The dorsal region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is attached to the dorsal margin of the pleuron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 tergum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tergum: dorsal wall of a thoracic (or abdominal) segment." notum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Notum: larger anterior part of tergum, composed of presutum, scutum and scutellum." The region of cuticle on the lateral region of the insect thorax that is attached to the notum and the sternum and is attached to the coxae by skeletal muscle tissue and the basal coxal conjunctiva. pleuron jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of cuticle on the lateral region of the insect thorax that is attached to the notum and the sternum and is attached to the coxae by skeletal muscle tissue and the basal coxal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 pleuron Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pleuron: lateral wall of thoracic segments, almost always divided by pleural ridge into anterior episternum and posterior epimeron." The ventral region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is attached to the ventral margin of the pleuron. sternum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ventral region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is attached to the ventral margin of the pleuron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 sternum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Sternum: ventral wall of thoracic (or abdominal) segment, usually divided into presternum, basisternum, furcasternum and spinasternum in unspecialized hexapods; largely or completely invaginated in Holometabola (cryptosterny)." The sclerite that is part of the pleuron. pleurite jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite that is part of the pleuron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 pleurite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pleurite: sclerotized element of pleuron." The ridge between the epimeron and the episternum in either the mesothorax or the metathorax. pleural ridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ridge between the epimeron and the episternum in either the mesothorax or the metathorax. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 pleural ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pleural ridge: internal ridge, corresponding to externally visible pleural “suture”; separates episternum and epimeron; anterodorsally forming the pleural wing process and posteroventrally the pleuro-coxal joint." The sclerite of the insect thorax that is part of the pleuron and anterior to the pleural ridge and attached to the anterior margin of the epimeron. episternum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the insect thorax that is part of the pleuron and anterior to the pleural ridge and attached to the anterior margin of the epimeron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 episternum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Episternum: part of pleuron anterior to pleural ridge." The sclerite of the insect thorax that is part of the pleuron and posterior to the pleural ridge and attached to the posterior margin of the episternum. epimeron jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the insect thorax that is part of the pleuron and posterior to the pleural ridge and attached to the posterior margin of the episternum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 epimeron Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Epimeron: part of pleuron posterior to pleural ridge." The sclerite that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the insect thorax and is attached to a coxa. trochantin jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the insect thorax and is attached to a coxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 trochantin Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Trochantin: small triangular or sickle-shaped ventral pleural sclerite; anteriorly articulating with coxa (trochantino-coxal joint)." The part of the sternum that is attached to the anterior margin of the basisternum. presternum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The part of the sternum that is attached to the anterior margin of the basisternum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 presternum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Presternum: anteriormost part of sternum." The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the presternum and to the anterior margin of the furcasternum. basisternum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the presternum and to the anterior margin of the furcasternum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 basisternum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Basisternum: main part of sternum, between presternum and furcasternum." The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the basisternum and to the anterior margin of the spinasternum. sternellum furcasternum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the basisternum and to the anterior margin of the spinasternum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 sternellum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Furcasternum (=sternellum): sternal element posterior to basisternum, area of origin of furca." furcasternum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Furcasternum (=sternellum): sternal element posterior to basisternum, area of origin of furca." The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the furcasternum and to the anterior margin of the poststernite. spinasternum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the furcasternum and to the anterior margin of the poststernite. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 spinasternum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spinasternum: small posterior sternal element, determining the posterior segmental border; area of origin of spina." The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the spinasternum. poststernite jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The part of the sternum that is attached to the posterior margin of the spinasternum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 poststernite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Poststernite: posteriormost sternal element." The sclerite that is surrounded by the neck membrane. cervical sclerite jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite that is surrounded by the neck membrane. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 cervical sclerite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cervical sclerite: articulatory sclerite embedded in the cervical membrane." The region of the cuticle on the lateral region of the prothorax that is attached to the pronotum and the prosternum, and is attached to the procoxa by the procoxal muscle and the basal procoxal conjunctiva. propleuron jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle on the lateral region of the prothorax that is attached to the pronotum and the prosternum, and is attached to the procoxa by the procoxal muscle and the basal procoxal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the posterior margin of the scutellum. postnotum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the posterior margin of the scutellum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 postnotum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postnotum: smaller posterior part of tergum, forming internal intersegmental phragma; attachment area for dorsal indirect flight muscles." The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the anterior margin of the scutum. prescutum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the anterior margin of the scutum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 prescutum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prescutum: anteriormost part of notum." The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the posterior margin of the prescutum and to the anterior margin of the scutellum. scutum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the posterior margin of the prescutum and to the anterior margin of the scutellum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 scutum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Scutum: large anterior part of notum." The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the posterior margin of the scutum. scutellum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the notum that is attached to the posterior margin of the scutum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 scutellum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Scutellum: smaller posterior part of notum." The sclerite that is on the lateral region of the notum and is adjacent to the wing. alinotum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite that is on the lateral region of the notum and is adjacent to the wing. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 alinotum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Alinotum: part of the notum connected with the wing base." The sclerite of the pterothorax that is attached to some muscle. prealare prealar sclerite jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the pterothorax that is attached to some muscle. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 prealare Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prealare (=prealar sclerite): small attachment area of short direct flight muscles." prealar sclerite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prealare (=prealar sclerite): small attachment area of short direct flight muscles." The region of cuticle of the dorso-lateral region of the pterothorax that is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva and articulated with the episternum. prealar bridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle of the dorso-lateral region of the pterothorax that is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva and articulated with the episternum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 prealar bridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Prealar bridge: prescutal process, bent downwards and linked with episternum." The region of cuticle of the dorso-lateral region of the pterothorax that is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva and articulated with the epimeron. postalar bridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle of the dorso-lateral region of the pterothorax that is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva and articulated with the epimeron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 postalar bridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postalar bridge: lateral postnotal margin bent downwards and connected with the epimeron." The sclerite of the insect thorax that is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva and is adjacent to the wing. epipleurite jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite of the insect thorax that is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva and is adjacent to the wing. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 epipleurite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Epipleurites: basalare and subalare." The epipleurite that is adjacent to the anepisternum, is attached to the pleuron via muscle, is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva, and is anterior to the first axillary sclerite. basalare jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The epipleurite that is adjacent to the anepisternum, is attached to the pleuron via muscle, is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva, and is anterior to the first axillary sclerite. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 basalare Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Basalare: sclerite associated with wing base, more or less distinctly separated from anepisternum; usually with internal muscle disc; attachment site of direct flight muscles." The epipleurite that is adjacent to the notum, is attached to the coxa via muscle, is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva, and is posterior to the first axillary sclerite. subalare jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The epipleurite that is adjacent to the notum, is attached to the coxa via muscle, is surrounded by the noto-pleural conjunctiva, and is posterior to the first axillary sclerite. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 subalare Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Subalare: sclerite associated with wing base, usually embedded in membrane between tergum and pleuron; attachment site of direct flight muscles." The dorsal region of the episternum that is dorsal to the anapleural sulcus. anepisternum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The dorsal region of the episternum that is dorsal to the anapleural sulcus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 anepisternum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anepisternum: dorsal part of episternum, ventrally delimited by anapleural suture." The region of cuticle on the antero-ventral region of the episternum that is anterior to the anapleural sulcus. preepisternum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle on the antero-ventral region of the episternum that is anterior to the anapleural sulcus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 preepisternum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Preepisternum: anterior part of ventral episternal region; delimited from katepisternum by precoxal suture; largest part of ventrite in Holometabola." The sulcus of the pleuron delimiting the dorsal region of the preepisternum and the ventral region of the anepisternum. anapleural cleft paracoxal suture anapleural sulcus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sulcus of the pleuron delimiting the dorsal region of the preepisternum and the ventral region of the anepisternum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 anapleural cleft Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anapleural suture (=paracoxal suture): suture horizontally delimiting dorsal and ventral parts of episternum and (partially) epimeron; sometimes anteriorly widened and membranous (=anapleural cleft)." paracoxal suture Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anapleural suture (=paracoxal suture): suture horizontally delimiting dorsal and ventral parts of episternum and (partially) epimeron; sometimes anteriorly widened and membranous (=anapleural cleft)." anapleural sulcus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anapleural suture (=paracoxal suture): suture horizontally delimiting dorsal and ventral parts of episternum and (partially) epimeron; sometimes anteriorly widened and membranous (=anapleural cleft)." The anatomical line of weakness of the cuticle that allows molting and coincides with a suture. molting line ecdysial line jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The anatomical line of weakness of the cuticle that allows molting and coincides with a suture. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 molting line Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Molting lines (frontal and coronal sutures [=epicranial lines or sutures])" The region of cuticle on the postero-ventral region of the episternum that is posterior to the anapleural sulcus. katepisternum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle on the postero-ventral region of the episternum that is posterior to the anapleural sulcus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 katepisternum Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Katepisternum: posterior part of ventral episternal region; separated from preepisternum by precoxal suture." The region of the cuticle on the dorsal region of the epimeron. anepimeron jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle on the dorsal region of the epimeron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-10 anepimeron Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anepimeron: dorsal part of epimeron (present as separate element in some groups)." The region of cuticle on the ventral region of the epimeron. katepimeron jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle on the ventral region of the epimeron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-10 katepimeron Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Katepimeron: ventral part of epimeron (present as separate element in some groups)." The sclerite that is surrounded by the basal wing conjunctiva. pteralia axillary sclerite jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite that is surrounded by the basal wing conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-10 pteralia Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pteralia: small sclerites of wing base (axillary sclerites + plates)." axillary sclerite Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Axillary sclerites (=axillaria, pteralia): small sclerites of wing base (usually 3); articulating with notal wing processes." The ridge that is anterior to a coxa, demarcated by the anapleural sulcus. precoxal ridge jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ridge that is anterior to a coxa, demarcated by the anapleural sulcus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 precoxal ridge Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Precoxal ridge: mediolaterally directed ridge in front of coxa, corresponding with externally visible precoxal suture." The sclerite attached to the spinasternum. spina jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite attached to the spinasternum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-10 spina Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Spina: smaller posterior endoskeletal element of thoracic segments, unpaired, arising on spinasternum." The bilaterally paired region of the cuticle of the postabdomen located between the epiproct and the paraproct cuticle of cercus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-08-01 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The bilaterally paired region of the cuticle of the postabdomen located between the epiproct and the paraproct jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-10 cuticle of cercus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cerci: tactile appendages of segment XI, primarily multisegmented and tactile bearing setae." 2021-12-13 The region of cuticle of the insect thorax that contains the mesothorax and the metathorax and bears the mid legs, the hind legs and the wings. pterothorax jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle of the insect thorax that contains the mesothorax and the metathorax and bears the mid legs, the hind legs and the wings. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-05 pterothorax Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Pterothorax: 2nd and 3nd thoracic segments; bearing wings (groundplan of Pterygota), meso- and metathorax." The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the abdominal tergite X and each paraproct. abdominal tergite X-paraproct conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the abdominal tergite X and each paraproct. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The cuticle of the segment of a leg attached to the distal margin of the coxa by the coxal-trochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the femur by the trochantero-femoral conjunctiva. cuticle of trochanter jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of a leg attached to the distal margin of the coxa by the coxal-trochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the femur by the trochantero-femoral conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of trochanter Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Trochanter: 2nd element of leg, usually small and triangular." 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is composed of tarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first tarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the tibia by the tibio-tarsal conjunctiva and last tarsomere is connected to the proximal margin of the pretarsus by the tarso-pretarsal conjunctiva. cuticle of tarsus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is composed of tarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first tarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the tibia by the tibio-tarsal conjunctiva and last tarsomere is connected to the proximal margin of the pretarsus by the tarso-pretarsal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of tarsus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Tarsus: 5th part of leg; undivided in entognathous orders, composed of 3–5 tarsomeres in most groups of Insecta." 2021-12-08 The conjunctiva of the leg joining the distal margin of a coxa and the proximal margin of a femur. coxal-trochanteral conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the leg joining the distal margin of a coxa and the proximal margin of a femur. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-14 The cuticle of the segment of a fore leg attached to the distal margin of the procoxa by the procoxal-protrochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the profemur by the protrochantero-profemoral conjunctiva. cuticle of protrochanter jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of a fore leg attached to the distal margin of the procoxa by the procoxal-protrochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the profemur by the protrochantero-profemoral conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of protrochanter 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of a mid leg attached to the distal margin of the mesocoxa by the mesocoxal-mesotrochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the mesofemur by the mesotrochantero-mesofemoral conjunctiva. cuticle of mesotrochanter jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of a mid leg attached to the distal margin of the mesocoxa by the mesocoxal-mesotrochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the mesofemur by the mesotrochantero-mesofemoral conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of mesotrochanter 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of a hind leg attached to the distal margin of the metacoxa by the metacoxal-metatrochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the metafemur by the metatrochantero-metafemoral conjunctiva. cuticle of metatrochanter jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of a hind leg attached to the distal margin of the metacoxa by the metacoxal-metatrochanteral conjunctiva and to the proximal margin of the metafemur by the metatrochantero-metafemoral conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-18 cuticle of metatrochanter 2021-12-08 The conjunctiva that encircles the femur by joining the distal margin of the trochanter and the proximal margin of the femur. trochantero-femoral conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the femur by joining the distal margin of the trochanter and the proximal margin of the femur. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-18 The conjunctiva that encircles the profemur by joining the distal margin of the protrochanter and the proximal margin of the profemur. protrochantero-profemoral conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the profemur by joining the distal margin of the protrochanter and the proximal margin of the profemur. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva that encircles the mesofemur by joining the distal margin of the mesotrochanter and the proximal margin of the mesofemur. mesotrochantero-mesofemoral conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the mesofemur by joining the distal margin of the mesotrochanter and the proximal margin of the mesofemur. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva that encircles the metafemur by joining the distal margin of the metatrochanter and the proximal margin of the metafemur. metatrochantero-metafemoral conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the metafemur by joining the distal margin of the metatrochanter and the proximal margin of the metafemur. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva that encircles the tibia by joining the distal margin of the femur and the proximal margin of the tibia. femoro-tibial conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the tibia by joining the distal margin of the femur and the proximal margin of the tibia. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva that encircles the protibia by joining the distal margin of the profemur and the proximal margin of the protibia. profemoro-protibial conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the protibia by joining the distal margin of the profemur and the proximal margin of the protibia. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva that encircles the mesotibia by joining the distal margin of the mesofemur and the proximal margin of the mesotibia. mesofemoro-mesotibial conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the mesotibia by joining the distal margin of the mesofemur and the proximal margin of the mesotibia. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva that encircles the metatibia by joining the distal margin of the metafemur and the proximal margin of the metatibia. metafemoro-metatibial conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the metatibia by joining the distal margin of the metafemur and the proximal margin of the metatibia. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva that encircles the tarsus by joining the distal margin of the tibia and the proximal margin of the tarsus. tibio-tarsal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the tarsus by joining the distal margin of the tibia and the proximal margin of the tarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva that encircles the protarsus by joining the distal margin of the protibia and the proximal margin of the protarsus. protibio-protarsal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the protarsus by joining the distal margin of the protibia and the proximal margin of the protarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva that encircles the mesotarsus by joining the distal margin of the mesotibia and the proximal margin of the mesotarsus. mesotibio-mesotarsal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the mesotarsus by joining the distal margin of the mesotibia and the proximal margin of the mesotarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva that encircles the metatarsus by joining the distal margin of the metatibia and the proximal margin of the metatarsus. metatibio-metatarsal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the metatarsus by joining the distal margin of the metatibia and the proximal margin of the metatarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The region of the cuticle on the lateral region of the mesothorax that is attached to the mesonotum and the mesosternum, and is attached to the mesocoxa by the mesocoxal muscle and the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva. mesopleuron jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle on the lateral region of the mesothorax that is attached to the mesonotum and the mesosternum, and is attached to the mesocoxa by the mesocoxal muscle and the basal mesocoxal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 The conjunctiva that encircles the pretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost tarsomere and the proximal margin of the pretarsus. tarso-pretarsal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the pretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost tarsomere and the proximal margin of the pretarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is composed of metatarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first metatarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the metatibia by the metatibio-metatarsal conjunctiva and the last metatarsomere is connected to the proximal margin of the metapretarsus by the metatarso-metapretarsal conjunctiva. cuticle of metatarsus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is composed of metatarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first metatarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the metatibia by the metatibio-metatarsal conjunctiva and the last metatarsomere is connected to the proximal margin of the metapretarsus by the metatarso-metapretarsal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-28 cuticle of metatarsus 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of the mid leg that is composed of mesotarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first mesotarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the mesotibia by the mesotibio-mesotarsal conjunctiva and the last mesotarsomere is connected to the proximal margin of the mesopretarsus by the mesotarso-mesopretarsal conjunctiva. cuticle of mesotarsus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of the mid leg that is composed of mesotarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first mesotarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the mesotibia by the mesotibio-mesotarsal conjunctiva and the last mesotarsomere is connected to the proximal margin of the mesopretarsus by the mesotarso-mesopretarsal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-28 cuticle of mesotarsus 2021-12-08 The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is composed of protarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first protarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the protibia by the protibio-protarsal conjunctiva and the last protarsomere is connected to the proximal margin of the propretarsus by the protarso-propretarsal conjunctiva. cuticle of protarsus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the segment of the leg that is composed of protarsomeres connected to each other by intertarsomeral conjunctiva. The first protarsomere is connected to the distal margin of the protibia by the protibio-protarsal conjunctiva and the last protarsomere is connected to the proximal margin of the propretarsus by the protarso-propretarsal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-03-28 cuticle of protarsus 2021-12-08 The conjunctiva that encircles the propretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost protarsomere and the proximal margin of the propretarsus. protarso-propretarsal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the propretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost protarsomere and the proximal margin of the propretarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva that encircles the mesopretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost mesotarsomere and the proximal margin of the mesopretarsus. mesotarso-mesopretarsal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the mesopretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost mesotarsomere and the proximal margin of the mesopretarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva that encircles the metapretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost metatarsomere and the proximal margin of the metapretarsus. metatarso-metapretarsal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva that encircles the metapretarsus by joining the distal margin of the distalmost metatarsomere and the proximal margin of the metapretarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The cuticle of the appendage of the fore leg that is attached to the protarsus by the protarso-propretarsal conjunctiva. cuticle of propretarsus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the appendage of the fore leg that is attached to the protarsus by the protarso-propretarsal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-10 2021-03-28 cuticle of propretarsus 2021-12-10 The cuticle of the appendage of the mid leg that is attached to the mesotarsus by the mesotarso-mesopretarsal conjunctiva. cuticle of mesopretarsus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the appendage of the mid leg that is attached to the mesotarsus by the mesotarso-mesopretarsal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-10 2021-03-28 cuticle of mesopretarsus 2021-12-10 The cuticle of the appendage of the hind leg that is attached to the metatarsus by the metatarso-metapretarsal conjunctiva. cuticle of metapretarsus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the appendage of the hind leg that is attached to the metatarsus by the metatarso-metapretarsal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-10 2021-03-28 cuticle of metapretarsus 2021-12-10 The orifice on the postabdomen at the posterior margin of the digestive tract, connected to the epiproct and paraprocti. insect anus imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The orifice on the postabdomen at the posterior margin of the digestive tract, connected to the epiproct and paraprocti. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-10 The region of the cuticle of the postabdomen that is paired and connected to the anterior region of the gonocoxa IX. cuticle of gonostylus IX jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of the cuticle of the postabdomen that is paired and connected to the anterior region of the gonocoxa IX. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 cuticle of gonostylus IX 2021-12-13 The cuticle of the mere that is part of the cercus. cuticle of cercomere jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticle of the mere that is part of the cercus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-08 2021-08-04 cuticle of cercomere 2021-12-08 The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the parameres and the aedeagus. paramero-aedeagal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the parameres and the aedeagus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the phallobase and the parameres. phallobasal-parameral conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the postabdomen that joins the phallobase and the parameres. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-03-28 The conjunctiva of the prothorax that joins the propleura and the prosternum. propleuro-prosternal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the prothorax that joins the propleura and the prosternum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjunctiva of the pterothorax that surrounds the wing. basal wing conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the pterothorax that surrounds the wing. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-10 The insect thoracic muscle that attaches to the notum and to the trochantin. For muscular terminology, tergum has been traditionally used instead of notum, even though "notum" is the prererred term to refer to the dorsal region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is attached to the dorsal margin of the pleuron. tergo-trochantinal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that attaches to the notum and to the trochantin. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-21 For muscular terminology, tergum has been traditionally used instead of notum, even though "notum" is the prererred term to refer to the dorsal region of the cuticle of the insect thorax that is attached to the dorsal margin of the pleuron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The tergo-trochantinal muscle that is attached to the pronotum and the protrochantin. pronoto-protrochantinal muscle jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The tergo-trochantinal muscle that is attached to the pronotum and the protrochantin. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The tergo-trochantinal muscle that is attached to the mesonotum and the mesotrochantin. mesonoto-mesotrochantinal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The tergo-trochantinal muscle that is attached to the mesonotum and the mesotrochantin. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The tergo-trochantinal muscle that is attached to the metanotum and the metatrochantin. metanoto-metatrochantinal muscle jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The tergo-trochantinal muscle that is attached to the metanotum and the metatrochantin. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between two nota (or terga). tergo-tergal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between two nota (or terga). jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the pronotum and the mesonotum. pronoto-mesonotal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the pronotum and the mesonotum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the mesonotum and the metanotum. mesonoto-metanotal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the mesonotum and the metanotum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the notum (or tergum) and the coxa. tergo-coxal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the notum (or tergum) and the coxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the notum (or tergum) and the trochanter. tergo-trochanteral muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the notum (or tergum) and the trochanter. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The insect thoracic muscle that attaches to the pleuron and to a coxa. pleuro-coxal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that attaches to the pleuron and to a coxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The insect thoracic muscle that is attached to a furca and to a coxa. furco-coxal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that is attached to a furca and to a coxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-08 The insect thoracic muscle that is attached to a furca and to a trochanter. furco-trochanteral muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that is attached to a furca and to a trochanter. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-08 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between two furcae. interfurcal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between two furcae. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the profurca and the mesofurca. profurco-mesofurcal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the profurca and the mesofurca. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the mesofurca and the metafurca. mesofurco-metafurcal muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the mesofurca and the metafurca. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The noto-pleural conjunctiva that joins the mesonotum and the mesopleuron. mesonoto-mesopleural conjuntiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The noto-pleural conjunctiva that joins the mesonotum and the mesopleuron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The noto-pleural conjunctiva that joins the pronotum and the propleuron. pronoto-propleural conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The noto-pleural conjunctiva that joins the pronotum and the propleuron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The noto-pleural conjunctiva that joins the metanotum and the metapleuron. metanoto-metapleural conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The noto-pleural conjunctiva that joins the metanotum and the metapleuron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the notum and the pleuron. noto-pleural conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the notum and the pleuron. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The axillary sclerite that is connected via muscle to the mesopleuron and is posterior to the first axillary sclerite. third axillary sclerite imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The axillary sclerite that is connected via muscle to the mesopleuron and is posterior to the first axillary sclerite. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-10 The axillary sclerite that is on the ventral region of the basal wing conjunctiva. ventral second axillary sclerite imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The axillary sclerite that is on the ventral region of the basal wing conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-10 The phragma of the metanotum that attaches to muscles attached to the mesonotum. mesophragma imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The phragma of the metanotum that attaches to muscles attached to the mesonotum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the mesophragma and the abdominal tergite I. mesophragmo-abdominal tergite I muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the mesophragma and the abdominal tergite I. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the metafurca and an abdominal sternite. metafurco-abdominal sternite muscle imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The insect thoracic muscle that extends between the metafurca and an abdominal sternite. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The phragma of the abdominal tergite I that attaches to muscles attached to the metanotum. metaphragma imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The phragma of the abdominal tergite I that attaches to muscles attached to the metanotum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the mesonotum and the metanotum. mesonoto-metanotal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the insect thorax that joins the mesonotum and the metanotum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the mesopleuron and the mesocoxa. mesopleuro-mesocoxal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the mesopleuron and the mesocoxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the mesopleura and the mesosternum. mesopleuro-mesosternal conjunctiva imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the mesopleura and the mesosternum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The sclerite on the ventral region of the metathorax that bears the metafurca and is attached to the metapleuro-metasternal conjunctiva. metasternum jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite on the ventral region of the metathorax that bears the metafurca and is attached to the metapleuro-metasternal conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the mesosternum and the mesocoxa. mesosterno-mesocoxal conjunctiva jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The conjunctiva of the mesothorax that joins the mesosternum and the mesocoxa. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-04-09 The pouch that is circular. circular pouch imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The pouch that is circular. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-07-21 circular pouch 2021-07-21 The region of cuticle that is continuous with glandular epithelial cells. ectodermal gland jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 The region of cuticle that is continuous with glandular epithelial cells. imiko https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2938-9075 2021-08-17 ectodermal gland Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "cells or groups of cells with highly specialized secretory functions, producing a great variety of substances which are discharged at the exterior or into invaginations of the body wall" The ectodermal gland that is composed of one cell unicellular ectodermal gland jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ectodermal gland that is composed of one cell jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-08-16 unicellular ectodermal gland Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "one-celled gland usually larger than the cells surrounding it; discharges its products directly through the covering cuticula. [...] In many glands a minute cuticular ductule extends from the exterior into the body of each cell, allowing the secretion to pass out through an extremely thin layer of cuticula." The cuticular evagination that is largely membranous. cuticular lobe jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-06-14 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-06-14 The cuticular evagination that is largely membranous. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-06-14 cuticular lobe Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a rounded projection or protuberance" 2021-12-08 The ectodermal gland that is composed of multiple cells. multicellular ectodermal gland jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The ectodermal gland that is composed of multiple cells. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-08-16 multicellular ectodermal gland Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "many-celled glands may be a group of cells situated at the surface of the body, but most of them are invaginations of the body wall." The region of cuticle on the posterodorsal region of the head capsule that is posterior to the occipital ridge and anterior to the postoccipital ridge. occiput jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle on the posterodorsal region of the head capsule that is posterior to the occipital ridge and anterior to the postoccipital ridge. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-08-16 occiput Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "dorsal part of the posterior surface of the head between the occipital and the postoccipital sutures" The cuticular suture composed of both the coronal suture and paired frontal sutures. epicranial suture jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticular suture composed of both the coronal suture and paired frontal sutures. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-10 2021-08-16 epicranial suture Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Y-shaped ecdysial sutures dividing vertex and frons, composed of coronal suture and paired frontal sutures." The region of cuticle that is behind the compound eye. temple jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle that is behind the compound eye. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-08-16 temple Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the part of the head above and behind the compound eyes" The region of cuticle of the insect wing that contains wing veins, folds, and conjunctiva. insect wing region jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle of the insect wing that contains wing veins, folds, and conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 insect wing region Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the principal areas of the wings differentiated in the wing-flexing insects (Neoptera), and often separated by distinct lines of folding, including the wing base, remigium, clavus, and jugum." The region of cuticle of the insect wing that is less flexible than the wing conjunctiva. insect wing vein jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle of the insect wing that is less flexible than the wing conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 insect wing vein Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "sclerotized, tubular structure supporting the membrane of the wings" The region of cuticle of the insect wing that is more flexible than the wing conjunctiva. insect wing fold jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The region of cuticle of the insect wing that is more flexible than the wing conjunctiva. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 insect wing fold Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "line along which wings fold at rest" The posterior region of the insect wing. vannus anal field jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The posterior region of the insect wing. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 anal field Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anal field (=vannus): posterior part of wings, usually enlarged in Polyneoptera." The insect wing vein of the anal field that is posterior to the anal fold or the postcubitus and anterior to the jugal fold or the jugal veins. anal vein jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect wing vein of the anal field that is posterior to the anal fold or the postcubitus and anterior to the jugal fold or the jugal veins. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 anal vein Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anal veins: longitudinal veins of the anal field proximally articulated with 3rd axillary sclerite; usually unbranched and arranged like a fan." The insect wing vein of the costal field that is anterior to the subcosta. costa jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect wing vein of the costal field that is anterior to the subcosta. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 costa Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Costa: main longitudinal vein along anterior wing margin, articulated with humeral plate." The anterior region of the insect wing. remigium costal field jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The anterior region of the insect wing. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 costal field Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Costal field (=remigium): anterior part of wing; usually largest region." The insect wing vein that is posterior to the media and anterior to the postcubitus. cubitus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect wing vein that is posterior to the media and anterior to the postcubitus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 cubitus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Cubitus: 5th main longitudinal vein." The insect wing region that is posterior to the jugal fold. jugal field jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect wing region that is posterior to the jugal fold. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 jugal field Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Jugal field: small wing region posteriorly adjacent with anal field." The insect wing vein in the jugal field, posterior to the jugal fold or to the anal veins. jugal vein jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect wing vein in the jugal field, posterior to the jugal fold or to the anal veins. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 jugal vein Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Jugal veins: veins of the jugal field." The insect wing vein that is posterior to some radius and anterior to some cubitus. media jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect wing vein that is posterior to some radius and anterior to some cubitus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 media Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Media: 4th main longitudinal vein." The insect wing fold that separates the anal field and the jugal field. plica jugalis jugal fold jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect wing fold that separates the anal field and the jugal field. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 plica jugalis Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Plica jugalis: separates the anal and jugal fields." The insect wing fold that is posterior to the postcubitus and separates the costal field and the anal field. claval furrow plica vannalis anal fold jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect wing fold that is posterior to the postcubitus and separates the costal field and the anal field. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 claval furrow Chapman RF (2012) The Insects: Structure and Function. Fifth Edition. Cambridge University Press. 959 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139035460 "longitudinal flexion line which runs close to the CuP. This furrow allows the posterior part of the wing to flap up and down with respect to the rest of the wing." plica vannalis Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Plica vannalis: separates the costal and anal fields." The insect wing vein that is posterior to the cubitus and anterior to the anal fold or the anal vein. postcubitus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect wing vein that is posterior to the cubitus and anterior to the anal fold or the anal vein. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 postcubitus Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Postcubitus: posteriormost longitudinal vein of the remigium." The insect wing vein that is posterior to the subcosta and anterior to the media. radius jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect wing vein that is posterior to the subcosta and anterior to the media. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 radius Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Radius: 3rd main longitudinal vein." The insect wing vein that is posterior to the costa and anterior to the radius. subcosta jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect wing vein that is posterior to the costa and anterior to the radius. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 subcosta Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Subcosta: 2nd main longitudinal vein, following costal vein." The proximal region of the insect wing. axillary region jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The proximal region of the insect wing. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 axillary region Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "The region of the wing base containing the axillary sclerites" The insect wing fold that is distal to the axillary region. plica basalis basal fold jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The insect wing fold that is distal to the axillary region. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-09-07 plica basalis Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "Plica basalis (bf).The basal fold of the wing, or line of flection between the base of the mediocubital fold and the axillary region, forming a prominent convex fold in the flexed wing extending between the median plates from the articulation of radius with the second axillary to the articulation of the vannal veins with the third axillary." The sclerite that is part of the pretarsus. ungues pretarsal claw jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sclerite that is part of the pretarsus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-11-19 ungues Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ungues: pretarsal claws; unpaired in Collembola and Protura, usually paired in Diplura and Insecta." pretarsal claw Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Ungues: pretarsal claws; unpaired in Collembola and Protura, usually paired in Diplura and Insecta." The cuticular protrusion that is part of the pretarsus, ventral to the tarsal claws. cuticle of empodium jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The cuticular protrusion that is part of the pretarsus, ventral to the tarsal claws. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-11-19 cuticle of empodium Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "a spine- or lobelike process of the unguitractor" 2021-12-08 The sulcus that coincides with the frontoclypeal ridge and separated the frons from the clypeus. epistomal sulcus epistomal suture frontoclypeal suture frontoclypeal sulcus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 The sulcus that coincides with the frontoclypeal ridge and separated the frons from the clypeus. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-11-19 epistomal sulcus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 epistomal suture Lawrence J, Ślipiński A (2013) Adult morphology. In: Australian beetles volume 1: morphology, classification and keys. CSIRO Publishing, 30–63. https://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6466/ [adjusted] the 'suture' separating the clypeus from the frons, representing the internal invagination of the epistomal ridge. frontoclypeal suture Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the suture between the frons and the clypeus" The conjunctiva that is part of the head capsule and is continuous with the epipharynx and the hypopharynx. cibarium jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-15 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-15 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-15 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-15 The conjunctiva that is part of the head capsule and is continuous with the epipharynx and the hypopharynx. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2021-12-15 cibarium Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Anterior part of preoral space between epipharynx and hypopharynx." 2021-12-15 The region of cuticle that is posterior to the cuticle of the labrum. epistoma jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-02-21 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-02-21 The region of cuticle that is posterior to the cuticle of the labrum. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-02-21 epistoma Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the oral margin or sclerite directly behind the labrum" 2022-02-21 The cuticular sulcus that is adjacent to the subgena and coincides with the subgenal ridge. subgenal suture subgenal sulcus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-02-21 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-02-21 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-02-21 The cuticular sulcus that is adjacent to the subgena and coincides with the subgenal ridge. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-02-21 subgenal sulcus Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the lateral submarginal groove of the cranium just above the bases of the gnathal appendages, extending between the anterior tentorial pit and the posterior tentorial pit" 2022-02-21 The cuticle of a mere that is part of the cuticle of the antenna. cuticle of antennomere jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 The cuticle of a mere that is part of the cuticle of the antenna. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 cuticle of antennomere 2022-06-20 The cuticular sulcus that coincides with the postoccipital ridge and is posterior to the occiput and anterior to the postocciput postoccipital sulcus postoccipital sulcus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-17 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-17 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-17 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-17 The cuticular sulcus that coincides with the postoccipital ridge and is posterior to the occiput and anterior to the postocciput jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-17 postoccipital sulcus Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "posterior submarginal groove having the posterior tentorial pits in its lower end, separatig the postocciput from the rest of the cranium" postoccipital sulcus Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf [as postoccipital suture] "posterior submarginal groove having the posterior tentorial pits in its lower end, separatig the postocciput from the rest of the cranium" 2022-06-17 The cuticular sulcus that coincides with the gular ridge, separating the gula fron the gena gular suture gular sulcus jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-17 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-17 2022-06-17 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-17 The cuticular sulcus that coincides with the gular ridge, separating the gula fron the gena jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-17 gular suture Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the line or division between the gula and the genae" gular sulcus Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf [as gular suture] "the line or division between the gula and the genae" The region of the cuticle that is distal and medial on the cuticle of the insect mandible. mandibular incisor lobe jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 The region of the cuticle that is distal and medial on the cuticle of the insect mandible. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 mandibular incisor lobe Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "toothed distal lobe of mandible" 2022-06-20 The region of the cuticle that is proximal and medial on the cuticle of the insect mandible. mola mandibular molar lobe jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 The region of the cuticle that is proximal and medial on the cuticle of the insect mandible. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 mola Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf mola = molar lobe = "the ridged or roughened grinding surface of the mandible" mandibular molar lobe Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "the ridged or roughened grinding surface of the mandible" 2022-06-20 The cuticular lobe of the cuticle of the insect mandible between the mandibular molar lobe and the mandibular incisor lobe. lacinia mobilis prostheca jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 The cuticular lobe of the cuticle of the insect mandible between the mandibular molar lobe and the mandibular incisor lobe. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-20 lacinia mobilis Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "An articulated mesal appendage, the lacinia mobilis or prostheca, occurs in several groups. It can be sclerotized or largely membranous and is often equipped with microtrichia." prostheca Nichols, S. W. (1989) Torre-Bueno glossary of entomology. New York Entomological Society. 840 pp. https://ipmhouse.tamu.edu/files/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf "mandibular region set with hair" 2022-06-20 The region of cuticle on the lateral region of the cuticle of stipes, adjacent to the distal margin of the cuticle of the cardo, to the proximal margin of the cuticle of the palpifer, and adjacent to the proximal margin of the mediostipes. basistipes jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 The region of cuticle on the lateral region of the cuticle of stipes, adjacent to the distal margin of the cuticle of the cardo, to the proximal margin of the cuticle of the palpifer, and adjacent to the proximal margin of the mediostipes. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 basistipes Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Basistipes: basolateral part of stipes." 2022-06-23 The region of cuticle on the medial region of the cuticle of stipes, adjacent to the distal margin of the cuticle of the basistipes, and to the proximal margin of the cuticle of the galea and the lacinia. mediostipes jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 The region of cuticle on the medial region of the cuticle of stipes, adjacent to the distal margin of the cuticle of the basistipes, and to the proximal margin of the cuticle of the galea and the lacinia. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 mediostipes Beutel RG, Friedrich F, Yang X-K, Ge S-Q (2014) Insect Morphology and Phylogeny Insect morphology and phylogeny: a textbook for students of entomology. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110264043 "Mediostipes: mesal part of stipes." The ectodermal gland continuous with the proximal region of the cuticle of the cardo. maxillary gland jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 The ectodermal gland continuous with the proximal region of the cuticle of the cardo. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-23 maxillary gland Snodgrass RE (1993) Principles of Insect Morphology. Cornell University Press, 768 pp. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhm1j "Glands present in some insects opening mesally at the bases of the maxillae" The sclerite that is continuous with the hypopharynx. hypopharyngeal sclerite jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-27 jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-27 The sclerite that is continuous with the hypopharynx. jgiron https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0851-6883 2022-06-27 entity Entity Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) entity Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf per discussion with Barry Smith An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) continuant Continuant An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] continuant Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. occurrent ic IndependentContinuant a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] independent continuant b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] s-region SpatialRegion BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes. Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] spatial region Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. per discussion with Barry Smith A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] 2d-s-region TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion an infinitely thin plane in space. the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001]) (forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001] two-dimensional spatial region A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001]) (forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001] An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. process disposition Disposition an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] disposition b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] realizable RealizableEntity the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] realizable entity To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] bfo BFO:0000019 quality quality sdc SpecificallyDependentContinuant Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] specifically dependent continuant b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. per discussion with Barry Smith (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] role Role John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] role b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] bfo BFO:0000030 object object gdc GenericallyDependentContinuant The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] generically dependent continuant b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] function Function the function of a hammer to drive in nails the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc. A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] function A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] material MaterialEntity a flame a forest fire a human being a hurricane a photon a puff of smoke a sea wave a tornado an aggregate of human beings. an energy wave an epidemic the undetached arm of a human being An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60 BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity. BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here. A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] bfo BFO:0000040 material entity material entity A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] immaterial ImmaterialEntity BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10 immaterial entity The side of an organism that is left of the sagittal plane. left spatial BSPO:0000000 left side The side of an organism that is left of the sagittal plane. BSPO:cjm upper spatial BSPO:0000001 Consider merging with superior side. upper side lower spatial BSPO:0000002 Consider merging with inferior side. lower side A 2D surface of an anatomical continuant. FMA:24137 surface spatial BSPO:0000005 to be merged into CARO anatomical surface A 2D surface of an anatomical continuant. BSPO:cjm Fiat anatomical region extending a short distance from the boundary of an object inwards. edge margin spatial BSPO:0000006 anatomical margin Fiat anatomical region extending a short distance from the boundary of an object inwards. BSPO:cjm The side of an organism that is right of the sagittal plane. right spatial BSPO:0000007 right side The side of an organism that is right of the sagittal plane. BSPO:cjm BSPO:wd A straight line through space, intersecting an anatomical entity. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Anatomical_Directions_and_Axes.JPG spatial BSPO:0000010 Axis directions are defined in terms of axes. anatomical axis A straight line through space, intersecting an anatomical entity. BSPO:cjm An anatomical axis determined by gravity. spatial superior-inferior axis BSPO:0000011 upper-lower axis An anatomical axis determined by gravity. BSPO:cjm An axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. A-P axis AP axis anteroposterior axis cephalocaudal axis craniocaudal axis rostral/caudal rostrocaudal axis spatial longitudinal axis BSPO:0000013 In sponges, AP is used to indicate the direction of movement [in larval stage] (as it is in other metazoans that move, e.g., the basal bilaterians). [PM] anterior-posterior axis An axis that extends through an organism from head end to opposite end of body or tail. BSPO:cjm cephalocaudal axis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location craniocaudal axis rostral/caudal rostrocaudal axis An axis that extends from the point of attachment of a structure (proximal) to the point furthest away from the plane of attachment (distal). proximal/distal proximodistal spatial BSPO:0000015 In some communities, proximal and distal are used when specifying the position of parts of elements that are contained within the body, such as gill arches or vertebral spines. In these cases, use of the classes medial-lateral axis or medial-external axis are more appropriate. proximal-distal axis An axis that extends from the point of attachment of a structure (proximal) to the point furthest away from the plane of attachment (distal). BSPO:curators http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location An axis that is approximately perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis and that extends through the horizontal plane of the body. D-V axis DV axis dorsoventral axis anterior-posterior axis spatial BSPO:0000016 dorsal-ventral axis An axis that is approximately perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis and that extends through the horizontal plane of the body. BSPO:curators anterior-posterior axis An axis that bisects an organism from left to right sides of body, through a sagittal plane. L-R axis LR axis R-L axis RL axis dextro-sinister axis left to right axis right to left axis right-left axis spatial BSPO:0000017 left-right axis An axis that bisects an organism from left to right sides of body, through a sagittal plane. BSPO:cjm Anatomical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior parts. FMA:12247 axial plane axial section transverse section spatial cross-section BSPO:0000018 transverse plane Anatomical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior parts. BSPO:mah Anatomical plane that divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral parts. FMA:52810 frontal plane horizontal anatomical plane horizontal section spatial coronal section frontal section BSPO:0000019 horizontal plane Anatomical plane that divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral parts. BSPO:mah horizontal anatomical plane FMA:52810 Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and dorsal regions of a body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-06-15T01:01:38Z anterodorsal region spatial BSPO:0000026 antero-dorsal region Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and dorsal regions of a body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and ventral regions of a body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-06-15T01:04:59Z anteroventral region spatial BSPO:0000027 antero-ventral region Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and ventral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and lateral regions of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-06-15T01:06:01Z posterolateral region spatial BSPO:0000028 postero-lateral region Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and lateral regions of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and lateral regions of a body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-06-15T01:07:18Z anterolateral region spatial BSPO:0000029 antero-lateral region Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and lateral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and dorsal regions of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-06-15T01:08:13Z posterodorsal region spatial BSPO:0000030 postero-dorsal region Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and dorsal regions of the body or body part. BSPO:wd spatial BSPO:0000031 upper region spatial BSPO:0000032 lower region Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and ventral regions of a body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-06-15T01:08:38Z posteroventral region spatial BSPO:0000035 postero-ventral region Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and ventral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-medial region of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:49:57Z anteromedial margin spatial BSPO:0000042 antero-medial margin Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-medial region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-lateral region of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:50:37Z anterolateral margin spatial BSPO:0000045 antero-lateral margin Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-lateral region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-medial region of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:51:07Z posteromedial margin spatial BSPO:0000046 postero-medial margin Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-medial region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-lateral region of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:51:42Z posterolateral margin spatial BSPO:0000047 postero-lateral margin Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-lateral region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the dorso-medial region of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:52:04Z dorso-medial margin spatial BSPO:0000048 dorso-medial margin Anatomical margin that is located on the dorso-medial region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the ventro-medial region of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:52:48Z ventromedial margin spatial BSPO:0000049 ventro-medial margin Anatomical margin that is located on the ventro-medial region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and medial regions of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:55:32Z anteromedial region spatial BSPO:0000050 antero-medial region Anatomical region that overlaps the anterior and medial regions of the body or body part. BSPO:wd An anatomical region bounded by a plane perpendicular to an axis through the middle. FBql:00005841 spatial BSPO:0000054 anatomical side An anatomical region bounded by a plane perpendicular to an axis through the middle. BSPO:cjm An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure anterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. FBcv:0000053 FBql:00005848 anterior rostral spatial BSPO:0000055 anterior side An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure anterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. BSPO:RW An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure posterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. FBcv:0000065 FBql:00005849 posterior caudal spatial BSPO:0000056 posterior side An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure posterior to a transverse plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. BSPO:RW BSPO:wd caudal FBcv:0000066 FBql:00005852 proximal spatial BSPO:0000061 proximal side Anatomical side that is distally located on an organism or structure. FBcv:0000058 FBql:00005853 distal spatial BSPO:0000062 distal side Anatomical side that is distally located on an organism or structure. BSPO:wd An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. FBcv:0000059 FBql:00005842 dorsal spatial BSPO:0000063 dorsal side An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and medial regions of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:56:39Z posteromedial region spatial BSPO:0000064 postero-medial region Anatomical region that overlaps the posterior and medial regions of the body or body part. BSPO:wd FBcv:0000063 FBql:00005844 lateral spatial BSPO:0000066 lateral side FBcv:0000064 FBql:00005847 medial spatial BSPO:0000067 a point in the centre of the organism (where the left-right axis intersects the midsagittal plane) medial side An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure ventral to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane. FBcv:0000070 FBql:00005843 ventral spatial BSPO:0000068 ventral side An anatomical region that is the entire part of an anatomical structure ventral to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same horizontal plane. BSPO:RW BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and medial regions of the body or body part. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:57:22Z dorsomedial region spatial BSPO:0000069 dorso-medial region Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and medial regions of the body or body part. BSPO:wd A 3D region in space without well-defined compartmental boundaries; for example, the dorsal region of an ectoderm. FBql:00005841 spatial BSPO:0000070 to be merged into CARO anatomical region A 3D region in space without well-defined compartmental boundaries; for example, the dorsal region of an ectoderm. BSPO:cjm Anatomical region anteriorly located on the body or body part. FBql:00005848 spatial BSPO:0000071 anterior region Anatomical region anteriorly located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region posteriorly located on the body or body part. FBql:00005849 spatial BSPO:0000072 posterior region Anatomical region posteriorly located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region proximally located on the body or body part. FBql:00005852 spatial BSPO:0000077 proximal region Anatomical region proximally located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region distally located on the body or body part. FBql:00005853 spatial BSPO:0000078 distal region Anatomical region distally located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region dorsally located on the body or body part. FBql:00005842 spatial BSPO:0000079 dorsal region Anatomical region dorsally located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and lateral regions of a body or body part. FBql:00005845 dorsolateral region spatial BSPO:0000080 dorso-lateral region Anatomical region that overlaps the dorsal and lateral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region laterally located on the body or body part. FBql:00005844 spatial BSPO:0000082 lateral region Anatomical region laterally located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region medially located on the body or body part. FBql:00005847 spatial BSPO:0000083 medial region Anatomical region medially located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region ventrally located on the body or body part. FBql:00005843 spatial BSPO:0000084 ventral region Anatomical region ventrally located on the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical region that overlaps the ventral and lateral regions of a body or body part. FBql:00005846 ventrolateral region spatial BSPO:0000085 This is an example of a composition of two axis positions. ventro-lateral region Anatomical region that overlaps the ventral and lateral regions of a body or body part. BSPO:wd The region corresponding to the ventral region of the entity, towards the midline. Melissa Haendel 2009-09-10T08:57:54Z medioventral region ventromedial region spatial BSPO:0000112 ventro-medial region The region corresponding to the ventral region of the entity, towards the midline. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that is located on the anterior side of the body or body part. FBql:00005848 spatial BSPO:0000371 anterior surface Anatomical surface that is located on the anterior side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part. FBql:00005849 spatial BSPO:0000372 posterior surface Anatomical surface that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that is located on the proximal side of the body or body part. FBql:00005852 spatial BSPO:0000377 internal side proximal surface Anatomical surface that is located on the proximal side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that is located on the distal side of the body or body part. FBql:00005853 spatial BSPO:0000378 distal surface external side Anatomical surface that is located on the distal side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that located on the dorsal side of the body or body part. FBql:00005842 spatial BSPO:0000379 dorsal surface Anatomical surface that located on the dorsal side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that located on the lateral side of the body or body part. FBql:00005844 spatial BSPO:0000382 lateral surface Anatomical surface that located on the lateral side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that located on the medial side of the body or body part. FBql:00005847 spatial BSPO:0000383 medial surface Anatomical surface that located on the medial side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical surface that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part. FBql:00005843 spatial BSPO:0000384 ventral surface Anatomical surface that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd A flat 2D plane intersecting an anatomical continuant, dividing it into two adjacent portions. FMA:242982 anatomical cross-section anatomical section plane section spatial cross-section BSPO:0000400 These anatomical sections are applicable to most bilaterally symmetrical animals, but bipedal animals such as humans have more complex usage of these terms. For example, in post-embryonic humans a coronal plane is vertical and a transverse plane is horizontal, but for embryos and quadrupeds a coronal plane is horizontal and a transverse plane is vertical. anatomical plane A flat 2D plane intersecting an anatomical continuant, dividing it into two adjacent portions. BSPO:cjm Anatomical plane that divides a bilateral body into left and right parts, not necessarily of even size. FMA:11361 left/right plane median plane sagittal section spatial BSPO:0000417 sagittal plane Anatomical plane that divides a bilateral body into left and right parts, not necessarily of even size. BSPO:DOS BSPO:cjm BSPO:mah Anatomical margin that is located on the anterior side of a body or body part. spatial BSPO:0000671 anterior margin Anatomical margin that is located on the anterior side of a body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part. spatial BSPO:0000672 posterior margin Anatomical margin that is located on the posterior side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the proximal region of the body or body part. spatial BSPO:0000677 proximal margin Anatomical margin that is located on the proximal region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the distal side of the body or body part. spatial BSPO:0000678 distal margin Anatomical margin that is located on the distal side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the dorsal side of body or body part. spatial BSPO:0000679 dorsal margin Anatomical margin that is located on the dorsal side of body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the dorso-lateral region of the body or body part. dorsolateral margin spatial BSPO:0000680 dorso-lateral margin Anatomical margin that is located on the dorso-lateral region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the lateral side of the body or body part. spatial BSPO:0000682 lateral margin Anatomical margin that is located on the lateral side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the medial side of the body or body part. spatial BSPO:0000683 medial margin Anatomical margin that is located on the medial side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part. spatial BSPO:0000684 ventral margin Anatomical margin that is located on the ventral side of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the body or body part. ventrolateral margin spatial BSPO:0000685 This is an example of a composition of two axis positions ventro-lateral margin Anatomical margin that is located on the ventro-lateral region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-dorso region of the body or body part. anterodorsal margin spatial BSPO:0000686 antero-dorsal margin Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-dorso region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-dorsal region of the body or body part. posterodorsal margin spatial BSPO:0000687 postero-dorsal margin Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-dorsal region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-ventral region of the body or body part. anteroventral margin spatial BSPO:0000688 antero-ventral margin Anatomical margin that is located on the antero-ventral region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-ventral region of the body or body part. posteroventral margin spatial BSPO:0000689 postero-ventral margin Anatomical margin that is located on the postero-ventral region of the body or body part. BSPO:wd A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex. Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. spatial CARO:0000000 Following BFO, material anatomical entities may have immaterial parts (the lumen of your stomach is part of your stomach). The granularity limit follows the limits set by the Gene Ontology on the granularity limit for GO:cellular_component. Note that substances produced by an organism (sweat, feaces, urine) do not need to be part of an organism to qualify as an anatomical structure. anatomical entity anatomical entity A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex. CAROC:Brownsville2014 Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. CARO:MAH Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. spatial CARO:0000003 Note that the definition does not say 'generated exclusively by the co-ordinated expression of the organism's own genome', so this is still valid for cases where normal morphogenesis requires the actions of a facultative symbiont, or some looser dependency such as the a requirement for the presence of gut flora for normal gut development. anatomical structure connected anatomical structure connected anatomical structure Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. CC:DOS Examples include feces, urine, blood, blood plasma, lymph, hemolymph, cerbro-spinal fluid. This class does not encompass anatomical entities with inherent 3D structure such as dentine and arthropod cuticle. Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body and that does not have inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. portion of organism substance CARO:0000004 Note - CARO explicitly declares organisms substances to be part of (some) organism. organism substance An anatomical entity that has mass. spatial CARO:0000006 material anatomical entity material anatomical entity An anatomical entity that has mass. CC:DOS An anatomical entity that has no mass. Anatomical entity that has no mass. spatial CARO:0000007 immaterial anatomical entity An anatomical entity that has no mass. CC:DOS A one dimensional, immaterial anatomical entity. spatial CARO:0000008 anatomical line A one dimensional, immaterial anatomical entity. CC:DOS A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures. spatial CARO:0000010 Except in the case of abstracted fiat boundaries such as the midline plane of an organism, all 2D anatomical entities have a 3 dimensional projection. For example, the surface of the shell of a muscle has a distinct shape that projects into the third dimension. Note that boundaries are 2D structures. They have no thickness - and so can not be sites of gene expression or gene product localisation. For this, use boundary region terms. anatomical boundary A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures. CC:DOS Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a clade and, at some point in its life-cycle, consists of more than one cell. CARO:0000012 MH: Can't define this class based on 2 or more cells because most multi cellular organisms (if not all) have only a single cell at some point in life history. MH: sexual subtypes should probably be logically defined based on sexual processes or sex qualities. multicellular organism An anatomical structure that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. CL:0000000 GO:0005623 CARO:0000013 deprecate and replace with CL or GO term? cell Anatomical structure that is part of a cell and that has a granularity level equal to that of a protein complex or higher. cell component CARO:0000014 This is declared equivalent with GO:0044464. The definition should be co-ordinated with GO. We could obsolete the CARO class and just use the GO class. cell part Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument. Old definition: Anatomical structure which is a primary subdivision of whole organism. The mereological sum of these is the whole organism. CARO:0000032 organism subdivision 0 0 An anatomical structure that has no cells or cell parts as a part. CARO:0000040 Example. Insect cuticle, eggshell, hair. acellular anatomical structure A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis. CARO:0000042 MH: define as not part of embryo, or will not develop into embryo? MH: changed def to exclude cells so this class could be included in gross anatomical part. DOS: Changed to something that I think works for both vertebrates and invertebrates and that keeps the restriction to multicellular structures. Old def: "Anatomical structure that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue that will not contribute to the embryo.". One remaining question - perhaps zygote is too restrictive given that some organisms have parthenogenesis e.g. aphids? extraembryonic structure 2 A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part. multi-cell-component structure CARO:0001000 Examples: a bundle of neuron projections in the brain; a region neuropil in an arthropod central nervous system; a region of cortex (preikaryal rind) in an arthropod brain. multi-cell-part structure A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. nerve fiber bundle CARO:0001001 neuron projection bundle nerve fiber bundle EXACT Anatomical structure that is part of a multicellular organism and is at the gross anatomical level, e.g. above the level of a cell. Included are portions of organism substances such as blood, multi-cell-part structures such as axon tracts, acellular anatomical structures such as hair, and organism subdivisions such as head. Excluded is the whole organism and more granular parts of the organism, such as atoms, molecules, macromolecular complexes and cells. mah 10.7.2011 gross anatomical part Material anatomical entity that is a member of an individual species or is a viral or viroid particle. Melissa Haendel 9/18/11 organism or virus or viroid An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part. djs93 Sun Feb 27 10:53:00 GMT 2011 CARO:0010000 multicellular anatomical structure There is a cost to burying this in PATO. We lose that we could relax the cardinality assertion to subClassOf has_part some cell. I'm sure having this axiom inherited would come in handy. DOS An individual member of a clade of cellular organisms. mah 7.16.2011 CARO:0010004 A general term for organism that is agnostic about single cell vs multi-cellular. Note that this is a subclass of 'anatomical structure', meaning that an organism must be a connected structure. For example, if I take one plant and make a rooted cutting from a it, I now have two (clonally related) organisms. cellular organism 2 Material anatomical entity consisting of multiple anatomical structures that are not connected to each other. CARO:0000054 disconnected anatomical group An anatomical structure consisting of one or more cells. 2018-09-28T14:20:19Z cellular anatomical structure dos With a reflexive part_of relation this might safely be defined as 'anatomical structure' that has_part some cell Entity that is, is part of, or derived from an organism, virus, or viroid or a collection of them. Important for alignment with Darwin Core class "Organism". biological entity Elementary particle not affected by the strong force having a spin 1/2, a negative elementary charge and a rest mass of 0.000548579903(13) u, or 0.51099906(15) MeV. -1 0.000548579903 0.0 KEGG:C05359 PMID:21614077 Wikipedia:Electron electron chebi_ontology Elektron beta beta(-) beta-particle e e(-) e- negatron CHEBI:10545 electron PMID:21614077 Europe PMC PMID:21614077 Europe PMC electron ChEBI electron IUPAC electron KEGG_COMPOUND Elektron ChEBI beta IUPAC beta(-) ChEBI beta-particle IUPAC e IUPAC e(-) UniProt e- KEGG_COMPOUND negatron IUPAC A carbohydrate acid derivative anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy groups of hyaluronic acid; major species at pH 7.3. -1 (C14H20NO11)n.H2O chebi_ontology hyaluronan hyaluronate polyanion CHEBI:132153 hyaluronate hyaluronan UniProt hyaluronate polyanion ChEBI A Bronsted acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. Inorganic acids (also known as mineral acids) form hydrons and conjugate base ions when dissolved in water. Wikipedia:Mineral_acid chebi_ontology inorganic acids mineral acid mineral acids CHEBI:138103 inorganic acid inorganic acids ChEBI mineral acid ChEBI mineral acids ChEBI Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa). Wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas chebi_ontology gas molecular entities gaseous molecular entities gaseous molecular entity CHEBI:138675 gas molecular entity gas molecular entities ChEBI gaseous molecular entities ChEBI gaseous molecular entity ChEBI -1 CH2NO2 InChI=1S/CH3NO2/c2-1(3)4/h2H2,(H,3,4)/p-1 KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 60.03212 60.00910 NC([O-])=O Beilstein:3903503 CAS:302-11-4 Gmelin:239604 carbamate chebi_ontology Carbamat Karbamat carbamate ion carbamic acid, ion(1-) CHEBI:13941 carbamate Beilstein:3903503 Beilstein CAS:302-11-4 ChemIDplus Gmelin:239604 Gmelin carbamate IUPAC carbamate UniProt Carbamat ChEBI Karbamat ChEBI carbamate ion ChemIDplus carbamic acid, ion(1-) ChemIDplus A molecular entity that can accept an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group from another molecular entity. CHEBI:13699 CHEBI:2377 KEGG:C00028 KEGG:C16722 Acceptor chebi_ontology A Akzeptor Hydrogen-acceptor Oxidized donor accepteur CHEBI:15339 acceptor Acceptor KEGG_COMPOUND A KEGG_COMPOUND Akzeptor ChEBI Hydrogen-acceptor KEGG_COMPOUND Oxidized donor KEGG_COMPOUND accepteur ChEBI 0 O2 InChI=1S/O2/c1-2 MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 31.99880 31.98983 O=O CHEBI:10745 CHEBI:13416 CHEBI:23833 CHEBI:25366 CHEBI:30491 CHEBI:44742 CHEBI:7860 CAS:7782-44-7 Gmelin:485 HMDB:HMDB0001377 KEGG:C00007 KEGG:D00003 MetaCyc:OXYGEN-MOLECULE MolBase:750 PDBeChem:OXY PMID:10906528 PMID:16977326 PMID:18210929 PMID:18638417 PMID:19840863 PMID:7710549 PMID:9463773 Wikipedia:Oxygen dioxygen chebi_ontology Disauerstoff E 948 E-948 E948 O2 OXYGEN MOLECULE Oxygen [OO] dioxygene molecular oxygen CHEBI:15379 dioxygen CAS:7782-44-7 ChemIDplus CAS:7782-44-7 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:7782-44-7 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:485 Gmelin PMID:10906528 Europe PMC PMID:16977326 Europe PMC PMID:18210929 Europe PMC PMID:18638417 Europe PMC PMID:19840863 Europe PMC PMID:7710549 Europe PMC PMID:9463773 Europe PMC dioxygen IUPAC Disauerstoff ChEBI E 948 ChEBI E-948 ChEBI E948 ChEBI O2 IUPAC O2 KEGG_COMPOUND O2 UniProt OXYGEN MOLECULE PDBeChem Oxygen KEGG_COMPOUND [OO] MolBase dioxygene ChEBI molecular oxygen ChEBI A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues. C4H6N2O3R2(C2H2NOR)n CHEBI:14860 CHEBI:8314 KEGG:C00403 Polypeptide polypeptides chebi_ontology Polypeptid polipeptido CHEBI:15841 polypeptide Polypeptide KEGG_COMPOUND polypeptides IUPAC Polypeptid ChEBI polipeptido ChEBI A nucleobase-containing molecular entity with a polymeric structure comprised of a linear sequence of 13 or more nucleotide residues. 0 (C5H8O6PR)n.C10H17O10PR2 CHEBI:13672 CHEBI:14859 CHEBI:8312 KEGG:C00419 Polynucleotide chebi_ontology polynucleotides CHEBI:15986 polynucleotide Polynucleotide KEGG_COMPOUND polynucleotides ChEBI An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms. 0 H3N InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3 QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 17.03056 17.02655 [H]N([H])[H] CHEBI:13405 CHEBI:13406 CHEBI:13407 CHEBI:13771 CHEBI:22533 CHEBI:44269 CHEBI:44284 CHEBI:44404 CHEBI:7434 Beilstein:3587154 CAS:7664-41-7 Drug_Central:4625 Gmelin:79 HMDB:HMDB0000051 KEGG:C00014 KEGG:D02916 KNApSAcK:C00007267 MetaCyc:AMMONIA MolBase:930 PDBeChem:NH3 PMID:110589 PMID:11139349 PMID:11540049 PMID:11746427 PMID:11783653 PMID:13753780 PMID:14663195 PMID:15092448 PMID:15094021 PMID:15554424 PMID:15969015 PMID:16008360 PMID:16050680 PMID:16348008 PMID:16349403 PMID:16614889 PMID:16664306 PMID:16842901 PMID:17025297 PMID:17439666 PMID:17569513 PMID:17737668 PMID:18670398 PMID:22002069 PMID:22081570 PMID:22088435 PMID:22100291 PMID:22130175 PMID:22150211 PMID:22240068 PMID:22290316 PMID:22342082 PMID:22385337 PMID:22443779 PMID:22560242 Reaxys:3587154 Wikipedia:Ammonia AMMONIA Ammonia ammonia azane chebi_ontology Ammoniak NH3 R-717 [NH3] ammoniac amoniaco spirit of hartshorn CHEBI:16134 ammonia Beilstein:3587154 Beilstein CAS:7664-41-7 ChemIDplus CAS:7664-41-7 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:7664-41-7 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:4625 DrugCentral Gmelin:79 Gmelin PMID:110589 Europe PMC PMID:11139349 Europe PMC PMID:11540049 Europe PMC PMID:11746427 Europe PMC PMID:11783653 Europe PMC PMID:13753780 Europe PMC PMID:14663195 Europe PMC PMID:15092448 Europe PMC PMID:15094021 Europe PMC PMID:15554424 Europe PMC PMID:15969015 Europe PMC PMID:16008360 Europe PMC PMID:16050680 Europe PMC PMID:16348008 Europe PMC PMID:16349403 Europe PMC PMID:16614889 Europe PMC PMID:16664306 Europe PMC PMID:16842901 Europe PMC PMID:17025297 Europe PMC PMID:17439666 Europe PMC PMID:17569513 Europe PMC PMID:17737668 Europe PMC PMID:18670398 Europe PMC PMID:22002069 Europe PMC PMID:22081570 Europe PMC PMID:22088435 Europe PMC PMID:22100291 Europe PMC PMID:22130175 Europe PMC PMID:22150211 Europe PMC PMID:22240068 Europe PMC PMID:22290316 Europe PMC PMID:22342082 Europe PMC PMID:22385337 Europe PMC PMID:22443779 Europe PMC PMID:22560242 Europe PMC Reaxys:3587154 Reaxys AMMONIA PDBeChem Ammonia KEGG_COMPOUND ammonia IUPAC azane IUPAC Ammoniak ChemIDplus NH3 IUPAC NH3 KEGG_COMPOUND NH3 UniProt R-717 ChEBI [NH3] MolBase ammoniac ChEBI amoniaco ChEBI spirit of hartshorn ChemIDplus A sulfur oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of both OH groups of sulfuric acid. -2 O4S InChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)/p-2 QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 96.06360 95.95283 [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O CHEBI:15135 CHEBI:45687 CHEBI:9335 Beilstein:3648446 CAS:14808-79-8 Gmelin:2120 HMDB:HMDB0001448 KEGG:C00059 KEGG:D05963 MetaCyc:SULFATE PDBeChem:SO4 PMID:11200094 PMID:11452993 PMID:11581495 PMID:11798107 PMID:12166931 PMID:12668033 PMID:14597181 PMID:15093386 PMID:15984785 PMID:16186560 PMID:16345535 PMID:16347366 PMID:16348007 PMID:16483812 PMID:16534979 PMID:16656509 PMID:16742508 PMID:16742518 PMID:17120760 PMID:17420092 PMID:17439666 PMID:17709180 PMID:18398178 PMID:18815700 PMID:18846414 PMID:19047345 PMID:19244483 PMID:19544990 PMID:19628332 PMID:19812358 PMID:30398859 Reaxys:3648446 Wikipedia:Sulfate Sulfate sulfate tetraoxidosulfate(2-) tetraoxosulfate(2-) tetraoxosulfate(VI) chebi_ontology SO4(2-) SULFATE ION Sulfate anion(2-) Sulfate dianion Sulfate(2-) Sulfuric acid ion(2-) [SO4](2-) sulphate sulphate ion CHEBI:16189 sulfate Beilstein:3648446 Beilstein CAS:14808-79-8 ChemIDplus CAS:14808-79-8 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:2120 Gmelin PMID:11200094 Europe PMC PMID:11452993 Europe PMC PMID:11581495 Europe PMC PMID:11798107 Europe PMC PMID:12166931 Europe PMC PMID:12668033 Europe PMC PMID:14597181 Europe PMC PMID:15093386 Europe PMC PMID:15984785 Europe PMC PMID:16186560 Europe PMC PMID:16345535 Europe PMC PMID:16347366 Europe PMC PMID:16348007 Europe PMC PMID:16483812 Europe PMC PMID:16534979 Europe PMC PMID:16656509 Europe PMC PMID:16742508 Europe PMC PMID:16742518 Europe PMC PMID:17120760 Europe PMC PMID:17420092 Europe PMC PMID:17439666 Europe PMC PMID:17709180 Europe PMC PMID:18398178 Europe PMC PMID:18815700 Europe PMC PMID:18846414 Europe PMC PMID:19047345 Europe PMC PMID:19244483 Europe PMC PMID:19544990 Europe PMC PMID:19628332 Europe PMC PMID:19812358 Europe PMC PMID:30398859 Europe PMC Reaxys:3648446 Reaxys Sulfate KEGG_COMPOUND sulfate IUPAC sulfate UniProt tetraoxidosulfate(2-) IUPAC tetraoxosulfate(2-) IUPAC tetraoxosulfate(VI) IUPAC SO4(2-) IUPAC SULFATE ION PDBeChem Sulfate anion(2-) HMDB Sulfate dianion HMDB Sulfate(2-) HMDB Sulfuric acid ion(2-) HMDB [SO4](2-) IUPAC sulphate ChEBI sulphate ion ChEBI A mucopolysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits. It is found in the connective tissues of vertebrates. A principal constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM), it mediates the growth and metastasis of tumour cells. 0 (C14H21NO12)n CHEBI:14412 CHEBI:24622 CHEBI:24623 CHEBI:5772 Beilstein:8538277 CAS:9004-61-9 HMDB:HMDB0010366 KEGG:C00518 KEGG:D08043 KEGG:G10505 PMID:11122186 PMID:18056362 PMID:18290544 Reaxys:8187837 Wikipedia:Hyaluronan Hyaluronic acid chebi_ontology Hyaluronsaeure [beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-(1->3)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)]n [beta-N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminyl(1,4)beta-D-glucuronosyl(1,3)]n acide hyaluronique acido hialuronico hyaluronan CHEBI:16336 hyaluronic acid Beilstein:8538277 Beilstein CAS:9004-61-9 ChemIDplus CAS:9004-61-9 KEGG COMPOUND PMID:11122186 Europe PMC PMID:18056362 Europe PMC PMID:18290544 Europe PMC Reaxys:8187837 Reaxys Hyaluronic acid KEGG_COMPOUND Hyaluronsaeure ChEBI [beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-(1->3)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)]n ChEBI [beta-N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminyl(1,4)beta-D-glucuronosyl(1,3)]n KEGG_COMPOUND acide hyaluronique ChEBI acido hialuronico ChEBI hyaluronan ChEBI A naturally occurring polypeptide synthesized at the ribosome. CHEBI:8526 KEGG:C00017 chebi_ontology Protein a protein polypeptide chain protein polypeptide chains CHEBI:16541 protein polypeptide chain Protein KEGG_COMPOUND a protein UniProt polypeptide chain ChEBI protein polypeptide chains ChEBI Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. CHEBI:15131 CHEBI:23008 CHEBI:9318 Wikipedia:Carbohydrate carbohydrate carbohydrates chebi_ontology Kohlenhydrat Kohlenhydrate a carbohydrate carbohidrato carbohidratos glucide glucides glucido glucidos hydrates de carbone saccharide saccharides saccharidum CHEBI:16646 carbohydrate carbohydrate IUPAC carbohydrates IUPAC Kohlenhydrat ChEBI Kohlenhydrate ChEBI a carbohydrate UniProt carbohidrato IUPAC carbohidratos IUPAC glucide ChEBI glucides ChEBI glucido ChEBI glucidos ChEBI hydrates de carbone ChEBI saccharide IUPAC saccharides IUPAC saccharidum ChEBI Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. 0 (C2H2NOR)nC2H3NOR CHEBI:14753 CHEBI:25906 CHEBI:7990 KEGG:C00012 Peptide peptides chebi_ontology C2H4NO2R(C2H2NOR)n Peptid peptido peptidos CHEBI:16670 peptide Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. ANON:ANON Peptide KEGG COMPOUND: Peptide KEGG_COMPOUND peptides IUPAC peptides IUPAC: C2H4NO2R(C2H2NOR)n KEGG COMPOUND: Peptid ChEBI Peptid ChEBI: peptido ChEBI peptido ChEBI: peptidos ChEBI peptidos ChEBI: +1 C8H12NO3 InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c9-4-8(12)5-1-2-6(10)7(11)3-5/h1-3,8,10-12H,4,9H2/p+1 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 170.187 170.08117 C1=CC(=CC(=C1O)O)C(C[NH3+])O chebi_ontology noradrenaline CHEBI:166902 noradrenaline(1+) noradrenaline UniProt Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001. chebi_ontology glycans CHEBI:167559 glycan glycans ChEBI An aminoalkylindole consisting of indole having a 2-aminoethyl group at the 3-position. 0 C10H12N2 InChI=1S/C10H12N2/c11-6-5-8-7-12-10-4-2-1-3-9(8)10/h1-4,7,12H,5-6,11H2 APJYDQYYACXCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 160.21570 160.10005 NCCc1c[nH]c2ccccc12 CHEBI:15274 CHEBI:27161 CHEBI:46157 CHEBI:9767 Beilstein:125513 CAS:61-54-1 DrugBank:DB08653 Gmelin:603448 HMDB:HMDB0000303 KEGG:C00398 KNApSAcK:C00001434 MetaCyc:TRYPTAMINE PDBeChem:TSS PMID:16126914 PMID:22770225 PMID:24345948 PMID:24558969 Reaxys:125513 Wikipedia:Tryptamine 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine Tryptamine chebi_ontology 1H-indole-3-ethanamine 2-(1H-INDOL-3-YL)ETHANAMINE 2-(3-indolyl)ethylamine 3-(2-Aminoethyl)indole CHEBI:16765 tryptamine Beilstein:125513 Beilstein CAS:61-54-1 ChemIDplus CAS:61-54-1 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:61-54-1 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:603448 Gmelin PMID:16126914 Europe PMC PMID:22770225 Europe PMC PMID:24345948 Europe PMC PMID:24558969 Europe PMC Reaxys:125513 Reaxys 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine IUPAC Tryptamine KEGG_COMPOUND 1H-indole-3-ethanamine NIST_Chemistry_WebBook 2-(1H-INDOL-3-YL)ETHANAMINE PDBeChem 2-(3-indolyl)ethylamine ChemIDplus 3-(2-Aminoethyl)indole KEGG_COMPOUND chitin A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H). 0 COR2 28.010 27.99491 [*]C([*])=O CHEBI:13427 CHEBI:13646 CHEBI:24974 CHEBI:6127 CHEBI:8742 KEGG:C01450 Wikipedia:Ketone Ketone ketones chebi_ontology Keton R-CO-R' a ketone cetone ketones CHEBI:17087 ketone Ketone KEGG_COMPOUND ketones IUPAC Keton ChEBI R-CO-R' KEGG_COMPOUND a ketone UniProt cetone ChEBI ketones ChEBI A compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component. CHEBI:14349 CHEBI:5481 CHEBI:5493 KEGG:C00326 Glycoprotein glycoproteins chebi_ontology Glykoprotein Glykoproteine a glycoprotein glicoproteina glicoproteinas glycoproteine glycoproteines CHEBI:17089 glycoprotein Glycoprotein KEGG_COMPOUND glycoproteins IUPAC Glykoprotein ChEBI Glykoproteine ChEBI a glycoprotein UniProt glicoproteina ChEBI glicoproteinas ChEBI glycoproteine ChEBI glycoproteines ChEBI A molecular entity that can transfer ("donate") an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group to another molecular entity. CHEBI:14202 CHEBI:4697 KEGG:C01351 Donor chebi_ontology Donator donneur CHEBI:17891 donor Donor KEGG_COMPOUND Donator ChEBI donneur ChEBI 'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. CHEBI:14517 CHEBI:25054 CHEBI:6486 KEGG:C01356 Lipid lipid lipids chebi_ontology CHEBI:18059 lipid 'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. ANON:ANON Lipid KEGG COMPOUND: Lipid KEGG_COMPOUND lipid UniProt: lipids IUPAC lipids IUPAC: Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues. CHEBI:14361 CHEBI:24398 CHEBI:5495 KEGG:C02545 Wikipedia:Glycosaminoglycan Glycosaminoglycan glycosaminoglycan chebi_ontology Glykosaminoglykan glicosaminoglicano glycosaminoglycane glycosaminoglycans CHEBI:18085 glycosaminoglycan Glycosaminoglycan KEGG_COMPOUND glycosaminoglycan IUPAC Glykosaminoglykan ChEBI glicosaminoglicano IUPAC glycosaminoglycane IUPAC glycosaminoglycans ChEBI A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. CHEBI:14864 CHEBI:26205 CHEBI:8322 KEGG:C00420 Polysaccharide polysaccharides chebi_ontology Glycan Glycane Glykan Glykane glycans polisacarido polisacaridos CHEBI:18154 polysaccharide Polysaccharide KEGG_COMPOUND polysaccharides IUPAC Glycan KEGG_COMPOUND Glycane ChEBI Glykan ChEBI Glykane ChEBI glycans IUPAC polisacarido ChEBI polisacaridos IUPAC That part of DNA or RNA that may be involved in pairing. CHEBI:13873 CHEBI:25598 CHEBI:2995 KEGG:C00701 Wikipedia:Nucleobase chebi_ontology Base nucleobases CHEBI:18282 nucleobase Base KEGG_COMPOUND nucleobases ChEBI A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of hydrogenphosphate. -3 O4P InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-3 NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 94.97136 94.95507 [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O CHEBI:14791 CHEBI:45024 CHEBI:7793 Beilstein:3903772 CAS:14265-44-2 Gmelin:1997 KEGG:C00009 PDBeChem:PO4 Reaxys:3903772 phosphate tetraoxidophosphate(3-) tetraoxophosphate(3-) tetraoxophosphate(V) chebi_ontology Orthophosphate PHOSPHATE ION PO4(3-) Phosphate [PO4](3-) CHEBI:18367 phosphate(3-) Beilstein:3903772 Beilstein CAS:14265-44-2 ChemIDplus CAS:14265-44-2 KEGG COMPOUND Gmelin:1997 Gmelin PDBeChem:PO4 ChEBI Reaxys:3903772 Reaxys phosphate IUPAC tetraoxidophosphate(3-) IUPAC tetraoxophosphate(3-) IUPAC tetraoxophosphate(V) IUPAC Orthophosphate KEGG_COMPOUND PHOSPHATE ION PDBeChem PO4(3-) IUPAC Phosphate KEGG_COMPOUND [PO4](3-) IUPAC N-acylglucosamine N-acyl-hexosamine An organic group formed by removing one or more hydroxy groups from an oxoacid that has the general structure RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0). Although the term is almost always applied to organic compounds, with carboxylic acid as the oxoacid, acyl groups can in principle be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids. acyl group alkanoyl chebi_ontology acyl groups alkanoyl group groupe acyle CHEBI:22221 acyl group acyl group IUPAC alkanoyl IUPAC acyl groups ChEBI alkanoyl group ChEBI groupe acyle IUPAC Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids. Wikipedia:Alkaloid Alkaloid alkaloids chebi_ontology Alkaloide alcaloide alcaloides CHEBI:22315 alkaloid Alkaloid ChEBI alkaloids IUPAC Alkaloide ChEBI alcaloide ChEBI alcaloides ChEBI chebi_ontology aminoglycans CHEBI:22506 aminoglycan aminoglycans ChEBI A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron. Anion anion chebi_ontology Anionen aniones anions CHEBI:22563 anion Anion ChEBI anion ChEBI anion IUPAC Anionen ChEBI aniones ChEBI anions IUPAC A molecular entity having an available pair of electrons capable of forming a covalent bond with a hydron (Bronsted base) or with the vacant orbital of some other molecular entity (Lewis base). KEGG:C00701 Base base chebi_ontology Base1 Base2 Basen Nucleobase bases CHEBI:22695 base Base ChEBI base ChEBI base IUPAC Base1 KEGG_COMPOUND Base2 KEGG_COMPOUND Basen ChEBI Nucleobase KEGG_COMPOUND bases ChEBI chebi_ontology benzopyrroles CHEBI:22728 benzopyrrole benzopyrroles ChEBI benzopyrroles ChEBI: The univalent carboacyl group formed by loss of -OH from the carboxy group of carbamic acid. 0 CH2NO 44.03272 44.01364 *C(N)=O PMID:24168430 carbamoyl chebi_ontology -C(O)NH2 -CONH2 aminocarbonyl carbamyl carbamyl group carboxamide CHEBI:23004 carbamoyl group PMID:24168430 Europe PMC carbamoyl IUPAC -C(O)NH2 ChEBI -CONH2 IUPAC aminocarbonyl IUPAC carbamyl ChEBI carbamyl group ChEBI carboxamide IUPAC 0 CO 28.01010 27.99491 O=C(*)* carbonyl carbonyl group chebi_ontology >C=O CHEBI:23019 carbonyl group carbonyl IUPAC carbonyl group ChEBI carbonyl group UniProt >C=O IUPAC An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group). Wikipedia:Cofactor_(biochemistry) cofactor cofactors chebi_ontology CHEBI:23357 cofactor cofactor IUPAC cofactors IUPAC Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. molecular entity chebi_ontology entidad molecular entidades moleculares entite moleculaire molecular entities molekulare Entitaet CHEBI:23367 molecular entity Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. ANON:ANON Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. fake:2 molecular entity IUPAC molecular entity IUPAC: entidad molecular IUPAC entidad molecular IUPAC: entidades moleculares IUPAC entidades moleculares IUPAC: entite moleculaire IUPAC entite moleculaire IUPAC: molecular entities IUPAC molecular entities IUPAC: molekulare Entitaet ChEBI molekulare Entitaet ChEBI: chebi_ontology Cyclopeptid Zyklopeptid cyclic peptides peptide cyclique peptido ciclico CHEBI:23449 cyclic peptide Cyclopeptid ChEBI Zyklopeptid ChEBI cyclic peptides ChEBI peptide cyclique IUPAC peptido ciclico IUPAC Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances. chebi_ontology drugs medicine CHEBI:23888 drug drugs ChEBI medicine ChEBI A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. enzyme inhibitor chebi_ontology enzyme inhibitors inhibidor enzimatico inhibidores enzimaticos inhibiteur enzymatique inhibiteurs enzymatiques CHEBI:23924 enzyme inhibitor enzyme inhibitor IUPAC enzyme inhibitors ChEBI inhibidor enzimatico ChEBI inhibidores enzimaticos ChEBI inhibiteur enzymatique ChEBI inhibiteurs enzymatiques ChEBI glucosamines A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances. chemical entity chebi_ontology CHEBI:24431 chemical entity A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances. ANON:ANON chemical entity UniProt A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context. chebi_ontology biological function CHEBI:24432 biological role biological function ChEBI A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity. group chebi_ontology Gruppe Rest groupe grupo grupos CHEBI:24433 group group IUPAC Gruppe ChEBI Rest ChEBI groupe IUPAC grupo IUPAC grupos IUPAC A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element. chebi_ontology organic heterocycle organic heterocyclic compounds CHEBI:24532 organic heterocyclic compound A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element. ANON:ANON organic heterocycle ChEBI organic heterocycle ChEBI: organic heterocyclic compounds ChEBI organic heterocyclic compounds ChEBI: A heterodetic cyclic peptide is a peptide consisting only of amino-acid residues, but in which the linkages forming the ring are not solely peptide bonds; one or more is an isopeptide, disulfide, ester, or other bond. heterodetic cyclic peptide chebi_ontology heterodetic cyclic peptides peptide cyclique heterodetique peptido ciclico heterodetico CHEBI:24533 heterodetic cyclic peptide heterodetic cyclic peptide IUPAC heterodetic cyclic peptides ChEBI peptide cyclique heterodetique IUPAC peptido ciclico heterodetico IUPAC hexosamine Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds. chebi_ontology endocrine hormones CHEBI:24621 hormone endocrine ChEBI hormones ChEBI Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)). chebi_ontology CHEBI:24651 hydroxides Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)). ANON:ANON Any compound containing an indole skeleton. chebi_ontology CHEBI:24828 indoles Any compound containing an indole skeleton. ANON:ANON A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). oxoacid oxoacids chebi_ontology oxacids oxiacids oxo acid oxy-acids oxyacids CHEBI:24833 oxoacid A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). ANON:ANON oxoacid IUPAC oxoacid IUPAC: oxoacids IUPAC oxoacids IUPAC: oxacids ChEBI oxacids ChEBI: oxiacids ChEBI oxiacids ChEBI: oxo acid ChEBI oxo acid ChEBI: oxy-acids ChEBI oxy-acids ChEBI: oxyacids ChEBI oxyacids ChEBI: chebi_ontology inorganic anions CHEBI:24834 inorganic anion inorganic anions ChEBI A molecular entity that contains no carbon. chebi_ontology anorganische Verbindungen inorganic compounds inorganic entity inorganic molecular entities inorganics CHEBI:24835 inorganic molecular entity anorganische Verbindungen ChEBI inorganic compounds ChEBI inorganic entity ChEBI inorganic molecular entities ChEBI inorganics ChEBI chebi_ontology inorganic oxides CHEBI:24836 inorganic oxide inorganic oxides ChEBI A molecular entity having a net electric charge. Ion ion chebi_ontology Ionen iones ions CHEBI:24870 ion A molecular entity having a net electric charge. ANON:ANON Ion ChEBI Ion ChEBI: ion ChEBI ion ChEBI: ion IUPAC ion IUPAC: Ionen ChEBI Ionen ChEBI: iones ChEBI iones ChEBI: ions ChEBI ions ChEBI: Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites. CHEBI:26619 CHEBI:35220 metabolite chebi_ontology metabolites primary metabolites secondary metabolites CHEBI:25212 metabolite metabolite IUPAC metabolites ChEBI primary metabolites ChEBI secondary metabolites ChEBI A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number. chebi_ontology homoatomic molecule homoatomic molecules CHEBI:25362 elemental molecule homoatomic molecule ChEBI homoatomic molecules ChEBI Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom. molecule chebi_ontology Molekuel molecula molecules neutral molecular compounds CHEBI:25367 molecule molecule IUPAC Molekuel ChEBI molecula IUPAC molecules IUPAC neutral molecular compounds IUPAC A group of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan. chebi_ontology monamines monoamines CHEBI:25375 monoamine molecular messenger monamines ChEBI monoamines ChEBI An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell. Wikipedia:Neurotransmitter chebi_ontology neurotransmitters CHEBI:25512 neurotransmitter neurotransmitters ChEBI 0 N 14.007 14.00307 WebElements:N nitrogen chebi_ontology 7N N Stickstoff azote nitrogen nitrogeno CHEBI:25555 nitrogen atom nitrogen IUPAC 7N IUPAC N IUPAC Stickstoff ChEBI azote IUPAC nitrogen ChEBI nitrogeno ChEBI nonmetal chebi_ontology Nichtmetall Nichtmetalle no metal no metales non-metal non-metaux nonmetal nonmetals CHEBI:25585 nonmetal atom nonmetal IUPAC Nichtmetall ChEBI Nichtmetalle ChEBI no metal ChEBI no metales ChEBI non-metal ChEBI non-metaux ChEBI nonmetal ChEBI nonmetals ChEBI Any organic ion with a net negative charge. chebi_ontology organic anions CHEBI:25696 organic anion organic anions ChEBI Any organic ion with a net positive charge. chebi_ontology organic cations CHEBI:25697 organic cation organic cations ChEBI chebi_ontology organic ions CHEBI:25699 organic ion organic ions ChEBI Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group chebi_ontology organic sulfates CHEBI:25704 organic sulfate organic sulfates ChEBI An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. oxide chebi_ontology oxides CHEBI:25741 oxide oxide ChEBI oxides ChEBI 0 O InChI=1S/O QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 15.99940 15.99491 [O] KEGG:C00007 WebElements:O oxygen chebi_ontology 8O O Sauerstoff oxigeno oxygen oxygene CHEBI:25805 oxygen atom oxygen IUPAC 8O IUPAC O IUPAC Sauerstoff ChEBI oxigeno ChEBI oxygen ChEBI oxygene ChEBI oxygen molecular entity chebi_ontology oxygen molecular entities CHEBI:25806 oxygen molecular entity oxygen molecular entity ChEBI oxygen molecular entity ChEBI: oxygen molecular entities ChEBI oxygen molecular entities ChEBI: Any peptide with hormonal activity in animals, whether endocrine, neuroendocrine, or paracrine. chebi_ontology peptide hormones polypeptide hormone CHEBI:25905 peptide hormone peptide hormones ChEBI polypeptide hormone ChEBI Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom. phosphates chebi_ontology phosphates CHEBI:26020 phosphate phosphates IUPAC phosphates ChEBI A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom. 0 H3O4P InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4) NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 97.99520 97.97690 [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[H] Beilstein:1921286 CAS:7664-38-2 Drug_Central:4478 Gmelin:2000 HMDB:HMDB0002142 KEGG:C00009 KEGG:D05467 KNApSAcK:C00007408 PMID:11455380 PMID:15630224 PMID:17439666 PMID:17518491 PMID:22282755 PMID:22333268 PMID:22381614 PMID:22401268 Reaxys:1921286 Wikipedia:Phosphoric_Acid Phosphoric acid phosphoric acid tetraoxophosphoric acid trihydrogen tetraoxophosphate(3-) trihydroxidooxidophosphorus chebi_ontology H3PO4 Orthophosphoric acid Phosphate Phosphorsaeure Phosphorsaeureloesungen [PO(OH)3] acide phosphorique acidum phosphoricum orthophosphoric acid CHEBI:26078 phosphoric acid Beilstein:1921286 Beilstein CAS:7664-38-2 ChemIDplus CAS:7664-38-2 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:7664-38-2 NIST Chemistry WebBook Drug_Central:4478 DrugCentral Gmelin:2000 Gmelin PMID:11455380 Europe PMC PMID:15630224 Europe PMC PMID:17439666 Europe PMC PMID:17518491 Europe PMC PMID:22282755 Europe PMC PMID:22333268 Europe PMC PMID:22381614 Europe PMC PMID:22401268 Europe PMC Reaxys:1921286 Reaxys Phosphoric acid KEGG_COMPOUND phosphoric acid IUPAC tetraoxophosphoric acid IUPAC trihydrogen tetraoxophosphate(3-) IUPAC trihydroxidooxidophosphorus IUPAC H3PO4 IUPAC Orthophosphoric acid KEGG_COMPOUND Phosphate KEGG_COMPOUND Phosphorsaeure ChEBI Phosphorsaeureloesungen ChEBI [PO(OH)3] IUPAC acide phosphorique ChEBI acidum phosphoricum ChEBI orthophosphoric acid NIST_Chemistry_WebBook chebi_ontology CHEBI:26079 phosphoric acid derivative chebi_ontology phosphorus molecular entities CHEBI:26082 phosphorus molecular entity phosphorus molecular entities ChEBI Any steroid that acts as hormone. chebi_ontology Steroidhormon Steroidhormone hormona esteroide hormonas esteroideas hormone steroide hormones steroides steroid hormones CHEBI:26764 steroid hormone Steroidhormon ChEBI Steroidhormone ChEBI hormona esteroide ChEBI hormonas esteroideas ChEBI hormone steroide ChEBI hormones steroides ChEBI steroid hormones ChEBI An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid. 0 O4SR2 96.06300 95.95173 [*]OS(=O)(=O)O[*] chebi_ontology sulfate ester sulfuric acid ester sulfuric acid esters CHEBI:26819 sulfuric ester sulfate ester ChEBI sulfuric acid ester ChEBI sulfuric acid esters ChEBI Salts and esters of sulfuric acid sulfates chebi_ontology sulfuric acid derivative sulphates CHEBI:26820 sulfates sulfates ChEBI sulfuric acid derivative ChEBI sulphates ChEBI 0 S InChI=1S/S NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 32.06600 31.97207 [S] CAS:7704-34-9 KEGG:C00087 KEGG:D06527 PPDB:605 WebElements:S sulfur chebi_ontology 16S Elemental sulfur S Schwefel azufre soufre sulfur sulphur theion CHEBI:26833 sulfur atom CAS:7704-34-9 ChemIDplus CAS:7704-34-9 NIST Chemistry WebBook sulfur IUPAC 16S IUPAC Elemental sulfur KEGG_COMPOUND S IUPAC S KEGG_COMPOUND Schwefel ChEBI azufre ChEBI soufre ChEBI sulfur ChEBI sulfur UniProt sulphur ChEBI theion IUPAC sulfur molecular entity chebi_ontology sulfur molecular entities CHEBI:26835 sulfur molecular entity sulfur molecular entity ChEBI sulfur molecular entities ChEBI A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom. 0 H2O4S InChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4) QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 98.07948 97.96738 [H]OS(=O)(=O)O[H] CAS:7664-93-9 Gmelin:2122 KEGG:C00059 KEGG:D05963 KNApSAcK:C00007530 MolBase:4 PMID:13568755 PMID:16122922 PMID:19397353 PMID:22047659 PMID:22136045 PMID:22204399 PMID:22267186 PMID:22296037 PMID:22364556 PMID:22435616 PPDB:606 Reaxys:2037554 Wikipedia:Sulfuric_acid Sulfuric acid dihydrogen tetraoxosulfate dihydroxidodioxidosulfur hydrogen tetraoxosulfate(2-) hydrogen tetraoxosulfate(VI) sulfuric acid tetraoxosulfuric acid chebi_ontology Acide sulfurique Acido sulfurico Acidum sulfuricum H2SO4 Schwefelsaeureloesungen [S(OH)2O2] [SO2(OH)2] sulphuric acid CHEBI:26836 sulfuric acid CAS:7664-93-9 ChemIDplus CAS:7664-93-9 KEGG COMPOUND CAS:7664-93-9 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:2122 Gmelin PMID:13568755 Europe PMC PMID:16122922 Europe PMC PMID:19397353 Europe PMC PMID:22047659 Europe PMC PMID:22136045 Europe PMC PMID:22204399 Europe PMC PMID:22267186 Europe PMC PMID:22296037 Europe PMC PMID:22364556 Europe PMC PMID:22435616 Europe PMC Reaxys:2037554 Reaxys Sulfuric acid KEGG_COMPOUND dihydrogen tetraoxosulfate IUPAC dihydroxidodioxidosulfur IUPAC hydrogen tetraoxosulfate(2-) IUPAC hydrogen tetraoxosulfate(VI) IUPAC sulfuric acid ChEBI sulfuric acid IUPAC tetraoxosulfuric acid IUPAC Acide sulfurique ChemIDplus Acido sulfurico ChemIDplus Acidum sulfuricum ChemIDplus H2SO4 IUPAC Schwefelsaeureloesungen ChemIDplus [S(OH)2O2] MolBase [SO2(OH)2] IUPAC sulphuric acid MolBase Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Wikipedia:Micronutrient chebi_ontology micronutrients trace elements CHEBI:27027 micronutrient micronutrients ChEBI trace elements ChEBI Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives. chebi_ontology CHEBI:27162 tryptamines Tryptamine and its substitution derivatives. ANON:ANON chebi_ontology heterobicyclic compounds organic heterobicyclic compounds CHEBI:27171 organic heterobicyclic compound heterobicyclic compounds ChEBI heterobicyclic compounds ChEBI: organic heterobicyclic compounds ChEBI organic heterobicyclic compounds ChEBI: A univalent carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid. chebi_ontology univalent acyl group univalent carboacyl groups univalent carboxylic acyl groups CHEBI:27207 univalent carboacyl group univalent acyl group ChEBI univalent carboacyl groups ChEBI univalent carboxylic acyl groups ChEBI A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer). zwitterion zwitterions chebi_ontology compose zwitterionique compuestos zwitterionicos zwitteriones zwitterionic compounds CHEBI:27369 zwitterion zwitterion IUPAC zwitterions IUPAC compose zwitterionique IUPAC compuestos zwitterionicos IUPAC zwitteriones IUPAC zwitterionic compounds IUPAC 0 C InChI=1S/C OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 12.01070 12.00000 [C] CHEBI:23009 CHEBI:3399 CAS:7440-44-0 KEGG:C06265 WebElements:C carbon chebi_ontology 6C C Carbon Kohlenstoff carbon carbone carbonium carbono CHEBI:27594 carbon atom CAS:7440-44-0 ChemIDplus CAS:7440-44-0 KEGG COMPOUND carbon IUPAC 6C IUPAC C IUPAC C KEGG_COMPOUND Carbon KEGG_COMPOUND Kohlenstoff ChEBI carbon ChEBI carbone ChEBI carbonium ChEBI carbono ChEBI A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised. 0 CH3NO2 InChI=1S/CH3NO2/c2-1(3)4/h2H2,(H,3,4) KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 61.04006 61.01638 NC(O)=O CHEBI:22504 CHEBI:23002 CHEBI:3386 CHEBI:44573 Beilstein:1734754 CAS:463-77-4 DrugBank:DB04261 Gmelin:130345 KEGG:C01563 PDBeChem:OUT Wikipedia:Carbamic_acid CARBAMIC ACID Carbamic acid carbamic acid chebi_ontology Aminoameisensaeure Aminoformic acid Carbamate Carbamidsaeure CHEBI:28616 carbamic acid Beilstein:1734754 Beilstein CAS:463-77-4 ChemIDplus CAS:463-77-4 KEGG COMPOUND Gmelin:130345 Gmelin CARBAMIC ACID PDBeChem Carbamic acid KEGG_COMPOUND carbamic acid IUPAC Aminoameisensaeure ChEBI Aminoformic acid KEGG_COMPOUND Carbamate KEGG_COMPOUND Carbamidsaeure ChEBI 0 P InChI=1S/P OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 30.97376 30.97376 [P] CHEBI:26080 CHEBI:8168 CAS:7723-14-0 Gmelin:16235 KEGG:C06262 WebElements:P phosphorus chebi_ontology 15P P Phosphor Phosphorus fosforo phosphore phosphorus CHEBI:28659 phosphorus atom CAS:7723-14-0 ChemIDplus CAS:7723-14-0 KEGG COMPOUND Gmelin:16235 Gmelin phosphorus IUPAC 15P IUPAC P IUPAC P KEGG_COMPOUND Phosphor ChEBI Phosphorus KEGG_COMPOUND fosforo ChEBI phosphore ChEBI phosphorus ChEBI A primary amino compound that is the 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine. The 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine. 0 C10H12N2O InChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-9(7)10/h1-2,5-6,12-13H,3-4,11H2 QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 176.215 176.09496 C1=CC(=CC=2C(=CNC12)CCN)O CHEBI:1420 CHEBI:26652 CHEBI:49894 Beilstein:143524 CAS:50-67-9 Gmelin:1861995 HMDB:HMDB0000259 KEGG:C00780 KNApSAcK:C00001429 LINCS:LSM-6589 MetaCyc:SEROTONIN PDBeChem:SRO PMID:18593914 PMID:22770225 PMID:24136337 Reaxys:143524 Wikipedia:Serotonin 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol SEROTONIN Serotonin chebi_ontology 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol 5-HT 5-Hydroxytryptamine C10H12N2O Enteramine InChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-9(7)10/h1-2,5-6,12-13H,3-4,11H2 InChIKey=QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N NCCc1c[nH]c2ccc(O)cc12 serotonine thrombocytin thrombotonin CHEBI:28790 serotonin The 5-hydroxy derivative of tryptamine. ANON:ANON Beilstein:143524 Beilstein CAS:50-67-9 ChemIDplus CAS:50-67-9 KEGG COMPOUND Gmelin:1861995 Gmelin PMID:18593914 Europe PMC PMID:22770225 Europe PMC PMID:24136337 Europe PMC Reaxys:143524 Reaxys 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol IUPAC 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol IUPAC: SEROTONIN PDBeChem SEROTONIN PDBeChem: Serotonin KEGG COMPOUND: Serotonin KEGG_COMPOUND 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol KEGG COMPOUND: 3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol KEGG_COMPOUND 5-HT IUPHAR 5-HT IUPHAR: 5-Hydroxytryptamine KEGG COMPOUND: 5-Hydroxytryptamine KEGG_COMPOUND C10H12N2O KEGG COMPOUND: Enteramine KEGG COMPOUND: Enteramine KEGG_COMPOUND InChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-9(7)10/h1-2,5-6,12-13H,3-4,11H2 ChEBI: InChIKey=QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ChEBI: NCCc1c[nH]c2ccc(O)cc12 ChEBI: serotonine ChEBI serotonine ChEBI: thrombocytin ChemIDplus thrombocytin ChemIDplus: thrombotonin ChemIDplus thrombotonin ChemIDplus: An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia. +1 H4N InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3/p+1 QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 18.03850 18.03383 [H][N+]([H])([H])[H] CHEBI:22534 CHEBI:49783 CHEBI:7435 CAS:14798-03-9 Gmelin:84 KEGG:C01342 MetaCyc:AMMONIUM MolBase:929 PDBeChem:NH4 PMID:11319011 PMID:11341317 PMID:12096804 PMID:14512268 PMID:14879753 PMID:16345391 PMID:16903292 PMID:17392693 PMID:18515490 PMID:19199063 PMID:19596600 PMID:19682559 PMID:19716251 PMID:21993530 PMID:22265469 PMID:22524020 PMID:22562341 PMID:22631217 Reaxys:16093784 Wikipedia:Ammonium ammonium azanium chebi_ontology Ammonium(1+) NH4(+) NH4+ [NH4](+) ammonium cation ammonium ion CHEBI:28938 ammonium CAS:14798-03-9 ChemIDplus CAS:14798-03-9 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:84 Gmelin PMID:11319011 Europe PMC PMID:11341317 Europe PMC PMID:12096804 Europe PMC PMID:14512268 Europe PMC PMID:14879753 Europe PMC PMID:16345391 Europe PMC PMID:16903292 Europe PMC PMID:17392693 Europe PMC PMID:18515490 Europe PMC PMID:19199063 Europe PMC PMID:19596600 Europe PMC PMID:19682559 Europe PMC PMID:19716251 Europe PMC PMID:21993530 Europe PMC PMID:22265469 Europe PMC PMID:22524020 Europe PMC PMID:22562341 Europe PMC PMID:22631217 Europe PMC Reaxys:16093784 Reaxys ammonium ChEBI ammonium IUPAC azanium IUPAC Ammonium(1+) ChemIDplus NH4(+) IUPAC NH4(+) UniProt NH4+ KEGG_COMPOUND [NH4](+) MolBase ammonium cation ChemIDplus ammonium ion PDBeChem amino sugar The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated. -1 CO2R 44.00950 43.98983 [O-]C([*])=O CHEBI:13626 CHEBI:13945 CHEBI:23026 CHEBI:58657 chebi_ontology a carboxylate carboxylic acid anions carboxylic anions CHEBI:29067 carboxylic acid anion a carboxylate UniProt carboxylic acid anions ChEBI carboxylic anions ChEBI -1 H2N InChI=1S/H2N/h1H2/q-1 HYGWNUKOUCZBND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 16.02262 16.01927 [H][N-][H] amide azanide dihydridonitrate(1-) chebi_ontology NH2(-) CHEBI:29337 azanide amide IUPAC azanide IUPAC dihydridonitrate(1-) IUPAC NH2(-) IUPAC A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of two protons from ammonia. -2 HN InChI=1S/HN/h1H/q-2 DZQYTNGKSBCIOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 15.01468 15.01200 [N--][H] azanediide hydridonitrate(2-) chebi_ontology NH(2-) imide CHEBI:29340 hydridonitrate(2-) azanediide IUPAC hydridonitrate(2-) IUPAC NH(2-) IUPAC imide IUPAC +1 HO2 InChI=1S/O2/c1-2/p+1 MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-O 33.00674 32.99711 [H][O+]=O Gmelin:508 dioxidenium hydridodioxygen(1+) chebi_ontology HO2(+) HOO(+) [HO2](+) CHEBI:29793 hydridodioxygen(1+) Gmelin:508 Gmelin dioxidenium IUPAC hydridodioxygen(1+) IUPAC HO2(+) IUPAC HOO(+) ChEBI [HO2](+) ChEBI Particle of zero charge, zero rest mass, spin quantum number 1, energy hnu and momentum hnu/c (h is the Planck constant, nu the frequency of radiation and c the speed of light), carrier of electromagnetic force. 0 0.0 0.0 * CHEBI:10581 CHEBI:14383 KEGG:C00205 photon chebi_ontology Lichtquant Light foton gamma hnu light quantum CHEBI:30212 photon photon IUPAC Lichtquant ChEBI Light KEGG_COMPOUND foton ChEBI gamma IUPAC hnu IUPAC hnu UniProt light quantum ChEBI A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. CHEBI:13814 CHEBI:22474 CHEBI:2641 KEGG:C00706 Amine amines chebi_ontology Amin Substituted amine an amine CHEBI:32952 amine A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. ANON:ANON Amine KEGG COMPOUND: Amine KEGG_COMPOUND amines IUPAC amines IUPAC: Amin ChEBI Amin ChEBI: Substituted amine KEGG_COMPOUND an amine UniProt: An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. CHEBI:22473 CHEBI:2633 KEGG:C00241 Amide amides chebi_ontology CHEBI:32988 amide An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. ANON:ANON Amide KEGG COMPOUND: Amide KEGG_COMPOUND amides IUPAC amides IUPAC: Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans. chebi_ontology CHEBI:33232 application A particle not known to have substructure. elementary particle chebi_ontology elementary particles CHEBI:33233 fundamental particle elementary particle IUPAC elementary particles ChEBI chebi_ontology oxoacid derivatives CHEBI:33241 oxoacid derivative oxoacid derivatives ChEBI chebi_ontology inorganic hydrides CHEBI:33242 inorganic hydride inorganic hydrides ChEBI Any substituent group which does not contain carbon. chebi_ontology inorganic groups CHEBI:33246 inorganic group inorganic groups ChEBI Any substituent group or skeleton containing carbon. chebi_ontology organic groups CHEBI:33247 organic group organic groups ChEBI Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having one free valence at a carbon atom. organyl group organyl groups chebi_ontology groupe organyle grupo organilo grupos organilo CHEBI:33249 organyl group organyl group IUPAC organyl groups IUPAC groupe organyle IUPAC grupo organilo IUPAC grupos organilo IUPAC A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. CHEBI:22671 CHEBI:23907 atom chebi_ontology atome atomo atoms atomus element elements CHEBI:33250 atom atom IUPAC atome IUPAC atomo IUPAC atoms ChEBI atomus ChEBI element ChEBI elements ChEBI A nucleus is the positively charged central portion of an atom, excluding the orbital electrons. nucleus chebi_ontology Atomkern Kern noyau noyau atomique nuclei nucleo nucleo atomico nucleus atomi CHEBI:33252 atomic nucleus nucleus IUPAC Atomkern ChEBI Kern ChEBI noyau IUPAC noyau atomique ChEBI nuclei ChEBI nucleo IUPAC nucleo atomico ChEBI nucleus atomi ChEBI Heavy nuclear particle: proton or neutron. nucleon chebi_ontology Nukleon Nukleonen nucleons CHEBI:33253 nucleon nucleon IUPAC nucleon IUPAC Nukleon ChEBI Nukleonen ChEBI nucleons ChEBI A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. primary amide primary amides chebi_ontology CHEBI:33256 primary amide A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. ANON:ANON primary amide IUPAC primary amide IUPAC: primary amides IUPAC primary amides IUPAC: A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number. chebi_ontology homoatomic entity homoatomic molecular entities homoatomic molecular entity CHEBI:33259 elemental molecular entity homoatomic entity ChEBI homoatomic molecular entities ChEBI homoatomic molecular entity ChEBI chebi_ontology CHEBI:33262 elemental oxygen 0 O2 31.999 31.98983 chebi_ontology CHEBI:33263 diatomic oxygen An anion consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology polyatomic anions CHEBI:33273 polyatomic anion polyatomic anions ChEBI chebi_ontology chemical messenger CHEBI:33280 molecular messenger chemical messenger ChEBI A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow. chebi_ontology nutrients CHEBI:33284 nutrient nutrients ChEBI A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. chebi_ontology heteroorganic entities organoelement compounds CHEBI:33285 heteroorganic entity A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. ANON:ANON heteroorganic entities ChEBI heteroorganic entities ChEBI: organoelement compounds ChEBI organoelement compounds ChEBI: An agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture. Wikipedia:Agrochemical chebi_ontology agrichemical agrichemicals agricultural chemicals agrochemicals CHEBI:33286 agrochemical agrichemical ChEBI agrichemicals ChEBI agricultural chemicals ChEBI agrochemicals ChEBI A fertilizer is any substance that is added to soil or water to assist the growth of plants. chebi_ontology fertiliser fertilizers CHEBI:33287 fertilizer fertiliser ChEBI fertilizers ChEBI Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. pnictogens chebi_ontology group 15 elements group V elements nitrogenoideos nitrogenoides pnictogene pnictogenes CHEBI:33300 pnictogen pnictogens IUPAC group 15 elements ChEBI group V elements ChEBI nitrogenoideos ChEBI nitrogenoides ChEBI pnictogene ChEBI pnictogenes ChEBI A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen. pnictogen molecular entity chebi_ontology pnictogen molecular entities CHEBI:33302 pnictogen molecular entity pnictogen molecular entity ChEBI pnictogen molecular entity ChEBI: pnictogen molecular entities ChEBI pnictogen molecular entities ChEBI: Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table. PMID:17084588 chalcogen chalcogens chebi_ontology Chalkogen Chalkogene anfigeno anfigenos calcogeno calcogenos chalcogene chalcogenes group 16 elements group VI elements CHEBI:33303 chalcogen PMID:17084588 Europe PMC PMID:17084588 Europe PMC chalcogen IUPAC chalcogens IUPAC Chalkogen ChEBI Chalkogene ChEBI anfigeno ChEBI anfigenos ChEBI calcogeno ChEBI calcogenos ChEBI chalcogene ChEBI chalcogenes ChEBI group 16 elements ChEBI group VI elements ChEBI Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen. chalcogen molecular entity chebi_ontology chalcogen compounds chalcogen molecular entities CHEBI:33304 chalcogen molecular entity Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen. ANON:ANON chalcogen molecular entity ChEBI chalcogen molecular entity ChEBI: chalcogen compounds ChEBI chalcogen compounds ChEBI: chalcogen molecular entities ChEBI chalcogen molecular entities ChEBI: group 14 elements chebi_ontology carbon group element carbon group elements carbonoides cristallogene cristallogenes group IV elements CHEBI:33306 carbon group element atom group 14 elements IUPAC carbon group element ChEBI carbon group elements ChEBI carbonoides ChEBI cristallogene ChEBI cristallogenes ChEBI group IV elements ChEBI An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table. main group elements chebi_ontology Hauptgruppenelement Hauptgruppenelemente main group element CHEBI:33318 main group element atom main group elements IUPAC Hauptgruppenelement ChEBI Hauptgruppenelemente ChEBI main group element ChEBI chebi_ontology oxoacids of sulfur sulfur oxoacids CHEBI:33402 sulfur oxoacid oxoacids of sulfur ChEBI sulfur oxoacids ChEBI chebi_ontology pnictogen oxoacids CHEBI:33408 pnictogen oxoacid pnictogen oxoacids ChEBI sulfur oxoacid derivative chebi_ontology sulfur oxoacid derivatives CHEBI:33424 sulfur oxoacid derivative sulfur oxoacid derivative ChEBI sulfur oxoacid derivatives ChEBI A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons. phosphorus oxoacid chebi_ontology Oxosaeure des Phosphors oxoacids of phosphorus phosphorus oxoacids CHEBI:33457 phosphorus oxoacid phosphorus oxoacid ChEBI Oxosaeure des Phosphors ChEBI oxoacids of phosphorus ChEBI phosphorus oxoacids ChEBI pnictogen oxoanion chebi_ontology pnictogen oxoanions CHEBI:33459 pnictogen oxoanion pnictogen oxoanion ChEBI pnictogen oxoanions ChEBI phosphorus oxoanion chebi_ontology oxoanions of phosphorus phosphorus oxoanions CHEBI:33461 phosphorus oxoanion phosphorus oxoanion ChEBI oxoanions of phosphorus ChEBI phosphorus oxoanions ChEBI sulfur oxoanion chebi_ontology oxoanions of sulfur sulfur oxoanions CHEBI:33482 sulfur oxoanion sulfur oxoanion ChEBI oxoanions of sulfur ChEBI sulfur oxoanions ChEBI chalcogen oxoacid chebi_ontology chalcogen oxoacids CHEBI:33484 chalcogen oxoacid chalcogen oxoacid ChEBI chalcogen oxoacids ChEBI chalcogen oxoanion chebi_ontology chalcogen oxoanions CHEBI:33485 chalcogen oxoanion chalcogen oxoanion ChEBI chalcogen oxoanions ChEBI An amino-acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any alpha-amino acid. alpha-amino-acid anion chebi_ontology alpha-amino acid anions alpha-amino-acid anions CHEBI:33558 alpha-amino-acid anion alpha-amino-acid anion ChEBI alpha-amino acid anions ChEBI alpha-amino-acid anions ChEBI chebi_ontology s-block element s-block elements CHEBI:33559 s-block element atom s-block element ChEBI s-block elements ChEBI Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table. chebi_ontology p-block element p-block elements CHEBI:33560 p-block element atom p-block element ChEBI p-block elements ChEBI Any compound containing an o-diphenol component. 0 C6H2O2R4 106.079 106.00548 OC1=C(O)C(*)=C(*)C(*)=C1* CHEBI:134187 CHEBI:13628 CHEBI:18862 KEGG:C15571 chebi_ontology 1,2-benzenediols a catechol benzene-1,2-diols CHEBI:33566 catechols 1,2-benzenediols ChEBI a catechol UniProt benzene-1,2-diols ChEBI 4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution. 0 C8H9NO2R2 151.163 151.06333 CHEBI:23056 CHEBI:3468 KEGG:C02012 Catecholamine catecholamines chebi_ontology C8H9NO2R2 catecholamines CHEBI:33567 catecholamine 4-(2-Aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution. ANON:ANON Catecholamine KEGG COMPOUND: Catecholamine KEGG_COMPOUND catecholamines IUPAC catecholamines IUPAC: C8H9NO2R2 KEGG COMPOUND: catecholamines ChEBI catecholamines ChEBI: A catecholamine in which C-1 of the aminoethyl side-chain is hydroxy-substituted. 0 C8H11NO3 InChI=1S/C8H11NO3/c9-4-8(12)5-1-2-6(10)7(11)3-5/h1-3,8,10-12H,4,9H2 SFLSHLFXELFNJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 169.17788 169.07389 NCC(O)c1ccc(O)c(O)c1 Beilstein:2210994 CAS:138-65-8 Gmelin:863925 LINCS:LSM-5181 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol chebi_ontology noradrenalina norepinephrine CHEBI:33569 noradrenaline Beilstein:2210994 Beilstein CAS:138-65-8 ChemIDplus CAS:138-65-8 NIST Chemistry WebBook Gmelin:863925 Gmelin 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,2-diol IUPAC noradrenalina ChEBI norepinephrine ChEBI CHEBI:22705 CHEBI:22711 chebi_ontology CHEBI:33570 benzenediols A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid. An oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid. 0 CHO2R 45.01740 44.99765 OC([*])=O CHEBI:13428 CHEBI:13627 CHEBI:23027 PMID:17147560 PMID:18433345 Wikipedia:Carboxylic_acid carboxylic acid carboxylic acids chebi_ontology CHO2R Carbonsaeure Carbonsaeuren Karbonsaeure OC([*])=O RC(=O)OH acide carboxylique acides carboxyliques acido carboxilico acidos carboxilicos CHEBI:33575 carboxylic acid An oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid. ANON:ANON PMID:17147560 Europe PMC PMID:18433345 Europe PMC carboxylic acid IUPAC carboxylic acid IUPAC: carboxylic acids IUPAC carboxylic acids IUPAC: CHO2R ChEBI: Carbonsaeure ChEBI Carbonsaeure ChEBI: Carbonsaeuren ChEBI Carbonsaeuren ChEBI: Karbonsaeure ChEBI Karbonsaeure ChEBI: OC([*])=O ChEBI: RC(=O)OH IUPAC RC(=O)OH IUPAC: acide carboxylique IUPAC acide carboxylique IUPAC: acides carboxyliques IUPAC acides carboxyliques IUPAC: acido carboxilico IUPAC acido carboxilico IUPAC: acidos carboxilicos IUPAC acidos carboxilicos IUPAC: A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table. chebi_ontology main group compounds main group molecular entities CHEBI:33579 main group molecular entity A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table. ANON:ANON main group compounds ChEBI main group compounds ChEBI: main group molecular entities ChEBI main group molecular entities ChEBI: carbon group molecular entity chebi_ontology carbon group molecular entities CHEBI:33582 carbon group molecular entity carbon group molecular entity ChEBI carbon group molecular entity ChEBI: carbon group molecular entities ChEBI carbon group molecular entities ChEBI: Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring. Wikipedia:Cyclic_compound chebi_ontology cyclic compounds CHEBI:33595 cyclic compound cyclic compounds ChEBI cyclic compounds ChEBI: chebi_ontology hydrogen compounds hydrogen molecular entities CHEBI:33608 hydrogen molecular entity hydrogen compounds ChEBI hydrogen compounds ChEBI: hydrogen molecular entities ChEBI hydrogen molecular entities ChEBI: chebi_ontology polycyclic compounds CHEBI:33635 polycyclic compound polycyclic compounds ChEBI A molecule that features two fused rings. chebi_ontology bicyclic compounds CHEBI:33636 bicyclic compound A molecule that features two fused rings. ANON:ANON bicyclic compounds ChEBI bicyclic compounds ChEBI: A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character. aromatic compounds aromatic molecular entity chebi_ontology aromatics aromatische Verbindungen CHEBI:33655 aromatic compound A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character. ANON:ANON aromatic compounds IUPAC aromatic compounds IUPAC: aromatic molecular entity IUPAC aromatic molecular entity IUPAC: aromatics ChEBI aromatics ChEBI: aromatische Verbindungen ChEBI aromatische Verbindungen ChEBI: chebi_ontology organic aromatic compounds CHEBI:33659 organic aromatic compound organic aromatic compounds ChEBI organic aromatic compounds ChEBI: A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom. heteropolycyclic compounds chebi_ontology polyheterocyclic compounds CHEBI:33671 heteropolycyclic compound heteropolycyclic compounds IUPAC polyheterocyclic compounds ChEBI A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom. heterobicyclic compounds chebi_ontology CHEBI:33672 heterobicyclic compound A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom. ANON:ANON heterobicyclic compounds IUPAC heterobicyclic compounds IUPAC: An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element. s-block molecular entity chebi_ontology s-block compounds s-block molecular entities CHEBI:33674 s-block molecular entity An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element. ANON:ANON s-block molecular entity ChEBI s-block molecular entity ChEBI: s-block compounds ChEBI s-block compounds ChEBI: s-block molecular entities ChEBI s-block molecular entities ChEBI: A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element. A p-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a p-block element. chebi_ontology p-block compounds p-block molecular entities p-block molecular entitiy CHEBI:33675 p-block molecular entity A p-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a p-block element. ANON:ANON p-block compounds ChEBI p-block compounds ChEBI: p-block molecular entities ChEBI p-block molecular entities ChEBI: p-block molecular entitiy ChEBI p-block molecular entitiy ChEBI: Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements. chebi_ontology CHEBI:33692 hydrides oxygen hydride chebi_ontology hydrides of oxygen oxygen hydrides CHEBI:33693 oxygen hydride oxygen hydride ChEBI hydrides of oxygen ChEBI oxygen hydrides ChEBI A macromolecule formed by a living organism. biopolymer chebi_ontology Biopolymere biomacromolecules biopolymers CHEBI:33694 biomacromolecule biopolymer IUPAC Biopolymere ChEBI biomacromolecules ChEBI biopolymers ChEBI chebi_ontology genetically encoded biomacromolecules genetically encoded biopolymers information biomacromolecules information biopolymers information macromolecule information macromolecules CHEBI:33695 information biomacromolecule genetically encoded biomacromolecules ChEBI genetically encoded biopolymers ChEBI information biomacromolecules ChEBI information biopolymers ChEBI information macromolecule ChEBI information macromolecules ChEBI A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid. nucleic acids chebi_ontology NA Nukleinsaeure Nukleinsaeuren acide nucleique acides nucleiques acido nucleico acidos nucleicos CHEBI:33696 nucleic acid nucleic acids IUPAC NA ChEBI Nukleinsaeure ChEBI Nukleinsaeuren ChEBI acide nucleique ChEBI acides nucleiques ChEBI acido nucleico ChEBI acidos nucleicos ChEBI High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins. CAS:63231-63-0 ribonucleic acid ribonucleic acids chebi_ontology RNA RNS Ribonukleinsaeure pentosenucleic acids ribonucleic acids ribose nucleic acid yeast nucleic acid CHEBI:33697 ribonucleic acid CAS:63231-63-0 ChemIDplus ribonucleic acid IUPAC ribonucleic acids IUPAC RNA IUPAC RNA UniProt RNS ChEBI Ribonukleinsaeure ChEBI pentosenucleic acids ChemIDplus ribonucleic acids ChEBI ribose nucleic acid ChEBI yeast nucleic acid ChEBI chebi_ontology canonical amino-acid residue canonical amino-acid residues common amino acid residues proteinogenic amino-acid residues standard amino acid residues standard amino-acid residues CHEBI:33700 proteinogenic amino-acid residue canonical amino-acid residue ChEBI canonical amino-acid residues ChEBI common amino acid residues ChEBI proteinogenic amino-acid residues ChEBI standard amino acid residues ChEBI standard amino-acid residues ChEBI A cation consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology polyatomic cations CHEBI:33702 polyatomic cation A cation consisting of more than one atom. ANON:ANON polyatomic cations ChEBI polyatomic cations ChEBI: An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group. 0 C2H4NO2R 74.05870 74.02420 NC([*])C(O)=O CHEBI:10208 CHEBI:13779 CHEBI:22442 CHEBI:2642 KEGG:C00045 KEGG:C05167 alpha-amino acid chebi_ontology Amino acid Amino acids alpha-amino acids alpha-amino carboxylic acids an alpha-amino acid CHEBI:33704 alpha-amino acid alpha-amino acid IUPAC alpha-amino acid IUPAC: Amino acid KEGG COMPOUND: Amino acid KEGG_COMPOUND Amino acids KEGG_COMPOUND alpha-amino acids ChEBI alpha-amino acids ChEBI: alpha-amino acids JCBN alpha-amino acids JCBN: alpha-amino carboxylic acids IUPAC alpha-amino carboxylic acids IUPAC: an alpha-amino acid UniProt: When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue. amino acid residue amino-acid residue protein residue chebi_ontology amino acid residue amino-acid residues CHEBI:33708 amino-acid residue When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue. Dummy:dummy amino-acid residue IUPAC protein residue PRO:DAN amino acid residue ChEBI amino-acid residues JCBN A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups. CHEBI:13815 CHEBI:22477 Wikipedia:Amino_acid chebi_ontology Aminocarbonsaeure Aminokarbonsaeure Aminosaeure amino acids CHEBI:33709 amino acid A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups. ANON:ANON Aminocarbonsaeure ChEBI Aminocarbonsaeure ChEBI: Aminokarbonsaeure ChEBI Aminokarbonsaeure ChEBI: Aminosaeure ChEBI Aminosaeure ChEBI: amino acids ChEBI amino acids ChEBI: chebi_ontology alpha-amino-acid residues CHEBI:33710 alpha-amino-acid residue alpha-amino-acid residues ChEBI carbohydrate acid chebi_ontology carbohydrate acids CHEBI:33720 carbohydrate acid carbohydrate acid ChEBI carbohydrate acids ChEBI carbohydrate acid anion chebi_ontology carbohydrate acid anions CHEBI:33721 carbohydrate acid anion carbohydrate acid anion ChEBI carbohydrate acid anions ChEBI chebi_ontology canonical nucleoside residues common nucleoside residues nucleoside residue standard nucleoside residues CHEBI:33791 canonical nucleoside residue canonical nucleoside residues ChEBI common nucleoside residues CBN nucleoside residue CBN standard nucleoside residues ChEBI chebi_ontology N Nuc canonical ribonucleoside residues common ribonucleoside residue common ribonucleoside residues standard ribonucleoside residues CHEBI:33792 canonical ribonucleoside residue N CBN Nuc CBN canonical ribonucleoside residues ChEBI common ribonucleoside residue CBN common ribonucleoside residues CBN standard ribonucleoside residues ChEBI An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. CHEBI:64710 hydroxy compounds chebi_ontology organic alcohol organic hydroxy compounds CHEBI:33822 organic hydroxy compound An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. ANON:ANON hydroxy compounds IUPAC hydroxy compounds IUPAC: organic alcohol ChEBI organic hydroxy compounds ChEBI organic hydroxy compounds ChEBI: Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring. chebi_ontology organic cyclic compounds CHEBI:33832 organic cyclic compound organic cyclic compounds ChEBI organic cyclic compounds ChEBI: A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2). heteroarenes chebi_ontology hetarenes CHEBI:33833 heteroarene A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2). ANON:ANON heteroarenes IUPAC heteroarenes IUPAC: hetarenes IUPAC hetarenes IUPAC: Conjugated protein is a protein that contains a non-peptide component, usually in stoichiometric proportion. COMe:PRX000001 conjugated proteins chebi_ontology complex protein CHEBI:33837 conjugated protein conjugated proteins IUPAC complex protein COMe A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. Wikipedia:Macromolecule macromolecule chebi_ontology macromolecules polymer polymer molecule polymers CHEBI:33839 macromolecule macromolecule IUPAC macromolecules ChEBI polymer ChEBI polymer molecule IUPAC polymers ChEBI Compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. 0 C6HOR5 89.072 89.00274 C1(=C(C(=C(C(=C1*)*)*)*)*)O CHEBI:13664 CHEBI:13825 CHEBI:25969 CHEBI:2857 KEGG:C15584 MetaCyc:Phenols Wikipedia:Phenols phenols chebi_ontology Aryl alcohol a phenol arenols aryl alcohol CHEBI:33853 phenols Compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. ANON:ANON phenols IUPAC phenols IUPAC: Aryl alcohol KEGG COMPOUND: Aryl alcohol KEGG_COMPOUND a phenol UniProt arenols IUPAC arenols IUPAC: aryl alcohol UniProt: A substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances. reagent chebi_ontology reactif reactivo reagents CHEBI:33893 reagent reagent IUPAC reactif IUPAC reactivo IUPAC reagents ChEBI Any nutrient required in large quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Macronutrients are usually chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur) that humans consume in the largest quantities. Calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium are sometimes included as macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared with other vitamins and minerals. chebi_ontology macronutrients CHEBI:33937 macronutrient macronutrients ChEBI An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of serotonin; major species at pH 7.3. +1 C10H13N2O InChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-9(7)10/h1-2,5-6,12-13H,3-4,11H2/p+1 QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-O 177.22250 177.10224 [NH3+]CCc1c[nH]c2ccc(O)cc12 2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium chebi_ontology serotonin serotonin cation CHEBI:350546 serotonin(1+) 2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium IUPAC serotonin UniProt serotonin cation ChEBI chebi_ontology nitrogen hydrides CHEBI:35106 nitrogen hydride nitrogen hydrides ChEBI Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2. chebi_ontology azanes CHEBI:35107 azane azanes ChEBI A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction. inhibitor chebi_ontology inhibidor inhibiteur inhibitors CHEBI:35222 inhibitor inhibitor IUPAC inhibidor ChEBI inhibiteur ChEBI inhibitors ChEBI A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction. catalyst chebi_ontology Katalysator catalizador catalyseur CHEBI:35223 catalyst catalyst IUPAC Katalysator ChEBI catalizador ChEBI catalyseur ChEBI The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group. amino acid zwitterion chebi_ontology CHEBI:35238 amino acid zwitterion amino acid zwitterion ChEBI A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which one (or more) of the hydrogens bonded to the nitrogen have been replaced with univalent organyl groups. The substituting carbon of the organyl group must not itself be directly attached to a heteroatom (thereby excluding protonated amides, hemiaminals, etc). Ammonium, NH4(+), and derivatives formed by substitution by univalent groups. chebi_ontology ammonium ion derivatives ammonium ions azanium ion derivative azanium ion derivatives azanium ions CHEBI:35274 ammonium ion derivative Ammonium, NH4(+), and derivatives formed by substitution by univalent groups. ANON:ANON ammonium ion derivatives ChEBI ammonium ions ChEBI: azanium ion derivative ChEBI azanium ion derivatives ChEBI azanium ions ChEBI: Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene. 0 C19H31R 259.450 259.24258 C12C(C3C(C(CC3)*)(C)CC1)CCC4C2(CCCC4)C CHEBI:13687 CHEBI:26768 CHEBI:9263 KEGG:C00377 MetaCyc:Steroids Steroid steroids chebi_ontology a steroid CHEBI:35341 steroid Steroid KEGG_COMPOUND steroids IUPAC a steroid UniProt Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. organonitrogen compounds chebi_ontology organonitrogens CHEBI:35352 organonitrogen compound Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. ANON:ANON organonitrogen compounds IUPAC organonitrogen compounds IUPAC: organonitrogens ChEBI organonitrogens ChEBI: An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen. CHEBI:33274 CHEBI:33436 oxoanion chebi_ontology oxoacid anions oxoanions CHEBI:35406 oxoanion oxoanion ChEBI oxoacid anions ChEBI oxoanions ChEBI A substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation. chebi_ontology anti-inflammatory drugs antiinflammatory agent antiinflammatory drug antiinflammatory drugs CHEBI:35472 anti-inflammatory drug anti-inflammatory drugs ChEBI antiinflammatory agent ChEBI antiinflammatory drug ChEBI antiinflammatory drugs ChEBI chebi_ontology carbon oxoacids oxoacids of carbon CHEBI:35605 carbon oxoacid carbon oxoacids ChEBI oxoacids of carbon ChEBI A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. CHEBI:23960 CHEBI:4859 KEGG:C00287 Wikipedia:Ester Ester chebi_ontology esters CHEBI:35701 ester A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. ANON:ANON Ester KEGG COMPOUND: Ester KEGG_COMPOUND esters ChEBI esters ChEBI: chebi_ontology glycosaminoglycan sulfate glycosaminoglycan sulfates sulfated glycosaminoglycans CHEBI:35722 sulfated glycosaminoglycan glycosaminoglycan sulfate ChEBI glycosaminoglycan sulfates ChEBI sulfated glycosaminoglycans ChEBI chebi_ontology carbohydrate sulfates carbohydrate sulphates CHEBI:35724 carbohydrate sulfate carbohydrate sulfates ChEBI carbohydrate sulphates ChEBI A phosphorus oxoanion that is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid. chebi_ontology Pi phosphate phosphate ions CHEBI:35780 phosphate ion Pi ChEBI phosphate ChEBI phosphate ions ChEBI pnictogen hydride chebi_ontology pnictogen hydrides CHEBI:35881 pnictogen hydride pnictogen hydride ChEBI pnictogen hydrides ChEBI A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome. CHEBI:13677 CHEBI:14911 proteins chebi_ontology CHEBI:36080 protein proteins IUPAC Lepton is a fermion that does not experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek lambdaepsilonpitauomicronsigma (small, thin). chebi_ontology leptons CHEBI:36338 lepton leptons ChEBI Baryon is a fermion that does experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek betaalpharhoupsilonsigma (heavy). chebi_ontology baryons CHEBI:36339 baryon baryons ChEBI Particle of half-integer spin quantum number following Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermions are named after Enrico Fermi. fermion chebi_ontology fermions CHEBI:36340 fermion fermion IUPAC fermions ChEBI Particle of integer spin quantum number following Bose-Einstein statistics. Bosons are named after Satyendra Nath Bose. boson chebi_ontology bosons CHEBI:36341 boson boson IUPAC bosons ChEBI A particle smaller than an atom. Wikipedia:Subatomic_particle chebi_ontology subatomic particles CHEBI:36342 subatomic particle subatomic particles ChEBI A subatomic particle known to have substructure (i.e. consisting of smaller particles). chebi_ontology composite particles CHEBI:36343 composite particle composite particles ChEBI Hadron is a subatomic particle which experiences the strong force. chebi_ontology hadrons CHEBI:36344 hadron hadrons ChEBI A nucleus or any of its constituents in any of their energy states. nuclear particle chebi_ontology CHEBI:36347 nuclear particle nuclear particle IUPAC Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology polyatomic entities CHEBI:36357 polyatomic entity Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom. ANON:ANON polyatomic entities ChEBI polyatomic entities ChEBI: An ion consisting of more than one atom. chebi_ontology polyatomic ions CHEBI:36358 polyatomic ion An ion consisting of more than one atom. ANON:ANON polyatomic ions ChEBI polyatomic ions ChEBI: phosphorus oxoacid derivative chebi_ontology CHEBI:36359 phosphorus oxoacid derivative phosphorus oxoacid derivative ChEBI chebi_ontology CHEBI:36360 phosphorus oxoacids and derivatives Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives. carbonyl compounds chebi_ontology CHEBI:36586 carbonyl compound Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives. ANON:ANON carbonyl compounds IUPAC carbonyl compounds IUPAC: Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. oxo compounds chebi_ontology organic oxo compounds CHEBI:36587 organic oxo compound Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. ANON:ANON oxo compounds IUPAC oxo compounds IUPAC: organic oxo compounds ChEBI organic oxo compounds ChEBI: chalcogen hydride chebi_ontology chalcogen hydrides CHEBI:36902 chalcogen hydride chalcogen hydride ChEBI chalcogen hydrides ChEBI chebi_ontology inorganic ions CHEBI:36914 inorganic ion inorganic ions ChEBI chebi_ontology inorganic cations CHEBI:36915 inorganic cation inorganic cations ChEBI A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton. CHEBI:23058 CHEBI:3473 KEGG:C01373 Cation cation chebi_ontology Kation Kationen cationes cations CHEBI:36916 cation A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton. ANON:ANON Cation KEGG COMPOUND: Cation KEGG_COMPOUND cation ChEBI cation ChEBI: cation IUPAC cation IUPAC: Kation ChEBI Kation ChEBI: Kationen ChEBI Kationen ChEBI: cationes ChEBI cationes ChEBI: cations ChEBI cations ChEBI: An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond. organochalcogen compound chebi_ontology organochalcogen compounds CHEBI:36962 organochalcogen compound An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond. ANON:ANON organochalcogen compound ChEBI organochalcogen compound ChEBI: organochalcogen compounds ChEBI organochalcogen compounds ChEBI: An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond. PMID:17586126 organooxygen compound chebi_ontology organooxygen compounds CHEBI:36963 organooxygen compound An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond. ANON:ANON PMID:17586126 Europe PMC organooxygen compound ChEBI organooxygen compound ChEBI: organooxygen compounds ChEBI organooxygen compounds ChEBI: amino-acid anion chebi_ontology amino acid anions amino-acid anions CHEBI:37022 amino-acid anion amino-acid anion ChEBI amino acid anions ChEBI amino-acid anions ChEBI mononuclear parent hydrides chebi_ontology mononuclear hydride mononuclear hydrides CHEBI:37176 mononuclear parent hydride mononuclear parent hydrides IUPAC mononuclear hydride ChEBI mononuclear hydrides IUPAC Any of the group of polysaccharides composed of alternating units from uronic acids and glycosamines, and commonly partially esterified with sulfuric acid. CHEBI:25425 CHEBI:7011 KEGG:C05114 Mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharides chebi_ontology Mucopolysaccharid Mukopolysaccharid mucopolisacarido mucopolisacaridos CHEBI:37395 mucopolysaccharide Mucopolysaccharide KEGG_COMPOUND mucopolysaccharides IUPAC Mucopolysaccharid ChEBI Mukopolysaccharid ChEBI mucopolisacarido ChEBI mucopolisacaridos IUPAC An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Bronsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid). CHEBI:13800 CHEBI:13801 CHEBI:22209 CHEBI:2426 KEGG:C00174 Acid acid chebi_ontology Saeure Saeuren acide acido acids CHEBI:37527 acid Acid KEGG_COMPOUND acid IUPAC Saeure ChEBI Saeuren ChEBI acide IUPAC acido ChEBI acids ChEBI A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements. chebi_ontology chemical compound heteroatomic molecular entities CHEBI:37577 heteroatomic molecular entity A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements. ANON:ANON chemical compound ChEBI chemical compound ChEBI: heteroatomic molecular entities ChEBI heteroatomic molecular entities ChEBI: An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom. 0 CNOR3 42.01680 41.99799 [*]C(=O)N([*])[*] CHEBI:35354 CHEBI:35355 carboxamides chebi_ontology [*]C(=O)N([*])[*] carboxamides primary carboxamide CHEBI:37622 carboxamide An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom. ANON:ANON carboxamides IUPAC carboxamides IUPAC: [*]C(=O)N([*])[*] ChEBI: carboxamides ChEBI carboxamides ChEBI: primary carboxamide ChEBI primary carboxamide ChEBI: sulfuric acid derivative chebi_ontology sulfuric acid derivatives CHEBI:37826 sulfuric acid derivative sulfuric acid derivative ChEBI sulfuric acid derivatives ChEBI A carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of at least one OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid. carboacyl groups carboxylic acyl group chebi_ontology carboxylic acyl groups CHEBI:37838 carboacyl group carboacyl groups IUPAC carboxylic acyl group IUPAC carboxylic acyl groups IUPAC Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms. chebi_ontology heterocyclic organonitrogen compounds organonitrogen heterocyclic compounds CHEBI:38101 organonitrogen heterocyclic compound Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms. ANON:ANON heterocyclic organonitrogen compounds ChEBI heterocyclic organonitrogen compounds ChEBI: organonitrogen heterocyclic compounds ChEBI organonitrogen heterocyclic compounds ChEBI: CHEBI:25429 CHEBI:38075 chebi_ontology organic heteropolycyclic compounds CHEBI:38166 organic heteropolycyclic compound organic heteropolycyclic compounds ChEBI chebi_ontology polycyclic heteroarenes CHEBI:38180 polycyclic heteroarene polycyclic heteroarenes ChEBI polycyclic heteroarenes ChEBI: CHEBI:22503 CHEBI:24792 chebi_ontology aminoalkylindoles CHEBI:38631 aminoalkylindole aminoalkylindoles ChEBI An alkaloid containing an indole skeleton. CHEBI:24795 CHEBI:5901 KEGG:C06073 Wikipedia:Indole_alkaloid Indole alkaloid chebi_ontology indole alkaloids CHEBI:38958 indole alkaloid Indole alkaloid KEGG_COMPOUND indole alkaloids ChEBI A molecular entity capable of donating a hydron to an acceptor (Bronsted base). Bronsted acid chebi_ontology Bronsted-Saeure acide de Bronsted donneur d'hydron hydron donor CHEBI:39141 Bronsted acid Bronsted acid IUPAC Bronsted-Saeure ChEBI acide de Bronsted IUPAC donneur d'hydron IUPAC hydron donor IUPAC A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Bronsted acid). Bronsted base chebi_ontology Bronsted-Base accepteur d'hydron base de Bronsted hydron acceptor CHEBI:39142 Bronsted base Bronsted base IUPAC Bronsted-Base ChEBI accepteur d'hydron IUPAC base de Bronsted IUPAC hydron acceptor IUPAC A molecular entity able to provide a pair of electrons and thus capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid), thereby producing a Lewis adduct. Lewis base chebi_ontology Lewis-Base base de Lewis donneur d'une paire d'electrons electron donor CHEBI:39144 Lewis base Lewis base IUPAC Lewis-Base ChEBI base de Lewis IUPAC donneur d'une paire d'electrons ChEBI electron donor ChEBI A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of phosphoric acid in which one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated. -1 H2O4P InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-1 NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 96.98724 96.96962 [H]OP([O-])(=O)O[H] CHEBI:29137 CHEBI:39739 DrugBank:DB02831 Gmelin:1999 PDBeChem:2HP dihydrogen(tetraoxidophosphate)(1-) dihydrogenphosphate dihydrogentetraoxophosphate(1-) dihydrogentetraoxophosphate(V) dihydroxidodioxidophosphate(1-) chebi_ontology DIHYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION H2PO4(-) [PO2(OH)2](-) CHEBI:39745 dihydrogenphosphate Gmelin:1999 Gmelin dihydrogen(tetraoxidophosphate)(1-) IUPAC dihydrogenphosphate IUPAC dihydrogentetraoxophosphate(1-) IUPAC dihydrogentetraoxophosphate(V) IUPAC dihydroxidodioxidophosphate(1-) IUPAC DIHYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION PDBeChem H2PO4(-) IUPAC [PO2(OH)2](-) IUPAC 0 HO 17.00734 17.00274 *O[H] CHEBI:24706 CHEBI:43171 PDBeChem:OH HYDROXY GROUP hydroxy hydroxy group chebi_ontology -OH hydroxyl hydroxyl group CHEBI:43176 hydroxy group HYDROXY GROUP PDBeChem hydroxy IUPAC hydroxy group UniProt -OH IUPAC hydroxyl ChEBI hydroxyl group ChEBI A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of dihydrogenphosphate. -2 HO4P InChI=1S/H3O4P/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H3,1,2,3,4)/p-2 NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 95.97930 95.96234 OP([O-])([O-])=O CHEBI:29139 CHEBI:43470 Gmelin:1998 MolBase:1628 PDBeChem:PI PDBeChem:PO4 hydrogen(tetraoxidophosphate)(2-) hydrogenphosphate hydrogentetraoxophosphate(2-) hydrogentetraoxophosphate(V) hydroxidotrioxidophosphate(2-) chebi_ontology HPO4(2-) HYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION INORGANIC PHOSPHATE GROUP [P(OH)O3](2-) [PO3(OH)](2-) hydrogen phosphate phosphate CHEBI:43474 hydrogenphosphate Gmelin:1998 Gmelin hydrogen(tetraoxidophosphate)(2-) IUPAC hydrogenphosphate IUPAC hydrogentetraoxophosphate(2-) IUPAC hydrogentetraoxophosphate(V) IUPAC hydroxidotrioxidophosphate(2-) IUPAC HPO4(2-) IUPAC HYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION PDBeChem INORGANIC PHOSPHATE GROUP PDBeChem [P(OH)O3](2-) MolBase [PO3(OH)](2-) IUPAC hydrogen phosphate ChEBI phosphate UniProt -1 HO4S InChI=1S/H2O4S/c1-5(2,3)4/h(H2,1,2,3,4)/p-1 QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 97.07154 96.96010 [H]OS([O-])(=O)=O CHEBI:29199 CHEBI:45693 Gmelin:2121 hydrogen(tetraoxidosulfate)(1-) hydrogensulfate hydrogensulfate(1-) hydrogentetraoxosulfate(1-) hydrogentetraoxosulfate(VI) hydroxidotrioxidosulfate(1-) chebi_ontology HSO4(-) HYDROGEN SULFATE [SO3(OH)](-) CHEBI:45696 hydrogensulfate Gmelin:2121 Gmelin hydrogen(tetraoxidosulfate)(1-) IUPAC hydrogensulfate IUPAC hydrogensulfate(1-) IUPAC hydrogentetraoxosulfate(1-) IUPAC hydrogentetraoxosulfate(VI) IUPAC hydroxidotrioxidosulfate(1-) IUPAC HSO4(-) IUPAC HYDROGEN SULFATE PDBeChem [SO3(OH)](-) IUPAC 0 O 15.99940 15.99491 O=* CHEBI:29353 CHEBI:44607 PDBeChem:O OXO GROUP oxo chebi_ontology =O CHEBI:46629 oxo group OXO GROUP PDBeChem oxo IUPAC =O IUPAC A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition. Wikipedia:Solvent chebi_ontology Loesungsmittel solvant solvents CHEBI:46787 solvent Loesungsmittel ChEBI solvant ChEBI solvents ChEBI 0 CHO2 45.01744 44.99765 *C(=O)O CHEBI:23025 CHEBI:41420 PDBeChem:FMT CARBOXY GROUP carboxy chebi_ontology -C(O)OH -CO2H -COOH carboxyl group CHEBI:46883 carboxy group CARBOXY GROUP PDBeChem carboxy IUPAC -C(O)OH IUPAC -CO2H ChEBI -COOH IUPAC carboxyl group ChEBI chebi_ontology Schwefeloxide oxides of sulfur sulfur oxides CHEBI:48154 sulfur oxide Schwefeloxide ChEBI oxides of sulfur ChEBI sulfur oxides ChEBI Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own. agonist chebi_ontology agonista agoniste agonists CHEBI:48705 agonist agonist IUPAC agonista ChEBI agoniste ChEBI agonists ChEBI 0 H InChI=1S/H YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1.00794 1.00783 [H] CHEBI:24634 CHEBI:49636 WebElements:H hydrogen chebi_ontology 1H H Wasserstoff hidrogeno hydrogen hydrogene CHEBI:49637 hydrogen atom hydrogen IUPAC 1H IUPAC H IUPAC Wasserstoff ChEBI hidrogeno ChEBI hydrogen ChEBI hydrogene ChEBI A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups. chebi_ontology organic amino compounds CHEBI:50047 organic amino compound A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups. ANON:ANON organic amino compounds ChEBI organic amino compounds ChEBI: chebi_ontology canonical nucleotide residues CHEBI:50297 canonical nucleotide residue canonical nucleotide residues ChEBI chebi_ontology canonical ribonucleotide residues CHEBI:50299 canonical ribonucleotide residue canonical ribonucleotide residues ChEBI chebi_ontology CHEBI:50312 onium compound Mononuclear cations derived by addition of a hydron to a mononuclear parent hydride of the pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen families. onium cations chebi_ontology onium cations onium ion onium ions CHEBI:50313 onium cation onium cations IUPAC onium cations ChEBI onium ion ChEBI onium ions ChEBI chebi_ontology nucleotide residues CHEBI:50319 nucleotide residue nucleotide residues ChEBI chebi_ontology nucleoside residues CHEBI:50320 nucleoside residue nucleoside residues ChEBI Any molecular entity that contains carbon. CHEBI:25700 CHEBI:33244 chebi_ontology organic compounds organic entity organic molecular entities CHEBI:50860 organic molecular entity Any molecular entity that contains carbon. ANON:ANON organic compounds ChEBI organic compounds ChEBI: organic entity ChEBI organic entity ChEBI: organic molecular entities ChEBI organic molecular entities ChEBI: A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit. chebi_ontology CHEBI:50906 role A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system. CHEBI:50911 Wikipedia:Neurotoxin chebi_ontology agente neurotoxico nerve poison nerve poisons neurotoxic agent neurotoxic agents neurotoxicant neurotoxins CHEBI:50910 neurotoxin agente neurotoxico ChEBI nerve poison ChEBI nerve poisons ChEBI neurotoxic agent ChEBI neurotoxic agents ChEBI neurotoxicant ChEBI neurotoxins ChEBI A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group. chebi_ontology primary amino compounds CHEBI:50994 primary amino compound A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group. ANON:ANON primary amino compounds ChEBI primary amino compounds ChEBI: A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context. chebi_ontology CHEBI:51086 chemical role CHEBI:25556 CHEBI:7594 KEGG:C06061 chebi_ontology Nitrogenous compounds nitrogen compounds nitrogen molecular entities CHEBI:51143 nitrogen molecular entity Nitrogenous compounds KEGG COMPOUND: Nitrogenous compounds KEGG_COMPOUND nitrogen compounds ChEBI nitrogen compounds ChEBI: nitrogen molecular entities ChEBI nitrogen molecular entities ChEBI: An organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case. chebi_ontology dipolar compounds CHEBI:51151 dipolar compound dipolar compounds ChEBI Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having two free valences at carbon atom(s). chebi_ontology organodiyl groups CHEBI:51422 organodiyl group organodiyl groups ChEBI chebi_ontology CHEBI:51446 organic divalent group chebi_ontology CHEBI:51447 organic univalent group chebi_ontology organic polycyclic compounds CHEBI:51958 organic polycyclic compound organic polycyclic compounds ChEBI A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context. chebi_ontology CHEBI:52206 biochemical role A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process. chebi_ontology etiopathogenetic agent etiopathogenetic role CHEBI:52209 aetiopathogenetic role etiopathogenetic agent ChEBI etiopathogenetic role ChEBI A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties. chebi_ontology CHEBI:52210 pharmacological role chebi_ontology CHEBI:52211 physiological role Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. CHEBI:33293 CHEBI:33294 chebi_ontology farmaco medicament pharmaceuticals CHEBI:52217 pharmaceutical farmaco ChEBI medicament ChEBI pharmaceuticals ChEBI An organic group that consists of a closed ring. It may be a substituent or a skeleton. chebi_ontology cyclic organic groups CHEBI:52845 cyclic organic group cyclic organic groups ChEBI A polymer carrying multiple negative charges. chebi_ontology polyanion polyanions CHEBI:53309 polyanionic macromolecule polyanion ChEBI polyanions SUBMITTER A macromolecule containing ionic groups. chebi_ontology ionic polymer polyionic macromolecule CHEBI:53368 ionic macromolecule ionic polymer ChEBI polyionic macromolecule ChEBI A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence. 0 C153H225N43O49S InChI=1S/C153H225N43O49S/c1-72(2)52-97(133(226)176-96(47-51-246-11)132(225)184-104(60-115(159)209)143(236)196-123(78(10)203)151(244)245)179-137(230)103(58-83-64-167-89-29-19-18-28-87(83)89)183-131(224)95(43-46-114(158)208)177-148(241)120(74(5)6)194-141(234)101(54-79-24-14-12-15-25-79)182-138(231)105(61-117(211)212)185-130(223)94(42-45-113(157)207)171-124(217)75(7)170-127(220)91(31-22-49-165-152(160)161)172-128(221)92(32-23-50-166-153(162)163)174-146(239)110(69-199)191-140(233)107(63-119(215)216)186-134(227)98(53-73(3)4)178-135(228)99(56-81-33-37-85(204)38-34-81)180-129(222)90(30-20-21-48-154)173-145(238)109(68-198)190-136(229)100(57-82-35-39-86(205)40-36-82)181-139(232)106(62-118(213)214)187-147(240)111(70-200)192-150(243)122(77(9)202)195-142(235)102(55-80-26-16-13-17-27-80)188-149(242)121(76(8)201)193-116(210)66-168-126(219)93(41-44-112(156)206)175-144(237)108(67-197)189-125(218)88(155)59-84-65-164-71-169-84/h12-19,24-29,33-40,64-65,71-78,88,90-111,120-123,167,197-205H,20-23,30-32,41-63,66-70,154-155H2,1-11H3,(H2,156,206)(H2,157,207)(H2,158,208)(H2,159,209)(H,164,169)(H,168,219)(H,170,220)(H,171,217)(H,172,221)(H,173,238)(H,174,239)(H,175,237)(H,176,226)(H,177,241)(H,178,228)(H,179,230)(H,180,222)(H,181,232)(H,182,231)(H,183,224)(H,184,225)(H,185,223)(H,186,227)(H,187,240)(H,188,242)(H,189,218)(H,190,229)(H,191,233)(H,192,243)(H,193,210)(H,194,234)(H,195,235)(H,196,236)(H,211,212)(H,213,214)(H,215,216)(H,244,245)(H4,160,161,165)(H4,162,163,166)/t75-,76+,77+,78+,88-,90-,91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,105-,106-,107-,108-,109-,110-,111-,120-,121-,122-,123-/m0/s1 MASNOZXLGMXCHN-ZLPAWPGGSA-N 3482.74700 3480.61570 CSCC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1c[nH]c2ccccc12)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](C)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCNC(N)=N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccc(O)cc1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc1ccccc1)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)Cc1cnc[nH]1)[C@@H](C)O)[C@@H](C)O)C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(O)=O CAS:16941-32-5 CAS:9007-92-5 DrugBank:DB00040 Drug_Central:2994 KEGG:C01501 KEGG:D00116 PMID:21940356 PMID:22014161 PMID:22154917 PMID:22166985 PMID:22167521 PMID:22214853 PMID:22227186 PMID:22286080 PMID:22294753 PMID:22318544 PMID:22334714 PMID:22399501 PMID:22438981 PMID:22454291 Reaxys:13191924 Wikipedia:Glucagon Glucagon L-histidyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminylglycyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-tyrosyl-L-seryl-L-lysyl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-seryl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-alanyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-glutaminyl-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-methionyl-L-asparaginyl-L-threonine chebi_ontology Glucagone HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Met-Asn-Thr His-ser-glu(nh2)-gly-thr-phe-thr-ser-asp-tyr-ser-lys-tyr-leu-asp-ser-arg-arg-ala-glu(NH2)-asp-phe-val-glu(NH2)-trp-leu-met-asp(NH2)-thr glucagon glucagonum CHEBI:5391 glucagon CAS:16941-32-5 ChemIDplus CAS:9007-92-5 ChemIDplus CAS:9007-92-5 KEGG COMPOUND Drug_Central:2994 DrugCentral PMID:21940356 Europe PMC PMID:22014161 Europe PMC PMID:22154917 Europe PMC PMID:22166985 Europe PMC PMID:22167521 Europe PMC PMID:22214853 Europe PMC PMID:22227186 Europe PMC PMID:22286080 Europe PMC PMID:22294753 Europe PMC PMID:22318544 Europe PMC PMID:22334714 Europe PMC PMID:22399501 Europe PMC PMID:22438981 Europe PMC PMID:22454291 Europe PMC Reaxys:13191924 Reaxys Glucagon KEGG_COMPOUND L-histidyl-L-seryl-L-glutaminylglycyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-tyrosyl-L-seryl-L-lysyl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-seryl-L-arginyl-L-arginyl-L-alanyl-L-glutaminyl-L-alpha-aspartyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-valyl-L-glutaminyl-L-tryptophyl-L-leucyl-L-methionyl-L-asparaginyl-L-threonine IUPAC Glucagone ChemIDplus HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT ChEBI His-Ser-Gln-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Asp-Tyr-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asp-Ser-Arg-Arg-Ala-Gln-Asp-Phe-Val-Gln-Trp-Leu-Met-Asn-Thr ChEBI His-ser-glu(nh2)-gly-thr-phe-thr-ser-asp-tyr-ser-lys-tyr-leu-asp-ser-arg-arg-ala-glu(NH2)-asp-phe-val-glu(NH2)-trp-leu-met-asp(NH2)-thr ChemIDplus glucagon ChemIDplus glucagonum ChemIDplus A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements. Heterocyclic compound chebi_ontology compuesto heterociclico compuestos heterociclicos heterocycle heterocyclic compounds CHEBI:5686 heterocyclic compound A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements. ANON:ANON Heterocyclic compound KEGG COMPOUND: Heterocyclic compound KEGG_COMPOUND compuesto heterociclico IUPAC compuesto heterociclico IUPAC: compuestos heterociclicos IUPAC compuestos heterociclicos IUPAC: heterocycle ChEBI heterocycle ChEBI: heterocyclic compounds ChEBI heterocyclic compounds ChEBI: An ammonium ion that is the conjugate acid of tryptamine arising from protonation of the primary amino group; major species at pH 7.3. +1 C10H13N2 InChI=1S/C10H12N2/c11-6-5-8-7-12-10-4-2-1-3-9(8)10/h1-4,7,12H,5-6,11H2/p+1 APJYDQYYACXCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-O 161.22310 161.10732 [NH3+]CCc1c[nH]c2ccccc12 Gmelin:533978 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium chebi_ontology tryptamine tryptaminium cation tryptaminium(1+) CHEBI:57887 tryptaminium Gmelin:533978 Gmelin 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanaminium IUPAC tryptamine UniProt tryptaminium cation ChEBI tryptaminium(1+) ChEBI An organic anion of general formula RS(=O)2O(-) where R is an organyl group. -1 O4SR 96.06300 95.95173 [O-]S(=O)(=O)O[*] chebi_ontology organosulfate oxoanions CHEBI:58958 organosulfate oxoanion organosulfate oxoanions ChEBI Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units. chebi_ontology CHEBI:59698 phosphoric acids A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons. chebi_ontology nucleophile nucleophiles nucleophilic reagents CHEBI:59740 nucleophilic reagent nucleophile ChEBI nucleophiles ChEBI nucleophilic reagents ChEBI A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types. chebi_ontology Chemische Substanz CHEBI:59999 chemical substance Chemische Substanz ChEBI A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind. chebi_ontology Mischung CHEBI:60004 mixture Mischung ChEBI A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc.. Wikipedia:Polymer Polymer chebi_ontology Kunststoff CHEBI:60027 polymer Polymer ChEBI Kunststoff ChEBI An ionic polymer is a polymer, composed of ionic macromolecules. chebi_ontology polyionic polymer CHEBI:60164 ionic polymer polyionic polymer ChEBI An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one. chebi_ontology a monovalent cation CHEBI:60242 monovalent inorganic cation a monovalent cation UniProt Zwitterionic form of any peptide where, in general, the amino terminus is positively charged and the carboxy terminus is negatively charged. 0 C2H4NO2R(C2H2NOR)n chebi_ontology a peptide peptide zwitterions CHEBI:60466 peptide zwitterion a peptide UniProt peptide zwitterions ChEBI amino monosaccharide Any compound that has a nucleobase as a part. chebi_ontology nucleobase-containing compound nucleobase-containing compounds nucleobase-containing molecular entities CHEBI:61120 nucleobase-containing molecular entity nucleobase-containing compound SUBMITTER nucleobase-containing compounds ChEBI nucleobase-containing molecular entities ChEBI A polymer, composed of polyanion macromolecules. chebi_ontology polyanion polyanions CHEBI:61469 polyanionic polymer polyanion ChEBI polyanions ChEBI A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction. chebi_ontology oxidant oxidants oxidiser oxidisers oxidising agents oxidizer oxidizers oxidizing agent oxidizing agents CHEBI:63248 oxidising agent oxidant ChEBI oxidants ChEBI oxidiser ChEBI oxidisers ChEBI oxidising agents ChEBI oxidizer ChEBI oxidizers ChEBI oxidizing agent ChEBI oxidizing agents ChEBI Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds. chebi_ontology carbohydrate derivatives derivatised carbohydrate derivatised carbohydrates derivatized carbohydrate derivatized carbohydrates CHEBI:63299 carbohydrate derivative carbohydrate derivatives ChEBI derivatised carbohydrate ChEBI derivatised carbohydrates ChEBI derivatized carbohydrate ChEBI derivatized carbohydrates ChEBI A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a carbohydrate acid. chebi_ontology carbohydrate acid derivatives CHEBI:63436 carbohydrate acid derivative carbohydrate acid derivatives ChEBI An aralylamino compound which contains one amino group connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain. Monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes. PMID:21822758 PMID:21993877 PMID:22005599 PMID:22082101 PMID:22153577 PMID:22213370 PMID:22218931 PMID:22342987 PMID:22371656 chebi_ontology monoamines naturally occurring monoamine naturally occurring monoamines CHEBI:63534 monoamine PMID:21822758 Europe PMC PMID:21993877 Europe PMC PMID:22005599 Europe PMC PMID:22082101 Europe PMC PMID:22153577 Europe PMC PMID:22213370 Europe PMC PMID:22218931 Europe PMC PMID:22342987 Europe PMC PMID:22371656 Europe PMC monoamines ChEBI naturally occurring monoamine ChEBI naturally occurring monoamines ChEBI A carboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a carbohydrate acid derivative. chebi_ontology carbohydrate acid anion derivative carbohydrate acid anion derivatives carbohydrate acid derivative anions CHEBI:63551 carbohydrate acid derivative anion carbohydrate acid anion derivative ChEBI carbohydrate acid anion derivatives ChEBI carbohydrate acid derivative anions ChEBI Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance. Wikipedia:Food_additive chebi_ontology food additives CHEBI:64047 food additive food additives ChEBI An organic amino compound in which an aminoalkyl group is linked to an arene. chebi_ontology aralkylamino compounds CHEBI:64365 aralkylamino compound aralkylamino compounds ChEBI A fourteen-membered heterodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence Ala-Gly-Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys cyclised by a disulfide bridge between the two Cys residues at positions 3 and 14. 0 C76H104N18O19S2 InChI=1S/C76H104N18O19S2/c1-41(79)64(100)82-37-61(99)83-58-39-114-115-40-59(76(112)113)92-72(108)57(38-95)91-75(111)63(43(3)97)94-71(107)54(33-46-23-11-6-12-24-46)90-74(110)62(42(2)96)93-66(102)51(28-16-18-30-78)84-69(105)55(34-47-36-81-49-26-14-13-25-48(47)49)88-68(104)53(32-45-21-9-5-10-22-45)86-67(103)52(31-44-19-7-4-8-20-44)87-70(106)56(35-60(80)98)89-65(101)50(85-73(58)109)27-15-17-29-77/h4-14,19-26,36,41-43,50-59,62-63,81,95-97H,15-18,27-35,37-40,77-79H2,1-3H3,(H2,80,98)(H,82,100)(H,83,99)(H,84,105)(H,85,109)(H,86,103)(H,87,106)(H,88,104)(H,89,101)(H,90,110)(H,91,111)(H,92,108)(H,93,102)(H,94,107)(H,112,113)/t41-,42+,43+,50-,51-,52-,53-,54-,55-,56-,57-,58-,59-,62-,63-/m0/s1 NHXLMOGPVYXJNR-ATOGVRKGSA-N 1637.87800 1636.71666 C[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc2c[nH]c3ccccc23)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc2ccccc2)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc2ccccc2)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)[C@H](CSSC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](Cc2ccccc2)NC1=O)[C@@H](C)O)C(O)=O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)N CAS:38916-34-6 Drug_Central:2997 HMDB:HMDB0013072 KEGG:C16022 KEGG:D07431 LINCS:LSM-5326 PMID:21922516 PMID:22129035 PMID:22147011 PMID:22251942 PMID:22483686 PMID:22509294 Reaxys:10148626 Wikipedia:Somatostatin L-alanyl-N-[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19S,22S,25S,28S,31S,34S,37R)-19,34-bis(4-aminobutyl)-31-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-13,25,28-tribenzyl-4-carboxy-10,16-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-(hydroxymethyl)-22-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36-undecaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35-undecaazacyclooctatriacontan-37-yl]glycinamide chebi_ontology Ala-Gly-cyclo-[Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys] L-alanylglycyl-L-cysteinyl-L-lysyl-L-asparaginyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-tryptophyl-L-lysyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-cysteine cyclic (3-14) disulfide Somatostatin-1 Somatostatin-14 Synthetic growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone somatostatin somatostatina somatostatine somatostatinum CHEBI:64628 somatostatin CAS:38916-34-6 ChemIDplus CAS:38916-34-6 KEGG DRUG Drug_Central:2997 DrugCentral PMID:21922516 Europe PMC PMID:22129035 Europe PMC PMID:22147011 Europe PMC PMID:22251942 Europe PMC PMID:22483686 Europe PMC PMID:22509294 Europe PMC Reaxys:10148626 Reaxys L-alanyl-N-[(4R,7S,10S,13S,16S,19S,22S,25S,28S,31S,34S,37R)-19,34-bis(4-aminobutyl)-31-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-13,25,28-tribenzyl-4-carboxy-10,16-bis[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-(hydroxymethyl)-22-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36-undecaoxo-1,2-dithia-5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35-undecaazacyclooctatriacontan-37-yl]glycinamide IUPAC Ala-Gly-cyclo-[Cys-Lys-Asn-Phe-Phe-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Cys] ChEBI L-alanylglycyl-L-cysteinyl-L-lysyl-L-asparaginyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-tryptophyl-L-lysyl-L-threonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-threonyl-L-seryl-L-cysteine cyclic (3-14) disulfide ChemIDplus Somatostatin-1 KEGG_COMPOUND Somatostatin-14 KEGG_COMPOUND Synthetic growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone ChemIDplus somatostatin KEGG_DRUG somatostatina ChemIDplus somatostatine ChemIDplus somatostatinum ChemIDplus An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1). chebi_ontology one-carbon compounds CHEBI:64708 one-carbon compound one-carbon compounds ChEBI Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage. chebi_ontology organic acids CHEBI:64709 organic acid organic acids ChEBI Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism. Wikipedia:Poison chebi_ontology poisonous agent poisonous agents poisonous substance poisonous substances poisons toxic agent toxic agents toxic substance toxic substances CHEBI:64909 poison poisonous agent ChEBI poisonous agents ChEBI poisonous substance ChEBI poisonous substances ChEBI poisons ChEBI toxic agent ChEBI toxic agents ChEBI toxic substance ChEBI toxic substances ChEBI A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide. chebi_ontology polysaccharide derivatives CHEBI:65212 polysaccharide derivative polysaccharide derivatives ChEBI An ammonium ion derivative resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen atom of a primary amino compound. Major species at pH 7.3. +1 H3NR 17.031 17.02655 [NH3+][*] chebi_ontology a primary amine substituted ammonium CHEBI:65296 primary ammonium ion a primary amine UniProt substituted ammonium ChEBI Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects. chebi_ontology anti-inflammatory agents antiinflammatory agent antiinflammatory agents CHEBI:67079 anti-inflammatory agent anti-inflammatory agents ChEBI antiinflammatory agent ChEBI antiinflammatory agents ChEBI Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity. chebi_ontology organic compound organic compounds organic molecules CHEBI:72695 organic molecule organic compound ChEBI organic compounds ChEBI organic molecules ChEBI A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment. MetaCyc:Exopolysaccharides PMID:11160795 PMID:11785425 PMID:1444258 PMID:15738217 PMID:16075348 PMID:17440912 PMID:18097339 PMID:19453747 PMID:20172021 PMID:20631870 PMID:20718297 PMID:2688547 PMID:6354590 Wikipedia:Exopolysaccharide Wikipedia:Extracellular_polymeric_substance chebi_ontology exopolysaccharides extracellular polymeric substance extracellular polymeric substances CHEBI:72813 exopolysaccharide PMID:11160795 Europe PMC PMID:11785425 Europe PMC PMID:1444258 Europe PMC PMID:15738217 Europe PMC PMID:16075348 Europe PMC PMID:17440912 Europe PMC PMID:18097339 Europe PMC PMID:19453747 Europe PMC PMID:20172021 Europe PMC PMID:20631870 Europe PMC PMID:20718297 Europe PMC PMID:2688547 Europe PMC PMID:6354590 Europe PMC exopolysaccharides ChEBI extracellular polymeric substance ChEBI extracellular polymeric substances ChEBI A mancude heterobicyclic organic group consisting of a benzene ring fused to a pyrrole ring. 0 C8N 110.09230 110.00307 C1(=C(C(=C2C(=C1*)N(C(=C2*)*)*)*)*)* chebi_ontology CHEBI:73398 indole skeleton A bicyclic organic group that contains both carbon and hetero atoms. chebi_ontology organic heterobicyclic rings CHEBI:73541 organic heterobicyclic ring organic heterobicyclic rings ChEBI Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in eukaryotes, the taxon that include members of the fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms. chebi_ontology eukaryotic metabolites CHEBI:75763 eukaryotic metabolite eukaryotic metabolites ChEBI Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in animals that include diverse creatures from sponges, insects to mammals. CHEBI:77721 CHEBI:77743 chebi_ontology animal metabolites CHEBI:75767 animal metabolite animal metabolites ChEBI Any animal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in mammals. CHEBI:77464 CHEBI:77744 chebi_ontology mammalian metabolites CHEBI:75768 mammalian metabolite mammalian metabolites ChEBI Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus). chebi_ontology Mus musculus metabolite Mus musculus metabolites mouse metabolites CHEBI:75771 mouse metabolite Mus musculus metabolite ChEBI Mus musculus metabolites ChEBI mouse metabolites ChEBI Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). CHEBI:76949 CHEBI:76951 chebi_ontology S. cerevisiae metabolite S. cerevisiae metabolites S. cerevisiae secondary metabolite S. cerevisiae secondary metabolites Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolites Saccharomyces cerevisiae secondary metabolites baker's yeast metabolite baker's yeast metabolites baker's yeast secondary metabolite baker's yeast secondary metabolites CHEBI:75772 Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite S. cerevisiae metabolite ChEBI S. cerevisiae metabolites ChEBI S. cerevisiae secondary metabolite ChEBI S. cerevisiae secondary metabolites ChEBI Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolites ChEBI Saccharomyces cerevisiae secondary metabolites ChEBI baker's yeast metabolite ChEBI baker's yeast metabolites ChEBI baker's yeast secondary metabolite ChEBI baker's yeast secondary metabolites ChEBI Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in prokaryotes, the taxon that include members of domains such as the bacteria and archaea. chebi_ontology prokaryotic metabolites CHEBI:75787 prokaryotic metabolite prokaryotic metabolites ChEBI Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound. chebi_ontology xenobiotic metabolites CHEBI:76206 xenobiotic metabolite xenobiotic metabolites ChEBI Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase (EC 3.*.*.*). Wikipedia:Hydrolase chebi_ontology EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.* inhibitor EC 3.* inhibitors EC 3.*.*.* inhibitor EC 3.*.*.* inhibitors hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitor hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitors hydrolase inhibitor hydrolase inhibitors CHEBI:76759 EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitor EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.* inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.* inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.*.*.* inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.*.*.* inhibitors ChEBI hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitor ChEBI hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitors ChEBI hydrolase inhibitor ChEBI hydrolase inhibitors ChEBI Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds (EC 3.5.*.*). chebi_ontology EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors EC 3.5.* inhibitor EC 3.5.* inhibitors CHEBI:76764 EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.5.* inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.5.* inhibitors ChEBI An EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*). chebi_ontology EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.5.1.* inhibitor EC 3.5.1.* inhibitors non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors CHEBI:76807 EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.5.1.* inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.5.1.* inhibitors ChEBI non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor ChEBI non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors ChEBI Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. CHEBI:75766 CHEBI:76925 chebi_ontology plant metabolites plant secondary metabolites CHEBI:76924 plant metabolite plant metabolites ChEBI plant secondary metabolites ChEBI Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds. CHEBI:75765 CHEBI:76947 chebi_ontology fungal metabolites CHEBI:76946 fungal metabolite fungal metabolites ChEBI Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans. chebi_ontology human xenobiotic metabolites CHEBI:76967 human xenobiotic metabolite human xenobiotic metabolites ChEBI Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria. CHEBI:75760 CHEBI:76970 chebi_ontology CHEBI:76969 bacterial metabolite Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli. chebi_ontology E.coli metabolite E.coli metabolites Escherichia coli metabolites CHEBI:76971 Escherichia coli metabolite E.coli metabolite ChEBI E.coli metabolites ChEBI Escherichia coli metabolites ChEBI Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens). CHEBI:75770 CHEBI:77123 chebi_ontology H. sapiens metabolite H. sapiens metabolites Homo sapiens metabolite Homo sapiens metabolites CHEBI:77746 human metabolite H. sapiens metabolite ChEBI H. sapiens metabolites ChEBI Homo sapiens metabolite ChEBI Homo sapiens metabolites ChEBI An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of amidase (EC 3.5.1.4). Wikipedia:Amidase chebi_ontology EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitors EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitor EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitors N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitor N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitors acylamidase inhibitor acylamidase inhibitors acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitor acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitors amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitor amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitors amidase inhibitor amidase inhibitors amidohydrolase inhibitor amidohydrolase inhibitors deaminase inhibitor deaminase inhibitors fatty acylamidase inhibitor fatty acylamidase inhibitors CHEBI:77941 EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitors ChEBI EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitor ChEBI EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitors ChEBI N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitor ChEBI N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitors ChEBI acylamidase inhibitor ChEBI acylamidase inhibitors ChEBI acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitor ChEBI acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitors ChEBI amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitor ChEBI amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitors ChEBI amidase inhibitor ChEBI amidase inhibitors ChEBI amidohydrolase inhibitor ChEBI amidohydrolase inhibitors ChEBI deaminase inhibitor ChEBI deaminase inhibitors ChEBI fatty acylamidase inhibitor ChEBI fatty acylamidase inhibitors ChEBI A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container. Wikipedia:Packaging_gas chebi_ontology food packaging gases CHEBI:77974 food packaging gas food packaging gases ChEBI A physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants. Any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants. chebi_ontology dietary component dietary components food components CHEBI:78295 food component dietary component ChEBI dietary components ChEBI food components ChEBI A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure. Wikipedia:Refrigerant chebi_ontology refrigerants CHEBI:78433 refrigerant refrigerants ChEBI An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any alpha-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3. 0 C2H4NO2R 74.059 74.02420 [NH3+]C([*])C([O-])=O CHEBI:83409 MetaCyc:Alpha-Amino-Acids chebi_ontology an alpha-amino acid CHEBI:78608 alpha-amino acid zwitterion MetaCyc:Alpha-Amino-Acids SUBMITTER an alpha-amino acid UniProt Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation. chebi_ontology carbohydrates and derivatives carbohydrates and their derivatives CHEBI:78616 carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives carbohydrates and derivatives ChEBI carbohydrates and their derivatives ChEBI Any inorganic anion with a valency of three. chebi_ontology trivalent inorganic anions CHEBI:79387 trivalent inorganic anion trivalent inorganic anions ChEBI Any inorganic anion with a valency of two. chebi_ontology divalent inorganic anions CHEBI:79388 divalent inorganic anion divalent inorganic anions ChEBI Any inorganic anion with a valency of one. chebi_ontology monovalent inorganic anions CHEBI:79389 monovalent inorganic anion monovalent inorganic anions ChEBI Any member of the class of indoles carrying at least one hydroxy group. chebi_ontology CHEBI:84729 hydroxyindoles Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae. chebi_ontology algal metabolites CHEBI:84735 algal metabolite algal metabolites ChEBI A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. CALOHA:TS-2035 FBbt:00007002 FMA:68646 GO:0005623 KUPO:0000002 MESH:D002477 VHOG:0001533 WBbt:0004017 XAO:0003012 cell CL:0000000 The definition of cell is intended to represent all cells, and thus a cell is defined as a material entity and not an anatomical structure, which implies that it is part of an organism (or the entirety of one). cell cell A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. CARO:mah A cell that is found in a natural setting, which includes multicellular organism cells 'in vivo' (i.e. part of an organism), and unicellular organisms 'in environment' (i.e. part of a natural environment). CARO:0000013 cell in vivo cell CL:0000003 To accommodate unicellular organisms better, 'cell in vivo' has been re-labeled 'native cell' to better represent its intended meaning - that is, that it is a cell in the context of a multicellular organism or in a natural environment. 'Native' is intended to contrast with 'in vitro', which refers to cells or other biological entities that have been intentionally placed in a controlled, non-natural setting for the purpose of study or manipulation. (MAH 1.12.12). native cell A cell that is found in a natural setting, which includes multicellular organism cells 'in vivo' (i.e. part of an organism), and unicellular organisms 'in environment' (i.e. part of a natural environment). CARO:mah Any fibroblast that is deriived from the neural crest. cell CL:0000005 fibroblast neural crest derived Any fibroblast that is deriived from the neural crest. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 neuronal receptor cell (sensu Animalia) cell CL:0000006 neuronal receptor cell A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete. cell CL:0000007 early embryonic cell (metazoa) A cell found in the embryo before the formation of all the gem layers is complete. GOC:tfm Cell that is part of the migratory cranial neural crest population. Migratory cranial neural crest cells develop from premigratory cranial neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination. cell CL:0000008 migratory cranial neural crest cell Cell that is part of the migratory cranial neural crest population. Migratory cranial neural crest cells develop from premigratory cranial neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination. ZFA:0007091 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination. cell migratory trunk neural crest cell Cell that is part of the migratory trunk neural crest population. Migratory trunk neural crest cells develop from premigratory trunk neural crest cells and have undergone epithelial to mesenchymal transition and delamination. ZFA:0007095 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 germline stem cell cell germ line stem cell true true Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production. MA:0000388 VHOG:0001530 ncithesaurus:Egg cell female germ cell true Female germ cell is a germ cell that supports female gamete production. GOC:tfm PMID:11023867 PMID:20454446 FBbt:00004873 cell female germ line stem cell true true A female germ cell that has entered meiosis. BTO:0000964 CALOHA:TS-0711 FBbt:00004886 FMA:18644 MESH:D009865 WBbt:0006797 cell oogonium oocyte true A female germ cell that has entered meiosis. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes. FMA:83673 cell oogonial cell true An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization. BTO:0000369 BTO:0003801 CALOHA:TS-2191 FBbt:00057012 FMA:67343 MA:0000388 MESH:D010063 mature oocyte ovum cell egg cell true A female gamete where meiosis has progressed to metaphase II and is able to participate in fertilization. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 A smooth muscle cell derived from the neural crest. cell CL:0000027 smooth muscle cell neural crest derived true A smooth muscle cell derived from the neural crest. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 neuron neural crest derived cell CL:0000029 neural crest derived neuron true FBbt:00005145 cell CL:0000030 glioblast A cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase. CL:0000337 BTO:0000930 FMA:70563 neuroblast cell CL:0000031 neuroblast (sensu Vertebrata) A cell that will develop into a neuron often after a migration phase. GOC:NV http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroblast A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. CALOHA:TS-2086 FMA:63368 animal stem cell cell CL:0000034 This term applies to metazoan. For plant stem cells, consider using PO:0004011 ‘initial cell’ or its parent PO:0004010 ‘meristematic cell’. stem cell A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. GOC:tfm MESH:A11.872 A relatively undifferentiated cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. GOC:tfm MESH:D013234 A stem cell that self-renews as well as give rise to a single mature cell type. FMA:70569 unipotent stem cell unipotential stem cell cell single fate stem cell A stem cell that self-renews as well as give rise to a single mature cell type. GOC:tfm A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119. BTO:0000725 CALOHA:TS-0448 FMA:70337 FMA:86475 MESH:D006412 VHOG:0001485 HSC blood forming stem cell hemopoietic stem cell cell colony forming unit hematopoietic CL:0000037 Markers differ between species, and two sets of markers have been described for mice. HSCs are reportedly CD34-positive, CD45-positive, CD48-negative, CD150-positive, CD133-positive, and CD244-negative. hematopoietic stem cell A stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells lack cell markers of effector cells (lin-negative). Lin-negative is defined by lacking one or more of the following cell surface markers: CD2, CD3 epsilon, CD4, CD5 ,CD8 alpha chain, CD11b, CD14, CD19, CD20, CD56, ly6G, ter119. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. BTO:0004911 cell BFU-E CFU-E blast forming unit erythroid burst forming unit erythroid colony forming unit erythroid erythroid stem cell CL:0000038 erythroid progenitor cell true A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring. cell CL:0000039 Originally this term had some plant germ line cell children. germ line cell A cell that is within the developmental lineage of gametes and is able to pass along its genetic material to offspring. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 Neural stem cell is characterized as an undifferentiated cell that originates from the neuroectoderm and has the capacity both to perpetually self-renew without differentiating and to generate multiple types of lineage-restricted progenitors. BTO:0002881 CALOHA:TS-2360 FMA:86684 NSC neural stem cell cell neuronal stem cell true Neural stem cell is characterized as an undifferentiated cell that originates from the neuroectoderm and has the capacity both to perpetually self-renew without differentiating and to generate multiple types of lineage-restricted progenitors. GOC:tfm MESH:D058953 PMID:15247488 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_stem_cell A stem cell that can give rise to multiple lineages of cells. FMA:84789 multi-fate stem cell multifate stem cell multipotent cell multipotent stem cell cell CL:0000048 multi fate stem cell A stem cell that can give rise to multiple lineages of cells. GOC:add A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. BTO:0004730 CMP common myeloid precursor cell CFU-GEMM CFU-S colony forming unit granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte multipotential myeloid stem cell myeloid stem cell pluripotent stem cell (bone marrow) CL:0000049 This cell type is intended to be compatible with any vertebrate common myeloid progenitor. For mammalian CMP known to be CD34-positive, please use the term 'common myeloid progenitor, CD34-positive' (CL_0001059). common myeloid progenitor true A progenitor cell committed to myeloid lineage, including the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. GOC:add ISBN:0878932437 MESH:D023461 CMP ISBN:0878932437 CFU-GEMM ISBN:0878932437 CFU-S ISBN:0878932437 colony forming unit granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte ISBN:0878932437 multipotential myeloid stem cell ISBN:0878932437 myeloid stem cell ISBN:0878932437 pluripotent stem cell (bone marrow) ISBN:0878932437 A progenitor cell committed to the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. CFU-EM CFU-MegE MEP Meg/E progenitor colony forming unit erythroid megakaryocyte megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor megakaryocyte/erythroid progenitor cell cell CL:0000050 MEPs are reportedly CD19-negative, CD34-negative, CD45RA-negative, CD110-positive, CD117-positive, and SCA1-negative and reportedly express the transcription factors GATA-1 and NF-E2. megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cell true A progenitor cell committed to the megakaryocyte and erythroid lineages. GOC:add GOC:dsd GOC:tfm MESH:D055015 PMID:16647566 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megakaryocyte-erythroid_progenitor_cell A stem cell from which all cells of the body can form. FMA:84790 MESH:D039901 totipotential stem cell cell CL:0000052 totipotent stem cell A stem cell from which all cells of the body can form. GOC:add GOC:tfm A precursor cell with a limited number of potential fates. BTO:0000125 FMA:84782 blast cell cell CL:0000055 define using PATO mulit-potent or oligopotent? non-terminally differentiated cell A precursor cell with a limited number of potential fates. SANBI:mhl A cell that is commited to differentiating into a muscle cell. Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair. BTO:0000222 CALOHA:TS-0650 FBbt:00005083 FMA:70335 VHOG:0001529 cell CL:0000056 myoblast A cell that is commited to differentiating into a muscle cell. Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair. GOC:tfm MESH:A11.635 PMID:21849021 A cell that is commited to differentiating into a muscle cell. Embryonic myoblasts develop from the mesoderm. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes. Myoblasts also occur as transient populations of cells in muscles undergoing repair. GOC:tfm MESH:D032446 PMID:21849021 A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped. BTO:0000452 CALOHA:TS-0362 FMA:63877 VHOG:0001482 cell CL:0000057 These cells may be vimentin-positive, fibronectin-positive, fsp1-positive, MMP-1-positive, collagen I-positive, collagen III-positive, and alpha-SMA-negative. fibroblast A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped. ISBN:0517223651 MESH:A11.329.228 MESH:D005347 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast A connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. Flattened and irregular in outline with branching processes; appear fusiform or spindle-shaped. ISBN:0517223651 MESH:D005347 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell. BTO:0003607 FMA:66783 chrondoplast cell CL:0000058 chondroblast Skeletogenic cell that is typically non-terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG rich matrix; is not buried in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, located adjacent to cartilage tissue (including within the perichondrium), and develops from prechondroblast (and thus prechondrogenic) cell. GOC:tfm GO_REF:0000034 ISBN:0618947256 A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. VHOG:0001532 XAO:0000031 cell CL:0000064 ciliated cell A cell that has a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. GOC:tfm A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina. BTO:0000414 CALOHA:TS-2026 CARO:0000077 FBbt:00000124 FMA:66768 WBbt:0003672 epitheliocyte cell CL:0000066 epithelial cell A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina. FB:ma GOC:tfm MESH:A11.436 A cell that is usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. The cell has a cytoskeleton that allows for tight cell to cell contact and for cell polarity where apical part is directed towards the lumen and the basal part to the basal lamina. FB:ma GOC:tfm MESH:D004847 An epithelial cell that has a cilia. FMA:70605 cell CL:0000067 ciliated epithelial cell An epithelial cell that has a cilia. GOC:tfm An epithelial cell that is part of a duct. cell duct epithelial cell An epithelial cell that is part of a duct. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature. cuboidal endothelial cell of vascular tree cell CL:0000071 blood vessel endothelial cell true An endothelial cell that lines the vasculature. GOC:tfm A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. cell CL:0000075 columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. GO:0002065 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 CALOHA:TS-1249 cell CL:0000076 squamous epithelial cell A flattened epithelial cell of mesenchymal origin that lines the serous cavity. FMA:66773 mesotheliocyte cell CL:0000077 mesothelial cell A flattened epithelial cell of mesenchymal origin that lines the serous cavity. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 A cell which moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium. cell circulating cell A cell which moves among different tissues of the body, via blood, lymph, or other medium. GOC:add A cell found predominately in the blood. FMA:62844 MESH:D001773 cell CL:0000081 blood cell true A cell found predominately in the blood. GOC:add GOC:tfm An epithelial cell of the lung. BTO:0004299 lung epithelial cell cell epithelial cell of lung An epithelial cell of the lung. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 cell CL:0000095 neuron associated cell A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells. neuroepithelial cell BTO:0004301 cell The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and neurecto-epithelial cell (CL:0000710). sensory epithelial cell A specialized epithelial cell involved in sensory perception. Restricted to special sense organs of the olfactory, gustatory, and vestibulocochlear receptor systems; contain sensory cells surrounded by supportive, non-receptive cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 ISBN:0721662544 Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. BTO:0003811 FBbt:00005125 FMA:67313 WBbt:0005113 cell CL:0000099 interneuron Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. GOC:tfm MESH:A08.663.358 Most generally any neuron which is not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. GOC:tfm MESH:D007395 An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement. BTO:0000312 FBbt:00005123 FMA:83617 WBbt:0005409 motoneuron cell CL:0000100 motor neuron An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement. MESH:A08.663.655.500 PMID:16875686 An efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes or inhibits movement. MESH:D009046 PMID:16875686 Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses. BTO:0001037 FBbt:00005124 FMA:84649 MESH:D011984 WBbt:0005759 cell CL:0000101 sensory neuron Any neuron having a sensory function; an afferent neuron conveying sensory impulses. ISBN:0721662544 A neuron whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion. FMA:80121 cell autonomic neuron A neuron whose cell body is within an autonomic ganglion. GOC:tfm An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm. BTO:0001176 CALOHA:TS-0278 FMA:66772 endotheliocyte cell CL:0000115 From FMA: 9.07.2001: Endothelial cell has always been classified as a kind of epithelial cell, specifically a squamous cell but that is not true. First, endothelial cell can either be squamous or cuboidal (e.g. high-endothelial cell) and secondly, it has different embryological derivation (mesodermal) than a true epithelial cell (ectodermal and endodermal). The basis for present classification is the fact that it comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures (location-based) but a better structural basis for the differentia is the cytoskeleton of the cell. Endothelial cell has vimentin filaments while an epithelial cell has keratin filaments. [Onard]. endothelial cell An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. In mammals, endothelial cell has vimentin filaments and is derived from the mesoderm. GOC:tfm MESH:D042783 PMID:21275341 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial_cell https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=440764&aid=3364936&group_id=36855 cell CL:0000117 CNS neuron (sensu Vertebrata) A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. BTO:0002606 CALOHA:TS-0415 FBbt:00005144 FMA:54536 neuroglial cell cell neuroglia CL:0000125 Not all glial cells develop from glioblasts, with microglia developing from the mesoderm instead. See https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/1571 glial cell It is unclear that all glial cells develop from a cell type called a glioblast. Radial glial cells develop from neuroepithelial cells and other types of glial cells develop from other precursors. Unless glioblast is meant to describe any cell that can give rise to a glial cell, this relationship needs further investigation. A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. MESH:A08.637 A non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. MESH:D009457 Ectoderm destined to be nervous tissue. neurectoderm cell cell CL:0000133 neurectodermal cell Ectoderm destined to be nervous tissue. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. In humans, this cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs. CL:0002452 BTO:0002625 BTO:0003298 FMA:70546 BMSC bone marrow stromal cells colony-forming unit-fibroblast marrow stromal cells cell CFU-F MSC mesenchymal precursor cell mesenchymal progenitor cells mesenchymal stem cell mesenchymal stromal cell mesenchymal stromal cells stem cells, mesenchymal CL:0000134 Many but not all mesenchymal cells derive from the mesoderm. MSCs are reportedly CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8-negative, CD11a-negative, CD11b-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD29-positive, CD31-negative, CD34-negative, CD38-negative, CD40-negative, CD44-positive, CD45-negative, CD49-positive, CD54-positive, CD66b-negative, CD79a-negative, CD80-negative, CD102-positive, CD106-positive, CD117-positive, CD121a-positive, CD121b-positive, CD123-positive, CD124-positive, CD133-negative, CD146-positive, CD166-positive, CD271-positive, B220-negative, Gr1-negative, MHCI-positive, MHCII-negative, SSEA4-negative, sca1-positive, Ter119-negative, and glycophorin A-negative. Cultured MSCs are capable of producing stem cell factor, IL7, IL8, IL11, TGF-beta, cofilin, galectin-1, laminin-receptor 1, cyclophilin A, and MMP-2. mesenchymal stem cell https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/issues/474 true A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. In humans, this cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs. FB:ma GOC:dsd PMCID:PMC2613570 PMID:10102814 PMID:16923606 PMID:17986482 PMID:19960544 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cell http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=mesenchymal%20stem%20cells A connective tissue cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses. In humans, this cell type is CD73-positive, CD90-positive, CD105-positive, CD45-negative, CD34-negative, and MHCII-negative. They may further differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, myocytes, neurons, or chondroblasts in vitro. Originally described as residing in the bone marrow, this cell type is now known to reside in many, if not all, adult organs. FB:ma GOC:dsd PMCID:PMC2613570 PMID:10102814j PMID:16923606 PMID:17986482 PMID:19960544 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cell http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=mesenchymal%20stem%20cells marrow stromal cells PMID:11378515 MSC PMID:11378515 mesenchymal progenitor cells MESH:D044982 mesenchymal stromal cells stem cells, mesenchymal MESH:D044982 A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides. CL:0000450 BTO:0000443 CALOHA:TS-0012 FMA:63880 adipocyte adipose cell cell CL:0000136 fat cell A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides. MESH:A11.329.114 A fat-storing cell found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue of mammals. Fat is usually stored in the form of triglycerides. MESH:D017667 Skeletogenic cell that is terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG-rich matrix, is embedded in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, and develops from a chondroblast cell. BTO:0000249 CALOHA:TS-0138 FMA:66782 cartilage cell cell CL:0000138 chondrocyte Skeletogenic cell that is terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG-rich matrix, is embedded in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, and develops from a chondroblast cell. GO_REF:0000034 MESH:A11.329.171 Skeletogenic cell that is terminally differentiated, secretes an avascular, GAG-rich matrix, is embedded in cartilage tissue matrix, retains the ability to divide, and develops from a chondroblast cell. GO_REF:0000034 MESH:D019902 A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules. VHOG:0001678 chromatocyte chromatophore cell CL:0000147 pigment cell A pigment cell is a cell that contains pigment granules. GOC:tfm pigment cell cell CL:0000149 visual pigment cell A specialized epithelial cell that is capable of synthesizing and secreting certain biomolecules. CALOHA:TS-2085 FMA:86494 cell CL:0000150 glandular epithelial cell A specialized epithelial cell that is capable of synthesizing and secreting certain biomolecules. GOC:tfm A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances. BTO:0003659 FMA:86916 cell CL:0000151 secretory cell A cell that specializes in controlled release of one or more substances. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 A cell of an exocrine gland; i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct. FMA:16014 cell exocrine cell A cell of an exocrine gland; i.e. a gland that discharges its secretion via a duct. ISBN:0198547684 A cell that secretes glycosaminoglycans. GAG secreting cell hyaluronic acid secreting cell cell CL:0000153 glycosaminoglycan secreting cell A cell that secretes glycosaminoglycans. GOC:tfm cell protein secreting cell cell CL:0000159 seromucus secreting cell cell acid secreting cell true A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. FMA:83809 endocrinocyte cell CL:0000163 endocrine cell A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. MESH:A06.407 A cell of an endocrine gland, ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. MESH:D055098 An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas. BTO:0003865 FMA:62930 MESH:D019858 cell enteroendocrine cell An endocrine cell that is located in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract or in the pancreas. GOC:tfm SANBI:mhl An endocrine cell that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones in response to neuronal signals. BTO:0002691 FMA:83810 neurosecretory cell cell neuroendocrine cell An endocrine cell that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones in response to neuronal signals. MESH:A06.688 An endocrine cell that has the specialized function to produce and secrete hormones in response to neuronal signals. MESH:D055099 cell peptide hormone secreting cell A cell that secretes glucagon. FMA:84045 glucagon-secreting cell cell glucagon secreting cell A cell that secretes glucagon. GOC:tfm cell somatostatin secreting cell cell CL:0000174 steroid hormone secreting cell A cell whose primary function is to shorten. cell CL:0000183 contractile cell A cell whose primary function is to shorten. FB:ma A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. BTO:0000888 BTO:0000902 CALOHA:TS-2032 FBbt:00005074 FMA:67328 WBbt:0003675 muscle fiber myocyte cell CL:0000187 muscle cell A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. MESH:A11.620 A mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. MESH:D032342 A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. BTO:0004392 CALOHA:TS-2158 FMA:9727 skeletal muscle cell cell CL:0000188 cell of skeletal muscle A somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. GOC:tfm A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast). CL:0000191 non-striated muscle cell BTO:0004576 CALOHA:TS-2159 FMA:14072 SMCs myocytes, smooth muscle smooth muscle fiber cell CL:0000192 smooth muscle cell A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast). MESH:A11.620.520 MESH:D032389 PMID:9315361 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle_cell A non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They develop from specialized myoblasts (smooth muscle myoblast). MESH:D032389 PMID:9315361 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle_cell SMCs PMID:9315361 myocytes, smooth muscle MESH:D032389 A cell that is capable of detection of a stimulus involved in sensory perception. MESH:D011984 receptor cell cell CL:0000197 sensory receptor cell A cell specialized to detect and transduce light. BTO:0001060 CALOHA:TS-0868 FBbt:00004211 FMA:86740 cell CL:0000210 photoreceptor cell true A cell specialized to detect and transduce light. MESH:A08.663.650.650 A cell specialized to detect and transduce light. MESH:D010786 A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal. cell CL:0000211 electrically active cell A cell whose function is determined by the generation or the reception of an electric signal. FB:ma A cell within an epithelial cell sheet whose main function is to act as an internal or external covering for a tissue or an organism. boundary cell cell CL:0000213 lining cell A cell within an epithelial cell sheet whose main function is to act as an internal or external covering for a tissue or an organism. JB:jb A cell located in the synovial joint. CALOHA:TS-0995 synoviocyte cell CL:0000214 synovial cell true A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments. cell CL:0000215 barrier cell A cell whose primary function is to prevent the transport of stuff across compartments. JB:jb A cell that moves by its own activities. cell CL:0000219 motile cell A cell that moves by its own activities. FB:ma A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. FMA:72549 ectoderm cell cell CL:0000221 ectodermal cell A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. MESH:A16.254.425.273 A cell of the outer of the three germ layers of the embryo. MESH:D004475 A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo. FMA:72554 mesoblast mesoderm cell cell CL:0000222 mesodermal cell A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo. MESH:A16.254.425.660 A cell of the middle germ layer of the embryo. MESH:D008648 A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. FMA:72555 endoderm cell cell CL:0000223 endodermal cell A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. MESH:A16.254.425.407 A cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. MESH:D004707 A cell that lacks a nucleus. FMA:68647 non-nucleated cell cell anucleate cell A cell that lacks a nucleus. FB:ma A cell with a single nucleus. cell single nucleate cell A cell with a single nucleus. FB:ma GOC:tfm cell binucleate cell A cell with more than one nucleus. AEO:0000203 WBbt:0008074 syncitium syncytial cell syncytium cell CL:0000228 multinucleate cell A cell with more than one nucleus. FB:ma A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. BTO:0000424 CALOHA:TS-0290 FMA:81100 RBC red blood cell cell CL:0000232 erythrocyte true A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. GOC:tfm MESH:A11.118.290 A red blood cell. In mammals, mature erythrocytes are biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. GOC:tfm MESH:D004912 MESH:D005057 cell CL:0000255 eukaryotic cell cell Eumycetozoan cell cell CL:0000287 eye photoreceptor cell A cell whose primary function is to provide structural support, to provide strength and physical integrity to the organism. cell CL:0000293 structural cell A cell whose primary function is to provide structural support, to provide strength and physical integrity to the organism. TAIR:sr A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. CALOHA:TS-0395 FBbt:00005412 FMA:18649 haploid nucleated cell cell haploid germ cell gamete true A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 FBbt:00004193 lens cell cell crystallin accumulating cell Columnar glandular cell with irregular nucleus, copious granular endoplasmic reticulum and supranuclear granules. Secretes a watery fluid containing proteins known as serous fluid. BTO:0003687 FMA:62511 serous cell cell CL:0000313 serous secreting cell Columnar glandular cell with irregular nucleus, copious granular endoplasmic reticulum and supranuclear granules. Secretes a watery fluid containing proteins known as serous fluid. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 ISBN:0721662544 BTO:0003689 mucous cell cell mucus secreting cell A cell that is specialised to accumulate a particular substance(s). cell CL:0000325 stuff accumulating cell A cell that is specialised to accumulate a particular substance(s). FB:ma cell CL:0000327 extracellular matrix secreting cell cell CL:0000329 oxygen accumulating cell A cell derived from the specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonic neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms masses of cells that migrate out from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube to spread throughout the body. FMA:86667 cell CL:0000333 migratory neural crest cell A cell derived from the specialized ectoderm flanking each side of the embryonic neural plate, which after the closure of the neural tube, forms masses of cells that migrate out from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube to spread throughout the body. MESH:A16.254.600 A mesenchymal cell in embryonic development found in a contracting mass and that gives rise to osteoprogenitors. cell CL:0000335 mesenchyme condensation cell A mesenchymal cell in embryonic development found in a contracting mass and that gives rise to osteoprogenitors. GOC:tfm PMID:5025404 A cell of the sclera of the eye. cell CL:0000347 scleral cell A cell of the sclera of the eye. GOC:add A cell of the choroid of the eye. cell choroidal cell of the eye A cell of the choroid of the eye. GOC:add cell extraembryonic cell A cell lining the outside of the blastocyst. After binding to the endometrium, trophoblast cells develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblast cells, which form the early fetal-maternal interface. FMA:83028 trophoblastic cell cell trophoblast cell true A cell lining the outside of the blastocyst. After binding to the endometrium, trophoblast cells develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblast cells, which form the early fetal-maternal interface. GOC:tfm MESH:A11.936 A cell lining the outside of the blastocyst. After binding to the endometrium, trophoblast cells develop into two distinct layers, an inner layer of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells and an outer layer of continuous multinuclear cytoplasm, the syncytiotrophoblast cells, which form the early fetal-maternal interface. GOC:tfm MESH:D014327 A cell of the outer layer of a blastula that gives rise to the ectoderm after gastrulation. cell CL:0000352 epiblast cell A cell of the outer layer of a blastula that gives rise to the ectoderm after gastrulation. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote). BTO:0001473 FMA:72551 blastomere cell blastoderm cell An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote). MESH:A11.104 An undifferentiated cell produced by early cleavages of the fertilized egg (zygote). MESH:D001756 A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell. FMA:86767 cell CL:0000355 Multi-potency demonstrated ex vivo. At the time of writing, it is unclear whether the endogenous population differentiates into multiple cell types in vivo. multi-potent skeletal muscle stem cell true A multifate stem cell found in skeletal muscle than can differentiate into many different cell types, including muscle. Distinct cell type from satellite cell. PMID:18282570 A smooth muscle cell associated with the vasculature. VSMC vascular smooth muscle cell cell vascular associated smooth muscle cell true A smooth muscle cell associated with the vasculature. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism). CL:1000396 BTO:0001470 CALOHA:TS-0283 FMA:62411 MESH:D000078404 cell of epidermis epithelial cell of skin cell CL:0000362 epidermal cell An epithelial cell of the integument (the outer layer of an organism). Flybase:dsj MA:ma cell of epidermis FMA:62411 epithelial cell of skin FMA:62411 Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell. zygote BTO:0000854 EHDAA2:0004546 FMA:72395 cell CL:0000365 animal zygote Diploid cell produced by the fusion of sperm cell nucleus and egg cell. ISBN:0471245208 FBbt:00005130 cell neurosecretory neuron A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal. cell CL:0000393 electrically responsive cell A cell whose function is determined by its response to an electric signal. FB:ma cell ganglion interneuron true cell CL:0000402 CNS interneuron true A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell. cell CL:0000404 electrically signaling cell A cell that initiates an electrical signal and passes that signal to another cell. FB:ma A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome. cell haploid cell A cell whose nucleus contains a single haploid genome. FB:ma GOC:tfm cell CL:0000447 carbohydrate secreting cell cell biogenic amine secreting cell A cell type that secretes 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). 5-HT secreting cell 5-Hydroxytryptamine secreting cell cell serotonin secreting cell A cell type that secretes 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). GOC:tfm PMID:19630576 A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme. noradrenaline secreting cell norepinephrin secreting cell norepinephrine secreting cell cell noradrenergic cell A cell capable of producting norepiniphrine. Norepiniphrine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including as a hormone and a neurotransmitter. In addition, epiniphrine is synthesized from norepiniphrine by the actions of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase enzyme. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X A photoreceptor cell that detects visible light. cell visible light photoreceptor cell A photoreceptor cell that detects visible light. GOC:tfm A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. BTO:0002064 FMA:83624 cell CL:0000499 stromal cell A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. GOC:tfm MESH:A11.329.830 A connective tissue cell of an organ found in the loose connective tissue. These are most often associated with the uterine mucosa and the ovary as well as the hematopoietic system and elsewhere. GOC:tfm MESH:D017154 A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell. CL:0000714 FMA:84797 cardiac muscle progenitor cell cardiomyocyte progenitor cell cell CL:0000513 cardiac muscle myoblast A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell. GOC:tfm MESH:A11.635.470 A precursor cell destined to differentiate into cardiac muscle cell. GOC:tfm MESH:D032386 A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes. FMA:84798 myoblast, smooth muscle cell satellite cell CL:0000514 smooth muscle myoblast true A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes. GOC:tfm MESH:A11.635.510 MESH:D032390 A precursor cell destined to differentiate into smooth muscle myocytes. GOC:tfm MESH:D032390 myoblast, smooth muscle MESH:D032390 A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers. FMA:84799 skeletal myoblast cell CL:0000515 skeletal muscle myoblast true A myoblast that differentiates into skeletal muscle fibers. SANBI:mhl cell fungal cell A cell from the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast of an early mammalian embryo, directly associated with the maternal blood supply. It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy. FMA:83043 plasmidotrophoblast syncytial trophoblast syntrophoblast cell syncytiotrophoblast cell A cell from the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast of an early mammalian embryo, directly associated with the maternal blood supply. It secretes hCG in order to maintain progesterone secretion and sustain a pregnancy. GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery. FMA:87653 input neuron cell CL:0000526 afferent neuron A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery. GOC:tfm MESH:A08.663.650 A neuron which conveys sensory information centrally from the periphery. GOC:tfm MESH:D009475 A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells. output neuron cell CL:0000527 efferent neuron A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells. MESH:A08.663.655 A neuron which sends impulses peripherally to activate muscles or secretory cells. MESH:D009476 cell CL:0000530 primary neuron cell CL:0000531 primary sensory neuron The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. BTO:0000938 CALOHA:TS-0683 FBbt:00005106 FMA:54527 VHOG:0001483 WBbt:0003679 nerve cell cell CL:0000540 These cells are also reportedly CD4-negative and CD200-positive. They are also capable of producing CD40L and IFN-gamma. neuron The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. MESH:A08.663 MESH:D009474 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron The basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. MESH:D009474 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. FMA:83518 rubriblast cell pronormoblast CL:0000547 proerythroblast true An immature, nucleated erythrocyte occupying the stage of erythropoeisis that follows formation of erythroid progenitor cells. This cell is CD71-positive, has both a nucleus and a nucleolus, and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. ISBN:0721601464 MESH:A11.118.290.350.200 PMID:1638021 rubriblast ISBN:0721601464 cell CL:0000548 animal cell A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. FMA:83505 basophilic normoblast early erythroblast early normoblast prorubricyte cell CL:0000549 basophilic erythroblast true A nucleated immature erythrocyte, having cytoplasm generally similar to that of the earlier proerythroblast but sometimes even more basophilic, and usually regular in outline. The nucleus is still relatively large, but the chromatin strands are thicker and more deeply staining, giving a coarser appearance; the nucleoli have disappeared. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 basophilic normoblast ISBN:0721601464 early erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 early normoblast ISBN:0721601464 prorubricyte ISBN:0721601464 A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. FMA:83506 intermediate erythroblast intermediate normoblast polychromatic erythroblast polychromatic normoblast polychromatophilic normoblast rubricyte cell CL:0000550 polychromatophilic erythroblast true A nucleated, immature erythrocyte in which the nucleus occupies a relatively smaller part of the cell than in its precursor, the basophilic erythroblast. The cytoplasm is beginning to acquire hemoglobin and thus is no longer a purely basophilic, but takes on acidophilic aspects, which becomes progressively more marked as the cell matures. The chromatin of the nucleus is arranged in coarse, deeply staining clumps. This cell is CD71-positive and lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. ISBN:0721601464 intermediate erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 intermediate normoblast ISBN:0721601464 polychromatic erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 polychromatic normoblast ISBN:0721601464 polychromatophilic normoblast ISBN:0721601464 rubricyte ISBN:0721601464 The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated. FMA:84646 acidophilic erythroblast eosinophilic erythroblast late erythoblast orthochromatic normoblast pyknotic eto enrythroblast cell CL:0000552 orthochromatic erythroblast true The final stage of the nucleated, immature erythrocyte, before nuclear loss. Typically the cytoplasm is described as acidophilic, but it still shows a faint polychromatic tint. The nucleus is small and initially may still have coarse, clumped chromatin, as in its precursor, the polychromatophilic erythroblast, but ultimately it becomes pyknotic, and appears as a deeply staining, blue-black, homogeneous structureless mass. The nucleus is often eccentric and sometimes lobulated. ISBN:0721601464 acidophilic erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 eosinophilic erythroblast ISBN:0721601464 orthochromatic normoblast ISBN:0721601464 pyknotic eto enrythroblast ISBN:0721601464 The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative). BTO:0001164 CALOHA:TS-0610 FMA:84235 MESH:D055016 CFU-Meg Meg-CFC MkP colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte megacaryoblast megacaryocyte progenitor cell megakaryoblast megakaryocytic progenitor cell cell promegacaryocyte promegakaryocyte Lineage negative is described here as CD2-negative, CD3-negative, CD4-negative, CD5-negative, CD8a-negative, CD14-negative, CD19-negative, CD20-negative, CD56-negative, Ly6g-negative, and Ter119-negative. megakaryocyte progenitor cell true The earliest cytologically identifiable precursor in the thrombocytic series. This cell is capable of endomitosis and lacks expression of hematopoieitic lineage markers (lin-negative). GOC:dsd GOC:tfm ISBN:0721601464 CFU-Meg PMID:11722431 PMID:12482498 Meg-CFC PMCID:PMC1794060 MkP PMID:21116988 megakaryocytic progenitor cell PMID:12482498 A giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow; mature blood platelets are released from its cytoplasm. BTO:0000843 CALOHA:TS-0611 FMA:83555 megacaryocyte megalocaryocyte megalokaryocyte cell Megakaryocytes are reportedly CD181-positive and CD182-positive. megakaryocyte true A giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow; mature blood platelets are released from its cytoplasm. ISBN:0721601464 MESH:D008533 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megakaryocyte An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds. BTO:0001173 CALOHA:TS-0864 MESH:D012156 cell CL:0000558 reticulocyte true An immature erythrocyte that changes the protein composition of its plasma membrane by exosome formation and extrusion. The types of protein removed differ between species though removal of the transferrin receptor is apparent in mammals and birds. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:15946868 PMID:2037622 An erythrocyte having a nucleus. RBC red blood cell cell nucleate erythrocyte true An erythrocyte having a nucleus. GOC:add GOc:tfm A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium. angioblast chondroplast cell CL:0000566 These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, CD309-positive, and TAL1-positive. angioblastic mesenchymal cell true A mesenchymal stem cell capable of developing into blood vessel endothelium. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:12768659 A mesenchymal cell found in the developing heart and that develops into some part of the heart. These cells derive from intra- and extra-cardiac sources, including the endocardium, epicardium, neural crest, and second heart field. cell cardiac mesenchymal cell A mesenchymal cell found in the developing heart and that develops into some part of the heart. These cells derive from intra- and extra-cardiac sources, including the endocardium, epicardium, neural crest, and second heart field. PMID:18816864 One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. BTO:0001036 CALOHA:TS-0866 FMA:67748 cell CL:0000573 retinal cone cell One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. MESH:A08.663.650.650.670.100 One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. MESH:D017949 An epithelial cell of the cornea. CL:1000431 BTO:0004298 CALOHA:TS-0173 FMA:70551 epithelial cell of cornea cell corneal epithelial cell true An epithelial cell of the cornea. GOC:tfm epithelial cell of cornea FMA:70551 The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. BTO:0000535 VHOG:0001534 WBbt:0006796 cell CL:0000586 germ cell true The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. MESH:A05.360.490 The reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. MESH:D005854 A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen. cell CL:0000593 androgen secreting cell A steroid hormone secreting cell that secretes androgen. GOC:tfm An erythrocyte lacking a nucleus. RBC red blood cell cell enucleate erythrocyte true An erythrocyte lacking a nucleus. GOC:add GOC:tfm One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision. BTO:0001024 CALOHA:TS-0870 FMA:67747 cell CL:0000604 retinal rod cell One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision. MESH:A08.663.650.650.670.650 One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision. MESH:D017948 A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types. BTO:0002315 supportive cell cell CL:0000630 supporting cell A cell whose primary function is to support other cell types. FB:ma GOC:tfm An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes collagen. cell CL:0000667 collagen secreting cell An extracellular matrix secreting cell that secretes collagen. GOC:tfm A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells. FMA:70567 gonocyte primitive germ cell cell primordial germ cell true true A primordial germ cell is a diploid germ cell precursors that transiently exist in the embryo before they enter into close association with the somatic cells of the gonad and become irreversibly committed as germ cells. GOC:tfm PMID:1381289 A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline. cell female gamete true A mature sexual reproductive cell of the female germline. GOC:tfm A non-terminally differentiated cell that is capable of developing into a muscle cell. cell CL:0000680 muscle precursor cell A non-terminally differentiated cell that is capable of developing into a muscle cell. GOC:add A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptide hormone. FMA:62938 FMA:83409 type F enteroendocrine cell cell PP cell A cell that stores and secretes pancreatic polypeptide hormone. GOC:tfm JB:jb PMID:15153415 Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest. neuroepithelial cell BTO:0004301 FMA:70557 cell CL:0000710 The term "neuroepithelial cell" is used to describe both this cell type and sensory epithelial cell (CL:0000098). neurecto-epithelial cell Epithelial cells derived from neural plate and neural crest. GOC:tfm A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. CALOHA:TS-2086 FMA:63368 MESH:D053687 cell CL:0000723 somatic stem cell true A stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. GO:0048103 Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres. BTO:0002916 CALOHA:TS-2157 FMA:86936 cell CL:0000737 striated muscle cell Muscle cell which has as its direct parts myofilaments organized into sarcomeres. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. BTO:0000751 CALOHA:TS-0549 FMA:62852 MESH:D007962 immune cell leucocyte white blood cell cell leukocyte true An achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. GOC:add GOC:tfm ISBN:978-0-323-05290-0 The set of neurons that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve. BTO:0001800 FMA:67765 MESH:D012165 RGC gangliocyte ganglion cell of retina cell CL:0000740 retinal ganglion cell The set of neurons that receives neural inputs via bipolar, horizontal and amacrine cells. The axons of these cells make up the optic nerve. GOC:dph Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. In mammals, the contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei. FMA:83808 cardiocyte BTO:0001539 CALOHA:TS-0115 FMA:14067 MESH:D032383 cardiac muscle fiber cardiac myocyte cardiomyocyte heart muscle cell cell CL:0000746 This class encompasses the muscle cells responsible for heart* contraction in both vertebrates and arthropods. The ultrastucture of a wide range of arthropod heart cells has been examined including spiders, horseshoe crabs, crustaceans (see Sherman, 1973 and refs therein) and insects (see Lehmacher et al (2012) and refs therein). According to these refs, the cells participating in heart contraction in all cases are transversely striated. Insects hearts additionally contain ostial cells, also transversely striated muscle cells, but which do not participate in heart contraction. cardiac muscle cell Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. In mammals, the contractile fiber resembles those of skeletal muscle but are only one third as large in diameter, are richer in sarcoplasm, and contain centrally located instead of peripheral nuclei. GOC:mtg_cardiacconduct_nov11 GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 PMID:22426062 PMID:4711263 cardiac muscle fiber GO:0048739 A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. BTO:0001441 CALOHA:TS-0647 MESH:D022423 cell CL:0000763 myeloid cell true A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. GOC:add A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes. CL:0002156 CALOHA:TS-0290 FMA:62845 FMA:83516 erythropoietic cell cell CL:0000764 Note that in FMA erythropoietic cells are types of nucleated erythrocytes and thus don't include erythrocytes. erythroid lineage cell A immature or mature cell in the lineage leading to and including erythrocytes. GOC:add GOC:tfm A nucleated precursor of an erythrocyte that lacks hematopoietic lineage markers. BTO:0001571 CALOHA:TS-0289 FMA:83504 MESH:D004900 normoblast cell CL:0000765 erythroblast true A nucleated precursor of an erythrocyte that lacks hematopoietic lineage markers. GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 PMID:18174176 A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage. cell myeloid leukocyte true A cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, or mast cell lineage. GOC:add A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans. BTO:0000725 CALOHA:TS-0448 MPP hemopoietic progenitor cell cell CL:0000837 Markers differ between mouse and human. hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell A hematopoietic multipotent progenitor cell is multipotent, but not capable of long-term self-renewal. These cells are characterized as lacking lineage cell surface markers and being CD34-positive in both mice and humans. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage. myeloid progenitor cell BTO:0004730 CALOHA:TS-2099 FMA:70339 cell CL:0000839 Note that this is a class of cell types, not an identified single cell type. myeloid lineage restricted progenitor cell true A progenitor cell restricted to the myeloid lineage. GOC:add GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. BTO:0000878 CALOHA:TS-0768 FMA:86713 mononuclear leukocyte peripheral blood mononuclear cell cell mononuclear cell true A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. GOC:add A cell of a hematopoietic lineage. BTO:0000574 CALOHA:TS-2017 FMA:70366 FMA:83598 haematopoietic cell haemopoietic cell hemopoietic cell cell CL:0000988 hematopoietic cell A cell of a hematopoietic lineage. GOC:add GO_REF:0000031 A connective tissue cell found in bone. adiehl 2011-11-16T04:28:16Z cell CL:0001035 bone cell true A connective tissue cell found in bone. GOC:add GO_REF:0000034 A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. Cell lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. tmeehan 2010-01-06T03:43:27Z cell hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell, lineage-negative A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. Cell lacks hematopoeitic lineage markers. GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. This cell is ter119-positive but lacks expression of other hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative). BTO:0004911 cell BFU-E CFU-E blast forming unit erythroid burst forming unit erythroid colony forming unit erythroid erythroid stem cell erythroid progenitor cell, mammalian A progenitor cell committed to the erythroid lineage. This cell is ter119-positive but lacks expression of other hematopoietic lineage markers (lin-negative). GOC:add ISBN:0721601464 A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is capable of developing into only one lineage of hematopoietic cells. tmeehan 2010-01-06T03:43:20Z cell CL:0002031 hematopoietic lineage restricted progenitor cell A hematopoietic progenitor cell that is capable of developing into only one lineage of hematopoietic cells. GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. tmeehan 2010-01-06T03:43:27Z cell CL:0002032 This cell type is intended to be compatible with any vertebrate hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell. For mammalian hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cells known to be lineage-negative, please use the term 'hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell' (CL_0001060). hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell A hematopoietic oligopotent progenitor cell that has the ability to differentiate into limited cell types but lacks lineage cell markers and self renewal capabilities. GOC:tfm PMID:19022770 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 An enteroendocrine cell that produces glucagon. tmeehan 2010-09-10T10:48:54Z FMA:62939 cell type A enteroendocrine cell An enteroendocrine cell that produces glucagon. GOC:tfm ISBN:0412046911 Specialized cardiac myocyte that is subendocardially interspersed with the regular cardiac muscle cell. They are uninucleate cylindrical cells, associated end-to-end in long rows, continue from the node to the atrioventricular bundle; relatively short compared to ordinary myocytes but are nearly twice their diameter. tmeehan 2010-06-28T08:36:15Z BTO:0001032 FMA:14146 Purkinje cell fiber Purkinje muscle cell myocytus conducens cardiacus cell CL:0002068 Purkinje myocyte Specialized cardiac myocyte that is subendocardially interspersed with the regular cardiac muscle cell. They are uninucleate cylindrical cells, associated end-to-end in long rows, continue from the node to the atrioventricular bundle; relatively short compared to ordinary myocytes but are nearly twice their diameter. FMA:0412046911 GOC:tfm PMID:19939742 A specialized cardiac myocyte in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The cell is slender and fusiform confined to the nodal center, circumferentially arranged around the nodal artery. tmeehan 2010-06-29T11:41:37Z pacemaker cell BTO:0004190 FMA:67101 P cell cardiac pacemaker cell myocytus nodalis cell CL:0002072 nodal myocyte A specialized cardiac myocyte in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. The cell is slender and fusiform confined to the nodal center, circumferentially arranged around the nodal artery. FMA:67101 GOC:tfm cardiac pacemaker cell GOC:pr Specialized cardiac myocyte which is in the internodal tract and atrioventricular node. The cell is more slender than ordinary atrial myocytes and has more myofibrils than nodal myocytes. tmeehan 2010-06-29T02:39:32Z FMA:67142 cell CL:0002073 transitional myocyte Specialized cardiac myocyte which is in the internodal tract and atrioventricular node. The cell is more slender than ordinary atrial myocytes and has more myofibrils than nodal myocytes. FMA:67142 GOC:tfm The myoendocrine cellis a specialized myocyte localized mainly in the right and left atrial appendages, and also scattered within other areas of the atria and along the conductive system in the ventricular septum. The most conspicuous feature distinguishing myoendocrine cells from other atrial myoctyes is the presence of membane-bounded secretory granules (these granules contain precursor of cardiodilatins or atrial natriuretic polypeptides). tmeehan 2010-06-29T11:50:47Z FMA:67111 cell CL:0002074 myocardial endocrine cell The myoendocrine cellis a specialized myocyte localized mainly in the right and left atrial appendages, and also scattered within other areas of the atria and along the conductive system in the ventricular septum. The most conspicuous feature distinguishing myoendocrine cells from other atrial myoctyes is the presence of membane-bounded secretory granules (these granules contain precursor of cardiodilatins or atrial natriuretic polypeptides). FMA:67111 GOC:tfm An epithelial cell derived from endoderm. tmeehan 2010-06-29T03:38:14Z FMA:69075 cell endo-epithelial cell An epithelial cell derived from endoderm. FMA:69075 GOC:tfm An epithelial cell derived from ectoderm. tmeehan 2010-06-29T03:38:22Z FMA:69074 cell CL:0002077 ecto-epithelial cell An epithelial cell derived from ectoderm. FMA:69074 GOC:tfm Epithelial cell derived from mesoderm or mesenchyme. tmeehan 2010-06-29T03:49:14Z FMA:69076 epithelial mesenchymal cell cell CL:0002078 meso-epithelial cell Epithelial cell derived from mesoderm or mesenchyme. FMA:69076 GOC:tfm A cardiac myocyte that is an excitable cells in the myocardium, specifically in the conducting system of heart. tmeehan 2010-07-21T01:33:38Z FMA:67968 cell CL:0002086 specialized cardiac myocyte A cardiac myocyte that is an excitable cells in the myocardium, specifically in the conducting system of heart. FMA:67968 GOC:tfm This is a cell found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and serves as a pacemaker that triggers gut contraction. ICCs mediate inputs from the enteric nervous system to smooth muscle cells and are thought to be the cells from which gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise. tmeehan 2010-07-22T03:26:00Z BTO:0003914 FMA:86573 ICC intestinal pacemaker cell cell Some argue this cell type is of mesenchymal origin. interstitial cell of Cajal true This is a cell found in the gastrointestinal tract of mammals and serves as a pacemaker that triggers gut contraction. ICCs mediate inputs from the enteric nervous system to smooth muscle cells and are thought to be the cells from which gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise. GOC:tfm PMID:16460275 PMID:19520112 intestinal pacemaker cell GOC:pr A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells. tmeehan 2010-07-22T04:48:15Z BTO:0004850 FMA:83621 MESH:D001854 cell CL:0002092 MH consider whether bone marrow cells are bone cells in the structural sense vs. being part of bone organ sense. bone marrow cell true A cell found in the bone marrow. This can include fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 A cell in the hilum of the ovary that produces androgens. tmeehan 2010-08-23T11:18:18Z FMA:18710 hilar cell of ovary cell CL:0002095 hilus cell of ovary A cell in the hilum of the ovary that produces androgens. GOC:tfm ISBN:068340007X A stomal cell of the ovary tmeehan 2010-08-23T12:10:31Z FMA:72299 ovarian stromal cell cell CL:0002132 stromal cell of ovary A stomal cell of the ovary GOC:tfm ovarian stromal cell GOC:cjm An endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. tmeehan 2010-08-24T02:06:40Z BTO:0001854 CALOHA:TS-1106 FMA:67755 vascular endothelial cell cubodial endothelial cell of vascular tree cell CL:0002139 These cells are reportedly CD31-positive, CD34-positive, CD144-positive, TAL1-positive. endothelial cell of vascular tree An endothelial cell of the vascular tree, which includes blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. GOC:dsd GOC:tfm PMID:12768659 An endothelial cell found in capillaries. tmeehan 2010-08-24T10:15:00Z BTO:0004956 CALOHA:TS-0112 FMA:67756 cell capillary endothelial cell An endothelial cell found in capillaries. GOC:tfm An epithelial cell of the uterus. tmeehan 2010-08-24T10:45:54Z CL:1000294 FMA:256161 cell epithelial cell of uterus true An epithelial cell of the uterus. GOC:tfm Epithelial cells derived from general body ectoderm and ectoderm placodes. tmeehan 2010-08-26T08:31:08Z FMA:70556 cell CL:0002159 general ecto-epithelial cell Epithelial cells derived from general body ectoderm and ectoderm placodes. GOC:tfm An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach. tmeehan 2010-08-25T03:22:08Z CL:1000399 FMA:62948 cell epithelial cell of stomach true An epithelial cell found in the lining of the stomach. GOC:tfm A mucous cell in the epithelium of the stomach. tmeehan 2010-08-25T03:38:51Z CL:1000404 FMA:63464 cell mucous cell of stomach A mucous cell in the epithelium of the stomach. GOC:tfm A stomach epithelial cell that is olumnar in form with a few short apical microvilli; relatively undifferentiated mitotic cell from which other types of gland are derived; few in number, situated in the isthmus region of the gland and base of the gastric pit. tmeehan 2010-08-25T03:57:08Z CL:1000400 FMA:62953 cell stem cell of gastric gland true A stomach epithelial cell that is olumnar in form with a few short apical microvilli; relatively undifferentiated mitotic cell from which other types of gland are derived; few in number, situated in the isthmus region of the gland and base of the gastric pit. GOC:tfm ISBN:0517223651 A cell comprising the transparent, biconvex body separating the posterior chamber and vitreous body, and constituting part of the refracting mechanism of the mammalian eye. tmeehan 2010-09-07T10:38:03Z FMA:70950 cell vertebrate lens cell A cell comprising the transparent, biconvex body separating the posterior chamber and vitreous body, and constituting part of the refracting mechanism of the mammalian eye. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 A cell of the cuboidal epithelium that covers the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens. As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth. tmeehan 2010-09-07T10:45:47Z FMA:67559 cell lens epithelial cell true A cell of the cuboidal epithelium that covers the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens. As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+ ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmolarity and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+ ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions. The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28anatomy%29#Lens_epithelium A fibroblast in the bone marrow. tmeehan 2010-09-07T02:25:18Z FMA:84377 cell CL:0002240 marrow fibroblast A fibroblast in the bone marrow. GOC:tfm A cell containing at least one nucleus. tmeehan 2010-09-07T03:32:33Z FMA:67513 cell CL:0002242 nucleate cell A cell containing at least one nucleus. GOC:tfm A hematopoeitic stem cell found in the blood. Normally found in very limited numbers in the peripheral circulation (less than 0.1% of all nucleated cells). tmeehan 2010-09-07T03:57:09Z BTO:0002669 FMA:86711 MESH:D000072916 PBSC cell peripheral blood stem cell true A hematopoeitic stem cell found in the blood. Normally found in very limited numbers in the peripheral circulation (less than 0.1% of all nucleated cells). GOC:tfm An epithelial cell of the musculomembranous digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus. tmeehan 2010-09-08T09:26:53Z cell epithelial cell of alimentary canal An epithelial cell of the musculomembranous digestive tube extending from the mouth to the anus. GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 An epithelial cell of the esophagus. tmeehan 2010-09-08T09:28:20Z CL:1000402 FMA:63071 cell epithelial cell of esophagus true An epithelial cell of the esophagus. GOC:tfm An epithelial cell of the large intestine. tmeehan 2010-09-08T09:28:22Z CL:1000292 BTO:0004297 FMA:256157 cell epithelial cell of colon epithelial cell of large intestine true An epithelial cell of the large intestine. GOC:tfm Connective tissue cells of the endometrium, these cells are fibroblastic in appearance. During decidualization they tranform into decidual (stromal) cells, swellling up and adopt an epithelial cell-like appearance due to the accumulation of glycogen and lipid droplets. tmeehan 2010-09-08T09:50:04Z CALOHA:TS-1266 FMA:86490 endometrial stromal cell cell stromal cell of endometrium true Connective tissue cells of the endometrium, these cells are fibroblastic in appearance. During decidualization they tranform into decidual (stromal) cells, swellling up and adopt an epithelial cell-like appearance due to the accumulation of glycogen and lipid droplets. PMID:11331626 PMID:30013421 Wiki:Decidualization&oldid=908981933#Endometrial_stromal_cells_(ESCs) An endothelial cell that lines any of the venous cavities through which blood passes in various glands and organs such as the spleen and liver. tmeehan 2010-09-14T10:57:26Z CL:1000403 FMA:63134 cell endothelial cell of sinusoid An endothelial cell that lines any of the venous cavities through which blood passes in various glands and organs such as the spleen and liver. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon. tmeehan 2010-09-10T10:54:42Z FMA:83411 cell type A cell of stomach A type of enteroendocrine cell found in the stomach that secretes glucagon. GOC:tfm An epithelial cell of a skin gland. tmeehan 2010-09-14T12:00:07Z FMA:70657 epithelial cell of gland of skin cell epithelial cell of skin gland An epithelial cell of a skin gland. GOC:tfm A cell that is part of the nervous system. tmeehan 2010-09-15T01:34:57Z CALOHA:TS-2040 FMA:70333 cell CL:0002319 neural cell A cell that is part of the nervous system. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 A cell of the supporting or framework tissue of the body, arising chiefly from the embryonic mesoderm and including adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone. tmeehan 2010-09-15T03:01:54Z CL:1000406 CALOHA:TS-2096 FMA:63875 MESH:D003239 cell CL:0002320 connective tissue cell true A cell of the supporting or framework tissue of the body, arising chiefly from the embryonic mesoderm and including adipose tissue, cartilage, and bone. GOC:tfm ISBN:0618947256 A cell of the embryo. tmeehan 2010-09-15T03:39:21Z CALOHA:TS-0263 FMA:82840 FMA:82841 WBbt:0007028 cell CL:0002321 embryonic cell (metazoa) A cell of the embryo. FMA:0618947256 A fat cell derived from a neural crest cell. tmeehan 2010-09-20T02:25:25Z cell CL:0002333 neural crest derived fat cell A fat cell derived from a neural crest cell. GOC:tfm PMID:17507398 An endothelial cell that lines the intracavitary lumen of the heart, separating the circulating blood from the underlying myocardium. This cell type releases a number of vasoactive substances including prostacyclin, nitrous oxide and endothelin. tmeehan 2010-09-21T04:33:05Z CL:1000475 FMA:75621 endocardial endothelial cell endothelial cell of endocardium cell endocardial cell An endothelial cell that lines the intracavitary lumen of the heart, separating the circulating blood from the underlying myocardium. This cell type releases a number of vasoactive substances including prostacyclin, nitrous oxide and endothelin. GOC:tfm ISSN:0452-3458 endothelial cell of endocardium FMA:75621 A hematopoietic stem cell that exists during embryogenesis. tmeehan 2010-09-22T09:05:13Z cell gestational hematopoietic stem cell A hematopoietic stem cell that exists during embryogenesis. GOC:tfm ISBN:978-60327-246-6 A hematopoietic stem cell of the placenta. This cell type is first observed E10.5 This cell type may give rise to fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells. tmeehan 2010-09-22T10:30:02Z cell placental hematopoietic stem cell A hematopoietic stem cell of the placenta. This cell type is first observed E10.5 This cell type may give rise to fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells. GOC:tfm ISBN:978-1-60327-346-6 A keratocyte is a specialized fibroblast residing in the cornea stroma that has a flattened, dendritic cell located between the lamellae with a large flattened nucleus and lengthy processes which communicate with neighboring cells. This corneal layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. This cell type secretes collagen I, V, VI, and keratin sulfate. tmeehan 2010-09-22T01:57:40Z corneal fibroblast corneal keratocyte cell keratocyte A keratocyte is a specialized fibroblast residing in the cornea stroma that has a flattened, dendritic cell located between the lamellae with a large flattened nucleus and lengthy processes which communicate with neighboring cells. This corneal layer, representing about 85-90% of corneal thickness, is built up from highly regular collagenous lamellae and extracellular matrix components. Keratocytes play the major role in keeping it transparent, healing its wounds, and synthesizing its components. This cell type secretes collagen I, V, VI, and keratin sulfate. GOC:tfm ISBN:978-0-7020-2958-5 An endo-epithelial cell of the respiratory tract. tmeehan 2010-09-23T04:38:49Z BTO:0004533 airway epithelial cell cell respiratory epithelial cell true An endo-epithelial cell of the respiratory tract. GOC:tfm A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell). tmeehan 2010-09-24T09:44:42Z BTO:0001268 FMA:72300 WBbt:0008378 cell CL:0002371 somatic cell A cell of an organism that does not pass on its genetic material to the organism's offspring (i.e. a non-germ line cell). GOC:tfm ISBN:0721662544 A transversely striated, synctial muscle cell, formed by the fusion of myoblasts. tmeehan 2010-09-24T01:13:01Z CL:0000369 FBbt:00005812 myotubule single cell sarcomere cell CL:0002372 myotube A transversely striated, synctial muscle cell, formed by the fusion of myoblasts. GOC:dos GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 PMID:22274696 A reticulocyte that retains the nucleus and other organelles. Found in birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles. tmeehan 2010-10-15T09:24:05Z cell nucleated reticulocyte true A reticulocyte that retains the nucleus and other organelles. Found in birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles. GOC:tfm PMID:18182572 PMID:9011180 PMID:9046052 A reticulocyte lacking a nucleus and showing a basophilic reticulum under vital staining due to the presence of ribosomes. tmeehan 2010-10-15T09:24:08Z CALOHA:TS-0864 FMA:66785 cell enucleated reticulocyte true A reticulocyte lacking a nucleus and showing a basophilic reticulum under vital staining due to the presence of ribosomes. GOC:tfm ISBN:0-12203-052-4 ISBN:0721601464 A cell located in the heart, including both muscle and non muscle cells. tmeehan 2010-12-07T09:37:22Z BTO:0001539 CALOHA:TS-0115 FMA:83808 FMA:84791 heart cell cell CL:0002494 From Onard of the FMA: Cardiac muscle cell or cardiac myocyte is a striated muscle cell. Cardiocyte on the other hand is any cell in the heart which includes cells other than muscle cells (e.g. endothelial cell of endocardium). Unless there is a consensus among anatomists that cardiocytes refer only to muscle cells, we will treat them as a general class of cells in the heart. cardiocyte true A cell located in the heart, including both muscle and non muscle cells. GOC:tfm A cell of the adventitial layer of ductal structures such as the uterer, defent duct, biliary duct, etc tmeehan 2010-12-07T04:03:56Z BTO:0002441 FMA:84639 cell CL:0002503 adventitial cell A cell of the adventitial layer of ductal structures such as the uterer, defent duct, biliary duct, etc GOC:tfm A smooth muscle cell of the intestine. tmeehan 2011-01-17T03:39:38Z intestinal smooth muscle cell cell enteric smooth muscle cell true A smooth muscle cell of the intestine. GOC:tfm A fat cell that is part of subcutaneous adipose tissue. tmeehan 2011-02-21T02:51:22Z subcutaneous adipocyte cell subcutaneous fat cell true A fat cell that is part of subcutaneous adipose tissue. GOC:tfm A smooth muscle cell of the aorta. tmeehan 2011-02-28T01:42:12Z BTO:0004577 cell aortic smooth muscle cell A smooth muscle cell of the aorta. GOC:tfm A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the bone marrow. tmeehan 2011-02-28T01:47:47Z cell mesenchymal stem cell of the bone marrow A mesenchymal stem cell that is part of the bone marrow. GOC:tfm A mesenchymal stem cell of the chorionic membrane. tmeehan 2011-02-28T03:04:35Z cell chorionic membrane mesenchymal stem cell A mesenchymal stem cell of the chorionic membrane. GOC:tfm An endothelial cell that is part of the vein. tmeehan 2011-02-28T03:48:11Z CL:1000393 FMA:62104 KUPO:0001099 endothelial cell of vein venous endothelial cell cell vein endothelial cell An endothelial cell that is part of the vein. GOC:tfm true An endothelial progenitor cell that participates in angiogenesis during development. tmeehan 2011-02-28T04:20:39Z cell CL:0002546 See CL:0002619. embryonic blood vessel endothelial progenitor cell An endothelial progenitor cell that participates in angiogenesis during development. GOC:tfm A fibroblast of the aortic adventitia. tmeehan 2011-02-28T04:43:41Z cell fibroblast of the aortic adventitia true A fibroblast of the aortic adventitia. GOC:tfm A fibroblast that is part of the heart. tmeehan 2011-02-28T04:57:44Z cardiac fibroblast cell fibroblast of cardiac tissue true true A fibroblast that is part of the heart. GOC:tfm tmeehan 2011-02-28T05:05:33Z cell fibroblast of dermis true A fibroblast that is part of lung. tmeehan 2011-02-28T05:11:03Z BTO:0000764 CALOHA:TS-0575 cell fibroblast of lung true A fibroblast that is part of lung. GOC:tfm A fibroblast of pulmonary artery. tmeehan 2011-02-28T05:22:27Z cell fibroblast of pulmonary artery true A fibroblast of pulmonary artery. GOC:tfm An epithelial cell of the intestine. tmeehan 2011-03-01T05:18:31Z cell intestinal epithelial cell An epithelial cell of the intestine. GOC:tfm A mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue. tmeehan 2011-03-01T09:57:17Z mesenchymal stem cell of adipose cell mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue A mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue. GOC:tfm A glial cell that ensheathes axons of neuron in the peripheral nervous system and are necessary for their maintainance and function. tmeehan 2011-03-02T01:19:27Z BTO:0001220 CALOHA:TS-0898 MESH:D012583 cell Schwann cell A glial cell that ensheathes axons of neuron in the peripheral nervous system and are necessary for their maintainance and function. GOC:tfm An epithelial cell of the placenta. tmeehan 2011-03-02T03:21:30Z cell placental epithelial cell true An epithelial cell of the placenta. GOC:tfm A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of the retina. tmeehan 2011-03-06T03:28:27Z cell retinal blood vessel endothelial cell true A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of the retina. GOC:tfm A vascular associated smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature. tmeehan 2011-03-06T05:01:20Z cell smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature true A vascular associated smooth muscle cell of the brain vasculature. GOC:tfm A smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery. tmeehan 2011-03-06T05:01:28Z BTO:0003336 cell smooth muscle cell of the pulmonary artery A smooth muscle of the pulmonary artery. GOC:tfm Smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery. tmeehan 2011-03-06T05:01:56Z cell smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery Smooth muscle cell of the carotid artery. GOC:tfm A smooth muscle cell of the esophagus. tmeehan 2011-03-06T05:48:17Z cell smooth muscle cell of the esophagus true A smooth muscle cell of the esophagus. GOC:tfm A smooth muscle cell of the uterus. tmeehan 2011-03-06T05:53:28Z cell uterine smooth muscle cell true A smooth muscle cell of the uterus. GOC:tfm A neuron of the raphe nuclei. tmeehan 2011-03-06T07:42:06Z cell raphe nuclei neuron true A neuron of the raphe nuclei. GOC:tfm A neuron of the ventral spinal cord. tmeehan 2011-03-06T07:46:03Z cell neuron of the ventral spinal cord true A neuron of the ventral spinal cord. GOC:tfm A fibroblast of skin. tmeehan 2011-03-14T12:31:49Z BTO:0001255 CALOHA:TS-0935 cell skin fibroblast true A fibroblast of skin. GOC:tfm tmeehan 2011-06-21T12:29:31Z cell epithelial cell of lower respiratory tract true A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium. tmeehan 2011-07-08T03:54:08Z FMA:86489 cell glandular cell of endometrium A glandular epithelial cell of the endometrium. GOC:tfm A glandular epithelial cell of the esophagus. tmeehan 2011-07-08T03:55:57Z FMA:86548 cell glandular cell of esophagus true true A glandular epithelial cell of the esophagus. GOC:tfm A glandular epithelial cell of the large intestine. tmeehan 2011-07-08T04:03:01Z FMA:87194 cell glandular cell of the large intestine true A glandular epithelial cell of the large intestine. GOC:tfm A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach. tmeehan 2011-07-11T01:20:35Z CALOHA:TS-1284 FMA:86554 cell glandular cell of stomach true A glandular epithelial cell that is part of the stomach. GOC:tfm A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the atrium. tmeehan 2011-07-11T02:45:39Z FMA:83389 cell myocardial endocrine cell of atrium true A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the atrium. GOC:tfm A stem cell that can give rise to multiple cell types (i.e. smooth muscle, endothelial) in the developing heart. tmeehan 2011-07-11T03:15:38Z CPC cardiovascular progenitor cell cell Discrepancy in develops from origins prevents me from making the assertion that cardioblasts give rise to all instances of cardiocytes as we state cardiac muscle cells develop from cardiac myoblast, which in turn develop from muscle stem cell. cardioblast A stem cell that can give rise to multiple cell types (i.e. smooth muscle, endothelial) in the developing heart. GOC:tfm PMID:19745164 CPC PMID:19745164 cardiovascular progenitor cell PMID:17519333 PMID:19745164 A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells. tmeehan 2011-08-16T02:38:01Z cell CL:0002672 retinal progenitor cell A multi-fate stem cell that can give rise to different retinal cell types including rod and cone cells. GOC:tfm PMID:20959166 PMID:21148186 A neuroblast derived from a neural crest cell. tmeehan 2011-08-22T09:24:15Z cell CL:0002676 neural crest derived neuroblast A neuroblast derived from a neural crest cell. GOC:tfm PMID:17407019 A PP cell found in intestine. tmeehan 2011-09-27T11:59:01Z cell PP cell of intestine true A PP cell found in intestine. GOC:tfm PMID:2420136 PMID:728970 A CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord. cell CL:0005000 Is_a interneuron, part_of UBERON:0002240. spinal cord interneuron true A CNS interneuron located in the spinal cord. CL:CVS Cell that has the potential to form a skeletal cell type (e.g. cells in periosteum, cells in marrow) and produce extracellular matrix (often mineralized) and skeletal tissue (often mineralized). haendel 2012-06-15T02:51:27Z scleroblast cell CL:0007001 Needs logical definition. Should be capable_of skeletal system morphogenesis? or skeletal tissue development? needs to be added to GO. NOTES:a cell type of the early embryo (see also: mesenchymal cells) that will give rise to mineralized connective tissue. Scleroblasts can differentiate into osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), chondroblasts (cartilage-forming cells), odontoblasts (dentin-forming cells), ameloblasts (enamel-forming cells). The mesenchymal cells developing into osteoblasts and chondroblasts are derived from the mesoderm. Those developing into odontoblasts are neural crest cells. Those developing into ameloblasts are derived from the ectoderm. (http://www.copewithcytokines.de/cope.cgi?key=scleroblasts) skeletogenic cell Cell that has the potential to form a skeletal cell type (e.g. cells in periosteum, cells in marrow) and produce extracellular matrix (often mineralized) and skeletal tissue (often mineralized). GO_REF:0000034 scleroblast GO_REF:0000034 Cell that is part of the neural crest region of the neuroepithelium, prior to migration. Note that not all premigratory neural crest cells may become migratory neural crest cells. haendel 2012-06-27T08:27:35Z cell CL:0007004 premigratory neural crest cell Cell that is part of the neural crest region of the neuroepithelium, prior to migration. Note that not all premigratory neural crest cells may become migratory neural crest cells. UBERONREF:0000002 Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a chondroblast; and arises from neural crest, meseosdermal and notochordal and connective tissue cells. haendel 2012-06-27T10:44:01Z cell CL:0007009 prechondroblast Skeletogenic cell that has the potential to develop into a chondroblast; and arises from neural crest, meseosdermal and notochordal and connective tissue cells. GO_REF:0000034 Any muscle cell in which the fibers are not organised into sarcomeres. CL:0008000 non-striated muscle cell Any muscle cell in which the fibers are not organised into sarcomeres. GOC:DOS Any hematopoietic cell that is a precursor of some other hematopoietic cell type. CL:0008001 hematopoietic precursor cell Any hematopoietic cell that is a precursor of some other hematopoietic cell type. GOC:dos A transversely striated, synctial cell of skeletal muscle. It is formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. MESH:D018485 CL:0008002 skeletal muscle fiber skeletal muscle fiber A transversely striated, synctial cell of skeletal muscle. It is formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:tfm ISBN:0323052908 A muscle cell that is part of some visceral muscle FBbt:00005070 CL:0008007 visceral muscle cell visceral muscle cell A muscle cell that is part of some visceral muscle GOC:dos A visceral muscle cell that is striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arhtropods. striated visceral muscle cell A visceral muscle cell that is striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arhtropods. GOC:dos A visceral muscle that is transversely striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arthropods. transversely striated visceral muscle cell A visceral muscle that is transversely striated. Examples include the visceral muscle cells of arthropods. GOC:dos A skeletal muscle myoblast that is part of a skeletal mucle. These cells are formed following acivation and division of skeletal muscle satellite cells. They form a transient population that is lost when they fuse to form skeletal muscle fibers. myogenic precursor cell cell The vast majority of these cells develop from skeletal muscle satellite cells, although there are some reports of other origins. adult skeletal muscle myoblast A skeletal muscle myoblast that is part of a skeletal mucle. These cells are formed following acivation and division of skeletal muscle satellite cells. They form a transient population that is lost when they fuse to form skeletal muscle fibers. PMID:23303905 myogenic precursor cell PMID:23303905 A non-polarised cell precursor cell that is part of some mesenchyme, is associated with the cell matrix but is not connected to other cells and is capable of migration. mesenchyme cell CL:0008019 mesenchymal cell A mesenchymal cell of the endocardial cushion. These cells develop via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition when endocardial cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly. Cells from this population form the heart septa and valves. endocardial cushion cell A mesenchymal cell of the endocardial cushion. These cells develop via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition when endocardial cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly. Cells from this population form the heart septa and valves. PMID:18816864 dos 2017-07-09T19:12:36Z visual system neuron Mural cells are pericytes and the vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) of the microcirculation. dos 2020-02-29T17:33:55Z mural cell Mural cells are pericytes and the vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) of the microcirculation. Wiki:Mural_cell&oldid=930603194 dos 2020-02-29T17:37:00Z microcirculation associated smooth muscle cell A sensory neuron of the spinal nerve that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord. spinal sensory neuron sensory neuron of spinal nerve A sensory neuron of the spinal nerve that senses body position and sends information about how much the muscle is stretched to the spinal cord. GOC:nv GOC:pr Any cell in the compound eye, a light sensing organ composed of ommatidia. GOC:pr PMID:12021768 compound eye retinal cell Any cell in the retina, the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. PMID:10702418 cell retinal cell Any cell in the retina, the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. GOC:pr A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the large intestine. stromal cell of lamina propria of large intestine A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the large intestine. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 A mesothelial cell that is part of the colon. mesothelial cell of large intestine mesothelial cell of colon A mesothelial cell that is part of the colon. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the colon. stromal cell of colon lamina propria stromal cell of lamina propria of colon A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the colon. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the colon. colon enteroendocrine cell enteroendocrine cell of colon An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the colon. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 A smooth muscle cell that is located in the anorectum. anorectum smooth muscle cell smooth muscle cell of anorectum A smooth muscle cell that is located in the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the anorectum. stromal cell of anorectum lamina propria A stromal cell found in the lamina propria of the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the anorectum. anorectum enteroendocrine cell enteroendocrine cell of anorectum An enteroendocrine cell that is located in the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 An epithelial cell that is part of an endometrial gland. 2021-11-30T16:13:30Z EFO:0010710 endometrial glandular epithelial cell epithelial cell of endometrial gland An epithelial cell that is part of an endometrial gland. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 An endothelial cell that is part of a placenta. 2021-12-13T13:53:01Z EFO:0010708 placental endothelial cell endothelial cell of placenta An endothelial cell that is part of a placenta. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 A smooth muscle cell that is part of a placenta. 2021-12-13T13:56:42Z EFO:0010709 placental smooth muscle cell smooth muscle cell of placenta A smooth muscle cell that is part of a placenta. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 An endothelial cell that is part of a uterus. 2021-12-13T14:39:25Z EFO:0010711 uterine endothelial cell endothelial cell of uterus An endothelial cell that is part of a uterus. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 A skeletal muscle fiber found in an embryo. In mammalian embryos, skeletal muscle expresses myosin heavy chain-embryonic (MyHC-emb, encoded by the MYH3 gene), which regulates skeletal muscle development. 2022-02-21T15:39:10Z embryonic skeletal muscle fiber A skeletal muscle fiber found in an embryo. In mammalian embryos, skeletal muscle expresses myosin heavy chain-embryonic (MyHC-emb, encoded by the MYH3 gene), which regulates skeletal muscle development. PMID:32094117 PMID:7196501 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2034-601X A stromal cell that is part_of a bone marrow. GOC:cjm bone marrow stromal cell stromal cell of bone marrow A mononuclear cell that is part_of a bone marrow. GOC:cjm bone marrow mononuclear cell mononuclear cell of bone marrow cardiac blood vessel endothelial cell His-Purkinje system cell cardiac endothelial cell camera type eye photoreceptor cell CL:0010009 camera-type eye photoreceptor cell A zygote in a plant or an animal. MESH:D015053 CL:0010017 zygote zygote cardiac glial cell MESH:D032386 cell CL:0010021 cardiac myoblast A neuron that has its soma in the heart. This term is used in 3 GO terms that were created as part of the heart development focus project. cardiac neuron https://github.com/obophenotype/cell-ontology/pull/1488 A neuron that has its soma in the heart. PMID:12486170 PMID:29265764 A motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. spinal cord motor neuron true A motor neuron that passes from the spinal cord toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. GOC:nv A cell in the area of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo that flanks and forms simultaneously with the neural tube. The cells of this region give rise to somites. paraxial mesoderm cell somitic mesoderm cell presomitic mesoderm cell paraxial cell A cell in the area of mesoderm in the neurulating embryo that flanks and forms simultaneously with the neural tube. The cells of this region give rise to somites. GOC:NV PMID:11687492 A cell of the neural crest. Neural crest cells are multipotent. Premigratory neural crest cells are found at the neural plate boarder, some of which will undergo ectomesynchymal transition and delamination to form migratory neural crest cells. cell CL:0011012 neural crest cell A cell of the neural crest. Neural crest cells are multipotent. Premigratory neural crest cells are found at the neural plate boarder, some of which will undergo ectomesynchymal transition and delamination to form migratory neural crest cells. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9900-7880 A mesothelial cell that is part of the epicardium. mesothelial cell of epicardium A fibroblast that is part of upper back skin. fibroblast of upper back skin A fibroblast that is part of skin of back. fibroblast of skin of back A precursor cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell. They are descendants of stem cells, only they are more constrained in their differentiation potential or capacity for self-renewal, and are often more limited in both senses. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 CL:0011026 progenitor cell A precursor cell that has a tendency to differentiate into a specific type of cell. They are descendants of stem cells, only they are more constrained in their differentiation potential or capacity for self-renewal, and are often more limited in both senses. ISBN:978-1-62808-994-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409503-8.00002-0 Any fibroblast that is part of skeletal muscle tissue. skeleton muscle fibroblast skeletal muscle fibroblast Any fibroblast that is part of skeletal muscle tissue. PMID:28369879 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6164-0667 Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of the dermis. DMEC cell dermal microvascular endothelium cell dermal microvascular endothelial cell Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of the dermis. BTO:0004574 CL:patterns/cellPartOfAnatomicalEntity Cells of the uterine chorion that acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer. chorionic trophoblast cell Cells of the uterine chorion that acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer. GOC:NV Epithelial cell that is part of the colon epithelium. colonic epithelial cell colon epithelial cell Epithelial cell that is part of the colon epithelium. GOC:NV A cell that, by division or terminal differentiation, can give rise to other cell types. CL:0011115 Work is needed on GO 'cell differentiation' before it is clear whether the equivalent class definition 'native cell' that capable_of some 'cell differentiation' works. Also, may want to consider merging this with non-terminally differentiated cell. precursor cell A cell that, by division or terminal differentiation, can give rise to other cell types. GOC:dos Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, red or pink, with Eosin stain. tmeehan 2009-12-22T04:23:25Z eosinophilic cell CL:0017502 acidophilic cytoplasm Cytoplasm that exhibits a characteristic staining and color, red or pink, with Eosin stain. GOC:add Cytoplasm that exhibits molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions. tmeehan 2009-12-22T04:24:54Z cell CL:0017503 basophilic cytoplasm Cytoplasm that exhibits molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions. GOC:tfm Cytoplasm that exhibits affinity for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions. tmeehan 2009-12-28T04:25:23Z cell CL:0017504 polychromatophilic cytoplasm Cytoplasm that exhibits affinity for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions. GOC:tfm A nucleus size quality which is relatively high compared to the amount of cytoplasm present in the same cell. tmeehan 2009-12-23T10:53:24Z cell CL:0017505 increased nucleus size A nucleus size quality which is relatively high compared to the amount of cytoplasm present in the same cell. GOC:tfm A smooth muscle cell that is part of any blood vessel. 2020-07-21T12:42:48Z smooth muscle cell of blood vessel blood vessel smooth muscle cell A smooth muscle cell that is part of any blood vessel. PMID:9108778 stomach neuroendocrine cell lung neuroendocrine cell lung ciliated cell lung secretory cell trophectoderm cell cell trophectodermal cell A smooth muscle cell that is part of the large intestine. FMA:15653 non-striated muscle fiber of large intestine cell smooth muscle cell of large intestine true A smooth muscle cell that is part of the large intestine. GOC:tfm non-striated muscle fiber of large intestine FMA:15653 A smooth muscle cell that is part of the colon. FMA:15663 non-striated muscle fiber of colon cell smooth muscle cell of colon A smooth muscle cell that is part of the colon. GOC:tfm non-striated muscle fiber of colon FMA:15663 A smooth muscle cell that is part of the sigmoid colon. FMA:17521 non-striated muscle fiber of sigmoid colon cell smooth muscle cell of sigmoid colon true A smooth muscle cell that is part of the sigmoid colon. GOC:tfm non-striated muscle fiber of sigmoid colon FMA:17521 A smooth muscle cell that is part of the rectum. FMA:17522 non-striated muscle fiber of rectum smooth muscle fiber of rectum cell smooth muscle cell of rectum A smooth muscle cell that is part of the rectum. GOC:tfm non-striated muscle fiber of rectum FMA:17522 A fibroblast that is part of the areolar connective tissue. FMA:261279 cell CL:1000303 fibroblast of areolar connective tissue true A fibroblast that is part of the areolar connective tissue. GOC:tfm A fibroblast that is part of the tunica adventitia of artery. FMA:261285 cell CL:1000306 fibroblast of tunica adventitia of artery true A fibroblast that is part of the tunica adventitia of artery. GOC:tfm A fibroblast that is part of the dense regular elastic tissue. FMA:261287 cell fibroblast of dense regular elastic tissue A fibroblast that is part of the dense regular elastic tissue. GOC:tfm A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat. FMA:261293 adipocyte of epicardial fat epicardial fat cell cell CL:1000309 epicardial adipocyte A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat. GOC:tfm adipocyte of epicardial fat FMA:261293 epicardial fat cell FMA:261293 A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of right ventricle. FMA:261297 epicardial adipocyte of right ventricle epicardial fat cell of right ventricle cell adipocyte of epicardial fat of right ventricle A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of right ventricle. GOC:tfm epicardial adipocyte of right ventricle FMA:261297 epicardial fat cell of right ventricle FMA:261297 A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of left ventricle. FMA:261300 epicardial adipocyte of left ventricle epicardial fat cell of left ventricle cell adipocyte of epicardial fat of left ventricle A fat cell that is part of the epicardial fat of left ventricle. GOC:tfm epicardial adipocyte of left ventricle FMA:261300 epicardial fat cell of left ventricle FMA:261300 A transitional myocyte that is part of the interatrial septum. FMA:263152 cell transitional myocyte of interatrial septum true A transitional myocyte that is part of the interatrial septum. GOC:tfm A transitional myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum. FMA:263154 cell transitional myocyte of interventricular septum true A transitional myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum. GOC:tfm A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum. FMA:263182 cell Purkinje myocyte of interventricular septum true A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the interventricular septum. GOC:tfm A muscle cell that is part of the sinoatrial node. FMA:67102 SA nodal myocyte SA node cardiac muscle cell myocyte of sinoatrial node sinoatrial node cell sinoatrial node myocyte sinuatrial node myocyte cell CL:1000409 myocyte of sinoatrial node A muscle cell that is part of the sinoatrial node. FMA:67102 GOC:tfm SA nodal myocyte FMA:67102 SA node cardiac muscle cell GOC:pr myocyte of sinoatrial node FMA:67102 sinoatrial node cell GOC:pr sinuatrial node myocyte FMA:67102 A muscle cell that is part of the atrioventricular node. FMA:67106 AV nodal myocyte AV node cardiac muscle cell AV node cell atrioventricular node cell atrioventricular node myocyte cell CL:1000410 myocyte of atrioventricular node A muscle cell that is part of the atrioventricular node. FMA:67106 GOC:tfm AV nodal myocyte FMA:67106 AV node cardiac muscle cell GOC:pr AV node cell GOC:pr atrioventricular node cell GOC:pr atrioventricular node myocyte FMA:67106 An endothelial cell that is part of the arteriole. FMA:67760 KUPO:0001097 cell endothelial cell of arteriole true An endothelial cell that is part of the arteriole. GOC:tfm A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of an arterial endothelium. CL:0002542 BTO:0004758 FMA:67761 KUPO:0001095 arterial endothelial cell cell endothelial cell of artery A blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of an arterial endothelium. GOC:tfm An endothelial cell that is part of the venule. FMA:67762 cell endothelial cell of venule true An endothelial cell that is part of the venule. GOC:tfm A somatic stem cell that is part of the epidermis. FMA:70541 epidermal stem cell cell stem cell of epidermis true A somatic stem cell that is part of the epidermis. GOC:tfm epidermal stem cell FMA:70541 A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ciliary body. FMA:70610 smooth muscle cell of ciliary body cell ciliary muscle cell true A smooth muscle cell that is part of the ciliary body. GOC:tfm smooth muscle cell of ciliary body FMA:70610 A mesothelial cell that is part of the anterior chamber of eyeball. FMA:70615 cell mesothelial cell of anterior chamber of eye true A mesothelial cell that is part of the anterior chamber of eyeball. GOC:tfm A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal peritoneum. FMA:72142 cell mesothelial cell of parietal peritoneum A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal peritoneum. GOC:tfm A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral peritoneum. FMA:72143 cell mesothelial cell of visceral peritoneum A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral peritoneum. GOC:tfm A transitional myocyte that is part of the sinoatrial node. FMA:83384 transitinal myocyte of sinuatrial node cell transitional myocyte of sinoatrial node true A transitional myocyte that is part of the sinoatrial node. GOC:tfm A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular node. FMA:83386 cell Purkinje myocyte of atrioventricular node true A Purkinje myocyte that is part of the atrioventricular node. GOC:tfm A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the interventricular septum. FMA:83390 cell myocardial endocrine cell of interventricular septum true A myocardial endocrine cell that is part of the interventricular septum. GOC:tfm A mesothelial cell that is part of the peritoneum. FMA:86736 peritoneal mesothelial cell cell mesothelial cell of peritoneum true A mesothelial cell that is part of the peritoneum. GOC:tfm peritoneal mesothelial cell FMA:86736 A mesothelial cell that is part of the pleura. FMA:86737 pleural mesothelial cell cell mesothelial cell of pleura true A mesothelial cell that is part of the pleura. GOC:tfm pleural mesothelial cell FMA:86737 A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal pleura. FMA:86738 cell mesothelial cell of parietal pleura A mesothelial cell that is part of the parietal pleura. GOC:tfm A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral pleura. FMA:86739 cell mesothelial cell of visceral pleura A mesothelial cell that is part of the visceral pleura. GOC:tfm The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the intestinal tract. cl intestinal enteroendocrine cell The various hormone- or neurotransmitter-secreting cells present throughout the mucosa of the intestinal tract. MP:0010802 cl endothelial cell of lung pulmonary vessel endothelial cell lung endothelial cell BTO:0001141 cl PAEC cell pulmonary artery endothelial cell PAEC cell BTO:0001141 A vascular endothelial cell found in colon blood vessels. CALOHA:TS-2397 colon endothelial cells colonic endothelial cell colon endothelial cell A vascular endothelial cell found in colon blood vessels. NPX:PDR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 colon endothelial cells CALOHA:TS-2397 colonic endothelial cell CALOHA:TS-2397 Squamous cell of oral epithelium. CALOHA:TS-1252 oral cavity mucosa squamous cell oral cavity mucosa squamous epithelial cell oral mucosa squamous epithelial cell oral mucosa squamous epithelial cells oral mucosa squamous cell Squamous cell of oral epithelium. NPX:PDR oral cavity mucosa squamous cell CALOHA:TS-1252 oral cavity mucosa squamous epithelial cell CALOHA:TS-1252 oral mucosa squamous epithelial cell CALOHA:TS-1252 oral mucosa squamous epithelial cells CALOHA:TS-1252 Glandular cell of colon epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells. CALOHA:TS-1274 colon glandular cells colon glandular cell Glandular cell of colon epithelium. Example: Goblet cells; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells. NPX:PDR colon glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1274 Glandular cell of oviduct epithelium. Example: peg cells, ciliated cells. CALOHA:TS-1277 fallopian tube glandular cell fallopian tube glandular cells uterine tube glandular cell oviduct glandular cell Glandular cell of oviduct epithelium. Example: peg cells, ciliated cells. HPA:HPA NPX:PDR fallopian tube glandular cell CALOHA:TS-1277 fallopian tube glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1277 uterine tube glandular cell CALOHA:TS-1277 Glandular cell of rectal epithelium. Example: Goblet cell; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells. CALOHA:TS-1281 rectal glandular cell rectum glandular cells rectum glandular cell Glandular cell of rectal epithelium. Example: Goblet cell; enterocytes or absorptive cells; enteroendocrine and M cells. NPX:PDR rectal glandular cell CALOHA:TS-1281 rectum glandular cells CALOHA:TS-1281 Fibroblast from muscle organ. CALOHA:TS-0643 muscle fibroblast Fibroblast from muscle organ. NPX:PDR Hematopoietic cells resident in the bone marrow. Include: hematopoietic stem cells (lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells) and the precursor cells for thrombocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. CALOHA:TS-2109 bone marrow hematopoietic cells bone marrow poietic cells bone marrow hematopoietic cell Hematopoietic cells resident in the bone marrow. Include: hematopoietic stem cells (lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells) and the precursor cells for thrombocytes, erythrocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. NPX:PDR bone marrow hematopoietic cells CALOHA:TS-2109 bone marrow poietic cells CALOHA:TS-2109 A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form found in the circulatory pool of blood. TermGenie 2014-02-11T17:29:04Z cell CL:2000001 peripheral blood mononuclear cell A leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form found in the circulatory pool of blood. GOC:TermGenie Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium. TermGenie 2014-06-04T15:07:42Z cell CL:2000008 microvascular endothelial cell Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium. GOC:TermGenie Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a dermis. TermGenie 2014-06-04T15:12:06Z cell CL:2000010 dermis blood vessel endothelial cell Any blood vessel endothelial cell that is part of a dermis. GOC:TermGenie Any skin fibroblast that is part of a skin of abdomen. TermGenie 2014-06-04T15:18:16Z cell CL:2000013 fibroblast of skin of abdomen Any skin fibroblast that is part of a skin of abdomen. GOC:TermGenie Any lung endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium. TermGenie 2014-06-04T16:00:56Z cell CL:2000016 lung microvascular endothelial cell Any lung endothelial cell that is part of a microvascular endothelium. GOC:TermGenie Any photoreceptor cell that is part of a compound eye. TermGenie 2014-06-24T23:16:45Z FBbt:00004211 cell CL:2000019 compound eye photoreceptor cell Any photoreceptor cell that is part of a compound eye. GOC:TermGenie Any native cell that is part of a inner cell mass. TermGenie 2014-06-24T23:16:53Z cell CL:2000020 inner cell mass cell Any native cell that is part of a inner cell mass. GOC:TermGenie Any native cell that is part of a cardiac septum. TermGenie 2014-06-24T23:17:07Z cell CL:2000022 cardiac septum cell Any native cell that is part of a cardiac septum. GOC:TermGenie Any neuron that is part of a central nervous system. TermGenie 2014-06-25T01:17:43Z cell CL:2000029 central nervous system neuron Any neuron that is part of a central nervous system. GOC:TermGenie A neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system. Any neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system. TermGenie 2014-06-25T02:28:17Z CL:0000111 FMA:84664 PNS neuron peripheral neuron cell CL:2000032 peripheral nervous system neuron A neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system. GOC:TermGenie ISBN:0721662544 Any neuron that is part of a peripheral nervous system. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo. TermGenie 2014-07-09T00:12:00Z cell CL:2000042 embryonic fibroblast Any fibroblast that is part of a embryo. GOC:TermGenie Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a brain. TermGenie 2014-07-09T00:24:53Z cell CL:2000044 brain microvascular endothelial cell Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a brain. GOC:TermGenie Any cardiac muscle cell that is part of a cardiac ventricle. TermGenie 2014-08-12T20:50:28Z cell CL:2000046 ventricular cardiac muscle cell Any cardiac muscle cell that is part of a cardiac ventricle. GOC:TermGenie Any motor neuron that is part of a brainstem. TermGenie 2014-10-02T23:52:53Z cell CL:2000047 brainstem motor neuron Any motor neuron that is part of a brainstem. GOC:TermGenie A trophoblast of placental villi. These cells fuse to form synctial trophoplast - the placental side of the interface between the placenta and maternal blood sinusoids in the decidua. TermGenie 2014-10-07T17:48:27Z BTO:0006119 BTO:0006208 vCTB villous cytotrophoblast cell CL:2000060 Same as synctial trophoblast? placental villous trophoblast http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=7120 A trophoblast of placental villi. These cells fuse to form synctial trophoplast - the placental side of the interface between the placenta and maternal blood sinusoids in the decidua. PMID:31049600 vCTB PMID:31049600 Any mesenchymal stem cell that is part of a placenta. TermGenie 2014-10-07T17:51:11Z cell CL:2000061 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=7140 placental amniotic mesenchymal stromal cell Any mesenchymal stem cell that is part of a placenta. GOC:TermGenie Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a placenta. TermGenie 2014-10-07T17:55:56Z cell CL:2000062 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53245/ placental villus capillary endothelial cell Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a placenta. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a female gonad. TermGenie 2014-10-07T17:57:42Z cell CL:2000063 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=7330 ovarian fibroblast Any fibroblast that is part of a female gonad. GOC:TermGenie Any epithelial cell that is part of a female gonad. TermGenie 2014-10-07T17:59:13Z cell CL:2000064 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=7310 ovarian surface epithelial cell Any epithelial cell that is part of a female gonad. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac ventricle. TermGenie 2014-10-07T18:35:38Z cell CL:2000066 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=6310 cardiac ventricle fibroblast Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac ventricle. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac atrium. TermGenie 2014-10-07T18:36:54Z cell CL:2000067 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=6320 cardiac atrium fibroblast Any fibroblast that is part of a cardiac atrium. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a pericardium. TermGenie 2014-10-07T18:38:06Z cell CL:2000068 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=6430 pericardium fibroblast Any fibroblast that is part of a pericardium. GOC:TermGenie Any fibroblast that is part of a optic choroid. TermGenie 2014-10-07T18:50:43Z cell CL:2000070 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=6620 optic choroid fibroblast Any fibroblast that is part of a optic choroid. GOC:TermGenie Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a adipose tissue. TermGenie 2014-10-07T22:13:45Z cell CL:2000072 http://www.sciencellonline.com/site/productInformation.php?keyword=7200 adipose microvascular endothelial cell Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a adipose tissue. GOC:TermGenie Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest. TermGenie 2014-11-05T01:18:43Z cell CL:2000073 migratory cardiac neural crest cell Any migratory neural crest cell that is part of a cardiac neural crest. GOC:TermGenie Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue that is part of an abdomen. TermGenie 2014-12-02T19:10:34Z mesenchymal stem cell of abdominal adipose cell CL:2000080 mesenchymal stem cell of abdominal adipose tissue Any mesenchymal stem cell of adipose tissue that is part of an abdomen. GOC:TermGenie Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a endometrial blood vessel. TermGenie 2015-03-31T21:02:36Z cell CL:2000091 endometrial microvascular endothelial cells Any microvascular endothelial cell that is part of a endometrial blood vessel. GOC:TermGenie A ciliated epithelial cell of the esophagus. CellBLAST 2019-02-09T16:40:30Z cell CL:3000000 ciliated epithelial cell of esophagus A ciliated epithelial cell of the esophagus. GOC:CellBLAST PMID:29802404 Peripheral sensory neuron. CellBLAST 2019-02-25T19:34:33Z CL:3000004 peripheral sensory neuron Peripheral sensory neuron. GOC:CellBLAST PMID:30096314 Any capillary endothelial cell that is part of a lung. 2021-11-23T02:31:40Z lung capillary endothelial cell pulmonary capillary endothelial cell The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms. GO:0019952 GO:0050876 Wikipedia:Reproduction reproductive physiological process biological_process GO:0000003 reproduction The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton. biological_process GO:0000011 vacuole inheritance The distribution of vacuoles into daughter cells after mitosis or meiosis, mediated by interactions between vacuoles and the cytoskeleton. GOC:mcc PMID:10873824 PMID:14616069 The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. GO:0016359 mitotic chromosome segregation mitotic sister-chromatid adhesion release biological_process GO:0000070 mitotic sister chromatid segregation The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets. GOC:ai GOC:jl The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. cellular_component GO:0000139 Golgi membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding any of the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. microtubule cytoskeleton organisation microtubule dynamics biological_process microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0000226 microtubule cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GOC:mah microtubule cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah microtubule dynamics GOC:dph GOC:tb microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact. nuclear interphase chromosome cellular_component GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact. GOC:dph GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. glycan biosynthesis glycan biosynthetic process polysaccharide anabolism polysaccharide biosynthesis polysaccharide formation polysaccharide synthesis biological_process GO:0000271 polysaccharide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. GOC:go_curators Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. GO:0007067 Wikipedia:Mitosis biological_process mitosis GO:0000278 Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0000278 ; mitotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140014 ; mitotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle. mitotic cell cycle Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 Reactome:69278 The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei. biological_process karyokinesis GO:0000280 nuclear division The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei. GOC:mah A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle. cellular_component GO:0000313 organellar ribosome A ribosome contained within a subcellular membrane-bounded organelle. GOC:mah GOC:mcc The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus. biological_process GO:0000740 nuclear membrane fusion The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus. GOC:elh The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei. GO:0007335 Wikipedia:Karyogamy nuclear fusion nuclear fusion during karyogamy biological_process GO:0000741 karyogamy The creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of fusing the lipid bilayers that surround each nuclei. GOC:elh The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. cell fusion biological_process GO:0000768 syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. GOC:mtg_muscle GOC:tb The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. GO:0000789 GO:0000790 GO:0005717 NIF_Subcellular:sao1615953555 cytoplasmic chromatin nuclear chromatin cellular_component chromosome scaffold GO:0000785 Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore. chromatin The ordered and organized complex of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that forms the chromosome. GOC:elh PMID:20404130 A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin that is refractory to transcription. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22355 GO:0005720 GO:0035328 NIF_Subcellular:sao581845896 Wikipedia:Heterochromatin transcriptionally inactive chromatin transcriptionally silent chromatin nuclear heterochromatin cellular_component GO:0000792 heterochromatin A compact and highly condensed form of chromatin that is refractory to transcription. PMID:32017156 The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. biological_process GO:0000819 sister chromatid segregation The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. GOC:ai GOC:elh The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. GO:0007148 GO:0045790 GO:0045791 cellular morphogenesis biological_process GO:0000902 cell morphogenesis The developmental process in which the size or shape of a cell is generated and organized. GOC:clt GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. biological_process GO:0000904 cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GOC:go_curators Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. response to acid biological_process response to acid anion response to oxoanion GO:0001101 This term should be used to describe a response to a specific acid as a chemical. E.g., if an organism were responding to glutamate, then the response would be glutamate-specific; the organism is actually responding to the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. If annotating experiments where an acid is playing a role as a proton donor, please annotate to GO:0010447 'response to acidic pH' instead. response to acid chemical Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form. GOC:go_curators GOC:rn The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). skeletal development biological_process GO:0001501 skeletal system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton). GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. Wikipedia:Ossification bone biosynthesis bone formation osteogenesis biological_process GO:0001503 Note that this term does not have a 'developmental process' parent because ossification isn't necessarily developmental, can also occur as part of bone remodeling. Instead use 'ossification involved in bone maturation ; GO:0043931'. ossification The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. GOC:mtg_mpo PMID:17572649 A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities. biological_process GO:0001508 Action potentials typically propagate across excitable membranes. This class covers both action potentials that propagate and those that fail to do so. action potential A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb ISBN:978-0-07-139011-8 Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. Wikipedia:Angiogenesis blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels biological_process GO:0001525 angiogenesis Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. ISBN:0878932453 blood vessel formation from pre-existing blood vessels The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation. Wikipedia:Luteal_phase Wikipedia:Luteinization biological_process luteal phase GO:0001553 luteinization The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/ The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. biological_process GO:0001555 oocyte growth The developmental growth process in which an oocyte irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/ A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization. Wikipedia:Oocyte_maturation biological_process GO:0001556 oocyte maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization. GOC:devbiol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279054/ Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. biological_process GO:0001558 regulation of cell growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. biological_process GO:0001568 blood vessel development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. GOC:hjd UBERON:0001981 The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system. patterning of blood vessels biological_process GO:0001569 branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system. GOC:dph patterning of blood vessels GOC:dph The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. Wikipedia:Vasculogenesis vascular morphogenesis biological_process GO:0001570 vasculogenesis The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. PMID:8999798 A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules. microtubule bundling biological_process GO:0001578 microtubule bundle formation A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight. GO:0042460 Wikipedia:Eye_development biological_process GO:0001654 eye development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The eye is the organ of sight. GOC:jid GOC:jl The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0001655 urogenital system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:go_curators A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature. Wikipedia:Thermoregulation thermoregulation biological_process GO:0001659 temperature homeostasis A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature. GOC:jl thermoregulation GOC:dph GOC:tb Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. ameboid cell migration amoeboid cell migration amoeboidal cell migration biological_process GO:0001667 Note that this term refers to a mode of migration rather than to any particular cell type. ameboidal-type cell migration Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. GOC:dph The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females. GO:0043080 female germ-cell nucleus cellular_component GO:0001674 female germ cell nucleus The nucleus of the female germ cell, a reproductive cell in females. CL:0000021 GOC:hjd Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator). translation initiation ternary complex assembly biological_process GO:0001677 formation of translation initiation ternary complex Formation of a complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator). GOC:hjd The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. hydrochloric acid secretion biological_process GO:0001696 gastric acid secretion The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. GOC:hjd The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through syncytial blastoderm to the hatching of the first instar larva. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. biological_process GO:0001700 embryonic development via the syncytial blastoderm The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through syncytial blastoderm to the hatching of the first instar larva. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. biological_process GO:0001701 in utero embryonic development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo in the uterus over time, from formation of the zygote in the oviduct, to birth. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0001704 formation of primary germ layer The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation. GOC:go_curators The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0001705 ectoderm formation The formation of ectoderm during gastrulation. GOC:go_curators The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation. endoblast formation biological_process GO:0001706 endoderm formation The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation. GOC:go_curators endoblast formation GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. biological_process GO:0001707 mesoderm formation The process that gives rise to the mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. GOC:go_curators The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye. biological_process optic placode formation GO:0001743 lens placode formation The initial developmental process that will lead to the formation of an eye. GOC:dph The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster. insect-type retina morphogenesis biological_process GO:0001745 compound eye morphogenesis The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of the compound eye are generated and organized. The adult compound eye is a precise assembly of 700-800 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of 20 cells, identified by cell type and position. An example of compound eye morphogenesis is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_sensu insect-type retina morphogenesis PMID:11735386 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell. biological_process GO:0001751 compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an eye photoreceptor cell. GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms. biological_process GO:0001754 eye photoreceptor cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms. GOC:go_curators The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. Wikipedia:Somitogenesis formation of mesodermal clusters biological_process GO:0001756 somitogenesis The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. ISBN:0721662544 formation of mesodermal clusters The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes. branching morphogenesis biological_process GO:0001763 morphogenesis of a branching structure The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes. ISBN:0721662544 branching morphogenesis GOC:dph The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. immune cell homeostasis leucocyte homeostasis biological_process GO:0001776 Note that this term represents the return of immune system cell levels to stable numbers following an immune response as well as the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system required to maintain stable numbers in the absence of an outside stimulus. leukocyte homeostasis The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells. 5-HT secretion 5-hydroxytryptamine secretion biological_process serotonin release GO:0001820 serotonin secretion The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells. GOC:ef ISBN:0198506732 ISBN:0781735149 serotonin release GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. biological_process GO:0001824 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS5, embryo ; EMAP:23', 'TS5, inner cell mass ; EMAP:24' and 'TS5, trophectoderm; EMAP:28'. blastocyst development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula. biological_process GO:0001825 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology term 'TS3, compacted morula ; EMAP:9'. blastocyst formation The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell. biological_process GO:0001826 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, inner cell mass ; EMAP:14'. inner cell mass cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell. trophectoderm cell differentiation biological_process GO:0001829 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19'. trophectodermal cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells. trophectoderm cellular morphogenesis biological_process GO:0001831 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19', 'TS5, trophectoderm ; EMAP:28' and 'TS6, trophectoderm ; EMAP:39'. trophectodermal cellular morphogenesis The morphogenesis of trophectoderm cells. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0001832 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:17', 'TS5, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:27' and 'TS6, blastocoelic cavity ; EMAP:36'. blastocyst growth An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass. biological_process GO:0001833 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, inner cell mass ; EMAP:14' and 'TS5, inner cell mass ; EMAP:24'. inner cell mass cell proliferation The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm. trophectoderm cell proliferation biological_process GO:0001834 See also the Anatomical Dictionary for Mouse Development ontology terms 'TS4, trophectoderm ; EMAP:19', 'TS5, trophectoderm ; EMAP:28' and 'TS6, trophectoderm ; EMAP:39'. trophectodermal cell proliferation The proliferation of cells in the trophectoderm. GOC:dph ISBN:0124020607 ISBN:0198542771 A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. EMT epithelial-mesenchymal transition mesenchymal cell differentiation from epithelial cell biological_process GO:0001837 epithelial to mesenchymal transition A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. GOC:dph PMID:14701881 mesenchymal cell differentiation from epithelial cell GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:rl The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure. biological_process GO:0001838 embryonic epithelial tube formation The morphogenesis of an embryonic epithelium into a tube-shaped structure. GOC:dph ISBN:0824072820 The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue. biological_process GO:0001839 neural plate morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue. GOC:dph ISBN:0878932437 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. biological_process GO:0001840 neural plate development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. GOC:dph GOC:ef ISBN:0878932437 ISBN:0878932585 The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. GO:0001679 Wikipedia:Neurulation neural tube morphogenesis neurulation biological_process GO:0001841 neural tube formation The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. GOC:dph ISBN:0878932437 neural tube morphogenesis GOC:dph The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove. biological_process neural groove formation GO:0001842 neural fold formation The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove. GOC:dph ISBN:0878932437 neural groove formation GOC:dph Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species. biological_process GO:0001878 defined as response to Saccharomycotina (true yeasts). This excludes fission yeast. response to yeast Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species. PMID:14707091 The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0001885 endothelial cell development The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell. biological_process GO:0001886 endothelial cell morphogenesis The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. placental development placentation biological_process GO:0001890 placenta development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. GOC:add ISBN:068340007X placentation GOC:dph GOC:tb The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. fetal placenta development biological_process GO:0001892 embryonic placenta development The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin. GOC:add ISBN:068340007X fetal placenta development GOC:dph The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. biological_process GO:0001935 endothelial cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0001936 regulation of endothelial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. down regulation of endothelial cell proliferation down-regulation of endothelial cell proliferation downregulation of endothelial cell proliferation inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:0001937 negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. up regulation of endothelial cell proliferation up-regulation of endothelial cell proliferation upregulation of endothelial cell proliferation activation of endothelial cell proliferation stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:0001938 positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation. GOC:add The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism. biological_process vascular system development GO:0001944 vasculature development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The vasculature is an interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism. GOC:dph UBERON:0002409 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0001955 blood vessel maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells. Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification dermal ossification biological_process intramembranous bone ossification GO:0001957 An instance of intramembranous ossification may also be classified as metaplastic; the former classifies based on tissue type location, and the latter based on mechanism/cell division. intramembranous ossification Direct ossification that occurs within mesenchyme or an accumulation of relatively unspecialized cells. ISBN:0878932437 dermal ossification GO_REF:0000034 intramembranous bone ossification GOC:cjm The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube. epithelium morphogenesis biological_process GO:0002009 morphogenesis of an epithelium The process in which the anatomical structures of epithelia are generated and organized. An epithelium consists of closely packed cells arranged in one or more layers, that covers the outer surfaces of the body or lines any internal cavity or tube. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. biological_process GO:0002011 morphogenesis of an epithelial sheet The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. cardiac chronotropy regulation of heart contraction rate regulation of rate of heart contraction biological_process GO:0002027 regulation of heart rate Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction. GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:10358008 cardiac chronotropy GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation. up regulation of neuroblast proliferation up-regulation of neuroblast proliferation upregulation of neuroblast proliferation activation of neuroblast proliferation stimulation of neuroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0002052 positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation. GOC:dph The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells. up regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation up-regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation upregulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation activation of mesenchymal cell proliferation stimulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation biological_process GO:0002053 positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells. GOC:dph The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. biological_process GO:0002062 chondrocyte differentiation The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. biological_process GO:0002063 chondrocyte development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. biological_process GO:0002064 epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. biological_process GO:0002065 columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. biological_process GO:0002066 columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. biological_process GO:0002067 glandular epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. biological_process GO:0002068 glandular epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. GOC:dph The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. biological_process GO:0002069 columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell maturation The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube. GOC:dph The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. biological_process GO:0002070 epithelial cell maturation The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface. GOC:dph The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. biological_process GO:0002071 glandular epithelial cell maturation The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland. GOC:dph The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-style eye development biological_process GO:0002072 optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb ISBN:0878932437 Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells. negative regulation of neural plate formation repression of premature neural plate formation biological_process GO:0002085 inhibition of neuroepithelial cell differentiation Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells. GOC:dph PMID:16678814 negative regulation of neural plate formation GOC:dph GOC:tb repression of premature neural plate formation GOC:dph GOC:tb A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates. neurological control of breathing regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by neurological system process biological_process GO:0002087 regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system process A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates. GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:12458206 neurological control of breathing GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. lens development lens development in camera-style eye biological_process GO:0002088 lens development in camera-type eye The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. GOC:dph ISBN:0582064333 The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. lens morphogenesis lens morphogenesis in camera-style eye biological_process GO:0002089 lens morphogenesis in camera-type eye The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_sensu The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation biological_process GO:0002244 hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells. GOC:add GOC:rl ISBN:0781735149 PMID:16551251 Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/18737 biological_process GO:0002252 immune effector process Any process of the immune system that executes a component of an immune response. An effector immune process takes place after its activation. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. biological_process GO:0002262 myeloid cell homeostasis The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus. CL:0000763 GOC:add The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages. biological_process GO:0002318 myeloid progenitor cell differentiation The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages. GOC:add PMID:16551264 Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats. Wikipedia:Immune_system biological_process GO:0002376 Note that this term is a direct child of 'biological_process ; GO:0008150' because some immune system processes are types of cellular process (GO:0009987), whereas others are types of multicellular organism process (GO:0032501). immune system process Any process involved in the development or functioning of the immune system, an organismal system for calibrated responses to potential internal or invasive threats. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte. GO:0019723 GO:0042087 immune cell effector process immune cell mediated immunity leucocyte immune effector process leucocyte mediated immunity leukocyte immune effector process biological_process cell-mediated immune response cellular immune response GO:0002443 leukocyte mediated immunity Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a leukocyte. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte. myeloid leucocyte immune effector process myeloid leucocyte mediated immunity myeloid leukocyte immune effector process biological_process GO:0002444 myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte. GOC:add GO_REF:0000022 ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. biological_process GO:0002520 immune system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. GOC:add GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. immune cell differentiation leucocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002521 leukocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a leukocyte. A leukocyte is an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. CL:0000738 GOC:add PMID:16551264 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage. myeloid leucocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002573 myeloid leukocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage. GOC:add PMID:16551251 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. biological_process GO:0002682 regulation of immune system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. down regulation of immune system process down-regulation of immune system process downregulation of immune system process inhibition of immune system process biological_process GO:0002683 negative regulation of immune system process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. up regulation of immune system process up-regulation of immune system process upregulation of immune system process activation of immune system process stimulation of immune system process biological_process GO:0002684 positive regulation of immune system process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune system process. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. biological_process GO:0002697 regulation of immune effector process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. down regulation of immune effector process down-regulation of immune effector process downregulation of immune effector process inhibition of immune effector process biological_process GO:0002698 negative regulation of immune effector process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. up regulation of immune effector process up-regulation of immune effector process upregulation of immune effector process activation of immune effector process stimulation of immune effector process biological_process GO:0002699 positive regulation of immune effector process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. regulation of immune cell mediated immunity regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002703 regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. down regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity down-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity downregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity negative regulation of immune cell mediated immunity negative regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity inhibition of leukocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002704 negative regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. positive regulation of immune cell mediated immunity positive regulation of leucocyte mediated immunity up regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity up-regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity upregulation of leukocyte mediated immunity activation of leukocyte mediated immunity stimulation of leukocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002705 positive regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0002761 regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. down regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation down-regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation downregulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation inhibition of myeloid leukocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002762 negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. up regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation upregulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation activation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation stimulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0002763 positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation. GOC:add The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue. biological_process GO:0002790 peptide secretion The controlled release of a peptide from a cell or a tissue. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. biological_process GO:0002791 regulation of peptide secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. down regulation of peptide secretion down-regulation of peptide secretion downregulation of peptide secretion inhibition of peptide secretion biological_process GO:0002792 negative regulation of peptide secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. up regulation of peptide secretion up-regulation of peptide secretion upregulation of peptide secretion activation of peptide secretion stimulation of peptide secretion biological_process GO:0002793 positive regulation of peptide secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. biological_process GO:0002831 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. regulation of response to biotic stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. down regulation of response to biotic stimulus down-regulation of response to biotic stimulus downregulation of response to biotic stimulus inhibition of response to biotic stimulus biological_process GO:0002832 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. up regulation of response to biotic stimulus up-regulation of response to biotic stimulus upregulation of response to biotic stimulus activation of response to biotic stimulus stimulation of response to biotic stimulus biological_process GO:0002833 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. biological_process GO:0002886 regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. down regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity down-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity downregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity inhibition of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002887 negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. up regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity up-regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity upregulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity activation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity stimulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity biological_process GO:0002888 positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity. GOC:add The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon sheath over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to move. hjd 2012-04-23T02:11:22Z biological_process GO:0002932 tendon sheath development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon sheath over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon sheath is a layer of membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to move. PMID:20696843 The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment. biological_process pattern formation GO:0003002 regionalization The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete pattern formation GOC:dph A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring. puberty biological_process reproductive developmental process GO:0003006 developmental process involved in reproduction A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete puberty GOC:dph reproductive developmental process GOC:dph GOC:tb The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. biological_process cardiac morphogenesis GO:0003007 heart morphogenesis The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective. organ system process biological_process GO:0003008 system process A multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. An organ system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a biological objective. GOC:mtg_cardio A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control. biological_process GO:0003009 skeletal muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control. GOC:mtg_cardio GOC:mtg_muscle A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers. biological_process muscle physiological process GO:0003012 muscle system process A organ system process carried out at the level of a muscle. Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells or fibers. GOC:mtg_cardio A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism. Wikipedia:Circulatory_system biological_process GO:0003013 circulatory system process A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the circulatory system. The circulatory system is an organ system that moves extracellular fluids to and from tissue within a multicellular organism. GOC:mtg_cardio A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. biological_process cardiac process GO:0003015 heart process A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. GOC:mtg_cardio A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange. GO:0010802 respiratory gaseous exchange biological_process GO:0003016 respiratory system process A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_cardio GOC:tb Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells. tb 2009-09-22T03:10:29Z endodermal-mesodermal cell signalling biological_process GO:0003133 endodermal-mesodermal cell signaling Any process that mediates the transfer of information from endodermal cells to mesodermal cells. GOC:mtg_heart endodermal-mesodermal cell signalling GOC:mah The process in which the anatomical structures of the cardiogenic plate are generated and organized. The cardiogenic plate is the first recognizable structure derived from the heart field. tb 2009-09-22T04:12:18Z cardiac crescent morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003142 cardiogenic plate morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the cardiogenic plate are generated and organized. The cardiogenic plate is the first recognizable structure derived from the heart field. GOC:mtg_heart cardiac crescent morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. tb 2009-09-22T04:21:17Z biological_process GO:0003143 embryonic heart tube morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. tb 2009-09-22T04:22:34Z biological_process GO:0003144 embryonic heart tube formation The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube by the cells of the heart field along a linear axis. tb 2009-09-22T04:26:03Z biological_process GO:0003145 embryonic heart tube formation via epithelial folding The process that gives rise to the embryonic heart tube by the cells of the heart field along a linear axis. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract. tb 2009-09-22T07:51:01Z biological_process GO:0003148 outflow tract septum morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum. tb 2009-09-22T07:51:41Z biological_process GO:0003149 membranous septum morphogenesis The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum. tb 2009-09-22T07:53:28Z biological_process GO:0003150 muscular septum morphogenesis The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. tb 2009-09-22T07:59:24Z biological_process GO:0003151 outflow tract morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. GOC:mtg_heart UBERON:0004145 The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis, contributing to embryonic heart tube formation. tb 2009-09-23T10:10:24Z biological_process GO:0003152 morphogenesis of an epithelial fold involved in embryonic heart tube formation The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis, contributing to embryonic heart tube formation. GOC:mtg_heart Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. tb 2009-09-30T11:21:09Z biological_process GO:0003156 regulation of animal organ formation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. dph 2009-10-01T12:42:27Z biological_process GO:0003157 endocardium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. dph 2009-10-01T12:50:57Z biological_process GO:0003158 endothelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. dph 2009-10-01T01:34:06Z biological_process GO:0003159 morphogenesis of an endothelium The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. dph 2009-10-01T01:37:26Z biological_process GO:0003160 endocardium morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat. dph 2009-10-01T01:57:16Z cardiac impulse conducting system development heart conduction system development biological_process GO:0003161 cardiac conduction system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat. GOC:mtg_heart cardiac impulse conducting system development GOC:mtg_heart heart conduction system development GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system. dph 2009-10-01T02:05:13Z AV node development biological_process GO:0003162 atrioventricular node development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system. GOC:mtg_heart AV node development GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node. dph 2009-10-01T02:06:09Z SA node development SAN development sinus node development biological_process GO:0003163 sinoatrial node development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node. GOC:mtg_heart SA node development GOC:mtg_heart SAN development GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 sinus node development GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. dph 2009-10-01T02:07:12Z biological_process GO:0003164 His-Purkinje system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Purkinje myocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber) is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. dph 2009-10-01T02:07:50Z cardiac Purkinje fiber development biological_process GO:0003165 Purkinje myocyte development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Purkinje myocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber) is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber cell). These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that receive signals from the bundle of His and innervate the ventricular cardiac muscle. dph 2009-10-01T02:49:54Z cardiac Purkinje fiber cell differentiation biological_process GO:0003168 Purkinje myocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a Purkinje myocyte (also known as cardiac Purkinje fiber cell). These cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that receive signals from the bundle of His and innervate the ventricular cardiac muscle. GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of veins of the heart are generated and organized. dph 2009-10-08T10:45:41Z biological_process GO:0003169 coronary vein morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of veins of the heart are generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. dph 2009-10-08T01:17:43Z biological_process GO:0003197 endocardial cushion development The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. dph 2009-10-08T01:43:22Z biological_process GO:0003203 endocardial cushion morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. GOC:mtg_heart The progression of the cardiac skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac skeleton is a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart. dph 2009-10-13T09:05:04Z heart fibrous skeleton development biological_process GO:0003204 cardiac skeleton development The progression of the cardiac skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac skeleton is a specialized extracellular matrix that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart. GOC:mtg_heart heart fibrous skeleton development GOC:mtg_heart The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. dph 2009-10-13T09:11:18Z biological_process GO:0003205 cardiac chamber development The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. dph 2009-10-13T09:14:51Z heart chamber morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003206 cardiac chamber morphogenesis The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. GOC:mtg_heart heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. dph 2009-10-13T09:29:13Z heart chamber formation biological_process GO:0003207 cardiac chamber formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart. GOC:mtg_heart heart chamber formation GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. dph 2009-10-13T09:38:44Z biological_process GO:0003208 cardiac ventricle morphogenesis The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. dph 2009-10-13T09:39:44Z biological_process GO:0003209 cardiac atrium morphogenesis The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. dph 2009-10-13T09:44:25Z biological_process GO:0003210 cardiac atrium formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. dph 2009-10-13T09:46:27Z biological_process GO:0003211 cardiac ventricle formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the left cardiac atrium is generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T09:48:16Z biological_process GO:0003212 cardiac left atrium morphogenesis The process in which the left cardiac atrium is generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the right cardiac atrium is generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T09:49:03Z biological_process GO:0003213 cardiac right atrium morphogenesis The process in which the right cardiac atrium is generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T09:50:08Z biological_process GO:0003214 cardiac left ventricle morphogenesis The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T09:50:57Z biological_process GO:0003215 cardiac right ventricle morphogenesis The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. dph 2009-10-13T09:52:31Z biological_process GO:0003216 cardiac left atrium formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac atrium from unspecified parts. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac right atrium from unspecified parts. dph 2009-10-13T09:53:12Z biological_process GO:0003217 cardiac right atrium formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac right atrium from unspecified parts. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. dph 2009-10-13T09:54:33Z biological_process GO:0003218 cardiac left ventricle formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a left cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. dph 2009-10-13T09:55:38Z biological_process GO:0003219 cardiac right ventricle formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a right cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T10:18:05Z left ventricular myocardium morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003220 left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of left cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart left ventricular myocardium morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. dph 2009-10-13T10:26:33Z right ventricle myocardium morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003221 right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the right cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart right ventricle myocardium morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22614 dph 2009-10-13T10:53:18Z atrial myocardium development biological_process GO:0003228 atrial cardiac muscle tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_heart atrial myocardium development GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-10-13T10:56:01Z ventricular myocardium development biological_process GO:0003229 ventricular cardiac muscle tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_heart ventricular myocardium development GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. dph 2009-10-13T11:02:07Z biological_process GO:0003230 cardiac atrium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. dph 2009-10-13T11:03:16Z biological_process GO:0003231 cardiac ventricle development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The progression of the sinus venosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart. dph 2009-10-13T11:12:34Z biological_process GO:0003235 sinus venosus development The progression of the sinus venosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the sinus venosus is generated and organized. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart. dph 2009-10-13T11:16:52Z biological_process GO:0003236 sinus venosus morphogenesis The process in which the sinus venosus is generated and organized. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the sinus venosus from unspecified parts. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart. dph 2009-10-13T11:18:34Z biological_process GO:0003237 sinus venosus formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the sinus venosus from unspecified parts. The sinus venosus is a heart chamber attached to the atrium on the venous side of the embryonic heart. GOC:mtg_heart The progression of the conus arteriosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk. dph 2009-10-13T11:20:57Z biological_process GO:0003238 conus arteriosus development The progression of the conus arteriosus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the conus arteriosus is generated and organized. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk. dph 2009-10-13T11:25:04Z biological_process GO:0003239 conus arteriosus morphogenesis The process in which the conus arteriosus is generated and organized. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the conus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk. dph 2009-10-13T11:25:47Z biological_process GO:0003240 conus arteriosus formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the conus arteriosus from unspecified parts. The conus arteriosus is a valved chamber with thick muscular walls stemming from the ventricle and connecting to the pulmonary trunk. GOC:mtg_heart Developmental growth that contributes to the shaping of the heart. dph 2009-10-13T11:28:46Z biological_process GO:0003241 growth involved in heart morphogenesis Developmental growth that contributes to the shaping of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental growth of cardiac muscle tissue that contributes to the shaping of the heart. dph 2009-10-13T11:44:21Z biological_process GO:0003245 cardiac muscle tissue growth involved in heart morphogenesis The developmental growth of cardiac muscle tissue that contributes to the shaping of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The increase in heart capillaries that accompanies physiological hypertrophy of cardiac muscle. dph 2009-10-13T11:53:12Z biological_process GO:0003248 heart capillary growth The increase in heart capillaries that accompanies physiological hypertrophy of cardiac muscle. GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. dph 2009-10-20T08:53:19Z biological_process GO:0003272 endocardial cushion formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. GOC:mtg_heart PMID:15797462 The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. dph 2009-10-20T09:08:44Z biological_process GO:0003273 cell migration involved in endocardial cushion formation The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. GOC:mtg_heart Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. dph 2009-10-20T09:30:01Z apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003275 apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_heart Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. dph 2009-10-20T09:37:03Z apoptosis involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003277 apoptotic process involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_heart Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart. dph 2009-10-20T09:40:22Z apoptosis involved in heart morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003278 apoptotic process involved in heart morphogenesis Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:mtg_heart The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-10-20T09:45:13Z heart septum development biological_process GO:0003279 cardiac septum development The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_heart heart septum development GOC:mtg_heart The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-10-20T10:04:51Z interventricular septum development septum inferius development biological_process GO:0003281 ventricular septum development The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_heart interventricular septum development GOC:mtg_heart septum inferius development GOC:mtg_heart The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-10-20T10:10:38Z biological_process GO:0003283 atrial septum development The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which an endocardial cushion cell becomes a cell of a cardiac septum. dph 2009-10-20T11:03:46Z biological_process GO:0003292 cardiac septum cell differentiation The process in which an endocardial cushion cell becomes a cell of a cardiac septum. GOC:mtg_heart The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development. dph 2009-10-22T09:24:51Z biological_process GO:0003298 physiological muscle hypertrophy The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development. GOC:mtg_heart The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. dph 2009-10-22T10:33:56Z biological_process GO:0003300 cardiac muscle hypertrophy The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. GOC:mtg_heart The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart. dph 2009-10-22T10:38:10Z biological_process GO:0003301 physiological cardiac muscle hypertrophy The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:mtg_heart The progression of the heart rudiment over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The heart rudiment is a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. dph 2009-10-27T08:32:40Z heart cone development biological_process GO:0003313 heart rudiment development The progression of the heart rudiment over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The heart rudiment is a cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. GOC:mtg_heart heart cone development GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of the heart rudiment are generated and organized. dph 2009-10-27T08:38:04Z heart cone morphogenesis biological_process GO:0003314 heart rudiment morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the heart rudiment are generated and organized. GOC:mtg_heart heart cone morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart rudiment. dph 2009-10-27T08:43:37Z heart cone formation biological_process GO:0003315 heart rudiment formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart rudiment. GOC:mtg_heart heart cone formation GOC:mtg_heart The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane. dph 2009-11-02T02:36:11Z amino acid membrane transport biological_process GO:0003333 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. amino acid transmembrane transport The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane. GOC:dph GOC:tb The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum. dph 2009-12-01T10:30:17Z biological_process GO:0003342 proepicardium development The progression of the proepicardium from its formation to the mature structure. The proepicardium is an outpouching of the septum transversum. GOC:dph PMID:18722343 The progression of the septum transversum from its initial formation to the mature structure. The septum transversum is a portion of the trunk mesenchyme. dph 2009-12-01T10:40:17Z biological_process GO:0003343 septum transversum development The progression of the septum transversum from its initial formation to the mature structure. The septum transversum is a portion of the trunk mesenchyme. GOC:dph PMID:18722343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized. dph 2009-12-01T10:46:34Z biological_process GO:0003344 pericardium morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized. GOC:dph PMID:18722343 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell. dph 2009-12-01T11:12:05Z biological_process GO:0003348 cardiac endothelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac endothelial cell. GOC:dph PMID:18722343 The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord. dph 2009-12-03T10:47:20Z biological_process GO:0003360 brainstem development The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord. GOC:dph The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell. dph 2009-12-08T04:50:41Z biological_process GO:0003365 establishment of cell polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell. dph 2009-12-08T05:42:46Z biological_process GO:0003371 establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity involved in ameboidal cell migration Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation. dph 2009-12-09T06:54:44Z biological_process GO:0003379 establishment of cell polarity involved in gastrulation cell migration The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization that contributes to the self-propelled directed movement of an ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation. dph 2009-12-09T07:10:57Z biological_process GO:0003380 establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity involved in gastrulation Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures that contribute to the cell polarity of a migrating ameboid cell taking part in gastrulation. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from it initial formation to its mature state, contributing to the process of gastrulation. dph 2009-12-09T07:18:53Z biological_process GO:0003381 epithelial cell morphogenesis involved in gastrulation The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from it initial formation to its mature state, contributing to the process of gastrulation. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. dph 2009-12-09T07:21:06Z biological_process GO:0003382 epithelial cell morphogenesis The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic vesicle from the lateral wall of the forebrain. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup. dph 2009-12-21T01:42:37Z biological_process GO:0003403 optic vesicle formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the optic vesicle from the lateral wall of the forebrain. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The developmental process pertaining to the formation and shaping of the optic vesicle. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup. dph 2009-12-21T01:54:34Z biological_process GO:0003404 optic vesicle morphogenesis The developmental process pertaining to the formation and shaping of the optic vesicle. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the vesicle and ends when the vesicle has evaginated. The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. dph 2009-12-21T02:15:14Z biological_process GO:0003407 neural retina development The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another and contributes to the physical shaping or formation of the camera-type eye. dph 2009-12-21T03:04:27Z biological_process GO:0003411 cell motility involved in camera-type eye morphogenesis Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another and contributes to the physical shaping or formation of the camera-type eye. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. dph 2009-12-22T08:39:58Z biological_process GO:0003413 chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte that will contribute to bone development are generated and organized. dph 2009-12-22T08:42:55Z biological_process GO:0003414 chondrocyte morphogenesis involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte that will contribute to bone development are generated and organized. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone. dph 2009-12-22T08:52:55Z biological_process GO:0003416 endochondral bone growth The increase in size or mass of an endochondral bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone. dph 2009-12-22T12:42:44Z biological_process GO:0003433 chondrocyte development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process. molecular process GO:0005554 molecular function molecular_function GO:0003674 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the molecular function ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose molecular function is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the molecular function of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. Despite its name, this is not a type of 'function' in the sense typically defined by upper ontologies such as Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). It is instead a BFO:process carried out by a single gene product or complex. molecular_function A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs. These actions are described from two distinct but related perspectives: (1) biochemical activity, and (2) role as a component in a larger system/process. GOC:pdt Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. Wikipedia:Enzyme enzyme activity molecular_function GO:0003824 catalytic activity Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic. GOC:vw ISBN:0198506732 enzyme activity GOC:dph GOC:tb A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome). The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. GO:0008372 NIF_Subcellular:sao1337158144 cell or subcellular entity cellular component cellular_component subcellular entity GO:0005575 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. Note that when this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code ND, no data, is used to indicate this. Note that, in addition to forming the root of the cellular component ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose cellular component is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the cellular component of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. cellular_component A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome). GOC:pdt NIF_Subcellular:sao1337158144 The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. GOC:go_curators subcellular entity NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_100315 The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. Wikipedia:Extracellular extracellular cellular_component GO:0005576 Note that this term is intended to annotate gene products that are not attached to the cell surface. For gene products from multicellular organisms which are secreted from a cell but retained within the organism (i.e. released into the interstitial fluid or blood), consider the cellular component term 'extracellular space ; GO:0005615'. extracellular region The space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane. This term covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. GOC:go_curators A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds. fibrinogen fibrinogen alpha chain fibrinogen beta chain fibrinogen gamma chain cellular_component GO:0005577 fibrinogen complex A highly soluble, elongated protein complex found in blood plasma and involved in clot formation. It is converted into fibrin monomer by the action of thrombin. In the mouse, fibrinogen is a hexamer, 46 nm long and 9 nm maximal diameter, containing two sets of nonidentical chains (alpha, beta, and gamma) linked together by disulfide bonds. ISBN:0198547684 A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures. Wikipedia:Collagen cellular_component GO:0005581 collagen trimer PMID:12382326 PMID:12382326 A protein complex consisting of three collagen chains assembled into a left-handed triple helix. These trimers typically assemble into higher order structures. GOC:dos GOC:mah ISBN:0721639976 PMID:19693541 PMID:21421911 Any triple helical collagen trimer that forms fibrils. cellular_component GO:0005583 fibrillar collagen trimer Any triple helical collagen trimer that forms fibrils. GOC:mah ISBN:0721639976 PMID:21421911 A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form 3 dimensional nets within basement membranes. Wikipedia:Collagen_type_IV cellular_component GO:0005587 collagen type IV trimer A collagen heterotrimer containing type IV alpha chains; [alpha1(IV)]2alpha2(IV) trimers are commonly observed, although more type IV alpha chains exist and may be present in type IV trimers; type IV collagen triple helices associate to form 3 dimensional nets within basement membranes. ISBN:0721639976 PMID:19693541 PMID:21421911 A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. GO:0005605 GO:0008003 Wikipedia:Basement_membrane cellular_component basal lamina basement lamina lamina densa GO:0005604 Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane ; GO:0016020' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer. basement membrane A collagen-containing extracellular matrix consisting of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. It consists of the basal lamina plus an associated layer of reticulin fibers. ISBN:0198547684 PMID:22505934 That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. NIF_Subcellular:sao1425028079 cellular_component intercellular space GO:0005615 Note that for multicellular organisms, the extracellular space refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term. extracellular space That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. ISBN:0198547684 A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/17776 Wikipedia:Intracellular internal to cell intracellular protoplasm cellular_component nucleocytoplasm protoplast GO:0005622 intracellular anatomical structure A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm. ISBN:0198506732 nucleocytoplasm GOC:mah protoplast GOC:mah A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. NIF_Subcellular:sao1702920020 Wikipedia:Cell_nucleus cell nucleus horsetail nucleus cellular_component GO:0005634 nucleus A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. GOC:go_curators horsetail nucleus GOC:al GOC:mah GOC:vw PMID:15030757 The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). GO:0005636 Wikipedia:Nuclear_envelope cellular_component GO:0005635 nuclear envelope The double lipid bilayer enclosing the nucleus and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space, a gap of width 20-40 nm (also called the perinuclear space). ISBN:0198547684 The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes. NIF_Subcellular:sao1617136075 nucleus outer envelope perinuclear membrane cellular_component GO:0005640 nuclear outer membrane The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing, lipid bilayer of the nuclear envelope; continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell and sometimes studded with ribosomes. ISBN:0198547684 Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing. cellular_component GO:0005677 chromatin silencing complex Any protein complex that mediates changes in chromatin structure that result in transcriptional silencing. GOC:mah A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. Wikipedia:Chromosome interphase chromosome prophase chromosome cellular_component chromatid GO:0005694 Chromosomes include parts that are not part of the chromatin. Examples include the kinetochore. chromosome A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. ISBN:0198547684 A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. NIF_Subcellular:sao1820400233 Wikipedia:Nucleolus cellular_component GO:0005730 nucleolus A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. ISBN:0198506732 The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. Wikipedia:Cytoplasm cellular_component GO:0005737 cytoplasm The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. ISBN:0198547684 A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. Wikipedia:Vacuole cellular_component vacuolar carboxypeptidase Y GO:0005773 vacuole A closed structure, found only in eukaryotic cells, that is completely surrounded by unit membrane and contains liquid material. Cells contain one or several vacuoles, that may have different functions from each other. Vacuoles have a diverse array of functions. They can act as a storage organelle for nutrients or waste products, as a degradative compartment, as a cost-effective way of increasing cell size, and as a homeostatic regulator controlling both turgor pressure and pH of the cytosol. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0198506732 The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. cellular_component GO:0005774 vacuolar membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding the vacuole and separating its contents from the cytoplasm of the cell. GOC:ai The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane. cellular_component GO:0005775 vacuolar lumen The volume enclosed within the vacuolar membrane. ISBN:0198506732 A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. Golgi NIF_Subcellular:sao451912436 Wikipedia:Golgi_apparatus Golgi complex Golgi ribbon cellular_component GO:0005794 Note that the Golgi apparatus can be located in various places in the cytoplasm. In plants and lower animal cells, the Golgi apparatus exists as many copies of discrete stacks dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, while the Golgi apparatus of interphase mammalian cells is a juxtanuclear, often pericentriolar reticulum, where the discrete Golgi stacks are stitched together to form a compact and interconnected ribbon, sometimes called the Golgi ribbon. Golgi apparatus A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. ISBN:0198506732 Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell. NIF_Subcellular:sao819927218 cellular_component Golgi vesicle vesicular component GO:0005798 Note that this definition includes vesicles that are transiently associated with the Golgi. Golgi-associated vesicle Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell. GOC:mah vesicular component NIF_Subcellular:sao138219748 An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. GO:0033279 NIF_Subcellular:sao1429207766 Wikipedia:Ribosome free ribosome membrane bound ribosome cellular_component ribosomal RNA GO:0005840 ribosome An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins. ISBN:0198506732 free ribosome NIF_Subcellular:sao1139385046 membrane bound ribosome NIF_Subcellular:sao1291545653 Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. Wikipedia:Cytoskeleton cellular_component GO:0005856 cytoskeleton Any of the various filamentous elements that form the internal framework of cells, and typically remain after treatment of the cells with mild detergent to remove membrane constituents and soluble components of the cytoplasm. The term embraces intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles. GOC:mah ISBN:0198547684 PMID:16959967 Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. NIF_Subcellular:sao1846835077 Wikipedia:Microtubule microtubuli microtubulus neurotubule cellular_component GO:0005874 microtubule Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle. ISBN:0879693568 neurotubule NIF_Subcellular:sao248349196 A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules. cellular_component GO:0005879 axonemal microtubule A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules. GOC:cilia ISBN:0815316194 Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell. cellular_component GO:0005880 nuclear microtubule Any microtubule in the nucleus of a cell. GOC:mah Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell. non-spindle-associated astral microtubule cellular_component GO:0005881 cytoplasmic microtubule Any microtubule in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:mah The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. GO:0005904 juxtamembrane NIF_Subcellular:sao1663586795 Wikipedia:Cell_membrane cell membrane cellular membrane cytoplasmic membrane plasmalemma bacterial inner membrane inner endospore membrane plasma membrane lipid bilayer cellular_component GO:0005886 plasma membrane The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. ISBN:0716731363 cellular membrane NIF_Subcellular:sao6433132645 plasma membrane lipid bilayer GOC:mah A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22122 cell-cell contact region cell-cell contact zone NIF_Subcellular:sao1922892319 intercellular junction cellular_component GO:0005911 cell-cell junction A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects. GOC:aruk GOC:bc GOC:dgh GOC:hb GOC:mah PMID:21422226 PMID:28096264 intercellular junction NIF_Subcellular:sao1395777368 A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. GO:0072372 FMA:67181 NIF_Subcellular:sao787716553 Wikipedia:Cilium eukaryotic flagellum microtubule-based flagellum primary cilium cellular_component flagellum GO:0005929 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. In most eukaryotic species, intracellular sub-components of the cilium, such as the ciliary base and rootlet, are located near the plasma membrane. In Diplomonads such as Giardia, instead, the same ciliary parts are located further intracellularly. Also, 'cilium' may be used when axonemal structure and/or motility are unknown, or when axonemal structure is unusual. For all other cases, please refer to children of 'cilium'. Finally, note that any role of ciliary proteins in sensory events should be captured by annotating to relevant biological process terms. cilium A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. GOC:cilia GOC:curators GOC:kmv GOC:vw ISBN:0198547684 PMID:16824949 PMID:17009929 PMID:20144998 The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GO:0035085 GO:0035086 Wikipedia:Axoneme ciliary axoneme cilium axoneme flagellar axoneme flagellum axoneme cellular_component GO:0005930 Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. In diplomonad species, such as Giardia, the axoneme may extend intracellularly up to 5um away from the plane of the plasma membrane. axoneme The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GOC:bf GOC:cilia ISBN:0198547684 The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. Wikipedia:Cell_cortex cellular_component cell periphery peripheral cytoplasm GO:0005938 cell cortex The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22880 jl 2012-10-23T15:40:34Z GO:0044261 GO:0044723 Wikipedia:Carbohydrate_metabolism carbohydrate metabolism biological_process GO:0005975 carbohydrate metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. GO:0044263 polysaccharide metabolism glycan metabolic process glycan metabolism multicellular organismal polysaccharide metabolic process biological_process GO:0005976 polysaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. aminoglycan metabolism biological_process GO:0006022 aminoglycan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. aminoglycan anabolism aminoglycan biosynthesis aminoglycan formation aminoglycan synthesis biological_process GO:0006023 aminoglycan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. glycosaminoglycan anabolism glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis glycosaminoglycan formation glycosaminoglycan synthesis biological_process GO:0006024 glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. ISBN:0192800981 The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. organic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0006082 organic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates. regulation of carbohydrate metabolism biological_process GO:0006109 regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates. GOC:go_curators Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GO:0055134 cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process cellular nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism biological_process nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0006139 nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:ai nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin. GO:0006333 GO:0016568 chromatin organisation establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture biological_process chromatin assembly or disassembly chromatin assembly/disassembly chromatin modification GO:0006325 chromatin organization Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic chromatin. GOC:mah GOC:vw PMID:20404130 chromatin organisation GOC:mah establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:mah A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. RNA localisation establishment and maintenance of RNA localization biological_process GO:0006403 RNA localization A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai RNA localisation GOC:mah The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. GO:0006416 GO:0006453 GO:0043037 Wikipedia:Translation_(genetics) protein anabolism protein biosynthesis protein biosynthetic process protein formation protein synthesis protein translation biological_process GO:0006412 translation The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome. GOC:go_curators The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. GO:0006440 GO:0006454 biopolymerisation biopolymerization protein synthesis initiation translation initiation biological_process GO:0006413 translational initiation The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA. ISBN:019879276X The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. GO:0006442 GO:0006455 protein synthesis elongation translation elongation biological_process GO:0006414 translational elongation The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis. GOC:ems The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code). GO:0006443 GO:0006456 protein synthesis termination translation termination translational complex disassembly biological_process GO:0006415 translational termination The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code). GOC:hjd ISBN:019879276X Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GO:0006445 regulation of protein anabolism regulation of protein biosynthesis regulation of protein formation regulation of protein synthesis biological_process GO:0006417 regulation of translation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. biological_process GO:0006446 regulation of translational initiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation. biological_process GO:0006448 regulation of translational elongation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. biological_process GO:0006449 regulation of translational termination Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. peptide metabolism biological_process GO:0006518 peptide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells. GO:0006519 amino acid and derivative metabolism amino acid metabolic process cellular amino acid and derivative metabolic process cellular amino acid metabolism biological_process GO:0006520 cellular amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids. regulation of amino acid metabolism biological_process GO:0006521 regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. biogenic amine metabolism biological_process GO:0006576 cellular biogenic amine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. catecholamine metabolism biological_process GO:0006584 catecholamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. indolamine metabolic process indolamine metabolism indolalkylamine metabolism biological_process GO:0006586 indolalkylamine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. GOC:curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. Wikipedia:Lipid_metabolism lipid metabolism biological_process GO:0006629 lipid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids. GOC:ma The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification. Wikipedia:Steroid_metabolisms#Steroid_biosynthesis steroid anabolism steroid biosynthesis steroid formation steroid synthesis steroidogenesis biological_process GO:0006694 steroid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells. aromatic compound metabolism aromatic hydrocarbon metabolic process aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism biological_process GO:0006725 cellular aromatic compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. Wikipedia:Sulfur_metabolism sulfur metabolism sulphur metabolic process sulphur metabolism biological_process GO:0006790 sulfur compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4). phosphorus metabolism biological_process GO:0006793 phosphorus metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4). GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid. phosphate metabolism biological_process phosphate metabolic process GO:0006796 phosphate-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen. nitrogen compound metabolism biological_process GO:0006807 nitrogen compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. jl 2012-12-13T16:25:32Z GO:0015457 GO:0015460 GO:0044765 small molecule transport solute:solute exchange biological_process single-organism transport GO:0006810 Note that this term should not be used for direct annotation. It should be possible to make a more specific annotation to one of the children of this term, for e.g. to transmembrane transport, to microtubule-based transport or to vesicle-mediated transport. transport The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. GOC:dos GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0006811 ion transport The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0006819 GO:0015674 GO:0072512 di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transport trivalent inorganic cation transport biological_process GO:0006812 cation transport The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai di-, tri-valent inorganic cation transport GOC:mah The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process phosphate transport GO:0006817 phosphate ion transport The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:krc The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0006822 biological_process GO:0006820 anion transport The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. biological_process GO:0006837 serotonin transport The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems. GOC:ai The transport of substances that occurs outside cells. biological_process GO:0006858 extracellular transport The transport of substances that occurs outside cells. GOC:go_curators The directed extracellular movement of amino acids. biological_process GO:0006860 extracellular amino acid transport The directed extracellular movement of amino acids. GOC:ai The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0006866 biological_process GO:0006865 amino acid transport The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. biological_process GO:0006869 lipid transport The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. GO:0032779 biological_process copper-induced intracellular protein transport GO:0006886 intracellular protein transport The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell. GOC:mah copper-induced intracellular protein transport GOC:al A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell. GO:0016194 GO:0016195 Wikipedia:Exocytosis vesicle exocytosis biological_process nonselective vesicle exocytosis GO:0006887 exocytosis A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell. GOC:mah ISBN:0716731363 PMID:22323285 The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles. post-Golgi transport biological_process GO:0006892 post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles. GOC:ai GOC:mah The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis. Golgi to plasma membrane vesicle-mediated transport biological_process GO:0006893 Golgi to plasma membrane transport The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis. ISBN:0716731363 The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole. Golgi to vacuole vesicle-mediated transport biological_process GO:0006896 Golgi to vacuole transport The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole. GOC:ai The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo. biological_process GO:0006903 vesicle targeting The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo. GOC:mah PMID:17335816 Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane. biological_process GO:0006906 vesicle fusion Fusion of the membrane of a transport vesicle with its target membrane. GOC:jid A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. GO:0006917 GO:0008632 cell suicide cellular suicide Wikipedia:Apoptosis apoptotic cell death apoptotic programmed cell death programmed cell death by apoptosis activation of apoptosis apoptosis apoptosis signaling apoptotic program type I programmed cell death biological_process apoptosis activator activity caspase-dependent programmed cell death commitment to apoptosis induction of apoptosis induction of apoptosis by p53 signaling (initiator) caspase activity GO:0006915 apoptotic process A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. GOC:cjm GOC:dhl GOC:ecd GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 PMID:18846107 PMID:21494263 apoptotic cell death GOC:sl apoptotic program GOC:add The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis. cellular component disassembly involved in apoptotic process disassembly of cell structures cellular component disassembly involved in apoptosis biological_process GO:0006921 cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb The directed, self-propelled movement of a cell or subcellular component without the involvement of an external agent such as a transporter or a pore. cellular component motion cellular component movement biological_process cell movement GO:0006928 Note that in GO cellular components include whole cells (cell is_a cellular component). movement of cell or subcellular component The directed, self-propelled movement of a cell or subcellular component without the involvement of an external agent such as a transporter or a pore. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mlg cellular component motion GOC:dph GOC:jl A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Wikipedia:Muscle_contraction biological_process GO:0006936 muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0006937 regulation of muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length. visceral muscle contraction biological_process GO:0006939 smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length. GOC:ef GOC:jl GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0006940 regulation of smooth muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope. sarcomeric muscle contraction biological_process GO:0006941 striated muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_muscle ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0006942 regulation of striated muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division. biological_process GO:0006949 syncytium formation The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division. ISBN:0198506732 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. jl 2013-12-19T15:25:51Z GO:1902589 organelle organisation single organism organelle organization biological_process organelle organization and biogenesis single-organism organelle organization GO:0006996 organelle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:mah single organism organelle organization GOC:TermGenie organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus. GO:0048287 nuclear organisation nuclear organization biological_process nuclear morphology nuclear organization and biogenesis nucleus organization and biogenesis GO:0006997 nucleus organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:jl GOC:mah nuclear organization and biogenesis GOC:mah nucleus organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope. nuclear envelope organisation biological_process nuclear envelope organization and biogenesis GO:0006998 nuclear envelope organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:jl GOC:mah nuclear envelope organisation GOC:mah nuclear envelope organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus. nucleolus organisation biological_process nucleolus organization and biogenesis GO:0007000 nucleolus organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:jl GOC:mah nucleolus organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane. plasma membrane organisation biological_process plasma membrane organization and biogenesis GO:0007009 plasma membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah plasma membrane organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. cytoskeleton organisation biological_process cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis cytoskeletal regulator activity cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0007010 cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah cytoskeletal organization and biogenesis GOC:mah cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. biological_process GO:0007017 microtubule-based process Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GOC:mah A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. biological_process GO:0007018 microtubule-based movement A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. GOC:cjm ISBN:0815316194 The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule. microtubule disassembly microtubule shortening microtubule catastrophe microtubule depolymerization during nuclear congression biological_process GO:0007019 microtubule depolymerization The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule. ISBN:0815316194 microtubule catastrophe GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation). Wikipedia:Microtubule_nucleation biological_process GO:0007020 microtubule nucleation The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation). GOC:go_curators ISBN:0815316194 PMID:12517712 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol. down regulation of microtubule depolymerization down-regulation of microtubule depolymerization downregulation of microtubule depolymerization microtubule stabilization negative regulation of microtubule disassembly inhibition of microtubule depolymerization microtubule rescue negative regulation of microtubule catastrophe biological_process GO:0007026 negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 microtubule rescue GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of microtubule catastrophe GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme. axonemal microtubule stabilization biological_process negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization in axoneme GO:0007027 negative regulation of axonemal microtubule depolymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme. GOC:dph GOC:mah negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization in axoneme GOC:dph A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. cytoplasm organisation biological_process cytoplasm organization and biogenesis GO:0007028 cytoplasm organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah cytoplasm organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus. Golgi organisation biological_process Golgi organization and biogenesis GO:0007030 Golgi organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah Golgi organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. GO:0044086 vacuole organisation vacuolar assembly biological_process vacuole biogenesis vacuole organization and biogenesis GO:0007033 vacuole organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. GOC:mah vacuolar assembly GOC:mah vacuole biogenesis GOC:mah vacuole organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole. biological_process GO:0007034 vacuolar transport The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole. GOC:ai The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells. intercellular junction assembly biological_process GO:0007043 cell-cell junction assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells. GOC:ai The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. Wikipedia:Cell_cycle cell-division cycle biological_process GO:0007049 cell cycle The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_cell_cycle The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles. Wikipedia:Chromosome_segregation chromosome division biological_process chromosome transmission GO:0007059 chromosome segregation The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles. GOC:jl GOC:mah GOC:mtg_cell_cycle GOC:vw The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells. biological_process GO:0007076 mitotic chromosome condensation The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis. NEB local NEB nuclear envelope breakdown mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown biological_process mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism mitotic nuclear envelope degradation mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GO:0007077 mitotic nuclear membrane disassembly The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis. GOC:bf PMID:32848252 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. regulation of mitosis biological_process GO:0007088 regulation of mitotic nuclear division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. GOC:go_curators The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell. GO:0040023 establishment of position of nucleus nuclear movement nuclear positioning nucleus migration nucleus positioning positioning of nucleus biological_process establishment of cell nucleus localization establishment of localization of nucleus establishment of nucleus localisation establishment of nucleus localization GO:0007097 nuclear migration The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell. GOC:ai establishment of nucleus localisation GOC:mah A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell. Wikipedia:Mitosis#Endomitosis biological_process endomitosis GO:0007113 Note that this term should not be confused with 'abortive mitotic cell cycle ; GO:0033277'. Although abortive mitosis is sometimes called endomitosis, GO:0033277 refers to a process in which a mitotic spindle forms and chromosome separation begins. endomitotic cell cycle A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell. GOC:curators GOC:dos GOC:expert_vm A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline. female meiosis female meiotic division biological_process GO:0007143 Note that female germ lines can be found in female or hermaphroditic organisms, so this term can be used to annotate gene products from hermaphrodites such as those of C. elegans. See also the biological process term 'meiotic nuclear division; GO:0140013'. female meiotic nuclear division A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:mah GOC:vw Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. Wikipedia:Cell_signaling biological_process GO:0007154 cell communication Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:mah Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GO:0030012 GO:0030467 biological_process cell polarity establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarity establishment and/or maintenance of cell polarization GO:0007163 establishment or maintenance of cell polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GOC:mah cell polarity GOC:mah GOC:vw The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. GO:0023014 GO:0023015 GO:0023016 GO:0023033 GO:0023045 Wikipedia:Signal_transduction signal transduction by cis-phosphorylation signal transduction by conformational transition signal transduction by protein phosphorylation signal transduction by trans-phosphorylation signaling cascade signalling cascade biological_process signaling pathway signalling pathway GO:0007165 Note that signal transduction is defined broadly to include a ligand interacting with a receptor, downstream signaling steps and a response being triggered. A change in form of the signal in every step is not necessary. Note that in many cases the end of this process is regulation of the initiation of transcription. Note that specific transcription factors may be annotated to this term, but core/general transcription machinery such as RNA polymerase should not. signal transduction The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11 signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. cell-cell signalling biological_process GO:0007267 cell-cell signaling Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell. Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions. GOC:dos GOC:mah The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. signal transmission across a synapse synaptic transmission Wikipedia:Neurotransmission biological_process neurotransmission GO:0007268 chemical synaptic transmission The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse. GOC:jl MeSH:D009435 neurotransmission GOC:dph The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21234 biological_process GO:0007275 Note that this term was 'developmental process'. multicellular organism development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell. GO:0009552 biological_process gametogenesis GO:0007276 gamete generation The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell. GOC:ems GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism. germ-cell development primordial germ cell development biological_process GO:0007281 germ cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism. GOC:go_curators Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. biological_process GO:0007292 female gamete generation Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction. GOC:dph ISBN:0198506732 Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. biological_process GO:0007293 germarium-derived egg chamber formation Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:mtg_sensu ISBN:0879694238 The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0048110 oocyte arrangement biological_process GO:0007308 oocyte construction The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 oocyte arrangement GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle. mitotic cell cycle modulation mitotic cell cycle regulation modulation of mitotic cell cycle progression regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle biological_process mitotic cell cycle regulator GO:0007346 regulation of mitotic cell cycle Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Wikipedia:Gastrulation biological_process GO:0007369 gastrulation A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. GOC:curators ISBN:9780878933846 Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. biological_process pattern biosynthesis pattern formation GO:0007389 pattern specification process Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0521436125 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation. biological_process GO:0007398 ectoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. biological_process pan-neural process GO:0007399 nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state. GOC:dgh The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. GO:0043349 GO:0043350 biological_process GO:0007405 neuroblast proliferation The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:sart Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts. down regulation of neuroblast proliferation down-regulation of neuroblast proliferation downregulation of neuroblast proliferation suppression of neuroblast proliferation inhibition of neuroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0007406 negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts. GOC:ai The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional). Wikipedia:Synaptogenesis synapse biogenesis synaptogenesis biological_process GO:0007416 synapse assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional). GOC:mah synapse biogenesis GOC:mah synaptogenesis GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. Wikipedia:Neural_development CNS development biological_process GO:0007417 central nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. GOC:bf GOC:jid ISBN:0582227089 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). biological_process GO:0007420 brain development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb UBERON:0000955 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. biological_process GO:0007422 peripheral nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. GOC:go_curators UBERON:0000010 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure. sense organ development biological_process GO:0007423 sensory organ development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:go_curators sense organ development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions that are derived from ectoderm. biological_process ectodermal gut development GO:0007439 ectodermal digestive tract development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions that are derived from ectoderm. GOC:curators ectodermal gut development GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0007440 foregut morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized. GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0007442 hindgut morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindgut are generated and organized. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues. biological_process GO:0007492 endoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine. biological_process GO:0007494 midgut development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine. GOC:jid UBERON:0001045 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue. biological_process GO:0007498 mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism. biological_process GO:0007506 gonadal mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism. GOC:ai The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. GO:0007511 Wikipedia:Heart_development dorsal vessel development biological_process cardiac development GO:0007507 heart development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. GOC:jid UBERON:0000948 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work. biological_process GO:0007517 muscle organ development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work. GOC:jid ISBN:0198506732 The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers. GO:0048637 biological_process myogenesis GO:0007519 skeletal muscle tissue development The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers. GOC:mtg_muscle A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction. neuromuscular junction organization biological_process NMJ stability neuromuscular junction stability GO:0007528 neuromuscular junction development A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction. GOC:mtg_OBO2OWL_2013 NMJ stability GOC:pr neuromuscular junction stability GOC:pr The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation. Wikipedia:Sexual_differentiation biological_process GO:0007548 sex differentiation The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation. GOC:ai The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth. Wikipedia:Gestation gestation biological_process carrying of young GO:0007565 female pregnancy The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth. ISBN:0192800825 The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. breathing respiration biological_process GO:0007585 respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. ISBN:0198506732 The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. Wikipedia:Digestion biological_process GO:0007586 digestion The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:isa_complete ISBN:0198506732 The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22368 Wikipedia:Excretion biological_process GO:0007588 excretion The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds. ISBN:0192801023 The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal. biological_process GO:0007589 body fluid secretion The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. Wikipedia:Perception biological_process GO:0007600 sensory perception The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. GOC:ai GOC:dph The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. Wikipedia:Visual_perception sense of sight sensory visual perception vision biological_process GO:0007601 visual perception The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound. Wikipedia:Hearing_(sense) hearing perception of sound biological_process GO:0007605 sensory perception of sound The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound. GOC:ai The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity. jl 2012-09-20T14:06:08Z GO:0023032 GO:0044708 GO:0044709 Wikipedia:Behavior behavioral response to stimulus behaviour behavioural response to stimulus biological_process single-organism behavior GO:0007610 1. Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation reviews. 2. While a broader definition of behavior encompassing plants and single cell organisms would be justified on the basis of some usage (see PMID:20160973 for discussion), GO uses a tight definition that limits behavior to animals and to responses involving the nervous system, excluding plant responses that GO classifies under development, and responses of unicellular organisms that has general classifications for covering the responses of cells in multicellular organisms (e.g. cell chemotaxis). behavior The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity. GOC:ems GOC:jl ISBN:0395448956 PMID:20160973 The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. GO:0070261 biological_process hemolymph circulation GO:0008015 blood circulation The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products. GOC:mtg_heart ISBN:0192800825 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. regulation of cardiac contraction biological_process GO:0008016 regulation of heart contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections. Wikipedia:Axoplasmic_transport axon cargo transport axonal transport axoplasmic transport biological_process GO:0008088 axo-dendritic transport The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections. ISBN:0815316194 Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GO:0008105 protein localisation biological_process asymmetric protein localisation asymmetric protein localization establishment and maintenance of asymmetric protein localization establishment and maintenance of protein localization GO:0008104 protein localization Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai protein localisation GOC:mah asymmetric protein localisation GOC:mah A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. jl 2012-09-19T15:05:24Z GO:0000004 GO:0007582 GO:0044699 Wikipedia:Biological_process biological process physiological process biological_process single organism process single-organism process GO:0008150 Note that, in addition to forming the root of the biological process ontology, this term is recommended for use for the annotation of gene products whose biological process is unknown. When this term is used for annotation, it indicates that no information was available about the biological process of the gene product annotated as of the date the annotation was made; the evidence code 'no data' (ND), is used to indicate this. biological_process A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence. GOC:pdt The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. jl 2012-10-17T15:46:40Z GO:0044236 GO:0044710 Wikipedia:Metabolism metabolism metabolic process resulting in cell growth metabolism resulting in cell growth multicellular organism metabolic process biological_process single-organism metabolic process GO:0008152 Note that metabolic processes do not include single functions or processes such as protein-protein interactions, protein-nucleic acids, nor receptor-ligand interactions. metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. Wikipedia:Steroid_metabolism steroid metabolism biological_process GO:0008202 steroid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. ISBN:0198547684 Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538). biological_process accidental cell death necrosis GO:0008219 This term should not be used for direct annotation. The only exception should be when experimental data (e.g., staining with trypan blue or propidium iodide) show that cell death has occurred, but fail to provide details on death modality (accidental versus programmed). When information is provided on the cell death mechanism, annotations should be made to the appropriate descendant of 'cell death' (such as, but not limited to, GO:0097300 'programmed necrotic cell death' or GO:0006915 'apoptotic process'). Also, if experimental data suggest that a gene product influences cell death indirectly, rather than being involved in the death process directly, consider annotating to a 'regulation' term. cell death Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538). GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:25236395 The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0006870 sulphate transport biological_process GO:0008272 sulfate transport The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:krc The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. biological_process cell proliferation GO:0008283 This term was moved out from being a child of 'cellular process' because it is a cell population-level process, and cellular processes are restricted to those processes that involve individual cells. Also note that this term is intended to be used for the proliferation of cells within a multicellular organism, not for the expansion of a population of single-celled organisms. cell population proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. GOC:mah GOC:mb Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. up regulation of cell proliferation up-regulation of cell proliferation upregulation of cell proliferation activation of cell proliferation stimulation of cell proliferation biological_process positive regulation of cell proliferation GO:0008284 positive regulation of cell population proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. down regulation of cell proliferation down-regulation of cell proliferation downregulation of cell proliferation inhibition of cell proliferation biological_process negative regulation of cell proliferation GO:0008285 negative regulation of cell population proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:go_curators The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity. Wikipedia:Asymmetric_cell_division asymmetrical cell division biological_process asymmetric cytokinesis asymmetrical cytokinesis GO:0008356 asymmetric cell division The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity. PMID:11672519 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones. gonadogenesis biological_process GO:0008406 gonad development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonad is an animal organ that produces gametes; in some species it also produces hormones. GOC:ems ISBN:0198506732 gonadogenesis GOC:cjm The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. biological_process hypodermis development GO:0008544 epidermis development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. GOC:go_curators UBERON:0001003 hypodermis development GOC:kmv GOC:rk The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GO:0061039 biological_process ovarian development ovary development GO:0008585 female gonad development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female gonad over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb ovarian development GOC:sl ovary development GOC:sl The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. biological_process photoreceptor development GO:0008594 photoreceptor cell morphogenesis The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:jid GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. lipid anabolism lipid biosynthesis lipid formation lipid synthesis lipogenesis biological_process GO:0008610 lipid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. GOC:go_curators lipogenesis GOC:sl The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. GO:0006861 GO:0008644 sugar transport biological_process GO:0008643 carbohydrate transport The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. Wikipedia:Amino_acid_synthesis amino acid biosynthetic process cellular amino acid anabolism cellular amino acid biosynthesis cellular amino acid formation cellular amino acid synthesis biological_process GO:0008652 cellular amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. jl 2012-10-17T15:52:18Z GO:0044274 GO:0044711 formation Wikipedia:Anabolism anabolism biosynthesis synthesis multicellular organismal biosynthetic process biological_process single-organism biosynthetic process GO:0009058 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. GOC:curators ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GO:0043284 biopolymer biosynthetic process macromolecule anabolism macromolecule biosynthesis macromolecule formation macromolecule synthesis biological_process GO:0009059 macromolecule biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:mah biopolymer biosynthetic process GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09 The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. glycoprotein metabolism biological_process GO:0009100 glycoprotein metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. glycoprotein anabolism glycoprotein biosynthesis glycoprotein formation glycoprotein synthesis biological_process GO:0009101 glycoprotein biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycoproteins, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine. nucleobase metabolism biological_process GO:0009112 nucleobase metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine. GOC:ma The controlled release of proteins from a cell. GO:0045166 GO:0045731 glycoprotein secretion protein secretion during cell fate commitment protein secretion resulting in cell fate commitment biological_process GO:0009306 protein secretion The controlled release of proteins from a cell. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. amine metabolism biological_process GO:0009308 amine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. amine anabolism amine biosynthesis amine formation amine synthesis biological_process GO:0009309 amine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. response to electromagnetic radiation stimulus response to radiation stimulus biological_process GO:0009314 Note that 'radiation' refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. response to radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation. GOC:jl Wikipedia:Electromagnetic_radiation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. biological_process GO:0009416 response to light stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0582227089 The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20176 Wikipedia:Fertilisation syngamy biological_process GO:0009566 fertilization The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of external stimulus GO:0009581 detection of external stimulus The series of events in which an external stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:hb The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. biological_process perception of abiotic stimulus GO:0009582 detection of abiotic stimulus The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:hb The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal. detection of light biological_process perception of light GO:0009583 detection of light stimulus The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:go_curators The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. biological_process perception of visible light GO:0009584 detection of visible light The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. response to environmental stimulus biological_process GO:0009605 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to external stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external stimulus. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. response to biotic stress biological_process GO:0009607 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to biotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium. GO:0009618 GO:0009680 response to bacteria biological_process GO:0009617 response to bacterium Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a bacterium. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus. GO:0009621 response to fungi biological_process GO:0009620 response to fungus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/16572 response to abiotic stress biological_process GO:0009628 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to abiotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus. GOC:hb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. detoxification response biological_process toxin resistance toxin susceptibility/resistance GO:0009636 response to toxic substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. GOC:lr The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. embryogenesis and morphogenesis Wikipedia:Morphogenesis anatomical structure organization morphogenesis biological_process GO:0009653 anatomical structure morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0521436125 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent. biological_process catechol metabolic process catechol metabolism GO:0009712 catechol-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent. GOC:sm ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent. biological_process catechol anabolism catechol biosynthesis catechol biosynthetic process catechol formation catechol synthesis GO:0009713 catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent. GOC:go_curators Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism. biological_process GO:0009719 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to endogenous stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus arising within the organism. GOC:sm Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. response to hormone stimulus biological_process growth regulator GO:0009725 response to hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hormone stimulus. GOC:jl response to hormone stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus. response to carbohydrate stimulus biological_process GO:0009743 response to carbohydrate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus. GOC:jl response to carbohydrate stimulus GOC:dos Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. biological_process GO:0009786 regulation of asymmetric cell division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. GOC:lr The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. GO:0009795 embryogenesis and morphogenesis Wikipedia:Embryogenesis embryogenesis embryonal development biological_process GO:0009790 embryo development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo from its formation until the end of its embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic stage is organism-specific. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. biological_process GO:0009791 post-embryonic development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development. GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell. embryogenesis biological_process GO:0009792 embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an embryo over time, from zygote formation until the end of the embryonic life stage. The end of the embryonic life stage is organism-specific and may be somewhat arbitrary; for mammals it is usually considered to be birth, for insects the hatching of the first instar larva from the eggshell. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:mtg_sensu The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). alkaloid metabolism biological_process GO:0009820 alkaloid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). GOC:lr ISBN:0122146743 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). UM-BBD_enzymeID:e0711 alkaloid anabolism alkaloid biosynthesis alkaloid formation alkaloid synthesis biological_process GO:0009821 alkaloid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alkaloids, nitrogen-containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as nonprotein amino acids, amines, peptides, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones, or primary metabolite (such as purine or pyrimidine bases). EC:1.1.1.51 GOC:lr ISBN:0122146743 Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. histogenesis and organogenesis biological_process GO:0009887 animal organ morphogenesis Morphogenesis of an animal organ. An organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:dgh GOC:go_curators ISBN:0471245208 ISBN:0721662544 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. histogenesis and organogenesis Wikipedia:Histogenesis histogenesis biological_process GO:0009888 tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. ISBN:0471245208 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. regulation of anabolism regulation of biosynthesis regulation of formation regulation of synthesis biological_process GO:0009889 regulation of biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. down regulation of biosynthetic process down-regulation of biosynthetic process downregulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of anabolism negative regulation of biosynthesis negative regulation of formation negative regulation of synthesis inhibition of biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0009890 negative regulation of biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. positive regulation of anabolism positive regulation of biosynthesis positive regulation of formation positive regulation of synthesis up regulation of biosynthetic process up-regulation of biosynthetic process upregulation of biosynthetic process activation of biosynthetic process stimulation of biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0009891 positive regulation of biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GO:0044252 down regulation of metabolic process down-regulation of metabolic process downregulation of metabolic process negative regulation of metabolism negative regulation of organismal metabolism inhibition of metabolic process inhibition of organismal metabolic process negative regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process biological_process GO:0009892 negative regulation of metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GO:0044253 positive regulation of metabolism up regulation of metabolic process up-regulation of metabolic process upregulation of metabolic process activation of metabolic process positive regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process positive regulation of organismal metabolism stimulation of metabolic process stimulation of organismal metabolic process up-regulation of organismal metabolic process biological_process GO:0009893 positive regulation of metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis. GO:0043355 biological_process hypodermal cell differentiation GO:0009913 epidermal cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb hypodermal cell differentiation GOC:kmv GOC:rk The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0009914 hormone transport The directed movement of hormones into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:tb The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. biological_process anterior/posterior pattern formation GO:0009952 anterior/posterior pattern specification The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GO:0035466 biological_process regulation of signaling pathway regulation of signalling pathway GO:0009966 regulation of signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GOC:sm regulation of signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GO:0035468 up regulation of signal transduction up-regulation of signal transduction upregulation of signal transduction activation of signal transduction stimulation of signal transduction biological_process positive regulation of signaling pathway positive regulation of signalling pathway GO:0009967 positive regulation of signal transduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GOC:sm positive regulation of signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GO:0035467 down regulation of signal transduction down-regulation of signal transduction downregulation of signal transduction inhibition of signal transduction biological_process negative regulation of signaling pathway negative regulation of signalling pathway GO:0009968 negative regulation of signal transduction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction. GOC:sm negative regulation of signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. jl 2012-12-11T16:56:55Z GO:0008151 GO:0044763 GO:0050875 cell physiology cellular physiological process cell growth and/or maintenance biological_process single-organism cellular process GO:0009987 cellular process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete. oocyte cell differentiation biological_process GO:0009994 oocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell. GO:0007404 GO:0043360 glia cell differentiation neuroglia differentiation biological_process GO:0010001 glial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. cardiac precursor cell differentiation cardioblast cell differentiation biological_process cardiomyocyte generation GO:0010002 cardioblast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. GOC:go_curators cardiac precursor cell differentiation GOC:mtg_heart Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells. chromosome condensation involved in meiotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0010032 meiotic chromosome condensation Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells. PMID:10072401 chromosome condensation involved in meiotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. GO:1990367 process resulting in tolerance to organic substance biological_process GO:0010033 response to organic substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. GOC:sm PMID:23356676 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus. biological_process GO:0010035 response to inorganic substance Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus. GOC:sm The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials. biological_process zygote asymmetric cytokinesis GO:0010070 zygote asymmetric cell division The division of the zygote into two daughter cells that will adopt developmentally distinct potentials. GOC:tb The regionalization process that specifies animal organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues. GO:0048862 organ boundary specification biological_process GO:0010160 formation of animal organ boundary The regionalization process that specifies animal organ primordium boundaries resulting in a restriction of organogenesis to a limited spatial domain and keeping the organ separate from surrounding tissues. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete PMID:9611175 The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0010171 body morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized. GOC:ems ISBN:0140512888 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. response to organic nitrogen biological_process GO:0010243 response to organonitrogen compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organonitrogen stimulus. An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. PMID:9869419 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system. endomembrane organization endomembrane system organisation biological_process GO:0010256 endomembrane system organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endomembrane system. GOC:mah GOC:sm endomembrane system organisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. biological_process GO:0010453 regulation of cell fate commitment Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. biological_process GO:0010454 negative regulation of cell fate commitment Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. biological_process GO:0010455 positive regulation of cell fate commitment Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. GOC:dph GOC:tb The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. biological_process GO:0010463 mesenchymal cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. biological_process GO:0010464 regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, translation and maturation for protein-coding genes. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22557 Wikipedia:Gene_expression biological_process GO:0010467 gene expression The process in which a gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript and its processing, translation and maturation for protein-coding genes. GOC:txnOH-2018 PMID:25934543 PMID:31580950 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22557 Wikipedia:Regulation_of_gene_expression regulation of protein expression biological_process gene regulation regulation of gene product expression GO:0010468 This class covers any process that regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that regulate that rate by regulating the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that regulates the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby regulates the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation. regulation of gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). GOC:txnOH-2018 gene regulation GOC:cjm Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. biological_process GO:0010470 regulation of gastrulation Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis, into daughter cells. biological_process hypodermal cell division GO:0010481 epidermal cell division Any process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis, into daughter cells. PMID:17450124 hypodermal cell division GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis. biological_process regulation of hypodermal cell division GO:0010482 regulation of epidermal cell division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of an epidermal cell into daughter cells. An epidermal cell is any of the cells that make up the epidermis. PMID:17450124 regulation of hypodermal cell division GOC:kmv GOC:rk The movement of substances between cells. jl 2013-12-19T13:24:56Z GO:1902585 biological_process single organism intercellular transport single-organism intercellular transport GO:0010496 intercellular transport The movement of substances between cells. GOC:dhl single organism intercellular transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly. biological_process GO:0010549 regulation of membrane disassembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane disassembly. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010556 regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010557 positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010558 negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. biological_process GO:0010559 regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. biological_process GO:0010560 positive regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. biological_process GO:0010561 negative regulation of glycoprotein biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. biological_process GO:0010562 positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. biological_process GO:0010563 negative regulation of phosphorus metabolic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. biological_process GO:0010564 regulation of cell cycle process Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. biological_process GO:0010565 regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells. biological_process GO:0010566 regulation of ketone biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010604 positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0010605 negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript. posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression biological_process GO:0010608 post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression after the production of an RNA transcript. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. biological_process GO:0010611 regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. biological_process GO:0010612 regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. biological_process GO:0010613 positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. biological_process GO:0010614 negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart due to an increase in size (not length) of individual cardiac muscle fibers, without cell division. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. biological_process GO:0010615 positive regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. biological_process GO:0010616 negative regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development. developmental programmed cell death programmed cell death involved in development biological_process GO:0010623 This process is part of the natural developmental program of some cell types, but it does not always happen as part of the development or shaping of a gross anatomical structure. programmed cell death involved in cell development The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22557 biological_process GO:0010628 positive regulation of gene expression Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). GOC:txnOH-2018 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22557 biological_process gene silencing GO:0010629 This term covers any process that negatively regulates the rate of production of a mature gene product, and so includes processes that negatively regulate that rate by reducing the level, stability or availability of intermediates in the process of gene expression. For example, it covers any process that reduces the level, stability or availability of mRNA or circRNA for translation and thereby reduces the rate of production of the encoded protein via translation. negative regulation of gene expression Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA). GOC:txnOH-2018 Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. positive regulation of organelle organisation biological_process positive regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GO:0010638 positive regulation of organelle organization Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of organelle organisation GOC:mah positive regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. negative regulation of organelle organisation biological_process negative regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GO:0010639 negative regulation of organelle organization Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of organelle organisation GOC:mah negative regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. biological_process GO:0010646 regulation of cell communication Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. biological_process GO:0010647 positive regulation of cell communication Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. biological_process GO:0010648 negative regulation of cell communication Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. negative regulation of muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010656 negative regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle. muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010657 muscle cell apoptotic process A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle. CL:0000187 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations. striated muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010658 striated muscle cell apoptotic process A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations. CL:0000737 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. cardiac muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010659 cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. CL:0000746 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. regulation of muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010660 regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. positive regulation of muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010661 positive regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010662 regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010663 positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. down regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis down-regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis downregulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis inhibition of striated muscle cell apoptosis negative regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010664 negative regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl GOC:tb down regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb down-regulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb downregulation of striated muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb inhibition of striated muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010665 regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010666 positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that increases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. down regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis down-regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis downregulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis inhibition of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0010667 negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cardiac cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a cardiac muscle cell and result in its death. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl GOC:tb down regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb down-regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb downregulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb inhibition of cardiac muscle cell apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:rl GOC:tb The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0010668 ectodermal cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. biological_process GO:0010700 negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. biological_process GO:0010701 positive regulation of norepinephrine secretion Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. regulation of collagen metabolism biological_process GO:0010712 regulation of collagen metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of collagen metabolism GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. biological_process GO:0010713 negative regulation of collagen metabolic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. positive regulation of collagen metabolism biological_process GO:0010714 positive regulation of collagen metabolic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of collagen metabolism GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown regulation of extracellular matrix degradation biological_process GO:0010715 regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of extracellular matrix degradation GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. down regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly down-regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly downregulation of extracellular matrix disassembly negative regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown negative regulation of extracellular matrix degradation inhibition of extracellular matrix disassembly biological_process GO:0010716 negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb down regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly GOC:dph GOC:tb down-regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly GOC:dph GOC:tb downregulation of extracellular matrix disassembly GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of extracellular matrix breakdown GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of extracellular matrix degradation GOC:dph GOC:tb inhibition of extracellular matrix disassembly GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. biological_process GO:0010717 regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. biological_process GO:0010718 positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. biological_process GO:0010719 negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0010720 positive regulation of cell development Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0010721 negative regulation of cell development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. biological_process GO:0010769 regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. biological_process GO:0010770 positive regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. biological_process GO:0010771 negative regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. biological_process GO:0010817 regulation of hormone levels Any process that modulates the levels of hormone within an organism or a tissue. A hormone is any substance formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory action. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. biological_process GO:0010830 regulation of myotube differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. biological_process GO:0010831 positive regulation of myotube differentiation Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. biological_process GO:0010832 negative regulation of myotube differentiation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia. retinal lamination retinal layer formation biological_process GO:0010842 retina layer formation The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:1270266 retinal lamination GOC:dph GOC:tb retinal layer formation GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process the modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly. Chromatin assembly is the assembly of DNA, histone proteins, and other associated proteins into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus. biological_process GO:0010847 regulation of chromatin assembly Any process the modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin assembly. Chromatin assembly is the assembly of DNA, histone proteins, and other associated proteins into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. lipid localisation biological_process GO:0010876 lipid localization Any process in which a lipid is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb lipid localisation GOC:mah Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. biological_process GO:0010893 positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. biological_process GO:0010894 negative regulation of steroid biosynthetic process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. GOC:BHF GOC:tb The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression. biological_process GO:0010927 cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization. biological_process GO:0010937 regulation of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization. GOC:dph GOC:tb The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule. biological_process GO:0010938 cytoplasmic microtubule depolymerization The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a cytoplasmic microtubule. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. biological_process GO:0010941 regulation of cell death Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. biological_process GO:0010942 positive regulation of cell death Any process that increases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. tb 2009-04-27T09:53:22Z biological_process GO:0010948 negative regulation of cell cycle process Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. tb 2009-05-20T11:42:50Z biological_process GO:0010966 regulation of phosphate transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell. tb 2009-05-20T11:51:21Z biological_process GO:0010968 regulation of microtubule nucleation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity. tb 2009-05-27T10:56:08Z microtubule-based transport establishment of localization by movement along microtubule movement along microtubule biological_process GO:0010970 transport along microtubule The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb establishment of localization by movement along microtubule GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). tb 2009-06-01T10:44:45Z regulation of neurite biosynthesis regulation of neurite development regulation of neurite formation regulation of neurite growth biological_process GO:0010975 regulation of neuron projection development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of neurite biosynthesis GOC:mah regulation of neurite development GOC:mah regulation of neurite formation GOC:mah regulation of neurite growth GOC:mah Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). tb 2009-06-01T10:46:44Z positive regulation of neurite biosynthesis positive regulation of neurite development positive regulation of neurite formation positive regulation of neurite growth biological_process GO:0010976 positive regulation of neuron projection development Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of neurite biosynthesis GOC:mah positive regulation of neurite development GOC:mah positive regulation of neurite formation GOC:mah positive regulation of neurite growth GOC:mah Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). tb 2009-06-01T10:47:42Z negative regulation of neurite biosynthesis negative regulation of neurite development negative regulation of neurite formation negative regulation of neurite growth biological_process growth cone collapse GO:0010977 negative regulation of neuron projection development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of neurite biosynthesis GOC:mah negative regulation of neurite development GOC:mah negative regulation of neurite formation GOC:mah negative regulation of neurite growth GOC:mah growth cone collapse GOC:pr A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell. GO:0016244 regulated cell death Wikipedia:Programmed_cell_death caspase-independent cell death non-apoptotic programmed cell death nonapoptotic programmed cell death biological_process PCD RCD caspase-independent apoptosis GO:0012501 Note that this term should be used to annotate gene products in the organism undergoing the programmed cell death. To annotate genes in another organism whose products modulate programmed cell death in a host organism, consider the term 'modulation by symbiont of host programmed cell death ; GO:0052040'. Also, note that 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' should be used to refer to instances of caspase-independent cell death mechanisms, in the absence of further indications on the process taking place. At present, caspase-independent cell death is not yet represented in GO due to the lack of consensus and in-depth research on the topic. 'programmed cell death ; GO:0012501' may also be used to annotate gene products in taxa where apoptosis as defined in GO:0006915 does not occur, such as plants. You may also consider these specific children: GO:0097468 'programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species' (with descendants GO:0010421 'hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death' and GO:0010343 'singlet oxygen-mediated programmed cell death'), and GO:0009626 'plant-type hypersensitive response' and its children. programmed cell death A process which begins when a cell receives an internal or external signal and activates a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway). The process ends with the death of the cell. GOC:lr GOC:mtg_apoptosis A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. Wikipedia:Endomembrane_system cellular_component GO:0012505 endomembrane system A collection of membranous structures involved in transport within the cell. The main components of the endomembrane system are endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles, cell membrane and nuclear envelope. Members of the endomembrane system pass materials through each other or though the use of vesicles. GOC:lh The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. NIF_Subcellular:sao1153182838 cellular_component GO:0012506 vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding any membrane-bounded vesicle in the cell. GOC:mah GOC:vesicle The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others. glia proliferation biological_process GO:0014009 glial cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. biological_process GO:0014013 regulation of gliogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. GOC:ef Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. down regulation of gliogenesis down-regulation of gliogenesis downregulation of gliogenesis inhibition of gliogenesis biological_process GO:0014014 negative regulation of gliogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. up regulation of gliogenesis up-regulation of gliogenesis upregulation of gliogenesis activation of gliogenesis stimulation of gliogenesis biological_process GO:0014015 positive regulation of gliogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia. GOC:ef The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts. biological_process GO:0014016 neuroblast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 The process aimed at the progression of a neuroblast over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific state, to the mature neuroblast. It does not include processes where the neuroblast turns into a glial cell or a neuron. biological_process GO:0014019 neuroblast development The process aimed at the progression of a neuroblast over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific state, to the mature neuroblast. It does not include processes where the neuroblast turns into a glial cell or a neuron. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube. GO:0014024 primary neural tube morphogenesis primary neurulation biological_process neural rod cavitation GO:0014020 primary neural tube formation The formation of the neural tube from an epithelial cell sheet (the neuroepithelium or neural plate). In primary neurulation, the cells surrounding the neural plate direct the neural plate cells to proliferate, invaginate, and pinch off from the surface to form a hollow epithelial tube. Primary neurulation is the typical mechanism of formation of the anterior neural tube. GOC:ef ISBN:0878932585 PMID:15327780 primary neural tube morphogenesis GOC:dph The formation of a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts. biological_process GO:0014023 neural rod formation The formation of a solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts. GOC:dh GOC:ef The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts. biological_process GO:0014025 neural keel formation The formation of a thickened region of the neurectoderm that is roughly triangular in cross section. The neural keel develops from the neural plate and develops into the neural rod. Neural keel formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts. GOC:dh GOC:ef The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column. biological_process GO:0014028 notochord formation The formation of the notochord from the chordamesoderm. The notochord is composed of large cells packed within a firm connective tissue sheath and is found in all chordates at the ventral surface of the neural tube. In vertebrates, the notochord contributes to the vertebral column. GOC:dh GOC:ef The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. biological_process GO:0014029 neural crest formation The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. GOC:dh GOC:ef The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0014031 mesenchymal cell development The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dh GOC:ef The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0014032 neural crest cell development The process aimed at the progression of a neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dh GOC:ef The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell. biological_process GO:0014033 neural crest cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell. GOC:dh GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change. biological_process GO:0014041 regulation of neuron maturation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change. GOC:ef Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. up regulation of neuron maturation up-regulation of neuron maturation upregulation of neuron maturation activation of neuron maturation stimulation of neuron maturation biological_process GO:0014042 positive regulation of neuron maturation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. GOC:ef Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. down regulation of neuron maturation down-regulation of neuron maturation downregulation of neuron maturation inhibition of neuron maturation biological_process GO:0014043 negative regulation of neuron maturation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. regulation of noradrenaline secretion biological_process GO:0014061 regulation of norepinephrine secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine. GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. biological_process regulation of serotonin release GO:0014062 regulation of serotonin secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. GOC:ef regulation of serotonin release GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. down regulation of serotonin secretion down-regulation of serotonin secretion downregulation of serotonin secretion inhibition of serotonin secretion biological_process positive regulation of serotonin release GO:0014063 negative regulation of serotonin secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. GOC:ef positive regulation of serotonin release GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. up regulation of serotonin secretion up-regulation of serotonin secretion upregulation of serotonin secretion activation of serotonin secretion stimulation of serotonin secretion biological_process positive regulation of serotonin release GO:0014064 positive regulation of serotonin secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin. GOC:ef positive regulation of serotonin release GOC:tb Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. response to organic cyclic substance biological_process GO:0014070 response to organic cyclic compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. GOC:ef response to organic cyclic substance GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. response to amine stimulus biological_process GO:0014075 response to amine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. GOC:ef response to amine stimulus GOC:dos The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells. biological_process GO:0014706 striated muscle tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells. CL:0000737 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_muscle Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. biological_process regulation of skeletal muscle plasticity GO:0014733 regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. GOC:mtg_muscle The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size (not length) of individual muscle fibers without cell division. In the case of skeletal muscle cells this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils. biological_process GO:0014734 skeletal muscle hypertrophy The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size (not length) of individual muscle fibers without cell division. In the case of skeletal muscle cells this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy. biological_process GO:0014741 negative regulation of muscle hypertrophy Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy. biological_process GO:0014742 positive regulation of muscle hypertrophy Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy. biological_process GO:0014743 regulation of muscle hypertrophy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation. biological_process positive regulation of muscle plasticity GO:0014744 positive regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation. biological_process negative regulation of muscle plasticity GO:0014745 negative regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. biological_process smooth muscle plasticity GO:0014805 smooth muscle adaptation Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis. biological_process GO:0014807 regulation of somitogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0014819 regulation of skeletal muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations. biological_process GO:0014821 phasic smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations. GOC:mtg_muscle A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. biological_process GO:0014827 intestine smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine. GOC:mtg_muscle MA:0001539 MSH:D007422 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract). biological_process GO:0014831 gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract). GOC:mtg_muscle MA:0001523 MSH:D041981 The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. biological_process GO:0014855 striated muscle cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. CL:0000737 GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. biological_process GO:0014856 skeletal muscle cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. CL:0000188 GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0014857 regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000188 GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0014858 positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000188 GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0014859 negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000188 GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes. biological_process regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via membrane action potential GO:0014861 regulation of skeletal muscle contraction via regulation of action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by depolarization of muscle membrane and ionic fluxes. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:mtg_muscle The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells. biological_process GO:0014866 skeletal myofibril assembly The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a myoblast into daughter cells. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0014872 myoblast division The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a myoblast into daughter cells. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. biological_process response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle plasticity GO:0014874 response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation. GOC:ef GOC:mtg_muscle The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. biological_process cardiac muscle plasticity GO:0014887 cardiac muscle adaptation The process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. GOC:mtg_muscle Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. biological_process striated muscle plasticity GO:0014888 striated muscle adaptation Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. GOC:mtg_muscle The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of its smooth muscle cells without cell division. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development, and can also occur in mature structures on demand. In the uterus, smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy. biological_process GO:0014895 smooth muscle hypertrophy The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of its smooth muscle cells without cell division. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development, and can also occur in mature structures on demand. In the uterus, smooth muscle cells undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy. GOC:mtg_muscle The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy. Wikipedia:Muscle_hypertrophy biological_process GO:0014896 muscle hypertrophy The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy. GOC:mtg_muscle The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils. biological_process GO:0014897 striated muscle hypertrophy The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of an organ due to an increase in size of muscle cells without cell division. In the case of striated muscle, this happens due to the additional synthesis of sarcomeric proteins and assembly of myofibrils. GOC:mtg_muscle The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. biological_process GO:0014902 myotube differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:mtg_muscle The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. biological_process GO:0014904 myotube cell development The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse. GOC:mtg_muscle The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0015831 enzyme transport biological_process GO:0015031 protein transport The directed movement of proteins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. cellular_component GO:0015629 actin cytoskeleton The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of actin and associated proteins. Includes actin cytoskeleton-associated complexes. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 ISBN:0815316194 The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. cellular_component GO:0015630 microtubule cytoskeleton The part of the cytoskeleton (the internal framework of a cell) composed of microtubules and associated proteins. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0015669 gas transport The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0015671 oxygen transport The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. biological_process GO:0015695 organic cation transport The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. GOC:ai The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. biological_process GO:0015698 inorganic anion transport The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage. GOC:krc The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. biological_process GO:0015711 organic anion transport The directed movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage. GOC:ai GOC:krc The directed movement of polysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. biological_process GO:0015774 polysaccharide transport The directed movement of polysaccharides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A polysaccharide is a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. GOC:ai The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0015833 peptide transport The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process amine/polyamine transport GO:0015837 amine transport The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0015873 biological_process GO:0015844 monoamine transport The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0015849 organic acid transport The directed movement of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of an organic hydroxy compound (organic alcohol) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic hydroxy compound is an organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. organic alcohol transport biological_process GO:0015850 organic hydroxy compound transport The directed movement of an organic hydroxy compound (organic alcohol) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic hydroxy compound is an organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. GOC:ai The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. nucleobase transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0015851 nucleobase transport The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. ISBN:0198506732 nucleobase transmembrane transport GOC:mah The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. levarterenol transport noradrenaline transport biological_process GO:0015874 norepinephrine transport The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0015931 nucleobase-containing compound transport The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GOC:dph GOC:tb A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. 2014-03-06T11:37:54Z GO:0098589 GO:0098805 Wikipedia:Biological_membrane membrane region region of membrane whole membrane cellular_component GO:0016020 membrane A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. GOC:dos GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GO:0044235 GO:0071842 cell organisation cellular component organisation at cellular level cellular component organisation in other organism cellular component organization at cellular level cellular component organization in other organism biological_process cell organization and biogenesis GO:0016043 cellular component organization A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GOC:ai GOC:jl GOC:mah cellular component organisation at cellular level GOC:mah cellular component organisation in other organism GOC:mah cell organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. GO:0048591 cellular growth growth of cell biological_process cell expansion metabolic process resulting in cell growth metabolism resulting in cell growth non-developmental cell growth non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism GO:0016049 cell growth The process in which a cell irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present. GOC:ai non-developmental cell growth GOC:mah non-developmental growth of a unicellular organism GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. vesicle organisation biological_process vesicle organization and biogenesis GO:0016050 vesicle organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. GOC:mah vesicle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. GO:0006093 anabolic carbohydrate metabolic process anabolic carbohydrate metabolism carbohydrate anabolism carbohydrate biosynthesis carbohydrate formation carbohydrate synthesis biological_process GO:0016051 carbohydrate biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. organic acid anabolism organic acid biosynthesis organic acid formation organic acid synthesis biological_process GO:0016053 organic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage. ISBN:0198506732 Hyperpolarization (vertebrates) or depolarization (invertebrates) of the photoreceptor cell membrane via closing/opening of cation specific channels as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon. changes in polarization state of photoreceptor cell membrane biological_process GO:0016057 regulation of membrane potential in photoreceptor cell Hyperpolarization (vertebrates) or depolarization (invertebrates) of the photoreceptor cell membrane via closing/opening of cation specific channels as a result of signals generated by rhodopsin activation by a photon. GOC:dph GOC:hb GOC:tb changes in polarization state of photoreceptor cell membrane GOC:dph GOC:tb The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. RNA metabolism biological_process GO:0016070 RNA metabolic process The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. ISBN:0198506732 A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. GO:0006899 vesicle transport vesicular transport nonselective vesicle transport biological_process protein sorting along secretory pathway vesicle trafficking GO:0016192 vesicle-mediated transport A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. GOC:ai GOC:mah ISBN:08789310662000 vesicular transport GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. biological_process GO:0016202 regulation of striated muscle tissue development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. GOC:go_curators true Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. Reactome:R-HSA-6788855 Reactome:R-HSA-6788867 phosphokinase activity molecular_function GO:0016301 Note that this term encompasses all activities that transfer a single phosphate group; although ATP is by far the most common phosphate donor, reactions using other phosphate donors are included in this term. kinase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-6788855 FN3KRP phosphorylates PsiAm, RibAm Reactome:R-HSA-6788867 FN3K phosphorylates ketosamines The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. Wikipedia:Phosphorylation biological_process GO:0016310 phosphorylation The process of introducing a phosphate group into a molecule, usually with the formation of a phosphoric ester, a phosphoric anhydride or a phosphoric amide. ISBN:0198506732 The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female. biological_process GO:0016321 female meiosis chromosome segregation The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female. GOC:ai Formation and maintenance of a polarized microtubule array originating from a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0048130 oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organisation biological_process GO:0016325 oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton organization Formation and maintenance of a polarized microtubule array originating from a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:11231123 The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0016331 morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized. GOC:jl The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Wikipedia:Cell_migration biological_process GO:0016477 cell migration The controlled self-propelled movement of a cell from one site to a destination guided by molecular cues. Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. GOC:cjm GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:pf Wikipedia:Cell_migration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. down regulation of angiogenesis down-regulation of angiogenesis downregulation of angiogenesis inhibition of angiogenesis biological_process GO:0016525 negative regulation of angiogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. GOC:go_curators The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Wikipedia:Sarcoplasm cellular_component GO:0016528 sarcoplasm The cytoplasm of a muscle cell; includes the sarcoplasmic reticulum. ISBN:0198547684 Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. EC:2.-.-.- Reactome:R-HSA-1483089 Reactome:R-HSA-1483186 Reactome:R-HSA-5668414 Reactome:R-HSA-8868783 molecular_function GO:0016740 transferase activity Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. ISBN:0198506732 Reactome:R-HSA-1483089 PE is converted to PS by PTDSS2 Reactome:R-HSA-1483186 PC is converted to PS by PTDSS1 Reactome:R-HSA-5668414 TRAF2 ubiquitinates cIAP1,2 in cIAP1,2:TRAF1:TRAF2:TRAF3:NIK Reactome:R-HSA-8868783 TSR3 transfers aminocarboxypropyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to N(1)-methylpseudouridine-1248 of 18SE rRNA yielding N(1)-methyl-N(3)-aminocarboxypropylpseudouridine-1248 Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). EC:2.7.-.- molecular_function GO:0016772 Note that this term encompasses all kinase activities, as well as activities that transfer other phosphorus-containing groups such as diphosphate or nucleotides. transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insecticide stimulus. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects. biological_process insecticide resistance insecticide susceptibility/resistance GO:0017085 response to insecticide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insecticide stimulus. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects. GOC:curators A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. nucleolus biogenesis nucleolus assembly biological_process GO:0017126 nucleologenesis A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a nucleolus, a small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 nucleolus assembly GOC:mah The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types. stem cell renewal biological_process GO:0017145 stem cell division The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types. GOC:jid ISBN:0582227089 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GO:0016478 down regulation of protein biosynthetic process down-regulation of protein biosynthetic process downregulation of protein biosynthetic process negative regulation of protein anabolism negative regulation of protein biosynthesis negative regulation of protein biosynthetic process negative regulation of protein formation negative regulation of protein synthesis inhibition of protein biosynthetic process biological_process protein biosynthesis inhibitor activity protein biosynthetic process inhibitor activity GO:0017148 negative regulation of translation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. biological_process GO:0017157 regulation of exocytosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). heterocycle anabolism heterocycle biosynthesis heterocycle formation heterocycle synthesis biological_process GO:0018130 heterocycle biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). ISBN:0198547684 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. UM-BBD_pathwayID:phe carbolic acid metabolic process carbolic acid metabolism hydroxybenzene metabolic process hydroxybenzene metabolism phenol-containing compound metabolism biological_process GO:0018958 Note that phenol metabolism is not included as a child of 'xenobiotic metabolism' because although it is synthesized industrially, phenol is also found naturally in animal wastes and other organic materials. It is often formed by the activity of microorganisms, which can chemically modify a variety of xenobiotic and naturally occurring phenolic compounds. phenol-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. ISBN:0198506732 The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction. jl 2012-09-19T16:01:37Z GO:0033057 GO:0044704 reproductive behavior in a multicellular organism reproductive behaviour multicellular organism reproductive behavior biological_process single-organism reproductive behavior GO:0019098 reproductive behavior The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction. GOC:jl GOC:pr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. regulation of lipid metabolism biological_process GO:0019216 regulation of lipid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids. regulation of steroid metabolism biological_process GO:0019218 regulation of steroid metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids. GOC:go_curators Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism biological_process regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0019219 regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:go_curators regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. regulation of phosphate metabolism biological_process GO:0019220 regulation of phosphate metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GO:0044246 regulation of metabolism regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process regulation of organismal metabolic process biological_process GO:0019222 regulation of metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism. GOC:go_curators regulation of organismal metabolic process GOC:tb The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission. conduction of nerve impulse signal transmission along a neuron biological_process GO:0019226 transmission of nerve impulse The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission. GOC:curators ISBN:0815316194 conduction of nerve impulse GOC:dph An action potential that occurs in a neuron. biological_process generation of action potential GO:0019228 neuronal action potential An action potential that occurs in a neuron. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb generation of action potential GOC:dph GOC:tb The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring. aromatic compound anabolism aromatic compound biosynthesis aromatic compound formation aromatic compound synthesis aromatic hydrocarbon biosynthesis aromatic hydrocarbon biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0019438 aromatic compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification. GO:0006411 GO:0044268 Wikipedia:Protein_metabolism protein metabolic process and modification protein metabolism protein metabolism and modification multicellular organismal protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0019538 protein metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. Includes protein modification. GOC:ma Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell. biological_process GO:0019725 cellular homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the cell. GOC:isa_complete GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). carboxylic acid metabolism biological_process GO:0019752 carboxylic acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of one-carbon compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. one carbon compound transport biological_process GO:0019755 one-carbon compound transport The directed movement of one-carbon compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites. cellular_component GO:0019867 outer membrane The external membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or certain organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts; freely permeable to most ions and metabolites. GOC:go_curators A reproduction process that creates a new organism by combining the genetic material of two gametes, which may come from two organisms or from a single organism, in the case of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, e.g. C. elegans, or self-fertilization in plants. It occurs both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes: in multicellular eukaryotic organisms, an individual is created anew; in prokaryotes, the initial cell has additional or transformed genetic material. In a process called genetic recombination, genetic material (DNA) originating from two gametes join up so that homologous sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. After the new recombinant chromosome is formed, it is passed on to progeny. A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid). https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22929 Wikipedia:Sexual_reproduction biological_process GO:0019953 Note that gametes may come from two organisms or from a single organism in the case of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, e.g. C. elegans, or self-fertilization in plants. Note also that sexual reproduction may be seen as the regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times. Sexual reproduction may be seen as the regular alternation, in the life cycle of haplontic, diplontic and diplohaplontic organisms, of meiosis and fertilization which provides for the production offspring. In diplontic organisms there is a life cycle in which the products of meiosis behave directly as gametes, fusing to form a zygote from which the diploid, or sexually reproductive polyploid, adult organism will develop. In diplohaplontic organisms a haploid phase (gametophyte) exists in the life cycle between meiosis and fertilization (e.g. higher plants, many algae and Fungi); the products of meiosis are spores that develop as haploid individuals from which haploid gametes develop to form a diploid zygote; diplohaplontic organisms show an alternation of haploid and diploid generations. In haplontic organisms meiosis occurs in the zygote, giving rise to four haploid cells (e.g. many algae and protozoa), only the zygote is diploid and this may form a resistant spore, tiding organisms over hard times. sexual reproduction A reproduction process that creates a new organism by combining the genetic material of two gametes, which may come from two organisms or from a single organism, in the case of self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, e.g. C. elegans, or self-fertilization in plants. It occurs both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes: in multicellular eukaryotic organisms, an individual is created anew; in prokaryotes, the initial cell has additional or transformed genetic material. In a process called genetic recombination, genetic material (DNA) originating from two gametes join up so that homologous sequences are aligned with each other, and this is followed by exchange of genetic information. After the new recombinant chromosome is formed, it is passed on to progeny. GOC:jl GOC:kmv GOC:krc GOC:tb ISBN:0387520546 Wikipedia:Sexual_reproduction A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid). Wikipedia:Sexual_reproduction The formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells. biological_process GO:0021501 prechordal plate formation The formation of the prechordal plate. The prechordal plate is a thickening of the endoderm at the cranial end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells. The prechordal plate and the notochord induce the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues. biological_process GO:0021510 spinal cord development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021514 ventral spinal cord interneuron differentiation The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021515 cell differentiation in spinal cord The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output. biological_process GO:0021517 ventral spinal cord development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021522 spinal cord motor neuron differentiation The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube. biological_process GO:0021532 neural tube patterning The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0021533 cell differentiation in hindbrain The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain. biological_process GO:0021534 cell proliferation in hindbrain The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the hindbrain. biological_process GO:0021535 cell migration in hindbrain The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the hindbrain. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. biological_process GO:0021545 cranial nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. biological_process GO:0021546 rhombomere development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The regionalization process that gives rise to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. MHB biosynthesis MHB formation midbrain-hindbrain boundary biosynthesis midbrain-hindbrain boundary formation biological_process isthmus biosynthesis isthmus formation GO:0021547 midbrain-hindbrain boundary initiation The regionalization process that gives rise to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15541513 MHB biosynthesis GOC:cls MHB formation GOC:cls midbrain-hindbrain boundary biosynthesis GOC:cls midbrain-hindbrain boundary formation GOC:cls isthmus biosynthesis GOC:cls isthmus formation GOC:cls The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pons over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. biological_process GO:0021548 pons development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pons over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the medulla oblongata over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. biological_process medulla development myelencephalon development GO:0021550 medulla oblongata development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the medulla oblongata over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 medulla development GOC:cls myelencephalon development GOC:cls The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. biological_process GO:0021551 central nervous system morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the central nervous system is generated and organized. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0582227089 The process in which the anatomical structure of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary is generated and organized. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. MHB morphogenesis isthmus morphogenesis biological_process GO:0021555 midbrain-hindbrain boundary morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary is generated and organized. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15541513 MHB morphogenesis GOC:cls isthmus morphogenesis GOC:cls The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. biological_process GO:0021556 central nervous system formation The process that gives rise to the central nervous system. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain, spinal cord and spinal nerves. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0582227089 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. cranial nerve 5 development cranial nerve V development biological_process CN V development GO:0021559 trigeminal nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 cranial nerve 5 development GOC:cls cranial nerve V development GOC:cls CN V development GOC:cls The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. biological_process rhombencephalon morphogenesis GO:0021575 hindbrain morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the hindbrain. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. biological_process GO:0021576 hindbrain formation The process that gives rise to the hindbrain. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. biological_process GO:0021578 hindbrain maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the medulla oblongata is generated and organized. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. biological_process medulla morphogenesis myelencephalon morphogenesis GO:0021579 medulla oblongata morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the medulla oblongata is generated and organized. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the medulla oblongata. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. biological_process medulla biosynthesis medulla formation myelencephalon biosynthesis myelencephalon formation GO:0021580 medulla oblongata formation The process that gives rise to the medulla oblongata. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the medulla oblongata to attain its fully functional state. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. biological_process medulla maturation myelencephalon maturation GO:0021582 medulla oblongata maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the medulla oblongata to attain its fully functional state. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the pons is generated and organized. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. biological_process GO:0021583 pons morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the pons is generated and organized. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the pons. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. biological_process GO:0021584 pons formation The process that gives rise to the pons. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. biological_process GO:0021586 pons maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the pons to attain its fully functional state. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. biological_process GO:0021593 rhombomere morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the rhombomere is generated and organized. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the rhombomere. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. biological_process GO:0021594 rhombomere formation The process that gives rise to the rhombomere. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. biological_process GO:0021602 cranial nerve morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. biological_process GO:0021603 cranial nerve formation The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial nerve to attain its fully functional state. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. biological_process GO:0021605 cranial nerve maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial nerve to attain its fully functional state. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. biological_process GO:0021626 central nervous system maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0582227089 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the trigeminal nerve to attain its fully functional state. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. biological_process CN V maturation GO:0021635 trigeminal nerve maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the trigeminal nerve to attain its fully functional state. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the trigeminal nerve is generated and organized. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. biological_process CN V morphogenesis GO:0021636 trigeminal nerve morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the trigeminal nerve is generated and organized. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the trigeminal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. biological_process CN V biosynthesis CN V formation GO:0021638 trigeminal nerve formation The process that gives rise to the trigeminal nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to a rhombomere boundary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a boundary delimiting a rhombomere. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon that are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. biological_process GO:0021654 rhombomere boundary formation The process that gives rise to a rhombomere boundary. This process pertains to the initial formation of a boundary delimiting a rhombomere. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon that are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates. Rhombomeres are numbered in anterior to posterior order. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0021675 nerve development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nerve to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0021682 nerve maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nerve to attain its fully functional state. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0021700 developmental maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. locus caeruleus development locus coeruleus development biological_process GO:0021703 locus ceruleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the locus ceruleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the locus ceruleus is generated and organized. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. biological_process GO:0021704 locus ceruleus morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the locus ceruleus is generated and organized. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the locus ceruleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. biological_process GO:0021705 locus ceruleus formation The process that gives rise to the locus ceruleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the locus ceruleus to attain its fully functional state. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. biological_process GO:0021706 locus ceruleus maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the locus ceruleus to attain its fully functional state. The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior olivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. biological_process superior olive development GO:0021718 superior olivary nucleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior olivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process in which the anatomical structure of the superior olivary nucleus is generated and organized. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. biological_process superior olive morphogenesis GO:0021719 superior olivary nucleus morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the superior olivary nucleus is generated and organized. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 The process that gives rise to the superior olivary nucleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. biological_process GO:0021720 superior olivary nucleus formation The process that gives rise to the superior olivary nucleus. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the superior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. biological_process superior olive maturation GO:0021722 superior olivary nucleus maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the superior olivary nucleus to attain its fully functional state. The superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0838580343 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. biological_process MHB maturation isthmus maturation GO:0021732 midbrain-hindbrain boundary maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the midbrain-hindbrain boundary to attain its fully functional state. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. An organizing center at the boundary patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15541513 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0021751 salivary nucleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0021753 superior salivary nucleus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the superior salivary nucleus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0021782 glial cell development The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis. biological_process anterior-posterior neural tube patterning GO:0021903 rostrocaudal neural tube patterning The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 anterior-posterior neural tube patterning GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary. biological_process GO:0021906 hindbrain-spinal cord boundary formation The process whose specific outcome is the formation of the hindbrain-spinal cord boundary. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:11262869 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. biological_process GO:0021915 neural tube development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. biological_process GO:0021953 central nervous system neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron. biological_process GO:0021954 central nervous system neuron development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. biological_process GO:0021990 neural plate formation The formation of the flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 ISBN:0878932437 ISBN:0878932585 PMID:15806586 The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate. biological_process neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation GO:0021999 neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 neural plate anterior/posterior pattern formation GOC:dph Generation of cells within the nervous system. Wikipedia:Neurogenesis nervous system cell generation biological_process neural cell differentiation GO:0022008 neurogenesis Generation of cells within the nervous system. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 nervous system cell generation neural cell differentiation GOC:BHF GOC:dph The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21480 biological_process GO:0022009 central nervous system vasculogenesis The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes in the central nervous system. The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are specialized to form the blood-brain barrier. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The movement of a cell within a rhombomere. This process is known to occur as an early step in the generation of anatomical structure from a rhombomere. biological_process GO:0022035 rhombomere cell migration The movement of a cell within a rhombomere. This process is known to occur as an early step in the generation of anatomical structure from a rhombomere. GOC:cls GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 PMID:15629700 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0022037 metencephalon development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:cls GOC:curators GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid GO_REF:0000021 The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation. biological_process GO:0022402 cell cycle process The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation. GOC:isa_complete GOC:mtg_cell_cycle The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere. biological_process GO:0022406 membrane docking The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere. GOC:isa_complete PMID:27875684 A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component. GO:0071845 cell structure disassembly cellular component disassembly at cellular level biological_process GO:0022411 cellular component disassembly A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cellular component. GOC:isa_complete A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. reproductive cellular process in multicellular organism biological_process GO:0022412 cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism A process, occurring at the cellular level, that is involved in the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. GOC:isa_complete A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. jl 2012-09-19T15:56:06Z GO:0044702 biological_process single organism reproductive process GO:0022414 reproductive process A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. biological_process GO:0022600 digestive system process A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid GOC:mtg_cardio A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. biological_process estrous cycle process menstrual cycle process GO:0022602 ovulation cycle process A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. GOC:isa_complete Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis. regulation of morphogenesis biological_process GO:0022603 regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anatomical structure morphogenesis. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized. biological_process negative regulation of cell shape and cell size positive regulation of cell shape and cell size regulation of cell shape and cell size GO:0022604 regulation of cell morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized. GOC:isa_complete negative regulation of cell shape and cell size GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of cell shape and cell size GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of cell shape and cell size GOC:dph GOC:tb The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component. GO:0071844 cell structure assembly cellular component assembly at cellular level biological_process GO:0022607 cellular component assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cellular component. GOC:isa_complete The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0022612 gland morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized. GOC:isa_complete A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex. RNA-protein complex biogenesis ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly biological_process GO:0022613 ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a complex containing RNA and proteins. Includes the biosynthesis of the constituent RNA and protein molecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the ribonucleoprotein complex. GOC:isa_complete GOC:mah RNA-protein complex biogenesis GOC:mah ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis and assembly GOC:mah A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. biological_process GO:0022617 extracellular matrix disassembly A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. GOC:jid The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. RNA-protein complex assembly RNP complex assembly protein-RNA complex assembly biological_process GO:0022618 ribonucleoprotein complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another. 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z biological_process regulation of gene expression as a consequence of signal transmission GO:0023019 signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another. GOC:mtg_signal regulation of gene expression as a consequence of signal transmission GOC:bf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z biological_process regulation of signaling process regulation of signalling process GO:0023051 regulation of signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. GOC:mtg_signal regulation of signaling process GOC:bf regulation of signalling process GOC:mah The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered. jl 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z GO:0023046 GO:0044700 biological signaling signaling process signalling biological_process signalling process single organism signaling GO:0023052 Note that a signal is any variable property or parameter that serves to convey information, and may be a physical entity such as a gene product or small molecule, a photon, or a change in state such as movement or voltage change. signaling The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered. GOC:mtg_signal GOC:mtg_signaling_feb11 GOC:signaling signalling process GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z positive regulation of signalling process biological_process positive regulation of signaling process GO:0023056 positive regulation of signaling Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. GOC:mtg_signal positive regulation of signalling process GOC:mah positive regulation of signaling process GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z biological_process negative regulation of signaling process negative regulation of signalling process GO:0023057 negative regulation of signaling Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process. GOC:mtg_signal negative regulation of signaling process GOC:bf negative regulation of signalling process GOC:mah The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source. 2010-02-16T09:30:50Z signal secretion biological_process GO:0023061 signal release The process in which a signal is secreted or discharged into the extracellular medium from a cellular source. GOC:mtg_signal signal secretion GOC:bf The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GO:0000283 GO:0030468 cell polarization bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity biological_process GO:0030010 establishment of cell polarity The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GOC:mah The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. Wikipedia:Myofibril cellular_component GO:0030016 myofibril The contractile element of skeletal and cardiac muscle; a long, highly organized bundle of actin, myosin, and other proteins that contracts by a sliding filament mechanism. ISBN:0815316194 The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. Wikipedia:Sarcomere cellular_component GO:0030017 sarcomere The repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. ISBN:0815316194 Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. biological_process microfilament-based process GO:0030029 actin filament-based process Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. cell projection organisation biological_process cell projection organization and biogenesis cell surface structure organization and biogenesis GO:0030030 cell projection organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl GOC:mah http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ cell projection organization and biogenesis GOC:mah cell surface structure organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. formation of a cell surface projection biological_process cell projection biogenesis GO:0030031 cell projection assembly Formation of a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl GOC:mah http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ cell projection biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. actin cytoskeleton organisation biological_process actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis actin modulating activity GO:0030036 actin cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella. Wikipedia:Cell_junction cellular_component GO:0030054 cell junction A cellular component that forms a specialized region of connection between two or more cells, or between a cell and the extracellular matrix, or between two membrane-bound components of a cell, such as flagella. GOC:aruk GOC:bc GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 PMID:26820516 PMID:28096264 http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/junctions_a.html The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell. biological_process GO:0030072 peptide hormone secretion The regulated release of a peptide hormone from a cell. GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. Wikipedia:Haematopoiesis blood cell biosynthesis blood cell formation haemopoiesis hematopoiesis biological_process GO:0030097 hemopoiesis The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. GOC:dgh ISBN:0198506732 The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages. biological_process GO:0030099 myeloid cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte, megakaryocyte, thrombocyte, or erythrocyte lineages. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell. NIF_Subcellular:sao885490876 constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle Golgi to vacuole transport vesicle Golgi-vacuole transport vesicle cellular_component secretory vesicle GO:0030133 Note that the term 'secretory vesicle' is sometimes used in this sense, but can also mean 'secretory granule ; GO:0030141'. transport vesicle Any of the vesicles of the constitutive secretory pathway, which carry cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi, between Golgi cisternae, from the Golgi to the ER (retrograde transport) or to destinations within or outside the cell. GOC:mah PMID:22160157 The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. Wikipedia:Cellular_differentiation biological_process GO:0030154 cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate and its subsequent development to the mature state. ISBN:0198506732 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. biological_process GO:0030182 neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. extracellular matrix organisation biological_process extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GO:0030198 extracellular matrix organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix. GOC:mah extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix. collagen fibril organisation fibrillar collagen organization biological_process GO:0030199 collagen fibril organization Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 fibrillar collagen organization GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. glycosaminoglycan metabolism biological_process GO:0030203 glycosaminoglycan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars. ISBN:0192800981 The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. hyaluronan metabolism biological_process GO:0030212 hyaluronan metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. hyaluronan anabolism hyaluronan biosynthesis hyaluronan formation hyaluronan synthesis biological_process GO:0030213 hyaluronan biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte. Wikipedia:Erythropoiesis RBC differentiation erythrocyte cell differentiation erythropoiesis red blood cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030218 erythrocyte differentiation The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte. GOC:mah RBC differentiation CL:0000232 erythropoiesis GOC:add GOC:dph red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte. megakaryocyte cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030219 megakaryocyte differentiation The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte. GOC:mah Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle. biological_process GO:0030239 myofibril assembly Formation of myofibrils, the repeating units of striated muscle. GOC:mah The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. GO:0000068 DNA condensation eukaryotic chromosome condensation nuclear chromosome condensation biological_process GO:0030261 chromosome condensation The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. GOC:mah ISBN:0815316194 DNA condensation Wikipedia:DNA_condensation eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:bf nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:bf Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis. apoptotic nuclear change biological_process GO:0030262 apoptotic nuclear changes Alterations undergone by nuclei at the molecular and morphological level as part of the execution phase of apoptosis. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis. Wikipedia:Pyknosis pyknosis biological_process GO:0030263 apoptotic chromosome condensation The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis. GOC:mah The breakdown of the nucleus into small membrane-bounded compartments, or blebs, each of which contain compacted DNA. apoptotic nuclear fragmentation nucleus fragmentation biological_process nuclear fragmentation during apoptosis GO:0030264 nuclear fragmentation involved in apoptotic nuclear change The breakdown of the nucleus into small membrane-bounded compartments, or blebs, each of which contain compacted DNA. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:tb ISBN:0721639976 nuclear fragmentation during apoptosis GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. regulation of bone biosynthesis regulation of bone formation biological_process GO:0030278 regulation of ossification Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. down regulation of ossification down-regulation of ossification downregulation of ossification negative regulation of bone biosynthesis negative regulation of bone formation inhibition of ossification biological_process GO:0030279 negative regulation of ossification Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. up regulation of cell growth up-regulation of cell growth upregulation of cell growth activation of cell growth stimulation of cell growth biological_process GO:0030307 positive regulation of cell growth Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. down regulation of cell growth down-regulation of cell growth downregulation of cell growth inhibition of cell growth biological_process GO:0030308 negative regulation of cell growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth. GOC:go_curators A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space. cellular_component GO:0030312 The outer membrane (of gram negative bacteria) or cell wall (of yeast or Gram positive bacteria) are defined as parts of this structure, see 'external encapsulating structure part'. external encapsulating structure A structure that lies outside the plasma membrane and surrounds the entire cell or cells. This does not include the periplasmic space. GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract. biological_process GO:0030323 respiratory tube development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the respiratory tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The respiratory tube is assumed to mean any tube in the respiratory tract. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. biological_process GO:0030324 lung development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. GOC:jid UBERON:0002048 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. biological_process GO:0030334 regulation of cell migration Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. up regulation of cell migration up-regulation of cell migration upregulation of cell migration activation of cell migration stimulation of cell migration biological_process GO:0030335 positive regulation of cell migration Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. down regulation of cell migration down-regulation of cell migration downregulation of cell migration inhibition of cell migration biological_process GO:0030336 negative regulation of cell migration Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration. GOC:go_curators The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy. membrane breakdown membrane catabolism membrane degradation biological_process GO:0030397 membrane disassembly The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy. GOC:mah The expulsion of feces from the rectum. Wikipedia:Defecation biological_process GO:0030421 defecation The expulsion of feces from the rectum. GOC:mah A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards. Wikipedia:Peristalsis biological_process GO:0030432 peristalsis A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards. ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of the nucleus along microtubules within the cell, mediated by motor proteins. GO:0000065 nuclear movement, microtubule-mediated nucleus migration microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning microtubule-mediated nuclear migration nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated transport of nucleus by microtubules transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated biological_process GO:0030473 nuclear migration along microtubule The directed movement of the nucleus along microtubules within the cell, mediated by motor proteins. GOC:mah GOC:sgd_curators The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells. cellular_component GO:0030485 smooth muscle contractile fiber The contractile fiber of smooth muscle cells. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle. secretory vesicle membrane constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle membrane cellular_component GO:0030658 transport vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a transport vesicle. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. cellular_component GO:0030659 cytoplasmic vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a cytoplasmic vesicle. GOC:mah The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus. cellular_component Golgi vesicle membrane GO:0030660 Golgi-associated vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding a vesicle associated with the Golgi apparatus. GOC:mah The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell. biological_process GO:0030705 cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell. GOC:mah Directed movement of the oocyte, following its specification, from its original central position in the cyst to a posterior position relative to the nurse cells of the egg chamber, and its maintenance in this posterior location. This is the first sign of anterior-posterior asymmetry in the developing egg chamber. establishment and maintenance of oocyte localization in egg chamber establishment and maintenance of oocyte position during oogenesis oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation oogenesis, establishment and maintenance of oocyte localization oogenesis, oocyte localization oocyte positioning during oogenesis biological_process oocyte localization during germarium-derived egg chamber formation oocyte localization during oogenesis GO:0030720 oocyte localization involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation Directed movement of the oocyte, following its specification, from its original central position in the cyst to a posterior position relative to the nurse cells of the egg chamber, and its maintenance in this posterior location. This is the first sign of anterior-posterior asymmetry in the developing egg chamber. GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:10449356 oocyte localisation involved in germarium-derived egg chamber formation GOC:mah oocyte localization during germarium-derived egg chamber formation GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. biological_process GO:0030855 epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell, any of the cells making up an epithelium. GOC:ecd PMID:11839751 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0030856 regulation of epithelial cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. down regulation of epithelial cell differentiation down-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation downregulation of epithelial cell differentiation inhibition of epithelial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030857 negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. up regulation of epithelial cell differentiation up-regulation of epithelial cell differentiation upregulation of epithelial cell differentiation activation of epithelial cell differentiation stimulation of epithelial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0030858 positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation. GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles). mesencephalon development biological_process GO:0030901 midbrain development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles). http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=midbrain The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium). rhombencephalon development biological_process GO:0030902 hindbrain development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium). http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=hindbrain The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. biological_process GO:0030903 notochord development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. MHB development isthmic organizer development isthmomesencephalic boundary development isthmus development midbrain-hindbrain orgainizer development biological_process GO:0030917 midbrain-hindbrain boundary development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages. GOC:dgh Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures. biological_process GO:0030951 establishment or maintenance of microtubule cytoskeleton polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized microtubule-based cytoskeletal structures. GOC:mah Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures. biological_process cytoskeleton polarization GO:0030952 establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures. GOC:mah A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules. intraflagellar transport complex intraflagellar transport particle cellular_component IFT complex GO:0030990 Note that we deem cilia and microtubule-based flagella to be equivalent. intraciliary transport particle A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules. GOC:cilia GOC:kmv PMID:14570576 PMID:22118932 PMID:23945166 A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues. GO:0005578 NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513 Wikipedia:Extracellular_matrix proteinaceous extracellular matrix matrisome cellular_component GO:0031012 extracellular matrix A structure lying external to one or more cells, which provides structural support, biochemical or biomechanical cues for cells or tissues. GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:rph NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090513 PMID:21123617 PMID:28089324 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments. actomyosin organization actomyosin structure organisation biological_process actomyosin structure organization and biogenesis GO:0031032 Note that this term is a child of 'actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis ; GO:0030036' because the actin cytoskeleton is defined as actin filaments and associated proteins. actomyosin structure organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah actomyosin structure organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. embryonic eye development biological_process GO:0031076 embryonic camera-type eye development The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_sensu A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle. NIF_Subcellular:sao830981606 cellular_component intracellular membrane GO:0031090 organelle membrane A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle. GOC:dos GOC:mah intracellular membrane NIF_Subcellular:sao830981606 Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. biological_process GO:0031109 microtubule polymerization or depolymerization Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. biological_process GO:0031110 regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. down regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization down-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization downregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization inhibition of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization biological_process GO:0031111 negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. up regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization up-regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization upregulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization activation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization stimulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization biological_process GO:0031112 positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. biological_process GO:0031113 regulation of microtubule polymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization. regulation of microtubule disassembly biological_process GO:0031114 regulation of microtubule depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. down regulation of microtubule polymerization down-regulation of microtubule polymerization downregulation of microtubule polymerization inhibition of microtubule polymerization biological_process GO:0031115 negative regulation of microtubule polymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. up regulation of microtubule polymerization up-regulation of microtubule polymerization upregulation of microtubule polymerization activation of microtubule polymerization stimulation of microtubule polymerization biological_process GO:0031116 positive regulation of microtubule polymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization. microtubule destabilization positive regulation of microtubule disassembly up regulation of microtubule depolymerization up-regulation of microtubule depolymerization upregulation of microtubule depolymerization activation of microtubule depolymerization positive regulation of microtubule catastrophe stimulation of microtubule depolymerization biological_process GO:0031117 positive regulation of microtubule depolymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization. GOC:mah positive regulation of microtubule catastrophe GOC:dph GOC:tb A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. cytoplasmic microtubule organisation biological_process cytoplasmic microtubule organization and biogenesis GO:0031122 cytoplasmic microtubule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:mah cytoplasmic microtubule organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder). biological_process GO:0031128 developmental induction A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder). GOC:cjm GOC:dph GOC:mah PMID:24503535 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). neurite biosynthesis neurite development neurite formation neurite growth neurite outgrowth biological_process GO:0031175 neuron projection development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites). GOC:mah neurite development GOC:dph The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. front of cell leading edge of cell cellular_component GO:0031252 cell leading edge The area of a motile cell closest to the direction of movement. GOC:pg The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection. cellular_component membrane extension membrane projection GO:0031253 cell projection membrane The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a plasma membrane bounded cell surface projection. GOC:krc GOC:mah The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell. cellular_component GO:0031256 leading edge membrane The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding the leading edge of a motile cell. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. regulation of cellular metabolism biological_process GO:0031323 regulation of cellular metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. down regulation of cellular metabolic process down-regulation of cellular metabolic process downregulation of cellular metabolic process negative regulation of cellular metabolism inhibition of cellular metabolic process biological_process GO:0031324 negative regulation of cellular metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. positive regulation of cellular metabolism up regulation of cellular metabolic process up-regulation of cellular metabolic process upregulation of cellular metabolic process activation of cellular metabolic process stimulation of cellular metabolic process biological_process GO:0031325 positive regulation of cellular metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. regulation of cellular anabolism regulation of cellular biosynthesis regulation of cellular formation regulation of cellular synthesis biological_process GO:0031326 regulation of cellular biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. down regulation of cellular biosynthetic process down-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process downregulation of cellular biosynthetic process negative regulation of cellular anabolism negative regulation of cellular biosynthesis negative regulation of cellular formation negative regulation of cellular synthesis inhibition of cellular biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0031327 negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. positive regulation of cellular anabolism positive regulation of cellular biosynthesis positive regulation of cellular formation positive regulation of cellular synthesis up regulation of cellular biosynthetic process up-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process upregulation of cellular biosynthetic process activation of cellular biosynthetic process stimulation of cellular biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0031328 positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. down regulation of protein complex assembly down-regulation of protein complex assembly downregulation of protein complex assembly inhibition of protein complex assembly biological_process negative regulation of protein complex assembly GO:0031333 negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. up regulation of protein complex assembly up-regulation of protein complex assembly upregulation of protein complex assembly activation of protein complex assembly stimulation of protein complex assembly biological_process positive regulation of protein complex assembly GO:0031334 positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. biological_process GO:0031338 regulation of vesicle fusion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. down regulation of vesicle fusion down-regulation of vesicle fusion downregulation of vesicle fusion inhibition of vesicle fusion biological_process GO:0031339 negative regulation of vesicle fusion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. up regulation of vesicle fusion up-regulation of vesicle fusion upregulation of vesicle fusion activation of vesicle fusion stimulation of vesicle fusion biological_process GO:0031340 positive regulation of vesicle fusion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. regulation of cell projection organisation biological_process regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GO:0031344 regulation of cell projection organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. GOC:mah regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. down regulation of cell projection organization down-regulation of cell projection organization downregulation of cell projection organization negative regulation of cell projection organisation inhibition of cell projection organization biological_process negative regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GO:0031345 negative regulation of cell projection organization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. GOC:mah down regulation of cell projection organization GOC:mah negative regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. positive regulation of cell projection organisation up regulation of cell projection organization up-regulation of cell projection organization upregulation of cell projection organization activation of cell projection organization stimulation of cell projection organization biological_process positive regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GO:0031346 positive regulation of cell projection organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections. GOC:mah positive regulation of cell projection organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. GO:0016023 NIF_Subcellular:sao180601769 cellular_component cytoplasmic membrane bounded vesicle cytoplasmic membrane-enclosed vesicle cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded vesicle GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle A vesicle found in the cytoplasm of a cell. GOC:ai GOC:mah GOC:vesicles Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin formation. regulation of heterochromatin formation biological_process GO:0031445 regulation of heterochromatin assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin formation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation. down regulation of heterochromatin formation down-regulation of heterochromatin formation downregulation of heterochromatin formation negative regulation of heterochromatin formation inhibition of heterochromatin formation biological_process GO:0031452 negative regulation of heterochromatin assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation. positive regulation of heterochromatin formation up regulation of heterochromatin formation up-regulation of heterochromatin formation upregulation of heterochromatin formation activation of heterochromatin formation stimulation of heterochromatin formation biological_process GO:0031453 positive regulation of heterochromatin assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin formation. GOC:mah The assembly of DNA, histone proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus. chromatin maintenance establishment of chromatin architecture biological_process GO:0031497 chromatin assembly The assembly of DNA, histone proteins, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA, into chromatin structure, beginning with the formation of the basic unit, the nucleosome, followed by organization of the nucleosomes into higher order structures, ultimately giving rise to a complex organization of specific domains within the nucleus. PMID:20404130 establishment of chromatin architecture GOC:mah A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22021 GO:0034629 establishment and maintenance of protein complex localization protein complex localisation biological_process cellular protein complex localisation cellular protein complex localization cellular protein-containing complex localization establishment and maintenance of cellular protein complex localization protein complex localization GO:0031503 protein-containing complex localization A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah protein complex localisation GOC:mah cellular protein complex localisation GOC:mah An epigenetic gene silencing mechanism that involves the assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin, resulting in a chromatin conformation refractory to transcription. This process starts with heterochromatin nucleation, its spreading, and ends with heterochromatin boundary formation. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/18954 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19112 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22030 GO:0006342 GO:0006343 GO:0016440 GO:0070869 GO:1904497 TGS heterochromatin maintenance chromatin silencing chromatin-mediated silencing establishment of heterochromatin architecture heterochromatin formation transcriptional gene silencing establishment of heterochromatin architecture involved in chromatin silencing at centromere outer repeat region establishment of heterochromatin architecture involved in chromatin silencing at pericentric region heterochromatin assembly involved in chromatin silencing at centromere outer repeat region heterochromatin assembly involved in chromatin silencing at pericentric region heterochromatin formation involved in chromatin silencing at centromere outer repeat region heterochromatin formation involved in chromatin silencing at pericentric region biological_process establishment of chromatin silencing establishment of heterochromatic silencing heterochromatic silencing heterochromatin assembly involved in chromatin silencing heterochromatin formation involved in chromatin silencing GO:0031507 heterochromatin assembly An epigenetic gene silencing mechanism that involves the assembly of chromatin into heterochromatin, resulting in a chromatin conformation refractory to transcription. This process starts with heterochromatin nucleation, its spreading, and ends with heterochromatin boundary formation. GOC:mah PMID:25192661 PMID:33827924 establishment of heterochromatin architecture GOC:mah establishment of heterochromatin architecture involved in chromatin silencing at centromere outer repeat region GOC:TermGenie establishment of heterochromatin architecture involved in chromatin silencing at pericentric region GOC:TermGenie heterochromatin assembly involved in chromatin silencing at pericentric region GOC:TermGenie heterochromatin formation involved in chromatin silencing at centromere outer repeat region GOC:TermGenie heterochromatin formation involved in chromatin silencing at pericentric region GOC:TermGenie The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. NIF_Subcellular:sao1124888485 Wikipedia:Neuromuscular_junction cellular_component NMJ motor endplate GO:0031594 In vertebrates, the term 'neuromuscular junction' is limited to synapses targeting skeletal muscle fibers - all of which are cholinergic and excitatory. Both inhibitory and excitatory neuromuscular junctions exist in invertebrates, utilizing a range of neurotransmitters including glutamate, GABA and 5-HT. neuromuscular junction The junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In response to the arrival of action potentials, the presynaptic button releases molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane of the muscle fiber, leading to a change in post-synaptic potential. GOC:nln NMJ GOC:ha motor endplate NIF_Subcellular:nlx_subcell_20090512 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system. regulation of neurological process regulation of neurological system process regulation of neurophysiological process biological_process GO:0031644 regulation of nervous system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb regulation of neurological process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. down regulation of neurological process down-regulation of neurological process downregulation of neurological process negative regulation of neurological process negative regulation of neurological system process negative regulation of neurophysiological process inhibition of neurological process biological_process GO:0031645 negative regulation of nervous system process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb negative regulation of neurological process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. positive regulation of neurological process positive regulation of neurological system process positive regulation of neurophysiological process up regulation of neurological process up-regulation of neurological process upregulation of neurological process activation of neurological process stimulation of neurological process biological_process GO:0031646 positive regulation of nervous system process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb positive regulation of neurological process GOC:dph GOC:tb Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. NIF_Subcellular:sao1687101204 cellular_component GO:0031965 nuclear membrane Either of the lipid bilayers that surround the nucleus and form the nuclear envelope; excludes the intermembrane space. GOC:mah GOC:pz A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes. cellular_component GO:0031967 organelle envelope A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes. GOC:mah GOC:pz The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope. cellular_component GO:0031968 organelle outer membrane The outer, i.e. cytoplasm-facing in a cellular organelle, lipid bilayer of an organelle envelope. GOC:mah The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen. cellular_component GO:0031974 membrane-enclosed lumen The enclosed volume within a sealed membrane or between two sealed membranes. Encompasses the volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the space between the two lipid bilayers of a double membrane surrounding an organelle, e.g. nuclear envelope lumen. GOC:add GOC:mah A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers. cellular_component GO:0031975 envelope A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers. GOC:mah GOC:pz The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane. cellular_component GO:0031981 nuclear lumen The volume enclosed by the nuclear inner membrane. GOC:mah GOC:pz Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane. GO:0031988 NIF_Subcellular:sao221389602 Wikipedia:Vesicle_(biology) cellular_component membrane-bounded vesicle membrane-enclosed vesicle GO:0031982 vesicle Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by membrane. GOC:mah GOC:pz GOC:vesicles A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses. Wikipedia:Bleb_(cell_biology) plasma membrane bleb cellular_component GO:0032059 bleb A cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Blebs are formed during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses. GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12083798 PMID:16624291 Wikipedia:Bleb_(cell_biology) plasma membrane bleb GOC:pr The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses. blebbing membrane blebbing cell blebbing plasma membrane bleb assembly plasma membrane blebbing biological_process GO:0032060 bleb assembly The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12083798 PMID:16624291 Wikipedia:Bleb_(cell_biology) blebbing GOC:pr membrane blebbing GOC:pr plasma membrane bleb assembly GOC:pr plasma membrane blebbing GOC:pr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. biological_process GO:0032101 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. regulation of response to external stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. down regulation of response to external stimulus down-regulation of response to external stimulus downregulation of response to external stimulus inhibition of response to external stimulus biological_process GO:0032102 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. negative regulation of response to external stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus. up regulation of response to external stimulus up-regulation of response to external stimulus upregulation of response to external stimulus activation of response to external stimulus stimulation of response to external stimulus biological_process GO:0032103 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. positive regulation of response to external stimulus Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to an external stimulus. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0032239 regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport biological_process negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0032240 negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport biological_process positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GO:0032241 positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. regulation of cellular protein metabolism biological_process GO:0032268 regulation of cellular protein metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. down regulation of cellular protein metabolic process down-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process downregulation of cellular protein metabolic process negative regulation of cellular protein metabolism inhibition of cellular protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0032269 negative regulation of cellular protein metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. positive regulation of cellular protein metabolism up regulation of cellular protein metabolic process up-regulation of cellular protein metabolic process upregulation of cellular protein metabolic process activation of cellular protein metabolic process stimulation of cellular protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0032270 positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein, occurring at the level of an individual cell. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. regulation of protein polymerisation biological_process GO:0032271 regulation of protein polymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. down regulation of protein polymerization down-regulation of protein polymerization downregulation of protein polymerization inhibition of protein polymerization biological_process GO:0032272 negative regulation of protein polymerization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. up regulation of protein polymerization up-regulation of protein polymerization upregulation of protein polymerization activation of protein polymerization stimulation of protein polymerization biological_process GO:0032273 positive regulation of protein polymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0032330 regulation of chondrocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. down regulation of chondrocyte differentiation down-regulation of chondrocyte differentiation downregulation of chondrocyte differentiation inhibition of chondrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0032331 negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. up regulation of chondrocyte differentiation up-regulation of chondrocyte differentiation upregulation of chondrocyte differentiation activation of chondrocyte differentiation stimulation of chondrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0032332 positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation. GOC:mah The directed movement of lipids within cells. biological_process GO:0032365 intracellular lipid transport The directed movement of lipids within cells. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0032368 regulation of lipid transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of lipid transport down-regulation of lipid transport downregulation of lipid transport inhibition of lipid transport biological_process GO:0032369 negative regulation of lipid transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of lipid transport up-regulation of lipid transport upregulation of lipid transport activation of lipid transport stimulation of lipid transport biological_process GO:0032370 positive regulation of lipid transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells. biological_process GO:0032377 regulation of intracellular lipid transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells. down regulation of intracellular lipid transport down-regulation of intracellular lipid transport downregulation of intracellular lipid transport inhibition of intracellular lipid transport biological_process GO:0032378 negative regulation of intracellular lipid transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells. up regulation of intracellular lipid transport up-regulation of intracellular lipid transport upregulation of intracellular lipid transport activation of intracellular lipid transport stimulation of intracellular lipid transport biological_process GO:0032379 positive regulation of intracellular lipid transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. biological_process GO:0032386 regulation of intracellular transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. down regulation of intracellular transport down-regulation of intracellular transport downregulation of intracellular transport inhibition of intracellular transport biological_process GO:0032387 negative regulation of intracellular transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. up regulation of intracellular transport up-regulation of intracellular transport upregulation of intracellular transport activation of intracellular transport stimulation of intracellular transport biological_process GO:0032388 positive regulation of intracellular transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells. GOC:mah Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function. jl 2012-09-19T16:07:47Z GO:0044707 GO:0050874 organismal physiological process biological_process single-multicellular organism process GO:0032501 multicellular organismal process Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function. GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. jl 2012-12-19T12:21:31Z GO:0044767 development biological_process single-organism developmental process GO:0032502 developmental process A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition. GOC:isa_complete The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. biological_process GO:0032504 multicellular organism reproduction The biological process in which new individuals are produced by one or two multicellular organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection. cellular_component GO:0032589 neuron projection membrane The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a neuron projection. GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer. protein translocation within membrane receptor translocation within membrane receptor transport within lipid bilayer biological_process GO:0032594 protein transport within lipid bilayer The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication. RNA anabolism RNA biosynthesis RNA formation RNA synthesis biological_process GO:0032774 Note that, in some cases, viral RNA replication and viral transcription from RNA actually refer to the same process, but may be called differently depending on the focus of a specific research study. RNA biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. Includes polymerization of ribonucleotide monomers. Refers not only to transcription but also to e.g. viral RNA replication. GOC:mah GOC:txnOH The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits. ribosome recycling biological_process ribosome dissociation factor GO:0032790 ribosome disassembly The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits. GOC:mah GOC:vk ribosome recycling GOC:db PMID:9463391 All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection. cellular_component GO:0032838 plasma membrane bounded cell projection cytoplasm All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection. GOC:krc GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of karyogamy, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of membrane fusion. biological_process GO:0032871 regulation of karyogamy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of karyogamy, the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei as a result of membrane fusion. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. biological_process GO:0032878 regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. regulation of localisation biological_process GO:0032879 regulation of localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah regulation of localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22021 jl 2015-01-20T14:32:14Z GO:1903827 regulation of cellular protein localisation regulation of cellular protein localization regulation of protein localisation biological_process GO:0032880 regulation of protein localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides. biological_process GO:0032881 regulation of polysaccharide metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides. biological_process GO:0032885 regulation of polysaccharide biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton. biological_process GO:0032886 regulation of microtubule-based process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0032890 regulation of organic acid transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of organic acid transport down-regulation of organic acid transport downregulation of organic acid transport inhibition of organic acid transport biological_process GO:0032891 negative regulation of organic acid transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of organic acid transport up-regulation of organic acid transport upregulation of organic acid transport activation of organic acid transport stimulation of organic acid transport biological_process GO:0032892 positive regulation of organic acid transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah The controlled release of a substance by a cell. Wikipedia:Secretion cellular secretion biological_process GO:0032940 secretion by cell The controlled release of a substance by a cell. GOC:mah The controlled release of a substance by a tissue. tissue secretion biological_process expulsion of gland contents GO:0032941 secretion by tissue The controlled release of a substance by a tissue. GOC:mah expulsion of gland contents GOC:mah The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. PBMC proliferation peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation biological_process GO:0032943 mononuclear cell proliferation The expansion of a mononuclear cell population by cell division. A mononuclear cell is a leukocyte with a single non-segmented nucleus in the mature form. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. regulation of PBMC proliferation regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation biological_process GO:0032944 regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. negative regulation of PBMC proliferation negative regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation biological_process GO:0032945 negative regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. up regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation up-regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation upregulation of mononuclear cell proliferation activation of mononuclear cell proliferation positive regulation of PBMC proliferation positive regulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation stimulation of mononuclear cell proliferation biological_process GO:0032946 positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mononuclear cell proliferation. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation biological_process regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0032956 regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins. GOC:mah regulation of actin cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). collagen metabolism biological_process GO:0032963 collagen metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). collagen anabolism collagen biosynthesis collagen formation collagen synthesis biological_process GO:0032964 collagen biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%). GOC:mah ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. regulation of collagen anabolism regulation of collagen biosynthesis regulation of collagen formation regulation of collagen synthesis biological_process GO:0032965 regulation of collagen biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. negative regulation of collagen anabolism negative regulation of collagen biosynthesis negative regulation of collagen formation negative regulation of collagen synthesis biological_process GO:0032966 negative regulation of collagen biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. positive regulation of collagen anabolism positive regulation of collagen biosynthesis positive regulation of collagen formation positive regulation of collagen synthesis biological_process GO:0032967 positive regulation of collagen biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton. biological_process GO:0032970 regulation of actin filament-based process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the actin cytoskeleton. GOC:mah The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22580 GO:0034623 GO:0043241 GO:0043624 protein complex disassembly biological_process cellular macromolecule complex disassembly cellular protein complex disassembly macromolecule complex disassembly GO:0032984 protein-containing complex disassembly The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components. GOC:mah The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components. RNA-protein complex disassembly RNP complex disassembly protein-RNA complex disassembly biological_process GO:0032988 ribonucleoprotein complex disassembly The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components. GOC:mah The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized. cellular structure morphogenesis biological_process GO:0032989 cellular component morphogenesis The process in which cellular structures, including whole cells or cell parts, are generated and organized. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:tb cellular structure morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0032990 cell part morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell part are generated and organized. GOC:mah A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. GO:0043234 macromolecular complex macromolecule complex protein containing complex protein complex protein-protein complex cellular_component GO:0032991 A protein complex in this context is meant as a stable set of interacting proteins which can be co-purified by an acceptable method, and where the complex has been shown to exist as an isolated, functional unit in vivo. Acceptable experimental methods include stringent protein purification followed by detection of protein interaction. The following methods should be considered non-acceptable: simple immunoprecipitation, pull-down experiments from cell extracts without further purification, colocalization and 2-hybrid screening. Interactions that should not be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate, receptor/ligand or any similar transient interactions, unless these are a critical part of the complex assembly or are required e.g. for the receptor to be functional; 2) proteins associated in a pull-down/co-immunoprecipitation assay with no functional link or any evidence that this is a defined biological entity rather than a loose-affinity complex; 3) any complex where the only evidence is based on genetic interaction data; 4) partial complexes, where some subunits (e.g. transmembrane ones) cannot be expressed as recombinant proteins and are excluded from experiments (in this case, independent evidence is necessary to find out the composition of the full complex, if known). Interactions that may be captured as protein complexes include: 1) enzyme/substrate or receptor/ligand if the complex can only assemble and become functional in the presence of both classes of subunits; 2) complexes where one of the members has not been shown to be physically linked to the other(s), but is a homologue of, and has the same functionality as, a protein that has been experimentally demonstrated to form a complex with the other member(s); 3) complexes whose existence is accepted based on localization and pharmacological studies, but for which experimental evidence is not yet available for the complex as a whole. protein-containing complex A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. GOC:dos GOC:mah The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division. myocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0033002 muscle cell proliferation The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division. CL:0000187 GOC:mah Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. apoptosis of myeloid cells myeloid cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0033028 myeloid cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage. CL:0000763 GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:11292031 PMID:15330259 PMID:17133093 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process. regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0033032 regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process. GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process. down regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis down-regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis downregulation of myeloid cell apoptosis inhibition of myeloid cell apoptosis negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0033033 negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process. GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process. up regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis up-regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis upregulation of myeloid cell apoptosis activation of myeloid cell apoptosis positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptosis stimulation of myeloid cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0033034 positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process. GOC:add GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. macromolecule localisation biological_process GO:0033036 macromolecule localization Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah macromolecule localisation GOC:mah Any process in which a polysaccharide is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. polysaccharide localisation biological_process GO:0033037 polysaccharide localization Any process in which a polysaccharide is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah polysaccharide localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. regulation of organelle organisation biological_process regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GO:0033043 regulation of organelle organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle. GOC:mah regulation of organelle organisation GOC:mah regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome. regulation of chromosome organisation biological_process regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis GO:0033044 regulation of chromosome organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome. GOC:mah regulation of chromosome organisation GOC:mah regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. biological_process GO:0033045 regulation of sister chromatid segregation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. biological_process GO:0033046 negative regulation of sister chromatid segregation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. biological_process GO:0033047 regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. biological_process GO:0033048 negative regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. GOC:mah The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell. biological_process GO:0033059 cellular pigmentation The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell. GOC:mtg_MIT_16mar07 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. biological_process GO:0033157 regulation of intracellular protein transport https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13926 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines. regulation of amine metabolism biological_process GO:0033238 regulation of cellular amine metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. negative regulation of amine metabolism biological_process GO:0033239 negative regulation of cellular amine metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. positive regulation of amine metabolism biological_process GO:0033240 positive regulation of cellular amine metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines. GOC:mah The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain. cell proliferation in mesencephalon biological_process mesencepahalic cell proliferation GO:0033278 cell proliferation in midbrain The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain. GOC:dgf GO_REF:0000021 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle. protein localisation to organelle protein localization in organelle biological_process GO:0033365 protein localization to organelle A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an organelle. GOC:mah protein localisation to organelle GOC:mah protein localization in organelle GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine. down regulation of catecholamine secretion down-regulation of catecholamine secretion downregulation of catecholamine secretion inhibition of catecholamine secretion biological_process GO:0033604 negative regulation of catecholamine secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine. up regulation of catecholamine secretion up-regulation of catecholamine secretion upregulation of catecholamine secretion activation of catecholamine secretion stimulation of catecholamine secretion biological_process GO:0033605 positive regulation of catecholamine secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. down regulation of kinase activity down-regulation of kinase activity downregulation of kinase activity inhibition of kinase activity kinase inhibitor biological_process GO:0033673 negative regulation of kinase activity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. up regulation of kinase activity up-regulation of kinase activity upregulation of kinase activity kinase activator stimulation of kinase activity biological_process GO:0033674 positive regulation of kinase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. GOC:mah A process that forms a boundary that limits the spreading of heterochromatin along a chromosome. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22028 GO:0031454 regulation of extent of heterochromatin formation biological_process maintenance of heterochromatin boundaries negative regulation of extent of heterochromatin assembly negative regulation of extent of heterochromatin formation negative regulation of heterochromatin spreading regulation of extent of heterochromatin assembly regulation of heterochromatin spreading GO:0033696 heterochromatin boundary formation A process that forms a boundary that limits the spreading of heterochromatin along a chromosome. GOC:mah A process in which a ribosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. GO:0033753 biological_process establishment of ribosome localisation establishment of ribosome localization ribosome localisation GO:0033750 ribosome localization A process in which a ribosome is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus. response to glucagon stimulus biological_process GO:0033762 response to glucagon Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus. GOC:sl response to glucagon stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus. biological_process GO:0033993 response to lipid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid stimulus. GOC:sl A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus. mah 2011-02-14T02:26:36Z GO:0000042 GO:0072600 protein localisation in Golgi apparatus protein localization in Golgi apparatus establishment of protein localisation to Golgi establishment of protein localization in Golgi establishment of protein localization to Golgi establishment of protein localization to Golgi apparatus biological_process protein targeting to Golgi protein-Golgi targeting GO:0034067 protein localization to Golgi apparatus A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus. GOC:mah protein localisation in Golgi apparatus GOC:mah establishment of protein localisation to Golgi GOC:mah establishment of protein localization to Golgi apparatus GOC:mah Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism. RBC homeostasis red blood cell homeostasis biological_process GO:0034101 erythrocyte homeostasis Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism. GOC:add PMID:10694114 PMID:14754397 RBC homeostasis CL:0000232 red blood cell homeostasis CL:0000232 The process in which a carbohydrate is transported across a membrane. carbohydrate membrane transport transmembrane carbohydrate transport biological_process GO:0034219 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. carbohydrate transmembrane transport The process in which a carbohydrate is transported across a membrane. GOC:mah transmembrane carbohydrate transport GOC:dph GOC:tb A process in which an ion is transported across a membrane. GO:0099131 ion membrane transport transmembrane ion transport ATP hydrolysis coupled ion transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0034220 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. ion transmembrane transport A process in which an ion is transported across a membrane. GOC:mah transmembrane ion transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. biological_process GO:0034242 negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides. regulation of amide metabolism biological_process GO:0034248 regulation of cellular amide metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides. negative regulation of amide metabolism biological_process GO:0034249 negative regulation of cellular amide metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides. positive regulation of amide metabolism biological_process GO:0034250 positive regulation of cellular amide metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides. GOC:mah A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction. biological_process GO:0034329 cell junction assembly A cellular process that results in the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cell junction. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. cell junction assembly and maintenance cell junction organisation biological_process cell junction biogenesis GO:0034330 cell junction organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell junction. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah cell junction organisation GOC:mah Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. apoptosis of glia apoptosis of glial cells glia apoptosis glia programmed cell death by apoptosis glial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis programmed cell death of glia by apoptosis programmed cell death of glial cells by apoptosis programmed cell death, glia programmed cell death, glial cells glial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034349 glial cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system. CL:0000125 GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:sart Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. biological_process regulation of glial cell apoptosis GO:0034350 regulation of glial cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. down regulation of glial cell apoptosis down-regulation of glial cell apoptosis downregulation of glial cell apoptosis inhibition of glial cell apoptosis negative regulation of glial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034351 negative regulation of glial cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. up regulation of glial cell apoptosis up-regulation of glial cell apoptosis upregulation of glial cell apoptosis activation of glial cell apoptosis positive regulation of glial cell apoptosis stimulation of glial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034352 positive regulation of glial cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any apoptotic process in a smooth muscle cell. Smooth muscle consists of non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. SMC apoptosis apoptosis of smooth muscle cells programmed cell death of smooth muscle cells by apoptosis programmed cell death, smooth muscle cells smooth muscle cell programmed cell death by apoptosis smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034390 smooth muscle cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a smooth muscle cell. Smooth muscle consists of non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. CL:0000192 GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. regulation of SMC apoptosis regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034391 regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. down regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis down-regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis downregulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis negative regulation of SMC apoptosis inhibition of smooth muscle cell apoptosis negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034392 negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. positive regulation of SMC apoptosis up regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis up-regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis upregulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis activation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis stimulation of smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0034393 positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl The directed movement of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0034436 glycoprotein transport The directed movement of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:rl The process in which a solute is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other. vacuolar membrane transport biological_process GO:0034486 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. vacuolar transmembrane transport The process in which a solute is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other. GOC:mah The process in which an amino acid is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other. vacuolar amino acid membrane transport biological_process GO:0034487 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. vacuolar amino acid transmembrane transport The process in which an amino acid is transported from one side of the vacuolar membrane to the other. GOC:mah Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome. protein localisation to chromosome condensin localization to chromosome biological_process GO:0034502 protein localization to chromosome Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome. GOC:mah protein localisation to chromosome GOC:mah A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus. 2012-11-07T15:45:54Z GO:0044744 protein localisation to nucleus protein localization in cell nucleus protein localization in nucleus biological_process protein targeting to nucleus GO:0034504 protein localization to nucleus A process in which a protein transports or maintains the localization of another protein to the nucleus. GOC:ecd protein localisation to nucleus GOC:mah protein localization in nucleus GOC:mah Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. GO:0016249 cellular protein localisation channel localizer activity biological_process GO:0034613 cellular protein localization Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. GOC:mah cellular protein localisation GOC:mah channel localizer activity GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells. cellular nitrogen compound metabolism biological_process GO:0034641 cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells. GO:0034961 cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process cellular macromolecule anabolism cellular macromolecule biosynthesis cellular macromolecule formation cellular macromolecule synthesis biological_process GO:0034645 cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a macromolecule, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09 cellular macromolecule anabolism GOC:mah cellular macromolecule biosynthesis GOC:mah cellular macromolecule formation GOC:mah cellular macromolecule synthesis GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid anabolism nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid biosynthesis nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid formation nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis biological_process GO:0034654 nucleobase-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. regulation of membrane transport biological_process GO:0034762 regulation of transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. down regulation of transmembrane transport down-regulation of transmembrane transport downregulation of transmembrane transport negative regulation of membrane transport inhibition of transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0034763 negative regulation of transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. positive regulation of membrane transport up regulation of transmembrane transport up-regulation of transmembrane transport upregulation of transmembrane transport activation of transmembrane transport stimulation of transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0034764 positive regulation of transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. regulation of ion membrane transport regulation of transmembrane ion transport biological_process GO:0034765 regulation of ion transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah regulation of transmembrane ion transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. down regulation of transmembrane ion transport down-regulation of transmembrane ion transport downregulation of transmembrane ion transport negative regulation of ion membrane transport negative regulation of transmembrane ion transport inhibition of transmembrane ion transport biological_process GO:0034766 negative regulation of ion transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah negative regulation of transmembrane ion transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. positive regulation of ion membrane transport positive regulation of transmembrane ion transport up regulation of transmembrane ion transport up-regulation of transmembrane ion transport upregulation of transmembrane ion transport activation of transmembrane ion transport stimulation of transmembrane ion transport biological_process GO:0034767 positive regulation of ion transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:mah The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion. dph 2009-08-13T11:27:24Z GO:0060881 biological_process basal lamina disassembly GO:0034769 Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane disassembly ; GO:0030397' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer. basement membrane disassembly The controlled breakdown of the basement membrane in the context of a normal process such as imaginal disc eversion. GOC:sart PMID:17301221 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field. biological_process GO:0035050 embryonic heart tube development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field. GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual. cardiac cell differentiation heart cell differentiation biological_process GO:0035051 cardiocyte differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual. GOC:bf The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GO:0035083 GO:0035084 ciliary axoneme assembly cilium axoneme assembly flagellar axoneme assembly flagellum axoneme assembly biological_process axoneme biogenesis cilium axoneme biogenesis GO:0035082 Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. axoneme assembly The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements. GOC:bf GOC:cilia GOC:jl ISBN:0815316194 axoneme biogenesis GOC:mah cilium axoneme biogenesis GOC:mah The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch. biological_process GO:0035107 appendage morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch. ISBN:0582227089 The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal. biological_process genital morphogenesis GO:0035112 genitalia morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal. GOC:bf Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow. tube lumen formation biological_process lumen formation in an anatomical structure GO:0035148 tube formation Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow. GOC:bf tube lumen formation GOC:dph GOC:mah lumen formation in an anatomical structure GOC:dph GOC:mah The directed movement of nuclei within the syncytial embryo of insects. These precise temporal and spatial patterns of nuclear movement are coordinated with mitotic divisons and are required during blastoderm formation to reposition dividing nuclei from the interior of the syncytial embryo to the cortex. biological_process GO:0035190 syncytial nuclear migration The directed movement of nuclei within the syncytial embryo of insects. These precise temporal and spatial patterns of nuclear movement are coordinated with mitotic divisons and are required during blastoderm formation to reposition dividing nuclei from the interior of the syncytial embryo to the cortex. GOC:bf ISBN:0879694238 PMID:8314839 Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo. programmed cell death of ectopic germ cells programmed cell death, ectopic germ cells biological_process GO:0035234 ectopic germ cell programmed cell death Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo. PMID:12814944 The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. biological_process GO:0035239 tube morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. GOC:bf PMID:14624839 The process in which the anatomical structures of the internal genitalia are generated and organized. The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals. biological_process GO:0035260 internal genitalia morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the internal genitalia are generated and organized. The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals. http://www.ndif.org/Terms/genitalia.html The process in which the anatomical structures of the external genitalia are generated and organized. The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals. biological_process GO:0035261 external genitalia morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the external genitalia are generated and organized. The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals. http://www.ndif.org/Terms/genitalia.html The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals. biological_process GO:0035262 gonad morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the gonads are generated and organized. A gonad is an animal organ producing gametes, e.g. the testes or the ovary in mammals. ISBN:0198612001 The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. biological_process body growth GO:0035264 multicellular organism growth The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth. GOC:bf GOC:curators GOC:dph GOC:tb The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function. biological_process GO:0035265 organ growth The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function. GOC:bf ISBN:0471245208 ISBN:0721662544 Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes. biological_process GO:0035270 endocrine system development Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes. GOC:bf Wikipedia:Development_of_the_endocrine_system Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system. biological_process GO:0035272 exocrine system development Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system. GOC:bf Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis. Wikipedia:Segmentation_(biology) biological_process GO:0035282 segmentation The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis. PMID:10611687 PMID:9706689 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. biological_process GO:0035295 tube development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tube over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. Epithelial and endothelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues including lung and trachea, kidney, the mammary gland, the vascular system and the gastrointestinal and urinary-genital tracts. PMID:12526790 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule. bf 2010-03-11T11:00:56Z protein localisation to microtubule biological_process GO:0035372 protein localization to microtubule A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule. GOC:bf GOC:lb protein localisation to microtubule GOC:mah Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. bf 2010-03-29T10:58:53Z protein localisation to synapse biological_process GO:0035418 protein localization to synapse Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. GOC:bf protein localisation to synapse GOC:mah The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane. bf 2010-04-08T11:24:06Z phosphate ion membrane transport biological_process GO:0035435 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. phosphate ion transmembrane transport The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane. GOC:vw The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes. bf 2010-04-09T03:53:01Z biological_process GO:0035441 cell migration involved in vasculogenesis The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form de novo blood vessels and tubes. GOC:dgh The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. bf 2010-05-14T01:14:37Z GO:0007242 GO:0007243 GO:0023013 GO:0023034 intracellular signaling chain intracellular protein kinase cascade intracellular signal transduction pathway protein kinase cascade signal transmission via intracellular cascade biological_process intracellular signaling cascade intracellular signaling pathway signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GO:0035556 intracellular signal transduction The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell, which become activated themselves to further propagate the signal and finally trigger a change in the function or state of the cell. GOC:bf GOC:jl GOC:signaling ISBN:3527303782 intracellular signaling chain ISBN:3527303782 intracellular protein kinase cascade GOC:signaling protein kinase cascade GOC:signaling intracellular signaling cascade GOC:signaling The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region. bf 2010-11-09T10:25:08Z establishment of protein localisation in extracellular region establishment of protein localization in extracellular region biological_process GO:0035592 establishment of protein localization to extracellular region The directed movement of a protein to a specific location within the extracellular region. GOC:BHF GOC:bf establishment of protein localisation in extracellular region GOC:mah The transfer of information occurring at the level of a multicellular organism. bf 2011-01-14T10:13:50Z multicellular organismal signalling biological_process GO:0035637 multicellular organismal signaling The transfer of information occurring at the level of a multicellular organism. GOC:go_curators multicellular organismal signalling GOC:bf The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the intestine. bf 2011-01-21T02:58:58Z intestinal smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0035645 enteric smooth muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell of the intestine. CL:0002504 GOC:BHF intestinal smooth muscle cell differentiation CL:0002504 The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly. bf 2011-03-17T10:55:42Z intraflagellar transport Reactome:R-HSA-5620924.2 biological_process intraciliary transport involved in cilium morphogenesis intraflagellar transport involved in cilium morphogenesis GO:0035735 intraciliary transport involved in cilium assembly The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly. GOC:bf GOC:cilia Reactome:R-HSA-5620924.2 The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis. bf 2011-03-17T10:57:03Z biological_process GO:0035736 cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to compound eye morphogenesis. GOC:bf GOC:sart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an angioblast cell. Angioblasts are one of the two products formed from hemangioblast cells (the other being pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells). bf 2011-04-04T11:10:38Z angioblastic mesenchymal cell differentiation biological_process GO:0035779 angioblast cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an angioblast cell. Angioblasts are one of the two products formed from hemangioblast cells (the other being pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells). CL:0000566 GOC:yaf angioblastic mesenchymal cell differentiation CL:0000566 A specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development. bf 2011-04-19T02:07:23Z vitelline membrane zona pellucida cellular_component GO:0035805 egg coat A specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of the ovum of animals. The egg coat provides structural support and can play an essential role in oogenesis, fertilization and early development. PMID:16944418 PMID:17163408 vitelline membrane PMID:16944418 PMID:17163408 zona pellucida PMID:16944418 PMID:17163408 The chemical reactions and pathways involving an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton. bf 2011-05-04T03:17:44Z indole alkaloid metabolism biological_process GO:0035834 indole alkaloid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton. GOC:yaf indole alkaloid metabolism GOC:bf The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton. bf 2011-05-04T03:18:31Z indole alkaloid anabolism indole alkaloid biosynthesis indole alkaloid formation indole alkaloid synthesis biological_process GO:0035835 indole alkaloid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an indole alkaloid, an alkaloid containing an indole skeleton. GOC:yaf indole alkaloid anabolism GOC:bf indole alkaloid biosynthesis GOC:bf indole alkaloid formation GOC:bf indole alkaloid synthesis GOC:bf The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it's formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates. bf 2011-05-06T01:54:35Z cloacal development biological_process GO:0035844 cloaca development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cloaca over time, from it's formation to the mature structure. The cloaca is the common chamber into which intestinal, genital and urinary canals open in vertebrates. GOC:dgh ISBN:0582227089 cloacal development GOC:bf The progression of the oviduct epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. The oviduct epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the oviduct. bf 2011-05-10T10:53:05Z fallopian tube epithelium development biological_process GO:0035846 oviduct epithelium development The progression of the oviduct epithelium over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. The oviduct epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the oviduct. GOC:yaf http://www.thefreedictionary.com/oviduct fallopian tube epithelium development GOC:yaf The progression of an epithelium of the uterus over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. bf 2011-05-10T10:57:45Z uterus epithelial development biological_process GO:0035847 uterine epithelium development The progression of an epithelium of the uterus over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. GOC:bf GOC:yaf uterus epithelial development GOC:yaf The process in which anatomical structures of the oviduct are generated and organized. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. bf 2011-05-10T11:01:20Z fallopian tube morphogenesis biological_process GO:0035848 oviduct morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures of the oviduct are generated and organized. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. GOC:yaf http://www.thefreedictionary.com/oviduct fallopian tube morphogenesis GOC:yaf The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow. bf 2011-05-13T01:28:06Z megakaryocyte cell development biological_process GO:0035855 megakaryocyte development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow. CL:0000556 GOC:BHF GOC:vk megakaryocyte cell development GOC:bf A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm. bf 2011-05-25T03:09:58Z cilial transition zone cilium transition zone cellular_component connecting cilium GO:0035869 Depending on the species, this region may have a distinct geometrically shaped electron-dense structure within the axonemal lumen visible in electron microscopy images; most animals don't display this inner structure. The axoneme extends through the ciliary transition zone, but only consists of the outer doublets. The central pair, axonemal spokes, and dynein complexes are not found in this part of the ciliary shaft. Note that the connecting cilium of the photoreceptor cells is thought to be equivalent to the transition zone. ciliary transition zone A region of the cilium between the basal body and proximal segment that is characterized by Y-shaped assemblages that connect axonemal microtubules to the ciliary membrane. The ciliary transition zone appears to function as a gate that controls ciliary membrane composition and separates the cytosol from the ciliary plasm. GOC:cilia GOC:kmv PMID:21422230 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system. bf 2011-06-06T11:48:51Z biological_process GO:0035883 enteroendocrine cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system. CL:0000164 GOC:bf The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell. bf 2011-06-08T11:23:52Z VSMC differentiation vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0035886 vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell. GOC:sl PMID:16151017 PMID:18267954 VSMC differentiation PMID:16151017 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell surrounding the aorta. bf 2011-06-08T11:34:26Z biological_process GO:0035887 aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell surrounding the aorta. GOC:sl The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. bf 2011-06-24T11:00:07Z biological_process GO:0035904 aorta development The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. GOC:bf GOC:dgh MA:0000062 UBERON:0000947 Wikipedia:Aorta The progression of the descending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. bf 2011-06-24T11:05:22Z biological_process GO:0035906 descending aorta development The progression of the descending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. GOC:bf GOC:dgh MA:0002571 UBERON:0001514 Wikipedia:Descending_aorta The progression of the dorsal aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. bf 2011-06-24T11:07:01Z biological_process GO:0035907 dorsal aorta development The progression of the dorsal aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. GOC:bf GOC:dgh UBERON:0005805 Wikipedia:Aorta ZFA:0000014 The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. bf 2011-06-24T11:11:11Z biological_process GO:0035909 aorta morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. GOC:bf GOC:dgh MA:0000062 UBERON:0000947 Wikipedia:Aorta The process in which the anatomical structures of the descending aorta are generated and organized. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. bf 2011-06-24T11:19:24Z biological_process GO:0035911 descending aorta morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the descending aorta are generated and organized. The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once. GOC:bf GOC:dgh MA:0002571 UBERON:0001514 Wikipedia:Descending_aorta The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal aorta are generated and organized. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. bf 2011-06-24T11:22:14Z biological_process GO:0035912 dorsal aorta morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal aorta are generated and organized. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. GOC:bf GOC:dgh UBERON:0005805 Wikipedia:Aorta ZFA:0000014 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. bf 2011-06-24T02:36:19Z biological_process GO:0035914 skeletal muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle. CL:0000188 GOC:BHF GOC:vk The regulated release of any steroid that acts as a hormone into the circulatory system. bf 2011-07-20T01:01:00Z biological_process GO:0035929 steroid hormone secretion The regulated release of any steroid that acts as a hormone into the circulatory system. GOC:sl The regulated release of an androgen into the circulatory system. Androgens are steroid hormones that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates. bf 2011-07-20T01:11:31Z biological_process GO:0035935 androgen secretion The regulated release of an androgen into the circulatory system. Androgens are steroid hormones that stimulate or control the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates. GOC:sl The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. bf 2011-08-25T04:50:36Z endoderm cell differentiation biological_process GO:0035987 endodermal cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo. CL:0000223 GOC:yaf PMID:17624332 endoderm cell differentiation CL:0000223 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon is a fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons and muscles work together to exert a pulling force. bf 2011-08-26T04:14:30Z biological_process sinew development GO:0035989 tendon development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon is a fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons and muscles work together to exert a pulling force. GOC:yaf PMID:21412429 UBERON:0000043 sinew development UBERON:0000043 The process that gives rise to a tendon. This process pertains to the initial formation of a tendon from unspecified parts. bf 2011-08-30T01:35:10Z biological_process GO:0035992 tendon formation The process that gives rise to a tendon. This process pertains to the initial formation of a tendon from unspecified parts. GOC:yaf PMID:17567668 UBERON:0000043 The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance, that does not require the replacement of preexisting tissues. bf 2011-12-19T01:47:22Z biological_process GO:0036072 direct ossification The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance, that does not require the replacement of preexisting tissues. GO_REF:0000034 The multiplication or reproduction of germ cells, reproductive cells in multicellular organisms, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. bf 2012-01-17T04:06:27Z biological_process GO:0036093 germ cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of germ cells, reproductive cells in multicellular organisms, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. CL:0000586 GOC:kmv A prolongation or process extending from a muscle cell. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. bf 2012-04-20T10:20:47Z myocyte projection muscle arm myopodia cellular_component GO:0036194 muscle cell projection A prolongation or process extending from a muscle cell. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte. This cell has as part of its cytoplasm myofibrils organized in various patterns. CL:0000187 GOC:kmv PMID:15930100 PMID:22464329 myocyte projection CL:0000187 muscle arm GOC:kmv myopodia GOC:kmv The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a muscle cell projection. bf 2012-04-20T10:21:51Z cellular_component GO:0036195 muscle cell projection membrane The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a muscle cell projection. CL:0000187 GOC:kmv PMID:15930100 PMID:22464329 Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of epidermal stem cells within a population of cells. bf 2012-09-05T10:21:23Z biological_process GO:0036334 epidermal stem cell homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of epidermal stem cells within a population of cells. CL:1000428 GOC:nhn PMID:17666529 The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon. bf 2014-07-24T10:06:19Z cellular_component GO:0036477 somatodendritic compartment The region of a neuron that includes the cell body (cell soma) and dendrite(s), but excludes the axon. GOC:PARL GOC:pad The joining of two lipid bilayers that surround the Golgi apparatus to form a single Golgi membrane. bf 2015-05-21T10:05:06Z membrane fusion involved in Golgi reassembly post-mitotic fusion of Golgi membranes biological_process GO:0036504 Golgi membrane fusion The joining of two lipid bilayers that surround the Golgi apparatus to form a single Golgi membrane. GOC:PARL GOC:bf PMID:12473691 membrane fusion involved in Golgi reassembly GOC:bf post-mitotic fusion of Golgi membranes PMID:10811609 The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell. GO:0048590 biological_process growth pattern non-developmental growth GO:0040007 See also the biological process term 'cell growth ; GO:0016049'. growth The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell. GOC:bf GOC:ma non-developmental growth GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development. biological_process GO:0040008 regulation of growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the growth of all or part of an organism so that it occurs at its proper speed, either globally or in a specific part of the organism's development. GOC:ems GOC:mah Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another. biological_process GO:0040011 locomotion Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another. GOC:dgh Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. biological_process GO:0040012 regulation of locomotion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GOC:ems Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. down regulation of locomotion down-regulation of locomotion downregulation of locomotion inhibition of locomotion biological_process GO:0040013 negative regulation of locomotion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size. regulation of body growth regulation of body size biological_process GO:0040014 regulation of multicellular organism growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:tb regulation of body growth GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of body size GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. negative regulation of body growth negative regulation of body size biological_process GO:0040015 negative regulation of multicellular organism growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. GOC:dph GOC:ems GOC:tb negative regulation of body growth GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of body size GOC:dph GOC:tb The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg. biological_process GO:0040016 embryonic cleavage The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg. GOC:clt ISBN:0070524300 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. up regulation of locomotion up-regulation of locomotion upregulation of locomotion activation of locomotion stimulation of locomotion biological_process GO:0040017 positive regulation of locomotion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of locomotion of a cell or organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. positive regulation of body growth positive regulation of body size biological_process GO:0040018 positive regulation of multicellular organism growth Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb positive regulation of body growth GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of body size GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. up regulation of embryonic development up-regulation of embryonic development upregulation of embryonic development activation of embryonic development stimulation of embryonic development biological_process GO:0040019 positive regulation of embryonic development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes. regulation of meiosis biological_process GO:0040020 regulation of meiotic nuclear division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes. GOC:ems GOC:ma regulation of meiosis GOC:vw A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by remodelling of chromatin by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. Once established, this regulation may be maintained over many cell divisions. It can also be heritable in the absence of the instigating signal. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22201 biological_process GO:0040029 regulation of gene expression, epigenetic A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression by remodelling of chromatin by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. Once established, this regulation may be maintained over many cell divisions. It can also be heritable in the absence of the instigating signal. PMID:10521337 PMID:11498582 PMID:22243696 PMID:34414474 Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached. heterochronic regulation of development temporal regulation of development biological_process developmental timing GO:0040034 regulation of development, heterochronic Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached. PMID:9442909 The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia. glial cell generation biological_process GO:0042063 gliogenesis The process that results in the generation of glial cells. This includes the production of glial progenitors and their differentiation into mature glia. GOC:dgh GOC:jid glial cell generation Growth of glial cells, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. biological_process GO:0042065 glial cell growth Growth of glial cells, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines. regulation of catecholamine metabolism biological_process GO:0042069 regulation of catecholamine metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines. GOC:go_curators The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins. GO:0035734 Wikipedia:Intraflagellar_transport intraflagellar transport intraflagellar transport involved in cilium organization intraflagellar transport involved in microtubule-based flagellum organisation biological_process IFT GO:0042073 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. intraciliary transport The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins. GOC:cilia GOC:kmv PMID:17981739 PMID:18180368 PMID:22869374 Reactome:R-HSA-5620924.2 The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression). biological_process GO:0042074 cell migration involved in gastrulation The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression). GOC:jl ISBN:0878932437 http://www.cellmigration.org/ The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes. GO:0048131 germ-line stem cell renewal biological_process GO:0042078 germ-line stem cell division The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the gametes. GOC:jid PMID:2279698 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. biological_process regulation of cell proliferation GO:0042127 regulation of cell population proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation. GOC:jl The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. nuclear membrane-ER network nuclear membrane-endoplasmic reticulum continuum cellular_component NE-ER continuum NE-ER network nuclear envelope-ER network nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum continuum nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum network GO:0042175 nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network The continuous network of membranes encompassing the nuclear outer membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. GOC:bf GOC:jl GOC:mah GOC:mcc GOC:pr GOC:vw nuclear membrane-ER network GOC:mah nuclear membrane-endoplasmic reticulum continuum GOC:mah nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum network GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. ketone metabolism biological_process GO:0042180 cellular ketone metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. GOC:jl ISBN:0787650153 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. ketone anabolism ketone biosynthesis ketone formation ketone synthesis biological_process GO:0042181 ketone biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups. GOC:go_curators Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. response to chemical stimulus response to chemical substance biological_process GO:0042221 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to chemical Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemical stimulus. GOC:jl response to chemical stimulus GOC:dos A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis. GO:0007046 ribosome biogenesis and assembly biological_process GO:0042254 ribosome biogenesis A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis. GOC:ma PMID:26404467 Wikipedia:Ribosome_biogenesis The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits. GO:0042257 ribosomal subunit assembly biological_process GO:0042255 ribosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits. GOC:ma ribosomal subunit assembly GOC:mah GOC:vw Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule. biological_process GO:0042325 regulation of phosphorylation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups into a molecule. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. down regulation of phosphorylation down-regulation of phosphorylation downregulation of phosphorylation inhibition of phosphorylation biological_process GO:0042326 negative regulation of phosphorylation Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. up regulation of phosphorylation up-regulation of phosphorylation upregulation of phosphorylation activation of phosphorylation stimulation of phosphorylation biological_process GO:0042327 positive regulation of phosphorylation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of addition of phosphate groups to a molecule. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. biological_process GO:0042391 regulation of membrane potential Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_cardio GOC:tb ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. biogenic amine anabolism biogenic amine biosynthesis biogenic amine formation biogenic amine synthesis biological_process GO:0042401 cellular biogenic amine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells resulting in the formation of any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. levarterenol metabolic process levarterenol metabolism noradrenaline metabolic process noradrenaline metabolism norepinephrine metabolism biological_process GO:0042415 norepinephrine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. levarterenol biosynthesis levarterenol biosynthetic process noradrenaline biosynthesis noradrenaline biosynthetic process norepinephrine anabolism norepinephrine biosynthesis norepinephrine formation norepinephrine synthesis biological_process GO:0042421 norepinephrine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. Wikipedia:Catecholamines catecholamine anabolism catecholamine biosynthesis catecholamine formation catecholamine synthesis biological_process GO:0042423 catecholamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. Wikipedia:Serotonin serotonin anabolism serotonin biosynthesis serotonin formation serotonin synthesis biological_process GO:0042427 serotonin biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. serotonin metabolism biological_process GO:0042428 serotonin metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. GO:0042434 indole and derivative metabolic process indole and derivative metabolism indole-containing compound metabolism ketole metabolic process ketole metabolism indole derivative metabolic process indole derivative metabolism biological_process GO:0042430 indole-containing compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. GOC:jl GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. indole derivative biosynthesis indole derivative biosynthetic process indole-containing compound anabolism indole-containing compound biosynthesis indole-containing compound formation indole-containing compound synthesis biological_process GO:0042435 indole-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton. GOC:jl Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. GO:0046531 photoreceptor morphogenesis biological_process GO:0042461 photoreceptor cell development Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. GOC:go_curators Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve. biological_process GO:0042462 eye photoreceptor cell development Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve. GOC:jl ISBN:0192800981 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. regulation of eye photoreceptor development biological_process GO:0042478 regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. positive regulation of eye photoreceptor development up regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development up-regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development upregulation of eye photoreceptor cell development activation of eye photoreceptor cell development stimulation of eye photoreceptor cell development biological_process GO:0042479 positive regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. down regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development down-regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development downregulation of eye photoreceptor cell development negative regulation of eye photoreceptor development inhibition of eye photoreceptor cell development biological_process GO:0042480 negative regulation of eye photoreceptor cell development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of eye photoreceptor development. GOC:jl A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state. biological_process GO:0042551 neuron maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph GOC:jl Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state. GO:0032844 GO:0032845 GO:0032846 homeostasis activation of homeostatic process inhibition of homeostatic process biological_process negative regulation of homeostatic process positive regulation of homeostatic process regulation of homeostatic process GO:0042592 homeostatic process Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state. GOC:jl ISBN:0395825172 Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins. actomyosin complex actomyosin structure cellular_component GO:0042641 actomyosin Any complex of actin, myosin, and accessory proteins. GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell. biological_process GO:0042670 retinal cone cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell. GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell. biological_process myogenesis GO:0042692 muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a muscle cell. CL:0000187 GOC:go_curators The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. biological_process GO:0042698 ovulation cycle The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years. ISBN:0721662544 The regrowth of the endometrium and blood vessels in the uterus following menstruation, resulting from a rise in progesterone levels. biological_process GO:0042702 uterine wall growth The regrowth of the endometrium and blood vessels in the uterus following menstruation, resulting from a rise in progesterone levels. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur. regulation of sulfur metabolism regulation of sulphur metabolic process regulation of sulphur metabolism biological_process GO:0042762 regulation of sulfur metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur. GOC:go_curators The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0042886 amide transport The directed movement of an amide, any compound containing one, two, or three acyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. regulation of apoptosis biological_process apoptosis regulator activity GO:0042981 This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used. regulation of apoptotic process Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_apoptosis A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. cell process cellular process cellular projection cellular_component GO:0042995 cell projection A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. GOC:jl http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. biological_process GO:0042996 regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. down regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport down-regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport downregulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport inhibition of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport biological_process GO:0042997 negative regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. up regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport up-regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport upregulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport activation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport stimulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport biological_process GO:0042998 positive regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. GOC:jl The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane. biological_process GO:0043001 Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane. ISBN:0716731363 A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. NIF_Subcellular:sao867568886 neuron process neuron protrusion neuronal cell projection neurite cellular_component nerve fiber GO:0043005 neuron projection A prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite. GOC:jl http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/ neuron protrusion NIF_Subcellular:sao250931889 nerve fiber GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching. biological_process GO:0043009 chordate embryonic development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryo over time, from zygote formation through a stage including a notochord and neural tube until birth or egg hatching. GOC:mtg_sensu The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. GO:0001747 GO:0031075 biological_process GO:0043010 camera-type eye development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_sensu The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. NIF_Subcellular:sao1044911821 Wikipedia:Soma_(biology) neuron cell body neuronal cell soma cellular_component GO:0043025 Note that 'cell body' and 'cell soma' are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections. neuronal cell body The portion of a neuron that includes the nucleus, but excludes cell projections such as axons and dendrites. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide. peptide anabolism peptide biosynthesis peptide formation peptide synthesis biological_process GO:0043043 peptide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. This may include the translation of a precursor protein and its subsequent processing into a functional peptide. GOC:dph GOC:jl A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. extracellular structure organisation extracellular structure organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0043062 extracellular structure organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures in the space external to the outermost structure of a cell. For cells without external protective or external encapsulating structures this refers to space outside of the plasma membrane, and also covers the host cell environment outside an intracellular parasite. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah extracellular structure organization and biogenesis GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. up regulation of apoptosis up-regulation of apoptosis upregulation of apoptosis activation of apoptosis positive regulation of apoptosis stimulation of apoptosis biological_process pro-apoptosis GO:0043065 This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is positively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used. positive regulation of apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. GO:0006916 anti-apoptosis down regulation of apoptosis down-regulation of apoptosis downregulation of apoptosis inhibition of apoptosis negative regulation of apoptosis biological_process apoptosis inhibitor activity pro-survival GO:0043066 This term should only be used when it is not possible to determine which phase or subtype of the apoptotic process is negatively regulated by a gene product. Whenever detailed information is available, the more granular children terms should be used. negative regulation of apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GO:0043070 regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death biological_process GO:0043067 regulation of programmed cell death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GO:0043071 up regulation of programmed cell death up-regulation of programmed cell death upregulation of programmed cell death activation of programmed cell death positive regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death stimulation of programmed cell death biological_process GO:0043068 positive regulation of programmed cell death Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GO:0043072 down regulation of programmed cell death down-regulation of programmed cell death downregulation of programmed cell death inhibition of programmed cell death negative regulation of non-apoptotic programmed cell death biological_process GO:0043069 negative regulation of programmed cell death Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death, cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes. GOC:jl The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. germ-cell nucleus cellular_component GO:0043073 germ cell nucleus The nucleus of a germ cell, a reproductive cell in multicellular organisms. CL:0000586 GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. GO:0048554 positive regulation of enzyme activity up regulation of enzyme activity up-regulation of enzyme activity upregulation of enzyme activity activation of enzyme activity activation of metalloenzyme activity positive regulation of metalloenzyme activity stimulation of enzyme activity stimulation of metalloenzyme activity up regulation of metalloenzyme activity up-regulation of metalloenzyme activity upregulation of metalloenzyme activity biological_process GO:0043085 positive regulation of catalytic activity Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme. GOC:ebc GOC:jl GOC:tb GOC:vw positive regulation of enzyme activity GOC:tb Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. GO:0048553 down regulation of enzyme activity down-regulation of enzyme activity down-regulation of metalloenzyme activity downregulation of enzyme activity negative regulation of enzyme activity down regulation of metalloenzyme activity downregulation of metalloenzyme activity inhibition of enzyme activity inhibition of metalloenzyme activity negative regulation of metalloenzyme activity biological_process GO:0043086 negative regulation of catalytic activity Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an enzyme. GOC:ebc GOC:jl GOC:tb GOC:vw negative regulation of enzyme activity GOC:tb A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the hindgut. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The hindgut is the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. biological_process GO:0043133 hindgut contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the hindgut. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The hindgut is the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. GOC:jl GOC:mtg_muscle UBERON:0001046 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. biological_process GO:0043134 regulation of hindgut contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. GOC:jl UBERON:0001046 Any process in which proteins and protein complexes involved in translation are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. establishment and maintenance of translational machinery localization establishment and maintenance of translational protein localization regulation of translation by machinery localisation translational machinery localization translational protein localization biological_process GO:0043143 regulation of translation by machinery localization Any process in which proteins and protein complexes involved in translation are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:jl regulation of translation by machinery localisation GOC:mah translational machinery localization GOC:dph GOC:tb The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GO:0043283 GO:0044259 biopolymer metabolic process macromolecule metabolism organismal macromolecule metabolism multicellular organismal macromolecule metabolic process biological_process GO:0043170 macromolecule metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:mah biopolymer metabolic process GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups. GO:0010237 response to amino acid stimulus biological_process GO:0043200 response to amino acid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amino acid stimulus. An amino acid is a carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups. GOC:ef GOC:mlg response to amino acid stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things. biological_process GO:0043207 response to external biotic stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an external biotic stimulus, an external stimulus caused by, or produced by living things. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane. NIF_Subcellular:sao1539965131 Wikipedia:Organelle cellular_component GO:0043226 organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. NIF_Subcellular:sao414196390 membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0043227 membrane-bounded organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21881 NIF_Subcellular:sao1456184038 non-membrane-enclosed organelle biological condensate cellular_component GO:0043228 non-membrane-bounded organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0043229 intracellular organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi. cellular_component GO:0043230 extracellular organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring outside the cell. Includes, for example, extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) and the cellulosomes of anaerobic bacteria and fungi. GOC:jl PMID:9914479 Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0043231 intracellular membrane-bounded organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:go_curators Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. intracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0043232 intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes ribosomes, the cytoskeleton and chromosomes. GOC:go_curators The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen. cellular_component GO:0043233 organelle lumen The internal volume enclosed by the membranes of a particular organelle; includes the volume enclosed by a single organelle membrane, e.g. endoplasmic reticulum lumen, or the volume enclosed by the innermost of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope, e.g. nuclear lumen. GOC:jl GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. down regulation of protein complex disassembly down-regulation of protein complex disassembly downregulation of protein complex disassembly inhibition of protein complex disassembly biological_process negative regulation of protein complex disassembly GO:0043242 negative regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. up regulation of protein complex disassembly up-regulation of protein complex disassembly upregulation of protein complex disassembly activation of protein complex disassembly stimulation of protein complex disassembly biological_process positive regulation of protein complex disassembly GO:0043243 positive regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. biological_process regulation of protein complex disassembly GO:0043244 regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components. GOC:jl A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. RBC maturation red blood cell maturation biological_process GO:0043249 erythrocyte maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. GOC:devbiol GOC:jl RBC maturation CL:0000232 red blood cell maturation CL:0000232 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. biological_process regulation of protein complex assembly GO:0043254 regulation of protein-containing complex assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates. regulation of carbohydrate anabolism regulation of carbohydrate biosynthesis regulation of carbohydrate formation regulation of carbohydrate synthesis biological_process GO:0043255 regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates. GOC:jl Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell. extracellular non-membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0043264 extracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, not bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0043269 regulation of ion transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of ion transport up-regulation of ion transport upregulation of ion transport activation of ion transport stimulation of ion transport biological_process GO:0043270 positive regulation of ion transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:jl Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of ion transport down-regulation of ion transport downregulation of ion transport inhibition of ion transport biological_process GO:0043271 negative regulation of ion transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:jl Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active. biological_process GO:0043279 response to alkaloid Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active. GOC:jl Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle. contractile fibre cellular_component GO:0043292 contractile fiber Fibers, composed of actin, myosin, and associated proteins, found in cells of smooth or striated muscle. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0815316194 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. enucleate RBC differentiation enucleate red blood cell differentiation biological_process GO:0043353 enucleate erythrocyte differentiation The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus. GOC:go_curators enucleate RBC differentiation CL:0000232 enucleate red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an enucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. An enucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte without a nucleus. enucleate RBC maturation enucleate red blood cell maturation biological_process GO:0043354 enucleate erythrocyte maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an enucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. An enucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte without a nucleus. GOC:go_curators enucleate RBC maturation CL:0000232 enucleate red blood cell maturation CL:0000232 A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. A nucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte with a nucleus. nucleate RBC maturation nucleate red blood cell maturation biological_process GO:0043362 nucleate erythrocyte maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a nucleate erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state. A nucleate erythrocyte is an erythrocyte with a nucleus. GOC:devbiol GOC:jl nucleate RBC maturation CL:0000232 nucleate red blood cell maturation CL:0000232 The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte with a nucleus, as found in non-mammalian vertebrates such as birds. nucleate RBC differentiation nucleate red blood cell differentiation biological_process GO:0043363 nucleate erythrocyte differentiation The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of an erythrocyte with a nucleus, as found in non-mammalian vertebrates such as birds. GOC:jl nucleate RBC differentiation CL:0000232 nucleate red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. response to peptide hormone stimulus response to polypeptide hormone stimulus biological_process GO:0043434 response to peptide hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide hormone stimulus. A peptide hormone is any of a class of peptides that are secreted into the blood stream and have endocrine functions in living animals. PMID:11027914 PMID:15134857 Wikipedia:Peptide_hormone response to peptide hormone stimulus GOC:dos The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). keto acid metabolic process keto acid metabolism ketoacid metabolic process ketoacid metabolism oxo acid metabolic process oxo acid metabolism oxoacid metabolism biological_process GO:0043436 oxoacid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any oxoacid; an oxoacid is a compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). Wikipedia:Oxyacid The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells. biological_process GO:0043473 pigmentation The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells. GOC:jl A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. biological_process muscle plasticity GO:0043500 muscle adaptation A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities. GOC:mtg_muscle PMID:11181628 PMID:11449884 PMID:12605307 Any process in which skeletal muscles change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals. biological_process skeletal muscle plasticity GO:0043501 skeletal muscle adaptation Any process in which skeletal muscles change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals. GOC:mtg_muscle PMID:11181628 PMID:11449884 PMID:12605307 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation. biological_process regulation of muscle plasticity GO:0043502 regulation of muscle adaptation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. regulation of apoptosis of neuronal cells regulation of apoptosis of neurons regulation of neuron programmed cell death regulation of neuronal cell programmed cell death regulation of programmed cell death of neuronal cells regulation of programmed cell death, neurons regulation of neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:0043523 regulation of neuron apoptotic process Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. down regulation of neuron apoptosis down-regulation of neuron apoptosis downregulation of neuron apoptosis negative regulation of programmed cell death, neurons inhibition of neuron apoptosis negative regulation of neuron apoptosis neuron survival biological_process GO:0043524 negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. positive regulation of programmed cell death, neurons up regulation of neuron apoptosis up-regulation of neuron apoptosis upregulation of neuron apoptosis activation of neuron apoptosis positive regulation of neuron apoptosis stimulation of neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:0043525 positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process. GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. biological_process GO:0043549 regulation of kinase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule. GOC:bf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. biological_process GO:0043576 regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. GOC:jl The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. animal skin development biological_process GO:0043588 skin development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. GOC:jl UBERON:0002097 The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. biological_process GO:0043589 skin morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue. GOC:jl UBERON:0002097 The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. amide metabolism biological_process GO:0043603 cellular amide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. biological_process GO:0043604 amide biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. GOC:curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. biological_process GO:0043900 regulation of multi-organism process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process, a process in which an organism has an effect on another organism of the same or different species. GOC:jl The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state. ossification involved in skeletal development ossification involved in bone modeling biological_process GO:0043931 ossification involved in bone maturation The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state. GOC:dph GOC:mah GOC:mtg_mpo ossification involved in skeletal development GOC:dph ossification involved in bone modeling GO_REF:0000034 Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22580 mah 2010-09-08T10:01:42Z GO:0034600 GO:0034621 GO:0071822 protein complex subunit organisation protein complex subunit organization biological_process cellular macromolecular complex organization cellular macromolecular complex subunit organisation cellular macromolecular complex subunit organization macromolecular complex organization macromolecular complex subunit organisation macromolecular complex subunit organization protein-containing complex subunit organization GO:0043933 protein-containing complex organization Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein complex. GOC:mah protein complex subunit organisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. biological_process GO:0044057 regulation of system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in an organ system. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. biological_process GO:0044058 regulation of digestive system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system. regulation of endocrine system process biological_process GO:0044060 regulation of endocrine process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. biological_process GO:0044062 regulation of excretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. biological_process GO:0044065 regulation of respiratory system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0044070 regulation of anion transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:jl A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component. GO:0071843 cellular component biogenesis at cellular level biological_process GO:0044085 cellular component biogenesis A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. Includes biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, and those macromolecular modifications that are involved in synthesis or assembly of the cellular component. GOC:jl GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. biological_process GO:0044087 regulation of cellular component biogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. regulation of vacuole organisation biological_process regulation of vacuole biogenesis GO:0044088 regulation of vacuole organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. GOC:jl GOC:mah regulation of vacuole organisation GOC:mah regulation of vacuole biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. biological_process GO:0044089 positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular component biogenesis, a process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a cellular component. GOC:jl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. positive regulation of vacuole organisation biological_process positive regulation of vacuole biogenesis GO:0044090 positive regulation of vacuole organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole. GOC:jl GOC:mah positive regulation of vacuole organisation GOC:mah positive regulation of vacuole biogenesis GOC:mah A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane. biological_process GO:0044091 membrane biogenesis A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane. GOC:jl Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. jl 2009-04-21T04:07:27Z biological_process GO:0044092 negative regulation of molecular function Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. GO:jl Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. jl 2009-04-21T04:11:06Z biological_process GO:0044093 positive regulation of molecular function Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. GO:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. jl 2009-07-15T11:55:44Z biological_process GO:0044106 cellular amine metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group, as carried out by individual cells. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GOC:jl A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator). jl 2009-10-22T02:38:55Z translation initiation (ternary) complex Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex cellular_component GO:0044207 translation initiation ternary complex A ribonucleoprotein complex that contains aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2 (either eIF2 in eukaryotes, or IF2 in prokaryotes). In prokaryotes, fMet-tRNA (initiator) is used rather than Met-tRNA (initiator). GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. cellular metabolism biological_process intermediary metabolism GO:0044237 cellular metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. GOC:go_curators intermediary metabolism GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. primary metabolism biological_process GO:0044238 primary metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving those compounds which are formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. GOC:go_curators http://www.metacyc.org The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. cellular anabolism cellular biosynthesis cellular formation cellular synthesis biological_process GO:0044249 cellular biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells. GO:0034960 cellular biopolymer metabolic process cellular macromolecule metabolism biological_process GO:0044260 cellular macromolecule metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass, as carried out by individual cells. GOC:mah cellular biopolymer metabolic process GOC:mtg_chebi_dec09 The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification. cellular protein metabolism biological_process GO:0044267 cellular protein metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving a specific protein, rather than of proteins in general, occurring at the level of an individual cell. Includes cellular protein modification. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds. nitrogen compound anabolism nitrogen compound biosynthesis nitrogen compound formation nitrogen compound synthesis biological_process GO:0044271 cellular nitrogen compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds. GOC:jl ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. sulfur compound anabolism sulfur compound biosynthesis sulfur compound formation sulfur compound synthesis sulfur biosynthesis sulfur biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0044272 sulfur compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. GOC:jl The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. jl 2010-01-26T12:05:20Z small molecule metabolism biological_process GO:0044281 Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides. small molecule metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. GOC:curators GOC:pde GOC:vw The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. jl 2010-01-26T12:06:49Z small molecule biosynthesis biological_process GO:0044283 Small molecules in GO include monosaccharides but exclude disaccharides and polysaccharides. small molecule biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. GOC:curators GOC:pde GOC:vw The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. jl 2010-02-05T10:37:16Z FBbt:00005107 FMA:67301 Wikipedia:Cell_body cell soma cellular_component GO:0044297 Note that 'cell body' and 'cell soma' are not used in the literature for cells that lack projections, nor for some cells (e.g. yeast with mating projections) that do have projections. cell body The portion of a cell bearing surface projections such as axons, dendrites, cilia, or flagella that includes the nucleus, but excludes all cell projections. GOC:go_curators Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. jl 2010-09-23T11:33:38Z fibroblast apoptosis biological_process GO:0044346 fibroblast apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. CL:0000057 GOC:jl GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:yaf A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton. jl 2011-12-13T11:43:24Z protein localisation to cytoskeleton biological_process GO:0044380 protein localization to cytoskeleton A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton. GOC:jl protein localisation to cytoskeleton GOC:mah Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20191 interaction with another species interspecies interaction interspecies interaction between organisms interspecies interaction with other organisms biological_process GO:0044419 biological process involved in interspecies interaction between organisms Any process evolved to enable an interaction with an organism of a different species. GOC:cc A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism. jl 2012-09-19T15:56:30Z biological_process GO:0044703 multi-organism reproductive process A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals, involving another organism. GOC:jl A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21459 jl 2012-09-19T16:06:16Z biological_process GO:0044706 multi-multicellular organism process A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species. GOC:jl A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. jl 2013-03-27T15:09:58Z microtubule-based flagellum organization biological_process GO:0044782 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. cilium organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. GOC:cilia GOC:jl A protein complex that plays a role in the process of DNA packaging. jl 2013-09-19T11:33:45Z cellular_component GO:0044815 DNA packaging complex A protein complex that plays a role in the process of DNA packaging. GOC:jl The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell. GO:0006947 cell fusion cell-cell fusion biological_process GO:0045026 plasma membrane fusion The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell. GOC:elh GOC:mtg_muscle The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle. biological_process GO:0045132 meiotic chromosome segregation The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle. GOC:ai GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. biological_process GO:0045137 development of primary sexual characteristics The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. GOC:ai The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. biological_process GO:0045165 Note that this term was 'cell fate determination' but the term name was changed to better match its existing definition and the child term 'cell fate determination; GO:0001709' was also created. cell fate commitment The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field. ISBN:0716731185 Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate. cell fate commitment, cell-cell signaling cell fate commitment, cell-cell signalling cell-cell signaling during in cell fate commitment cell-cell signaling resulting in cell fate commitment cell-cell signalling during cell fate commitment cell-cell signalling resulting in cell fate commitment cell-cell signalling involved in cell fate specification biological_process GO:0045168 cell-cell signaling involved in cell fate commitment Signaling at long or short range between cells that results in the commitment of a cell to a certain fate. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb cell-cell signalling involved in cell fate specification GOC:dph GOC:tb Any molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome. translation factor activity molecular_function GO:0045182 translation regulator activity Any molecular function involved in the initiation, activation, perpetuation, repression or termination of polypeptide synthesis at the ribosome. GOC:ai The directed movement of a protein to a specific location. establishment of protein localisation protein positioning protein recruitment biological_process GO:0045184 establishment of protein localization The directed movement of a protein to a specific location. GOC:bf establishment of protein localisation GOC:mah Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. GO:0043339 GO:0043342 establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity biological_process GO:0045196 establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. GOC:bf GOC:mah GOC:mtg_sensu PMID:19375318 PMID:20066083 The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. GO:0043340 GO:0043343 establishment of neuroblast cell polarity biological_process GO:0045200 establishment of neuroblast polarity The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of a neuroblast cell, a progenitor of the central nervous system. GOC:bf GOC:mtg_sensu The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. NIF_Subcellular:sao914572699 Wikipedia:Chemical_synapse synaptic junction mixed synapse cellular_component electrotonic synapse GO:0045202 synapse The junction between an axon of one neuron and a dendrite of another neuron, a muscle fiber or a glial cell. As the axon approaches the synapse it enlarges into a specialized structure, the presynaptic terminal bouton, which contains mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. At the tip of the terminal bouton is the presynaptic membrane; facing it, and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft) is a specialized area of membrane on the receiving cell, known as the postsynaptic membrane. In response to the arrival of nerve impulses, the presynaptic terminal bouton secretes molecules of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These diffuse across the cleft and transmit the signal to the postsynaptic membrane. GOC:aruk ISBN:0198506732 PMID:24619342 PMID:29383328 PMID:31998110 mixed synapse NIF_Subcellular:sao1506103497 electrotonic synapse NIF_Subcellular:sao1311109124 The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. GO:0006938 sarcomere alignment sarcomere organisation biological_process GO:0045214 sarcomere organization The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. GOC:bf A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells. cell-cell junction assembly and maintenance cell-cell junction organisation intercellular junction assembly and maintenance biological_process cell-cell junction biogenesis GO:0045216 cell-cell junction organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah cell-cell junction organisation GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4, a CD marker that occurs on T-helper cells and is involved in MHC class II restricted interactions. CD4 anabolism CD4 biosynthesis CD4 formation CD4 synthesis biological_process GO:0045222 CD4 biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4, a CD marker that occurs on T-helper cells and is involved in MHC class II restricted interactions. GOC:go_curators ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4. regulation of CD4 anabolism regulation of CD4 biosynthesis regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process regulation of CD4 formation regulation of CD4 synthesis biological_process GO:0045223 regulation of CD4 production Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4. positive regulation of CD4 anabolism positive regulation of CD4 biosynthesis positive regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process positive regulation of CD4 formation positive regulation of CD4 synthesis up regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process up-regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process upregulation of CD4 biosynthetic process activation of CD4 biosynthetic process stimulation of CD4 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045224 positive regulation of CD4 production Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4. down regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process down-regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process downregulation of CD4 biosynthetic process negative regulation of CD4 anabolism negative regulation of CD4 biosynthesis negative regulation of CD4 biosynthetic process negative regulation of CD4 formation negative regulation of CD4 synthesis inhibition of CD4 biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045225 negative regulation of CD4 production Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CD4. GOC:go_curators A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell. external encapsulating structure organisation external encapsulating structure organization and biogenesis biological_process GO:0045229 external encapsulating structure organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of external structures that lie outside the plasma membrane and surround the entire cell. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah external encapsulating structure organization and biogenesis GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. adipocyte cell differentiation adipocyte differentiation adipose cell differentiation biological_process adipogenesis GO:0045444 fat cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. CL:0000136 GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers. myoblast cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045445 myoblast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_muscle The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. biological_process GO:0045446 endothelial cell differentiation The process in which a mesodermal, bone marrow or neural crest cell acquires specialized features of an endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell. A layer of such cells lines the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium. CL:0000115 GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. biological_process GO:0045595 regulation of cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation, the process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. down regulation of cell differentiation down-regulation of cell differentiation downregulation of cell differentiation inhibition of cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045596 negative regulation of cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. up regulation of cell differentiation up-regulation of cell differentiation upregulation of cell differentiation activation of cell differentiation stimulation of cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045597 positive regulation of cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation regulation of adipocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045598 regulation of fat cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. down regulation of fat cell differentiation down-regulation of fat cell differentiation downregulation of fat cell differentiation negative regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation negative regulation of adipocyte differentiation inhibition of fat cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045599 negative regulation of fat cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. positive regulation of adipocyte cell differentiation positive regulation of adipocyte differentiation up regulation of fat cell differentiation up-regulation of fat cell differentiation upregulation of fat cell differentiation activation of fat cell differentiation stimulation of fat cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045600 positive regulation of fat cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0045601 regulation of endothelial cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. down regulation of endothelial cell differentiation down-regulation of endothelial cell differentiation downregulation of endothelial cell differentiation inhibition of endothelial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045602 negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. up regulation of endothelial cell differentiation up-regulation of endothelial cell differentiation upregulation of endothelial cell differentiation activation of endothelial cell differentiation stimulation of endothelial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045603 positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. biological_process regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation GO:0045604 regulation of epidermal cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. down regulation of epidermal cell differentiation down-regulation of epidermal cell differentiation downregulation of epidermal cell differentiation inhibition of epidermal cell differentiation biological_process negative regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation GO:0045605 negative regulation of epidermal cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators negative regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. up regulation of epidermal cell differentiation up-regulation of epidermal cell differentiation upregulation of epidermal cell differentiation activation of epidermal cell differentiation stimulation of epidermal cell differentiation biological_process positive regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation GO:0045606 positive regulation of epidermal cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of hypodermal cell differentiation GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0045637 regulation of myeloid cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. down regulation of myeloid cell differentiation down-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation downregulation of myeloid cell differentiation inhibition of myeloid cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045638 negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. up regulation of myeloid cell differentiation up-regulation of myeloid cell differentiation upregulation of myeloid cell differentiation activation of myeloid cell differentiation stimulation of myeloid cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045639 positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. regulation of RBC differentiation regulation of red blood cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045646 regulation of erythrocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators regulation of RBC differentiation CL:0000232 regulation of red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. down regulation of erythrocyte differentiation down-regulation of erythrocyte differentiation downregulation of erythrocyte differentiation negative regulation of RBC differentiation negative regulation of red blood cell differentiation inhibition of erythrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045647 negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators negative regulation of RBC differentiation CL:0000232 negative regulation of red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. positive regulation of RBC differentiation positive regulation of red blood cell differentiation up regulation of erythrocyte differentiation up-regulation of erythrocyte differentiation upregulation of erythrocyte differentiation activation of erythrocyte differentiation stimulation of erythrocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045648 positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of RBC differentiation CL:0000232 positive regulation of red blood cell differentiation CL:0000232 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation. biological_process GO:0045652 regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation. down regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation down-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation downregulation of megakaryocyte differentiation inhibition of megakaryocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045653 negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation. up regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation up-regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation upregulation of megakaryocyte differentiation activation of megakaryocyte differentiation stimulation of megakaryocyte differentiation biological_process GO:0045654 positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0045661 regulation of myoblast differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. down regulation of myoblast differentiation down-regulation of myoblast differentiation downregulation of myoblast differentiation inhibition of myoblast differentiation biological_process GO:0045662 negative regulation of myoblast differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. up regulation of myoblast differentiation up-regulation of myoblast differentiation upregulation of myoblast differentiation activation of myoblast differentiation stimulation of myoblast differentiation biological_process GO:0045663 positive regulation of myoblast differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:go_curators GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. biological_process GO:0045664 regulation of neuron differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. down regulation of neuron differentiation down-regulation of neuron differentiation downregulation of neuron differentiation inhibition of neuron differentiation biological_process GO:0045665 negative regulation of neuron differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. up regulation of neuron differentiation up-regulation of neuron differentiation upregulation of neuron differentiation activation of neuron differentiation stimulation of neuron differentiation biological_process GO:0045666 positive regulation of neuron differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. regulation of epidermal development biological_process regulation of hypodermis development GO:0045682 regulation of epidermis development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. GOC:go_curators regulation of hypodermis development GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. down regulation of epidermis development down-regulation of epidermis development downregulation of epidermis development negative regulation of epidermal development inhibition of epidermis development biological_process negative regulation of hypodermis development GO:0045683 negative regulation of epidermis development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. GOC:go_curators negative regulation of hypodermis development GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. positive regulation of epidermal development up regulation of epidermis development up-regulation of epidermis development upregulation of epidermis development activation of epidermis development stimulation of epidermis development biological_process positive regulation of hypodermis development GO:0045684 positive regulation of epidermis development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of hypodermis development GOC:kmv GOC:rk Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. regulation of glia cell differentiation regulation of neuroglia differentiation biological_process GO:0045685 regulation of glial cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. down regulation of glial cell differentiation down-regulation of glial cell differentiation downregulation of glial cell differentiation negative regulation of glia cell differentiation negative regulation of neuroglia differentiation inhibition of glial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045686 negative regulation of glial cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. positive regulation of glia cell differentiation positive regulation of neuroglia differentiation up regulation of glial cell differentiation up-regulation of glial cell differentiation upregulation of glial cell differentiation activation of glial cell differentiation stimulation of glial cell differentiation biological_process GO:0045687 positive regulation of glial cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium. positive regulation of flagellum assembly up regulation of cilium assembly up-regulation of cilium assembly upregulation of cilium assembly activation of cilium assembly stimulation of cilium assembly biological_process positive regulation of flagellum biogenesis GO:0045724 positive regulation of cilium assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium. GOC:cilia GOC:go_curators positive regulation of flagellum biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GO:0045946 positive regulation of protein anabolism positive regulation of protein biosynthesis positive regulation of protein biosynthetic process positive regulation of protein formation positive regulation of protein synthesis up regulation of protein biosynthetic process up-regulation of protein biosynthetic process upregulation of protein biosynthetic process activation of protein biosynthetic process stimulation of protein biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0045727 positive regulation of translation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb positive regulation of protein biosynthetic process GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. down regulation of action potential down-regulation of action potential downregulation of action potential inhibition of action potential biological_process GO:0045759 negative regulation of action potential Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. up regulation of action potential up-regulation of action potential upregulation of action potential activation of action potential stimulation of action potential biological_process GO:0045760 positive regulation of action potential Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid. down regulation of amino acid metabolic process down-regulation of amino acid metabolic process downregulation of amino acid metabolic process negative regulation of amino acid metabolism inhibition of amino acid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045763 negative regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid. positive regulation of amino acid metabolism up regulation of amino acid metabolic process up-regulation of amino acid metabolic process upregulation of amino acid metabolic process activation of amino acid metabolic process stimulation of amino acid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045764 positive regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acid. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. biological_process GO:0045765 regulation of angiogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of angiogenesis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. up regulation of angiogenesis up-regulation of angiogenesis upregulation of angiogenesis activation of angiogenesis stimulation of angiogenesis biological_process GO:0045766 positive regulation of angiogenesis Any process that activates or increases angiogenesis. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. down regulation of asymmetric cell division down-regulation of asymmetric cell division downregulation of asymmetric cell division inhibition of asymmetric cell division biological_process GO:0045769 negative regulation of asymmetric cell division Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. up regulation of asymmetric cell division up-regulation of asymmetric cell division upregulation of asymmetric cell division activation of asymmetric cell division stimulation of asymmetric cell division biological_process GO:0045770 positive regulation of asymmetric cell division Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. positive regulation of bone biosynthesis positive regulation of bone formation up regulation of ossification up-regulation of ossification upregulation of ossification activation of ossification stimulation of ossification biological_process GO:0045778 positive regulation of ossification Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. down regulation of progression through cell cycle down-regulation of progression through cell cycle downregulation of progression through cell cycle negative regulation of cell cycle progression negative regulation of progression through cell cycle inhibition of progression through cell cycle biological_process GO:0045786 negative regulation of cell cycle Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. positive regulation of cell cycle progression positive regulation of progression through cell cycle up regulation of progression through cell cycle up-regulation of progression through cell cycle upregulation of progression through cell cycle activation of progression through cell cycle stimulation of progression through cell cycle biological_process GO:0045787 positive regulation of cell cycle Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of progression through cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb An epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression by remodelling of chromatin by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22201 down regulation of gene expression, epigenetic down-regulation of gene expression, epigenetic downregulation of gene expression, epigenetic inhibition of gene expression, epigenetic biological_process gene silencing GO:0045814 negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic An epigenetic process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate of gene expression by remodelling of chromatin by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. PMID:22243696 An epigenetic process that capacitates gene expression by remodelling of chromatin by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21730 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22012 GO:0048096 chromatin-mediated maintenance of transcription maintenance of chromatin in transcription-competent conformation positive regulation of gene expression, epigenetic up regulation of gene expression, epigenetic up-regulation of gene expression, epigenetic upregulation of gene expression, epigenetic biological_process activation of gene expression, epigenetic euchromatin assembly euchromatin organisation euchromatin organization long-term maintenance of gene activation stimulation of gene expression, epigenetic GO:0045815 This regulation is exemplified by members of the trithorax group, which maintain the active state of homeotic gene transcription. Do not confuse with GO:0140673 ; co-transcriptional chromatin reassembly, which describes the reforming of chromatin after RNA polymerase II passage. epigenetic maintenance of chromatin in transcription-competent conformation An epigenetic process that capacitates gene expression by remodelling of chromatin by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA. PMID:34414474 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. down regulation of heart contraction down-regulation of heart contraction downregulation of heart contraction inhibition of heart contraction biological_process negative regulation of cardiac contraction GO:0045822 negative regulation of heart contraction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. positive regulation of cardiac contraction up regulation of heart contraction up-regulation of heart contraction upregulation of heart contraction activation of heart contraction stimulation of heart contraction biological_process GO:0045823 positive regulation of heart contraction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. down regulation of lipid metabolic process down-regulation of lipid metabolic process downregulation of lipid metabolic process negative regulation of lipid metabolism inhibition of lipid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045833 negative regulation of lipid metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. positive regulation of lipid metabolism up regulation of lipid metabolic process up-regulation of lipid metabolic process upregulation of lipid metabolic process activation of lipid metabolic process stimulation of lipid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045834 positive regulation of lipid metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis. down regulation of meiosis down-regulation of meiosis downregulation of meiosis negative regulation of meiosis inhibition of meiosis biological_process GO:0045835 negative regulation of meiotic nuclear division Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis. positive regulation of meiosis up regulation of meiosis up-regulation of meiosis upregulation of meiosis activation of meiosis stimulation of meiosis biological_process GO:0045836 positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother. down regulation of mitosis down-regulation of mitosis downregulation of mitosis negative regulation of mitosis inhibition of mitosis biological_process GO:0045839 negative regulation of mitotic nuclear division Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of mitosis. Mitosis is the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus to produce two daughter nuclei that, usually, contain the identical chromosome complement to their mother. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. positive regulation of mitosis up regulation of mitosis up-regulation of mitosis upregulation of mitosis activation of mitosis mitogenic activity stimulation of mitosis biological_process GO:0045840 positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. down regulation of striated muscle development down-regulation of striated muscle development downregulation of striated muscle development inhibition of striated muscle development biological_process GO:0045843 negative regulation of striated muscle tissue development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. up regulation of striated muscle development up-regulation of striated muscle development upregulation of striated muscle development activation of striated muscle development stimulation of striated muscle development biological_process GO:0045844 positive regulation of striated muscle tissue development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation. down regulation of translational elongation down-regulation of translational elongation downregulation of translational elongation inhibition of translational elongation biological_process GO:0045900 negative regulation of translational elongation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation. up regulation of translational elongation up-regulation of translational elongation upregulation of translational elongation activation of translational elongation stimulation of translational elongation biological_process GO:0045901 positive regulation of translational elongation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. down regulation of translational termination down-regulation of translational termination downregulation of translational termination inhibition of translational termination biological_process GO:0045904 negative regulation of translational termination Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. up regulation of translational termination up-regulation of translational termination upregulation of translational termination activation of translational termination stimulation of translational termination biological_process GO:0045905 positive regulation of translational termination Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate. down regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process down-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process downregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolism inhibition of carbohydrate metabolic process biological_process GO:0045912 negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate. positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolism up regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process up-regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process upregulation of carbohydrate metabolic process activation of carbohydrate metabolic process stimulation of carbohydrate metabolic process biological_process GO:0045913 positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine. down regulation of catecholamine metabolic process down-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process downregulation of catecholamine metabolic process negative regulation of catecholamine metabolism inhibition of catecholamine metabolic process biological_process GO:0045914 negative regulation of catecholamine metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine. positive regulation of catecholamine metabolism up regulation of catecholamine metabolic process up-regulation of catecholamine metabolic process upregulation of catecholamine metabolic process activation of catecholamine metabolic process stimulation of catecholamine metabolic process biological_process GO:0045915 positive regulation of catecholamine metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. down regulation of exocytosis down-regulation of exocytosis downregulation of exocytosis inhibition of exocytosis biological_process GO:0045920 negative regulation of exocytosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. up regulation of exocytosis up-regulation of exocytosis upregulation of exocytosis activation of exocytosis stimulation of exocytosis biological_process GO:0045921 positive regulation of exocytosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. down regulation of growth down-regulation of growth downregulation of growth inhibition of growth biological_process GO:0045926 negative regulation of growth Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. up regulation of growth up-regulation of growth upregulation of growth activation of growth stimulation of growth biological_process GO:0045927 positive regulation of growth Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. down regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle down-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle downregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression negative regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle inhibition of progression through mitotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0045930 negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb negative regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression positive regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle up regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle up-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle upregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle activation of progression through mitotic cell cycle stimulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0045931 positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb positive regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. down regulation of muscle contraction down-regulation of muscle contraction downregulation of muscle contraction inhibition of muscle contraction biological_process GO:0045932 negative regulation of muscle contraction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. up regulation of muscle contraction up-regulation of muscle contraction upregulation of muscle contraction activation of muscle contraction stimulation of muscle contraction biological_process GO:0045933 positive regulation of muscle contraction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. down regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process down-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process downregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism inhibition of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process biological_process negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0045934 negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:go_curators negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism up regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process up-regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process upregulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process activation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process stimulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process biological_process positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GO:0045935 positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process Any cellular process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids. GOC:go_curators positive regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. down regulation of phosphate metabolic process down-regulation of phosphate metabolic process downregulation of phosphate metabolic process negative regulation of phosphate metabolism inhibition of phosphate metabolic process biological_process GO:0045936 negative regulation of phosphate metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. positive regulation of phosphate metabolism up regulation of phosphate metabolic process up-regulation of phosphate metabolic process upregulation of phosphate metabolic process activation of phosphate metabolic process stimulation of phosphate metabolic process biological_process GO:0045937 positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids. down regulation of steroid metabolic process down-regulation of steroid metabolic process downregulation of steroid metabolic process negative regulation of steroid metabolism inhibition of steroid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045939 negative regulation of steroid metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids. positive regulation of steroid metabolism up regulation of steroid metabolic process up-regulation of steroid metabolic process upregulation of steroid metabolic process activation of steroid metabolic process stimulation of steroid metabolic process biological_process GO:0045940 positive regulation of steroid metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. down regulation of translational initiation down-regulation of translational initiation downregulation of translational initiation inhibition of translational initiation biological_process GO:0045947 negative regulation of translational initiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. up regulation of translational initiation up-regulation of translational initiation upregulation of translational initiation activation of translational initiation stimulation of translational initiation biological_process GO:0045948 positive regulation of translational initiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. down regulation of smooth muscle contraction down-regulation of smooth muscle contraction downregulation of smooth muscle contraction inhibition of smooth muscle contraction biological_process smooth muscle relaxation GO:0045986 negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. up regulation of smooth muscle contraction up-regulation of smooth muscle contraction upregulation of smooth muscle contraction activation of smooth muscle contraction stimulation of smooth muscle contraction biological_process GO:0045987 positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. down regulation of striated muscle contraction down-regulation of striated muscle contraction downregulation of striated muscle contraction inhibition of striated muscle contraction biological_process GO:0045988 negative regulation of striated muscle contraction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. up regulation of striated muscle contraction up-regulation of striated muscle contraction upregulation of striated muscle contraction activation of striated muscle contraction stimulation of striated muscle contraction biological_process GO:0045989 positive regulation of striated muscle contraction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. down regulation of embryonic development down-regulation of embryonic development downregulation of embryonic development inhibition of embryonic development biological_process GO:0045992 negative regulation of embryonic development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. biological_process GO:0045995 regulation of embryonic development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development. GOC:go_curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid. nucleobase anabolism nucleobase biosynthesis nucleobase formation nucleobase synthesis biological_process GO:0046112 nucleobase biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. phenol-containing compound anabolism phenol-containing compound biosynthesis phenol-containing compound formation phenol-containing compound synthesis biological_process GO:0046189 phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring. GOC:ai The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. indolalkylamine anabolism indolalkylamine biosynthesis indolalkylamine formation indolalkylamine synthesis biological_process GO:0046219 indolalkylamine biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group. GOC:curators The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. carboxylic acid anabolism carboxylic acid biosynthesis carboxylic acid formation carboxylic acid synthesis biological_process GO:0046394 carboxylic acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one or more carboxyl (-COOH) groups. ISBN:0198506732 The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). heterocycle metabolism biological_process GO:0046483 heterocycle metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). ISBN:0198506732 The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0007467 biological_process GO:0046530 photoreceptor cell differentiation The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0045673 regulation of photoreceptor differentiation biological_process GO:0046532 regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0045674 down regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation down regulation of photoreceptor differentiation down-regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation down-regulation of photoreceptor differentiation downregulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation downregulation of photoreceptor differentiation negative regulation of photoreceptor differentiation inhibition of photoreceptor cell differentiation inhibition of photoreceptor differentiation biological_process GO:0046533 negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0045675 positive regulation of photoreceptor differentiation up regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation up regulation of photoreceptor differentiation up-regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation up-regulation of photoreceptor differentiation upregulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation upregulation of photoreceptor differentiation activation of photoreceptor cell differentiation activation of photoreceptor differentiation stimulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation stimulation of photoreceptor differentiation biological_process GO:0046534 positive regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:go_curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. biological_process GO:0046545 development of primary female sexual characteristics The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion. GOC:ai Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light. biological_process GO:0046548 retinal rod cell development Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light. ISBN:0198506732 Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision. biological_process GO:0046549 retinal cone cell development Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. biological_process GO:0046620 regulation of organ growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. GOC:bf GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. biological_process GO:0046621 negative regulation of organ growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. GOC:bf GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. biological_process GO:0046622 positive regulation of organ growth Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism. GOC:bf GOC:tb The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation. biological_process GO:0046660 female sex differentiation The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation. GOC:bf Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina. programmed cell death, retina cells programmed cell death, retinal cells retina cell programmed cell death retina programmed cell death retinal programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046666 retinal cell programmed cell death Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina. GOC:bf Programmed cell death that occurs in the retina to remove excess cells between ommatidia, thus resulting in a hexagonal lattice, precise with respect to cell number and position surrounding each ommatidium. biological_process GO:0046667 compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death Programmed cell death that occurs in the retina to remove excess cells between ommatidia, thus resulting in a hexagonal lattice, precise with respect to cell number and position surrounding each ommatidium. PMID:12006672 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. regulation of retinal programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046668 regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. GOC:ai GOC:tb regulation of retinal programmed cell death GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046669 regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. positive regulation of retinal programmed cell death up regulation of retinal programmed cell death up-regulation of retinal programmed cell death upregulation of retinal programmed cell death activation of retinal programmed cell death stimulation of retinal programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046670 positive regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. GOC:ai GOC:tb positive regulation of retinal programmed cell death GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. down regulation of retinal programmed cell death down-regulation of retinal programmed cell death downregulation of retinal programmed cell death negative regulation of retinal programmed cell death inhibition of retinal programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046671 negative regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the retina. GOC:ai GOC:tb negative regulation of retinal programmed cell death GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. activation of retinal cell programmed cell death positive regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death stimulation of retinal cell programmed cell death up regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death up-regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death upregulation of retinal cell programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046672 positive regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. down regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death down-regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death downregulation of retinal cell programmed cell death inhibition of retinal cell programmed cell death negative regulation of retina cell programmed cell death negative regulation of retinal cell programmed cell death biological_process GO:0046673 negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of programmed cell death that occurs in the compound eye retina. GOC:ai Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbamate stimulus. Carbamates are a group of insecticides and parasiticides that act by inhibiting cholinesterase. biological_process carbamate resistance carbamate susceptibility/resistance GO:0046681 response to carbamate Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbamate stimulus. Carbamates are a group of insecticides and parasiticides that act by inhibiting cholinesterase. ISBN:0721662544 The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state. muscle fiber maintenance biological_process muscle homeostasis GO:0046716 muscle cell cellular homeostasis The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state. GOC:mah PMID:3091429 PMID:7781901 muscle fiber maintenance GOC:dph GOC:tb muscle homeostasis GOC:dph The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue. biological_process GO:0046717 acid secretion The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue. GOC:ai The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule. microtubule assembly biological_process microtubule formation GO:0046785 microtubule polymerization The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule. GOC:ai GOC:go_curators The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells. biological_process GO:0046879 hormone secretion The regulated release of hormones, substances with a specific regulatory effect on a particular organ or group of cells. ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. biological_process GO:0046883 regulation of hormone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. up regulation of hormone secretion up-regulation of hormone secretion upregulation of hormone secretion activation of hormone secretion stimulation of hormone secretion biological_process GO:0046887 positive regulation of hormone secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. down regulation of hormone secretion down-regulation of hormone secretion downregulation of hormone secretion inhibition of hormone secretion biological_process GO:0046888 negative regulation of hormone secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. positive regulation of lipid anabolism positive regulation of lipid biosynthesis positive regulation of lipid formation positive regulation of lipid synthesis positive regulation of lipogenesis up regulation of lipid biosynthetic process up-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process upregulation of lipid biosynthetic process activation of lipid biosynthetic process stimulation of lipid biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0046889 positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. GOC:ai positive regulation of lipogenesis GOC:sl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. regulation of lipid anabolism regulation of lipid biosynthesis regulation of lipid formation regulation of lipid synthesis regulation of lipogenesis biological_process GO:0046890 regulation of lipid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. GOC:ai regulation of lipogenesis GOC:sl The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue. biological_process GO:0046903 secretion The controlled release of a substance by a cell or a tissue. GOC:ai The directed movement of substances within a cell. jl 2013-12-18T14:04:50Z GO:1902582 biological_process single organism intracellular transport single-organism intracellular transport GO:0046907 intracellular transport The directed movement of substances within a cell. GOC:ai single organism intracellular transport GOC:TermGenie The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). biological_process GO:0046942 carboxylic acid transport The directed movement of carboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-). GOC:ai The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination. microtubule-based vesicle localization biological_process GO:0047496 vesicle transport along microtubule The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination. GOC:ecd GOC:rl microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:rl The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048048 embryonic eye morphogenesis The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized. GOC:jid The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell. biological_process pigmentation during development GO:0048066 developmental pigmentation The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell. ISBN:0582227089 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. regulation of pigmentation during development biological_process GO:0048070 regulation of developmental pigmentation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb regulation of pigmentation during development GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. down regulation of developmental pigmentation down-regulation of developmental pigmentation downregulation of developmental pigmentation inhibition of pigmentation biological_process GO:0048086 negative regulation of developmental pigmentation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb down regulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb down-regulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb downregulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. up regulation of developmental pigmentation up-regulation of developmental pigmentation upregulation of developmental pigmentation activation of developmental pigmentation stimulation of developmental pigmentation biological_process GO:0048087 positive regulation of developmental pigmentation Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb up regulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph up-regulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb upregulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb activation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb stimulation of developmental pigmentation GOC:dph GOC:tb The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. somatic stem cell renewal biological_process GO:0048103 somatic stem cell division The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line. GOC:jid ISBN:0582227089 The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell in the female gonad, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the female gametes. GO:0048141 female germ-line stem cell renewal biological_process GO:0048132 female germ-line stem cell asymmetric division The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell in the female gonad, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell, which will divide to form the female gametes. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population. biological_process GO:0048144 fibroblast proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population. GOC:jid Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. biological_process GO:0048145 regulation of fibroblast proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. GOC:jid Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. up regulation of fibroblast proliferation up-regulation of fibroblast proliferation upregulation of fibroblast proliferation activation of fibroblast proliferation stimulation of fibroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0048146 positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. GOC:jid Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. down regulation of fibroblast proliferation down-regulation of fibroblast proliferation downregulation of fibroblast proliferation inhibition of fibroblast proliferation biological_process GO:0048147 negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells. GOC:jid The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles. biological_process Golgi-derived vesicle transport GO:0048193 Golgi vesicle transport The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles. GOC:jid ISBN:0716731363 PMID:10219233 The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation. Golgi vesicle targeting dictyosome vesicle targeting vesicle targeting, to, from or within dictyosome biological_process GO:0048199 vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation. GOC:jid GOC:mah ISBN:0716731363 PMID:10219233 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or destination of vesicle-mediated transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus. regulation of Golgi vesicle targeting biological_process GO:0048209 regulation of vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or destination of vesicle-mediated transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus. GOC:jid GOC:mah ISBN:0716731363 PMID:10219233 The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system. noradrenaline secretion biological_process GO:0048243 norepinephrine secretion The regulated release of norepinephrine by a cell. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine and it acts as a hormone and as a neurotransmitter of most of the sympathetic nervous system. GOC:ef GOC:jid Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching. elastic fibre assembly elastin fiber assembly elastin fibre assembly biological_process GO:0048251 elastic fiber assembly Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching. GOC:jid PMID:10841810 PMID:12615674 elastin fiber assembly GOC:BHF elastin fibre assembly GOC:BHF The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the Golgi. biological_process GO:0048280 vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the Golgi. GOC:jid The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles. biological_process GO:0048284 organelle fusion The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles. GOC:jid The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle. biological_process GO:0048285 organelle fission The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle. GOC:jid The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus during the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei. biological_process nuclear membrane fusion during karyogamy GO:0048288 nuclear membrane fusion involved in karyogamy The joining of 2 or more lipid bilayer membranes that surround the nucleus during the creation of a single nucleus from multiple nuclei. GOC:jid nuclear membrane fusion during karyogamy GOC:dph GOC:tb The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division. biological_process GO:0048308 organelle inheritance The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division. GOC:jid The partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division. Golgi division Golgi partitioning biological_process GO:0048313 Golgi inheritance The partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division. GOC:jid PMID:12851069 Golgi division GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. biological_process GO:0048318 axial mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. GOC:dgh The process in which the anatomical structures of the axial mesoderm are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048319 axial mesoderm morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the axial mesoderm are generated and organized. GOC:go_curators The process that gives rise to the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. biological_process GO:0048320 axial mesoderm formation The process that gives rise to the axial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. GOC:dgh The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048332 mesoderm morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized. GOC:go_curators The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell. mesoderm cell differentiation biological_process GO:0048333 mesodermal cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell. GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube. biological_process GO:0048339 paraxial mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube. GOC:dgh The process in which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048340 paraxial mesoderm morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized. GOC:go_curators The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. biological_process GO:0048341 paraxial mesoderm formation The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. lateral plate mesoderm development biological_process GO:0048368 lateral mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:go_curators The process in which the anatomical structures of the lateral mesoderm are generated and organized. lateral plate mesoderm morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048369 lateral mesoderm morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the lateral mesoderm are generated and organized. GOC:go_curators The process that gives rise to the lateral mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. lateral plate mesoderm biosynthesis lateral plate mesoderm formation biological_process GO:0048370 lateral mesoderm formation The process that gives rise to the lateral mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. biological_process GO:0048389 intermediate mesoderm development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the intermediate mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. GOC:dgh The process in which the anatomical structures of the intermediate mesoderm are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048390 intermediate mesoderm morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the intermediate mesoderm are generated and organized. GOC:go_curators The process that gives rise to the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. biological_process GO:0048391 intermediate mesoderm formation The process that gives rise to the intermediate mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts. GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process terminal differentiation GO:0048468 cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:go_curators terminal differentiation GOC:dph GOC:tb A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state. biological_process functional differentiation GO:0048469 cell maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell to attain its fully functional state. GOC:go_curators functional differentiation GOC:dph The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster. GO:0009993 GO:0048157 Wikipedia:Oogenesis ovum development biological_process GO:0048477 oogenesis The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster. GOC:kmv GOC:mtg_sensu GOC:pr ovum development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands. biological_process GO:0048483 autonomic nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands. FMA:9905 GOC:jid GOC:sr The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter. biological_process GO:0048485 sympathetic nervous system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter. FMA:9906 GOC:jid GOC:sr The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the XXX at a consistent predetermined time point during its development. biological_process timing of cell differentiation GO:0048505 regulation of timing of cell differentiation The process controlling the activation and/or rate at which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized features. Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the XXX at a consistent predetermined time point during its development. GOC:bf GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism. biological_process rhythm GO:0048511 rhythmic process Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism. GOC:jid Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Wikipedia:Organogenesis development of an organ organogenesis biological_process GO:0048513 animal organ development Development of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:dph GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. biological_process GO:0048514 blood vessel morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. GOC:jid Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GO:0043119 positive regulation of physiological process up regulation of biological process up-regulation of biological process upregulation of biological process activation of biological process stimulation of biological process biological_process GO:0048518 positive regulation of biological process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GOC:jid Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GO:0043118 down regulation of biological process down-regulation of biological process downregulation of biological process negative regulation of physiological process inhibition of biological process biological_process GO:0048519 negative regulation of biological process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GOC:jid positive regulation of behavior negative regulation of behavior Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GO:0051242 positive regulation of cellular physiological process up regulation of cellular process up-regulation of cellular process upregulation of cellular process activation of cellular process stimulation of cellular process biological_process GO:0048522 positive regulation of cellular process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:jid Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GO:0051243 down regulation of cellular process down-regulation of cellular process downregulation of cellular process negative regulation of cellular physiological process inhibition of cellular process biological_process GO:0048523 negative regulation of cellular process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation. haematopoietic or lymphoid organ development haemopoietic or lymphoid organ development hemopoietic or lymphoid organ development biological_process GO:0048534 hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation. GOC:add GOC:rl ISBN:0781735149 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0048539 bone marrow development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:add ISBN:0781735149 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus. response to steroid hormone stimulus biological_process GO:0048545 response to steroid hormone Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus. GOC:go_curators response to steroid hormone stimulus GOC:dos The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. GO:0048547 gut morphogenesis alimentary canal morphogenesis digestive tube morphogenesis gastrointestinal tract morphogenesis intestinal morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048546 digestive tract morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. GOC:dph GOC:go_curators PMID:12618131 gut morphogenesis GOC:dph Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. biological_process GO:0048562 embryonic organ morphogenesis Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. gut development intestinal development intestine development biological_process GO:0048565 digestive tract development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. GOC:go_curators gut development GOC:dph Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. embryonic organogenesis biological_process GO:0048568 embryonic organ development Development, taking place during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. biological_process GO:0048570 notochord morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column. GOC:jid Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0048580 regulation of post-embryonic development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. GOC:jid Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. down regulation of post-embryonic development down-regulation of post-embryonic development downregulation of post-embryonic development inhibition of post-embryonic development biological_process GO:0048581 negative regulation of post-embryonic development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. GOC:jid Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. up regulation of post-embryonic development up-regulation of post-embryonic development upregulation of post-embryonic development activation of post-embryonic development stimulation of post-embryonic development biological_process GO:0048582 positive regulation of post-embryonic development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. GOC:jid Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. biological_process GO:0048583 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. regulation of response to stimulus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jid Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. up regulation of response to stimulus up-regulation of response to stimulus upregulation of response to stimulus activation of response to stimulus stimulation of response to stimulus biological_process GO:0048584 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. positive regulation of response to stimulus Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jid Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. down regulation of response to stimulus down-regulation of response to stimulus downregulation of response to stimulus inhibition of response to stimulus biological_process GO:0048585 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. negative regulation of response to stimulus Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. GOC:jid The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another. developmental growth of a unicellular organism biological_process GO:0048588 developmental cell growth The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another. GOC:go_curators GOC:isa_complete The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. biological_process GO:0048589 developmental growth The increase in size or mass of an entire organism, a part of an organism or a cell, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. GOC:go_curators The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. GO:0048748 biological_process GO:0048592 eye morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. GO:0048594 GO:0048595 camera-style eye morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048593 camera-type eye morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu camera-style eye morphogenesis GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development. embryonic eye morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048596 embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants. GO:0048828 embryonic anatomical structure morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048598 embryonic morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The embryonic phase begins with zygote formation. The end of the embryonic phase is organism-specific. For example, it would be at birth for mammals, larval hatching for insects and seed dormancy in plants. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu embryonic anatomical structure morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0048599 oocyte development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:go_curators The process in which the structures of an oocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of an oocyte. oocyte morphogenesis during differentiation biological_process GO:0048601 oocyte morphogenesis The process in which the structures of an oocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of an oocyte. GOC:go_curators The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures. biological_process GO:0048608 reproductive structure development The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:jid The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs. organismal reproductive process reproductive process in a multicellular organism biological_process GO:0048609 multicellular organismal reproductive process The process, occurring above the cellular level, that is pertinent to the reproductive function of a multicellular organism. This includes the integrated processes at the level of tissues and organs. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0048627 myoblast development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_muscle A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a myoblast to attain its fully functional state. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0048628 myoblast maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a myoblast to attain its fully functional state. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_muscle The increase in size or mass of a skeletal muscle. This may be due to a change in the fiber number or size. biological_process GO:0048630 skeletal muscle tissue growth The increase in size or mass of a skeletal muscle. This may be due to a change in the fiber number or size. GOC:lm PMID:15726494 PMID:15907921 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth. biological_process GO:0048631 regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth. GOC:lm PMID:15726494 PMID:15907921 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth. down regulation of skeletal muscle growth down-regulation of skeletal muscle growth downregulation of skeletal muscle growth inhibition of skeletal muscle growth biological_process GO:0048632 negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth. GOC:lm PMID:15726494 PMID:15907921 Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle growth. up regulation of skeletal muscle growth up-regulation of skeletal muscle growth upregulation of skeletal muscle growth activation of skeletal muscle growth stimulation of skeletal muscle growth biological_process GO:0048633 positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle growth. GOC:lm PMID:15726494 PMID:15907921 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. biological_process GO:0048634 regulation of muscle organ development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. down regulation of muscle development down-regulation of muscle development downregulation of muscle development inhibition of muscle development biological_process GO:0048635 negative regulation of muscle organ development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of muscle development. up regulation of muscle development up-regulation of muscle development upregulation of muscle development activation of muscle development stimulation of muscle development biological_process GO:0048636 positive regulation of muscle organ development Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of muscle development. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. biological_process GO:0048638 regulation of developmental growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth. up regulation of developmental growth up-regulation of developmental growth upregulation of developmental growth activation of developmental growth stimulation of developmental growth biological_process GO:0048639 positive regulation of developmental growth Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. down regulation of developmental growth down-regulation of developmental growth downregulation of developmental growth inhibition of developmental growth biological_process GO:0048640 negative regulation of developmental growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development. biological_process GO:0048641 regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development. GOC:go_curators Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development. down regulation of skeletal muscle development down-regulation of skeletal muscle development downregulation of skeletal muscle development inhibition of skeletal muscle development biological_process GO:0048642 negative regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development. GOC:go_curators Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development. up regulation of skeletal muscle development up-regulation of skeletal muscle development upregulation of skeletal muscle development activation of skeletal muscle development stimulation of skeletal muscle development biological_process GO:0048643 positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development. GOC:go_curators The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048644 muscle organ morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized. GOC:jid The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ. animal organ primordium initiation initiation of an animal organ primordium biological_process GO:0048645 animal organ formation The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ. GOC:dph GOC:jid The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048646 Note that, for example, the formation of a pseudopod in an amoeba would not be considered formation involved in morphogenesis because it would not be thought of as the formation of an anatomical structure that was part of the shaping of the amoeba during its development. The formation of an axon from a neuron would be considered the formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis because it contributes to the creation of the form of the neuron in a developmental sense. anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an anatomical structure from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:tb formation of an anatomical structure involved in morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. SMC proliferation biological_process GO:0048659 smooth muscle cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. CL:0000192 GOC:ebc PMID:1840698 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. regulation of SMC proliferation biological_process GO:0048660 regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000192 GOC:ebc Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. positive regulation of SMC proliferation up regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation up-regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation upregulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation activation of smooth muscle cell proliferation stimulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:0048661 positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000192 GOC:ebc Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. down regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation down-regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation downregulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation negative regulation of SMC proliferation inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:0048662 negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation. CL:0000192 GOC:ebc The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0048666 neuron development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dph The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron. neuron morphogenesis involved in differentiation biological_process GO:0048667 cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation The process in which the structures of a neuron are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a neuron. GOC:dph GOC:tb neuron morphogenesis involved in differentiation GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons. neuron generation biological_process GO:0048699 generation of neurons The process in which nerve cells are generated. This includes the production of neuroblasts and their differentiation into neurons. GOC:nln The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized. skeletal morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048705 skeletal system morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized. GOC:dph GOC:dsf GOC:jid GOC:tb skeletal morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048729 tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a tissue are generated and organized. GOC:dph GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. biological_process hypodermis morphogenesis GO:0048730 epidermis morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species. GOC:jid UBERON:0001003 hypodermis morphogenesis GOC:kmv GOC:rk The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. biological_process GO:0048731 system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. GOC:dph GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion. biological_process GO:0048732 gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A gland is an organ specialised for secretion. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch. biological_process GO:0048736 appendage development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch. GOC:jid GOC:rc The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. heart muscle development biological_process GO:0048738 cardiac muscle tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:lm The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. skeletal muscle fibre development skeletal myofiber development skeletal myofibre development biological_process GO:0048741 skeletal muscle fiber development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal muscle fiber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. GOC:dph GOC:ef GOC:jid GOC:lm GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development regulation of skeletal myofiber development regulation of skeletal myofibre development biological_process GO:0048742 regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:mtg_muscle GOC:sm Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. positive regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development positive regulation of skeletal myofiber development positive regulation of skeletal myofibre development up regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development up-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development upregulation of skeletal muscle fiber development activation of skeletal muscle fiber development stimulation of skeletal muscle fiber development biological_process GO:0048743 positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:lm GOC:mtg_muscle Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. down regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development down-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development downregulation of skeletal muscle fiber development negative regulation of skeletal muscle fibre development negative regulation of skeletal myofiber development negative regulation of skeletal myofibre development inhibition of skeletal muscle fiber development biological_process GO:0048744 negative regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:lm GOC:mtg_muscle The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0048745 smooth muscle tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:jid GOC:lm The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye. GO:0007456 insect-type retina development biological_process GO:0048749 compound eye development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the compound eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The compound eye is an organ of sight that contains multiple repeating units, often arranged hexagonally. Each unit has its own lens and photoreceptor cell(s) and can generate either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye. GOC:jid GOC:mtg_sensu Wikipedia:Eye insect-type retina development PMID:11735386 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule. pigment granule organisation biological_process pigment granule organization and biogenesis GO:0048753 pigment granule organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule. GOC:rc pigment granule organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder. biological_process tubulogenesis GO:0048754 branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid tubulogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron). biological_process GO:0048755 branching morphogenesis of a nerve The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron). GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:jid The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. biological_process GO:0048762 mesenchymal cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. GOC:dph GOC:jid A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes. cellular_component GO:0048770 pigment granule A small, subcellular membrane-bounded vesicle containing pigment and/or pigment precursor molecules. Pigment granule biogenesis is poorly understood, as pigment granules are derived from multiple sources including the endoplasmic reticulum, coated vesicles, lysosomes, and endosomes. GOC:jid GOC:mh A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an animal organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. biological_process GO:0048799 animal organ maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an animal organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:curators The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. genital development biological_process GO:0048806 genitalia development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:jid The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites. neurite biosynthesis neurite formation neurite growth biological_process neurite morphogenesis GO:0048812 neuron projection morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites. GOC:mah neurite morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. RBC development red blood cell development biological_process GO:0048821 erythrocyte development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:devbiol RBC development CL:0000232 red blood cell development CL:0000232 The process aimed at the progression of an enucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. enucleate RBC development enucleate red blood cell development biological_process GO:0048822 enucleate erythrocyte development The process aimed at the progression of an enucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:devbiol enucleate RBC development CL:0000232 enucleate red blood cell development CL:0000232 The process aimed at the progression of a nucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. nucleate RBC development nucleate red blood cell development biological_process GO:0048823 nucleate erythrocyte development The process aimed at the progression of a nucleate erythrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:devbiol nucleate RBC development CL:0000232 nucleate red blood cell development CL:0000232 The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs. arterial morphogenesis arteriogenesis biological_process GO:0048844 artery morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs. GOC:dsf PMID:16740480 arteriogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the body and its organs to the heart. vein morphogenesis venous morphogenesis biological_process GO:0048845 venous blood vessel morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the body and its organs to the heart. GOC:dsf PMID:16740480 The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). biological_process GO:0048854 brain morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). GOC:dgh GOC:jid The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. development of an anatomical structure biological_process GO:0048856 anatomical structure development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GO_REF:0000021 The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma. biological_process GO:0048857 neural nucleus development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma. GO_REF:0000021 The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0048858 cell projection morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a cell projection are generated and organized. GO_REF:0000021 The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. biological_process GO:0048859 formation of anatomical boundary The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GO_REF:0000021 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a glioblast into daughter cells. biological_process GO:0048860 glioblast division The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a glioblast into daughter cells. GOC:devbiol The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. Wikipedia:Stem_cell_differentiation biological_process GO:0048863 stem cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. CL:0000034 GOC:isa_complete The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate. biological_process GO:0048864 stem cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate. CL:0000034 GOC:isa_complete A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition. biological_process GO:0048869 cellular developmental process A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cell over time from an initial condition to a later condition. GOC:isa_complete Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another. cell locomotion movement of a cell biological_process cell movement GO:0048870 cell motility Any process involved in the controlled self-propelled movement of a cell that results in translocation of the cell from one place to another. GOC:dgh GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:mlg Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism. biological_process GO:0048871 multicellular organismal homeostasis Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state at the level of the multicellular organism. GOC:isa_complete Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells. cell population homeostasis homeostasis of cell number biological_process GO:0048872 homeostasis of number of cells Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells. GOC:isa_complete homeostasis of cell number GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0048880 sensory system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sensory system over time from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dgh The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system. biological_process GO:0048934 peripheral nervous system neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system. GOC:dgh The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron. biological_process GO:0048935 peripheral nervous system neuron development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the peripheral nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron. GOC:dgh Any process in which a chromosome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. chromosome localisation establishment and maintenance of chromosome localization establishment and maintenance of chromosome position biological_process GO:0050000 chromosome localization Any process in which a chromosome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai chromosome localisation GOC:mah The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. biological_process GO:0050432 catecholamine secretion The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:ai GOC:ef Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines. biological_process GO:0050433 regulation of catecholamine secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of catecholamines. GOC:ai The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0050657 nucleic acid transport The directed movement of nucleic acids, single or double-stranded polynucleotides involved in the storage, transmission and transfer of genetic information, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0050658 RNA transport The directed movement of RNA, ribonucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. biological_process GO:0050673 epithelial cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Epithelial cells make up the epithelium, the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. ISBN:0721662544 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0050678 regulation of epithelial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. up regulation of epithelial cell proliferation up-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation upregulation of epithelial cell proliferation activation of epithelial cell proliferation stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:0050679 positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. down regulation of epithelial cell proliferation down-regulation of epithelial cell proliferation downregulation of epithelial cell proliferation inhibition of epithelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:0050680 negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. biological_process GO:0050708 regulation of protein secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. down regulation of protein secretion down-regulation of protein secretion downregulation of protein secretion inhibition of protein secretion biological_process GO:0050709 negative regulation of protein secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. up regulation of protein secretion up-regulation of protein secretion upregulation of protein secretion activation of protein secretion stimulation of protein secretion biological_process GO:0050714 positive regulation of protein secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system. biological_process GO:0050767 regulation of neurogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells in the nervous system. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system. down regulation of neurogenesis down-regulation of neurogenesis downregulation of neurogenesis inhibition of neurogenesis biological_process GO:0050768 negative regulation of neurogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system. up regulation of neurogenesis up-regulation of neurogenesis upregulation of neurogenesis activation of neurogenesis stimulation of neurogenesis biological_process GO:0050769 positive regulation of neurogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GO:0050791 regulation of physiological process biological_process GO:0050789 regulation of biological process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule. GOC:ai GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. GO:0048552 regulation of enzyme activity regulation of metalloenzyme activity biological_process GO:0050790 regulation of catalytic activity Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme. GOC:ai GOC:ebc GOC:vw Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). biological_process GO:0050793 regulation of developmental process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GO:0051244 regulation of cellular physiological process biological_process GO:0050794 regulation of cellular process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. GOC:go_curators Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli. regulation of behaviour biological_process GO:0050795 regulation of behavior Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli. GOC:go_curators GOC:pr Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). biological_process GO:0050803 regulation of synapse structure or activity Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission. modulation of synaptic transmission regulation of chemical synaptic transmission regulation of synaptic transmission biological_process GO:0050804 modulation of chemical synaptic transmission Any process that modulates the frequency or amplitude of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. Amplitude, in this case, refers to the change in postsynaptic membrane potential due to a single instance of synaptic transmission. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. down regulation of synaptic transmission down-regulation of synaptic transmission downregulation of synaptic transmission inhibition of synaptic transmission biological_process GO:0050805 negative regulation of synaptic transmission Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. up regulation of synaptic transmission up-regulation of synaptic transmission upregulation of synaptic transmission activation of synaptic transmission stimulation of synaptic transmission biological_process GO:0050806 positive regulation of synaptic transmission Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). regulation of synapse organisation regulation of synapse structure biological_process regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GO:0050807 regulation of synapse organization Any process that modulates the physical form of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of synapse organisation GOC:mah regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). synapse organisation biological_process synapse development synapse morphogenesis synapse organization and biogenesis GO:0050808 synapse organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell). GOC:ai GOC:pr synapse development GOC:aruk synapse morphogenesis GOC:BHF synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. regulation of steroid anabolism regulation of steroid biosynthesis regulation of steroid formation regulation of steroid synthesis regulation of steroidogenesis biological_process GO:0050810 regulation of steroid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. GOC:ai A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13824 neurological system process neurophysiological process biological_process pan-neural process GO:0050877 nervous system process A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of neurological system. GOC:ai GOC:mtg_cardio Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids. biological_process GO:0050878 regulation of body fluid levels Any process that modulates the levels of body fluids. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism. biological_process GO:0050879 multicellular organismal movement Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_muscle GOC:tb The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system. biological_process GO:0050881 musculoskeletal movement The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system. GOC:dph The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system. endocrine physiological process endocrine physiology biological_process GO:0050886 endocrine process The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system. ISBN:0721662544 Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. GO:0051869 physiological response to stimulus biological_process GO:0050896 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. response to stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism. GOC:ai GOC:bf Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism. neuromotor process neuromuscular physiological process biological_process GO:0050905 neuromuscular process Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism. GOC:ai The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. Wikipedia:Transduction_(physiology) sensory detection of stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of stimulus sensory perception, stimulus detection sensory transduction biological_process GO:0050906 detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception The series of events involved in sensory perception in which a sensory stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai GOC:dos GOC:dph The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. sensory detection of light during visual perception sensory detection of light stimulus during visual perception sensory transduction of light during visual perception sensory transduction of light stimulus during visual perception visual perception, detection of light stimulus visual perception, sensory transduction during perception of light visual perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus biological_process GO:0050908 detection of light stimulus involved in visual perception The series of events involved in visual perception in which a light stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:ai GOC:dos The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte. GO:0043357 GO:0043358 chromatophore differentiation pigmented cell differentiation biological_process GO:0050931 Note that the chromatophore mentioned here is distinct from the pigment bearing structure found in certain photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria. It is also different from the plant chromoplast, which is also sometimes called a chromatophore. pigment cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte. GOC:dgh Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0050932 regulation of pigment cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation. down regulation of pigment cell differentiation down-regulation of pigment cell differentiation downregulation of pigment cell differentiation inhibition of pigment cell differentiation biological_process GO:0050941 negative regulation of pigment cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation. up regulation of pigment cell differentiation up-regulation of pigment cell differentiation upregulation of pigment cell differentiation activation of pigment cell differentiation stimulation of pigment cell differentiation biological_process GO:0050942 positive regulation of pigment cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pigment cell differentiation. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. biological_process GO:0050953 sensory perception of light stimulus The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. GOC:ai The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. mechanosensory perception perception of mechanical stimulus biological_process chemi-mechanical coupling GO:0050954 sensory perception of mechanical stimulus The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. GOC:ai The series of events in which a light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of light. sensory detection of light stimulus sensory detection of light stimulus during sensory perception sensory perception, sensory detection of light stimulus sensory perception, sensory transduction of light stimulus sensory transduction of light stimulus sensory transduction of light stimulus during sensory perception biological_process GO:0050962 detection of light stimulus involved in sensory perception The series of events in which a light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of light. GOC:ai GOC:dos Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. biological_process GO:0051046 regulation of secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. up regulation of secretion up-regulation of secretion upregulation of secretion activation of secretion stimulation of secretion biological_process GO:0051047 positive regulation of secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. down regulation of secretion down-regulation of secretion downregulation of secretion inhibition of secretion biological_process GO:0051048 negative regulation of secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0051049 regulation of transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of transport up-regulation of transport upregulation of transport activation of transport stimulation of transport biological_process GO:0051050 positive regulation of transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of transport down-regulation of transport downregulation of transport inhibition of transport biological_process GO:0051051 negative regulation of transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. down regulation of lipid biosynthetic process down-regulation of lipid biosynthetic process downregulation of lipid biosynthetic process negative regulation of lipid anabolism negative regulation of lipid biosynthesis negative regulation of lipid formation negative regulation of lipid synthesis negative regulation of lipogenesis inhibition of lipid biosynthetic process biological_process GO:0051055 negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids. GOC:ai negative regulation of lipogenesis GOC:sl The cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during meiotic cell division occurs. biological_process meiotic nuclear envelope breakdown meiotic nuclear envelope catabolism meiotic nuclear envelope degradation meiotic nuclear envelope disassembly GO:0051078 meiotic nuclear membrane disassembly The cell cycle process in which the controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes during meiotic cell division occurs. GOC:bf The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division. biological_process nuclear envelope breakdown nuclear envelope catabolism nuclear envelope degradation nuclear envelope disassembly GO:0051081 nuclear membrane disassembly The controlled breakdown of the nuclear membranes, for example during cellular division. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). down regulation of developmental process down-regulation of developmental process downregulation of developmental process inhibition of developmental process biological_process GO:0051093 negative regulation of developmental process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). up regulation of developmental process up-regulation of developmental process upregulation of developmental process activation of developmental process stimulation of developmental process biological_process GO:0051094 positive regulation of developmental process Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult). GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. regulation of cellular component organisation biological_process regulation of cell organisation regulation of cell organization regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis GO:0051128 regulation of cellular component organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. GOC:ai regulation of cell organisation GOC:mah regulation of cell organization GOC:mah regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. down regulation of cell organization down-regulation of cell organization downregulation of cell organization inhibition of cell organization biological_process negative regulation of cell organisation negative regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis GO:0051129 negative regulation of cellular component organization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. GOC:ai negative regulation of cell organisation GOC:mah negative regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. positive regulation of cell organisation up regulation of cell organization up-regulation of cell organization upregulation of cell organization activation of cell organization stimulation of cell organization biological_process positive regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis GO:0051130 positive regulation of cellular component organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. GOC:ai positive regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary. nonstriated muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051145 smooth muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary. CL:0000192 GOC:ai The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle. voluntary muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051146 striated muscle cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a striated muscle cell; striated muscle fibers are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and voluntary muscle are types of striated muscle. CL:0000737 GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0051147 regulation of muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000187 GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. down regulation of muscle cell differentiation down-regulation of muscle cell differentiation downregulation of muscle cell differentiation inhibition of muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051148 negative regulation of muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000187 GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. up regulation of muscle cell differentiation up-regulation of muscle cell differentiation upregulation of muscle cell differentiation activation of muscle cell differentiation stimulation of muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051149 positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000187 GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0051150 regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000192 GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. down regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation down-regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation downregulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation inhibition of smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051151 negative regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000192 GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. up regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation up-regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation upregulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation activation of smooth muscle cell differentiation stimulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051152 positive regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000192 GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. biological_process GO:0051153 regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000737 GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. down regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation down-regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation downregulation of striated muscle cell differentiation inhibition of striated muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051154 negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000737 GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. up regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation up-regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation upregulation of striated muscle cell differentiation activation of striated muscle cell differentiation stimulation of striated muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:0051155 positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation. CL:0000737 GOC:ai The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus. Wikipedia:Nuclear_transport nucleus transport biological_process GO:0051169 nuclear transport The directed movement of substances into, out of, or within the nucleus. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. regulation of nitrogen metabolic process regulation of nitrogen metabolism biological_process GO:0051171 regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GOC:ai GOC:tb regulation of nitrogen metabolic process GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. down regulation of nitrogen metabolic process down-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process downregulation of nitrogen metabolic process negative regulation of nitrogen metabolic process negative regulation of nitrogen metabolism inhibition of nitrogen metabolic process biological_process GO:0051172 negative regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GOC:ai GOC:tb negative regulation of nitrogen metabolic process GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. positive regulation of nitrogen metabolic process positive regulation of nitrogen metabolism up regulation of nitrogen metabolic process up-regulation of nitrogen metabolic process upregulation of nitrogen metabolic process activation of nitrogen metabolic process stimulation of nitrogen metabolic process biological_process GO:0051173 positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds. GOC:ai GOC:tb positive regulation of nitrogen metabolic process GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. regulation of phosphorus metabolism biological_process GO:0051174 regulation of phosphorus metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur. down regulation of sulfur metabolic process down-regulation of sulfur metabolic process downregulation of sulfur metabolic process negative regulation of sulfur metabolism negative regulation of sulphur metabolic process negative regulation of sulphur metabolism inhibition of sulfur metabolic process biological_process GO:0051175 negative regulation of sulfur metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur. positive regulation of sulfur metabolism positive regulation of sulphur metabolic process positive regulation of sulphur metabolism up regulation of sulfur metabolic process up-regulation of sulfur metabolic process upregulation of sulfur metabolic process activation of sulfur metabolic process stimulation of sulfur metabolic process biological_process GO:0051176 positive regulation of sulfur metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur. GOC:ai Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation. jl 2013-12-18T13:51:04Z GO:1902578 establishment and maintenance of localization establishment and maintenance of position localisation establishment and maintenance of cellular component location establishment and maintenance of substance location establishment and maintenance of substrate location biological_process single organism localization single-organism localization GO:0051179 localization Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation. GOC:ai GOC:dos localisation GOC:mah single organism localization GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. Wikipedia:Chondrogenesis cartilage biogenesis cartilage biosynthesis cartilage element development cartilage formation cartilage organ development chondrogenesis biological_process GO:0051216 cartilage development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GOC:cjm PMID:23251424 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of protein transport up-regulation of protein transport upregulation of protein transport activation of protein transport stimulation of protein transport biological_process GO:0051222 positive regulation of protein transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0051223 regulation of protein transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of protein transport down-regulation of protein transport downregulation of protein transport inhibition of protein transport biological_process GO:0051224 negative regulation of protein transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation. establishment of localisation biological_process GO:0051234 establishment of localization Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation. GOC:ai GOC:dos establishment of localisation GOC:mah The directed movement of RNA to a specific location. RNA positioning RNA recruitment establishment of RNA localisation biological_process GO:0051236 establishment of RNA localization The directed movement of RNA to a specific location. GOC:ai establishment of RNA localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. biological_process GO:0051239 regulation of multicellular organismal process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. up regulation of multicellular organismal process up-regulation of multicellular organismal process upregulation of multicellular organismal process activation of multicellular organismal process stimulation of multicellular organismal process biological_process GO:0051240 positive regulation of multicellular organismal process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. down regulation of multicellular organismal process down-regulation of multicellular organismal process downregulation of multicellular organismal process inhibition of multicellular organismal process biological_process GO:0051241 negative regulation of multicellular organismal process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. regulation of protein metabolism biological_process GO:0051246 regulation of protein metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. positive regulation of protein metabolism up regulation of protein metabolic process up-regulation of protein metabolic process upregulation of protein metabolic process activation of protein metabolic process stimulation of protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0051247 positive regulation of protein metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. down regulation of protein metabolic process down-regulation of protein metabolic process downregulation of protein metabolic process negative regulation of protein metabolism inhibition of protein metabolic process biological_process GO:0051248 negative regulation of protein metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemical reactions and pathways involving a protein. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. regulation of RNA metabolism biological_process GO:0051252 regulation of RNA metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. down regulation of RNA metabolic process down-regulation of RNA metabolic process downregulation of RNA metabolic process negative regulation of RNA metabolism inhibition of RNA metabolic process biological_process GO:0051253 negative regulation of RNA metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. positive regulation of RNA metabolism up regulation of RNA metabolic process up-regulation of RNA metabolic process upregulation of RNA metabolic process activation of RNA metabolic process stimulation of RNA metabolic process biological_process GO:0051254 positive regulation of RNA metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA. GOC:ai The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein. protein polymer biosynthesis protein polymer biosynthetic process protein polymer formation biological_process GO:0051258 protein polymerization The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein. GOC:ai The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein. protein polymer breakdown protein polymer catabolic process protein polymer catabolism protein polymer degradation biological_process GO:0051261 protein depolymerization The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component. regulation of cellular component motion biological_process regulation of cell movement GO:0051270 regulation of cellular component movement Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl regulation of cellular component motion GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component. negative regulation of cellular component motion biological_process GO:0051271 negative regulation of cellular component movement Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl negative regulation of cellular component motion GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component. positive regulation of cellular component motion biological_process GO:0051272 positive regulation of cellular component movement Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of a cellular component. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl positive regulation of cellular component motion GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22811 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/4585 GO:0006323 GO:0007001 GO:0051277 DNA condensation chromosome organisation DNA packaging biological_process chromosome organization and biogenesis maintenance of genome integrity nuclear genome maintenance GO:0051276 chromosome organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of chromosomes, structures composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins that carries hereditary information. This term covers covalent modifications at the molecular level as well as spatial relationships among the major components of a chromosome. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:jl GOC:mah chromosome organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. Wikipedia:Cell_division biological_process GO:0051301 Note that this term differs from 'cytokinesis ; GO:0000910' in that cytokinesis does not include nuclear division. cell division The process resulting in division and partitioning of components of a cell to form more cells; may or may not be accompanied by the physical separation of a cell into distinct, individually membrane-bounded daughter cells. GOC:di GOC:go_curators GOC:pr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. biological_process GO:0051302 regulation of cell division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells. GOC:go_curators The directed movement of a chromosome to a specific location. chromosome positioning establishment of chromosome localisation biological_process GO:0051303 establishment of chromosome localization The directed movement of a chromosome to a specific location. GOC:ai establishment of chromosome localisation GOC:mah Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions. GO:0007126 Wikipedia:Meiosis biological_process meiosis GO:0051321 Note that this term should not be confused with 'GO:0140013 ; meiotic nuclear division'. 'GO:0051321 ; meiotic cell cycle represents the entire mitotic cell cycle, while 'GO:0140013 meiotic nuclear division' specifically represents the actual nuclear division step of the mitotic cell cycle. meiotic cell cycle Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. transferase regulator biological_process GO:0051338 This term is useful for grouping, but is too general for manual annotation. Please use a child term instead. regulation of transferase activity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. transferase activator up regulation of transferase activity up-regulation of transferase activity upregulation of transferase activity activation of transferase activity stimulation of transferase activity biological_process GO:0051347 This term is useful for grouping, but is too general for manual annotation. Please use a child term instead. positive regulation of transferase activity Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. GOC:ai Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. down regulation of transferase activity down-regulation of transferase activity downregulation of transferase activity transferase inhibitor inhibition of transferase activity biological_process GO:0051348 This term is useful for grouping, but is too general for manual annotation. Please use a child term instead. negative regulation of transferase activity Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor. GOC:ai Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. apoptosis of neuronal cells apoptosis of neurons neuron programmed cell death by apoptosis neuronal cell apoptosis neuronal cell programmed cell death by apoptosis programmed cell death of neuronal cells by apoptosis programmed cell death of neurons by apoptosis programmed cell death, neuronal cells programmed cell death, neurons neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:0051402 neuron apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. CL:0000540 GOC:mtg_apoptosis MeSH:A.08.663 Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. meiotic cell cycle modulation meiotic cell cycle regulation modulation of meiotic cell cycle progression regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle biological_process meiotic cell cycle regulator GO:0051445 regulation of meiotic cell cycle Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression positive regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle up regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle up-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle upregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle activation of progression through meiotic cell cycle stimulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0051446 positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. down regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle down-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle downregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression negative regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle inhibition of progression through meiotic cell cycle biological_process GO:0051447 negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle GOC:dph GOC:tb The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. biological_process GO:0051450 myoblast proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers. CL:0000056 GOC:ai GOC:mtg_muscle The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the vacuole. GO:0042146 biological_process heterotypic vacuole fusion (non-autophagic) heterotypic vacuole fusion, non-autophagic GO:0051469 vesicle fusion with vacuole The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the vacuole. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. regulation of cytoskeleton organisation biological_process regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0051493 regulation of cytoskeleton organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. GOC:ai regulation of cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. down regulation of cytoskeleton organization down-regulation of cytoskeleton organization downregulation of cytoskeleton organization negative regulation of cytoskeleton organisation inhibition of cytoskeleton organization biological_process negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0051494 negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. GOC:ai negative regulation of cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. positive regulation of cytoskeleton organisation up regulation of cytoskeleton organization up-regulation of cytoskeleton organization upregulation of cytoskeleton organization activation of cytoskeleton organization stimulation of cytoskeleton organization biological_process positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GO:0051495 positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures. GOC:ai positive regulation of cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal. stimulus detection biological_process perception of stimulus stimulus sensing GO:0051606 detection of stimulus The series of events in which a stimulus is received by a cell or organism and converted into a molecular signal. GOC:add GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:mah The directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. levarterenol reuptake levarterenol uptake noradrenaline reuptake noradrenaline uptake norepinephrine import norepinephrine reuptake biological_process GO:0051620 norepinephrine uptake The directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine. GOC:ai norepinephrine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell. regulation of levarterenol uptake regulation of noradrenaline uptake regulation of norepinephrine import biological_process GO:0051621 regulation of norepinephrine uptake Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine into a cell. GOC:ai regulation of norepinephrine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell. down regulation of norepinephrine uptake down-regulation of norepinephrine uptake downregulation of norepinephrine uptake negative regulation of levarterenol uptake negative regulation of noradrenaline uptake negative regulation of norepinephrine import biological_process GO:0051622 negative regulation of norepinephrine uptake Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell. GOC:ai negative regulation of norepinephrine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell. positive regulation of levarterenol uptake positive regulation of noradrenaline uptake positive regulation of norepinephrine import up regulation of norepinephrine uptake up-regulation of norepinephrine uptake upregulation of norepinephrine uptake activation of norepinephrine uptake stimulation of norepinephrine uptake biological_process GO:0051623 positive regulation of norepinephrine uptake Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell. GOC:ai positive regulation of norepinephrine import GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. establishment and maintenance of organelle localization organelle localisation biological_process GO:0051640 organelle localization Any process in which an organelle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai organelle localisation GOC:mah A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane. jl 2013-12-18T14:04:32Z GO:1902580 cellular localisation establishment and maintenance of cellular localization establishment and maintenance of localization in cell or cell membrane single organism cellular localization intracellular localization localization within cell biological_process single-organism cellular localization GO:0051641 cellular localization A cellular localization process whereby a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a cell including the localization of substances or cellular entities to the cell membrane. GOC:tb GOC:vw cellular localisation GOC:mah single organism cellular localization GOC:TermGenie Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. Golgi apparatus localization Golgi body localization Golgi localisation establishment and maintenance of Golgi localization biological_process GO:0051645 Golgi localization Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. GOC:ai Golgi localisation GOC:mah Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. cell nucleus localization establishment and maintenance of nucleus localization localization of nucleus nucleus localisation biological_process GO:0051647 nucleus localization Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. GOC:ai nucleus localisation GOC:mah Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. cytoplasmic vesicle localization establishment and maintenance of vesicle localization vesicle localisation biological_process GO:0051648 vesicle localization Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai vesicle localisation GOC:mah Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation. establishment of localisation in cell establishment of intracellular localization establishment of localization within cell positioning within cell biological_process establishment of cellular localization GO:0051649 establishment of localization in cell Any process, occuring in a cell, that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation. GOC:ai GOC:dos GOC:dph GOC:tb establishment of localisation in cell GOC:mah establishment of cellular localization GOC:dph GOC:tb The directed movement of a vesicle to a specific location. establishment of vesicle localisation biological_process GO:0051650 establishment of vesicle localization The directed movement of a vesicle to a specific location. GOC:ai establishment of vesicle localisation GOC:mah The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location. establishment of organelle localisation biological_process GO:0051656 establishment of organelle localization The directed movement of an organelle to a specific location. GOC:ai establishment of organelle localisation GOC:mah Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane. establishment and maintenance of localization in membrane establishment and maintenance of position in membrane localisation within membrane localization to membrane positioning within membrane biological_process GO:0051668 localization within membrane Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within a membrane. GOC:ai localisation within membrane GOC:mah Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. cell localization establishment and maintenance of cell localization establishment and maintenance of localization of cell localisation of cell biological_process GO:0051674 localization of cell Any process in which a cell is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location. GOC:ai localisation of cell GOC:mah The directed movement of the Golgi to a specific location. establishment of Golgi apparatus localization establishment of Golgi body localization establishment of Golgi localisation biological_process GO:0051683 establishment of Golgi localization The directed movement of the Golgi to a specific location. GOC:ai establishment of Golgi localisation GOC:mah A biological process which involves another organism of the same or different species. GO:0051706 interaction between organisms physiological interaction between organisms physiological interaction with other organism biological_process GO:0051704 multi-organism process A biological process which involves another organism of the same or different species. GOC:jl Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism. GO:0009613 GO:0042828 biological_process GO:0051707 response to other organism Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from another living organism. GOC:ai Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell. biological_process GO:0051716 Note that this term is in the subset of terms that should not be used for direct gene product annotation. Instead, select a child term or, if no appropriate child term exists, please request a new term. Direct annotations to this term may be amended during annotation QC. cellular response to stimulus Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell. GOC:bf GOC:jl Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. GO:0000074 GO:0007050 GO:0071156 GO:0071157 GO:0071158 GO:0071850 cell cycle modulation cell cycle regulation control of cell cycle progression modulation of cell cycle progression regulation of cell cycle progression regulation of progression through cell cycle arrest of mitotic cell cycle progression cell cycle arrest mitotic cell cycle arrest negative regulation of cell cycle arrest positive regulation of cell cycle arrest regulation of cell cycle arrest biological_process cell cycle regulator tumor suppressor GO:0051726 regulation of cell cycle Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb arrest of mitotic cell cycle progression GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. up regulation of cell division up-regulation of cell division upregulation of cell division activation of cell division stimulation of cell division biological_process GO:0051781 positive regulation of cell division Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. down regulation of cell division down-regulation of cell division downregulation of cell division inhibition of cell division biological_process GO:0051782 negative regulation of cell division Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. biological_process GO:0051783 regulation of nuclear division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. down regulation of nuclear division down-regulation of nuclear division downregulation of nuclear division inhibition of nuclear division biological_process GO:0051784 negative regulation of nuclear division Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. up regulation of nuclear division up-regulation of nuclear division upregulation of nuclear division activation of nuclear division stimulation of nuclear division biological_process GO:0051785 positive regulation of nuclear division Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information. GOC:ai Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. pigment granule localisation biological_process GO:0051875 pigment granule localization Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. GOC:ai pigment granule localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. biological_process GO:0051890 regulation of cardioblast differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. up regulation of cardioblast differentiation up-regulation of cardioblast differentiation upregulation of cardioblast differentiation activation of cardioblast differentiation stimulation of cardioblast differentiation biological_process GO:0051891 positive regulation of cardioblast differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. down regulation of cardioblast differentiation down-regulation of cardioblast differentiation downregulation of cardioblast differentiation inhibition of cardioblast differentiation biological_process GO:0051892 negative regulation of cardioblast differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. GOC:ai The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. pigment granule translocation biological_process GO:0051904 pigment granule transport The directed movement of pigment granules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai The directed movement of a pigment granule to a specific location. establishment of pigment granule localisation biological_process GO:0051905 establishment of pigment granule localization The directed movement of a pigment granule to a specific location. GOC:ai establishment of pigment granule localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. biological_process GO:0051931 regulation of sensory perception Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. GOC:ai The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. biological_process GO:0051937 catecholamine transport The directed movement of catecholamines, a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine. GOC:ai ISBN:0198506732 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0051952 regulation of amine transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of amine transport down-regulation of amine transport downregulation of amine transport inhibition of amine transport biological_process GO:0051953 negative regulation of amine transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. up regulation of amine transport up-regulation of amine transport upregulation of amine transport activation of amine transport stimulation of amine transport biological_process GO:0051954 positive regulation of amine transport Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. biological_process GO:0051955 regulation of amino acid transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. down regulation of amino acid transport down-regulation of amino acid transport downregulation of amino acid transport negative regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport inhibition of amino acid transport biological_process GO:0051956 negative regulation of amino acid transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai negative regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport GOC:mah Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. positive regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport up regulation of amino acid transport up-regulation of amino acid transport upregulation of amino acid transport activation of amino acid transport stimulation of amino acid transport biological_process GO:0051957 positive regulation of amino acid transport Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:ai positive regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. biological_process GO:0051960 regulation of nervous system development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. down regulation of nervous system development down-regulation of nervous system development downregulation of nervous system development inhibition of nervous system development biological_process GO:0051961 negative regulation of nervous system development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. GOC:ai Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. up regulation of nervous system development up-regulation of nervous system development upregulation of nervous system development activation of nervous system development stimulation of nervous system development biological_process GO:0051962 positive regulation of nervous system development Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue. GOC:ai Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. regulation of synapse biogenesis regulation of synaptogenesis biological_process GO:0051963 regulation of synapse assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. GOC:ai GOC:pr Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. down regulation of synapse assembly down-regulation of synapse assembly downregulation of synapse assembly negative regulation of synapse biogenesis negative regulation of synaptogenesis inhibition of synapse assembly biological_process GO:0051964 negative regulation of synapse assembly Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. GOC:ai GOC:pr Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. positive regulation of synapse biogenesis positive regulation of synaptogenesis up regulation of synapse assembly up-regulation of synapse assembly upregulation of synapse assembly activation of synapse assembly stimulation of synapse assembly biological_process GO:0051965 positive regulation of synapse assembly Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. GOC:ai GOC:pr Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. regulation of conduction of nerve impulse biological_process GO:0051969 regulation of transmission of nerve impulse Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. GOC:ai regulation of conduction of nerve impulse GOC:dph Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. down regulation of transmission of nerve impulse down-regulation of transmission of nerve impulse downregulation of transmission of nerve impulse negative regulation of conduction of nerve impulse inhibition of transmission of nerve impulse biological_process GO:0051970 negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. GOC:ai negative regulation of conduction of nerve impulse GOC:dph Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. positive regulation of conduction of nerve impulse up regulation of transmission of nerve impulse up-regulation of transmission of nerve impulse upregulation of transmission of nerve impulse activation of transmission of nerve impulse stimulation of transmission of nerve impulse biological_process GO:0051971 positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation. GOC:ai positive regulation of conduction of nerve impulse GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. biological_process GO:0051983 regulation of chromosome segregation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. GOC:ai Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. up regulation of chromosome segregation up-regulation of chromosome segregation upregulation of chromosome segregation activation of chromosome segregation stimulation of chromosome segregation biological_process GO:0051984 positive regulation of chromosome segregation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. GOC:ai Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. down regulation of chromosome segregation down-regulation of chromosome segregation downregulation of chromosome segregation inhibition of chromosome segregation biological_process GO:0051985 negative regulation of chromosome segregation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. GOC:ai The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate. GO:0048747 muscle fiber development muscle fibre development myofiber development myofibre development biological_process GO:0055001 muscle cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate. CL:0000187 GOC:devbiol The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. biological_process GO:0055002 striated muscle cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. CL:0000737 GOC:devbiol The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells. cardiac myofibril development cardiac myofibril morphogenesis biological_process heart myofibril assembly GO:0055003 cardiac myofibril assembly The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells. GOC:devbiol The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual. cardiocyte development biological_process heart cell development GO:0055006 cardiac cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual. GOC:devbiol cardiocyte development GOC:dph The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. cardiomyocyte differentiation biological_process heart muscle cell differentiation GO:0055007 cardiac muscle cell differentiation The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. GOC:devbiol GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized. myocardium morphogenesis heart muscle morphogenesis biological_process GO:0055008 cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized. GOC:devbiol myocardium morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized. atrial heart muscle morphogenesis atrial myocardium morphogenesis cardiac atrium muscle morphogenesis biological_process GO:0055009 atrial cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized. GOC:devbiol atrial myocardium morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized. cardiac ventricle muscle morphogenesis ventricular heart muscle morphogenesis biological_process GO:0055010 ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized. GOC:devbiol The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. GO:0048739 cardiac muscle fiber development cardiac muscle fibre development cardiomyocyte cell development heart muscle cell development biological_process heart muscle fiber development GO:0055013 cardiac muscle cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. GOC:devbiol GOC:mtg_heart cardiomyocyte cell development GOC:mtg_muscle The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. heart muscle growth biological_process GO:0055017 cardiac muscle tissue growth The increase in size or mass of a cardiac muscle, where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the organism over time from one condition to another. GOC:devbiol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development. regulation of cardiac muscle fibre development regulation of heart muscle fiber development biological_process GO:0055018 regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development. GOC:vk Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development. down regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development down-regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development downregulation of cardiac muscle fiber development negative regulation of cardiac muscle fibre development inhibition of cardiac muscle fiber development biological_process negative regulation of heart muscle fiber development GO:0055019 negative regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development. GOC:vk Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development. positive regulation of cardiac muscle fibre development positive regulation of heart muscle fiber development up regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development up-regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development upregulation of cardiac muscle fiber development activation of cardiac muscle fiber development stimulation of cardiac muscle fiber development biological_process GO:0055020 positive regulation of cardiac muscle fiber development Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle fiber development. GOC:vk Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. biological_process GO:0055021 regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. GOC:vk Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. down regulation of cardiac muscle growth down-regulation of cardiac muscle growth downregulation of cardiac muscle growth inhibition of cardiac muscle growth biological_process negative regulation of heart muscle growth GO:0055022 negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. GOC:vk Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. positive regulation of heart muscle growth up regulation of cardiac muscle growth up-regulation of cardiac muscle growth upregulation of cardiac muscle growth activation of cardiac muscle growth stimulation of cardiac muscle growth biological_process GO:0055023 positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth. GOC:vk Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. regulation of heart muscle development biological_process GO:0055024 regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. GOC:vk Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. positive regulation of heart muscle development up regulation of cardiac muscle development up-regulation of cardiac muscle development upregulation of cardiac muscle development activation of cardiac muscle development stimulation of cardiac muscle development biological_process GO:0055025 positive regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. GOC:vk Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. down regulation of cardiac muscle development down-regulation of cardiac muscle development downregulation of cardiac muscle development negative regulation of heart muscle development inhibition of cardiac muscle development biological_process GO:0055026 negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development. GOC:vk The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. neuroblast cell division biological_process GO:0055057 neuroblast division The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron. PMID:11163136 PMID:11250167 The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. biological_process GO:0055059 asymmetric neuroblast division The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. GOC:dph The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. tb 2015-10-21T13:22:47Z GO:0090662 membrane transport ATP hydrolysis coupled transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0055085 Transmembrane transport is the transport of a solute across a lipid bilayer. Note that transport through the nuclear pore complex is not transmembrane because the nuclear membrane is a double membrane and is not traversed. For transport through the nuclear pore, consider instead the term 'nucleocytoplasmic transport ; GO:0006913' and its children. Note also that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. transmembrane transport The process in which a solute is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. GOC:dph GOC:jid The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide. nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolism biological_process nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide metabolic process GO:0055086 nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide. GOC:vw The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a transport vesicle. Continuously secreted proteins are sorted into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis. biological_process GO:0055108 Golgi to transport vesicle transport The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to a transport vesicle. Continuously secreted proteins are sorted into transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents by exocytosis. GOC:jid Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0055117 regulation of cardiac muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction. GOC:ecd Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0055118 negative regulation of cardiac muscle contraction Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction. GOC:ecd The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. biological_process GO:0055123 digestive system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:jid The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear. biological_process GO:0060037 pharyngeal system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear. GOC:dph The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division. cardiac myocyte proliferation heart muscle cell proliferation biological_process cardiomyocyte proliferation GO:0060038 cardiac muscle cell proliferation The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division. GOC:dph GOC:rph PMID:11161571 cardiomyocyte proliferation GOC:dph PMID:10074473 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery. biological_process GO:0060039 pericardium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery. GOC:dph GOC:rph PMID:15138308 PMID:16376438 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. GO:0002073 retina development in camera-style eye biological_process retinal development GO:0060041 retina development in camera-type eye The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. GOC:bf GOC:dph ISBN:0815340729 retinal development GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized. retina morphogenesis in camera-style eye retinogenesis biological_process GO:0060042 retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized. GOC:bf GOC:dph GOC:mtg_sensu Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation biological_process regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation GO:0060043 regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:rph regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation GOC:dph Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. negative regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:0060044 negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:rph Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. biological_process positive regulation of heart muscle cell proliferation GO:0060045 positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:rph The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. heart beating biological_process cardiac contraction hemolymph circulation GO:0060047 heart contraction The multicellular organismal process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body. GOC:dph Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue. heart muscle contraction biological_process GO:0060048 cardiac muscle contraction Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue. GOC:dph The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process Mullerian tract development GO:0060065 uterus development The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:ebc The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. fallopian tube development biological_process Mullerian tract development GO:0060066 oviduct development The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism. GOC:dph GOC:ebc http://www.thefreedictionary.com/oviduct fallopian tube development GOC:bf A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother. biological_process GO:0060136 embryonic process involved in female pregnancy A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. biological_process GO:0060142 regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. GOC:dph Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. biological_process GO:0060143 positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells. GOC:dph The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium. GO:0020017 cilial membrane cilium membrane flagellar membrane flagellum membrane cellular_component GO:0060170 Note that cilia and eukaryotic flagella are deemed to be equivalent. ciliary membrane The portion of the plasma membrane surrounding a cilium. GOC:cilia GOC:dph GOC:rph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin. Wikipedia:Limb_development paired limb/fin development limb bud development biological_process GO:0060173 limb development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a limb over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A limb is an appendage of an animal used for locomotion or grasping. Examples include legs, arms or some types of fin. GOC:dgh GOC:dph PMID:11487378 limb bud development GOC:dph Formation of the endocardium of the heart. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. biological_process GO:0060214 endocardium formation Formation of the endocardium of the heart. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. GOC:bf GOC:dph PMID:17722983 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. haematopoietic stem cell differentiation haemopoietic stem cell differentiation hemopoietic stem cell differentiation biological_process GO:0060218 hematopoietic stem cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. GOC:BHF GOC:bf GOC:dph GOC:rl PMID:15378083 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye. biological_process GO:0060219 camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell. biological_process GO:0060221 retinal rod cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell. GOC:dph A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell. epithelial cell differentiation from mesenchymal cell mesenchymal-epithelial transition biological_process GO:0060231 mesenchymal to epithelial transition A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb epithelial cell differentiation from mesenchymal cell GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:rl mesenchymal-epithelial transition GOC:dph A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. anatomical structure maintenance biological_process GO:0060249 anatomical structure homeostasis A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined anatomical structure of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome. GOC:dph anatomical structure maintenance GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0060251 regulation of glial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0060252 positive regulation of glial cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:sl GOC:tb Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. biological_process GO:0060253 negative regulation of glial cell proliferation Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:sl GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. biological_process GO:0060255 regulation of macromolecule metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving macromolecules, any molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. GOC:dph GOC:tb The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. GO:0042384 Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2 ciliogenesis cilium formation microtubule-based flagellum assembly biological_process cilium biogenesis cilium morphogenesis cilium organization GO:0060271 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. cilium assembly The assembly of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. GOC:BHF GOC:cilia GOC:dph GOC:kmv GOC:pr GOC:vw ISBN:0198506732 PMID:13978319 PMID:27350441 Reactome:R-HSA-5617833.2 cilium biogenesis GOC:mah cilium organization GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0060281 regulation of oocyte development Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb PMID:2394318 Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0060282 positive regulation of oocyte development Any process that increases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0060283 negative regulation of oocyte development Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. biological_process GO:0060284 regulation of cell development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. regulation of sarcomere organisation biological_process GO:0060297 regulation of sarcomere organization Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of sarcomere organisation GOC:mah Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. positive regulation of sarcomere organisation biological_process GO:0060298 positive regulation of sarcomere organization Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb positive regulation of sarcomere organisation GOC:mah Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. negative regulation of sarcomere organisation biological_process GO:0060299 negative regulation of sarcomere organization Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb negative regulation of sarcomere organisation GOC:mah The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body. biological_process GO:0060322 head development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a head from an initial condition to its mature state. The head is the anterior-most division of the body. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body. biological_process GO:0060323 head morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body. GOC:dph The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head. biological_process GO:0060324 face development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head. biological_process GO:0060325 face morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell. regulation of cellular localisation biological_process GO:0060341 regulation of cellular localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in a specific location within or in the membrane of a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of cellular localisation GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components. biological_process GO:0060348 bone development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components. GOC:dph The process in which bones are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0060349 bone morphogenesis The process in which bones are generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone. biological_process GO:0060350 endochondral bone morphogenesis The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone. GOC:dph PMID:11680679 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones. biological_process GO:0060351 cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones. GOC:dph Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus. GO:1903717 response to ammonia biological_process GO:0060359 response to ammonium ion Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000071 PMID:23509267 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life. myocardial precursor cell differentiation biological_process cardiac myoblast differentiation GO:0060379 cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life. GOC:dph GOC:tb myocardial precursor cell differentiation GOC:mtg_heart cardiac myoblast differentiation GOC:dph GOC:tb The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an axonemal microtubule. An axonemal microtubule is a microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules. biological_process GO:0060404 axonemal microtubule depolymerization The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of an axonemal microtubule. An axonemal microtubule is a microtubule in the axoneme of a cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules. GOC:cilia GOC:dph GOC:krc GOC:tb The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart. GO:0003280 heart septum morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060411 cardiac septum morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another. interventricular septum morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060412 ventricular septum morphogenesis The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another. GOC:dph interventricular septum morphogenesis GOC:dph The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another. GO:0003287 interatrial septum morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060413 atrial septum morphogenesis The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart interatrial septum morphogenesis GOC:dph The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. biological_process GO:0060414 aorta smooth muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body. GOC:bf GOC:dgh GOC:dph Wikipedia:Aorta The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle tissue are generated and organized. Muscle tissue consists of a set of cells that are part of an organ and carry out a contractive function. biological_process GO:0060415 muscle tissue morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle tissue are generated and organized. Muscle tissue consists of a set of cells that are part of an organ and carry out a contractive function. GOC:dph The increase in size or mass of the heart. biological_process GO:0060419 heart growth The increase in size or mass of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. biological_process GO:0060420 regulation of heart growth Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. biological_process GO:0060421 positive regulation of heart growth Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0060425 lung morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized. GOC:dph The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs. pulmonary vasculature development biological_process GO:0060426 lung vasculature development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung pulmonary vasculature development GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung connective tissue from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung connective tissue and ends with the mature structure. The lung connective tissue is a material made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for the lungs. pulmonary connective tissue development biological_process GO:0060427 lung connective tissue development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of lung connective tissue from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung connective tissue and ends with the mature structure. The lung connective tissue is a material made up of fibers forming a framework and support structure for the lungs. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung. pulmonary epithelium development biological_process GO:0060428 lung epithelium development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung pulmonary epithelium development GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. biological_process GO:0060429 epithelium development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the lung forms the initial left and right buds. lung formation biological_process GO:0060431 primary lung bud formation The morphogenetic process in which the foregut region specified to become the lung forms the initial left and right buds. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung lung formation GOC:dph The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. biological_process GO:0060437 lung growth The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. biological_process GO:0060438 trachea development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. GOC:dph The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. biological_process GO:0060439 trachea morphogenesis The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. GOC:dph The process pertaining to the initial formation of a trachea from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the trachea is recognizable. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. biological_process GO:0060440 trachea formation The process pertaining to the initial formation of a trachea from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the trachea is recognizable. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches. GOC:dph The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. lung branching morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060441 epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung lung branching morphogenesis GOC:dph Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. biological_process GO:0060450 positive regulation of hindgut contraction Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. biological_process GO:0060451 negative regulation of hindgut contraction Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction of the hindgut, the posterior part of the alimentary canal, including the rectum, and the large intestine. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction. biological_process GO:0060452 positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. biological_process GO:0060453 regulation of gastric acid secretion Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. biological_process GO:0060454 positive regulation of gastric acid secretion Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. biological_process GO:0060455 negative regulation of gastric acid secretion Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. biological_process GO:0060456 positive regulation of digestive system process Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. biological_process GO:0060457 negative regulation of digestive system process Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. GOC:dph GOC:tb The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect. right pulmonary development biological_process GO:0060458 right lung development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a right lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the right lung and ends with the mature structure. The right lung is the lung which is on the right side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung right pulmonary development GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect. left pulmonary development biological_process GO:0060459 left lung development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a left lung from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the left lung and ends with the mature structure. The left lung is the lung which is on the left side of the anterior posterior axis looking from a dorsal to ventral aspect. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung left pulmonary development GOC:dph The process in which anatomical structures of the left lung are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0060460 left lung morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures of the left lung are generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which anatomical structures of the right lung are generated and organized. biological_process GO:0060461 right lung morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures of the right lung are generated and organized. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth. biological_process pharyngeal development GO:0060465 pharynx development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pharynx from an initial condition to its mature state. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth. GOC:dph GOC:rk Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). biological_process GO:0060467 negative regulation of fertilization Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). GOC:dph The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. pulmonary cell differentiation biological_process GO:0060479 lung cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung pulmonary cell differentiation GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells. mesenchymal development biological_process GO:0060485 mesenchyme development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesenchymal tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells. GOC:dph mesenchymal development GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung. biological_process pulmonary epithelial cell differentiation GO:0060487 lung epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell that contributes to the epithelium of the lung. GOC:dph pulmonary epithelial cell differentiation GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly. biological_process regulation of cell projection formation GO:0060491 regulation of cell projection assembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly. GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of cell projection formation GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the lung, from its initial state to the mature structure. cell-cell signalling involved in lung development biological_process GO:0060495 cell-cell signaling involved in lung development Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the progression of the lung, from its initial state to the mature structure. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung cell-cell signalling involved in lung development GOC:mah Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape. biological_process GO:0060501 positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape. GOC:dph The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung. biological_process GO:0060502 epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized. dph 2009-04-10T09:13:27Z biological_process GO:0060536 cartilage morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized. GOC:dph The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers. dph 2009-04-10T08:05:37Z biological_process GO:0060537 muscle tissue development The progression of muscle tissue over time, from its initial formation to its mature state. Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers. GOC:dph The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue. dph 2009-04-10T08:25:12Z biological_process GO:0060538 skeletal muscle organ development The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue. GOC:dph The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs. dph 2009-04-10T08:44:56Z biological_process GO:0060539 diaphragm development The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of the diaphragm are generated and organized. dph 2009-04-10T08:47:51Z biological_process GO:0060540 diaphragm morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the diaphragm are generated and organized. GOC:dph The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange. dph 2009-04-10T08:55:42Z biological_process GO:0060541 respiratory system development The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange. GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. dph 2009-04-13T01:56:10Z biological_process GO:0060548 negative regulation of cell death Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of cell death. Cell death is the specific activation or halting of processes within a cell so that its vital functions markedly cease, rather than simply deteriorating gradually over time, which culminates in cell death. GOC:BHF GOC:dph GOC:tb The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape. dph 2009-04-28T08:42:53Z differential growth biological_process GO:0060560 developmental growth involved in morphogenesis The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape. GOC:dph differential growth GOC:dph Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure. dph 2009-04-28T09:17:27Z apoptosis involved in morphogenesis biological_process apoptosis involved in development morphogenetic apoptosis GO:0060561 apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. dph 2009-04-28T09:33:36Z biological_process GO:0060562 epithelial tube morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an epithelium. Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. GOC:dph The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells. dph 2009-04-29T01:50:05Z biological_process GO:0060563 neuroepithelial cell differentiation The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells. GOC:dph GOC:tb The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis. dph 2009-04-30T09:27:17Z epithelial folding biological_process folding of an epithelial sheet GO:0060571 morphogenesis of an epithelial fold The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis. GOC:dph epithelial folding GOC:dph folding of an epithelial sheet GOC:dph The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from an epithelial sheet. A bud is a protrusion that forms form the sheet by localized folding. dph 2009-04-30T09:38:35Z biological_process GO:0060572 morphogenesis of an epithelial bud The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from an epithelial sheet. A bud is a protrusion that forms form the sheet by localized folding. GOC:dph The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus. dph 2009-05-06T08:10:41Z biological_process GO:0060574 intestinal epithelial cell maturation The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus. GOC:dph PMID:18824147 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine. dph 2009-05-06T08:17:56Z biological_process GO:0060575 intestinal epithelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-05-06T08:20:24Z biological_process GO:0060576 intestinal epithelial cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structure of the pulmonary venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart. dph 2009-05-06T08:44:04Z biological_process pulmonary venous blood vessel morphogenesis GO:0060577 pulmonary vein morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of the pulmonary venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart. GOC:dph pulmonary venous blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structure of superior vena cava generated and organized. The superior vena cava is a blood vessel that transports blood from the upper body to the heart. dph 2009-05-06T08:47:21Z biological_process GO:0060578 superior vena cava morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of superior vena cava generated and organized. The superior vena cava is a blood vessel that transports blood from the upper body to the heart. GOC:dph The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type. dph 2009-05-07T12:40:55Z biological_process GO:0060581 cell fate commitment involved in pattern specification The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type. GOC:dph The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes. dph 2009-05-11T07:47:36Z biological_process chondrocyte progenitor cell differentiation GO:0060591 chondroblast differentiation The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes. GOC:dph chondrocyte progenitor cell differentiation GOC:dph The formation of a lumen by hollowing out a solid rod or cord. dph 2009-05-15T09:39:49Z biological_process GO:0060605 tube lumen cavitation The formation of a lumen by hollowing out a solid rod or cord. GOC:dph Any apoptotic process that contributes to the hollowing out of an epithelial rod or cord to form the central hole in a tube. dph 2009-05-15T10:05:39Z apoptosis involved in tube lumen cavitation biological_process GO:0060609 apoptotic process involved in tube lumen cavitation Any apoptotic process that contributes to the hollowing out of an epithelial rod or cord to form the central hole in a tube. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat. dph 2009-05-15T12:36:28Z biological_process adipogenesis GO:0060612 adipose tissue development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat. GOC:dph adipogenesis GOC:mah GOC:sl Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. dph 2009-05-18T02:12:13Z biological_process GO:0060623 regulation of chromosome condensation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell. dph 2009-05-18T02:29:43Z biological_process GO:0060627 regulation of vesicle-mediated transport Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances, either within a vesicle or in the vesicle membrane, into, out of or within a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins. dph 2009-05-18T03:07:02Z biological_process GO:0060632 regulation of microtubule-based movement Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins. GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the embryonic placenta is generated and organized. dph 2009-06-02T09:33:37Z biological_process GO:0060669 embryonic placenta morphogenesis The process in which the embryonic placenta is generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which the branches of the fetal placental villi are generated and organized. The villous part of the placenta is called the labyrinth layer. dph 2009-06-02T10:40:40Z biological_process GO:0060670 branching involved in labyrinthine layer morphogenesis The process in which the branches of the fetal placental villi are generated and organized. The villous part of the placenta is called the labyrinth layer. GOC:dph PMID:16916377 The process in which a trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the placental labyrinthine layer. dph 2009-06-02T11:40:52Z biological_process GO:0060671 epithelial cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development The process in which a trophoblast cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the placental labyrinthine layer. GOC:dph PMID:16916377 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. dph 2009-06-02T12:58:03Z cell-cell signalling involved in placenta development biological_process GO:0060673 cell-cell signaling involved in placenta development Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. GOC:dph PMID:16916377 cell-cell signalling involved in placenta development GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-06-02T01:09:43Z biological_process GO:0060674 placenta blood vessel development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph PMID:16916377 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. dph 2009-06-05T12:41:44Z biological_process GO:0060688 regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta. dph 2009-06-09T10:26:42Z biological_process GO:0060706 cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta. GOC:dph The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta progresses, from its formation to its mature state. dph 2009-06-09T03:27:43Z biological_process GO:0060711 labyrinthine layer development The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta progresses, from its formation to its mature state. GOC:dph The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is generated and organized. dph 2009-06-10T08:10:19Z biological_process GO:0060713 labyrinthine layer morphogenesis The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is generated and organized. GOC:dph The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta. dph 2009-06-10T08:13:14Z biological_process GO:0060714 labyrinthine layer formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply. dph 2009-06-11T09:04:38Z biological_process GO:0060716 labyrinthine layer blood vessel development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply. GOC:dph The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chorion from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The chorion is an extraembryonic membrane. dph 2009-06-11T02:37:50Z biological_process GO:0060717 chorion development The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chorion from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The chorion is an extraembryonic membrane. GOC:dph The process in which relatively unspecialized cells of the ectoplacental cone acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer. dph 2009-06-11T02:48:27Z biological_process GO:0060718 chorionic trophoblast cell differentiation The process in which relatively unspecialized cells of the ectoplacental cone acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer. CL:0011101 GOC:dph PMID:16983341 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the chorionic trophoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. dph 2009-06-11T02:58:45Z biological_process GO:0060719 chorionic trophoblast cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the chorionic trophoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate. CL:0011101 GOC:16983341 GOC:dph The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the embryonic placenta. dph 2009-06-12T12:46:04Z biological_process GO:0060722 cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the embryonic placenta. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development. dph 2009-06-12T12:50:23Z biological_process GO:0060723 regulation of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell proliferation involved in embryonic placenta development. GOC:dph The developmental process in which an ectodermal placode forms. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. dph 2009-08-04T12:15:57Z biological_process GO:0060788 ectodermal placode formation The developmental process in which an ectodermal placode forms. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation. dph 2009-08-04T03:11:22Z biological_process GO:0060795 cell fate commitment involved in formation of primary germ layer The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state. dph 2009-08-06T01:20:25Z biological_process GO:0060800 regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state. dph 2009-08-06T02:02:18Z biological_process GO:0060806 negative regulation of cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell differentiation that contributes to the progression of the placenta over time, from its initial condition to its mature state. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels. dph 2009-08-11T03:47:36Z biological_process GO:0060837 blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed. dph 2009-08-12T10:10:51Z biological_process GO:0060840 artery development The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed. dph 2009-08-12T10:14:07Z biological_process GO:0060841 venous blood vessel development The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries. dph 2009-08-12T10:41:34Z biological_process GO:0060842 arterial endothelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a venous endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of veins. dph 2009-08-12T10:43:40Z biological_process GO:0060843 venous endothelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a venous endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of veins. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. dph 2009-08-13T02:06:27Z biological_process GO:0060896 neural plate pattern specification The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment. dph 2009-08-13T02:09:04Z biological_process GO:0060897 neural plate regionalization The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a camera-type eye from unspecified neurectoderm. This process begins with the differentiation of cells that form the optic field and ends when the optic cup has attained its shape. dph 2009-08-13T02:26:54Z biological_process GO:0060900 embryonic camera-type eye formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a camera-type eye from unspecified neurectoderm. This process begins with the differentiation of cells that form the optic field and ends when the optic cup has attained its shape. GOC:dph GOC:sdb_2009 GOC:tb The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. dph 2009-09-17T09:02:13Z biological_process cardiogenesis GO:0060914 heart formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable. GOC:mtg_heart cardiogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the lung. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. dph 2009-09-18T11:45:33Z biological_process GO:0060915 mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in lung development The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell of the lung. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. GOC:dph The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. dph 2009-09-18T11:50:17Z biological_process GO:0060916 mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions. dph 2009-09-29T11:01:31Z pacemaker cell differentiation biological_process GO:0060920 cardiac pacemaker cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions. GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node. dph 2009-09-29T11:03:30Z SA node cell differentiation SAN cell differentiation sinus node cell differentiation biological_process GO:0060921 sinoatrial node cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node. GOC:mtg_heart SA node cell differentiation GOC:mtg_heart SAN cell differentiation GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 sinus node cell differentiation GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell. AV node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the atrioventricular node. dph 2009-09-29T11:07:06Z biological_process AV node cell differentiation GO:0060922 atrioventricular node cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell. AV node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the atrioventricular node. GOC:mtg_heart AV node cell differentiation GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions. dph 2009-09-29T11:51:55Z pacemaker cell development biological_process GO:0060926 cardiac pacemaker cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions. GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. dph 2009-09-29T11:59:26Z AV node cell development biological_process GO:0060928 atrioventricular node cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an atrioventricular (AV) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_heart AV node cell development GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node. dph 2009-09-29T12:05:47Z SA node cell development SAN cell development sinus node cell development biological_process GO:0060931 sinoatrial node cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node. GOC:mtg_heart SA node cell development GOC:mtg_heart SAN cell development GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 sinus node cell development GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the His-Purkinje system. These cells form the fibers regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. dph 2009-09-29T01:10:32Z biological_process GO:0060932 His-Purkinje system cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell of the His-Purkinje system. These cells form the fibers regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a His-Purkinje cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. These cells form the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. dph 2009-09-29T01:15:02Z biological_process GO:0060933 His-Purkinje system cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a His-Purkinje cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. These cells form the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. dph 2009-09-29T01:20:04Z biological_process GO:0060935 cardiac fibroblast cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. dph 2009-09-29T01:23:03Z biological_process GO:0060936 cardiac fibroblast cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac fibroblast over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell of the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron of the heart. dph 2009-09-29T02:45:33Z heart neuron differentiation biological_process GO:0060945 cardiac neuron differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart heart neuron differentiation GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell of the heart. Blood vessel endothelial cells are thin flattened cells that line the inside surfaces of blood vessels. dph 2009-09-29T02:48:55Z biological_process GO:0060946 cardiac blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell of the heart. Blood vessel endothelial cells are thin flattened cells that line the inside surfaces of blood vessels. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the heart. dph 2009-09-29T03:06:37Z biological_process GO:0060950 cardiac glial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac glial cell over time, from its formation to the fully functional mature cell. dph 2009-09-29T03:09:24Z biological_process GO:0060952 cardiac glial cell development The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac glial cell over time, from its formation to the fully functional mature cell. GOC:mtg_heart The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. dph 2009-09-29T03:20:39Z biological_process GO:0060956 endocardial cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. GOC:mtg_heart The progression of an endocardial cell over time, from its formation to the mature cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. dph 2009-09-29T03:26:59Z biological_process GO:0060958 endocardial cell development The progression of an endocardial cell over time, from its formation to the mature cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac neuron over time, from its formation to the mature state. dph 2009-09-30T10:14:56Z heart neuron development biological_process GO:0060959 cardiac neuron development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac neuron over time, from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_heart heart neuron development GOC:mtg_heart The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ. dph 2009-10-06T10:53:49Z biological_process GO:0060973 cell migration involved in heart development The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ. GOC:mtg_heart The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that contribute to the formation of the heart. The initial heart structure is made up of mesoderm-derived heart progenitor cells and neural crest-derived cells. dph 2009-10-06T10:56:33Z biological_process GO:0060974 cell migration involved in heart formation The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that contribute to the formation of the heart. The initial heart structure is made up of mesoderm-derived heart progenitor cells and neural crest-derived cells. GOC:mtg_heart The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2009-10-06T12:15:23Z cardiac blood vessel development cardiac vasculature development coronary blood vessel development heart blood vessel development heart vasculature development biological_process GO:0060976 coronary vasculature development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:mtg_heart cardiac blood vessel development GOC:mtg_heart cardiac vasculature development GOC:mtg_heart coronary blood vessel development GOC:mtg_heart heart blood vessel development GOC:mtg_heart heart vasculature development GOC:mtg_heart The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. dph 2009-10-06T12:28:23Z cardiac blood vessel morphogenesis cardiac vasculature morphogenesis coronary blood vessel morphogenesis heart blood vessel morphogenesis heart vasculature morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060977 coronary vasculature morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood. GOC:mtg_heart cardiac blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart cardiac vasculature morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart coronary blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart heart blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart heart vasculature morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. dph 2009-10-06T02:02:12Z angiogenesis involved in cardiac vascular morphogenesis angiogenesis involved in heart vascular morphogenesis coronary blood vessel angiogenesis coronary vasculature angiogenesis biological_process GO:0060978 angiogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels. GOC:mtg_heart angiogenesis involved in cardiac vascular morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart angiogenesis involved in heart vascular morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart coronary blood vessel angiogenesis GOC:mtg_heart coronary vasculature angiogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. dph 2009-10-06T02:19:42Z coronary vasculogenesis vasculogenesis involved in coronary blood vessel morphogenesis biological_process GO:0060979 vasculogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes. GOC:mtg_heart coronary vasculogenesis GOC:mtg_heart vasculogenesis involved in coronary blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:mtg_heart The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form the blood vessels of the heart. dph 2009-10-06T02:33:06Z biological_process GO:0060980 cell migration involved in coronary vasculogenesis The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the differentiation of an endothelial cell that will form the blood vessels of the heart. GOC:mtg_heart The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of new blood vessels in the heart from pre-existing blood vessels. dph 2009-10-06T02:49:12Z biological_process GO:0060981 cell migration involved in coronary angiogenesis The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the formation of new blood vessels in the heart from pre-existing blood vessels. GOC:mtg_heart The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system. dph 2010-01-11T09:03:48Z biological_process GO:0060986 endocrine hormone secretion The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system. GOC:dph A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. jl 2010-02-08T02:43:11Z GO:0016044 GO:0044802 cellular membrane organisation cellular membrane organization membrane organisation biological_process membrane organization and biogenesis single-organism membrane organization GO:0061024 membrane organization A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. GOC:dph GOC:tb membrane organisation GOC:mah membrane organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane. jl 2010-02-08T02:48:06Z GO:0006944 GO:0044801 Wikipedia:Lipid_bilayer_fusion cellular membrane fusion biological_process single-organism membrane fusion GO:0061025 membrane fusion The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane. GOC:dph GOC:tb The progression of the visceral serous pericardium from its formation to the mature structure. The visceral serous pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium. dph 2010-02-09T09:52:49Z epicardium development biological_process GO:0061032 visceral serous pericardium development The progression of the visceral serous pericardium from its formation to the mature structure. The visceral serous pericardium is the inner layer of the pericardium. GOC:dph GOC:yaf epicardium development GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. dph 2010-02-09T03:41:35Z biological_process GO:0061035 regulation of cartilage development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GOC:dph Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. dph 2010-02-09T03:41:35Z biological_process GO:0061036 positive regulation of cartilage development Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. dph 2010-02-09T03:41:35Z biological_process GO:0061037 negative regulation of cartilage development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate. GOC:dph The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized. dph 2010-02-22T11:12:35Z biological_process GO:0061038 uterus morphogenesis The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized. GOC:BHF GOC:dph The process in which a female gonad is generated and organized. dph 2010-02-22T11:29:28Z biological_process ovary morphogenesis GO:0061040 female gonad morphogenesis The process in which a female gonad is generated and organized. GOC:BHF GOC:dph ovary morphogenesis GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. dph 2010-02-25T10:41:38Z biological_process GO:0061046 regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. dph 2010-02-25T10:50:01Z biological_process GO:0061047 positive regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. dph 2010-02-25T10:51:31Z biological_process GO:0061048 negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units. GOC:dph GOC:yaf The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. dph 2010-02-25T12:56:07Z biological_process cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy cardiomyocyte growth heart muscle cell growth GO:0061049 cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development The growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:dph cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy GOC:dph cardiomyocyte growth GOC:dph heart muscle cell growth GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. dph 2010-02-25T01:05:16Z biological_process GO:0061050 regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:dph Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. dph 2010-02-25T01:08:08Z biological_process GO:0061051 positive regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. dph 2010-02-25T01:11:30Z biological_process GO:0061052 negative regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state. GOC:dph The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. dph 2010-03-02T12:05:13Z biological_process GO:0061053 somite development The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo. GOC:dph The progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. dph 2010-03-02T12:07:37Z biological_process GO:0061054 dermatome development The progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. GOC:dph The progression of the myotome over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The myotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to muscle. dph 2010-03-02T12:11:01Z biological_process GO:0061055 myotome development The progression of the myotome over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The myotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to muscle. GOC:dph The progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. dph 2010-03-02T12:12:40Z biological_process GO:0061056 sclerotome development The progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. GOC:dph The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms. dph 2010-03-09T08:55:14Z biological_process GO:0061061 muscle structure development The progression of a muscle structure over time, from its formation to its mature state. Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms. GOC:dph The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina. dph 2010-03-16T10:48:42Z biological_process GO:0061072 iris morphogenesis The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina. GOC:dph The process in which the ciliary body generated and organized. The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. dph 2010-03-16T10:55:19Z biological_process GO:0061073 ciliary body morphogenesis The process in which the ciliary body generated and organized. The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. dph 2010-03-16T11:47:05Z biological_process GO:0061074 regulation of neural retina development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. GOC:dph Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. dph 2010-03-16T11:59:48Z biological_process GO:0061075 positive regulation of neural retina development Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. dph 2010-03-16T12:46:11Z biological_process GO:0061076 negative regulation of neural retina development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural retina development, the progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells. GOC:dph The progression of the right horn of the sinus venosus from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2010-04-08T02:45:10Z biological_process GO:0061080 right horn of sinus venosus development The progression of the right horn of the sinus venosus from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the lung epithelium. dph 2010-04-27T03:28:46Z biological_process GO:0061100 lung neuroendocrine cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the lung epithelium. GOC:dph PMID:9126746 The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance. dph 2010-04-28T09:42:20Z biological_process GO:0061101 neuroendocrine cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the stomach epithelium. dph 2010-04-28T09:47:07Z biological_process gastric neuroendocrine cell differentiation GO:0061102 stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroendocrine cell of the stomach epithelium. GOC:dph PMID:18173746 gastric neuroendocrine cell differentiation GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach. dph 2010-04-29T12:19:37Z biological_process GO:0061105 regulation of stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach. GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach. dph 2010-04-29T12:23:05Z biological_process GO:0061106 negative regulation of stomach neuroendocrine cell differentiation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the differentiation of a neuroendocrine cell in the stomach. GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. dph 2010-05-17T07:31:28Z biological_process GO:0061117 negative regulation of heart growth Any process that decreases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:hjd The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized. dph 2010-05-25T09:05:34Z biological_process GO:0061138 morphogenesis of a branching epithelium The process in which the anatomical structures of a branched epithelium are generated and organized. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part. dph 2010-05-25T09:28:53Z biological_process GO:0061140 lung secretory cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part. GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung ciliated cell. A lung ciliated cell is a specialized lung epithelial cell that contains cilia for moving substances released from lung secretory cells. dph 2010-05-25T09:31:14Z biological_process GO:0061141 lung ciliated cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung ciliated cell. A lung ciliated cell is a specialized lung epithelial cell that contains cilia for moving substances released from lung secretory cells. GOC:cilia GOC:dph GOC:krc The progression of the endocardial endothelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. dph 2010-06-03T09:15:31Z biological_process GO:0061147 endocardial endothelium development The progression of the endocardial endothelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. GOC:dph A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix of the endocardium. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. dph 2010-06-03T09:18:02Z extracellular matrix organisation involved in endocardium development biological_process GO:0061148 extracellular matrix organization involved in endocardium development A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an extracellular matrix of the endocardium. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers. GOC:dph extracellular matrix organisation involved in endocardium development GOC:mah The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. dph 2010-06-15T09:05:00Z biological_process GO:0061154 endothelial tube morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from an endothelium. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells. GOC:dph GOC:yaf The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from the pulmonary artery endothelium. An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery. dph 2010-06-15T09:09:04Z biological_process GO:0061155 pulmonary artery endothelial tube morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a tube are generated and organized from the pulmonary artery endothelium. An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery. GOC:dph GOC:yaf The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs. dph 2010-06-15T09:13:47Z biological_process GO:0061156 pulmonary artery morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. dph 2010-07-14T08:28:52Z biological_process GO:0061181 regulation of chondrocyte development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. GOC:BHF GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. dph 2010-07-14T08:33:05Z biological_process GO:0061182 negative regulation of chondrocyte development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate. GOC:BHF GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. dph 2010-07-14T08:40:26Z biological_process GO:0061183 regulation of dermatome development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. GOC:BHF GOC:dph Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. dph 2010-07-14T08:42:03Z biological_process GO:0061184 positive regulation of dermatome development Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. GOC:BHF GOC:dph Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. dph 2010-07-14T08:43:08Z biological_process GO:0061185 negative regulation of dermatome development Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the dermatome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dermatome is the portion of a somite that will form skin. GOC:BHF GOC:dph Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. dph 2010-07-14T09:17:23Z biological_process GO:0061189 positive regulation of sclerotome development Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. GOC:BHF GOC:dph Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. dph 2010-07-14T09:19:47Z biological_process GO:0061190 regulation of sclerotome development Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the progression of the sclerotome over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The sclerotome is the portion of the somite that will give rise to a vertebra. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paramesonephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mullerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin. dph 2010-07-30T10:54:47Z Mullerian duct development biological_process GO:0061205 paramesonephric duct development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paramesonephric duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mullerian ducts (or paramesonephric ducts) are paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Mullerian duct development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2010-09-06T03:27:06Z retinal vasculature development biological_process GO:0061298 retina vasculature development in camera-type eye The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:BHF GOC:dph retinal vasculature development GOC:dph The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized. dph 2010-09-06T03:28:25Z retinal vasculature morphogenesis biological_process GO:0061299 retina vasculature morphogenesis in camera-type eye The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized. GOC:BHF GOC:dph retinal vasculature morphogenesis GOC:dph The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye. dph 2010-09-14T02:09:08Z biological_process GO:0061303 cornea development in camera-type eye The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2010-09-16T09:02:59Z biological_process GO:0061304 retinal blood vessel morphogenesis The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:BHF GOC:dph The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac neural crest cell that will migrate to the heart and contribute to its development. Cardiac neural crest cells are specialized cells that migrate toward the heart from the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches. dph 2010-09-23T08:50:56Z biological_process GO:0061307 cardiac neural crest cell differentiation involved in heart development The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac neural crest cell that will migrate to the heart and contribute to its development. Cardiac neural crest cells are specialized cells that migrate toward the heart from the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart PMID:19705442 The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the development of the heart. dph 2010-09-23T09:01:49Z biological_process GO:0061308 cardiac neural crest cell development involved in heart development The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the development of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. dph 2010-09-23T09:08:37Z biological_process GO:0061309 cardiac neural crest cell development involved in outflow tract morphogenesis The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the heart. dph 2010-09-28T09:05:26Z biological_process GO:0061323 cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the heart. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. dph 2010-09-28T09:29:30Z biological_process GO:0061325 cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles. dph 2010-09-29T08:46:05Z biological_process GO:0061337 cardiac conduction Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles. GOC:dph The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell. dph 2010-10-01T11:06:04Z biological_process GO:0061351 neural precursor cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell. GOC:dph GOC:yaf The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblasts, resulting in the expansion of a fibroblast population that contributes to the shaping of the heart. dph 2011-02-10T01:41:59Z biological_process GO:0061385 fibroblast proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblasts, resulting in the expansion of a fibroblast population that contributes to the shaping of the heart. GOC:dph The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2012-03-22T12:53:41Z biological_process GO:0061448 connective tissue development The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:BHF The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an interstitial cell of Cajal. An interstitial cell of Cajal is an intestinal neuroepithelial cell that serves as a pacemaker to trigger gut contraction. dph 2012-07-20T08:20:50Z biological_process ICC differentiation GO:0061453 interstitial cell of Cajal differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an interstitial cell of Cajal. An interstitial cell of Cajal is an intestinal neuroepithelial cell that serves as a pacemaker to trigger gut contraction. GOC:dph ICC differentiation GOC:dph The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction. dph 2012-08-22T17:47:53Z biological_process GO:0061458 reproductive system development The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction. GOC:dph Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells. dph 2012-12-04T09:41:02Z biological_process GO:0061484 hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells. GOC:dph PMID:21508411 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium. dph 2013-03-22T15:41:44Z biological_process GO:0061512 protein localization to cilium A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2013-04-18T13:03:16Z biological_process GO:0061515 myeloid cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium. dph 2013-04-18T14:59:59Z cilium resorption biological_process GO:0061523 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. cilium disassembly A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium. GOC:cilia GOC:dph PMID:17604723 PMID:27350441 cilium resorption GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindgut is part of the alimentary canal that lies posterior to the midgut. dph 2013-06-14T11:22:21Z biological_process GO:0061525 hindgut development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindgut is part of the alimentary canal that lies posterior to the midgut. GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2013-07-10T08:36:12Z gangliogenesis biological_process ganglia development GO:0061548 ganglion development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph gangliogenesis GOC:BHF GOC:rl ganglia development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2013-07-10T08:38:01Z biological_process sympathetic ganglia development GO:0061549 sympathetic ganglion development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:BHF GOC:rl sympathetic ganglia development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2013-07-10T08:40:14Z biological_process cranial ganglia development GO:0061550 cranial ganglion development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph cranial ganglia development GOC:dph The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2013-07-10T08:42:19Z biological_process trigeminal ganglia development GO:0061551 trigeminal ganglion development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trigeminal ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dph trigeminal ganglia development GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of ganglion are generated and organized. dph 2013-07-10T08:44:57Z biological_process ganglia morphogenesis GO:0061552 ganglion morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of ganglion are generated and organized. GOC:dph ganglia morphogenesis GOC:dph A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for ganglion to attain its fully functional state. dph 2013-07-10T08:45:59Z biological_process ganglia maturation GO:0061553 ganglion maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for ganglion to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph ganglia maturation GOC:dph The process that gives rise to ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. dph 2013-07-10T08:51:50Z biological_process ganglia formation GO:0061554 ganglion formation The process that gives rise to ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. GOC:dph ganglia formation GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structure of a trigeminal ganglion is generated and organized. dph 2013-07-10T08:57:12Z biological_process trigeminal ganglia morphogenesis GO:0061556 trigeminal ganglion morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of a trigeminal ganglion is generated and organized. GOC:dph trigeminal ganglia morphogenesis GOC:dph A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a trigeminal ganglion to attain its fully functional state. dph 2013-07-10T08:58:24Z biological_process trigeminal ganglia maturation GO:0061557 trigeminal ganglion maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a trigeminal ganglion to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph trigeminal ganglia maturation GOC:dph A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial ganglion to attain its fully functional state. dph 2013-07-10T08:59:52Z biological_process cranial ganglia maturation GO:0061558 cranial ganglion maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cranial ganglion to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph cranial ganglia maturation GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structure of a cranial ganglion is generated and organized. dph 2013-07-10T09:02:15Z biological_process cranial ganglia morphogenesis GO:0061559 cranial ganglion morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structure of a cranial ganglion is generated and organized. GOC:dph cranial ganglia morphogenesis GOC:dph The process that gives rise to a cranial ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. dph 2013-07-10T09:07:27Z biological_process cranial ganglia formation GO:0061560 cranial ganglion formation The process that gives rise to a cranial ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. GOC:dph cranial ganglia formation GOC:dph The process that gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. dph 2013-07-10T09:08:13Z biological_process trigeminal ganglia formation GO:0061561 trigeminal ganglion formation The process that gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. GOC:dph trigeminal ganglia formation GOC:dph The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery. dph 2014-05-09T15:34:06Z aortic arch artery morphogenesis biological_process GO:0061626 pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery. GOC:BHF GOC:dph PMID:20122914 aortic arch artery morphogenesis GOC:dph A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). dph 2015-05-06T11:22:38Z cellular_component GO:0061695 transferase complex, transferring phosphorus-containing groups A transferase complex capable of catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor). GOC:bhm GOC:dph A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within the somatodendritic compartment. dph 2017-09-08T13:22:26Z somatodendritic protein localization biological_process GO:0061938 protein localization to somatodendritic compartment A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within the somatodendritic compartment. PMID:18341993 The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane. dph 2017-10-26T12:55:15Z biological_process GO:0061951 establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane. GOC:dph GOC:vw The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of another structural tissue into bone. dph 2018-02-12T18:10:59Z biological_process GO:0061971 replacement bone morphogenesis The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of another structural tissue into bone. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199608)229:2<121::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-4 The process in which bone which forms superficially in the organism are generated and organized. dph 2018-02-12T18:16:21Z biological_process GO:0061972 dermal bone morphogenesis The process in which bone which forms superficially in the organism are generated and organized. PMID:12588850 PMID:15003632 The process in which bone which forms deep in the organism are generated and organized. dph 2018-02-12T18:21:09Z biological_process GO:0061973 membrane bone morphogenesis The process in which bone which forms deep in the organism are generated and organized. PMID:14579374 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a small molecule metabolic process. dph 2018-03-19T14:11:54Z regulation of small molecule metabolism biological_process GO:0062012 regulation of small molecule metabolic process Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a small molecule metabolic process. GOC:vw Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process. dph 2018-03-19T14:25:10Z positive regulation of small molecule metabolism biological_process GO:0062013 positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process. GOC:vw Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process. dph 2018-03-19T14:27:23Z negative regulation of small molecule metabolism biological_process GO:0062014 negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process. GOC:vw An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. dph 2018-04-13T12:47:21Z cellular_component GO:0062023 collagen-containing extracellular matrix An extracellular matrix consisting mainly of proteins (especially collagen) and glycosaminoglycans (mostly as proteoglycans) that provides not only essential physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents but can also initiate crucial biochemical and biomechanical cues required for tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. The components are secreted by cells in the vicinity and form a sheet underlying or overlying cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells. GOC:BHF GOC:rph PMID:21123617 Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. dph 2018-04-23T14:32:23Z biological_process GO:0062033 positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. PMID:12773390 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomach over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stomach is an expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. dph 2018-11-20T18:15:45Z biological_process GO:0062094 stomach development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomach over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stomach is an expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. PMID:11967278 Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the postsynapse, the part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell. dph 2020-04-20T13:58:43Z biological_process GO:0062237 protein localization to postsynapse Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the postsynapse, the part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell. PMID:31189538 The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. intracellular membrane translocation of a protein intracellular protein membrane transport intracellular protein transport across a membrane biological_process GO:0065002 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. intracellular protein transmembrane transport The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:isa_complete The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22580 GO:0006461 GO:0034622 GO:0043623 cellular protein complex assembly biological_process cellular macromolecule complex assembly cellular protein-containing complex assembly chaperone activity macromolecular complex assembly macromolecule complex assembly protein complex assembly protein complex formation GO:0065003 protein-containing complex assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of macromolecules to form a protein-containing complex. GOC:jl Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function. regulation biological_process GO:0065007 biological regulation Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:mah GOC:pr GOC:vw Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc. regulation of biological attribute regulation of biological characteristic biological_process GO:0065008 regulation of biological quality Any process that modulates a qualitative or quantitative trait of a biological quality. A biological quality is a measurable attribute of an organism or part of an organism, such as size, mass, shape, color, etc. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:mah GOC:pr GOC:vw Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. regulation of a molecular function biological_process GO:0065009 regulation of molecular function Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding. GOC:isa_complete Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell. extracellular membrane-enclosed organelle cellular_component GO:0065010 extracellular membrane-bounded organelle Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and occurring outside the cell. GOC:isa_complete An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle. cellular_component GO:0070013 intracellular organelle lumen An organelle lumen that is part of an intracellular organelle. GOC:mah The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state. neuron maintenance biological_process GO:0070050 neuron cellular homeostasis The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state. GOC:BHF GOC:mah A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. exosome extracellular vesicular exosome cellular_component GO:0070062 extracellular exosome A vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Extracellular exosomes, also simply called exosomes, have a diameter of about 40-100 nm. GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:vesicles PMID:15908444 PMID:17641064 PMID:19442504 PMID:19498381 PMID:22418571 PMID:24009894 exosome GOC:pr extracellular vesicular exosome GOC:vesicles The regulated release of glucagon from secretory granules in the A (alpha) cells of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans). biological_process GO:0070091 glucagon secretion The regulated release of glucagon from secretory granules in the A (alpha) cells of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans). GOC:BHF GOC:rl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon. biological_process GO:0070092 regulation of glucagon secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon. GOC:BHF GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon. down regulation of glucagon secretion down-regulation of glucagon secretion downregulation of glucagon secretion inhibition of glucagon secretion biological_process GO:0070093 negative regulation of glucagon secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon. GOC:BHF GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon. up regulation of glucagon secretion up-regulation of glucagon secretion upregulation of glucagon secretion activation of glucagon secretion stimulation of glucagon secretion biological_process GO:0070094 positive regulation of glucagon secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon. GOC:BHF GOC:mah A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix. anchoring cell junction cellular_component GO:0070161 anchoring junction A cell junction that mechanically attaches a cell (and its cytoskeleton) to neighboring cells or to the extracellular matrix. ISBN:0815332181 anchoring cell junction GOC:mah A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle. chromosome organisation involved in meiosis meiotic chromosome organization biological_process GO:0070192 chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle. GOC:mah chromosome organisation involved in meiosis GOC:mah meiotic chromosome organization GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome. establishment of protein localisation to chromosome biological_process GO:0070199 establishment of protein localization to chromosome The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome. GOC:BHF GOC:mah establishment of protein localisation to chromosome GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location. regulation of establishment of protein localisation biological_process GO:0070201 regulation of establishment of protein localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location. GOC:BHF GOC:mah regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome. regulation of establishment of protein localisation to chromosome biological_process GO:0070202 regulation of establishment of protein localization to chromosome Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome. GOC:BHF GOC:mah regulation of establishment of protein localisation to chromosome GOC:mah The regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. biological_process GO:0070253 somatostatin secretion The regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. GOC:mah The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function. mucus production biological_process GO:0070254 mucus secretion The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function. GOC:add ISBN:068340007X ISBN:0721662544 mucus production GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. regulation of mucus production biological_process GO:0070255 regulation of mucus secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. GOC:add regulation of mucus production GOC:add Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. negative regulation of mucus production biological_process GO:0070256 negative regulation of mucus secretion Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. GOC:add negative regulation of mucus production GOC:add Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. positive regulation of mucus production biological_process GO:0070257 positive regulation of mucus secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue. GOC:add positive regulation of mucus production GOC:add The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pigment cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a pigment cell fate. biological_process GO:0070285 pigment cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pigment cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a pigment cell fate. GOC:cvs The multiplication or reproduction of fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A fat cell is an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. adipocyte proliferation adipose cell proliferation biological_process GO:0070341 fat cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A fat cell is an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat. GOC:mah GOC:sl adipocyte proliferation GOC:sl adipose cell proliferation GOC:sl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell proliferation. regulation of adipocyte proliferation regulation of adipose cell proliferation biological_process GO:0070344 regulation of fat cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell proliferation. GOC:mah GOC:sl regulation of adipocyte proliferation GOC:sl regulation of adipose cell proliferation GOC:sl Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation. down regulation of fat cell proliferation down-regulation of fat cell proliferation downregulation of fat cell proliferation negative regulation of adipocyte proliferation negative regulation of adipose cell proliferation inhibition of fat cell proliferation biological_process GO:0070345 negative regulation of fat cell proliferation Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation. GOC:mah GOC:sl down regulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah down-regulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah downregulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah negative regulation of adipocyte proliferation GOC:sl negative regulation of adipose cell proliferation GOC:sl inhibition of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation. positive regulation of adipocyte proliferation positive regulation of adipose cell proliferation up regulation of fat cell proliferation up-regulation of fat cell proliferation upregulation of fat cell proliferation activation of fat cell proliferation stimulation of fat cell proliferation biological_process GO:0070346 positive regulation of fat cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation. GOC:mah GOC:sl positive regulation of adipocyte proliferation GOC:sl positive regulation of adipose cell proliferation GOC:sl up regulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah up-regulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah upregulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah activation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah stimulation of fat cell proliferation GOC:mah A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis. exocytic constitutive secretory pathway transport vesicle exocytotic vesicle cellular_component GO:0070382 exocytic vesicle A transport vesicle that mediates transport from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane, and fuses with the plasma membrane to release various cargo molecules, such as proteins or hormones, by exocytosis. GOC:kad GOC:mah exocytotic vesicle GOC:kad Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organisation regulation of microtubule dynamics biological_process GO:0070507 regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins. GOC:mah regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organisation GOC:mah regulation of microtubule dynamics GOC:dph GOC:tb The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other. mah 2009-05-06T03:31:02Z biological_process GO:0070633 transepithelial transport The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other. GOC:mah GOC:yaf ISBN:0716731363 The directed movement of ammonium ions from one side of an epithelium to the other. mah 2009-05-06T03:34:43Z biological_process GO:0070634 transepithelial ammonium transport The directed movement of ammonium ions from one side of an epithelium to the other. GOC:mah GOC:yaf The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division. mah 2009-05-28T05:25:28Z biological_process GO:0070661 leukocyte proliferation The expansion of a leukocyte population by cell division. GOC:add Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation. mah 2009-05-28T05:30:39Z biological_process GO:0070663 regulation of leukocyte proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation. GOC:add GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation. mah 2009-05-28T05:34:50Z down regulation of leukocyte proliferation down-regulation of leukocyte proliferation downregulation of leukocyte proliferation inhibition of leukocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0070664 negative regulation of leukocyte proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation. GOC:add GOC:mah down regulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah down-regulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah downregulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah inhibition of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation. mah 2009-05-28T05:36:46Z up regulation of leukocyte proliferation up-regulation of leukocyte proliferation upregulation of leukocyte proliferation activation of leukocyte proliferation stimulation of leukocyte proliferation biological_process GO:0070665 positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation. GOC:add GOC:mah up regulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah up-regulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah upregulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah activation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah stimulation of leukocyte proliferation GOC:mah Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. mah 2009-06-16T04:08:29Z cellular macromolecule localisation biological_process GO:0070727 cellular macromolecule localization Any process in which a macromolecule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location at the level of a cell. Localization at the cellular level encompasses movement within the cell, from within the cell to the cell surface, or from one location to another at the surface of a cell. GOC:mah cellular macromolecule localisation GOC:mah Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form of chromatin. mah 2009-07-23T04:12:48Z heterochromatin organisation biological_process GO:0070828 heterochromatin organization Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form of chromatin. GOC:mah heterochromatin organisation GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. mah 2009-07-23T05:01:51Z biological_process GO:0070831 Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane assembly ; GO:0071709' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer. basement membrane assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue. GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. mah 2009-09-15T03:00:51Z biological_process GO:0070925 organelle assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an organelle. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. GOC:mah A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for bone to attain its fully functional state. mah 2009-10-05T04:35:31Z biological_process GO:0070977 bone maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for bone to attain its fully functional state. GOC:dph GOC:mah The process of cell death in a neuron. mah 2009-11-03T02:37:17Z neuron cell death neuronal cell death biological_process GO:0070997 This term should not be used for direct annotation. The only exception should be when experimental data (e.g., staining with trypan blue or propidium iodide or use of neuron-specific markers) show that neuron death has occurred, but fail to provide details on death modality (accidental versus programmed). When information is provided on the neuron death mechanism, annotations should be made to the appropriate descendant of 'cell death' (such as, but not limited to, GO:0097300 'programmed necrotic cell death' or GO:0006915 'apoptotic process'), and the cell type captured as an annotation extension; or the term GO:0051402 'neuron apoptotic process' may be considered, if appropriate. neuron death The process of cell death in a neuron. GOC:BHF GOC:mah neuron cell death GOC:mah GOC:rl neuronal cell death GOC:mah Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. mah 2009-11-20T11:51:20Z protein localisation to chromatin biological_process GO:0071168 protein localization to chromatin Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. GOC:mah protein localisation to chromatin GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein to a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. mah 2009-11-20T11:52:43Z establishment of protein localisation to chromatin biological_process GO:0071169 establishment of protein localization to chromatin The directed movement of a protein to a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. GOC:mah establishment of protein localisation to chromatin GOC:mah The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop. mah 2009-12-16T10:22:52Z hemopoietic stem cell proliferation biological_process GO:0071425 hematopoietic stem cell proliferation The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop. CL:0000037 GOC:BHF GOC:add GOC:mah GOC:rl The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing. mah 2010-02-10T11:19:48Z chewing biological_process GO:0071626 mastication The process of biting and mashing food with the teeth prior to swallowing. GOC:gvg chewing GOC:mah Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location. mah 2010-02-25T04:00:13Z protein localisation in extracellular region protein localization in extracellular region biological_process GO:0071692 protein localization to extracellular region Any process in which a protein is transported from one specific location in the extracellular region to another, or maintained in a specific extracellular location. GOC:mah protein localisation in extracellular region GOC:mah A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state. mah 2010-03-02T11:43:38Z biological_process GO:0071695 anatomical structure maturation A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state. GOC:mah The progression of an ectodermal placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. mah 2010-03-02T11:48:01Z biological_process GO:0071696 ectodermal placode development The progression of an ectodermal placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. GOC:mah The process in which the anatomical structures of an ectodermal placode are generated and organized. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. mah 2010-03-02T11:49:51Z biological_process GO:0071697 ectodermal placode morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of an ectodermal placode are generated and organized. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm. GOC:mah The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon. mah 2010-03-08T02:15:14Z biological_process GO:0071702 organic substance transport The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon. GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. mah 2010-03-08T03:32:18Z organic molecular entity metabolic process organic molecular entity metabolism organic substance metabolism biological_process GO:0071704 organic substance metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. GOC:mah The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. mah 2010-03-08T03:56:28Z biological_process GO:0071705 nitrogen compound transport The directed movement of nitrogen-containing compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane. mah 2010-03-10T11:19:17Z biological_process GO:0071709 membrane assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane. GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane. mah 2010-03-10T11:57:10Z basement membrane organisation biological_process GO:0071711 Note that this term has no relationship to 'membrane organization ; GO:0061024' because the basement membrane is not a lipid bilayer. basement membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane. GOC:mah basement membrane organisation GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane. mah 2010-03-29T03:59:35Z nuclear membrane organisation biological_process nuclear membrane organization and biogenesis GO:0071763 nuclear membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane. GOC:mah nuclear membrane organisation GOC:mah nuclear membrane organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear outer membrane. mah 2010-03-29T04:03:37Z nuclear outer membrane organisation biological_process nuclear outer membrane organization and biogenesis GO:0071764 nuclear outer membrane organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear outer membrane. GOC:mah nuclear outer membrane organisation GOC:mah nuclear outer membrane organization and biogenesis GOC:mah The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane. mah 2010-09-03T02:54:26Z protein membrane transport biological_process GO:0071806 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. protein transmembrane transport The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane. GOC:mah GOC:vw Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex. mah 2010-09-08T10:10:35Z RNA-protein complex subunit organization protein-RNA complex subunit organization ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organisation biological_process GO:0071826 ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organization Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex. GOC:mah RNA-protein complex subunit organization GOC:mah protein-RNA complex subunit organization GOC:mah ribonucleoprotein complex subunit organisation GOC:mah A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. mah 2010-09-10T01:39:16Z GO:0071841 cellular component organisation or biogenesis cellular component organisation or biogenesis at cellular level cellular component organization or biogenesis at cellular level biological_process GO:0071840 cellular component organization or biogenesis A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. GOC:mah cellular component organisation or biogenesis GOC:mah cellular component organisation or biogenesis at cellular level GOC:mah Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan. mah 2010-09-13T02:36:37Z response to monoamine stimulus biological_process GO:0071867 response to monoamine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monoamine stimulus. A monoamine is any of a group of molecular messengers that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-). Monoamines are derived from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan. GOC:mah response to monoamine stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution. mah 2010-09-13T02:51:13Z response to catecholamine stimulus biological_process GO:0071869 response to catecholamine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol] and derivatives formed by substitution. GOC:BHF GOC:mah response to catecholamine stimulus GOC:dos Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system. mah 2010-09-13T03:31:53Z response to noradrenaline stimulus response to norepinephrine stimulus biological_process GO:0071873 Note that epinephrine and norepinephrine are ligands for the same receptors, and there are multiple adrenergic receptors. response to norepinephrine Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a norepinephrine stimulus. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C8H11NO3; it acts as a hormone, and as a neurotransmitter in most of the sympathetic nervous system. GOC:BHF GOC:mah response to noradrenaline stimulus GOC:mah response to norepinephrine stimulus GOC:dos Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. mah 2010-09-14T12:44:09Z leukocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:0071887 Note that a lymphocyte is a cell of the B cell, T cell, or natural killer cell lineage (CL:0000542). leukocyte apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue. CL:0000738 GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. mah 2010-10-04T01:51:47Z cellular_component GO:0071944 cell periphery The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. GOC:mah An supramolecular fiber that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain. mah 2010-10-11T11:44:57Z elastic fibre elastin fiber cellular_component GO:0071953 elastic fiber An supramolecular fiber that consists of an insoluble core of polymerized tropoelastin monomers and a surrounding mantle of microfibrils. Elastic fibers provide elasticity and recoiling to tissues and organs, and maintain structural integrity against mechanical strain. GOC:BHF GOC:mah PMID:20236620 elastic fibre GOC:mah elastin fiber GOC:BHF The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are defined by their size, which generally ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm. mah 2010-10-18T03:44:18Z extracellular vesicular exosome assembly biological_process GO:0071971 extracellular exosome assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are defined by their size, which generally ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm. GOC:mah GOC:tfm PMID:19442504 PMID:27462458 extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:vesicles The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels. mah 2010-01-25T10:31:00Z urinary system development urinary tract development biological_process GO:0072001 renal system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The renal system maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:yaf http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/The_Urinary_System urinary system development GOC:yaf urinary tract development GOC:yaf PMID:17881463 The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. mah 2010-02-08T02:03:36Z biological_process GO:0072089 stem cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. mah 2010-02-08T02:09:03Z biological_process GO:0072091 regulation of stem cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells. mah 2010-02-22T02:17:15Z biological_process GO:0072132 mesenchyme morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube. mah 2010-02-26T02:15:40Z biological_process GO:0072175 epithelial tube formation The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. mah 2010-03-01T03:43:29Z biological_process GO:0072201 negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 The directed movement of compounds that contain sulfur, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. mah 2010-11-11T11:43:56Z sulfur-containing compound transport biological_process GO:0072348 sulfur compound transport The directed movement of compounds that contain sulfur, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah sulfur-containing compound transport GOC:mah The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. mah 2010-11-16T11:27:39Z GO:0072358 cardiovascular system development biological_process GO:0072359 circulatory system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the circulatory system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The circulatory system is the organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. GOC:mah UBERON:0001009 The progression of the vascular cord over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis. mah 2010-11-16T11:46:55Z biological_process GO:0072360 vascular cord development The progression of the vascular cord over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis. GOC:mah PMID:7084422 ZFA:0005077 The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination. mah 2010-12-01T04:59:11Z microtubule-based organelle localization biological_process GO:0072384 organelle transport along microtubule The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination. GOC:mah microtubule-based organelle localization GOC:rl The process in which ammonium is transported across a membrane. Ammonium is the cation NH4+. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22228 mah 2010-12-10T10:29:57Z GO:0015696 ammonia transport ammonium transport ammonium membrane transport biological_process GO:0072488 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. ammonium transmembrane transport The process in which ammonium is transported across a membrane. Ammonium is the cation NH4+. GOC:mah Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. mah 2011-02-02T03:56:24Z apoptosis of endothelial cells endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis killing of endothelial cells programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis programmed cell death, endothelial cells endothelial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0072577 endothelial cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal. CL:0000115 GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis apoptosis of endothelial cells GOC:mah endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis GOC:mah killing of endothelial cells GOC:mah programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis GOC:mah programmed cell death, endothelial cells GOC:mah The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2). mah 2011-02-11T10:46:51Z diatomic oxygen metabolic process oxygen metabolism biological_process GO:0072592 oxygen metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2). GOC:mah diatomic oxygen metabolic process CHEBI:33263 oxygen metabolism GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle. mah 2011-02-14T01:56:51Z establishment of protein localisation to organelle biological_process GO:0072594 establishment of protein localization to organelle The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on or in an organelle. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle. GOC:mah establishment of protein localisation to organelle GOC:mah A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane. mah 2011-02-14T02:35:18Z protein localisation in membrane protein localization in membrane biological_process GO:0072657 protein localization to membrane A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in a membrane. GOC:mah protein localisation in membrane GOC:mah A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane. tb 2009-07-10T10:29:23Z GO:0072661 GO:0090002 biological_process protein localisation in plasma membrane protein localization in plasma membrane protein targeting to plasma membrane protein-plasma membrane targeting GO:0072659 protein localization to plasma membrane A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane. GOC:mah protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:mah protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:mah A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole. mah 2011-02-14T02:55:35Z protein localisation to vacuole biological_process GO:0072665 protein localization to vacuole A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole. GOC:ecd protein localisation to vacuole GOC:mah The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole. mah 2011-02-14T02:56:29Z establishment of protein localisation to vacuole biological_process GO:0072666 establishment of protein localization to vacuole The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole. GOC:mah establishment of protein localisation to vacuole GOC:mah A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex. mah 2012-04-11T01:16:33Z protein localisation to cell cortex biological_process GO:0072697 protein localization to cell cortex A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex. GOC:mah protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:mah A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within the microtubule cytoskeleton. mah 2012-04-11T01:19:35Z protein localisation to microtubule cytoskeleton biological_process GO:0072698 protein localization to microtubule cytoskeleton A cellular protein localization process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within the microtubule cytoskeleton. GOC:mah protein localisation to microtubule cytoskeleton GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. dhl 2009-04-22T04:30:52Z biological_process GO:0080090 regulation of primary metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism involving those compounds formed as a part of the normal anabolic and catabolic processes. These processes take place in most, if not all, cells of the organism. PMID:19211694 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). dhl 2010-09-01T03:44:27Z biological_process GO:0080154 regulation of fertilization Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). GOC:DHL PMID:20478994 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix. jl 2010-07-14T12:52:49Z biological_process GO:0085029 extracellular matrix assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix. GOC:jl An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell. tb 2011-11-10T07:45:11Z biological_process GO:0086001 cardiac muscle cell action potential An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell. tb 2011-11-10T08:50:15Z SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential sinus node cardiac muscle cell action potential biological_process GO:0086015 SA node cell action potential An action potential that occurs in a sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell. tb 2011-11-10T08:58:56Z AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential biological_process GO:0086016 AV node cell action potential An action potential that occurs in an atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 An action potential that occurs in a Purkinje myocyte. tb 2011-11-10T08:58:56Z biological_process GO:0086017 Purkinje myocyte action potential An action potential that occurs in a Purkinje myocyte. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte. tb 2011-11-10T09:15:01Z SA node cardiac muscle cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signalling SA node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling SAN cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling sinoatrial node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling sinus node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte signalling biological_process GO:0086018 SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signaling Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium. dph 2011-11-16T03:43:52Z cell-cell signalling involved in cardiac conduction biological_process GO:0086019 cell-cell signaling involved in cardiac conduction Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 cell-cell signalling involved in cardiac conduction GOC:mah Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte. tb 2011-11-11T02:02:14Z AV node cell to bundle of His cell signalling atrioventricular node to bundle of His cell signaling biological_process GO:0086027 AV node cell to bundle of His cell signaling Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 AV node cell to bundle of His cell signalling GOC:mah Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. tb 2011-11-11T02:02:14Z Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signalling biological_process GO:0086029 Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signaling Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a Purkinje myocyte to a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell signalling GOC:mah Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. dph 2011-11-22T08:57:02Z biological_process GO:0086065 cell communication involved in cardiac conduction Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. dph 2011-11-22T09:11:44Z atrioventricular node cell to bundle of His cell communication biological_process GO:0086067 AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The process that mediates interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the Purkinje myocyte communicating with a ventricular cardiac muscle cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. dph 2011-11-22T09:14:49Z biological_process GO:0086068 Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell communication The process that mediates interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the Purkinje myocyte communicating with a ventricular cardiac muscle cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. dph 2011-11-22T09:32:45Z SA node cardiac muscle cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication SA node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication SAN cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication sinoatrial node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication sinus node cardiomyocyte to atrial cardiomyocyte communication biological_process GO:0086070 SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell. tb 2009-08-12T11:33:09Z biological_process GO:0090063 positive regulation of microtubule nucleation Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. tb 2009-09-09T11:39:52Z biological_process GO:0090068 positive regulation of cell cycle process Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits. tb 2009-09-11T10:32:17Z biological_process GO:0090069 regulation of ribosome biogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits. tb 2009-09-11T10:32:17Z biological_process GO:0090070 positive regulation of ribosome biogenesis Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits. tb 2009-09-11T10:32:17Z biological_process GO:0090071 negative regulation of ribosome biogenesis Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. tb 2009-10-23T11:21:38Z biological_process GO:0090087 regulation of peptide transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. tb 2009-11-04T10:03:25Z biological_process GO:0090091 positive regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix. GOC:dph GOC:tb The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane. tb 2009-12-08T03:18:51Z establishment of protein localisation in membrane establishment of protein localization in membrane biological_process GO:0090150 establishment of protein localization to membrane The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb establishment of protein localisation in membrane GOC:mah The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell. tb 2009-12-08T08:58:27Z biological_process GO:0090162 establishment of epithelial cell polarity The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a Golgi apparatus that contributes to Golgi inheritance. tb 2009-12-08T09:15:11Z biological_process GO:0090166 Golgi disassembly A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a Golgi apparatus that contributes to Golgi inheritance. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The reformation of the Golgi following its breakdown and partitioning contributing to Golgi inheritance. tb 2009-12-08T09:15:11Z biological_process GO:0090168 Golgi reassembly The reformation of the Golgi following its breakdown and partitioning contributing to Golgi inheritance. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of Golgi inheritance. Golgi inheritance is the partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division. tb 2009-12-11T10:21:59Z biological_process GO:0090170 regulation of Golgi inheritance Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of Golgi inheritance. Golgi inheritance is the partitioning of Golgi apparatus between daughter cells at cell division. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a chondrocyte. tb 2009-12-11T10:36:02Z biological_process GO:0090171 chondrocyte morphogenesis The process in which the structures of a chondrocyte are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a chondrocyte. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single organelle membrane. tb 2009-12-11T11:44:58Z biological_process GO:0090174 organelle membrane fusion The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single organelle membrane. GOC:ascb_2009 GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system. tb 2010-02-03T11:48:13Z biological_process GO:0090257 regulation of muscle system process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. tb 2010-02-05T02:54:14Z biological_process GO:0090273 regulation of somatostatin secretion Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. GOC:BHF Any process that increases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. tb 2010-02-05T02:54:14Z biological_process GO:0090274 positive regulation of somatostatin secretion Any process that increases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. GOC:BHF Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. tb 2010-02-05T02:54:14Z biological_process GO:0090275 negative regulation of somatostatin secretion Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, extent of the regulated release of somatostatin from secretory granules in the D cells of the pancreas. GOC:BHF Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. tb 2010-02-05T02:56:39Z biological_process GO:0090276 regulation of peptide hormone secretion Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. tb 2010-02-05T02:56:39Z biological_process GO:0090277 positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. tb 2010-02-05T02:56:39Z biological_process GO:0090278 negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the regulated release of a peptide hormone from secretory granules. GOC:tb Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds. tb 2010-03-12T04:08:26Z biological_process GO:0090299 regulation of neural crest formation Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds. GOC:tb Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. tb 2010-03-12T04:08:26Z biological_process GO:0090300 positive regulation of neural crest formation Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. GOC:tb Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. tb 2010-03-12T04:08:26Z biological_process GO:0090301 negative regulation of neural crest formation Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of neural crest formation. Neural crest formation is the formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation procedes. GOC:tb Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids. tb 2010-04-07T10:18:47Z biological_process GO:0090304 nucleic acid metabolic process Any cellular metabolic process involving nucleic acids. GOC:dph GOC:tb Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. tb 2010-04-16T03:45:07Z biological_process GO:0090316 positive regulation of intracellular protein transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. GOC:tb Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. tb 2010-04-16T03:45:07Z biological_process GO:0090317 negative regulation of intracellular protein transport https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13926 Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells. GOC:tb A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope. tb 2012-07-30T01:50:41Z protein localization in nuclear envelope biological_process GO:0090435 protein localization to nuclear envelope A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope. GOC:tb The directed movement of catecholamine into a cell. tb 2012-10-17T11:06:17Z biological_process GO:0090493 catecholamine uptake The directed movement of catecholamine into a cell. GOC:dph GOC:tb Morphogenesis of a sensory organ. A sensory organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to receive and transmit signals from external or internal stimuli. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. tb 2014-08-22T13:23:20Z biological_process GO:0090596 sensory organ morphogenesis Morphogenesis of a sensory organ. A sensory organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to receive and transmit signals from external or internal stimuli. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GOC:kmv ISBN:978-0199210893 A macromolecular localization process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a location within the nucleus. tb 2016-07-19T17:00:49Z RNA localisation to nucleus biological_process GO:0090685 RNA localization to nucleus A macromolecular localization process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a location within the nucleus. GOC:mah PMID:26305931 RNA localisation to nucleus GOC:mah Any membrane that is part of a pigment granule. tb 2017-05-16T22:33:39Z cellular_component GO:0090741 pigment granule membrane Any membrane that is part of a pigment granule. PMID:11294610 All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium. pr 2011-03-23T01:52:31Z cilium plasm microtubule-based flagellar matrix microtubule-based flagellum matrix cellular_component cilial cytoplasm ciliary cytoplasm cilium cytoplasm microtubule-based flagellar cytoplasm microtubule-based flagellum cytoplasm GO:0097014 Note that we deem cilium and microtubule-based flagellum to be equivalent. Also, researchers consider the composition of both the plasm and the membrane of the cilium to be detectably different from that in the non-ciliary cytosol and plasma membrane (e.g. in terms of calcium ion concentration, membrane lipid composition, and more). For this reason, the term "ciliary plasm" is not linked to "cytoplasm". ciliary plasm All of the contents of a cilium, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the cilium. GOC:BHF GOC:cilia GOC:dos PMID:17895364 Any apoptotic process in a motor neuron, an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. pr 2011-05-04T02:21:43Z motoneuron apoptosis motor neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:0097049 motor neuron apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a motor neuron, an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement. CL:0000100 GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:14523086 A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. pr 2011-06-07T11:22:09Z cellular_component GO:0097060 synaptic membrane A specialized area of membrane on either the presynaptic or the postsynaptic side of a synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell. GOC:BHF PMID:20410104 The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. pr 2011-06-20T04:03:08Z vascular smooth muscle cell development biological_process GO:0097084 vascular associated smooth muscle cell development The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. GOC:BHF Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. pr 2011-09-06T02:31:59Z mesenchymal cell apoptosis biological_process GO:0097152 mesenchymal cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types. CL:0000134 GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:yaf PMID:18231833 The chemical reactions and pathways involving the ammonium ion. pr 2011-09-28T04:21:30Z ammonium ion metabolism biological_process ammonium metabolic process GO:0097164 ammonium ion metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving the ammonium ion. GOC:dhl GOC:tb PMID:14671018 The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. pr 2011-11-23T09:30:23Z GO:0008624 apoptotic signalling pathway induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals biological_process GO:0097190 This term can be used to annotate gene products involved in apoptotic events happening downstream of the cross-talk point between the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. The cross-talk starts when caspase-8 cleaves Bid and truncated Bid interacts with mitochondria. From this point on it is not possible to distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. apoptotic signaling pathway The series of molecular signals which triggers the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. GOC:mtg_apoptosis apoptotic signalling pathway GOC:mah A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. pr 2011-11-23T09:45:24Z execution phase of apoptotic process apoptosis biological_process GO:0097194 execution phase of apoptosis A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died. GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:21760595 Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into heterochromatin. pr 2012-07-03T03:19:07Z protein localisation to heterochromatin biological_process GO:0097355 protein localization to heterochromatin Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into heterochromatin. GOC:mah protein localisation to heterochromatin GOC:mah The multiplication or reproduction of chorionic trophoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. pr 2012-07-19T10:17:37Z biological_process GO:0097360 chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of chorionic trophoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. CL:0011101 GOC:BHF PMID:15150278 A prolongation or process extending from a glial cell. pr 2012-10-22T13:55:54Z cellular_component glial process glial projection GO:0097386 glial cell projection A prolongation or process extending from a glial cell. GOC:mc An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other. pr 2012-11-07T15:01:27Z NIF_Subcellular:sao1872343973 microtubule fascicle cellular_component GO:0097427 microtubule bundle An arrangement of closely apposed microtubules running parallel to each other. NIF_Subcellular:sao1872343973 A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure. pr 2012-11-27T15:46:25Z GO:0043206 extracellular fibril organisation extracellular fibril organization extracellular fibril organization and biogenesis biological_process fibril organisation fibril organization GO:0097435 supramolecular fiber organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a supramolecular fiber, a polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure. GOC:pr extracellular fibril organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any apoptotic process in a retinal rod cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. pr 2013-03-21T09:44:45Z rod photoreceptor apoptotic process biological_process GO:0097473 retinal rod cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a retinal rod cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. CL:0000604 GOC:jc PMID:17202487 Any apoptotic process in a retinal cone cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. pr 2013-03-21T09:46:22Z cone photoreceptor apoptotic process biological_process GO:0097474 retinal cone cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a retinal cone cell, one of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. CL:0000573 GOC:jc A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells. pr 2013-10-16T13:04:58Z cellular_component GO:0097512 cardiac myofibril A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells. GOC:cjm GOC:devbiol Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole. pr 2014-02-28T09:49:31Z biological_process GO:0097576 vacuole fusion Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole. GOC:pr GOC:vw Wikipedia:Vacuole Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region. pr 2016-03-29T17:39:45Z cellular_component GO:0097708 intracellular vesicle Any vesicle that is part of the intracellular region. GOC:vesicles The docking of a cytosolic centriole/basal body to the plasma membrane via the ciliary transition fibers. In some species this may happen via an intermediate step, by first docking to the ciliary vesicle via the ciliary transition fibers. The basal body-ciliary vesicle then relocates to the plasma membrane, followed by the ciliary vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, effectively attaching the basal body to the plasma membrane. pr 2016-08-05T16:12:33Z Reactome:R-HSA-5620912.1 ciliary basal body docking biological_process anchoring of the basal body to the plasma membrane GO:0097711 Basal bodies in jawed vertebrates appear to first attach to a ciliary vesicle. It is unclear how specific this is to jawed vertebrates or if other organisms also employ this sequence. Some species like Giardia intestinalis do not relocate their basal bodies to the plasma membrane, but have their axonemes extend through the cytosol to then protrude out of the cell to form flagella. ciliary basal body-plasma membrane docking The docking of a cytosolic centriole/basal body to the plasma membrane via the ciliary transition fibers. In some species this may happen via an intermediate step, by first docking to the ciliary vesicle via the ciliary transition fibers. The basal body-ciliary vesicle then relocates to the plasma membrane, followed by the ciliary vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane, effectively attaching the basal body to the plasma membrane. GOC:cilia PMID:13978319 PMID:23348840 PMID:23530209 PMID:25686250 PMID:26981235 Reactome:R-HSA-5620912.1 The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces. pr 2016-08-05T16:16:28Z biological_process GO:0097712 vesicle targeting, trans-Golgi to periciliary membrane compartment The process in which vesicles formed at the trans-Golgi network are directed to the plasma membrane surrounding the base of the cilium, including the ciliary pocket, mediated by molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces. GOC:cilia PMID:20106869 PMID:23351793 PMID:24814148 PMID:26485645 Reactome:R-HSA-5620920.1 The assembly and secretion of an extracellular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. pr 2016-10-03T14:35:25Z exosome assembly or secretion exosome biogenesis exosome production biological_process ILV assembly intraluminal vesicle assembly GO:0097734 extracellular exosome biogenesis The assembly and secretion of an extracellular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. GOC:PARL GOC:bf PMID:19442504 PMID:25392495 A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a myotube. dos 2013-10-14T12:05:12Z cellular_component GO:0098523 In vertebrates, the term 'neuromuscular junction' is limited to synapses targeting the myotubes of skeletal muscle (AKA skeletal muscle fibers). Neuromuscular junctions targeting other muscle cell types exist in invertebrates such as the mononucleate somatic muscles of nematodes. neuromuscular junction of myotube A neuromuscular junction in which the target muscle cell is a myotube. GOC:dos The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle fiber cell. Skeletal muscle fiber differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual skeletal muscle fibers fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. dos 2013-10-15T14:00:34Z biological_process GO:0098528 skeletal muscle fiber differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle fiber cell. Skeletal muscle fiber differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual skeletal muscle fibers fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. GOC:dos The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle. dos 2014-02-26T13:41:31Z cellular_component GO:0098588 Examples include the outer membranes of double membrane bound organelles such as mitochondria as well as the bounding membranes of single-membrane bound organelles such as lysosomes. bounding membrane of organelle The lipid bilayer that forms the outer-most layer of an organelle. GOC:dos A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane. dos 2014-03-06T11:55:32Z region of plasma membrane cellular_component GO:0098590 Note that this term should not be used for direct manual annotation as it should always be possible to choose a more specific subclass. plasma membrane region A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane. GOC:dos A collagen trimer that forms networks. cellular_component GO:0098642 network-forming collagen trimer A collagen trimer that forms networks. PMID:21421911 A supramolecular assembly of fibrillar collagen complexes in the form of a long fiber (fibril) with transverse striations (bands). cellular_component GO:0098643 banded collagen fibril A supramolecular assembly of fibrillar collagen complexes in the form of a long fiber (fibril) with transverse striations (bands). GOC:dos PMID:21421911 A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network. Supramolecular aggregate of collagen Supramolecular collagen assembly cellular_component GO:0098644 complex of collagen trimers A complex of collagen trimers such as a fibril or collagen network. GOC:dos Supramolecular aggregate of collagen PMID:19693541 Supramolecular collagen assembly PMID:21421911 A supramolecular complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a network. cellular_component GO:0098645 collagen network A supramolecular complex that consists of collagen triple helices associated to form a network. GOC:dos PMID:21421911 Any collagen timer that is part of a basement membrane. cellular_component GO:0098651 basement membrane collagen trimer Any collagen timer that is part of a basement membrane. GOC:dos PMID:21421911 The process in which a cation is transported across a membrane. GO:0099132 ATP hydrolysis coupled cation transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0098655 cation transmembrane transport The process in which a cation is transported across a membrane. GOC:dos GOC:vw The process in which an anion is transported across a membrane. GO:0099133 ATP hydrolysis coupled anion transmembrane transport biological_process GO:0098656 anion transmembrane transport The process in which an anion is transported across a membrane. GOC:dos GOC:vw The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. uptake biological_process GO:0098657 import into cell The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. GOC:dos The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane. inorganic ion membrane transport transmembrane inorganic ion transport biological_process GO:0098660 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. inorganic ion transmembrane transport The process in which an inorganic ion is transported across a membrane. GOC:mah transmembrane inorganic ion transport GOC:dph GOC:tb The process in which an inorganic anion is transported across a membrane. inorganic anion membrane transport transmembrane inorganic anion transport biological_process GO:0098661 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. inorganic anion transmembrane transport The process in which an inorganic anion is transported across a membrane. GOC:mah transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:dph GOC:tb A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0015672 GO:0072511 inorganic cation membrane transport transmembrane inorganic cation transport divalent inorganic cation transport monovalent inorganic cation transport biological_process GO:0098662 Note that this term is not intended for use in annotating lateral movement within membranes. inorganic cation transmembrane transport A process in which an inorganic cation is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:mah transmembrane inorganic cation transport GOC:dph GOC:tb Division of a stem cell during which it retains its identity and buds off a daughter cell with a new identity. biological_process GO:0098722 asymmetric stem cell division Division of a stem cell during which it retains its identity and buds off a daughter cell with a new identity. GOC:dos PMID:18513950 A myofibril of a skeletal muscle fiber. cellular_component GO:0098723 skeletal muscle myofibril A myofibril of a skeletal muscle fiber. GOC:dos The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell which will divide to form one or more gametes. biological_process GO:0098728 germline stem cell asymmetric division The self-renewing division of a germline stem cell, to produce a daughter stem cell and a daughter germ cell which will divide to form one or more gametes. GOC:dos The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. biological_process GO:0098751 Not to be used for manual annotation. Please choose a more specific cell development term or if not possible, bone or bone tissue development. bone cell development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. GOC:dos The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. biological_process GO:0098773 skin epidermis development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:dos The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell. presynaptic terminal cellular_component GO:0098793 presynapse The part of a synapse that is part of the presynaptic cell. GOC:dos The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell. cellular_component GO:0098794 postsynapse The part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell. GOC:dos Any protein complex that is part of a membrane. cellular_component GO:0098796 membrane protein complex Any protein complex that is part of a membrane. GOC:dos Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane. cellular_component GO:0098797 plasma membrane protein complex Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane. GOC:dos The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles. biological_process GO:0098813 nuclear chromosome segregation The process in which genetic material, in the form of nuclear chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. Nuclear chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles. GOC:dos The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. microtubule-based protein transport biological_process GO:0098840 protein transport along microtubule The directed movement of a protein along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. PMID:25987607 The increase in size or mass of an intramembranous bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone. biological_process GO:0098867 intramembranous bone growth The increase in size or mass of an intramembranous bone that contributes to the shaping of the bone. PMID:26399686 The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone. biological_process GO:0098868 bone growth The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone. GOC:dos The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse. cellular_component GO:0098871 postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a postsynapse. GOC:dos The directed movement of substances to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane by exocytosis. biological_process GO:0098876 vesicle-mediated transport to the plasma membrane The directed movement of substances to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane by exocytosis. GOC:dos A cellular process that results in the controlled breakdown of synapse. After it starts the process is continuous until the synapse has disappeared. synapse clearance synapse disassembly synapse elimination synapse removal biological_process GO:0098883 synapse pruning A cellular process that results in the controlled breakdown of synapse. After it starts the process is continuous until the synapse has disappeared. GOC:dos PMID:12062020 PMID:18083105 PMID:22632716 PMID:29844190 synapse clearance GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:22632716 synapse disassembly PMID:12062020 synapse elimination GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:18083105 PMID:29844190 synapse removal GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:22632716 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. biological_process GO:0098900 The ion channels through which current flows during an action potential should be annotated to the process 'action potential'. Gene products involved in modulating the characteristics of an action potential via changing the expression levels or the activity of these channels (e.g. modulating their kinetics or voltage sensitivity) should be annotated to this regulation term. regulation of action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:dos GOC:dph GOC:go_curators GOC:tb ISBN:978-0-07-139011-8 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. biological_process GO:0098901 regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:dos GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrioventricular node myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. tb 2011-11-10T08:58:56Z regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential biological_process GO:0098904 regulation of AV node cell action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an atrioventricular node myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a Purkinje myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. tb 2011-11-10T08:58:56Z biological_process GO:0098906 regulation of Purkinje myocyte action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a Purkinje myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an SA node cardiac myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. tb 2011-11-10T08:50:15Z regulation of SA node cardiac muscle cell action potential regulation of SAN cardiac muscle cell action potential regulation of sinoatrial node cardiac muscle cell action potential regulation of sinus node cardiac muscle cell action potential biological_process GO:0098907 regulation of SA node cell action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in an SA node cardiac myocyte. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a neuron. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. biological_process generation of action potential GO:0098908 regulation of neuronal action potential Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a neuron. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels. GOC:dph GOC:isa_complete GOC:tb generation of action potential GOC:dph GOC:tb Cell-cell signaling from pre to post-synapse, across the synaptic cleft. biological_process GO:0098916 anterograde trans-synaptic signaling Cell-cell signaling from pre to post-synapse, across the synaptic cleft. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft. biological_process GO:0098917 retrograde trans-synaptic signaling Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid ligand. biological_process GO:0098920 retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by lipid Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid ligand. GOC:dos Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a postsynapse. postsynaptic signaling pathway biological_process GO:0098926 Do not directly annotate. This term is intended for automatically grouping annotations to signal transduction classes extended with has_start_location/occurs_in postsynapse or one of its parts. postsynaptic signal transduction Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a postsynapse. GOC:dos postsynaptic signaling pathway Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a presynapse. presynaptic signaling pathway biological_process GO:0098928 Do not directly annotate. This term intended for grouping. Annotate to either a subclass or to some other subclass of signal transduction extended with has_start_location/occurs_in presynapse or one of its parts. Such extensions will result in automatic annotation to this term. presynaptic signal transduction Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a presynapse. GOC:dos presynaptic signaling pathway A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton. biological_process GO:0098974 postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton. GOC:dos The postsynapse of a neuromuscular junction. In vertebrate muscles this includes the motor end-plate, consisting of postjunctional folds of the sarcolemma. cellular_component GO:0098975 postsynapse of neuromuscular junction The postsynapse of a neuromuscular junction. In vertebrate muscles this includes the motor end-plate, consisting of postjunctional folds of the sarcolemma. GOC:dos Wikipedia:Neuromuscular_junction&oldid=723623502 Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse. biological_process GO:0099003 vesicle-mediated transport in synapse Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse. GOC:dos The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse. presynapse biogenesis presynaptic terminal assembly biological_process GO:0099054 presynapse assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a presynapse. GOC:PARL GOC:bf GOC:dos PMID:24449494 presynapse biogenesis GOC:mah presynaptic terminal assembly PMID:24449494 The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse. postsynapse biogenesis biological_process GO:0099068 postsynapse assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse. GOC:bf GOC:dos GOCL:PARL postsynapse biogenesis GOC:mah A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber. cellular_component GO:0099080 supramolecular complex A cellular component that consists of an indeterminate number of proteins or macromolecular complexes, organized into a regular, higher-order structure such as a polymer, sheet, network or a fiber. GOC:dos A polymeric supramolecular structure. cellular_component GO:0099081 supramolecular polymer A polymeric supramolecular structure. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a neuropeptide. biological_process GO:0099082 retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a neuropeptide. GOC:PARL GOC:bf GOC:dos PMID:19448629 Modulation of synaptic transmittion by cell-cell signaling across the synaptic cleft from postsynapse to presynapse, mediated by a neuropeptide. biological_process GO:0099083 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide, modulating synaptic transmission Modulation of synaptic transmittion by cell-cell signaling across the synaptic cleft from postsynapse to presynapse, mediated by a neuropeptide. GOC:PARL GOC:bf GOC:dos PMID:19448629 The movement of a cellular component as a result of microtubule polymerization. biological_process GO:0099098 microtubule polymerization based movement The movement of a cellular component as a result of microtubule polymerization. GOC:cjm ISBN:0815316194 A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. biological_process GO:0099111 microtubule-based transport A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules. GOC:cjm ISBN:0815316194 The transport of a protein driven by polymerization of a microtubule to which it is attached. biological_process GO:0099112 microtubule polymerization based protein transport The transport of a protein driven by polymerization of a microtubule to which it is attached. GOC:dos GOC:vw PMID:11018050 A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins. biological_process GO:0099118 microtubule-based protein transport A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins. GOC:vw A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the presynaptic actin cytoskeleton. dos 2017-06-09T18:34:19Z biological_process GO:0099140 presynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments and their associated proteins in the presynaptic actin cytoskeleton. GOC:dos The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse. dos 2017-06-09T18:36:19Z cellular_component GO:0099143 presynaptic actin cytoskeleton The actin cytoskeleton that is part of a presynapse. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling in which the ligand is carried between cells by an exosome. dos 2017-07-05T16:40:45Z exosome mediated biological_process GO:0099156 cell-cell signaling via exosome Cell-cell signaling in which the ligand is carried between cells by an exosome. GOC:dos PMID:19837038 Transynaptic signaling in which the ligand is carried across the synapse by an exosome. dos 2017-07-05T16:49:44Z exosome mediated transynaptic signalling biological_process GO:0099157 trans-synaptic signalling via exosome Transynaptic signaling in which the ligand is carried across the synapse by an exosome. GOC:dos PMID:19837038 Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission. dos 2017-09-11T17:09:17Z biological_process GO:0099170 postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission. GOC:dos Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission. dos 2017-09-11T17:09:31Z biological_process GO:0099171 presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission. GOC:dos A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynapse. presynapse development presynapse organisation biological_process presynapse morphogenesis presynapse organization and biogenesis GO:0099172 presynapse organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynapse. GOC:dos presynapse morphogenesis GOC:BHF presynapse organization and biogenesis GOC:mah A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse. postsynapse development postsynapse organisation biological_process postsynapse morphogenesis postsynapse organization and biogenesis GO:0099173 postsynapse organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse. GOC:dos postsynapse morphogenesis GOC:BHF postsynapse organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the physical form of a presynapse. regulation of presynapse organisation regulation of presynapse structure biological_process regulation of presynapse organization and biogenesis GO:0099174 regulation of presynapse organization Any process that modulates the physical form of a presynapse. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of presynapse organisation GOC:mah regulation of presynapse organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse. regulation of postsynapse organisation regulation of postsynapse structure biological_process regulation of postsynapse organization and biogenesis GO:0099175 regulation of postsynapse organization Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse. GOC:ai GOC:dph GOC:tb regulation of postsynapse organisation GOC:mah regulation of postsynapse organization and biogenesis GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling. biological_process GO:0099177 regulation of trans-synaptic signaling Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trans-synaptic signaling. GOC:dos A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures and their associated proteins in the presynaptic cytoskeleton. dos 2017-12-20T15:05:34Z biological_process GO:0099187 presynaptic cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures and their associated proteins in the presynaptic cytoskeleton. GOC:dos A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising cytoskeletal filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton. dos 2017-12-20T15:06:57Z biological_process GO:0099188 postsynaptic cytoskeleton organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising cytoskeletal filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton. GOC:dos Fusion of the membrane of a vesicle with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing its contents into the extracellular space. biological_process GO:0099500 vesicle fusion to plasma membrane Fusion of the membrane of a vesicle with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing its contents into the extracellular space. GOC:aruk GOC:bc ISBN:0071120009 PMID:18618940 The lipid bilayer surrounding an exocytic vesicle. secretory vesicle membrane cellular_component GO:0099501 exocytic vesicle membrane The lipid bilayer surrounding an exocytic vesicle. GOC:dos A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space. cellular_component GO:0099503 secretory vesicle A cytoplasmic, membrane bound vesicle that is capable of fusing to the plasma membrane to release its contents into the extracellular space. GOC:dos A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure. GO:0043205 cellular_component fibril GO:0099512 supramolecular fiber A polymer consisting of an indefinite number of protein or protein complex subunits that have polymerised to form a fiber-shaped structure. GOC:dos A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits. cellular_component GO:0099513 polymeric cytoskeletal fiber A component of the cytoskeleton consisting of a homo or heteropolymeric fiber constructed from an indeterminate number of protein subunits. GOC:dos The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins. cytoskeletal fiber-based vesicle localization vesicle cytoskeletal transport biological_process GO:0099518 vesicle cytoskeletal trafficking The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins. GOC:ecd GOC:rl cytoskeletal fiber-based vesicle localization GOC:rl The pathway leading to secretion of a neurotransmitter from the presynapse as part of synaptic transmission. biological_process GO:0099531 presynaptic process involved in chemical synaptic transmission The pathway leading to secretion of a neurotransmitter from the presynapse as part of synaptic transmission. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse. biological_process GO:0099536 synaptic signaling Cell-cell signaling to, from or within a synapse. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft. biological_process GO:0099537 trans-synaptic signaling Cell-cell signaling in either direction across the synaptic cleft. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by a peptide. biological_process GO:0099538 synaptic signaling via neuropeptide Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by a peptide. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a peptide ligand crossing the synaptic cleft. biological_process GO:0099540 trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a peptide ligand crossing the synaptic cleft. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid. biological_process GO:0099541 trans-synaptic signaling by lipid Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid. GOC:dos Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the synapse. biological_process GO:0099547 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of translation at synapse, modulating synaptic transmission Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the synapse. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, across the synaptic cleft, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. biological_process GO:0099550 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. trans-synaptic signaling, modulating synaptic transmission Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, across the synaptic cleft, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of neuropeptide molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. biological_process GO:0099551 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide, modulating synaptic transmission Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the vesicular release and reception of neuropeptide molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. GOC:dos Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of lipid molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. biological_process GO:0099552 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. trans-synaptic signaling by lipid, modulating synaptic transmission Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, via the release and reception of lipid molecules, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse. GOC:dos PMID:21531987 Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm. cellular_component GO:0099568 cytoplasmic region Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm. GOC:dos The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the presynapse. cellular_component GO:0099569 presynaptic cytoskeleton The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the presynapse. GOC:dos The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse. cellular_component GO:0099571 postsynaptic cytoskeleton The portion of the cytoskeleton contained within the postsynapse. GOC:dos PMID:19889835 Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the presynapse. biological_process GO:0099577 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of translation at presynapse, modulating synaptic transmission Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the presynapse. GOC:dos Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the postsynapse. biological_process GO:0099578 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of translation at postsynapse, modulating synaptic transmission Any process that modulates synaptic transmission by regulating translation occurring at the postsynapse. GOC:dos A process in which protein is transported from one region of the plasma membrane to another. biological_process GO:0099632 protein transport within plasma membrane A process in which protein is transported from one region of the plasma membrane to another. GOC:dos The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections. axonal protein transport biological_process GO:0099640 axo-dendritic protein transport The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections. ISBN:0815316194 Any signal release from a synapse. biological_process GO:0099643 signal release from synapse Any signal release from a synapse. GOC:dos The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane. perimembrane region cellular_component GO:0099738 cell cortex region The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane. GOC:dos Any action potential process that regulates skeletal muscle contraction. cjm 2015-04-02T04:13:19Z biological_process GO:0100001 regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by action potential Any action potential process that regulates skeletal muscle contraction. GOC:cjm GOC:obol The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. biological_process GO:0101023 vascular endothelial cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:nc PMID:23201774 A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane during mitosis. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19949 nuclear membrane organization involved in mitotic nuclear division biological_process GO:0101024 This process only occurs in organisms which undergo 'closed mitosis' without nuclear breakdown. mitotic nuclear membrane organization A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane during mitosis. GOC:vw PMID:15147872 The process in which a nuclear membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together. biological_process GO:0101025 nuclear membrane biogenesis The process in which a nuclear membrane is synthesized, aggregates, and bonds together. GOC:vw A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a neuron, e.g. an axon, or a dendrite. hjd 2017-06-23T18:30:18Z biological_process GO:0106027 neuron projection organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a neuron, e.g. an axon, or a dendrite. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:11585923 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus. hjd 2019-06-27T15:12:22Z biological_process GO:0106214 regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus. GOC:se PMID:26195667 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fustion with Golgi apparatus. hjd 2019-06-27T15:17:17Z biological_process GO:0106215 negative regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fustion with Golgi apparatus. GOC:se PMID:26195667 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus. hjd 2019-06-27T15:20:59Z biological_process GO:0106216 positive regulation of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus. GOC:se PMID:26195667 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, disassembly or arrangement of constituent parts of the basement membrane. kmv biological_process GO:0110011 regulation of basement membrane organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, disassembly or arrangement of constituent parts of the basement membrane. GOC:ha PMID:27404358 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. kmv 2017-06-20T19:28:58Z biological_process GO:0110020 regulation of actomyosin structure organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. GOC:lf PMID:22790195 The multiplication or reproduction of cardiac muscle myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a cardiac muscle myoblast cell population. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life. kmv 2017-06-29T14:35:24Z biological_process GO:0110021 cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of cardiac muscle myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a cardiac muscle myoblast cell population. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:26512644 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation. kmv 2017-06-29T15:11:47Z biological_process GO:0110022 regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:26512644 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation. kmv 2017-06-29T15:18:30Z biological_process GO:0110023 negative regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:26512644 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation. kmv 2017-06-29T15:24:16Z biological_process GO:0110024 positive regulation of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:26512644 The process in which the anatomical structures of the pharynx are generated and organized. kmv 2017-07-24T20:51:28Z biological_process GO:0110040 pharynx morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of the pharynx are generated and organized. GOC:rz PMID:20805556 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structure of the pharynx is generated and organized. kmv 2017-07-24T21:00:20Z biological_process GO:0110041 regulation of pharynx morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structure of the pharynx is generated and organized. GOC:rz PMID:20805556 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis. kmv 2017-07-24T21:05:08Z biological_process GO:0110042 negative regulation of pharynx morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis. GOC:rz PMID:20805556 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis. kmv 2017-07-24T21:09:48Z biological_process GO:0110043 positive regulation of pharynx morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of pharynx morphogenesis. GOC:rz PMID:20805556 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation. kmv 2017-10-23T14:32:09Z biological_process GO:0110057 regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:23072816 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation. kmv 2017-10-23T14:38:19Z biological_process GO:0110058 positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:23072816 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation. kmv 2017-10-23T14:47:29Z biological_process GO:0110059 negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:23072816 A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in extracellular vesicles between cells; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the extracellular vesicle membrane. kmv 2018-01-29T14:46:52Z biological_process GO:0110077 vesicle-mediated intercellular transport A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in extracellular vesicles between cells; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the extracellular vesicle membrane. GOC:sp PMID:29328915 PMID:29328916 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development. kmv 2018-02-01T14:49:12Z biological_process GO:0110079 regulation of placenta blood vessel development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:27748453 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development. kmv 2018-02-01T14:55:30Z biological_process GO:0110080 positive regulation of placenta blood vessel development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:27748453 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development. kmv 2018-02-01T15:01:11Z biological_process GO:0110081 negative regulation of placenta blood vessel development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of placenta blood vessel development. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:rph PMID:27748453 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis. kmv 2018-07-05T14:10:14Z biological_process GO:0110110 positive regulation of animal organ morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis. GOC:kmv Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis. kmv 2018-07-05T14:25:21Z biological_process GO:0110111 negative regulation of animal organ morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis. GOC:kmv Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation. kmv 2018-07-16T18:08:49Z biological_process GO:0110116 regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation. GOC:ha PMID:16377567 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation. kmv 2018-07-16T18:13:28Z biological_process GO:0110117 positive regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation. GOC:ha PMID:16377567 Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation. kmv 2018-07-16T18:15:52Z biological_process GO:0110118 negative regulation of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye photoreceptor cell differentiation. GOC:ha PMID:16377567 A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex. kmv 2019-08-12T18:01:37Z cellular_component GO:0110165 cellular anatomical entity A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex. GOC:kmv A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13193 krc 2017-03-21T17:26:07Z cellular_component GO:0120025 plasma membrane bounded cell projection A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon. GOC:krc Formation of a prolongation or process extending and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-24T23:56:08Z eupodium biological_process GO:0120031 plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly Formation of a prolongation or process extending and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon. GOC:krc eupodium GOC:krc GOC:rjd PMID:10328951 PMID:9096956 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-26T04:27:04Z biological_process GO:0120032 regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly. GOC:krc Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-26T04:34:31Z biological_process GO:0120033 negative regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly. GOC:krc Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-26T04:34:45Z biological_process GO:0120034 positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly. GOC:krc Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane bounded cell projections. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-26T16:02:06Z biological_process GO:0120035 regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane bounded cell projections. GOC:krc A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasma membrane bounded prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-26T16:07:02Z biological_process GO:0120036 plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a plasma membrane bounded prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a cilium or axon. GOC:krc The process in which the anatomical structures of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection are generated and organized. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/13298 krc 2017-04-28T23:39:37Z biological_process GO:0120039 plasma membrane bounded cell projection morphogenesis The process in which the anatomical structures of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection are generated and organized. GOC:krc All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded neuron projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection. krc 2017-11-01T18:58:12Z cellular_component GO:0120111 neuron projection cytoplasm All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded neuron projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection. GOC:ha Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin. krc 2018-07-14T00:19:32Z negative regulation of protein localisation to chromatin biological_process GO:0120186 negative regulation of protein localization to chromatin Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin. PMID:20889714 PMID:29899453 negative regulation of protein localisation to chromatin GOC:krc Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin. krc 2018-07-14T00:21:28Z positive regulation of protein localisation to chromatin biological_process GO:0120187 positive regulation of protein localization to chromatin Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin. PMID:20889714 PMID:29899453 positive regulation of protein localisation to chromatin GOC:krc Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blastocyst development. krc 2020-02-17T19:59:20Z biological_process GO:0120222 regulation of blastocyst development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blastocyst development. GOC:krc PMID:29593216 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin organization. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20020 krc 2020-09-29T20:00:04Z biological_process GO:0120261 regulation of heterochromatin organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin organization. GOC:krc Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin organization. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20020 krc 2020-09-29T20:12:30Z down regulation of heterochromatin organization down-regulation of heterochromatin organization downregulation of heterochromatin organization inhibition of heterochromatin organization biological_process GO:0120262 negative regulation of heterochromatin organization Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin organization. GOC:krc Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin organization. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20020 krc 2020-09-29T20:19:19Z up regulation of heterochromatin organization up-regulation of heterochromatin organization upregulation of heterochromatin organization activation of heterochromatin organization stimulation of heterochromatin organization biological_process GO:0120263 positive regulation of heterochromatin organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of heterochromatin organization. GOC:krc Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20524 krc 2021-02-09T19:37:35Z biological_process GO:0120305 regulation of pigmentation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism. GOC:krc One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19910 pg 2017-03-23T09:40:00Z meiosis biological_process GO:0140013 meiotic nuclear division One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle. PMID:9334324 A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/19910 pg 2017-03-23T14:44:23Z mitosis biological_process GO:0140014 mitotic nuclear division A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell. ISBN:0198547684 The cellular processes that contribute to exocytosis. pg 2017-05-15T13:20:45Z biological_process GO:0140029 exocytic process The cellular processes that contribute to exocytosis. Wikipedia:Exocytosis The process by which an organelle membrane interacts with another membrane via molecular tethers that physically bridge the two membranes and attach them to each other. pg 2017-06-27T09:58:51Z biological_process GO:0140056 organelle localization by membrane tethering The process by which an organelle membrane interacts with another membrane via molecular tethers that physically bridge the two membranes and attach them to each other. PMID:27875684 Catalytic activity that acts to modify a protein. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14225 pg 2017-09-14T10:32:59Z molecular_function GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein Catalytic activity that acts to modify a protein. GOC:molecular_function_refactoring GOC:pdt Catalytic activity that acts to modify RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14225 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21612 pg 2017-09-14T12:05:21Z molecular_function GO:0140098 catalytic activity, acting on RNA Catalytic activity that acts to modify RNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis. GOC:molecular_function_refactoring GOC:pdt Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures in which one of the substrates is a glycoprotein. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14225 pg 2017-09-15T19:27:54Z molecular_function GO:0140103 catalytic activity, acting on a glycoprotein Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures in which one of the substrates is a glycoprotein. GOC:molecular_function_refactoring GOC:pdt The assembly and secretion a set of components to form an extracellular vesicule, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region. Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, based on the mechanism by which they are released from cells and differentiated based on their size and content. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/14256 pg 2017-10-23T11:53:42Z extracellular vesicle assembly biological_process GO:0140112 extracellular vesicle biogenesis The assembly and secretion a set of components to form an extracellular vesicule, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region. Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, based on the mechanism by which they are released from cells and differentiated based on their size and content. PMID:28736435 Translation that occurs at the presynapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/216 pg 2018-07-13T13:00:33Z biological_process GO:0140236 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. translation at presynapse Translation that occurs at the presynapse. PMID:27321671 Translation that occurs at the presynapse, and that modulates chemical synaptic transmission. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/216 pg 2018-07-13T13:07:23Z biological_process GO:0140237 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. translation at presynapse, modulating chemical synaptic transmission Translation that occurs at the presynapse, and that modulates chemical synaptic transmission. PMID:27321671 Translation that occurs at the synapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/210 pg 2018-07-15T09:23:12Z biological_process GO:0140241 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. translation at synapse Translation that occurs at the synapse. PMID:23083742 Translation that occurs at the postsynapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/210 pg 2018-07-15T09:26:27Z biological_process GO:0140242 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. translation at postsynapse Translation that occurs at the postsynapse. PMID:20427644 Any process that regulates translation occurring at the synapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/210 pg 2018-07-15T09:38:26Z biological_process GO:0140243 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of translation at synapse Any process that regulates translation occurring at the synapse. PMID:20427644 Any process that regulates translation occurring at the presynapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/210 pg 2018-07-15T09:38:33Z biological_process GO:0140244 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of translation at presynapse Any process that regulates translation occurring at the presynapse. PMID:20427644 Any process that regulates translation occurring at the postsynapse. https://github.com/geneontology/synapse/issues/210 pg 2018-07-15T09:38:54Z biological_process GO:0140245 Note that this term was created for the SynGO project, and will be obsoleted when the SynGO annotations are made in Noctua. regulation of translation at postsynapse Any process that regulates translation occurring at the postsynapse. PMID:20427644 A cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, their plasma membrane fusing, producing a single cell. In some cases, nuclei fuse, producing a polyploid cell, while in other cases, nuclei remain separate, producing a syncytium. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/15939 pg 2018-08-13T18:38:18Z cell fusion cell cell fusion biological_process GO:0140253 cell-cell fusion A cellular process in which two or more cells combine together, their plasma membrane fusing, producing a single cell. In some cases, nuclei fuse, producing a polyploid cell, while in other cases, nuclei remain separate, producing a syncytium. Wikipedia:Cell_fusion The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis. pg 2019-05-22T11:20:45Z efflux biological_process GO:0140352 export from cell The directed movement of some substance from a cell, into the extracellular region. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via exocytosis. GOC:pg The directed movement of a lipid from a cell, into the extracellular region. pg 2019-05-22T11:33:07Z lipid efflux biological_process GO:0140353 lipid export from cell The directed movement of a lipid from a cell, into the extracellular region. GOC:pg The directed movement of a lipid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. pg 2019-05-22T11:38:15Z lipid uptake biological_process GO:0140354 lipid import into cell The directed movement of a lipid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis. GOC:pg A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together in the nucleus. pg 2020-09-09T05:12:38Z nuclear complex cellular_component GO:0140513 nuclear protein-containing complex A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together in the nucleus. GOC:pg The division of a vacuole within a cell to form two or more separate vacuoles. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/20639 pg 2021-01-04T10:17:58Z biological_process GO:0140572 vacuole fission The division of a vacuole within a cell to form two or more separate vacuoles. PMID:19643199 Catalytic activity that acts to modify a nucleic acid. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21402 pg 2021-05-11T06:31:07Z molecular_function GO:0140640 catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid Catalytic activity that acts to modify a nucleic acid. GOC:pg The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/21939 pg 2021-08-09T15:30:06Z non-membrane-bounded organelle formation non-membrane-enclosed organelle assembly non-membrane-enclosed organelle formation biological_process GO:0140694 non-membrane-bounded organelle assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-membrane-bounded organelle. PMID:28225081 The elimination of ammonium ions from an excretory cell. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22368 pg 2021-11-24T17:55:51Z biological_process ammonia excretion GO:0140734 ammonium excretion The elimination of ammonium ions from an excretory cell. PMID:25740900 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse. bc 2018-05-08T16:38:55Z biological_process GO:0150052 regulation of postsynapse assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:16394100 PMID:16672654 PMID:28185854 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visual system over time, from its formation to the mature structure, including the eye, parts of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in processing of visual inputs, and connecting nerve pathways. bc 2018-07-23T10:31:58Z biological_process optic pathway development visual pathway development GO:0150063 visual system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visual system over time, from its formation to the mature structure, including the eye, parts of the central nervous system (CNS) involved in processing of visual inputs, and connecting nerve pathways. GOC:aruk GOC:bc GOC:krc PMID:15004427 PMID:20647017 PMID:22632727 Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a glial cell to a neuron. This signaling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules, depending on which glial cells release them, and in which tissues the signalling occurs, e.g. microglial cell-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) in the retina, or microglial cell-derived superoxide ions in the cerebellum. bc 2018-12-17T12:28:09Z glia-neuron signaling glia-neuron signalling glia-neurone signaling glia-neurone signalling glial cell- neuron signalling glial cell-neurone signalling glial cell-neurone singaling biological_process GO:0150098 glial cell-neuron signaling Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a glial cell to a neuron. This signaling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules, depending on which glial cells release them, and in which tissues the signalling occurs, e.g. microglial cell-derived nerve growth factor (NGF) in the retina, or microglial cell-derived superoxide ions in the cerebellum. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:14980203 PMID:16144764 PMID:16547515 PMID:18685038 PMID:27788368 PMID:9459440 Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a neuron to a glial cell. This signalling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules released by different types of neurons, e.g. glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline, acetylcholine, dopamine and adenosine. bc 2018-12-17T12:30:12Z neuron-glia signaling neuron-glia signalling neuron-glial cell signalling neurone-glia signaling neurone-glia signalling neurone-glial cell signaling neurone-glial cell signalling biological_process GO:0150099 neuron-glial cell signaling Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a neuron to a glial cell. This signalling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules released by different types of neurons, e.g. glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline, acetylcholine, dopamine and adenosine. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:10195197 PMID:10196584 PMID:10377338 PMID:10493741 PMID:11356870 PMID:11399439 PMID:15252819 PMID:27788368 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained, in a location within a cell-cell junction. bc 2019-06-11T11:00:18Z biological_process GO:0150105 protein localization to cell-cell junction A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained, in a location within a cell-cell junction. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:26706435 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction. bc 2019-06-11T11:17:15Z biological_process GO:0150106 regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:26706435 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction. bc 2019-06-11T11:23:58Z biological_process GO:0150107 positive regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction. GOC:aruk GOC:bc PMID:26706435 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transepithelial transport. bc 2019-09-15T07:16:49Z biological_process GO:0150111 regulation of transepithelial transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transepithelial transport. GOC:aruk PMID:27593915 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction. bc 2019-11-21T13:53:34Z negative regulation of protein localisation to cell-cell junction biological_process GO:0150119 negative regulation of protein localization to cell-cell junction Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell-cell junction. GOC:aruk GOC:bc The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components. bc 2019-12-08T11:12:13Z biological_process GO:0150146 cell junction disassembly The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components. GOC:aruk PMID:25490267 The disaggregation of a cell-cell junction into its constituent components. bc 2019-12-08T11:16:14Z biological_process GO:0150147 cell-cell junction disassembly The disaggregation of a cell-cell junction into its constituent components. GOC:aruk PMID:25490267 Any regulation of signal transduction that takes place in the extracellular region. bf 2012-02-22T10:21:48Z regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region biological_process GO:1900115 extracellular regulation of signal transduction Any regulation of signal transduction that takes place in the extracellular region. GOC:TermGenie GOC:signaling regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region. bf 2012-02-22T10:27:56Z down regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region down-regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region downregulation of signal transduction in extracellular region negative regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region negative regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region extracellular inhibition of signaling pathway inhibition of signal transduction in extracellular region biological_process GO:1900116 extracellular negative regulation of signal transduction Any negative regulation of signal transduction that takes place in extracellular region. GOC:TermGenie GOC:signaling down regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of signal transduction in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie downregulation of signal transduction in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signaling pathway in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signalling pathway in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie extracellular inhibition of signaling pathway GOC:bf inhibition of signal transduction in extracellular region GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. pr 2012-02-22T11:26:20Z biological_process GO:1900117 regulation of execution phase of apoptosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. pr 2012-02-22T11:26:24Z down regulation of execution phase of apoptosis down-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis downregulation of execution phase of apoptosis inhibition of execution phase of apoptosis biological_process GO:1900118 negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis down regulation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. pr 2012-02-22T11:26:27Z up regulation of execution phase of apoptosis up-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis upregulation of execution phase of apoptosis activation of execution phase of apoptosis biological_process GO:1900119 positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis up regulation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of execution phase of apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. yaf 2012-02-23T01:09:21Z regulation of hyaluronan anabolism regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis regulation of hyaluronan formation regulation of hyaluronan synthesis biological_process GO:1900125 regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. yaf 2012-02-23T01:09:29Z down regulation of hyaluronan anabolism down regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis down regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process down regulation of hyaluronan formation down regulation of hyaluronan synthesis down-regulation of hyaluronan anabolism down-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis down-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process down-regulation of hyaluronan formation down-regulation of hyaluronan synthesis downregulation of hyaluronan anabolism downregulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis downregulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process downregulation of hyaluronan formation downregulation of hyaluronan synthesis inhibition of hyaluronan anabolism inhibition of hyaluronan biosynthesis inhibition of hyaluronan formation inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis negative regulation of hyaluronan anabolism negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis negative regulation of hyaluronan formation negative regulation of hyaluronan synthesis inhibition of hyaluronan biosynthetic process biological_process GO:1900126 negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf down regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. yaf 2012-02-23T01:09:33Z activation of hyaluronan anabolism activation of hyaluronan biosynthesis activation of hyaluronan formation activation of hyaluronan synthesis positive regulation of hyaluronan anabolism positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis positive regulation of hyaluronan formation positive regulation of hyaluronan synthesis up regulation of hyaluronan anabolism up regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis up regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process up regulation of hyaluronan formation up regulation of hyaluronan synthesis up-regulation of hyaluronan anabolism up-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis up-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process up-regulation of hyaluronan formation up-regulation of hyaluronan synthesis upregulation of hyaluronan anabolism upregulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis upregulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process upregulation of hyaluronan formation upregulation of hyaluronan synthesis activation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process biological_process GO:1900127 positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf activation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie activation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hyaluronan anabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hyaluronan biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hyaluronan formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hyaluronan synthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. bf 2012-03-12T01:23:44Z regulation of protein localisation to nucleus regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus regulation of protein localization in nucleus biological_process GO:1900180 regulation of protein localization to nucleus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. bf 2012-03-12T01:23:48Z down regulation of protein localisation to nucleus down regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus down regulation of protein localization in nucleus down regulation of protein localization to nucleus down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus down-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus down-regulation of protein localization in nucleus down-regulation of protein localization to nucleus downregulation of protein localisation to nucleus downregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus downregulation of protein localization in nucleus downregulation of protein localization to nucleus negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleus negative regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus negative regulation of protein localization in nucleus inhibition of protein localisation to nucleus inhibition of protein localization in cell nucleus inhibition of protein localization in nucleus inhibition of protein localization to nucleus biological_process GO:1900181 negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. bf 2012-03-12T01:23:52Z activation of protein localization in nucleus positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleus positive regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus positive regulation of protein localization in nucleus up regulation of protein localisation to nucleus up regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus up regulation of protein localization in nucleus up regulation of protein localization to nucleus up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus up-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus up-regulation of protein localization in nucleus up-regulation of protein localization to nucleus upregulation of protein localisation to nucleus upregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus upregulation of protein localization in nucleus upregulation of protein localization to nucleus activation of protein localisation to nucleus activation of protein localization in cell nucleus activation of protein localization to nucleus biological_process GO:1900182 positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus. GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in nucleus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to nucleus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in cell nucleus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to nucleus GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation. kmv 2012-03-19T09:41:18Z biological_process GO:1900193 regulation of oocyte maturation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation. kmv 2012-03-19T09:41:27Z down regulation of oocyte maturation down-regulation of oocyte maturation downregulation of oocyte maturation inhibition of oocyte maturation biological_process GO:1900194 negative regulation of oocyte maturation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv down regulation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation. kmv 2012-03-19T09:41:35Z up regulation of oocyte maturation up-regulation of oocyte maturation upregulation of oocyte maturation activation of oocyte maturation biological_process GO:1900195 positive regulation of oocyte maturation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv up regulation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie activation of oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative. bf 2012-07-12T04:05:09Z carbohydrate derivative metabolism biological_process GO:1901135 carbohydrate derivative metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate derivative. GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative. bf 2012-07-12T04:05:39Z carbohydrate derivative anabolism carbohydrate derivative biosynthesis carbohydrate derivative formation carbohydrate derivative synthesis biological_process GO:1901137 carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrate derivative. GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative anabolism GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative formation GOC:TermGenie carbohydrate derivative synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any gene expression that is involved in extracellular matrix organization. Gene expression includes both transcription to produce an RNA transcript, and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included in gene expression when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. bf 2012-07-16T03:29:30Z expression of extracellular matrix proteins biological_process extracellular matrix protein production GO:1901148 gene expression involved in extracellular matrix organization Any gene expression that is involved in extracellular matrix organization. Gene expression includes both transcription to produce an RNA transcript, and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included in gene expression when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pg PMID:18668558 expression of extracellular matrix proteins GOC:bf extracellular matrix protein production GOC:pg The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary amino compound. bf 2012-07-18T04:44:39Z primary amino compound metabolism biological_process GO:1901160 primary amino compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary amino compound. GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary amino compound. bf 2012-07-18T04:45:14Z primary amino compound anabolism primary amino compound biosynthesis primary amino compound formation primary amino compound synthesis biological_process GO:1901162 primary amino compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary amino compound. GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound anabolism GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound formation GOC:TermGenie primary amino compound synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex. ss 2012-07-25T02:26:58Z regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly biological_process GO:1901190 regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex. GOC:TermGenie regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex. ss 2012-07-25T02:27:21Z down regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex down regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly down-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex down-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly downregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex downregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly inhibition of translation initiation ternary complex assembly negative regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly inhibition of formation of translation initiation ternary complex biological_process GO:1901191 negative regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex. GOC:TermGenie down regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie down regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie downregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex. ss 2012-07-25T02:27:29Z activation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly positive regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly up regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex up regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly up-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex up-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly upregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex upregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly activation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex biological_process GO:1901192 positive regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of formation of translation initiation ternary complex. GOC:TermGenie activation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie up regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie upregulation of translation initiation ternary complex assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of formation of translation initiation ternary complex GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. rl 2012-07-27T04:04:00Z biological_process GO:1901201 regulation of extracellular matrix assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. rl 2012-07-27T04:04:24Z down regulation of extracellular matrix assembly down-regulation of extracellular matrix assembly downregulation of extracellular matrix assembly inhibition of extracellular matrix assembly biological_process GO:1901202 negative regulation of extracellular matrix assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie down regulation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. rl 2012-07-27T04:04:32Z up regulation of extracellular matrix assembly up-regulation of extracellular matrix assembly upregulation of extracellular matrix assembly activation of extracellular matrix assembly biological_process GO:1901203 positive regulation of extracellular matrix assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie up regulation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of extracellular matrix assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. rl 2012-07-31T07:18:35Z regulation of heart chamber formation biological_process GO:1901210 regulation of cardiac chamber formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. rl 2012-07-31T07:18:57Z down regulation of cardiac chamber formation down regulation of heart chamber formation down-regulation of cardiac chamber formation down-regulation of heart chamber formation downregulation of cardiac chamber formation downregulation of heart chamber formation inhibition of heart chamber formation negative regulation of heart chamber formation inhibition of cardiac chamber formation biological_process GO:1901211 negative regulation of cardiac chamber formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. rl 2012-07-31T07:19:05Z activation of heart chamber formation positive regulation of heart chamber formation up regulation of cardiac chamber formation up regulation of heart chamber formation up-regulation of cardiac chamber formation up-regulation of heart chamber formation upregulation of cardiac chamber formation upregulation of heart chamber formation activation of cardiac chamber formation biological_process GO:1901212 positive regulation of cardiac chamber formation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber formation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie activation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of heart chamber formation GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac chamber formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. rph 2012-08-02T09:57:41Z regulation of neuron cell death regulation of neuronal cell death biological_process GO:1901214 regulation of neuron death Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. rph 2012-08-02T09:58:07Z down regulation of neuron cell death down regulation of neuron death down regulation of neuronal cell death down-regulation of neuron cell death down-regulation of neuron death down-regulation of neuronal cell death downregulation of neuron cell death downregulation of neuron death downregulation of neuronal cell death negative regulation of neuron cell death negative regulation of neuronal cell death inhibition of neuron cell death inhibition of neuron death inhibition of neuronal cell death biological_process GO:1901215 negative regulation of neuron death Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph down regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie down regulation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie down regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuron death GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. rph 2012-08-02T09:58:15Z positive regulation of neuron cell death positive regulation of neuronal cell death up regulation of neuron cell death up regulation of neuron death up regulation of neuronal cell death up-regulation of neuron cell death up-regulation of neuron death up-regulation of neuronal cell death upregulation of neuron cell death upregulation of neuron death upregulation of neuronal cell death activation of neuron cell death activation of neuron death activation of neuronal cell death biological_process GO:1901216 positive regulation of neuron death Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron death. GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph positive regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie activation of neuron cell death GOC:TermGenie activation of neuron death GOC:TermGenie activation of neuronal cell death GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis. rl 2012-08-06T17:59:11Z regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis biological_process GO:1901219 regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis. rl 2012-08-06T17:59:34Z down regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis down regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis down-regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis down-regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis downregulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis downregulation of heart chamber morphogenesis negative regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis inhibition of cardiac chamber morphogenesis inhibition of heart chamber morphogenesis biological_process GO:1901220 negative regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis. rl 2012-08-06T17:59:42Z positive regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis up regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis up regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis up-regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis up-regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis upregulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis upregulation of heart chamber morphogenesis activation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis activation of heart chamber morphogenesis biological_process GO:1901221 positive regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac chamber morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of heart chamber morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation. vk 2012-08-08T08:58:34Z biological_process GO:1901246 regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation. vk 2012-08-08T08:58:58Z down regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation down-regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation downregulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation inhibition of lung ciliated cell differentiation biological_process GO:1901247 negative regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie down regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation. vk 2012-08-08T08:59:05Z up regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation up-regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation upregulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation activation of lung ciliated cell differentiation biological_process GO:1901248 positive regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lung ciliated cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie up regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of lung ciliated cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie The directed movement of a carbohydrate derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. bf 2012-08-16T14:51:22Z biological_process GO:1901264 carbohydrate derivative transport The directed movement of a carbohydrate derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development. bf 2012-09-06T09:16:15Z biological_process regulation of vascular system development GO:1901342 regulation of vasculature development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development. GOC:TermGenie regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development. bf 2012-09-06T09:17:24Z down regulation of vasculature development down-regulation of vasculature development downregulation of vasculature development inhibition of vasculature development biological_process down regulation of vascular system development down-regulation of vascular system development downregulation of vascular system development inhibition of vascular system development negative regulation of vascular system development GO:1901343 negative regulation of vasculature development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development. GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound. bf 2012-09-14T09:03:51Z organic cyclic compound metabolism biological_process GO:1901360 organic cyclic compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound. GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound. bf 2012-09-14T09:05:22Z organic cyclic compound anabolism organic cyclic compound biosynthesis organic cyclic compound formation organic cyclic compound synthesis biological_process GO:1901362 organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound. GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound anabolism GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound formation GOC:TermGenie organic cyclic compound synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation. vk 2012-10-01T10:03:13Z biological_process GO:1901382 regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation. vk 2012-10-01T10:04:23Z down regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation down-regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation downregulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation inhibition of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation biological_process GO:1901383 negative regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie down regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation. vk 2012-10-01T10:04:41Z up regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation up-regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation upregulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation activation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation biological_process GO:1901384 positive regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie up regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis. dph 2012-10-17T14:30:40Z biological_process GO:1901509 regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. vk 2012-10-24T11:23:01Z regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation biological_process GO:1901532 regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. vk 2012-10-24T11:23:06Z down regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation down regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation down regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation down-regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation down-regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation down-regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation downregulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation downregulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation downregulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation inhibition of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation inhibition of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation negative regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation negative regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation negative regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation inhibition of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation biological_process down regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation down-regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation downregulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GO:1901533 negative regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl down regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. vk 2012-10-24T11:23:14Z activation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation activation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation positive regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation positive regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation positive regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up-regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up-regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up-regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation upregulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation upregulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation upregulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation activation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation biological_process activation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation up-regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation upregulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GO:1901534 positive regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl activation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of haematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of haemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of hemopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development. pr 2012-10-30T12:59:50Z biological_process GO:1901550 regulation of endothelial cell development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr PMID:19470579 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development. pr 2012-10-30T12:59:54Z down regulation of endothelial cell development down-regulation of endothelial cell development downregulation of endothelial cell development inhibition of endothelial cell development biological_process GO:1901551 negative regulation of endothelial cell development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr PMID:19470579 down regulation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development. pr 2012-10-30T12:59:58Z up regulation of endothelial cell development up-regulation of endothelial cell development upregulation of endothelial cell development activation of endothelial cell development biological_process GO:1901552 positive regulation of endothelial cell development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr PMID:19470579 up regulation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie activation of endothelial cell development GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound. pr 2012-11-04T15:17:52Z organonitrogen compound metabolism biological_process GO:1901564 organonitrogen compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organonitrogen compound. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organonitrogen compound metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound. pr 2012-11-04T15:18:00Z organonitrogen compound anabolism organonitrogen compound biosynthesis organonitrogen compound formation organonitrogen compound synthesis biological_process GO:1901566 organonitrogen compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organonitrogen compound. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organonitrogen compound anabolism GOC:TermGenie organonitrogen compound biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie organonitrogen compound formation GOC:TermGenie organonitrogen compound synthesis GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. pr 2012-11-05T11:04:40Z organic molecular entity anabolism organic molecular entity biosynthesis organic molecular entity biosynthetic process organic molecular entity formation organic molecular entity synthesis organic substance anabolism organic substance biosynthesis organic substance formation organic substance synthesis biological_process GO:1901576 organic substance biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organic molecular entity anabolism GOC:TermGenie organic molecular entity biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie organic molecular entity formation GOC:TermGenie organic molecular entity synthesis GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid. tb 2012-11-08T17:39:50Z alpha-amino acid metabolism biological_process GO:1901605 alpha-amino acid metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid. GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid. tb 2012-11-08T17:39:58Z alpha-amino acid anabolism alpha-amino acid biosynthesis alpha-amino acid formation alpha-amino acid synthesis biological_process GO:1901607 alpha-amino acid biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alpha-amino acid. GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid anabolism GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid formation GOC:TermGenie alpha-amino acid synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule. hjd 2012-11-08T21:49:44Z regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization biological_process GO:1901608 regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule. hjd 2012-11-08T21:49:48Z down regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization down regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule down-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization down-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule downregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization downregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule inhibition of microtubule-based vesicle localization negative regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization inhibition of vesicle transport along microtubule biological_process GO:1901609 negative regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie down regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule. hjd 2012-11-08T21:49:53Z activation of microtubule-based vesicle localization positive regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization up regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization up regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule up-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization up-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule upregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization upregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule activation of vesicle transport along microtubule biological_process GO:1901610 positive regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie activation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microtubule-based vesicle localization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie activation of vesicle transport along microtubule GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic hydroxy compound. pr 2012-11-13T12:54:27Z organic hydroxy compound metabolism biological_process GO:1901615 organic hydroxy compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic hydroxy compound. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organic hydroxy compound metabolism GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound. pr 2012-11-13T12:54:36Z organic hydroxy compound anabolism organic hydroxy compound biosynthesis organic hydroxy compound formation organic hydroxy compound synthesis biological_process GO:1901617 organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr organic hydroxy compound anabolism GOC:TermGenie organic hydroxy compound biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie organic hydroxy compound formation GOC:TermGenie organic hydroxy compound synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus. pr 2012-11-20T09:45:15Z biological_process GO:1901652 response to peptide Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptide stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr A response that results in a state of tolerance to ketone. pr 2012-11-20T10:55:47Z GO:1990369 process resulting in tolerance to ketone biological_process GO:1901654 response to ketone A response that results in a state of tolerance to ketone. GOC:mengo_curators PMID:23356676 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process. pr 2012-12-12T10:28:35Z biological_process GO:1901692 regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12021768 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process. pr 2012-12-12T10:28:40Z down regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process down-regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process downregulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process inhibition of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process biological_process GO:1901693 negative regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12021768 down regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process. pr 2012-12-12T10:28:45Z GO:0046675 up regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process up-regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process upregulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process activation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process biological_process induction of compound eye retinal cell programmed cell death GO:1901694 positive regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12021768 up regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus. pr 2012-12-13T15:06:08Z response to nitrogen molecular entity biological_process GO:1901698 response to nitrogen compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrogen compound stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus. pr 2012-12-13T15:11:37Z response to oxygen molecular entity biological_process GO:1901700 response to oxygen-containing compound Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen-containing compound stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of bone as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. hjd 2012-12-14T16:04:16Z biological_process GO:1901706 mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in bone development The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of bone as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:TermGenie GOC:hjd PMID:21571217 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development. yaf 2013-02-01T10:30:47Z biological_process GO:1901861 regulation of muscle tissue development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf PMID:23150719 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development. yaf 2013-02-01T10:30:52Z down regulation of muscle tissue development down-regulation of muscle tissue development downregulation of muscle tissue development inhibition of muscle tissue development biological_process GO:1901862 negative regulation of muscle tissue development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf PMID:23150719 down regulation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development. yaf 2013-02-01T10:30:57Z up regulation of muscle tissue development up-regulation of muscle tissue development upregulation of muscle tissue development activation of muscle tissue development biological_process GO:1901863 positive regulation of muscle tissue development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:yaf PMID:23150719 up regulation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie activation of muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization. rl 2013-02-06T13:57:23Z regulation of protein polymer breakdown regulation of protein polymer catabolic process regulation of protein polymer catabolism regulation of protein polymer degradation biological_process GO:1901879 regulation of protein depolymerization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl PMID:12032137 regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization. rl 2013-02-06T13:57:28Z down regulation of protein depolymerization down regulation of protein polymer breakdown down regulation of protein polymer catabolic process down regulation of protein polymer catabolism down regulation of protein polymer degradation down-regulation of protein depolymerization down-regulation of protein polymer breakdown down-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process down-regulation of protein polymer catabolism down-regulation of protein polymer degradation downregulation of protein depolymerization downregulation of protein polymer breakdown downregulation of protein polymer catabolic process downregulation of protein polymer catabolism downregulation of protein polymer degradation inhibition of protein polymer breakdown inhibition of protein polymer catabolic process inhibition of protein polymer catabolism inhibition of protein polymer degradation negative regulation of protein polymer breakdown negative regulation of protein polymer catabolic process negative regulation of protein polymer catabolism negative regulation of protein polymer degradation inhibition of protein depolymerization biological_process GO:1901880 negative regulation of protein depolymerization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl PMID:12032137 down regulation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization. rl 2013-02-06T13:57:32Z activation of protein polymer breakdown activation of protein polymer catabolic process activation of protein polymer catabolism activation of protein polymer degradation positive regulation of protein polymer breakdown positive regulation of protein polymer catabolic process positive regulation of protein polymer catabolism positive regulation of protein polymer degradation up regulation of protein depolymerization up regulation of protein polymer breakdown up regulation of protein polymer catabolic process up regulation of protein polymer catabolism up regulation of protein polymer degradation up-regulation of protein depolymerization up-regulation of protein polymer breakdown up-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process up-regulation of protein polymer catabolism up-regulation of protein polymer degradation upregulation of protein depolymerization upregulation of protein polymer breakdown upregulation of protein polymer catabolic process upregulation of protein polymer catabolism upregulation of protein polymer degradation activation of protein depolymerization biological_process GO:1901881 positive regulation of protein depolymerization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl PMID:12032137 activation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie activation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie activation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein polymer breakdown GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein polymer catabolic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein polymer catabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein polymer degradation GOC:TermGenie activation of protein depolymerization GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. tb 2013-02-06T19:40:32Z biological_process GO:1901888 regulation of cell junction assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. tb 2013-02-06T19:40:41Z down regulation of cell junction assembly down-regulation of cell junction assembly downregulation of cell junction assembly inhibition of cell junction assembly biological_process GO:1901889 negative regulation of cell junction assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. tb 2013-02-06T19:40:46Z up regulation of cell junction assembly up-regulation of cell junction assembly upregulation of cell junction assembly activation of cell junction assembly biological_process GO:1901890 positive regulation of cell junction assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly. GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of cell junction assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. dph 2013-02-20T20:30:26Z biological_process GO:1901963 regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart PMID:21419760 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. dph 2013-02-20T20:30:31Z up regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis up-regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis upregulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis activation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis biological_process GO:1901964 positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:mtg_heart PMID:21419760 up regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of cell proliferation involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly. dph 2013-03-26T18:10:51Z regulation of ciliogenesis biological_process regulation of cilium biogenesis GO:1902017 regulation of cilium assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:dph PMID:17719545 regulation of ciliogenesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of cilium biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly. dph 2013-03-26T18:10:56Z down regulation of ciliogenesis down regulation of cilium assembly down-regulation of ciliogenesis down-regulation of cilium assembly downregulation of ciliogenesis downregulation of cilium assembly inhibition of ciliogenesis negative regulation of ciliogenesis inhibition of cilium assembly biological_process down regulation of cilium biogenesis down-regulation of cilium biogenesis downregulation of cilium biogenesis inhibition of cilium biogenesis negative regulation of cilium biogenesis GO:1902018 negative regulation of cilium assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:dph PMID:17719545 down regulation of ciliogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of ciliogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of ciliogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of ciliogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of ciliogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cilium assembly GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cilium biogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cilium biogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cilium biogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cilium biogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cilium biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. ss 2013-04-02T05:13:19Z regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation biological_process GO:1902033 regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23403623 regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. ss 2013-04-02T05:13:24Z down regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation down regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation down-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation down-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation downregulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation downregulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation inhibition of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation inhibition of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation biological_process GO:1902034 negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23403623 down regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. ss 2013-04-02T05:13:31Z positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation up regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation up regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation up-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation up-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation upregulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation upregulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation activation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation activation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation biological_process GO:1902035 positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23403623 positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of hemopoietic stem cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. ss 2013-04-02T05:19:09Z regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation biological_process GO:1902036 regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23403623 regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. ss 2013-04-02T05:19:14Z down regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation down regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation down regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation down regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation down-regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation down-regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation down-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation down-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation downregulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation downregulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation downregulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation downregulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation negative regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation negative regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation inhibition of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation inhibition of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation inhibition of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation inhibition of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation biological_process GO:1902037 negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23403623 down regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. ss 2013-04-02T05:19:19Z positive regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation positive regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation up regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation up regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation up regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation up regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation up-regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation up-regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation up-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation up-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation upregulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation upregulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation upregulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation upregulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation activation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation activation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation activation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation activation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation biological_process GO:1902038 positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23403623 positive regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of haematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of haemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of hemopoietic stem cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation. pr 2013-05-02T17:32:42Z regulation of immune cell differentiation regulation of leucocyte differentiation biological_process GO:1902105 regulation of leukocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:add regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation. pr 2013-05-02T17:32:47Z down regulation of immune cell differentiation down regulation of leucocyte differentiation down regulation of leukocyte differentiation down-regulation of immune cell differentiation down-regulation of leucocyte differentiation down-regulation of leukocyte differentiation downregulation of immune cell differentiation downregulation of leucocyte differentiation downregulation of leukocyte differentiation negative regulation of immune cell differentiation negative regulation of leucocyte differentiation inhibition of immune cell differentiation inhibition of leucocyte differentiation inhibition of leukocyte differentiation biological_process GO:1902106 negative regulation of leukocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:add down regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation. pr 2013-05-02T17:32:52Z positive regulation of immune cell differentiation positive regulation of leucocyte differentiation up regulation of immune cell differentiation up regulation of leucocyte differentiation up regulation of leukocyte differentiation up-regulation of immune cell differentiation up-regulation of leucocyte differentiation up-regulation of leukocyte differentiation upregulation of immune cell differentiation upregulation of leucocyte differentiation upregulation of leukocyte differentiation activation of immune cell differentiation activation of leucocyte differentiation activation of leukocyte differentiation biological_process GO:1902107 positive regulation of leukocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:add positive regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of immune cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of leucocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of leukocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. pr 2013-05-14T09:43:21Z biological_process GO:1902115 regulation of organelle assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. pr 2013-05-14T09:43:31Z down regulation of organelle assembly down-regulation of organelle assembly downregulation of organelle assembly inhibition of organelle assembly biological_process GO:1902116 negative regulation of organelle assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr down regulation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. pr 2013-05-14T09:43:36Z up regulation of organelle assembly up-regulation of organelle assembly upregulation of organelle assembly activation of organelle assembly biological_process GO:1902117 positive regulation of organelle assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr up regulation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of organelle assembly GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process in an erythrocyte. rl 2013-06-13T10:02:29Z RBC apoptotic process red blood cell apoptotic process RBC apoptosis erythrocyte apoptosis red blood cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1902217 erythrocyte apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in an erythrocyte. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl PMID:14569084 RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process. rl 2013-06-20T19:30:53Z regulation of RBC apoptotic process regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process regulation of RBC apoptosis regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis regulation of red blood cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1902250 regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl PMID:14569084 regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process. rl 2013-06-20T19:30:59Z down regulation of RBC apoptotic process down regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process down regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process down-regulation of RBC apoptotic process down-regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process down-regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process downregulation of RBC apoptotic process downregulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process downregulation of red blood cell apoptotic process negative regulation of RBC apoptotic process negative regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process down regulation of RBC apoptosis down regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis down regulation of red blood cell apoptosis down-regulation of RBC apoptosis down-regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis down-regulation of red blood cell apoptosis downregulation of RBC apoptosis downregulation of erythrocyte apoptosis downregulation of red blood cell apoptosis inhibition of RBC apoptosis inhibition of RBC apoptotic process inhibition of erythrocyte apoptosis inhibition of erythrocyte apoptotic process inhibition of red blood cell apoptosis inhibition of red blood cell apoptotic process negative regulation of RBC apoptosis negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis negative regulation of red blood cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1902251 negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl PMID:14569084 down regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process. rl 2013-06-20T19:31:04Z positive regulation of RBC apoptotic process positive regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process up regulation of RBC apoptotic process up regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process up regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process up-regulation of RBC apoptotic process up-regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process up-regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process upregulation of RBC apoptotic process upregulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process upregulation of red blood cell apoptotic process activation of RBC apoptosis activation of RBC apoptotic process activation of erythrocyte apoptosis activation of erythrocyte apoptotic process activation of red blood cell apoptosis activation of red blood cell apoptotic process positive regulation of RBC apoptosis positive regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis positive regulation of red blood cell apoptosis up regulation of RBC apoptosis up regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis up regulation of red blood cell apoptosis up-regulation of RBC apoptosis up-regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis up-regulation of red blood cell apoptosis upregulation of RBC apoptosis upregulation of erythrocyte apoptosis upregulation of red blood cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1902252 positive regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:rl PMID:14569084 positive regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of RBC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of erythrocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of red blood cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RBC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of erythrocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of red blood cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. dph 2013-06-24T19:12:24Z regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis biological_process GO:1902256 regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:16839542 regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. dph 2013-06-24T19:12:30Z down regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis downregulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis down regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis down-regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis downregulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis inhibition of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis inhibition of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis negative regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis biological_process GO:1902257 negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:16839542 down regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. dph 2013-06-24T19:12:42Z up regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis upregulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis activation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis activation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis positive regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis up regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis up-regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis upregulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis biological_process GO:1902258 positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:16839542 up regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis involved in outflow tract morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process that is involved in blood vessel morphogenesis. dph 2013-06-25T16:16:00Z apoptotic cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels apoptotic programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels apoptotic program involved in patterning of blood vessels type I programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels biological_process signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in patterning of blood vessels GO:1902262 apoptotic process involved in blood vessel morphogenesis Any apoptotic process that is involved in blood vessel morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:16163358 apoptotic cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie apoptotic programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie apoptosis involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie apoptotic program involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie type I programmed cell death involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization. bf 2013-07-01T13:21:52Z GO:0001672 GO:1903308 regulation of chromatin organisation regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture biological_process regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly regulation of chromatin modification GO:1902275 regulation of chromatin organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18314879 regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. sart 2013-07-29T15:03:16Z regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis biological_process regulation of apoptosis involved in development regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GO:1902337 regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:sart PMID:12202035 regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. sart 2013-07-29T15:03:25Z down regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis downregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis down regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis down-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis downregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis inhibition of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis inhibition of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis negative regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis biological_process down regulation of apoptosis involved in development down regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development down-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis downregulation of apoptosis involved in development downregulation of morphogenetic apoptosis inhibition of apoptosis involved in development inhibition of morphogenetic apoptosis negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development negative regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GO:1902338 negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:sart PMID:12202035 down regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. sart 2013-07-29T15:03:33Z up regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis upregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis activation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis activation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis positive regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis up regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis up-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis upregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis biological_process activation of apoptosis involved in development activation of morphogenetic apoptosis positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development positive regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis up regulation of apoptosis involved in development up regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development up-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis upregulation of apoptosis involved in development upregulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GO:1902339 positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GOC:sart PMID:12202035 up regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis involved in morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie activation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis involved in development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of morphogenetic apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation. dgf 2013-07-29T20:54:14Z down regulation of chromosome condensation down regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation down regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation down-regulation of chromosome condensation down-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation down-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation downregulation of chromosome condensation downregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation downregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation negative regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation negative regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation inhibition of chromosome condensation inhibition of eukaryotic chromosome condensation inhibition of nuclear chromosome condensation biological_process GO:1902340 negative regulation of chromosome condensation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation. GOC:TermGenie PMID:23219725 down regulation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie The directed movement of sulfate across a membrane. dph 2013-08-14T14:46:04Z biological_process GO:1902358 sulfate transmembrane transport The directed movement of sulfate across a membrane. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph PMID:9055073 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction. tb 2013-09-13T16:55:57Z protein localisation in cell junction protein localisation to cell junction protein localization in cell junction biological_process GO:1902414 protein localization to cell junction A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction. GOC:TermGenie PMID:18332111 protein localisation in cell junction GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to cell junction GOC:TermGenie protein localization in cell junction GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge. jl 2013-10-22T12:36:07Z protein localisation in cell leading edge protein localisation to cell leading edge protein localization in cell leading edge biological_process GO:1902463 protein localization to cell leading edge A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge. GOC:TermGenie GOC:lb PMID:21543326 protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse. kmv 2013-10-25T15:09:09Z regulation of protein localisation to synapse biological_process GO:1902473 regulation of protein localization to synapse Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv PMID:22588719 regulation of protein localisation to synapse GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse. kmv 2013-10-25T15:09:18Z positive regulation of protein localisation to synapse up regulation of protein localisation to synapse up regulation of protein localization to synapse up-regulation of protein localisation to synapse up-regulation of protein localization to synapse upregulation of protein localisation to synapse upregulation of protein localization to synapse activation of protein localisation to synapse activation of protein localization to synapse biological_process GO:1902474 positive regulation of protein localization to synapse Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv PMID:22588719 positive regulation of protein localisation to synapse GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to synapse GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to synapse GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to synapse GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to synapse GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to synapse GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to synapse GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to synapse GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to synapse GOC:TermGenie A protein complex which is capable of catalytic activity. bhm 2013-11-13T16:18:47Z enzyme complex cellular_component GO:1902494 catalytic complex A protein complex which is capable of catalytic activity. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm PMID:8077207 enzyme complex GOC:bhm GOC:jl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle transport along microtubule. dph 2013-11-15T20:15:17Z regulation of microtubule-based organelle localization biological_process GO:1902513 regulation of organelle transport along microtubule Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle transport along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph PMID:21147087 regulation of microtubule-based organelle localization GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction. bf 2013-12-02T11:32:52Z GO:0010627 regulation of intracellular signaling cascade regulation of intracellular signaling chain regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade biological_process regulation of intracellular signaling pathway regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GO:1902531 regulation of intracellular signal transduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:signaling GOC:tb regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction. bf 2013-12-02T11:33:01Z GO:0010741 down regulation of intracellular signal transduction down regulation of intracellular signaling chain down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction down-regulation of intracellular signaling chain downregulation of intracellular signal transduction downregulation of intracellular signaling chain negative regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade negative regulation of intracellular signaling cascade negative regulation of intracellular signaling chain down regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway down regulation of intracellular signaling cascade down regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway downregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway downregulation of intracellular signaling cascade downregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade inhibition of intracellular signal transduction inhibition of intracellular signal transduction pathway inhibition of intracellular signaling cascade inhibition of intracellular signaling chain inhibition of signal transmission via intracellular cascade negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway negative regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade biological_process down regulation of intracellular signaling pathway down regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade down-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade down-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway down-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade down-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade downregulation of intracellular signaling pathway downregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade inhibition of intracellular signaling pathway inhibition of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade negative regulation of intracellular signaling pathway negative regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GO:1902532 negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:signaling GOC:tb down regulation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie down regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie downregulation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie downregulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie down regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie down regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie down regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie downregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie downregulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie downregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie inhibition of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie inhibition of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie inhibition of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie inhibition of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie inhibition of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie down regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie down regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie downregulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie downregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie inhibition of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie inhibition of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction. bf 2013-12-02T11:33:10Z GO:0010740 positive regulation of intracellular signaling chain up regulation of intracellular signal transduction up regulation of intracellular signaling chain up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction up-regulation of intracellular signaling chain upregulation of intracellular signal transduction upregulation of intracellular signaling chain activation of intracellular signal transduction activation of intracellular signal transduction pathway activation of intracellular signaling cascade activation of intracellular signaling chain activation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade positive regulation of intracellular protein kinase cascade positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway positive regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade up regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway up regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway up-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade upregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway upregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade biological_process activation of intracellular signaling pathway activation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade positive regulation of intracellular signaling cascade positive regulation of intracellular signaling pathway positive regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade up regulation of intracellular signaling cascade up regulation of intracellular signaling pathway up regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade up-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade up-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway up-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade upregulation of intracellular signaling cascade upregulation of intracellular signaling pathway upregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GO:1902533 positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intracellular signal transduction. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GOC:signaling GOC:tb positive regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie up regulation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie up regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie upregulation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie upregulation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie activation of intracellular signal transduction GOC:TermGenie activation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie activation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie activation of intracellular signaling chain GOC:TermGenie activation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie up regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie up regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie upregulation of intracellular signal transduction pathway GOC:TermGenie upregulation of signal transmission via intracellular cascade GOC:TermGenie activation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie activation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie up regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie up regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie up regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie upregulation of intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie upregulation of intracellular signaling pathway GOC:TermGenie upregulation of signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus. mah 2013-12-10T16:25:28Z protein localisation in nucleolus protein localisation to nucleolus protein localization in nucleolus biological_process GO:1902570 protein localization to nucleolus A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus. GOC:TermGenie PMID:22809626 protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process. jl 2014-02-05T16:32:01Z down regulation of RNA anabolism down regulation of RNA biosynthesis down regulation of RNA biosynthetic process down regulation of RNA formation down regulation of RNA synthesis down-regulation of RNA anabolism down-regulation of RNA biosynthesis down-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process down-regulation of RNA formation down-regulation of RNA synthesis downregulation of RNA anabolism downregulation of RNA biosynthesis downregulation of RNA biosynthetic process downregulation of RNA formation downregulation of RNA synthesis negative regulation of RNA anabolism negative regulation of RNA biosynthesis negative regulation of RNA formation negative regulation of RNA synthesis inhibition of RNA anabolism inhibition of RNA biosynthesis inhibition of RNA biosynthetic process inhibition of RNA formation inhibition of RNA synthesis biological_process GO:1902679 negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process. GO:jl GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 down regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process. jl 2014-02-05T16:32:10Z positive regulation of RNA anabolism positive regulation of RNA biosynthesis positive regulation of RNA formation positive regulation of RNA synthesis up regulation of RNA anabolism up regulation of RNA biosynthesis up regulation of RNA biosynthetic process up regulation of RNA formation up regulation of RNA synthesis up-regulation of RNA anabolism up-regulation of RNA biosynthesis up-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process up-regulation of RNA formation up-regulation of RNA synthesis upregulation of RNA anabolism upregulation of RNA biosynthesis upregulation of RNA biosynthetic process upregulation of RNA formation upregulation of RNA synthesis activation of RNA anabolism activation of RNA biosynthesis activation of RNA biosynthetic process activation of RNA formation activation of RNA synthesis biological_process GO:1902680 positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process. GO:jl GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 positive regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of RNA anabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of RNA biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie activation of RNA formation GOC:TermGenie activation of RNA synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast proliferation. rl 2014-02-18T10:03:31Z biological_process GO:1902692 regulation of neuroblast proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast proliferation. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:21168496 Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. mr 2014-02-26T15:36:15Z biological_process GO:1902738 regulation of chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:8662546 Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development. pr 2014-02-28T13:09:43Z apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure biological_process apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GO:1902742 apoptotic process involved in development Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:pg GO_REF:0000060 apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte development. mr 2014-03-07T17:45:55Z up regulation of chondrocyte development up-regulation of chondrocyte development upregulation of chondrocyte development activation of chondrocyte development biological_process GO:1902761 positive regulation of chondrocyte development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16575901 up regulation of chondrocyte development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of chondrocyte development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of chondrocyte development GOC:TermGenie activation of chondrocyte development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation. mr 2014-03-26T21:18:26Z biological_process GO:1902809 regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17879321 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation. mr 2014-03-26T21:18:32Z down regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation down-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation downregulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation inhibition of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation biological_process GO:1902810 negative regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17879321 down regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation. mr 2014-03-26T21:18:38Z up regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation up-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation upregulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation activation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation biological_process GO:1902811 positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17879321 up regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of skeletal muscle fiber differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule. tb 2014-03-27T22:07:12Z regulation of protein localisation to microtubule biological_process GO:1902816 regulation of protein localization to microtubule Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23087209 regulation of protein localisation to microtubule GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule. tb 2014-03-27T22:07:18Z down regulation of protein localisation to microtubule down regulation of protein localization to microtubule down-regulation of protein localisation to microtubule down-regulation of protein localization to microtubule downregulation of protein localisation to microtubule downregulation of protein localization to microtubule negative regulation of protein localisation to microtubule inhibition of protein localisation to microtubule inhibition of protein localization to microtubule biological_process GO:1902817 negative regulation of protein localization to microtubule Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23087209 down regulation of protein localisation to microtubule GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to microtubule GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to microtubule GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to microtubule GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to microtubule GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to microtubule GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to microtubule GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to microtubule GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to microtubule GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule. vw 2014-04-01T13:50:23Z regulation of nuclear movement, microtubule-mediated regulation of nucleus migration regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated biological_process GO:1902838 regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23087209 regulation of nuclear movement, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie regulation of nucleus migration GOC:TermGenie regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule. vw 2014-04-01T13:50:29Z down regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning down regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning down regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning down regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning down regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration down regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule down regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated down regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules down regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated down-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning down-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning down-regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning down-regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning down-regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration down-regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule down-regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated down-regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules down-regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated downregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning downregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning downregulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning downregulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning downregulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration downregulation of nuclear migration along microtubule downregulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated downregulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules downregulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated negative regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning negative regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning negative regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning negative regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning negative regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration negative regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated negative regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules negative regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated inhibition of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning inhibition of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning inhibition of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning inhibition of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning inhibition of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration inhibition of nuclear migration along microtubule inhibition of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated inhibition of transport of nucleus by microtubules inhibition of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated biological_process GO:1902839 negative regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23087209 down regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie down regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie down regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie down regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie down regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie down regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie down regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie down regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie down regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie downregulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie downregulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie downregulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie downregulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie inhibition of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie inhibition of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie inhibition of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie inhibition of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule. vw 2014-04-01T13:50:35Z positive regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning positive regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning positive regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning positive regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning positive regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration positive regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated positive regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules positive regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated up regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning up regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning up regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning up regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning up regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration up regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule up regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated up regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules up regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated up-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning up-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning up-regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning up-regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning up-regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration up-regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule up-regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated up-regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules up-regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated upregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning upregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning upregulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning upregulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning upregulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration upregulation of nuclear migration along microtubule upregulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated upregulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules upregulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated activation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning activation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning activation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning activation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning activation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration activation of nuclear migration along microtubule activation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated activation of transport of nucleus by microtubules activation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated biological_process GO:1902840 positive regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear migration along microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23087209 positive regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie up regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie up regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie up regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie up regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie up regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie upregulation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie upregulation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie upregulation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie upregulation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie upregulation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie activation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie activation of microtubule cytoskeleton-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie activation of microtubule-dependent nuclear positioning GOC:TermGenie activation of microtubule-dependent nucleus positioning GOC:TermGenie activation of microtubule-mediated nuclear migration GOC:TermGenie activation of nuclear migration along microtubule GOC:TermGenie activation of nuclear migration, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie activation of transport of nucleus by microtubules GOC:TermGenie activation of transport of nucleus, microtubule-mediated GOC:TermGenie Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis. vw 2014-04-02T14:19:38Z microtubule cytoskeleton organisation involved in mitosis microtubule dynamics involved in mitosis biological_process microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis involved in mitosis GO:1902850 microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000060 PMID:18799626 microtubule cytoskeleton organisation involved in mitosis GOC:TermGenie microtubule dynamics involved in mitosis GOC:TermGenie microtubule cytoskeleton organization and biogenesis involved in mitosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development. mr 2014-04-03T15:24:00Z regulation of embryonic eye development biological_process GO:1902863 regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development. mr 2014-04-03T15:24:06Z down regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development down regulation of embryonic eye development down-regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development down-regulation of embryonic eye development downregulation of embryonic camera-type eye development downregulation of embryonic eye development negative regulation of embryonic eye development inhibition of embryonic camera-type eye development inhibition of embryonic eye development biological_process GO:1902864 negative regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 down regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development. mr 2014-04-03T15:24:12Z positive regulation of embryonic eye development up regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development up regulation of embryonic eye development up-regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development up-regulation of embryonic eye development upregulation of embryonic camera-type eye development upregulation of embryonic eye development activation of embryonic camera-type eye development activation of embryonic eye development biological_process GO:1902865 positive regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic camera-type eye development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 positive regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie activation of embryonic camera-type eye development GOC:TermGenie activation of embryonic eye development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye. mr 2014-04-03T15:24:17Z regulation of retina development in camera-style eye biological_process regulation of retinal development GO:1902866 regulation of retina development in camera-type eye Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye. mr 2014-04-03T15:24:23Z down regulation of retina development in camera-style eye down regulation of retina development in camera-type eye down-regulation of retina development in camera-style eye down-regulation of retina development in camera-type eye downregulation of retina development in camera-style eye downregulation of retina development in camera-type eye negative regulation of retina development in camera-style eye inhibition of retina development in camera-style eye inhibition of retina development in camera-type eye biological_process down regulation of retinal development down-regulation of retinal development downregulation of retinal development inhibition of retinal development negative regulation of retinal development GO:1902867 negative regulation of retina development in camera-type eye Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 down regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie down regulation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie downregulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie downregulation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie inhibition of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie inhibition of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie down regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of retinal development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye. mr 2014-04-03T15:24:29Z positive regulation of retina development in camera-style eye up regulation of retina development in camera-style eye up regulation of retina development in camera-type eye up-regulation of retina development in camera-style eye up-regulation of retina development in camera-type eye upregulation of retina development in camera-style eye upregulation of retina development in camera-type eye activation of retina development in camera-style eye activation of retina development in camera-type eye biological_process activation of retinal development positive regulation of retinal development up regulation of retinal development up-regulation of retinal development upregulation of retinal development GO:1902868 positive regulation of retina development in camera-type eye Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retina development in camera-type eye. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16872597 positive regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie up regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie up regulation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie upregulation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie upregulation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie activation of retina development in camera-style eye GOC:TermGenie activation of retina development in camera-type eye GOC:TermGenie activation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of retinal development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization. rl 2014-04-15T16:46:36Z biological_process regulation of fibril organisation GO:1902903 HSPA8, human, P11142 in PMID:23921388 inferred from direct assay to negatively regulate fibrillation of alpha-Syn in vitro regulation of supramolecular fiber organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23921388 regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization. rl 2014-04-15T16:46:42Z inhibition of fibril organisation inhibition of fibril organization biological_process down regulation of fibril organisation down regulation of fibril organization down-regulation of fibril organisation down-regulation of fibril organization downregulation of fibril organisation downregulation of fibril organization negative regulation of fibril organisation GO:1902904 HSPA8, human, P11142 in PMID:23921388 inferred from direct assay to negatively regulate fibrillation of alpha-Syn in vitro negative regulation of supramolecular fiber organization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23921388 inhibition of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization. rl 2014-04-15T16:46:48Z activation of fibril organisation activation of fibril organization biological_process positive regulation of fibril organisation up regulation of fibril organisation up regulation of fibril organization up-regulation of fibril organisation up-regulation of fibril organization upregulation of fibril organisation upregulation of fibril organization GO:1902905 HSPA8, human, P11142 in PMID:23921388 inferred from direct assay to negatively regulate fibrillation of alpha-Syn in vitro positive regulation of supramolecular fiber organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of supramolecular fiber organization. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23921388 activation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie activation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of fibril organization GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. mr 2014-04-18T21:06:42Z up regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation up-regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation upregulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation biological_process GO:1902913 positive regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16916506 up regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components. jl 2014-05-13T12:36:03Z organelle degradation biological_process GO:1903008 organelle disassembly The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000079 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development. mr 2014-05-13T22:41:53Z biological_process GO:1903010 regulation of bone development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22510437 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone development. mr 2014-05-13T22:42:00Z down regulation of bone development down-regulation of bone development downregulation of bone development inhibition of bone development biological_process GO:1903011 negative regulation of bone development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22510437 down regulation of bone development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of bone development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of bone development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of bone development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone development. mr 2014-05-13T22:42:06Z up regulation of bone development up-regulation of bone development upregulation of bone development activation of bone development biological_process GO:1903012 positive regulation of bone development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22510437 up regulation of bone development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of bone development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of bone development GOC:TermGenie activation of bone development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. rl 2014-05-14T18:44:19Z regulation of glycoprotein metabolism biological_process GO:1903018 human serum amyloid P component (SAP) P02743 inhibits viral neuraminidase, NA (exo-alpha-sialidase activity) and thus the metabolism of glycoproteins, demonstrated in Figure 4A PMID:23544079, (IDA), the negative regulation term would be applied to this protein regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23544079 regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. rl 2014-05-14T18:44:25Z down regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process down regulation of glycoprotein metabolism down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism downregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process downregulation of glycoprotein metabolism negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolism inhibition of glycoprotein metabolic process inhibition of glycoprotein metabolism biological_process GO:1903019 human serum amyloid P component (SAP) P02743 inhibits viral neuraminidase, NA (exo-alpha-sialidase activity) and thus the metabolism of glycoproteins, demonstrated in Figure 4A PMID:23544079, (IDA), the negative regulation term would be applied to this protein negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23544079 down regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. rl 2014-05-14T18:44:31Z positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolism up regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process up regulation of glycoprotein metabolism up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism upregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process upregulation of glycoprotein metabolism activation of glycoprotein metabolic process activation of glycoprotein metabolism biological_process GO:1903020 human serum amyloid P component (SAP) P02743 inhibits viral neuraminidase, NA (exo-alpha-sialidase activity) and thus the metabolism of glycoproteins, demonstrated in Figure 4A PMID:23544079, (IDA), the negative regulation term would be applied to this protein positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23544079 positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of glycoprotein metabolic process GOC:TermGenie activation of glycoprotein metabolism GOC:TermGenie A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle. jl 2014-05-22T14:22:28Z biological_process GO:1903046 meiotic cell cycle process A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cell_cycle GO_REF:0000060 A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle. jl 2014-05-22T14:22:34Z biological_process GO:1903047 mitotic cell cycle process A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cell_cycle GO_REF:0000060 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. rl 2014-05-23T17:15:41Z regulation of extracellular matrix organisation biological_process regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GO:1903053 regulation of extracellular matrix organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22357537 regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. rl 2014-05-23T17:15:47Z down regulation of extracellular matrix organisation down regulation of extracellular matrix organization down-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization downregulation of extracellular matrix organisation downregulation of extracellular matrix organization negative regulation of extracellular matrix organisation inhibition of extracellular matrix organisation inhibition of extracellular matrix organization biological_process down regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis downregulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis inhibition of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GO:1903054 negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22357537 down regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. rl 2014-05-23T17:15:53Z positive regulation of extracellular matrix organisation up regulation of extracellular matrix organisation up regulation of extracellular matrix organization up-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization upregulation of extracellular matrix organisation upregulation of extracellular matrix organization activation of extracellular matrix organisation activation of extracellular matrix organization biological_process activation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis up regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis upregulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GO:1903055 positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22357537 positive regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie activation of extracellular matrix organisation GOC:TermGenie activation of extracellular matrix organization GOC:TermGenie activation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of extracellular matrix organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. tb 2009-07-10T10:32:44Z GO:0090003 GO:1905963 regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane biological_process regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane regulation of establishment of protein localization in plasma membrane regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GO:1903076 regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11602640 regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:mah regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. tb 2014-05-29T17:10:16Z GO:0090005 GO:1905964 down regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane down regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane down regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane down-regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane down-regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane down-regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane downregulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane downregulation of protein localization in plasma membrane downregulation of protein localization to plasma membrane negative regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane inhibition of protein localisation in plasma membrane inhibition of protein localization in plasma membrane inhibition of protein localization to plasma membrane inhibition of protein targeting to plasma membrane inhibition of protein-plasma membrane targeting biological_process down regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane down regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting down-regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane down-regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting downregulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane downregulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane negative regulation of establishment of protein localization in plasma membrane negative regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane negative regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane negative regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane negative regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GO:1903077 negative regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11602640 down regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:mah negative regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. tb 2009-07-10T10:34:17Z GO:0090004 GO:1905965 positive regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane positive regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane up regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane up regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane up regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane up-regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane up-regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane up-regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane upregulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane upregulation of protein localization in plasma membrane upregulation of protein localization to plasma membrane activation of protein localisation in plasma membrane activation of protein localization in plasma membrane activation of protein localization to plasma membrane activation of protein targeting to plasma membrane activation of protein-plasma membrane targeting biological_process positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane positive regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane positive regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting up regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane up regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting up-regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane up-regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting upregulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane upregulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GO:1903078 positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11602640 positive regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation in plasma membrane GOC:mah positive regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein targeting to plasma membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein-plasma membrane targeting GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the location of an actin cytoskeleton. mah 2014-06-16T11:27:09Z protein localisation in actin cytoskeleton protein localisation to actin cytoskeleton protein localization in actin cytoskeleton biological_process GO:1903119 protein localization to actin cytoskeleton A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the location of an actin cytoskeleton. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000087 PMID:24798735 protein localisation in actin cytoskeleton GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to actin cytoskeleton GOC:TermGenie protein localization in actin cytoskeleton GOC:TermGenie The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mononuclear cell. cls 2014-06-25T15:47:09Z biological_process GO:1903131 mononuclear cell differentiation The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mononuclear cell. CL:0000842 GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000086 PMID:24759906 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tube lumen cavitation. dph 2014-06-25T20:18:58Z biological_process GO:1903132 regulation of tube lumen cavitation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tube lumen cavitation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22898778 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tube lumen cavitation. dph 2014-06-25T20:19:04Z inhibition of tube lumen cavitation biological_process GO:1903133 negative regulation of tube lumen cavitation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tube lumen cavitation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22898778 inhibition of tube lumen cavitation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation. als 2014-07-29T13:22:35Z regulation of endoderm cell differentiation biological_process GO:1903224 regulation of endodermal cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23154389 regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation. als 2014-07-29T13:22:41Z down regulation of endoderm cell differentiation down regulation of endodermal cell differentiation down-regulation of endoderm cell differentiation down-regulation of endodermal cell differentiation downregulation of endoderm cell differentiation downregulation of endodermal cell differentiation negative regulation of endoderm cell differentiation inhibition of endoderm cell differentiation inhibition of endodermal cell differentiation biological_process GO:1903225 negative regulation of endodermal cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23154389 down regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation. als 2014-07-29T13:22:47Z positive regulation of endoderm cell differentiation up regulation of endoderm cell differentiation up regulation of endodermal cell differentiation up-regulation of endoderm cell differentiation up-regulation of endodermal cell differentiation upregulation of endoderm cell differentiation upregulation of endodermal cell differentiation activation of endoderm cell differentiation activation of endodermal cell differentiation biological_process GO:1903226 positive regulation of endodermal cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23154389 positive regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of endoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of endodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a Golgi membrane. mah 2014-08-12T14:22:31Z protein localisation in Golgi membrane protein localisation to Golgi membrane protein localization in Golgi membrane biological_process GO:1903292 protein localization to Golgi membrane A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a Golgi membrane. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000087 PMID:11378902 protein localisation in Golgi membrane GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to Golgi membrane GOC:TermGenie protein localization in Golgi membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport. vw 2014-08-18T13:16:04Z biological_process GO:1903335 regulation of vacuolar transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport. vw 2014-08-18T13:16:11Z down regulation of vacuolar transport down-regulation of vacuolar transport downregulation of vacuolar transport inhibition of vacuolar transport biological_process GO:1903336 negative regulation of vacuolar transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 down regulation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport. vw 2014-08-18T13:16:19Z up regulation of vacuolar transport up-regulation of vacuolar transport upregulation of vacuolar transport activation of vacuolar transport biological_process GO:1903337 positive regulation of vacuolar transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vacuolar transport. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 up regulation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie activation of vacuolar transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleus organization. hjd 2014-08-20T19:36:16Z regulation of nuclear organisation regulation of nuclear organization biological_process regulation of nuclear morphology regulation of nuclear organization and biogenesis regulation of nucleus organization and biogenesis GO:1903353 regulation of nucleus organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleus organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16943282 regulation of nuclear organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of nuclear organization GOC:TermGenie regulation of nuclear morphology GOC:TermGenie regulation of nuclear organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of nucleus organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi organization. als 2014-08-21T10:22:22Z regulation of Golgi organisation biological_process regulation of Golgi organization and biogenesis GO:1903358 regulation of Golgi organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi organization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17562788 regulation of Golgi organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of Golgi organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation. al 2014-08-26T13:57:13Z biological_process GO:1903379 regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:9490640 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation. al 2014-08-26T13:57:29Z up regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation up-regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation upregulation of mitotic chromosome condensation activation of mitotic chromosome condensation biological_process GO:1903380 positive regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:9490640 up regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mitotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie activation of mitotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation. jl 2014-09-15T13:31:23Z biological_process regulation of functional differentiation GO:1903429 regulation of cell maturation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17459944 regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation. jl 2014-09-15T13:31:32Z down regulation of cell maturation down-regulation of cell maturation downregulation of cell maturation inhibition of cell maturation biological_process down regulation of functional differentiation down-regulation of functional differentiation downregulation of functional differentiation inhibition of functional differentiation negative regulation of functional differentiation GO:1903430 negative regulation of cell maturation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17459944 down regulation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation. jl 2014-09-15T13:31:41Z up regulation of cell maturation up-regulation of cell maturation upregulation of cell maturation activation of cell maturation biological_process activation of functional differentiation positive regulation of functional differentiation up regulation of functional differentiation up-regulation of functional differentiation upregulation of functional differentiation GO:1903431 positive regulation of cell maturation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17459944 up regulation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie activation of cell maturation GOC:TermGenie activation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of functional differentiation GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane. pr 2014-09-16T15:15:39Z protein localisation in ciliary membrane protein localisation to ciliary membrane protein localization in ciliary membrane biological_process GO:1903441 protein localization to ciliary membrane A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000087 PMID:22139371 protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucopolysaccharide. dph 2014-10-01T21:55:47Z mucopolysaccharide metabolism biological_process GO:1903510 mucopolysaccharide metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucopolysaccharide. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GO_REF:0000068 PMID:4236091 mucopolysaccharide metabolism GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation. mr 2014-10-06T18:38:56Z biological_process regulation of hemolymph circulation GO:1903522 regulation of blood circulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10659969 regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation. mr 2014-10-06T18:39:05Z down regulation of blood circulation down-regulation of blood circulation downregulation of blood circulation inhibition of blood circulation biological_process down regulation of hemolymph circulation down-regulation of hemolymph circulation downregulation of hemolymph circulation inhibition of hemolymph circulation negative regulation of hemolymph circulation GO:1903523 negative regulation of blood circulation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10659969 down regulation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation. mr 2014-10-06T18:39:13Z up regulation of blood circulation up-regulation of blood circulation upregulation of blood circulation activation of blood circulation biological_process activation of hemolymph circulation positive regulation of hemolymph circulation up regulation of hemolymph circulation up-regulation of hemolymph circulation upregulation of hemolymph circulation GO:1903524 positive regulation of blood circulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10659969 up regulation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie activation of blood circulation GOC:TermGenie activation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hemolymph circulation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell. pm 2014-10-08T13:24:59Z regulation of cellular secretion biological_process GO:1903530 regulation of secretion by cell Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:12130530 regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell. pm 2014-10-08T13:25:08Z down regulation of cellular secretion down regulation of secretion by cell down-regulation of cellular secretion down-regulation of secretion by cell downregulation of cellular secretion downregulation of secretion by cell negative regulation of cellular secretion inhibition of cellular secretion inhibition of secretion by cell biological_process GO:1903531 negative regulation of secretion by cell Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:12130530 down regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie down regulation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie downregulation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell. pm 2014-10-08T13:25:17Z positive regulation of cellular secretion up regulation of cellular secretion up regulation of secretion by cell up-regulation of cellular secretion up-regulation of secretion by cell upregulation of cellular secretion upregulation of secretion by cell activation of cellular secretion activation of secretion by cell biological_process GO:1903532 positive regulation of secretion by cell Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secretion by cell. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:12130530 positive regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie upregulation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie activation of cellular secretion GOC:TermGenie activation of secretion by cell GOC:TermGenie Any meiotic cell cycle process that is involved in oocyte maturation. pr 2014-10-09T10:46:14Z meiosis involved in oocyte maturation biological_process GO:1903537 meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation Any meiotic cell cycle process that is involved in oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:jz GO_REF:0000060 PMID:25212395 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation. pr 2014-10-09T10:52:38Z regulation of meiosis involved in oocyte maturation biological_process GO:1903538 regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:jz GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25212395 regulation of meiosis involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion. pga 2014-10-14T11:38:52Z regulation of exosomal secretory pathway regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion regulation of secretion of exosome regulation of exosomal protein secretion biological_process GO:1903541 regulation of exosomal secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24105262 regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion. pga 2014-10-14T11:39:02Z down regulation of exosomal secretion down regulation of exosomal secretory pathway down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion down regulation of secretion of exosome down-regulation of exosomal secretion down-regulation of exosomal secretory pathway down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion down-regulation of secretion of exosome downregulation of exosomal secretion downregulation of exosomal secretory pathway downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion downregulation of secretion of exosome negative regulation of exosomal secretory pathway negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion negative regulation of secretion of exosome down regulation of exosomal protein secretion down-regulation of exosomal protein secretion downregulation of exosomal protein secretion inhibition of exosomal protein secretion inhibition of exosomal secretion inhibition of exosomal secretory pathway inhibition of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion inhibition of secretion of exosome negative regulation of exosomal protein secretion biological_process GO:1903542 negative regulation of exosomal secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24105262 down regulation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie down regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie down regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie downregulation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie downregulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie downregulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie down regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie downregulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie inhibition of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie inhibition of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion. pga 2014-10-14T11:39:10Z positive regulation of exosomal secretory pathway positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion positive regulation of secretion of exosome up regulation of exosomal secretion up regulation of exosomal secretory pathway up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion up regulation of secretion of exosome up-regulation of exosomal secretion up-regulation of exosomal secretory pathway up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion up-regulation of secretion of exosome upregulation of exosomal secretion upregulation of exosomal secretory pathway upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion upregulation of secretion of exosome activation of exosomal protein secretion activation of exosomal secretion activation of exosomal secretory pathway activation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion activation of secretion of exosome positive regulation of exosomal protein secretion up regulation of exosomal protein secretion up-regulation of exosomal protein secretion upregulation of exosomal protein secretion biological_process GO:1903543 positive regulation of exosomal secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24105262 positive regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie up regulation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie upregulation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie upregulation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie upregulation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie activation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie activation of exosomal secretion GOC:TermGenie activation of exosomal secretory pathway GOC:TermGenie activation of extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:TermGenie activation of secretion of exosome GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie up regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie upregulation of exosomal protein secretion GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly. pga 2014-10-20T15:37:25Z regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly biological_process GO:1903551 regulation of extracellular exosome assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24105262 regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:vesicles Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly. pga 2014-10-20T15:37:33Z down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly inhibition of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly biological_process GO:1903552 negative regulation of extracellular exosome assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24105262 down regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:vesicles inhibition of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly. pga 2014-10-20T15:37:42Z up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly activation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly biological_process positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GO:1903553 positive regulation of extracellular exosome assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24105262 up regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of extracellular vesicular exosome assembly GOC:vesicles Any vesicle that is part of the extracellular region. jl 2014-10-22T14:26:11Z cellular_component microparticle GO:1903561 extracellular vesicle Any vesicle that is part of the extracellular region. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pm GO_REF:0000064 PMID:24769233 microparticle GOC:vesicles Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium. krc 2014-10-24T20:58:11Z biological_process GO:1903564 regulation of protein localization to cilium Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22072986 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium. krc 2014-10-24T20:58:20Z down regulation of protein localization to cilium down-regulation of protein localization to cilium downregulation of protein localization to cilium inhibition of protein localization to cilium biological_process GO:1903565 negative regulation of protein localization to cilium Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22072986 down regulation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium. krc 2014-10-24T20:58:28Z up regulation of protein localization to cilium up-regulation of protein localization to cilium upregulation of protein localization to cilium activation of protein localization to cilium biological_process GO:1903566 positive regulation of protein localization to cilium Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22072986 up regulation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to cilium GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane. krc 2014-10-24T21:32:51Z regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane biological_process GO:1903567 regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22072986 regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane. krc 2014-10-24T21:32:59Z down regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane down regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane down regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane down regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane down-regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane down-regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane down-regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane down-regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane downregulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane downregulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane downregulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane downregulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane negative regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane negative regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane negative regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane inhibition of protein localisation in ciliary membrane inhibition of protein localisation to ciliary membrane inhibition of protein localization in ciliary membrane inhibition of protein localization to ciliary membrane biological_process GO:1903568 negative regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22072986 down regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane. krc 2014-10-24T21:33:08Z positive regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane positive regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane positive regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane up regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane up regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane up regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane up regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane up-regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane up-regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane up-regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane up-regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane upregulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane upregulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane upregulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane upregulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane activation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane activation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane activation of protein localization in ciliary membrane activation of protein localization to ciliary membrane biological_process GO:1903569 positive regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to ciliary membrane. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GOC:krc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22072986 positive regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to ciliary membrane GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a substantia propria of cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. cls 2014-12-03T13:12:09Z corneal stroma development stroma of cornea development biological_process substantia propria development GO:1903701 substantia propria of cornea development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a substantia propria of cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000094 PMID:12556382 corneal stroma development GOC:TermGenie stroma of cornea development GOC:TermGenie substantia propria development GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an esophagus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. cls 2014-12-03T14:41:30Z esophageal development gullet development oesophagus development biological_process GO:1903702 esophagus development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an esophagus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000094 ISBN:0-683-40008-8 esophageal development MGI:csmith gullet development GOC:TermGenie oesophagus development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. pad 2014-12-04T15:34:13Z regulation of blood cell biosynthesis regulation of blood cell formation regulation of haemopoiesis regulation of hematopoiesis biological_process GO:1903706 An example of this is Atg7 in mouse (UniProt symbol, Q9D906) in PMID:20080761, inferred from mutant phenotype. regulation of hemopoiesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:pad GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20080761 regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. pad 2014-12-04T15:34:21Z down regulation of blood cell biosynthesis down regulation of blood cell formation down regulation of haemopoiesis down regulation of hematopoiesis down regulation of hemopoiesis down-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis down-regulation of blood cell formation down-regulation of haemopoiesis down-regulation of hematopoiesis down-regulation of hemopoiesis downregulation of blood cell biosynthesis downregulation of blood cell formation downregulation of haemopoiesis downregulation of hematopoiesis downregulation of hemopoiesis negative regulation of blood cell biosynthesis negative regulation of blood cell formation negative regulation of haemopoiesis negative regulation of hematopoiesis inhibition of blood cell biosynthesis inhibition of blood cell formation inhibition of haemopoiesis inhibition of hematopoiesis inhibition of hemopoiesis biological_process GO:1903707 An example of this is Atg7 in mouse (UniProt symbol, Q9D906) in PMID:20080761, inferred from mutant phenotype. negative regulation of hemopoiesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:pad GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20080761 down regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. pad 2014-12-04T15:34:30Z positive regulation of blood cell biosynthesis positive regulation of blood cell formation positive regulation of haemopoiesis positive regulation of hematopoiesis up regulation of blood cell biosynthesis up regulation of blood cell formation up regulation of haemopoiesis up regulation of hematopoiesis up regulation of hemopoiesis up-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis up-regulation of blood cell formation up-regulation of haemopoiesis up-regulation of hematopoiesis up-regulation of hemopoiesis upregulation of blood cell biosynthesis upregulation of blood cell formation upregulation of haemopoiesis upregulation of hematopoiesis upregulation of hemopoiesis activation of blood cell biosynthesis activation of blood cell formation activation of haemopoiesis activation of hematopoiesis activation of hemopoiesis biological_process GO:1903708 An example of this is Atg7 in mouse (UniProt symbol, Q9D906) in PMID:20080761, inferred from mutant phenotype. positive regulation of hemopoiesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:pad GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20080761 positive regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie activation of blood cell biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of blood cell formation GOC:TermGenie activation of haemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie activation of hematopoiesis GOC:TermGenie activation of hemopoiesis GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an uterine gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. cls 2014-12-04T18:57:21Z endometrial gland development endometrium gland development uterine glands development uterine glands set development biological_process glandulae uterinae development glandular part of endometrium development set of uterine glands development GO:1903709 uterine gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an uterine gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000094 PMID:23619340 endometrial gland development GOC:TermGenie endometrium gland development GOC:TermGenie uterine glands development GOC:TermGenie uterine glands set development GOC:TermGenie glandulae uterinae development GOC:TermGenie glandular part of endometrium development GOC:TermGenie set of uterine glands development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization. al 2014-12-10T18:59:44Z regulation of plasma membrane organisation biological_process regulation of plasma membrane organization and biogenesis GO:1903729 regulation of plasma membrane organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24514900 regulation of plasma membrane organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of plasma membrane organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a vacuolar membrane. mah 2015-01-07T13:15:54Z protein localisation in vacuolar membrane protein localisation to vacuolar membrane protein localization in vacuolar membrane biological_process GO:1903778 protein localization to vacuolar membrane A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a vacuolar membrane. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000087 PMID:25378562 protein localisation in vacuolar membrane GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to vacuolar membrane GOC:TermGenie protein localization in vacuolar membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction. rph 2015-01-07T13:20:11Z biological_process GO:1903779 regulation of cardiac conduction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:12967627 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction. rph 2015-01-07T13:20:20Z down regulation of cardiac conduction down-regulation of cardiac conduction downregulation of cardiac conduction inhibition of cardiac conduction biological_process GO:1903780 negative regulation of cardiac conduction Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:12967627 down regulation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction. rph 2015-01-07T13:20:28Z up regulation of cardiac conduction up-regulation of cardiac conduction upregulation of cardiac conduction activation of cardiac conduction biological_process GO:1903781 positive regulation of cardiac conduction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:12967627 up regulation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac conduction GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid transmembrane transport. al 2015-01-08T17:42:18Z regulation of amino acid membrane transport biological_process GO:1903789 regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16115814 regulation of amino acid membrane transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport. sl 2015-01-12T21:50:20Z down regulation of anion transport down-regulation of anion transport downregulation of anion transport inhibition of anion transport biological_process GO:1903792 negative regulation of anion transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11336802 down regulation of anion transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of anion transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of anion transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of anion transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport. sl 2015-01-12T21:50:30Z up regulation of anion transport up-regulation of anion transport upregulation of anion transport activation of anion transport biological_process GO:1903793 positive regulation of anion transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11336802 up regulation of anion transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of anion transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of anion transport GOC:TermGenie activation of anion transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport. sl 2015-01-14T21:44:49Z regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport biological_process GO:1903795 regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11336802 regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport. sl 2015-01-14T21:44:59Z down regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport down regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport down regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport down-regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport down-regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport down-regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport downregulation of inorganic anion membrane transport downregulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport downregulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport negative regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport negative regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport inhibition of inorganic anion membrane transport inhibition of inorganic anion transmembrane transport inhibition of transmembrane inorganic anion transport biological_process GO:1903796 negative regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11336802 down regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie down regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie down regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport. sl 2015-01-14T21:45:08Z positive regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport positive regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport up regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport up regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport up regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport up-regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport up-regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport up-regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport upregulation of inorganic anion membrane transport upregulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport upregulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport activation of inorganic anion membrane transport activation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport activation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport biological_process GO:1903797 positive regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of inorganic anion transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:11336802 positive regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie up regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie up regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie up regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie activation of inorganic anion membrane transport GOC:TermGenie activation of inorganic anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie activation of transmembrane inorganic anion transport GOC:TermGenie The process in which an organic acid is transported across a membrane. vw 2015-01-20T10:20:58Z biological_process GO:1903825 organic acid transmembrane transport The process in which an organic acid is transported across a membrane. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000069 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22021 jl 2015-01-20T14:32:24Z down regulation of cellular protein localisation down regulation of cellular protein localization down-regulation of cellular protein localisation down-regulation of cellular protein localization downregulation of cellular protein localisation downregulation of cellular protein localization negative regulation of cellular protein localisation negative regulation of cellular protein localization inhibition of cellular protein localisation inhibition of cellular protein localization biological_process GO:1903828 negative regulation of protein localization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 down regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22021 jl 2015-01-20T14:32:33Z positive regulation of cellular protein localisation positive regulation of cellular protein localization up regulation of cellular protein localisation up regulation of cellular protein localization up-regulation of cellular protein localisation up-regulation of cellular protein localization upregulation of cellular protein localisation upregulation of cellular protein localization biological_process GO:1903829 positive regulation of protein localization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 positive regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cellular protein localisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cellular protein localization GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis. rph 2015-01-23T14:00:51Z biological_process GO:1903847 regulation of aorta morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22269326 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis. rph 2015-01-23T14:01:01Z down regulation of aorta morphogenesis down-regulation of aorta morphogenesis downregulation of aorta morphogenesis inhibition of aorta morphogenesis biological_process GO:1903848 negative regulation of aorta morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22269326 down regulation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis. rph 2015-01-23T14:01:09Z up regulation of aorta morphogenesis up-regulation of aorta morphogenesis upregulation of aorta morphogenesis activation of aorta morphogenesis biological_process GO:1903849 positive regulation of aorta morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aorta morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22269326 up regulation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of aorta morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an extraembryonic membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. cjm 2015-02-05T00:42:16Z biological_process GO:1903867 extraembryonic membrane development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an extraembryonic membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000094 ISBN:0073040584 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange. sl 2015-02-17T20:26:24Z down regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange down-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange downregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange inhibition of respiratory gaseous exchange biological_process GO:1903941 negative regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22819705 down regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie downregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie inhibition of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange. sl 2015-02-17T20:26:35Z up regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange up-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange upregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange activation of respiratory gaseous exchange biological_process GO:1903942 positive regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22819705 up regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie upregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie activation of respiratory gaseous exchange GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential. nc 2015-02-20T14:59:41Z down regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential down regulation of AV node cell action potential down regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential down-regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential down-regulation of AV node cell action potential down-regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential downregulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential downregulation of AV node cell action potential downregulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential negative regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential negative regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential inhibition of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential inhibition of AV node cell action potential inhibition of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential biological_process GO:1903950 negative regulation of AV node cell action potential Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25281747 down regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie down regulation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie down regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie downregulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie downregulation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie downregulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie inhibition of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie inhibition of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie inhibition of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential. nc 2015-02-20T14:59:50Z positive regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential positive regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential up regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential up regulation of AV node cell action potential up regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential up-regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential up-regulation of AV node cell action potential up-regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential upregulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential upregulation of AV node cell action potential upregulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential activation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential activation of AV node cell action potential activation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential biological_process GO:1903951 positive regulation of AV node cell action potential Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of AV node cell action potential. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:mtg_cardiac_conduct_nov11 GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25281747 positive regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie up regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie up regulation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie up regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie upregulation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie upregulation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie upregulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie activation of AV node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie activation of AV node cell action potential GOC:TermGenie activation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport. pr 2015-02-25T13:52:25Z biological_process GO:1903959 regulation of anion transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport. pr 2015-02-25T13:52:35Z down regulation of anion transmembrane transport down-regulation of anion transmembrane transport downregulation of anion transmembrane transport inhibition of anion transmembrane transport biological_process GO:1903960 negative regulation of anion transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 down regulation of anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport. pr 2015-02-25T13:52:44Z up regulation of anion transmembrane transport up-regulation of anion transmembrane transport upregulation of anion transmembrane transport activation of anion transmembrane transport biological_process GO:1903961 positive regulation of anion transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 up regulation of anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie activation of anion transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus. sl 2015-03-06T19:33:54Z biological_process GO:1904014 response to serotonin Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a serotonin stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000071 PMID:1505525 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development. sl 2015-03-06T22:17:04Z up regulation of vasculature development up-regulation of vasculature development upregulation of vasculature development activation of vasculature development biological_process activation of vascular system development positive regulation of vascular system development up regulation of vascular system development up-regulation of vascular system development upregulation of vascular system development GO:1904018 positive regulation of vasculature development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:21472453 up regulation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie activation of vasculature development GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular system development GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell. sl 2015-03-06T22:27:17Z epitheliocyte apoptotic process epithelial cell apoptosis epitheliocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1904019 epithelial cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000085 PMID:19137015 epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. ae 2015-03-12T12:36:52Z regulation of collagen fibril organisation regulation of fibrillar collagen organization biological_process regulation of collagen fibrillogenesis GO:1904026 regulation of collagen fibril organization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25451920 regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. ae 2015-03-12T12:36:59Z down regulation of collagen fibril organisation down regulation of collagen fibril organization down regulation of fibrillar collagen organization down-regulation of collagen fibril organisation down-regulation of collagen fibril organization down-regulation of fibrillar collagen organization downregulation of collagen fibril organisation downregulation of collagen fibril organization downregulation of fibrillar collagen organization negative regulation of collagen fibril organisation negative regulation of fibrillar collagen organization inhibition of collagen fibril organisation inhibition of collagen fibril organization inhibition of fibrillar collagen organization biological_process GO:1904027 negative regulation of collagen fibril organization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25451920 down regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. ae 2015-03-12T12:37:06Z positive regulation of collagen fibril organisation positive regulation of fibrillar collagen organization up regulation of collagen fibril organisation up regulation of collagen fibril organization up regulation of fibrillar collagen organization up-regulation of collagen fibril organisation up-regulation of collagen fibril organization up-regulation of fibrillar collagen organization upregulation of collagen fibril organisation upregulation of collagen fibril organization upregulation of fibrillar collagen organization activation of collagen fibril organisation activation of collagen fibril organization activation of fibrillar collagen organization biological_process GO:1904028 positive regulation of collagen fibril organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25451920 positive regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie activation of collagen fibril organisation GOC:TermGenie activation of collagen fibril organization GOC:TermGenie activation of fibrillar collagen organization GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process. sl 2015-03-13T22:05:41Z regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1904035 regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19137015 regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process. sl 2015-03-13T22:05:47Z down regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process down regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process down-regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process down-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process downregulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process downregulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process negative regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process down regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis down regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis down-regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis down-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis downregulation of epithelial cell apoptosis downregulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis inhibition of epithelial cell apoptosis inhibition of epithelial cell apoptotic process inhibition of epitheliocyte apoptosis inhibition of epitheliocyte apoptotic process negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis negative regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1904036 negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19137015 down regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process. sl 2015-03-13T22:05:53Z positive regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process up regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process up regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process up-regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process up-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process upregulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process upregulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process activation of epithelial cell apoptosis activation of epithelial cell apoptotic process activation of epitheliocyte apoptosis activation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis positive regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis up regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis up regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis up-regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis up-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis upregulation of epithelial cell apoptosis upregulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:1904037 positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19137015 positive regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of epithelial cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of epitheliocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epithelial cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epitheliocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport. sl 2015-03-18T21:11:43Z biological_process GO:1904062 regulation of cation transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15304482 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport. sl 2015-03-18T21:11:50Z down regulation of cation transmembrane transport down-regulation of cation transmembrane transport downregulation of cation transmembrane transport inhibition of cation transmembrane transport biological_process GO:1904063 negative regulation of cation transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15304482 down regulation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport. sl 2015-03-18T21:11:55Z up regulation of cation transmembrane transport up-regulation of cation transmembrane transport upregulation of cation transmembrane transport activation of cation transmembrane transport biological_process GO:1904064 positive regulation of cation transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation transmembrane transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15304482 up regulation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie activation of cation transmembrane transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation. tb 2015-03-20T16:55:56Z regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904073 regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24508636 regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation. tb 2015-03-20T16:56:02Z down regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation down regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation down-regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation down-regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation downregulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation downregulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation negative regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation inhibition of trophectoderm cell proliferation inhibition of trophectodermal cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904074 negative regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24508636 down regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation. tb 2015-03-20T16:56:08Z positive regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation up regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation up regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation up-regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation up-regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation upregulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation upregulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation activation of trophectoderm cell proliferation activation of trophectodermal cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904075 positive regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophectodermal cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24508636 positive regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of trophectoderm cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of trophectodermal cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation. tb 2015-04-14T15:59:22Z down regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation down-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation downregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation inhibition of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation biological_process GO:1904145 negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22674394 down regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation. tb 2015-04-14T15:59:28Z up regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation up-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation upregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation activation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation biological_process GO:1904146 positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22674394 up regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie activation of meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly. als 2015-04-23T09:32:19Z regulation of cell blebbing biological_process GO:1904170 regulation of bleb assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25651887 regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly. als 2015-04-23T09:32:25Z down regulation of bleb assembly down regulation of cell blebbing down-regulation of bleb assembly down-regulation of cell blebbing downregulation of bleb assembly downregulation of cell blebbing negative regulation of cell blebbing inhibition of bleb assembly inhibition of cell blebbing biological_process GO:1904171 negative regulation of bleb assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25651887 down regulation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie downregulation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie inhibition of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly. als 2015-04-23T09:32:31Z positive regulation of cell blebbing up regulation of bleb assembly up regulation of cell blebbing up-regulation of bleb assembly up-regulation of cell blebbing upregulation of bleb assembly upregulation of cell blebbing activation of bleb assembly activation of cell blebbing biological_process GO:1904172 positive regulation of bleb assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bleb assembly. GOC:TermGenie GOC:als GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25651887 positive regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie up regulation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie upregulation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie activation of bleb assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of cell blebbing GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. sl 2015-04-29T20:01:01Z biological_process regulation of adipogenesis GO:1904177 regulation of adipose tissue development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23081848 regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. sl 2015-04-29T20:01:07Z down regulation of adipose tissue development down-regulation of adipose tissue development downregulation of adipose tissue development inhibition of adipose tissue development biological_process down regulation of adipogenesis down-regulation of adipogenesis downregulation of adipogenesis inhibition of adipogenesis negative regulation of adipogenesis GO:1904178 negative regulation of adipose tissue development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23081848 down regulation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. sl 2015-04-29T20:01:13Z up regulation of adipose tissue development up-regulation of adipose tissue development upregulation of adipose tissue development activation of adipose tissue development biological_process activation of adipogenesis positive regulation of adipogenesis up regulation of adipogenesis up-regulation of adipogenesis upregulation of adipogenesis GO:1904179 positive regulation of adipose tissue development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23081848 up regulation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie activation of adipose tissue development GOC:TermGenie activation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of adipogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. sl 2015-05-08T17:38:13Z biological_process GO:1904204 regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23470307 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. sl 2015-05-08T17:38:19Z down regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy down-regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy downregulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy inhibition of skeletal muscle hypertrophy biological_process GO:1904205 negative regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23470307 down regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie downregulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie inhibition of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. sl 2015-05-08T17:38:25Z up regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy up-regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy upregulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy activation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy biological_process GO:1904206 positive regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle hypertrophy. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23470307 up regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie upregulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie activation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie The cell cortex of the leading edge of a cell. kmv 2015-05-28T19:16:03Z cell cortex of cell leading edge cell cortex of front of cell cell cortex of leading edge of cell cellular_component cell periphery of cell leading edge cell periphery of front of cell cell periphery of leading edge of cell peripheral cytoplasm of cell leading edge peripheral cytoplasm of front of cell peripheral cytoplasm of leading edge of cell GO:1904269 cell leading edge cell cortex The cell cortex of the leading edge of a cell. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv GO_REF:0000064 PMID:25843030 cell cortex of cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie cell cortex of front of cell GOC:TermGenie cell cortex of leading edge of cell GOC:TermGenie cell periphery of cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie cell periphery of front of cell GOC:TermGenie cell periphery of leading edge of cell GOC:TermGenie peripheral cytoplasm of cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie peripheral cytoplasm of front of cell GOC:TermGenie peripheral cytoplasm of leading edge of cell GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-09T23:18:42Z biological_process GO:1904304 regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10821044 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-09T23:18:48Z down regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction down-regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction downregulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction inhibition of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction biological_process GO:1904305 negative regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10821044 down regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie downregulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie inhibition of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-09T23:18:54Z up regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction up-regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction upregulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction activation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction biological_process GO:1904306 positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10821044 up regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie upregulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie activation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-11T21:16:58Z biological_process GO:1904341 regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24170253 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-11T21:17:05Z down regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction down-regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction downregulation of colon smooth muscle contraction inhibition of colon smooth muscle contraction biological_process GO:1904342 negative regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24170253 down regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie downregulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie inhibition of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction. sl 2015-06-11T21:17:11Z up regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction up-regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction upregulation of colon smooth muscle contraction activation of colon smooth muscle contraction biological_process GO:1904343 positive regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of colon smooth muscle contraction. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24170253 up regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie upregulation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie activation of colon smooth muscle contraction GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation. sl 2015-06-11T21:20:31Z regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation biological_process GO:1904344 regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10807413 regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation. sl 2015-06-11T21:20:44Z down regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation down regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation down-regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation down-regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation downregulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation downregulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation negative regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation inhibition of gastric mucosal blood circulation inhibition of stomach mucosal blood circulation biological_process GO:1904345 negative regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10807413 down regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation. sl 2015-06-11T21:20:50Z positive regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation up regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation up regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation up-regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation up-regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation upregulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation upregulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation activation of gastric mucosal blood circulation activation of stomach mucosal blood circulation biological_process GO:1904346 positive regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastric mucosal blood circulation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:10807413 positive regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie activation of gastric mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie activation of stomach mucosal blood circulation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery. sl 2015-06-22T22:09:25Z biological_process GO:1904375 regulation of protein localization to cell periphery Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18216290 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery. sl 2015-06-22T22:09:32Z down regulation of protein localization to cell periphery down-regulation of protein localization to cell periphery downregulation of protein localization to cell periphery inhibition of protein localization to cell periphery biological_process GO:1904376 negative regulation of protein localization to cell periphery Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18216290 down regulation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery. sl 2015-06-22T22:09:37Z up regulation of protein localization to cell periphery up-regulation of protein localization to cell periphery upregulation of protein localization to cell periphery activation of protein localization to cell periphery biological_process GO:1904377 positive regulation of protein localization to cell periphery Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18216290 up regulation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to cell periphery GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development. sl 2015-06-23T19:23:42Z regulation of neuromuscular junction organization biological_process regulation of NMJ stability regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GO:1904396 regulation of neuromuscular junction development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:7722643 regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development. sl 2015-06-23T19:23:48Z down regulation of neuromuscular junction development down regulation of neuromuscular junction organization down-regulation of neuromuscular junction development down-regulation of neuromuscular junction organization downregulation of neuromuscular junction development downregulation of neuromuscular junction organization negative regulation of neuromuscular junction organization inhibition of neuromuscular junction development inhibition of neuromuscular junction organization biological_process down regulation of NMJ stability down regulation of neuromuscular junction stability down-regulation of NMJ stability down-regulation of neuromuscular junction stability downregulation of NMJ stability downregulation of neuromuscular junction stability inhibition of NMJ stability inhibition of neuromuscular junction stability negative regulation of NMJ stability negative regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GO:1904397 negative regulation of neuromuscular junction development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:7722643 down regulation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie down regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie downregulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie inhibition of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development. sl 2015-06-23T19:23:54Z positive regulation of neuromuscular junction organization up regulation of neuromuscular junction development up regulation of neuromuscular junction organization up-regulation of neuromuscular junction development up-regulation of neuromuscular junction organization upregulation of neuromuscular junction development upregulation of neuromuscular junction organization activation of neuromuscular junction development activation of neuromuscular junction organization biological_process activation of NMJ stability activation of neuromuscular junction stability positive regulation of NMJ stability positive regulation of neuromuscular junction stability up regulation of NMJ stability up regulation of neuromuscular junction stability up-regulation of NMJ stability up-regulation of neuromuscular junction stability upregulation of NMJ stability upregulation of neuromuscular junction stability GO:1904398 positive regulation of neuromuscular junction development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:7722643 positive regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie activation of neuromuscular junction development GOC:TermGenie activation of neuromuscular junction organization GOC:TermGenie activation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie activation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie up regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie up regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie upregulation of NMJ stability GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuromuscular junction stability GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development. sl 2015-06-25T19:52:15Z biological_process GO:1904412 regulation of cardiac ventricle development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19590510 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development. sl 2015-06-25T19:52:21Z down regulation of cardiac ventricle development down-regulation of cardiac ventricle development downregulation of cardiac ventricle development inhibition of cardiac ventricle development biological_process GO:1904413 negative regulation of cardiac ventricle development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19590510 down regulation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development. sl 2015-06-25T19:52:27Z up regulation of cardiac ventricle development up-regulation of cardiac ventricle development upregulation of cardiac ventricle development activation of cardiac ventricle development biological_process GO:1904414 positive regulation of cardiac ventricle development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19590510 up regulation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac ventricle development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential. sl 2015-07-09T18:02:40Z down regulation of neuronal action potential down-regulation of neuronal action potential downregulation of neuronal action potential inhibition of neuronal action potential biological_process down regulation of generation of action potential down-regulation of generation of action potential downregulation of generation of action potential inhibition of generation of action potential negative regulation of generation of action potential GO:1904456 negative regulation of neuronal action potential Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25126967 down regulation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie down regulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie downregulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie inhibition of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential. sl 2015-07-09T18:02:46Z up regulation of neuronal action potential up-regulation of neuronal action potential upregulation of neuronal action potential activation of neuronal action potential biological_process activation of generation of action potential positive regulation of generation of action potential up regulation of generation of action potential up-regulation of generation of action potential upregulation of generation of action potential GO:1904457 positive regulation of neuronal action potential Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuronal action potential. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25126967 up regulation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie activation of neuronal action potential GOC:TermGenie activation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie up regulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie upregulation of generation of action potential GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cloacal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. mr 2015-07-15T22:14:39Z biological_process GO:1904484 cloacal gland development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cloacal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GOC:mr GO_REF:0000094 PMID:18805421 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary transition zone. kmv 2015-07-17T20:43:21Z protein localisation in ciliary transition zone protein localisation to ciliary transition zone protein localization in ciliary transition zone biological_process GO:1904491 protein localization to ciliary transition zone A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary transition zone. GOC:TermGenie GOC:kmv GO_REF:0000087 PMID:21422230 protein localisation in ciliary transition zone GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to ciliary transition zone GOC:TermGenie protein localization in ciliary transition zone GOC:TermGenie Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus. sl 2015-08-20T16:46:24Z response to glycoproteins biological_process GO:1904587 response to glycoprotein Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000071 PMID:14597422 Any apoptotic process in a fat cell. sl 2015-08-27T18:13:06Z adipocyte apoptotic process adipose cell apoptotic process adipocyte apoptosis adipose cell apoptosis fat cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1904606 fat cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a fat cell. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000085 PMID:17024416 adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process. sl 2015-08-31T20:59:28Z regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process regulation of adipocyte apoptosis regulation of adipose cell apoptosis regulation of fat cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1904649 regulation of fat cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17024416 regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process. sl 2015-08-31T20:59:34Z down regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process down regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process down regulation of fat cell apoptotic process down-regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process down-regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process down-regulation of fat cell apoptotic process downregulation of adipocyte apoptotic process downregulation of adipose cell apoptotic process downregulation of fat cell apoptotic process negative regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process negative regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process down regulation of adipocyte apoptosis down regulation of adipose cell apoptosis down regulation of fat cell apoptosis down-regulation of adipocyte apoptosis down-regulation of adipose cell apoptosis down-regulation of fat cell apoptosis downregulation of adipocyte apoptosis downregulation of adipose cell apoptosis downregulation of fat cell apoptosis inhibition of adipocyte apoptosis inhibition of adipocyte apoptotic process inhibition of adipose cell apoptosis inhibition of adipose cell apoptotic process inhibition of fat cell apoptosis inhibition of fat cell apoptotic process negative regulation of adipocyte apoptosis negative regulation of adipose cell apoptosis negative regulation of fat cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1904650 negative regulation of fat cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17024416 down regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process. sl 2015-08-31T20:59:40Z positive regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process positive regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process up regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process up regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process up regulation of fat cell apoptotic process up-regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process up-regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process up-regulation of fat cell apoptotic process upregulation of adipocyte apoptotic process upregulation of adipose cell apoptotic process upregulation of fat cell apoptotic process activation of adipocyte apoptosis activation of adipocyte apoptotic process activation of adipose cell apoptosis activation of adipose cell apoptotic process activation of fat cell apoptosis activation of fat cell apoptotic process positive regulation of adipocyte apoptosis positive regulation of adipose cell apoptosis positive regulation of fat cell apoptosis up regulation of adipocyte apoptosis up regulation of adipose cell apoptosis up regulation of fat cell apoptosis up-regulation of adipocyte apoptosis up-regulation of adipose cell apoptosis up-regulation of fat cell apoptosis upregulation of adipocyte apoptosis upregulation of adipose cell apoptosis upregulation of fat cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1904651 positive regulation of fat cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell apoptotic process. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17024416 positive regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of adipocyte apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of adipose cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of fat cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of adipocyte apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of adipose cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of fat cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division. rph 2015-09-14T08:47:22Z regulation of somatic stem cell renewal biological_process GO:1904675 regulation of somatic stem cell division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19409607 regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division. rph 2015-09-14T08:47:28Z down regulation of somatic stem cell division down regulation of somatic stem cell renewal down-regulation of somatic stem cell division down-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal downregulation of somatic stem cell division downregulation of somatic stem cell renewal negative regulation of somatic stem cell renewal inhibition of somatic stem cell division inhibition of somatic stem cell renewal biological_process GO:1904676 negative regulation of somatic stem cell division Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19409607 down regulation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie down regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie downregulation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie downregulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie inhibition of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie inhibition of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division. rph 2015-09-14T08:47:34Z positive regulation of somatic stem cell renewal up regulation of somatic stem cell division up regulation of somatic stem cell renewal up-regulation of somatic stem cell division up-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal upregulation of somatic stem cell division upregulation of somatic stem cell renewal activation of somatic stem cell division activation of somatic stem cell renewal biological_process GO:1904677 positive regulation of somatic stem cell division Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell division. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19409607 positive regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie up regulation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie up regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie upregulation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie upregulation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie activation of somatic stem cell division GOC:TermGenie activation of somatic stem cell renewal GOC:TermGenie The developmental process by which a midbrain is generated and organized. bf 2015-09-29T09:15:28Z MB morphogenesis biological_process mesencephalon morphogenesis GO:1904693 midbrain morphogenesis The developmental process by which a midbrain is generated and organized. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000083 PMID:21347250 MB morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie mesencephalon morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. sl 2015-10-01T16:05:20Z regulation of VSMC proliferation regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904705 regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23246467 regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. sl 2015-10-01T16:05:26Z down regulation of VSMC proliferation down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation down-regulation of VSMC proliferation down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation downregulation of VSMC proliferation downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation negative regulation of VSMC proliferation negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation inhibition of VSMC proliferation inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904706 negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23246467 down regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. sl 2015-10-01T16:05:32Z positive regulation of VSMC proliferation positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation up regulation of VSMC proliferation up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation up-regulation of VSMC proliferation up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation upregulation of VSMC proliferation upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation activation of VSMC proliferation activation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:1904707 positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23246467 positive regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of VSMC proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. es 2015-10-19T14:12:27Z down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure biological_process down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GO:1904746 U4PR86 in PMID:22801495 inferred from mutant phenotype negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22801495 down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. es 2015-10-19T14:12:34Z positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development activation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptotic process involved in development activation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development activation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure biological_process activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development activation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GO:1904747 U4PR86 in PMID:22801495 inferred from mutant phenotype positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22801495 positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process involved in development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie activation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. es 2015-10-19T15:02:28Z regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure biological_process regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GO:1904748 Q10943 in PMID:22801495, inferred from mutant phenotype regulation of apoptotic process involved in development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22801495 regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic process involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic process involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of programmed cell death by apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of activation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis signaling involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic program involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptotic program involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of type I programmed cell death involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of apoptosis activator activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of commitment to apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of induction of apoptosis by p53 involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of induction of apoptosis involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in anatomical structure development GOC:TermGenie regulation of signaling (initiator) caspase activity involved in development of an anatomical structure GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus. nc 2015-10-19T15:16:17Z regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus regulation of protein localization in nucleolus biological_process GO:1904749 regulation of protein localization to nucleolus Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24415760 regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus. nc 2015-10-19T15:16:24Z down regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus down regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus down regulation of protein localization in nucleolus down regulation of protein localization to nucleolus down-regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus down-regulation of protein localization in nucleolus down-regulation of protein localization to nucleolus downregulation of protein localisation in nucleolus downregulation of protein localisation to nucleolus downregulation of protein localization in nucleolus downregulation of protein localization to nucleolus negative regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus negative regulation of protein localization in nucleolus inhibition of protein localisation in nucleolus inhibition of protein localisation to nucleolus inhibition of protein localization in nucleolus inhibition of protein localization to nucleolus biological_process GO:1904750 negative regulation of protein localization to nucleolus Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24415760 down regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus. nc 2015-10-19T15:16:30Z positive regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus positive regulation of protein localization in nucleolus up regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus up regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus up regulation of protein localization in nucleolus up regulation of protein localization to nucleolus up-regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus up-regulation of protein localization in nucleolus up-regulation of protein localization to nucleolus upregulation of protein localisation in nucleolus upregulation of protein localisation to nucleolus upregulation of protein localization in nucleolus upregulation of protein localization to nucleolus activation of protein localisation in nucleolus activation of protein localisation to nucleolus activation of protein localization in nucleolus activation of protein localization to nucleolus biological_process GO:1904751 positive regulation of protein localization to nucleolus Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24415760 positive regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in nucleolus GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to nucleolus GOC:TermGenie The developmental process by which an intramembranous bone is generated and organized. dos 2015-10-28T11:46:04Z biological_process intramembranous bones morphogenesis membrane bone morphogenesis GO:1904770 intramembranous bone morphogenesis The developmental process by which an intramembranous bone is generated and organized. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000083 PMID:26399686 intramembranous bones morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie membrane bone morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. es 2015-10-29T16:55:01Z regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex biological_process GO:1904776 An example is cye-1 in C. elegans, UniProt ID O01501 in PMID:17115027. regulation of protein localization to cell cortex Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17115027 regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. es 2015-10-29T16:55:08Z down regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex down regulation of protein localization to cell cortex down-regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex down-regulation of protein localization to cell cortex downregulation of protein localisation to cell cortex downregulation of protein localization to cell cortex negative regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex inhibition of protein localisation to cell cortex inhibition of protein localization to cell cortex biological_process GO:1904777 An example is cye-1 in C. elegans, UniProt ID O01501 in PMID:17115027. negative regulation of protein localization to cell cortex Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17115027 down regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. es 2015-10-29T16:55:15Z positive regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex up regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex up regulation of protein localization to cell cortex up-regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex up-regulation of protein localization to cell cortex upregulation of protein localisation to cell cortex upregulation of protein localization to cell cortex activation of protein localisation to cell cortex activation of protein localization to cell cortex biological_process GO:1904778 An example is cye-1 in C. elegans, UniProt ID O01501 in PMID:17115027. positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17115027 positive regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to cell cortex GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a serous membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2015-11-17T19:00:01Z tunica serosa development wall of serous sac development biological_process serosa development GO:1904817 serous membrane development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a serous membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GO_REF:0000094 PMID:15840053 tunica serosa development GOC:TermGenie wall of serous sac development GOC:TermGenie serosa development GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a visceral peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2015-11-17T19:00:17Z biological_process GO:1904818 visceral peritoneum development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a visceral peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GO_REF:0000094 PMID:15840053 The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a parietal peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2015-11-17T19:00:24Z peritoneal cavity lining development biological_process GO:1904819 parietal peritoneum development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a parietal peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GO_REF:0000094 PMID:15840053 peritoneal cavity lining development GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. dph 2015-11-18T17:23:51Z biological_process peritonaeum development GO:1904820 peritoneum development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a peritoneum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GOC:dph GO_REF:0000094 PMID:15840053 peritonaeum development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation. rph 2015-11-24T10:20:40Z biological_process GO:1904829 regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22034194 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation. rph 2015-11-24T10:20:47Z down regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation down-regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation downregulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation inhibition of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:1904830 negative regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22034194 down regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation. rph 2015-11-24T10:20:54Z up regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation up-regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation upregulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation activation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:1904831 positive regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22034194 up regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of aortic smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. bf 2016-01-07T13:45:06Z cranial skeleton development craniofacial development osteocranium development biological_process cranium development GO:1904888 cranial skeletal system development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000094 PMID:11262227 cranial skeleton development GOC:TermGenie craniofacial development PMID:11262227 osteocranium development GOC:TermGenie cranium development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. bf 2016-02-01T13:16:11Z regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon biological_process regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GO:1904933 regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18953410 PMID:24431302 regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. bf 2016-02-01T13:16:19Z down regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon down regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain down-regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon down-regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain downregulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon downregulation of cell proliferation in midbrain negative regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon inhibition of cell proliferation in mesencephalon inhibition of cell proliferation in midbrain biological_process down regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation down-regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation downregulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation inhibition of mesencepahalic cell proliferation negative regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GO:1904934 negative regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18953410 PMID:24431302 down regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie down regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. bf 2016-02-01T13:16:27Z positive regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon up regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon up regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain up-regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon up-regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain upregulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon upregulation of cell proliferation in midbrain activation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon activation of cell proliferation in midbrain biological_process activation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation positive regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation up regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation up-regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation upregulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GO:1904935 positive regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in midbrain. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24431302 positive regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie activation of cell proliferation in mesencephalon GOC:TermGenie activation of cell proliferation in midbrain GOC:TermGenie activation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mesencepahalic cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation. bc 2016-02-02T16:37:16Z biological_process GO:1904942 regulation of cardiac ventricle formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23575307 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation. bc 2016-02-02T16:37:24Z down regulation of cardiac ventricle formation down-regulation of cardiac ventricle formation downregulation of cardiac ventricle formation inhibition of cardiac ventricle formation biological_process GO:1904943 negative regulation of cardiac ventricle formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23575307 down regulation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation. bc 2016-02-02T16:37:31Z up regulation of cardiac ventricle formation up-regulation of cardiac ventricle formation upregulation of cardiac ventricle formation activation of cardiac ventricle formation biological_process GO:1904944 positive regulation of cardiac ventricle formation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac ventricle formation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23575307 up regulation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac ventricle formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization. mec 2016-02-05T09:59:24Z down regulation of establishment of protein localisation down regulation of establishment of protein localization down regulation of protein positioning down regulation of protein recruitment down-regulation of establishment of protein localisation down-regulation of establishment of protein localization down-regulation of protein positioning down-regulation of protein recruitment downregulation of establishment of protein localisation downregulation of establishment of protein localization downregulation of protein positioning downregulation of protein recruitment negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation negative regulation of protein positioning negative regulation of protein recruitment inhibition of establishment of protein localisation inhibition of establishment of protein localization inhibition of protein positioning inhibition of protein recruitment biological_process GO:1904950 negative regulation of establishment of protein localization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22761445 down regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie downregulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie inhibition of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization. mec 2016-02-05T09:59:32Z positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation positive regulation of protein positioning positive regulation of protein recruitment up regulation of establishment of protein localisation up regulation of establishment of protein localization up regulation of protein positioning up regulation of protein recruitment up-regulation of establishment of protein localisation up-regulation of establishment of protein localization up-regulation of protein positioning up-regulation of protein recruitment upregulation of establishment of protein localisation upregulation of establishment of protein localization upregulation of protein positioning upregulation of protein recruitment activation of establishment of protein localisation activation of establishment of protein localization activation of protein positioning activation of protein recruitment biological_process GO:1904951 positive regulation of establishment of protein localization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22761445 positive regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie up regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie upregulation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie activation of establishment of protein localisation GOC:TermGenie activation of establishment of protein localization GOC:TermGenie activation of protein positioning GOC:TermGenie activation of protein recruitment GOC:TermGenie The process in which carboxylic acid is transported across a membrane. vw 2016-03-09T15:33:53Z biological_process GO:1905039 carboxylic acid transmembrane transport The process in which carboxylic acid is transported across a membrane. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000069 PMID:10869563 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. rph 2016-03-21T11:14:53Z regulation of VSMC differentiation regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905063 regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19088079 regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. rph 2016-03-21T11:15:03Z down regulation of VSMC differentiation down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation down-regulation of VSMC differentiation down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation downregulation of VSMC differentiation downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation negative regulation of VSMC differentiation negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation inhibition of VSMC differentiation inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905064 negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19088079 down regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. rph 2016-03-21T11:15:13Z positive regulation of VSMC differentiation positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation up regulation of VSMC differentiation up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation up-regulation of VSMC differentiation up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation upregulation of VSMC differentiation upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation activation of VSMC differentiation activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation activation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905065 positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19088079 positive regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of VSMC differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an allantois over time, from its formation to the mature structure. cls 2016-03-21T15:18:21Z biological_process allantoic bud development GO:1905069 allantois development The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an allantois over time, from its formation to the mature structure. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000094 PMID:17440924 PMID:21470579 allantoic bud development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport. sl 2016-04-11T20:38:31Z regulation of axonal protein transport biological_process GO:1905126 regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20694152 regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport. sl 2016-04-11T20:38:40Z down regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport down-regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport downregulation of axo-dendritic protein transport down regulation of axonal protein transport down-regulation of axonal protein transport downregulation of axonal protein transport inhibition of axo-dendritic protein transport inhibition of axonal protein transport negative regulation of axonal protein transport biological_process GO:1905127 negative regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20694152 down regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie down regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie downregulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie inhibition of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport. sl 2016-04-11T20:38:48Z up regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport up-regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport upregulation of axo-dendritic protein transport activation of axo-dendritic protein transport activation of axonal protein transport positive regulation of axonal protein transport up regulation of axonal protein transport up-regulation of axonal protein transport upregulation of axonal protein transport biological_process GO:1905128 positive regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axo-dendritic protein transport. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20694152 up regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie activation of axo-dendritic protein transport GOC:TermGenie activation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie up regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie upregulation of axonal protein transport GOC:TermGenie The process that gives rise to the apical ectodermal ridge. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. dph 2016-04-13T11:46:40Z apical epidermal ridge formation biological_process AER formation crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GO:1905139 apical ectodermal ridge formation The process that gives rise to the apical ectodermal ridge. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000081 PMID:18359901 PMID:9323126 PMID:9596583 apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie AER formation GOC:TermGenie crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation. dph 2016-04-13T12:16:40Z regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation biological_process regulation of AER formation regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GO:1905140 regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18359901 regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation. dph 2016-04-13T12:16:48Z down regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation down regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation down-regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation down-regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation downregulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation downregulation of apical epidermal ridge formation negative regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation inhibition of apical ectodermal ridge formation inhibition of apical epidermal ridge formation biological_process down regulation of AER formation down regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation down-regulation of AER formation down-regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation downregulation of AER formation downregulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation inhibition of AER formation inhibition of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation negative regulation of AER formation negative regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GO:1905141 negative regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18359901 down regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of AER formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation. dph 2016-04-13T12:16:57Z positive regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation up regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation up regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation up-regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation up-regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation upregulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation upregulation of apical epidermal ridge formation biological_process activation of AER formation positive regulation of AER formation positive regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation up regulation of AER formation up regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation up-regulation of AER formation up-regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation upregulation of AER formation upregulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GO:1905142 positive regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apical ectodermal ridge formation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18359901 positive regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apical ectodermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of apical epidermal ridge formation GOC:TermGenie activation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of AER formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of crista ectodermalis apicalis formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy. bc 2016-04-15T12:47:07Z biological_process GO:1905147 regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22161164 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy. bc 2016-04-15T12:47:16Z down regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy down-regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy downregulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy inhibition of smooth muscle hypertrophy biological_process GO:1905148 negative regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22161164 down regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie downregulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie inhibition of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy. bc 2016-04-15T12:47:24Z up regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy up-regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy upregulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy activation of smooth muscle hypertrophy biological_process GO:1905149 positive regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle hypertrophy. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:22161164 up regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie upregulation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie activation of smooth muscle hypertrophy GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation. bc 2016-06-02T07:20:01Z regulation of cardiac cell differentiation regulation of heart cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905207 regulation of cardiocyte differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23069713 regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation. bc 2016-06-02T07:20:09Z down regulation of cardiac cell differentiation down regulation of cardiocyte differentiation down regulation of heart cell differentiation down-regulation of cardiac cell differentiation down-regulation of cardiocyte differentiation down-regulation of heart cell differentiation downregulation of cardiac cell differentiation downregulation of cardiocyte differentiation downregulation of heart cell differentiation negative regulation of cardiac cell differentiation negative regulation of heart cell differentiation inhibition of cardiac cell differentiation inhibition of cardiocyte differentiation inhibition of heart cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905208 negative regulation of cardiocyte differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23069713 down regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation. bc 2016-06-02T07:20:16Z positive regulation of cardiac cell differentiation positive regulation of heart cell differentiation up regulation of cardiac cell differentiation up regulation of cardiocyte differentiation up regulation of heart cell differentiation up-regulation of cardiac cell differentiation up-regulation of cardiocyte differentiation up-regulation of heart cell differentiation upregulation of cardiac cell differentiation upregulation of cardiocyte differentiation upregulation of heart cell differentiation activation of cardiac cell differentiation activation of cardiocyte differentiation activation of heart cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905209 positive regulation of cardiocyte differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23069713 positive regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiocyte differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of heart cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation. vw 2016-06-03T08:41:08Z biological_process GO:1905213 negative regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic chromosome condensation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23219725 The developmental process by which an epicardium is generated and organized. rl 2016-06-07T10:02:32Z heart epicardium morphogenesis visceral serous pericardium of heart morphogenesis visceral serous pericardium proper morphogenesis biological_process pericardium visceral mesothelium morphogenesis GO:1905223 epicardium morphogenesis The developmental process by which an epicardium is generated and organized. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000083 PMID:18718461 heart epicardium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie visceral serous pericardium of heart morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie visceral serous pericardium proper morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie pericardium visceral mesothelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22766 pr 2016-06-15T20:14:47Z GO:0045798 GO:1903309 down regulation of chromatin organisation down regulation of chromatin organization down regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture down-regulation of chromatin organisation down-regulation of chromatin organization down-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture downregulation of chromatin organisation downregulation of chromatin organization downregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture negative regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly negative regulation of chromatin organisation negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture inhibition of chromatin assembly or disassembly inhibition of chromatin organisation inhibition of chromatin organization inhibition of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture biological_process down regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly down-regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly downregulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly negative regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly negative regulation of chromatin modification GO:1905268 negative regulation of chromatin organization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 PMID:654321 down regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie downregulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie inhibition of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie inhibition of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22766 pr 2016-06-15T20:14:56Z GO:0045799 GO:1903310 positive regulation of chromatin organisation positive regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture up regulation of chromatin organisation up regulation of chromatin organization up regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture up-regulation of chromatin organisation up-regulation of chromatin organization up-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture upregulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly upregulation of chromatin organisation upregulation of chromatin organization upregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture activation of chromatin assembly or disassembly activation of chromatin organisation activation of chromatin organization activation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture stimulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly biological_process positive regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly positive regulation of chromatin assembly/disassembly positive regulation of chromatin modification up regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly up-regulation of chromatin assembly or disassembly GO:1905269 positive regulation of chromatin organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:pr GOC:vw GO_REF:0000058 PMID:654321 positive regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie up regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie upregulation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie activation of chromatin organisation GOC:TermGenie activation of chromatin organization GOC:TermGenie activation of establishment or maintenance of chromatin architecture GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. bhm 2016-06-20T09:35:41Z biological_process GO:1905276 An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay). regulation of epithelial tube formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25745997 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. bhm 2016-06-20T09:35:49Z down regulation of epithelial tube formation down-regulation of epithelial tube formation downregulation of epithelial tube formation inhibition of epithelial tube formation biological_process GO:1905277 An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay). negative regulation of epithelial tube formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25745997 down regulation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. bhm 2016-06-20T09:35:57Z up regulation of epithelial tube formation up-regulation of epithelial tube formation upregulation of epithelial tube formation activation of epithelial tube formation biological_process GO:1905278 An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay). positive regulation of epithelial tube formation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25745997 up regulation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie activation of epithelial tube formation GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process in a vascular associated smooth muscle cell. rph 2016-06-23T13:24:20Z VSMC apoptotic process vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process VSMC apoptosis vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1905288 vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a vascular associated smooth muscle cell. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000085 PMID:26493107 VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation. rl 2016-06-28T15:02:01Z biological_process GO:1905292 regulation of neural crest cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15073157 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation. rl 2016-06-28T15:02:09Z down regulation of neural crest cell differentiation down-regulation of neural crest cell differentiation downregulation of neural crest cell differentiation inhibition of neural crest cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905293 negative regulation of neural crest cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15073157 down regulation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation. rl 2016-06-28T15:02:16Z up regulation of neural crest cell differentiation up-regulation of neural crest cell differentiation upregulation of neural crest cell differentiation activation of neural crest cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905294 positive regulation of neural crest cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural crest cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15073157 up regulation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of neural crest cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. rph 2016-06-30T11:40:47Z biological_process GO:1905298 regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23904268 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. rph 2016-06-30T11:40:55Z down regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development down-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development downregulation of intestinal epithelial cell development inhibition of intestinal epithelial cell development biological_process GO:1905299 negative regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23904268 down regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. rph 2016-06-30T11:41:02Z up regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development up-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development upregulation of intestinal epithelial cell development activation of intestinal epithelial cell development biological_process GO:1905300 positive regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal epithelial cell development. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23904268 up regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie activation of intestinal epithelial cell development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly. rl 2016-07-06T10:01:49Z regulation of cardiac myofibril development regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis biological_process regulation of heart myofibril assembly GO:1905304 regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16151019 regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly. rl 2016-07-06T10:01:58Z down regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly down regulation of cardiac myofibril development down regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis down-regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly down-regulation of cardiac myofibril development down-regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis downregulation of cardiac myofibril assembly downregulation of cardiac myofibril development downregulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis negative regulation of cardiac myofibril development negative regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis inhibition of cardiac myofibril assembly inhibition of cardiac myofibril development inhibition of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis biological_process down regulation of heart myofibril assembly down-regulation of heart myofibril assembly downregulation of heart myofibril assembly inhibition of heart myofibril assembly negative regulation of heart myofibril assembly GO:1905305 negative regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16151019 down regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly. rl 2016-07-06T10:02:07Z positive regulation of cardiac myofibril development positive regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis up regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly up regulation of cardiac myofibril development up regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis up-regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly up-regulation of cardiac myofibril development up-regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis upregulation of cardiac myofibril assembly upregulation of cardiac myofibril development upregulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis activation of cardiac myofibril assembly activation of cardiac myofibril development activation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis biological_process activation of heart myofibril assembly positive regulation of heart myofibril assembly up regulation of heart myofibril assembly up-regulation of heart myofibril assembly upregulation of heart myofibril assembly GO:1905306 positive regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac myofibril assembly. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16151019 positive regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac myofibril development GOC:TermGenie activation of cardiac myofibril morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of heart myofibril assembly GOC:TermGenie Any cell proliferation that is involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis. rl 2016-07-12T13:56:36Z biological_process GO:1905315 cell proliferation involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis Any cell proliferation that is involved in endocardial cushion morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:TermGenie GOC:rl GO_REF:0000060 PMID:20652948 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. bhm 2016-07-22T07:13:49Z regulation of epithelium morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905330 An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay). regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25745997 regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. bhm 2016-07-22T07:13:57Z down regulation of epithelium morphogenesis down regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium down-regulation of epithelium morphogenesis down-regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium downregulation of epithelium morphogenesis downregulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium negative regulation of epithelium morphogenesis inhibition of epithelium morphogenesis inhibition of morphogenesis of an epithelium biological_process GO:1905331 An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay). negative regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25745997 down regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie downregulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. bhm 2016-07-22T07:14:05Z positive regulation of epithelium morphogenesis up regulation of epithelium morphogenesis up regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium up-regulation of epithelium morphogenesis up-regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium upregulation of epithelium morphogenesis upregulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium activation of epithelium morphogenesis activation of morphogenesis of an epithelium biological_process GO:1905332 An example of this is MMRN2 in human (Q9H8L6) in PMID:25745997 (inferred from direct assay). positive regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25745997 positive regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie upregulation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie activation of epithelium morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of morphogenesis of an epithelium GOC:TermGenie The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ciliary transition zone. pr 2016-08-04T14:49:43Z cilial transition zone assembly cilial transition zone formation ciliary transition zone formation cilium transition zone assembly cilium transition zone formation biological_process GO:1905349 ciliary transition zone assembly The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ciliary transition zone. GOC:TermGenie GOC:cilia GO_REF:0000079 PMID:21725307 PMID:23644468 PMID:24448408 PMID:26595381 PMID:26982032 cilial transition zone assembly GOC:TermGenie cilial transition zone formation GOC:TermGenie ciliary transition zone formation GOC:TermGenie cilium transition zone assembly GOC:TermGenie cilium transition zone formation GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynapse. dos 2016-08-18T14:42:59Z protein localisation in presynapse protein localisation to presynapse protein localization in presynapse recruitment of presynaptic proteins biological_process GO:1905383 protein localization to presynapse A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynapse. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000087 PMID:24449494 protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie recruitment of presynaptic proteins PMID:24449494 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse. dos 2016-08-18T14:56:00Z regulation of protein localisation in presynapse regulation of protein localisation to presynapse regulation of protein localization in presynapse regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins biological_process GO:1905384 regulation of protein localization to presynapse Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24449494 regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse. dos 2016-08-18T14:56:08Z down regulation of protein localisation in presynapse down regulation of protein localisation to presynapse down regulation of protein localization in presynapse down regulation of protein localization to presynapse down regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins down-regulation of protein localisation in presynapse down-regulation of protein localisation to presynapse down-regulation of protein localization in presynapse down-regulation of protein localization to presynapse down-regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins downregulation of protein localisation in presynapse downregulation of protein localisation to presynapse downregulation of protein localization in presynapse downregulation of protein localization to presynapse downregulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins negative regulation of protein localisation in presynapse negative regulation of protein localisation to presynapse negative regulation of protein localization in presynapse negative regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins inhibition of protein localisation in presynapse inhibition of protein localisation to presynapse inhibition of protein localization in presynapse inhibition of protein localization to presynapse inhibition of recruitment of presynaptic proteins biological_process GO:1905385 negative regulation of protein localization to presynapse Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24449494 down regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie down regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie downregulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie inhibition of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse. dos 2016-08-18T14:56:21Z positive regulation of protein localisation in presynapse positive regulation of protein localisation to presynapse positive regulation of protein localization in presynapse positive regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins up regulation of protein localisation in presynapse up regulation of protein localisation to presynapse up regulation of protein localization in presynapse up regulation of protein localization to presynapse up regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins up-regulation of protein localisation in presynapse up-regulation of protein localisation to presynapse up-regulation of protein localization in presynapse up-regulation of protein localization to presynapse up-regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins upregulation of protein localisation in presynapse upregulation of protein localisation to presynapse upregulation of protein localization in presynapse upregulation of protein localization to presynapse upregulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins activation of protein localisation in presynapse activation of protein localisation to presynapse activation of protein localization in presynapse activation of protein localization to presynapse activation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins biological_process GO:1905386 positive regulation of protein localization to presynapse Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to presynapse. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:24449494 positive regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie up regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie upregulation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation in presynapse GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to presynapse GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in presynapse GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to presynapse GOC:TermGenie activation of recruitment of presynaptic proteins GOC:TermGenie Any intracellular signal transduction that is involved in positive regulation of cell growth. dph 2016-09-07T18:15:01Z intracellular signal transduction involved in up regulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction involved in up-regulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction involved in upregulation of cell growth intracellular signaling chain involved in positive regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling chain involved in up regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling chain involved in up-regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling chain involved in upregulation of cell growth intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in activation of cell growth intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction involved in activation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction involved in stimulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in activation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in positive regulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in stimulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in up regulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in up-regulation of cell growth intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in upregulation of cell growth intracellular signaling chain involved in activation of cell growth intracellular signaling chain involved in stimulation of cell growth protein kinase cascade involved in activation of cell growth protein kinase cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth protein kinase cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth protein kinase cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth protein kinase cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth protein kinase cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in activation of cell growth signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth biological_process intracellular signaling cascade involved in activation of cell growth intracellular signaling cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth intracellular signaling cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth intracellular signaling pathway involved in activation of cell growth intracellular signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling pathway involved in stimulation of cell growth intracellular signaling pathway involved in up regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling pathway involved in up-regulation of cell growth intracellular signaling pathway involved in upregulation of cell growth signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in activation of cell growth signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth GO:1905427 intracellular signal transduction involved in positive regulation of cell growth Any intracellular signal transduction that is involved in positive regulation of cell growth. GOC:TermGenie GOC:al GOC:vw GO_REF:0000060 PMID:15917811 intracellular signal transduction involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling chain involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling chain involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling chain involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling chain involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular protein kinase cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signal transduction pathway involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling chain involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling chain involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie protein kinase cascade involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie protein kinase cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie protein kinase cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie protein kinase cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie protein kinase cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie protein kinase cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transmission via intracellular cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling cascade involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling pathway involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling pathway involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling pathway involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling pathway involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling pathway involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie intracellular signaling pathway involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in activation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in positive regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in stimulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in up regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in up-regulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie signal transduction via intracellular signaling cascade involved in upregulation of cell growth GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. bf 2016-09-14T10:56:47Z biological_process regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GO:1905432 regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19448629 regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GOC:bf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. bf 2016-09-14T10:56:55Z down regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide down-regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide downregulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide inhibition of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide biological_process inhibition of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling negative regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GO:1905433 negative regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19448629 down regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie downregulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie inhibition of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie inhibition of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GOC:bf negative regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GOC:bf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. bf 2016-09-14T10:57:02Z up regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide up-regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide upregulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide activation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide biological_process positive regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GO:1905434 positive regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bf GO_REF:0000058 PMID:19448629 up regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie upregulation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie activation of retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by neuropeptide GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of neuropeptide-mediated retrograde trans-synaptic signaling GOC:bf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation. rz 2016-09-16T12:32:18Z biological_process GO:1905453 regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27010503 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation. rz 2016-09-16T12:32:26Z down regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation down-regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation downregulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation inhibition of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905454 negative regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27010503 down regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation. rz 2016-09-16T12:32:33Z up regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation up-regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation upregulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation activation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905455 positive regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27010503 up regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of myeloid progenitor cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. rph 2016-09-19T11:33:54Z regulation of VSMC apoptotic process regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process regulation of VSMC apoptosis regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1905459 regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26493107 regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. rph 2016-09-19T11:34:03Z down regulation of VSMC apoptotic process down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process down-regulation of VSMC apoptotic process down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process downregulation of VSMC apoptotic process downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process negative regulation of VSMC apoptotic process negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process down regulation of VSMC apoptosis down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis down-regulation of VSMC apoptosis down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis downregulation of VSMC apoptosis downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis inhibition of VSMC apoptosis inhibition of VSMC apoptotic process inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process negative regulation of VSMC apoptosis negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1905460 negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26493107 down regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. rph 2016-09-19T11:34:10Z positive regulation of VSMC apoptotic process positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process up regulation of VSMC apoptotic process up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process up-regulation of VSMC apoptotic process up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process upregulation of VSMC apoptotic process upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process activation of VSMC apoptosis activation of VSMC apoptotic process activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process activation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis activation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process positive regulation of VSMC apoptosis positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis up regulation of VSMC apoptosis up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis up-regulation of VSMC apoptosis up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis upregulation of VSMC apoptosis upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis biological_process GO:1905461 positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26493107 positive regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of VSMC apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptotic process GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of VSMC apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane. bc 2016-09-21T16:20:03Z regulation of protein localisation in membrane regulation of protein localization in membrane biological_process GO:1905475 regulation of protein localization to membrane Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26911690 regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane. bc 2016-09-21T16:20:10Z down regulation of protein localisation in membrane down regulation of protein localization in membrane down regulation of protein localization to membrane down-regulation of protein localisation in membrane down-regulation of protein localization in membrane down-regulation of protein localization to membrane downregulation of protein localisation in membrane downregulation of protein localization in membrane downregulation of protein localization to membrane negative regulation of protein localisation in membrane negative regulation of protein localization in membrane inhibition of protein localisation in membrane inhibition of protein localization in membrane inhibition of protein localization to membrane biological_process GO:1905476 negative regulation of protein localization to membrane Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26911690 down regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane. bc 2016-09-21T16:20:18Z positive regulation of protein localisation in membrane positive regulation of protein localization in membrane up regulation of protein localisation in membrane up regulation of protein localization in membrane up regulation of protein localization to membrane up-regulation of protein localisation in membrane up-regulation of protein localization in membrane up-regulation of protein localization to membrane upregulation of protein localisation in membrane upregulation of protein localization in membrane upregulation of protein localization to membrane activation of protein localisation in membrane activation of protein localization in membrane activation of protein localization to membrane biological_process GO:1905477 positive regulation of protein localization to membrane Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26911690 positive regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation in membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in membrane GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to membrane GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve. hbye 2016-09-23T14:11:52Z up regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve up-regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve upregulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve activation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve biological_process GO:1905492 positive regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:16516839 up regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve GOC:TermGenie upregulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve GOC:TermGenie activation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fertilization. pr 2016-09-30T14:32:32Z positive regulation of syngamy up regulation of fertilization up regulation of syngamy up-regulation of fertilization up-regulation of syngamy upregulation of fertilization upregulation of syngamy activation of fertilization activation of syngamy biological_process GO:1905516 positive regulation of fertilization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fertilization. GOC:TermGenie GOC:hbye GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27564576 positive regulation of syngamy GOC:TermGenie up regulation of fertilization GOC:TermGenie up regulation of syngamy GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of fertilization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of syngamy GOC:TermGenie upregulation of fertilization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of syngamy GOC:TermGenie activation of fertilization GOC:TermGenie activation of syngamy GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. nc 2016-10-12T14:19:33Z regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905553 regulation of blood vessel branching Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23201774 regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. nc 2016-10-12T14:19:41Z down regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis down regulation of patterning of blood vessels down-regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis down-regulation of patterning of blood vessels downregulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis downregulation of patterning of blood vessels negative regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis inhibition of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis inhibition of patterning of blood vessels biological_process GO:1905554 negative regulation of vessel branching Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23201774 down regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie downregulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. nc 2016-10-12T14:19:49Z positive regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis up regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis up regulation of patterning of blood vessels up-regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis up-regulation of patterning of blood vessels upregulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis upregulation of patterning of blood vessels activation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis activation of patterning of blood vessels biological_process GO:1905555 positive regulation of blood vessel branching Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel branching. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23201774 positive regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie upregulation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie activation of branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of patterning of blood vessels GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly. hbye 2016-10-14T13:14:57Z regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation biological_process GO:1905557 regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18765790 regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly. hbye 2016-10-14T13:15:08Z down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly biological_process GO:1905558 negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18765790 down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly. hbye 2016-10-14T13:15:17Z positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly activation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown activation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism activation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation activation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly biological_process GO:1905559 positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:18765790 positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie activation of mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown GOC:TermGenie activation of mitotic nuclear envelope catabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of mitotic nuclear envelope degradation GOC:TermGenie activation of mitotic nuclear envelope disassembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. nc 2016-10-17T09:24:17Z biological_process GO:1905562 regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23201774 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. nc 2016-10-17T09:24:26Z down regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation down-regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation downregulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation inhibition of vascular endothelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:1905563 negative regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23201774 down regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. nc 2016-10-17T09:24:35Z up regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation up-regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation upregulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation activation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation biological_process GO:1905564 positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_telomere GOC:TermGenie GOC:nc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23201774 up regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. bc 2016-10-27T16:08:13Z regulation of presynapse biogenesis regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly biological_process GO:1905606 regulation of presynapse assembly Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25533483 regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. bc 2016-10-27T16:08:20Z down regulation of presynapse assembly down regulation of presynapse biogenesis down regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly down-regulation of presynapse assembly down-regulation of presynapse biogenesis down-regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly downregulation of presynapse assembly downregulation of presynapse biogenesis downregulation of presynaptic terminal assembly negative regulation of presynapse biogenesis negative regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly inhibition of presynapse assembly inhibition of presynapse biogenesis inhibition of presynaptic terminal assembly biological_process GO:1905607 negative regulation of presynapse assembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25533483 down regulation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie down regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. bc 2016-10-27T16:08:28Z positive regulation of presynapse biogenesis positive regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly up regulation of presynapse assembly up regulation of presynapse biogenesis up regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly up-regulation of presynapse assembly up-regulation of presynapse biogenesis up-regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly upregulation of presynapse assembly upregulation of presynapse biogenesis upregulation of presynaptic terminal assembly activation of presynapse assembly activation of presynapse biogenesis activation of presynaptic terminal assembly biological_process GO:1905608 positive regulation of presynapse assembly Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of presynapse assembly. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:bc GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25533483 positive regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie up regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of presynapse assembly GOC:TermGenie activation of presynapse biogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of presynaptic terminal assembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process. pad 2016-10-31T14:26:20Z regulation of serotonin anabolism regulation of serotonin biosynthesis regulation of serotonin formation regulation of serotonin synthesis biological_process GO:1905627 regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:pad GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25642596 regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process. pad 2016-10-31T14:26:28Z down regulation of serotonin anabolism down regulation of serotonin biosynthesis down regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process down regulation of serotonin formation down regulation of serotonin synthesis down-regulation of serotonin anabolism down-regulation of serotonin biosynthesis down-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process down-regulation of serotonin formation down-regulation of serotonin synthesis downregulation of serotonin anabolism downregulation of serotonin biosynthesis downregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process downregulation of serotonin formation downregulation of serotonin synthesis negative regulation of serotonin anabolism negative regulation of serotonin biosynthesis negative regulation of serotonin formation negative regulation of serotonin synthesis inhibition of serotonin anabolism inhibition of serotonin biosynthesis inhibition of serotonin biosynthetic process inhibition of serotonin formation inhibition of serotonin synthesis biological_process GO:1905628 negative regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:pad GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25642596 down regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie down regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie downregulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie downregulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie inhibition of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie inhibition of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process. pad 2016-10-31T14:26:36Z positive regulation of serotonin anabolism positive regulation of serotonin biosynthesis positive regulation of serotonin formation positive regulation of serotonin synthesis up regulation of serotonin anabolism up regulation of serotonin biosynthesis up regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process up regulation of serotonin formation up regulation of serotonin synthesis up-regulation of serotonin anabolism up-regulation of serotonin biosynthesis up-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process up-regulation of serotonin formation up-regulation of serotonin synthesis upregulation of serotonin anabolism upregulation of serotonin biosynthesis upregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process upregulation of serotonin formation upregulation of serotonin synthesis activation of serotonin anabolism activation of serotonin biosynthesis activation of serotonin biosynthetic process activation of serotonin formation activation of serotonin synthesis biological_process GO:1905629 positive regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of serotonin biosynthetic process. GOC:PARL GOC:TermGenie GOC:pad GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25642596 positive regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie up regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie upregulation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie upregulation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of serotonin anabolism GOC:TermGenie activation of serotonin biosynthesis GOC:TermGenie activation of serotonin biosynthetic process GOC:TermGenie activation of serotonin formation GOC:TermGenie activation of serotonin synthesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin. pga 2016-11-01T16:33:52Z regulation of protein localisation to chromatin biological_process GO:1905634 regulation of protein localization to chromatin Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:20889714 regulation of protein localisation to chromatin GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis. rph 2016-11-09T12:19:37Z regulation of arterial morphogenesis regulation of arteriogenesis biological_process GO:1905651 regulation of artery morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27389411 regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis. rph 2016-11-09T12:19:53Z down regulation of arterial morphogenesis down regulation of arteriogenesis down regulation of artery morphogenesis down-regulation of arterial morphogenesis down-regulation of arteriogenesis down-regulation of artery morphogenesis downregulation of arterial morphogenesis downregulation of arteriogenesis downregulation of artery morphogenesis negative regulation of arterial morphogenesis negative regulation of arteriogenesis inhibition of arterial morphogenesis inhibition of arteriogenesis inhibition of artery morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905652 negative regulation of artery morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27389411 down regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis. rph 2016-11-09T12:20:01Z positive regulation of arterial morphogenesis positive regulation of arteriogenesis up regulation of arterial morphogenesis up regulation of arteriogenesis up regulation of artery morphogenesis up-regulation of arterial morphogenesis up-regulation of arteriogenesis up-regulation of artery morphogenesis upregulation of arterial morphogenesis upregulation of arteriogenesis upregulation of artery morphogenesis activation of arterial morphogenesis activation of arteriogenesis activation of artery morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905653 positive regulation of artery morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27389411 positive regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of arterial morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of arteriogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of artery morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie The disaggregation of a nucleus into its constituent components. pr 2016-11-14T13:38:57Z cell nucleus disassembly biological_process GO:1905690 nucleus disassembly The disaggregation of a nucleus into its constituent components. GOC:TermGenie GOC:autophagy GOC:pr GO_REF:0000079 cell nucleus disassembly GOC:TermGenie Any microtubule bundle that is part of a cytoplasm. mah 2016-11-24T16:52:02Z microtubule bundle of cytoplasm microtubule fascicle of cytoplasm cellular_component GO:1905720 cytoplasmic microtubule bundle Any microtubule bundle that is part of a cytoplasm. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000064 PMID:11007487 PMID:26124291 microtubule bundle of cytoplasm GOC:TermGenie microtubule fascicle of cytoplasm GOC:TermGenie A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic microtubule. mah 2016-12-12T15:31:07Z protein localisation to cytoplasmic microtubule biological_process GO:1905755 protein localization to cytoplasmic microtubule A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic microtubule. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000087 PMID:15177031 protein localisation to cytoplasmic microtubule GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation. rph 2016-12-21T12:44:13Z regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905770 regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23765923 regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation. rph 2016-12-21T12:44:23Z down regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation down regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation down-regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation down-regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation downregulation of mesoderm cell differentiation downregulation of mesodermal cell differentiation negative regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation inhibition of mesoderm cell differentiation inhibition of mesodermal cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905771 negative regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23765923 down regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation. rph 2016-12-21T12:44:32Z positive regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation up regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation up regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation up-regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation up-regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation upregulation of mesoderm cell differentiation upregulation of mesodermal cell differentiation activation of mesoderm cell differentiation activation of mesodermal cell differentiation biological_process GO:1905772 positive regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23765923 positive regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of mesoderm cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie activation of mesodermal cell differentiation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning. tb 2017-01-11T22:03:15Z regulation of synapse clearance regulation of synapse disassembly regulation of synapse elimination regulation of synapse removal biological_process GO:1905806 regulation of synapse pruning Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27779093 regulation of synapse disassembly Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning. tb 2017-01-11T22:03:24Z regulation of synapse clearance regulation of synapse disassembly regulation of synapse elimination regulation of synapse removal down regulation of synapse disassembly down-regulation of synapse disassembly downregulation of synapse disassembly inhibition of synapse disassembly biological_process GO:1905807 negative regulation of synapse pruning Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27779093 down regulation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie downregulation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie inhibition of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning. tb 2017-01-11T22:03:33Z regulation of synapse clearance regulation of synapse disassembly regulation of synapse elimination regulation of synapse removal up regulation of synapse disassembly up-regulation of synapse disassembly upregulation of synapse disassembly activation of synapse disassembly biological_process GO:1905808 positive regulation of synapse pruning Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27779093 up regulation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie upregulation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie activation of synapse disassembly GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse organization. tb 2017-01-11T22:03:41Z down regulation of synapse development down regulation of synapse organisation down regulation of synapse organization down-regulation of synapse development down-regulation of synapse organisation down-regulation of synapse organization downregulation of synapse development downregulation of synapse organisation downregulation of synapse organization negative regulation of synapse development negative regulation of synapse organisation inhibition of synapse development inhibition of synapse organisation inhibition of synapse organization biological_process down regulation of synapse morphogenesis down regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis down-regulation of synapse morphogenesis down-regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis downregulation of synapse morphogenesis downregulation of synapse organization and biogenesis inhibition of synapse morphogenesis inhibition of synapse organization and biogenesis negative regulation of synapse morphogenesis negative regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GO:1905809 negative regulation of synapse organization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse organization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27779093 down regulation of synapse development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of synapse organisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of synapse organization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of synapse development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of synapse organisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of synapse organization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of synapse development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of synapse organisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of synapse organization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of synapse development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of synapse organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of synapse development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of synapse organisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of synapse organization GOC:TermGenie down regulation of synapse morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of synapse morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of synapse morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of synapse morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of synapse morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of synapse organization and biogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation. bhm 2017-01-13T14:13:44Z positive regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation positive regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation up regulation of chromosome condensation up regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation up regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation up-regulation of chromosome condensation up-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation up-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation upregulation of chromosome condensation upregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation upregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation activation of chromosome condensation activation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation activation of nuclear chromosome condensation biological_process GO:1905821 positive regulation of chromosome condensation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17268547 positive regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie activation of chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie activation of eukaryotic chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie activation of nuclear chromosome condensation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule nucleation. hbye 2017-01-17T12:00:56Z down regulation of microtubule nucleation down-regulation of microtubule nucleation downregulation of microtubule nucleation inhibition of microtubule nucleation biological_process GO:1905833 negative regulation of microtubule nucleation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule nucleation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:27689799 down regulation of microtubule nucleation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of microtubule nucleation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of microtubule nucleation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of microtubule nucleation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge. sl 2017-01-27T19:34:55Z regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge biological_process GO:1905871 regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26324884 regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge. sl 2017-01-27T19:35:04Z down regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge down regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge down regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge down regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge down-regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge down-regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge down-regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge down-regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge downregulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge downregulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge downregulation of protein localization in cell leading edge downregulation of protein localization to cell leading edge negative regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge negative regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge negative regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge inhibition of protein localisation in cell leading edge inhibition of protein localisation to cell leading edge inhibition of protein localization in cell leading edge inhibition of protein localization to cell leading edge biological_process GO:1905872 negative regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26324884 down regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie downregulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie inhibition of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge. sl 2017-01-27T19:35:13Z positive regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge positive regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge positive regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge up regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge up regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge up regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge up regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge up-regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge up-regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge up-regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge up-regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge upregulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge upregulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge upregulation of protein localization in cell leading edge upregulation of protein localization to cell leading edge activation of protein localisation in cell leading edge activation of protein localisation to cell leading edge activation of protein localization in cell leading edge activation of protein localization to cell leading edge biological_process GO:1905873 positive regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell leading edge. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26324884 positive regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie positive regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie upregulation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localisation to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization in cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie activation of protein localization to cell leading edge GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis. hbye 2017-01-31T09:31:05Z regulation of ovum development biological_process GO:1905879 regulation of oogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26434723 regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis. hbye 2017-01-31T09:31:15Z down regulation of oogenesis down regulation of ovum development down-regulation of oogenesis down-regulation of ovum development downregulation of oogenesis downregulation of ovum development negative regulation of ovum development inhibition of oogenesis inhibition of ovum development biological_process GO:1905880 negative regulation of oogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26434723 down regulation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie down regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of ovum development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis. hbye 2017-01-31T09:31:23Z positive regulation of ovum development up regulation of oogenesis up regulation of ovum development up-regulation of oogenesis up-regulation of ovum development upregulation of oogenesis upregulation of ovum development activation of oogenesis activation of ovum development biological_process GO:1905881 positive regulation of oogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oogenesis. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:26434723 positive regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie activation of oogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of ovum development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development. bhm 2017-02-01T14:31:16Z biological_process GO:1905899 regulation of smooth muscle tissue development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:14709716 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development. bhm 2017-02-01T14:31:24Z down regulation of smooth muscle tissue development down-regulation of smooth muscle tissue development downregulation of smooth muscle tissue development inhibition of smooth muscle tissue development biological_process GO:1905900 negative regulation of smooth muscle tissue development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:14709716 down regulation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development. bhm 2017-02-01T14:31:33Z up regulation of smooth muscle tissue development up-regulation of smooth muscle tissue development upregulation of smooth muscle tissue development activation of smooth muscle tissue development biological_process GO:1905901 positive regulation of smooth muscle tissue development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle tissue development. GOC:TermGenie GOC:bhm GO_REF:0000058 PMID:14709716 up regulation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie activation of smooth muscle tissue development GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation. rph 2017-02-03T12:28:20Z biological_process GO:1905902 regulation of mesoderm formation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23939491 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation. rph 2017-02-03T12:28:29Z down regulation of mesoderm formation down-regulation of mesoderm formation downregulation of mesoderm formation inhibition of mesoderm formation biological_process GO:1905903 negative regulation of mesoderm formation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23939491 down regulation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation. rph 2017-02-03T12:28:38Z up regulation of mesoderm formation up-regulation of mesoderm formation upregulation of mesoderm formation activation of mesoderm formation biological_process GO:1905904 positive regulation of mesoderm formation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm formation. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:23939491 up regulation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie activation of mesoderm formation GOC:TermGenie The developmental process by which a pharyngeal gland is generated and organized. rz 2017-02-03T14:39:10Z pharynx gland morphogenesis biological_process glandulae pharyngeae morphogenesis GO:1905905 pharyngeal gland morphogenesis The developmental process by which a pharyngeal gland is generated and organized. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000083 PMID:21868609 pharynx gland morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie glandulae pharyngeae morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation. hbye 2017-02-09T14:51:31Z biological_process GO:1905936 regulation of germ cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15342467 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation. hbye 2017-02-09T14:51:41Z down regulation of germ cell proliferation down-regulation of germ cell proliferation downregulation of germ cell proliferation inhibition of germ cell proliferation biological_process GO:1905937 negative regulation of germ cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15342467 down regulation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation. hbye 2017-02-09T14:51:51Z up regulation of germ cell proliferation up-regulation of germ cell proliferation upregulation of germ cell proliferation activation of germ cell proliferation biological_process GO:1905938 positive regulation of germ cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15342467 up regulation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie activation of germ cell proliferation GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development. hbye 2017-02-09T17:01:50Z regulation of gonadogenesis biological_process GO:1905939 regulation of gonad development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15342467 regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development. hbye 2017-02-09T17:01:59Z down regulation of gonad development down regulation of gonadogenesis down-regulation of gonad development down-regulation of gonadogenesis downregulation of gonad development downregulation of gonadogenesis negative regulation of gonadogenesis inhibition of gonad development inhibition of gonadogenesis biological_process GO:1905940 negative regulation of gonad development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15342467 down regulation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie down regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie downregulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of gonad development GOC:TermGenie inhibition of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development. hbye 2017-02-09T17:02:08Z positive regulation of gonadogenesis up regulation of gonad development up regulation of gonadogenesis up-regulation of gonad development up-regulation of gonadogenesis upregulation of gonad development upregulation of gonadogenesis activation of gonad development activation of gonadogenesis biological_process GO:1905941 positive regulation of gonad development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:15342467 positive regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie up regulation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie up regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie upregulation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of gonad development GOC:TermGenie activation of gonadogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization. rz 2017-02-21T12:12:22Z regulation of lipid localisation biological_process GO:1905952 regulation of lipid localization Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17564681 regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization. rz 2017-02-21T12:12:41Z down regulation of lipid localisation down regulation of lipid localization down-regulation of lipid localisation down-regulation of lipid localization downregulation of lipid localisation downregulation of lipid localization negative regulation of lipid localisation inhibition of lipid localisation inhibition of lipid localization biological_process GO:1905953 negative regulation of lipid localization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17564681 down regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie down regulation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie downregulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie downregulation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie negative regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie inhibition of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization. rz 2017-02-21T12:12:49Z positive regulation of lipid localisation up regulation of lipid localisation up regulation of lipid localization up-regulation of lipid localisation up-regulation of lipid localization upregulation of lipid localisation upregulation of lipid localization activation of lipid localisation activation of lipid localization biological_process GO:1905954 positive regulation of lipid localization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization. GOC:TermGenie GO_REF:0000058 PMID:17564681 positive regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie up regulation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie upregulation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie upregulation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie activation of lipid localisation GOC:TermGenie activation of lipid localization GOC:TermGenie Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis. rph 2017-02-21T15:17:31Z down regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis down-regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis downregulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis inhibition of endothelial tube morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905955 negative regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25961718 down regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie down-regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie downregulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie inhibition of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis. rph 2017-02-21T15:17:39Z up regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis up-regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis upregulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis activation of endothelial tube morphogenesis biological_process GO:1905956 positive regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis. GOC:BHF GOC:BHF_miRNA GOC:TermGenie GOC:rph GO_REF:0000058 PMID:25961718 up regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie up-regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie upregulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie activation of endothelial tube morphogenesis GOC:TermGenie Any apoptotic process in a retinal cell. pr 2012-12-12T10:15:08Z GO:0046674 biological_process induction of retinal programmed cell death GO:1990009 retinal cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a retinal cell. GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:15558487 PMID:24664675 Any apoptotic process in a compound eye retinal cell. pr 2012-12-12T10:21:07Z biological_process GO:1990010 compound eye retinal cell apoptotic process Any apoptotic process in a compound eye retinal cell. GOC:mtg_apoptosis PMID:12021768 The process whereby a membrane-bounded vesicle is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. hjd 2013-09-04T21:08:14Z exosomal secretory pathway extracellular vesicular exosome secretion multi-vesicular body fusion with plasma membrane secretion of exosome exosomal protein secretion biological_process GO:1990182 exosomal secretion The process whereby a membrane-bounded vesicle is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. GOC:hjd PMID:10572093 PMID:12154376 PMID:16773132 PMID:18617898 exosomal secretory pathway PMID:18617898 extracellular vesicular exosome secretion GOC:hjd secretion of exosome PMID:18617898 exosomal protein secretion PMID:18617898 A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). bhm 2013-11-12T13:20:12Z cellular_component GO:1990234 transferase complex A protein complex capable of catalyzing the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). GOC:bhm PMID:16540464 A process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. mah 2014-01-30T15:55:34Z RNA localisation to chromatin biological_process GO:1990280 RNA localization to chromatin A process in which RNA is transported to and maintained in a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin. GOC:dos GOC:mah PMID:22582262 A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry of the large intestine, exclusive of the rectum. The colon is that part of the large intestine that connects the small intestine to the rectum. sl 2015-06-10T18:29:21Z biological_process GO:1990765 colon smooth muscle contraction A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry of the large intestine, exclusive of the rectum. The colon is that part of the large intestine that connects the small intestine to the rectum. PMID:24170253 The flow of blood through the gastric mucosa of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients and the removal of waste products. sl 2015-06-10T20:11:09Z stomach mucosal blood circulation biological_process GO:1990768 gastric mucosal blood circulation The flow of blood through the gastric mucosa of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients and the removal of waste products. PMID:10807413 A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell periphery. 2015-06-18T22:37:39Z biological_process GO:1990778 protein localization to cell periphery A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell periphery. PMID:18216290 Any process in which the vacuole is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22182 mcc 2015-09-10T08:16:02Z maintenance of vacuolar localization maintenance of vacuole localization maintenance of vacuole location maintenance of vacuolar location biological_process GO:1990849 vacuolar localization Any process in which the vacuole is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell. PMID:26283797 The multiplication or reproduction of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. sl 2015-09-29T16:34:59Z VSMC proliferation vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation biological_process GO:1990874 vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation The multiplication or reproduction of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels. PMID:23246467 A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules. pr 2015-11-19T12:26:37Z GO:0030529 GO:1990903 Wikipedia:Ribonucleoprotein RNA-protein complex RNP protein-RNA complex extracellular ribonucleoprotein complex intracellular ribonucleoprotein complex cellular_component GO:1990904 ribonucleoprotein complex A macromolecular complex that contains both RNA and protein molecules. GOC:krc GOC:vesicles The cytoplasm of an ovum. sl 2015-12-10T21:40:16Z cellular_component GO:1990917 ooplasm The cytoplasm of an ovum. PMID:19022436 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development. tb 2010-08-05T11:25:59Z biological_process GO:2000026 regulation of multicellular organismal development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis. tb 2010-08-05T11:26:27Z biological_process regulation of histogenesis and organogenesis GO:2000027 regulation of animal organ morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis. GOC:obol regulation of histogenesis and organogenesis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division. tb 2010-08-05T11:34:53Z regulation of stem cell renewal biological_process GO:2000035 regulation of stem cell division Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division. GOC:obol regulation of stem cell renewal GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. mah 2010-09-15T01:42:05Z regulation of leukocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:2000106 regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. mah 2010-09-15T01:42:09Z negative regulation of leukocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:2000107 negative regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. mah 2010-09-15T01:42:12Z positive regulation of leukocyte apoptosis biological_process GO:2000108 positive regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mtg_apoptosis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process. tb 2010-09-15T08:55:45Z regulation of cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process regulation of cellular macromolecule anabolism regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthesis regulation of cellular macromolecule formation regulation of cellular macromolecule synthesis biological_process GO:2000112 regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process. GOC:obol regulation of cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process GOC:obol regulation of cellular macromolecule anabolism GOC:obol regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthesis GOC:obol regulation of cellular macromolecule formation GOC:obol regulation of cellular macromolecule synthesis GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process. tb 2010-09-15T08:55:48Z negative regulation of cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process negative regulation of cellular macromolecule anabolism negative regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthesis negative regulation of cellular macromolecule formation negative regulation of cellular macromolecule synthesis biological_process GO:2000113 negative regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process. GOC:obol negative regulation of cellular biopolymer biosynthetic process GOC:obol negative regulation of cellular macromolecule anabolism GOC:obol negative regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthesis GOC:obol negative regulation of cellular macromolecule formation GOC:obol negative regulation of cellular macromolecule synthesis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity. dph 2010-09-16T01:22:36Z regulation of cell polarization biological_process regulation of bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity GO:2000114 regulation of establishment of cell polarity Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of cell polarity. GOC:dph regulation of cell polarization GOC:obol regulation of bud site selection/establishment of cell polarity GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. dph 2010-09-29T12:43:53Z biological_process GO:2000136 regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. GOC:dph Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. dph 2010-09-29T12:43:55Z biological_process GO:2000137 negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. GOC:dph Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. dph 2010-09-29T12:43:57Z biological_process GO:2000138 positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. mah 2010-10-01T09:41:21Z regulation of cell locomotion regulation of movement of a cell biological_process regulation of cell movement GO:2000145 regulation of cell motility Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. GOC:mah regulation of cell locomotion GOC:obol regulation of movement of a cell GOC:obol regulation of cell movement GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. mah 2010-10-01T09:41:26Z negative regulation of cell locomotion negative regulation of movement of a cell biological_process negative regulation of cell movement GO:2000146 negative regulation of cell motility Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. GOC:mah negative regulation of cell locomotion GOC:obol negative regulation of movement of a cell GOC:obol negative regulation of cell movement GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. mah 2010-10-01T09:41:30Z positive regulation of cell locomotion positive regulation of movement of a cell biological_process positive regulation of cell movement GO:2000147 positive regulation of cell motility Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell motility. GOC:mah positive regulation of cell locomotion GOC:obol positive regulation of movement of a cell GOC:obol positive regulation of cell movement GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve. rl 2010-10-07T12:07:54Z biological_process GO:2000172 regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve. GOC:BHF Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve. rl 2010-10-07T12:07:56Z biological_process GO:2000173 negative regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve. GOC:BHF Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. dph 2010-10-13T12:40:41Z biological_process GO:2000177 regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. dph 2010-10-13T12:40:43Z biological_process GO:2000178 negative regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. dph 2010-10-13T12:40:45Z biological_process GO:2000179 positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis. dph 2010-10-13T12:46:31Z biological_process GO:2000181 negative regulation of blood vessel morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel morphogenesis. GOC:dph GOC:yaf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport. vw 2010-10-15T11:33:04Z regulation of phosphate membrane transport biological_process GO:2000185 regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport. vw 2010-10-15T11:33:08Z negative regulation of phosphate membrane transport biological_process GO:2000186 negative regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport. vw 2010-10-15T11:33:10Z positive regulation of phosphate membrane transport biological_process GO:2000187 positive regulation of phosphate transmembrane transport Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transmembrane transport. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development. yaf 2010-10-19T10:45:34Z regulation of ovarian development regulation of ovary development biological_process GO:2000194 regulation of female gonad development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development. GOC:obol regulation of ovarian development GOC:obol regulation of ovary development GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development. yaf 2010-10-19T10:45:38Z negative regulation of ovarian development negative regulation of ovary development biological_process GO:2000195 negative regulation of female gonad development Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development. GOC:obol negative regulation of ovarian development GOC:obol negative regulation of ovary development GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development. yaf 2010-10-19T10:45:41Z positive regulation of ovarian development positive regulation of ovary development biological_process GO:2000196 positive regulation of female gonad development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development. GOC:obol positive regulation of ovarian development GOC:obol positive regulation of ovary development GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process. mah 2010-11-10T02:44:02Z biological_process GO:2000241 regulation of reproductive process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process. mah 2010-11-10T02:44:05Z biological_process GO:2000242 negative regulation of reproductive process Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process. GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process. mah 2010-11-10T02:44:08Z biological_process GO:2000243 positive regulation of reproductive process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process. GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity. vw 2010-11-11T11:40:34Z negative regulation of establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity biological_process GO:2000248 negative regulation of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or maintenance of neuroblast polarity. GOC:obol negative regulation of establishment and/or maintenance of neuroblast cell polarity GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. jl 2010-11-23T01:07:23Z regulation of fibroblast apoptosis biological_process GO:2000269 regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol GOC:yaf Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. jl 2010-11-23T01:07:27Z negative regulation of fibroblast apoptosis biological_process GO:2000270 negative regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol GOC:yaf Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. jl 2010-11-23T01:07:29Z positive regulation of fibroblast apoptosis biological_process GO:2000271 positive regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol GOC:yaf Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process. vw 2010-12-10T11:54:19Z regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process regulation of cellular amino acid anabolism regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthesis regulation of cellular amino acid formation regulation of cellular amino acid synthesis biological_process GO:2000282 regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process. GOC:obol regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process GOC:obol regulation of cellular amino acid anabolism GOC:obol regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthesis GOC:obol regulation of cellular amino acid formation GOC:obol regulation of cellular amino acid synthesis GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process. vw 2010-12-10T11:54:23Z negative regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process negative regulation of cellular amino acid anabolism negative regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthesis negative regulation of cellular amino acid formation negative regulation of cellular amino acid synthesis biological_process GO:2000283 negative regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process. GOC:obol negative regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process GOC:obol negative regulation of cellular amino acid anabolism GOC:obol negative regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthesis GOC:obol negative regulation of cellular amino acid formation GOC:obol negative regulation of cellular amino acid synthesis GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process. vw 2010-12-10T11:54:27Z positive regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process positive regulation of cellular amino acid anabolism positive regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthesis positive regulation of cellular amino acid formation positive regulation of cellular amino acid synthesis biological_process GO:2000284 positive regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular amino acid biosynthetic process. GOC:obol positive regulation of amino acid biosynthetic process GOC:obol positive regulation of cellular amino acid anabolism GOC:obol positive regulation of cellular amino acid biosynthesis GOC:obol positive regulation of cellular amino acid formation GOC:obol positive regulation of cellular amino acid synthesis GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development. rl 2010-12-16T05:17:15Z biological_process GO:2000287 positive regulation of myotome development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development. GOC:BHF Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. rl 2010-12-16T05:20:52Z biological_process GO:2000288 positive regulation of myoblast proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. GOC:BHF Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development. mah 2010-12-20T10:22:05Z biological_process GO:2000290 regulation of myotome development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotome development. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. mah 2010-12-20T10:34:26Z biological_process GO:2000291 regulation of myoblast proliferation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. GOC:mah Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defecation. bf 2010-12-21T09:23:08Z biological_process GO:2000292 regulation of defecation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defecation. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defecation. bf 2010-12-21T09:23:13Z biological_process GO:2000293 negative regulation of defecation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defecation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defecation. bf 2010-12-21T09:23:16Z biological_process GO:2000294 positive regulation of defecation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defecation. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process. mah 2011-02-03T10:43:16Z regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis regulation of killing of endothelial cells regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells regulation of endothelial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2000351 regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process. GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells GOC:obol regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis GOC:obol regulation of killing of endothelial cells GOC:obol regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis GOC:obol regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process. mah 2011-02-03T10:43:20Z negative regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells negative regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis negative regulation of killing of endothelial cells negative regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis negative regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2000352 negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis negative regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells GOC:obol negative regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis GOC:obol negative regulation of killing of endothelial cells GOC:obol negative regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis GOC:obol negative regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process. mah 2011-02-03T10:43:23Z positive regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells positive regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis positive regulation of killing of endothelial cells positive regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis positive regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2000353 positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process. GOC:BHF GOC:mah GOC:mtg_apoptosis positive regulation of apoptosis of endothelial cells GOC:obol positive regulation of endothelial cell programmed cell death by apoptosis GOC:obol positive regulation of killing of endothelial cells GOC:obol positive regulation of programmed cell death of endothelial cells by apoptosis GOC:obol positive regulation of programmed cell death, endothelial cells GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process. mah 2011-02-11T02:03:32Z regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process regulation of oxygen metabolism biological_process GO:2000374 regulation of oxygen metabolic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process. GOC:mah regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process GOC:obol regulation of oxygen metabolism GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process. mah 2011-02-11T02:03:44Z negative regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process negative regulation of oxygen metabolism biological_process GO:2000375 negative regulation of oxygen metabolic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process. GOC:mah negative regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process GOC:obol negative regulation of oxygen metabolism GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process. mah 2011-02-11T02:03:52Z positive regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process positive regulation of oxygen metabolism biological_process GO:2000376 positive regulation of oxygen metabolic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxygen metabolic process. GOC:mah positive regulation of diatomic oxygen metabolic process GOC:obol positive regulation of oxygen metabolism GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development. vk 2011-02-15T03:09:46Z biological_process GO:2000380 regulation of mesoderm development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development. GOC:BHF Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development. vk 2011-02-15T03:10:02Z biological_process GO:2000381 negative regulation of mesoderm development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development. GOC:BHF Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development. vk 2011-02-15T03:10:12Z biological_process GO:2000382 positive regulation of mesoderm development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development. GOC:BHF Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development. vk 2011-02-15T03:17:10Z biological_process GO:2000383 regulation of ectoderm development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development. GOC:BHF Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development. vk 2011-02-15T03:17:27Z biological_process GO:2000384 negative regulation of ectoderm development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development. GOC:BHF Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development. vk 2011-02-15T03:17:39Z biological_process GO:2000385 positive regulation of ectoderm development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ectoderm development. GOC:BHF Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis. bf 2011-03-18T02:18:34Z biological_process GO:2000495 regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis. bf 2011-03-18T02:19:22Z biological_process GO:2000496 negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis. bf 2011-03-18T02:19:54Z biological_process GO:2000497 positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in compound eye morphogenesis. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation. yaf 2011-04-01T04:10:08Z biological_process GO:2000542 negative regulation of gastrulation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation. yaf 2011-04-01T04:10:15Z biological_process GO:2000543 positive regulation of gastrulation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. dph 2011-04-27T01:04:22Z biological_process GO:2000647 negative regulation of stem cell proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. GOC:dph Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. dph 2011-04-27T01:04:25Z biological_process GO:2000648 positive regulation of stem cell proliferation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. GOC:dph Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process. pr 2011-05-09T10:56:17Z regulation of motoneuron apoptosis regulation of motor neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:2000671 regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol regulation of motoneuron apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process. pr 2011-05-09T10:56:21Z negative regulation of motoneuron apoptosis negative regulation of motor neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:2000672 negative regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol negative regulation of motoneuron apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process. pr 2011-05-09T10:56:24Z positive regulation of motoneuron apoptosis positive regulation of motor neuron apoptosis biological_process GO:2000673 positive regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol positive regulation of motoneuron apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation. yaf 2011-05-25T09:08:01Z regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation biological_process regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation GO:2000690 regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation. GOC:obol regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation GOC:obol regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation. yaf 2011-05-25T09:08:06Z negative regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation biological_process negative regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation GO:2000691 negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation. GOC:obol negative regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation GOC:obol negative regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation. yaf 2011-05-25T09:08:09Z positive regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation biological_process positive regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation GO:2000700 positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation. GOC:obol positive regulation of myocardial precursor cell differentiation GOC:obol positive regulation of cardiac myoblast differentiation GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. vk 2011-06-08T10:51:06Z regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation biological_process regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation GO:2000725 regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation GOC:obol regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. vk 2011-06-08T10:51:11Z negative regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation biological_process negative regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation GO:2000726 negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF negative regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation GOC:obol negative regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. vk 2011-06-08T10:51:15Z positive regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation biological_process positive regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation GO:2000727 positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation. GOC:BHF positive regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation GOC:obol positive regulation of heart muscle cell differentiation GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. yaf 2011-06-14T02:05:16Z biological_process GO:2000736 regulation of stem cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. yaf 2011-06-14T02:05:20Z biological_process GO:2000737 negative regulation of stem cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. yaf 2011-06-14T02:05:23Z biological_process GO:2000738 positive regulation of stem cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development. pr 2011-06-24T01:53:50Z biological_process GO:2000790 regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development. PMID:21513708 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development. pr 2011-06-24T01:53:53Z biological_process GO:2000791 negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development. PMID:21513708 Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development. pr 2011-06-24T01:53:56Z biological_process GO:2000792 positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development. PMID:21513708 Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis. pr 2011-06-25T07:22:38Z biological_process GO:2000794 regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis. PMID:21513708 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis. pr 2011-06-25T07:22:42Z biological_process GO:2000795 negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis. PMID:21513708 Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. pr 2011-07-12T03:06:04Z biological_process GO:2000818 negative regulation of myoblast proliferation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart morphogenesis. vk 2011-07-19T10:08:58Z biological_process regulation of cardiac morphogenesis GO:2000826 regulation of heart morphogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart morphogenesis. GOC:BHF regulation of cardiac morphogenesis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion. bf 2011-07-26T08:38:46Z biological_process GO:2000831 regulation of steroid hormone secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion. GOC:sl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion. bf 2011-07-26T08:38:50Z biological_process GO:2000832 negative regulation of steroid hormone secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion. GOC:sl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion. bf 2011-07-26T08:38:51Z biological_process GO:2000833 positive regulation of steroid hormone secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion. GOC:sl Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion. bf 2011-07-26T08:39:45Z biological_process GO:2000834 regulation of androgen secretion Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion. GOC:sl Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion. bf 2011-07-26T08:39:48Z biological_process GO:2000835 negative regulation of androgen secretion Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion. GOC:sl Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion. bf 2011-07-26T08:39:51Z biological_process GO:2000836 positive regulation of androgen secretion Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of androgen secretion. GOC:sl The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the renal system as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. yaf 2011-08-09T04:05:14Z biological_process mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in urinary system development mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in urinary tract development GO:2001012 mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in renal system development The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the renal system as it progresses from its formation to the mature state. GOC:mtg_kidney_jan10 GOC:obol GOC:yaf mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in urinary system development GOC:obol mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in urinary tract development GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. yaf 2011-08-11T08:54:37Z biological_process GO:2001014 regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. yaf 2011-08-11T08:54:41Z biological_process GO:2001015 negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. yaf 2011-08-11T08:54:44Z biological_process GO:2001016 positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation. GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. yaf 2011-09-08T02:49:59Z regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2001053 regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. yaf 2011-09-08T02:50:05Z negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2001054 negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. yaf 2011-09-08T02:50:09Z positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptosis biological_process GO:2001055 positive regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process. GOC:mtg_apoptosis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process. dph 2011-10-17T11:36:25Z regulation of RNA anabolism regulation of RNA biosynthesis regulation of RNA formation regulation of RNA synthesis biological_process GO:2001141 regulation of RNA biosynthetic process Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA biosynthetic process. GOC:dph regulation of RNA anabolism GOC:obol regulation of RNA biosynthesis GOC:obol regulation of RNA formation GOC:obol regulation of RNA synthesis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis. yaf 2011-11-15T01:22:31Z regulation of vascular morphogenesis biological_process GO:2001212 regulation of vasculogenesis Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis. GOC:obol regulation of vascular morphogenesis GOC:obol Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis. yaf 2011-11-15T01:22:36Z negative regulation of vascular morphogenesis biological_process GO:2001213 negative regulation of vasculogenesis Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis. GOC:obol negative regulation of vascular morphogenesis GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis. yaf 2011-11-15T01:22:39Z positive regulation of vascular morphogenesis biological_process GO:2001214 positive regulation of vasculogenesis Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis. GOC:obol positive regulation of vascular morphogenesis GOC:obol Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. pr 2011-11-24T01:20:49Z regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway biological_process GO:2001233 regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. GOC:mtg_apoptosis regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. pr 2011-11-24T01:20:54Z negative regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway biological_process GO:2001234 negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. GOC:mtg_apoptosis negative regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. pr 2011-11-24T01:20:58Z positive regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway biological_process GO:2001235 positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway. GOC:mtg_apoptosis positive regulation of apoptotic signalling pathway GOC:mah Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization. yaf 2011-12-02T02:01:20Z negative regulation of chromosome organisation biological_process negative regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis negative regulation of maintenance of genome integrity negative regulation of nuclear genome maintenance GO:2001251 negative regulation of chromosome organization Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization. GOC:obol negative regulation of chromosome organisation GOC:obol negative regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis GOC:obol negative regulation of maintenance of genome integrity GOC:obol negative regulation of nuclear genome maintenance GOC:obol Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization. yaf 2011-12-02T02:01:26Z positive regulation of chromosome organisation biological_process positive regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis positive regulation of maintenance of genome integrity positive regulation of nuclear genome maintenance GO:2001252 positive regulation of chromosome organization Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization. GOC:obol positive regulation of chromosome organisation GOC:obol positive regulation of chromosome organization and biogenesis GOC:obol positive regulation of maintenance of genome integrity GOC:obol positive regulation of nuclear genome maintenance GOC:obol data item Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries. An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers. 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum. 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym. 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/ JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Chris Stoeckert PERSON: Jonathan Rees data data item symbol a serial number such as "12324X" a stop sign a written proper name such as "OBI" An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity. 20091104, MC: this needs work and will most probably change 2014-03-31: We would like to have a deeper analysis of 'mark' and 'sign' in the future (see https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/154). PERSON: James A. Overton PERSON: Jonathan Rees based on Oxford English Dictionary symbol information content entity Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs. A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing. 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000142 information content entity curation status specification The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting) PERSON:Bill Bug GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> OBI_0000266 curation status specification data set Intensity values in a CEL file or from multiple CEL files comprise a data set (as opposed to the CEL files themselves). A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets. 2009/10/23 Alan Ruttenberg. The intention is that this term represent collections of like data. So this isn't for, e.g. the whole contents of a cel file, which includes parameters, metadata etc. This is more like java arrays of a certain rather specific type 2014-05-05: Data sets are aggregates and thus must include two or more data items. We have chosen not to add logical axioms to make this restriction. person:Allyson Lister person:Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000042 group:OBI data set data about an ontology part Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term Person:Alan Ruttenberg data about an ontology part obsolescence reason specification The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot obsolescence reason specification denotator type The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities. A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective. Alan Ruttenberg Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters denotator type The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed. A symbol that is part of a CRID and that is sufficient to look up a record from the CRID's registry. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bill Hogan PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Melanie Courtot CRID symbol Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls centrally registered identifier symbol The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed. An information content entity that consists of a CRID symbol and additional information about the CRID registry to which it belongs. 2014-05-05: In defining this term we take no position on what the CRID denotes. In particular do not assume it denotes a *record* in the CRID registry (since the registry might not have 'records'). Alan, IAO call 20101124: potentially the CRID denotes the instance it was associated with during creation. Note, IAO call 20101124: URIs are not always CRID, as not centrally registered. We acknowledge that CRID is a subset of a larger identifier class, but this subset fulfills our current needs. OBI PURLs are CRID as they are registered with OCLC. UPCs (Universal Product Codes from AC Nielsen)are not CRID as they are not centrally registered. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bill Hogan PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Melanie Courtot CRID Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls centrally registered identifier PubMed is a CRID registry. It has a dataset of PubMed identifiers associated with journal articles. A CRID registry is a dataset of CRID records, each consisting of a CRID symbol and additional information which was recorded in the dataset through a assigning a centrally registered identifier process. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bill Hogan PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Melanie Courtot CRID registry Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls centrally registered identifier registry identifier An identifier is an information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity. identifier A change of place or position of part of an organism that does not involve the entire organism [NBO:SMAC] 2011-04-14T01:03:39Z George Gkoutos stationary movement behavior_ontology body part movement The act of moving any of the tissues and hard structures surrounding the mouth other than teeth, jaws or filter structures [NBO:AC] 2011-04-14T01:03:39Z George Gkoutos mouth part movement other moved mouth parts behavior_ontology mouth movement The act of repeated grinding, tearing, and or crushing with teeth or jaws [NBO:SMAC] 2011-04-14T01:20:02Z George Gkoutos chew gnaw mastication behavior_ontology chewing "The action, reaction, or performance of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli." [GO:GO\:0007610] 2011-04-05T09:53:10Z George Gkoutos NBO:0000000 behavior behaviour behavior_ontology GO:0007610 behavior process "Movement behavior of the body or its parts." 2011-04-05T02:08:47Z George Gkoutos behavior_ontology kinesthetic behavior 2012-03-17T09:51:17Z gkoutos behavior_ontology jaw movement "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the specific actions or reactions of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli." [GO:0050795] George Gkoutos GO:0050795 regulation of behavior GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy all NCBITaxon:1 root all GC_ID:1 PMID:15371245 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:10066 Muridae GC_ID:1 Mus mice mouse ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:10088 Mus <genus> Mus mice mouse NCBITaxon:85055 GC_ID:1 house mouse mouse ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:10090 Mus musculus house mouse mouse Viruses GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:117570 Teleostomi NCBITaxon:40673 GC_ID:1 bony vertebrates ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:117571 Euteleostomi bony vertebrates GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1206794 Ecdysozoa GC_ID:1 charophyte/embryophyte group ncbi_taxonomy Charophyta/Embryophyta group NCBITaxon:131221 Streptophytina charophyte/embryophyte group Charophyta/Embryophyta group GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy biota NCBITaxon:131567 cellular organisms biota GC_ID:1 PMID:22839753 PMID:25450099 ncbi_taxonomy Archosauria-Testudines Testudines + Archosauria group NCBITaxon:1329799 Archelosauria Archosauria-Testudines Testudines + Archosauria group GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1338369 Dipnotetrapodomorpha GC_ID:1 PMID:11062127 PMID:9342353 ncbi_taxonomy Eumycetozoa Zopf, 1884 Mycetozoa mycetozoans NCBITaxon:142796 Eumycetozoa Eumycetozoa Zopf, 1884 Mycetozoa mycetozoans GC_ID:1 PMID:11743200 PMID:11791233 ncbi_taxonomy Boreotheria NCBITaxon:1437010 Boreoeutheria Boreotheria GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:1437180 Acrogymnospermae GC_ID:1 true yeasts ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:147537 Saccharomycotina true yeasts GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Archiascomycota NCBITaxon:147554 Schizosaccharomycetes Archiascomycota GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:186623 Actinopteri GC_ID:1 mice and others ncbi_taxonomy Sciurognathi NCBITaxon:1963758 Myomorpha mice and others Sciurognathi GC_ID:1 PMID:10874751 PMID:11557979 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:197562 Pancrustacea GC_ID:1 PMID:11557979 PMID:9727836 mandibulates ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:197563 Mandibulata mandibulates GC_ID:11 PMID:10425795 PMID:10425796 PMID:10425797 PMID:10490293 PMID:10843050 PMID:10939651 PMID:10939673 PMID:10939677 PMID:11211268 PMID:11321083 PMID:11321113 PMID:11411719 PMID:11540071 PMID:11542017 PMID:11542087 PMID:11760965 PMID:12054223 PMID:2112744 PMID:270744 PMID:7520741 PMID:8123559 PMID:8186100 PMID:8590690 PMID:9103655 PMID:9336922 eubacteria ncbi_taxonomy Monera Procaryotae Prokaryota Prokaryotae bacteria prokaryote prokaryotes NCBITaxon:2 Bacteria eubacteria Monera Procaryotae Prokaryota Prokaryotae bacteria prokaryote prokaryotes GC_ID:1 PMID:29367151 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2058185 Dictyosteliaceae GC_ID:1 PMID:29367151 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2058949 Dictyosteliales GC_ID:11 PMID:10425795 PMID:10425796 PMID:10425797 PMID:10490293 PMID:10843050 PMID:10939651 PMID:10939673 PMID:10939677 PMID:11211268 PMID:11321083 PMID:11321113 PMID:11411719 PMID:11540071 PMID:11541975 PMID:11542064 PMID:11542149 PMID:11760965 PMID:12054223 PMID:2112744 PMID:25527841 PMID:270744 PMID:8123559 PMID:8590690 PMID:9103655 PMID:9336922 ncbi_taxonomy Archaebacteria Mendosicutes Metabacteria Monera Procaryotae Prokaryota Prokaryotae archaea prokaryote prokaryotes NCBITaxon:2157 Archaea Archaebacteria Mendosicutes Metabacteria Monera Procaryotae Prokaryota Prokaryotae archaea prokaryote prokaryotes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2605435 Evosea GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:2611352 Discoba GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy SAR supergroup NCBITaxon:2698737 Sar SAR supergroup GC_ID:1 PMID:23020233 PMID:30257078 eucaryotes eukaryotes ncbi_taxonomy Eucarya Eucaryotae Eukarya Eukaryotae euk- eukaryotes NCBITaxon:2759 Eukaryota eucaryotes eukaryotes Eucarya Eucaryotae Eukarya Eukaryotae euk- PRO:DAN eukaryotes GC_ID:1 PMID:11214319 PMID:12082125 PMID:12878460 PMID:15522813 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:314146 Euarchontoglires GC_ID:1 PMID:11214319 PMID:12082125 PMID:15522813 Rodents and rabbits ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:314147 Glires Rodents and rabbits GC_ID:1 higher plants land plants plants ncbi_taxonomy land plants NCBITaxon:3193 Embryophyta higher plants land plants plants land plants GC_ID:1 teleost fishes ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32443 Teleostei teleost fishes GC_ID:1 tetrapods ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32523 Tetrapoda tetrapods GC_ID:1 amniotes ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32524 Amniota amniotes GC_ID:1 Theria ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:32525 Theria <mammals> Theria GC_ID:1 diapsids ncbi_taxonomy Diapsida NCBITaxon:32561 Sauria diapsids Diapsida GC_ID:1 PMID:11062127 PMID:29367151 PMID:9342353 dictyostelid cellular slime molds ncbi_taxonomy Dictyostelida Dictyostelids Dictyosteliida cellular slime molds NCBITaxon:33083 Dictyostelia dictyostelid cellular slime molds Dictyostelida Dictyostelids Dictyosteliida cellular slime molds GC_ID:1 PMID:16248873 PMID:30257078 Chlorophyta/Embryophyta group chlorophyte/embryophyte group green plants ncbi_taxonomy Chlorobionta Chloroplastida green plants NCBITaxon:33090 Viridiplantae Chlorophyta/Embryophyta group chlorophyte/embryophyte group green plants Chlorobionta Chloroplastida green plants GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy conifers NCBITaxon:3312 Coniferophyta conifers GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Fungi/Metazoa group opisthokonts NCBITaxon:33154 Opisthokonta Fungi/Metazoa group opisthokonts GC_ID:1 metazoans multicellular animals ncbi_taxonomy Animalia animals metazoan- NCBITaxon:33208 Metazoa metazoans multicellular animals Animalia animals metazoan- PRO:DAN GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:33213 Bilateria GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:33317 Protostomia GC_ID:1 deuterostomes ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:33511 Deuterostomia deuterostomes GC_ID:1 alveolates ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:33630 Alveolata alveolates GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Euglenozoans NCBITaxon:33682 Euglenozoa Euglenozoans GC_ID:1 PMID:15019624 PMID:15371245 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:337687 Muroidea GC_ID:1 PMID:25249442 angiosperms flowering plants ncbi_taxonomy Angiospermae Magnoliophyta flowering plants NCBITaxon:3398 Magnoliopsida angiosperms flowering plants Angiospermae Magnoliophyta flowering plants GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:34346 Schizosaccharomycetales GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:35493 Streptophyta GC_ID:1 glaucocystophytes ncbi_taxonomy Glaucophyceae Glaucophyta algae NCBITaxon:38254 Glaucocystophyceae glaucocystophytes Glaucophyceae Glaucophyta algae NCBITaxon:109679 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:39107 Murinae GC_ID:1 mammals ncbi_taxonomy mammals NCBITaxon:40674 Mammalia mammals mammals GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Neopterygi NCBITaxon:41665 Neopterygii Neopterygi GC_ID:1 dinosaur dinosaurs ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:436486 Dinosauria dinosaur dinosaurs GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:436489 Saurischia GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:436491 Theropoda GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:436492 Coelurosauria GC_ID:1 PMID:15689432 PMID:16151185 PMID:17010206 PMID:17051209 PMID:17572334 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:451864 Dikarya GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:451866 Taphrinomycotina GC_ID:1 PMID:11062127 PMID:12684019 ncbi_taxonomy Mycota fungi NCBITaxon:4751 Fungi Mycota Mycota fungi GC_ID:1 PMID:17572334 ascomycetes sac fungi ncbi_taxonomy ascomycetes NCBITaxon:4890 Ascomycota ascomycetes sac fungi ascomycetes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Hemiascomycetes NCBITaxon:4891 Saccharomycetes Hemiascomycetes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Endomycetales budding yeasts NCBITaxon:4892 Saccharomycetales Endomycetales budding yeasts NCBITaxon:221665 NCBITaxon:44280 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:4893 Saccharomycetaceae GC_ID:1 fission yeasts ncbi_taxonomy Schizosaccharomycetoideae NCBITaxon:4894 Schizosaccharomycetaceae fission yeasts Schizosaccharomycetoideae GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:4895 Schizosaccharomyces NCBITaxon:45042 GC_ID:1 fission yeast ncbi_taxonomy Schizosaccharomyces malidevorans NCBITaxon:4896 Schizosaccharomyces pombe fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces malidevorans NCBITaxon:36915 GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy Pachytichospora NCBITaxon:4930 Saccharomyces Pachytichospora GC_ID:1 S. cerevisiae baker's yeast brewer's yeast ncbi_taxonomy Candida robusta Mycoderma cerevisiae Saccharomyces capensis Saccharomyces italicus Saccharomyces oviformis Saccharomyces uvarum var. melibiosus NCBITaxon:4932 Saccharomyces cerevisiae S. cerevisiae baker's yeast brewer's yeast Candida robusta Mycoderma cerevisiae Saccharomyces capensis Saccharomyces italicus Saccharomyces oviformis Saccharomyces uvarum var. melibiosus GC_ID:1 true insects ncbi_taxonomy insects NCBITaxon:50557 Insecta true insects insects GC_ID:1 PMID:23020233 PMID:30257078 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:554915 Amoebozoa GC_ID:1 PMID:29367151 ncbi_taxonomy Hyalostilbum NCBITaxon:5782 Dictyostelium Hyalostilbum GC_ID:1 vascular plants ncbi_taxonomy vascular plants NCBITaxon:58023 Tracheophyta vascular plants vascular plants GC_ID:1 seed plants ncbi_taxonomy seed plants NCBITaxon:58024 Spermatophyta seed plants seed plants GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:6072 Eumetazoa GC_ID:1 arthropods ncbi_taxonomy arthropods NCBITaxon:6656 Arthropoda arthropods arthropods GC_ID:1 insects ncbi_taxonomy Atelocerata Tracheata Uniramia hexapods NCBITaxon:6960 Hexapoda insects Atelocerata Tracheata Uniramia hexapods GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:716545 saccharomyceta fruit fly ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7227 Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly GC_ID:1 chordates ncbi_taxonomy chordates NCBITaxon:7711 Chordata chordates chordates GC_ID:1 Vertebrata vertebrates ncbi_taxonomy vertebrates NCBITaxon:7742 Vertebrata <vertebrates> Vertebrata vertebrates vertebrates GC_ID:1 Gnathostomata jawed vertebrates ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:7776 Gnathostomata <vertebrates> Gnathostomata jawed vertebrates GC_ID:1 euphyllophytes ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:78536 Euphyllophyta euphyllophytes GC_ID:1 fish fishes ray-finned fishes ncbi_taxonomy Actinopterygi Osteichthyes bony fishes NCBITaxon:7898 Actinopterygii fish fishes ray-finned fishes Actinopterygi Osteichthyes bony fishes GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8287 Sarcopterygii GC_ID:1 sauropsids ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8457 Sauropsida sauropsids GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:8492 Archosauria GC_ID:1 Mus ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:862507 Mus <subgenus> Mus GC_ID:1 birds ncbi_taxonomy avian birds NCBITaxon:8782 Aves birds avian birds GC_ID:1 ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:88770 Panarthropoda GC_ID:1 Craniata ncbi_taxonomy NCBITaxon:89593 Craniata <chordates> Craniata GC_ID:1 eutherian mammals placental mammals placentals ncbi_taxonomy Placentalia placentals NCBITaxon:9347 Eutheria eutherian mammals placental mammals placentals Placentalia placentals GC_ID:1 rodent ncbi_taxonomy rodents NCBITaxon:9989 Rodentia rodent rodents obi OBI:0100026 Category=external. organism organism A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities. quality (PATO) PATO:0000072 trait quality PATO:0000001 quality A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities PATOC:GVG A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities. PATOC:GVG A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts. PATO:0002015 composed of compositionality content structure, composition quality PATO:0000025 For example calcium composition (which may inhere in bone), haemoglobin composition (which may inhere in blood). composition A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts. PATOC:GVG A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure. quality PATO:0000051 morphology A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure. PATOC:GVG A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc). PATO:0001647 relational shape quality quality PATO:0000052 Shapes are invariant on size transformations. Shapes can be subdivided into 2D and 3D shapes, We can also make a distinction between shapes of complete self-connected objects, and shapes of parts of objects. shape A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc). PATOC:GVG quality PATO:0000068 TODO: define this or obsolete it and move children somewhere else. qualitative A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average. quality PATO:0000069 deviation (from_normal) A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average. PATOC:GVG The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism. PATO:0000053 PATO:0000071 PATO:0001169 PATO:0001226 presence or absence in organism quantitative quality count in organism number presence PATO:0000070 This term was originally named "presence". It has been renamed to reduce ambiguity. Consider annotating with the reciprocal relation,PATO:0001555, has_number_of. For example, rather than E=fin ray Q=count in organism C=10, say E=organism Q=has number of E2= fin ray C=10. amount The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism. PATOC:GVG A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude. quality PATO:0000117 size A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude. WordNet:WordNet A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter. quality PATO:0000125 For any biological use of PATO, the concept that should be used is 'mass' and not 'weight'. For example, increased weight of an organism. mass A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter. PATOC:GVG A morphological quality pertaining to the degree to which an object contains an opening, aperture, orifice or vent. quality PATO:0000136 closure A morphological quality pertaining to the degree to which an object contains an opening, aperture, orifice or vent. PATOC:CJM PATOC:GVG A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form. PATO:0001452 conformation relational structural quality quality PATO:0000141 structure A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form. PATOC:GVG conformation VT:1000738 A morphologic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative size, organization and distribution of its surface elements or the representation or invention of the appearance of its surface; visual and tactile surface characteristics. quality PATO:0000150 texture A morphologic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative size, organization and distribution of its surface elements or the representation or invention of the appearance of its surface; visual and tactile surface characteristics. PATOC:GVG A quality of a single physical entity which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits a state of growth, differentiation, or development. quality PATO:0000261 maturity A quality of a single physical entity which is held by a bearer when the latter exhibits a state of growth, differentiation, or development. Merriam-Webster:Merriam-Webster A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches. ramified ramiform quality PATO:0000402 branched A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches. WordNet:WordNet A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals). PATO:0001363 spiral quality helical helicoid helicoidal helix-shaped PATO:0000404 coiled A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being curled or wound (especially in concentric rings or spirals). WordNet:WordNet A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a horizontal surface without a slope, tilt, or curvature. quality plate-like PATO:0000407 flat A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a horizontal surface without a slope, tilt, or curvature. web:http://www.merriam-webster.com/ A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center. quality round rounded PATO:0000411 circular A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center. thefreedictionary.com:thefreedictionary.com A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average. quality average PATO:0000461 normal A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting no deviation from normal or average. PATOC:GVG A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's existence. quality present in organism PATO:0000467 present A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's existence. PATOC:GVG An amount which is relatively high. PATO:0000420 PATO:0000650 increased number present in greater numbers in organism supernumerary quality accessory increased PATO:0000470 increased amount An amount which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG A size quality which is relatively high. PATO:0001202 quality big enlarged expanded great large PATO:0000586 increased size A size quality which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG A size quality which is relatively low. hypoplasia underdeveloped quality reduced small tiny PATO:0000587 decreased size A size quality which is relatively low. PATOC:GVG A thickness which is relatively high. high thickness stout thickened quality thick PATO:0000591 increased thickness A thickness which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG A thickness which is relatively low. low thickness quality slender thin PATO:0000592 decreased thickness A thickness which is relatively low. PATOC:GVG A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording blocked passage or view. quality blocked PATO:0000608 closed A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording blocked passage or view. answers.com:answers.com A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width. quality PATO:0000915 thickness A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width. WordNet:WordNet A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sharp or tapered end or point. apiculate quality PATO:0000944 sharpness A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sharp or tapered end or point. PATOC:GVG A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section. ellipse-shaped ellipsoid elliptical quality oval ovoid PATO:0000947 elliptic A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section. PATOC:GVG An optical quality which obtains by virtue of the ability of the bearer to absorb visible light. quality PATO:0000957 opacity An optical quality which obtains by virtue of the ability of the bearer to absorb visible light. PATOC:GVG A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being clear; not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy. non-transparent quality clouding cloudy PATO:0000963 opaque A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being clear; not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy. PATOC:GVG A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity. clear hyaline quality PATO:0000964 transparent A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity. PATOC:GVG A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to admit the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices. quality PATO:0000973 porosity A structure quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to admit the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices. PATOC:GVG A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices. quality PATO:0000984 porous porous A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices. PATOC:GVG A physical quality of a fluid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow. quality PATO:0000992 viscosity A physical quality of a fluid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow. PATOC:GVG A viscosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having viscosity. quality PATO:0000998 viscous A viscosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having viscosity. PATOC:GVG A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. PATO:0002079 Wikipedia:Physical_property relational physical quality quality PATO:0001018 physical quality A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. PATOC:GVG A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. quality PATO:0001031 elasticity A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. merriam-webster:merriam-webster A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's length being notably higher than its width. quality PATO:0001154 elongated A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's length being notably higher than its width. WordNet:WordNet An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. quality PATO:0001171 elastic An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. merriam-webster:merriam-webster A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being not fully grown or developed. quality PATO:0001190 juvenile A maturity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's being not fully grown or developed. thefreedictionary.com:thefreedictionary.com linear A quality which inheres in a continuant. PATO:0001237 PATO:0001238 snap:Quality monadic quality of a continuant multiply inhering quality of a physical entity multiply inhering quality of a physical entity quality of a continuant quality of a single physical entity quality of an object quality of continuant monadic quality of an object monadic quality of continuant quality PATO:0001241 Relational qualities are qualities that hold between multiple entities. Normal (monadic) qualities such as the shape of a eyeball exist purely as a quality of that eyeball. A relational quality such as sensitivity to light is a quality of that eyeball (and connecting nervous system) as it relates to incoming light waves/particles. physical object quality A quality which inheres in a continuant. PATOC:GVG A physical quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with electromagnetic radiation. quality PATO:0001291 electromagnetic (EM) radiation quality A physical quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with electromagnetic radiation. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light. quality PATO:0001300 optical quality An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light. PATOC:GVG A shape quality that obtains by virtue of the bearer having inward facing edges; having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere. quality PATO:0001355 convex A shape quality that obtains by virtue of the bearer having inward facing edges; having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere. PATOC:GVG A shape quality inhering in a colony by virtue of the bearer's appearing above the medium surface with terraced edges. quality PATO:0001369 raised A shape quality inhering in a colony by virtue of the bearer's appearing above the medium surface with terraced edges. PATOC:GVG A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's number of homologous sets of chromosomes in the nucleus or primary chromosome-containing compartment of the cell, each set essentially coding for all the biological traits of the organism. quality PATO:0001374 ploidy A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's number of homologous sets of chromosomes in the nucleus or primary chromosome-containing compartment of the cell, each set essentially coding for all the biological traits of the organism. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing a single set of homologous chromosomes. quality PATO:0001375 haploid A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing a single set of homologous chromosomes. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haploid A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing an integral multiple of the monoploid number, possibly excluding the sex-determining chromosomes. quality PATO:0001393 euploid A ploidy quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing an integral multiple of the monoploid number, possibly excluding the sex-determining chromosomes. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euploid A monadic quality of continuant that exists at the cellular level of organisation. quality PATO:0001396 cellular quality A monadic quality of continuant that exists at the cellular level of organisation. PATOC:GVG A cellular quality that arises by virtue of whether the bearer's disposition to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. quality PATO:0001397 cellular potency A cellular quality that arises by virtue of whether the bearer's disposition to differentiate into one or more mature cell types. PATOC:GVG A cellular potency that is the capacity to produce only one differentiated cell type. quality PATO:0001400 Unipotent cells have the quality of self-renewal which distinguishes them from non-stem cells. unipotent A cellular potency that is the capacity to produce only one differentiated cell type. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unipotent A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types of a specific lineage and lack self renewing capacity. quality PATO:0001401 Less potent than multipotent, often thought of as precursor or progenitor cell status. oligopotent A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types of a specific lineage and lack self renewing capacity. PATOC:MAH A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types. quality PATO:0001402 multipotent A cellular potency that is the capacity to form multiple differentiated cell types. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipotent A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's number of nuclei. quality PATO:0001404 nucleate quality A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of bearer's number of nuclei. PATOC:GVG A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no nucleus. quality PATO:0001405 anucleate A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having no nucleus. Biology-online:Biology-online A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two nuclei. quality PATO:0001406 binucleate A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having two nuclei. Biology-online:Biology-online A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one nucleus. quality PATO:0001407 mononucleate A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one nucleus. Biology-online:Biology-online A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having thin, tail-like projections extending outwards from the cell body. quality PATO:0001408 ciliatedness A cellular quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having thin, tail-like projections extending outwards from the cell body. Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliated A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel. quality PATO:0001410 striated A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel. Biology-online:Biology-online A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's terminating in a point or edge. quality PATO:0001419 sharp A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's terminating in a point or edge. PATOC:GVG A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being gradually narrower or thinner toward one end. taper quality PATO:0001500 tapered A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being gradually narrower or thinner toward one end. WordNet:WordNet A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking. quality PATO:0001543 flexibility A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking. merriam-webster:merriam-webster A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable. solidity quality PATO:0001546 quality of a solid A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable. Chemistry:http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/soliddefinition.htm A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape. gaseous quality PATO:0001547 quality of a gas A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape. Chemistry:http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryglossary/a/gasdefinition.htm PATOC:GVG A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape. liquidity quality PATO:0001548 quality of a liquid A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape. url:http://www.chemistry-dictionary.com/definition/liquid.php The number of parts of a particular type that the bearer entity has. This is a relational quality, and thus holds between two entities: the bearer of the quality, and the type of parts. OBO_REL:has_part extra or missing physical or functional parts has or lacks parts of type mereological quality number of quality cardinality number PATO:0001555 has number of The number of parts of a particular type that the bearer entity has. This is a relational quality, and thus holds between two entities: the bearer of the quality, and the type of parts. PATOC:CJM A mass which is lower than normal or average. PATO:0000579 low mass small mass quality PATO:0001562 decreased mass A mass which is lower than normal or average. PATO:GVG A mass which is higher than normal or average. PATO:0000578 high mass large mass quality PATO:0001563 increased mass A mass which is higher than normal or average. PATO:GVG A physical quality that is the ability to contract or shrink. quality PATO:0001579 contractility A physical quality that is the ability to contract or shrink. WordNet:WordNet A contractility which is relatively high. high contractility quality PATO:0001580 increased contractility A contractility which is relatively high. PATO:GVG A contractility which is relatively low. low contractility quality PATO:0001581 decreased contractility A contractility which is relatively low. PATO:GVG A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending. quality PATO:0001591 curvature A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending. WordNet:WordNet A contractility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of contracting or being contracted. quality PATO:0001690 This refers to the disposition of the bearer. contractile A contractility quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of contracting or being contracted. PATOC:GVG A viscosity which relatively high. high viscosity quality PATO:0001693 increased viscosity A viscosity which relatively high. PATOC:GVG A viscosity which relatively low. low viscosity quality PATO:0001694 decreased viscosity A viscosity which relatively low. PATOC:GVG A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in one dimension. 1-D size quality PATO:0001708 1-D extent A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in one dimension. PATOC:GVG A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of solids. solid quality PATO:0001736 solid configuration A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's parts having the arrangement which exhibits characteristics of solids. PATOC:GVG A quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with radiation. quality PATO:0001739 radiation quality A quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with radiation. PATOC:GVG A shape quality in which a portion of the outermost boundary of an entity folds in space such that a portion that was originally convex is now concave. quality PATO:0001748 invaginated A shape quality in which a portion of the outermost boundary of an entity folds in space such that a portion that was originally convex is now concave. PATOC:GVG A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being wound in a continuous series of loops. quality PATO:0001794 coiling A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being wound in a continuous series of loops. Online_Dictionary:Online_Dictionary A coiling which is relatively high. high coiling quality PATO:0001795 increased coiling A coiling which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG A coiling which is relatively low. low coiling quality PATO:0001796 decreased coiling A coiling which is relatively low. PATOC:GVG A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward. quality PATO:0001857 concave A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward. WordNet:WordNet A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section. PATO:0001203 rod-like rod-shaped tubulate quality PATO:0001873 cylindrical A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section. PATOC:MAH A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having more than one nucleus. quality PATO:0001908 multinucleate A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having more than one nucleus. PATOC:GVG A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a three dimensional cavity with a narrow or no opening, and often containing an anatomical substance. sacular sacular quality PATO:0001987 saccular A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a three dimensional cavity with a narrow or no opening, and often containing an anatomical substance. PATOC:MAH sacular EXACT An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting cells. quality PATO:0001992 cellularity An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting cells. PATOC:GVG A cellularity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of more than one cell. quality PATO:0001993 multicellular A cellularity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of more than one cell. PATOC:GVG A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism. quality PATO:0001995 organismal quality A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism. PATOC:CJM An amount which is relatively low. PATO:0000419 PATO:0000468 decreased number present in fewer numbers in organism quality decreased reduced subnumerary PATO:0001997 decreased amount An amount which is relatively low. PATOC:GVG Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface. quality PATO:0002005 concavity Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface. PATOC:MAH A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity. quality 2-D projection cross-sectional PATO:0002006 2-D shape A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity. PATOC:CJM A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave. Image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Convex_polygon_illustration1.png quality PATO:0002007 Use this term or an is_a child of this term when the entire shape of the object is known. convex 3-D shape A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave. PATOC:CJM A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity. quality PATO:0002009 branchiness A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity. PATOC:MAH A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas. quality PATO:0002014 structure, cavities A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas. PATOC:GVG A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a cone (a 3-D shape with a round cross section that tapers). Image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Cone_3d.png cone-shaped quality PATO:0002021 conical A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a cone (a 3-D shape with a round cross section that tapers). Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_(geometry) A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward on both sides or surfaces. quality PATO:0002039 biconcave A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward on both sides or surfaces. PATOC:GVG A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having smaller branches arising from larger branches. Resembling a tree in branching structure. 2009-02-15T08:11:41Z dendriform dendroid dendroidal quality PATO:0002045 dendritic A branched quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having smaller branches arising from larger branches. Resembling a tree in branching structure. PATOC:cvs A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within. 2009-09-18T02:19:20Z quality PATO:0002078 hollow A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within. url:http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hollow An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions. 2009-10-05T12:05:23Z quality PATO:0002094 basophilic An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for basic dyes under specific pH conditions. PATOC:GVG A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing the form of a thin plate sheet or layer. 2009-10-06T04:37:14Z quality PATO:0002124 laminar A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing the form of a thin plate sheet or layer. PATOC:GVG A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution. George Gkoutos 2010-03-15T04:35:27Z quality PATO:0002198 quality of a substance A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution. PATOC:GVG A quality inhering in a bearer that is shaped in the form of a fan. 2010-07-09T01:43:42Z fan-like quality PATO:0002219 fan-shaped A quality inhering in a bearer that is shaped in the form of a fan. thefreedictionary:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fan-shaped A cylindrical shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being imperfectly cylindrical or approximately cylindrical. 2010-07-13T04:22:30Z quality PATO:0002226 subcylindrical A cylindrical shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being imperfectly cylindrical or approximately cylindrical. url:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Subcylindrical A tapered shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's tapering gradually to a sharp point. 2010-07-15T09:03:18Z quality PATO:0002228 acuminate A tapered shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's tapering gradually to a sharp point. url:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/acuminate A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming more extended in a plane. 2010-08-16T03:59:34Z quality compressed PATO:0002254 Becoming flat but not necessarily completely flat. flattened A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming more extended in a plane. PATOC:CVS Texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked with one or more channels. 2010-09-01T10:27:48Z quality channeled creased PATO:0002255 grooved Texture quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked with one or more channels. PATOC:JE A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity. 2010-10-05T12:31:16Z quality PATO:0002266 3-D shape A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity. PATOC:OREGON An elasticity which is relatively high. 2011-03-30T11:50:21Z quality PATO:0002287 increased elasticity An elasticity which is relatively high. PATOC:GVG An elasticity which is relatively low. 2011-03-30T11:50:39Z quality PATO:0002288 decreased elasticity An elasticity which is relatively low. PATOC:GVG A cylindrical shape that is hollow. 2011-06-08T06:33:50Z tube like tube-shaped tubulate quality PATO:0002299 tubular A cylindrical shape that is hollow. PATOC:GVG A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. 2011-06-16T06:39:43Z quality PATO:0002300 increased quality A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. PATOC:GVG A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. 2011-06-16T06:40:15Z quality PATO:0002301 decreased quality A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. PATOC:GVG A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. 2011-06-16T06:51:54Z quality PATO:0002303 decreased object quality A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. PATOC:GVG A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. 2011-06-16T06:54:01Z quality PATO:0002305 increased object quality A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. PATOC:GVG A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently sized and approximately round cross-section along its length, which is many times larger than its diameter. 2011-09-09T04:50:10Z quality PATO:0002309 Note that a fiber shaped object may take any circuitous or straight path through space (think of a length of string or rope). fiber shaped A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently sized and approximately round cross-section along its length, which is many times larger than its diameter. PATOC:DC A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt 2011-10-12T12:45:16Z Lamé curve quality PATO:0002318 superelliptic A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt wiktionary:superellipse An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for acidic dyes under specific pH conditions. 2012-12-17T03:01:19Z quality PATO:0002418 acidophilic An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for acidic dyes under specific pH conditions. PATOC:GVG Pertaining to the individual parts making up an aggregate fruit like a many-lobed "berry," such as a raspberry. 2012-12-17T03:11:10Z quality PATO:0002422 Acinus is Latin for berry. acinar Pertaining to the individual parts making up an aggregate fruit like a many-lobed "berry," such as a raspberry. wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acinus A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of collagen. 2013-09-15T11:34:15Z quality PATO:0002462 collagenous A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's consisting of collagen. PATOC:WD A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel, that are oriented transversely relative to the long axis of the bearer. 2013-09-15T12:29:15Z quality PATO:0002478 transversely striated A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by narrow lines or grooves, usually parallel, that are oriented transversely relative to the long axis of the bearer. PATOC:DS A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one or more nucleus. 2013-10-21T05:44:34Z quality PATO:0002505 nucleated A nucleate quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having one or more nucleus. PATOC:GVG A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape like a ring (a circular shape enclosing a space). 2014-08-12T12:01:56Z annular ring-shaped quality PATO:0002539 ring shaped A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape like a ring (a circular shape enclosing a space). PATOC:WD A structural quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer consisting of a single, maximally connected structure. 2014-12-12T08:41:11Z quality PATO:0010000 What counts as maximally connected may be relative to some specification of granularity. maximally connected A structural quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer consisting of a single, maximally connected structure. GOC:dos A structural quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer consisting of multiple structures lacking any physical connection to each other. 2014-12-12T08:43:17Z quality PATO:0010001 disconnected A structural quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer consisting of multiple structures lacking any physical connection to each other. GOC:dos A quality inhering in a structure by virtue of it consisting of many of repeated, similar or identical subunits, arranged in some orderly array. quality PATO:0015006 A complete coverage of this domain would subclasses homopolymeric, copolymeric, crystalline. polymeric A quality inhering in a structure by virtue of it consisting of many of repeated, similar or identical subunits, arranged in some orderly array. GOC:DOS https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/78 An increase in porosity. quality PATO:0015024 increased porosity An increase in porosity. https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/110 An decrease in porosity. quality PATO:0015025 decreased porosity An decrease in porosity. https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/110 The bearer of this quality has_part n=2 of the indicated entity type, where n is unpaired for a comparable organism. paired quality PATO:0040024 bilaterally paired bilaterally paired The bearer of this quality has_part n=2 of the indicated entity type, where n is unpaired for a comparable organism. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3162-7490 A quality of continuant that exist at the anatomical level of organisation and anything under it. This includes, but is not limited to, cells , tissues, and components. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7258-9596 quality PATO:0070044 anatomical structure quality A quality inhering in an anotomical structure by virtue of its capacity to be stained by specific histological dyes. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7258-9596 quality PATO:0070045 anatomical histological quality An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7258-9596 quality PATO:0070047 polychromatophilic An affinity inhering in an anatomical structure by virtue of the bearer exhibiting a molecular interaction for both basic and acid stains under specific pH conditions. GOC:add A quality of a substance on which or through which electromagnetic radiation impinges or traverses with respect to radiation. This substance quality changes the quality of the incident radiation with respect to any of: intensity, direction, scatter and wavelength. quality PATO:0070060 quality of interaction of a substance with electromagnetic radiation A quality of a substance on which or through which electromagnetic radiation impinges or traverses with respect to radiation. This substance quality changes the quality of the incident radiation with respect to any of: intensity, direction, scatter and wavelength. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-7263 An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA, and any derivatives thereof. natural protein native protein protein PR:000000001 The definition above excludes protein complexes, which some also consider a protein. Those who wish to refer to a class representing both senses of the word are directed to CHEBI:36080. Note that the definition allows for experimentally-manipulated genes, and allows for artifically-produced derivatives that mimic those found naturally. Proteins (in the sense defined here) that descended from a common ancestor can be classified into families and superfamilies composed of products of evolutionarily-related genes. The domain architecture of a protein is described by the order of its constituent domains. Proteins with the same domains in the same order are defined as homeomorphic [PRO:WCB]. protein An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA, and any derivatives thereof. PRO:DAN PRO:WCB natural protein PRO:DAN native protein IEDB:BP A protein that is a translation product of the human CD19 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is composed of an N-terminal extracellular domain containing two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains, followed by a single-pass transmembrane segment and a cytoplasmic C-terminal tail. CD19 expression is restricted to members of the B cell lineage. It functions as a co-receptor for B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), regulating signal transduction. IUPHARobj:2764 PIRSF:PIRSF016630 B-lymphocyte surface antigen B4 CD19 T-cell surface antigen Leu-12 differentiation antigen CD19 protein PR:000001002 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. CD19 molecule A protein that is a translation product of the human CD19 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is composed of an N-terminal extracellular domain containing two Ig-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domains, followed by a single-pass transmembrane segment and a cytoplasmic C-terminal tail. CD19 expression is restricted to members of the B cell lineage. It functions as a co-receptor for B-cell antigen receptor (BCR), regulating signal transduction. PMID:15778510 CD19 PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human CD34 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is a leukocyte membrane protein expressed specifically by lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells. It contains a single-pass transmembrane domain and that show distinct expression on early hematopoietic precursors and vascular-associated tissue. Acts as a scaffold that presents selectin carbohydrate ligands in a clustered, tissue specific manner to allow for higher avidity interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells during the inflammatory process. In common with related sialomucins (endoglycan and podocalyxin), the extracellular region is dominated by an N-terminal mucin-like domain, which is densely substituted with sialylated O-linked carbohydrates. The mucin-like region is followed by a cysteine-containing and presumably globular domain. This domain may fold into an immunoglobulin-like structure as the positions of 2 of the cysteines are conserved in the C2 set of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The cytoplasmic domain is around 73-76 residues long and highly conserved. PIRSF:PIRSF028749 CD34 hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 protein PR:000001003 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. CD34 molecule A protein that is a translation product of the human CD34 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. It is a leukocyte membrane protein expressed specifically by lymphohematopoietic progenitor cells. It contains a single-pass transmembrane domain and that show distinct expression on early hematopoietic precursors and vascular-associated tissue. Acts as a scaffold that presents selectin carbohydrate ligands in a clustered, tissue specific manner to allow for higher avidity interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells during the inflammatory process. In common with related sialomucins (endoglycan and podocalyxin), the extracellular region is dominated by an N-terminal mucin-like domain, which is densely substituted with sialylated O-linked carbohydrates. The mucin-like region is followed by a cysteine-containing and presumably globular domain. This domain may fold into an immunoglobulin-like structure as the positions of 2 of the cysteines are conserved in the C2 set of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The cytoplasmic domain is around 73-76 residues long and highly conserved. PMID:16720896 PMID:8983065 CD34 PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human CD4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD4 is an accessory protein for MHC class-II antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. It is the primary receptor for HIV-1. CD4 has four immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular region that share the same structure, but can differ in sequence. PIRSF:PIRSF001977 CD4 T-cell differentiation antigen L3T4 T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3 T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 protein PR:000001004 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. CD4 molecule A protein that is a translation product of the human CD4 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD4 is an accessory protein for MHC class-II antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. It is the primary receptor for HIV-1. CD4 has four immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular region that share the same structure, but can differ in sequence. PMID:15326605 CD4 PRO:DNx An integrin alpha that contains an A domain. A hallmark of this class is the presence of a von Willebrand factor type A domain (Pfam:PF00092) (I-domain) of approximately 200 amino acid residues at the N terminus, which confers divalent cation binding properties. Unlike other integrin alpha proteins, they do not undergo proteolytic cleavage. PIRSF:PIRSF002497 integrin alpha with I domain protein PR:000001005 Category=family. integrin alpha with A domain An integrin alpha that contains an A domain. A hallmark of this class is the presence of a von Willebrand factor type A domain (Pfam:PF00092) (I-domain) of approximately 200 amino acid residues at the N terminus, which confers divalent cation binding properties. Unlike other integrin alpha proteins, they do not undergo proteolytic cleavage. PIRSF:PIRSF002497 An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the human ITGAM gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. They constitute subunits of the integrin alpha-M/beta-2 receptor. This receptor is implicated in various adhesive interactions of monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes as well as in mediating the uptake of complement-coated particles. It is also a receptor for fibrinogen, factor X and ICAM1. IUPHARobj:2452 CD11 antigen-like family member B CD11b CR-3 alpha chain ITGAM cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha leukocyte adhesion receptor MO1 neutrophil adherence receptor protein CD11B CR3A PR:000001012 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. integrin alpha-M An integrin alpha with A domain that is a translation product of the human ITGAM gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. They constitute subunits of the integrin alpha-M/beta-2 receptor. This receptor is implicated in various adhesive interactions of monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes as well as in mediating the uptake of complement-coated particles. It is also a receptor for fibrinogen, factor X and ICAM1. UniProtKB:P11215 ITGAM PRO:DNx CD11B CR3A A protein with a core domain composition consisting of an extracellular N-terminal domain that adopts an immunoglobulin fold, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular C-terminal domain with a single copy of the Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (Pfam:PF02189) (ITAM). It constitutes the invariant subunit of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). TCR is a surface receptor on T cells responsible for recognizing MHC-restricted antigens and initiating the cellular immune response. PIRSF:PIRSF001993 CD3 subunit with Ig-like domain protein PR:000001018 Category=family. CD3 subunit with immunoglobulin domain A protein with a core domain composition consisting of an extracellular N-terminal domain that adopts an immunoglobulin fold, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular C-terminal domain with a single copy of the Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (Pfam:PF02189) (ITAM). It constitutes the invariant subunit of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR). TCR is a surface receptor on T cells responsible for recognizing MHC-restricted antigens and initiating the cellular immune response. PMID:16473826 PMID:1724736 A CD3 subunit with immunoglobulin domain that is a translation product of the human CD3E gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. IUPHARobj:2742 CD3E CD3e T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain protein T3E PR:000001020 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. CD3 epsilon A CD3 subunit with immunoglobulin domain that is a translation product of the human CD3E gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA CD3E PRO:DNx T3E A protein with a domain composition consisting of a large extracellular domain, including five Ig-like C2-type domains followed by two copies of the Fibronectin type-III domain (Pfam:PF00041), a single-pass transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. PIRSF:PIRSF002507 protein PR:000001022 Category=family. neural cell adhesion molecule A protein with a domain composition consisting of a large extracellular domain, including five Ig-like C2-type domains followed by two copies of the Fibronectin type-III domain (Pfam:PF00041), a single-pass transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. PRO:CNA A neural cell adhesion molecule that is involved in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and regeneration. PIRSF:PIRSF501037 protein PR:000001023 Category=family. neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM A neural cell adhesion molecule that is involved in neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and regeneration. PMID:17975827 A neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM that is a translation product of the human NCAM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. IUPHARobj:2769 CD56 N-CAM-1 NCAM-1 NCAM1 protein NCAM PR:000001024 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. neural cell adhesion molecule 1 A neural cell adhesion molecule NCAM that is a translation product of the human NCAM1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA NCAM1 PRO:DNx NCAM A protein that is a translation product of the human CD2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. IUPHARobj:2600 PIRSF:PIRSF001984 CD2 LFA-2 LFA-3 receptor T-cell surface antigen CD2 T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 T-cell surface glycoprotein CD2 erythrocyte receptor ly-37 lymphocyte antigen 37 rosette receptor protein SRBC PR:000001083 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. CD2 molecule A protein that is a translation product of the human CD2 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA CD2 PRO:DNx SRBC A protein that is a translation product of the human CD8A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD8 is a transmembrane that is a co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8 alpha and a CD8 beta chain. PANTHER:PTHR10441:SF1 CD8A CD8a T-cell surface glycoprotein Lyt-2 T-lymphocyte differentiation antigen T8/Leu-2 protein Lyt-2 Lyt2 MAL PR:000001084 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain A protein that is a translation product of the human CD8A gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. CD8 is a transmembrane that is a co-receptor for MHC class-I antigen/T-cell receptor interaction. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8 alpha and a CD8 beta chain. PMID:11114424 PRO:CNA Wikipedia:CD8 CD8A PRO:DNx Lyt-2 Lyt2 MAL A protein that is a translation product of the human MS4A1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. IUPHARobj:2628 PIRSF:PIRSF001995 B-cell differentiation antigen Ly-44 B-cell surface antigen CD20 B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 B-lymphocyte surface antigen B1 Bp35 MS4A1 leukocyte surface antigen Leu-16 lymphocyte antigen 44 protein CD20 Ly-44 Ms4a2 PR:000001289 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 A protein that is a translation product of the human MS4A1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB MS4A1 PRO:DNx CD20 Ly-44 Ms4a2 A protein that has a core domain structure of signal sequence, propeptide, five Cadherin domains (Pfam:PF00028), a transmembrane region, and a Cadherin cytoplasmic region (Pfam:PF01049). Cadherins function as adhesion molecules that mediate Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion in solid tissues. PIRSF:PIRSF002504 protein PR:000001327 Category=family. cadherin A protein that has a core domain structure of signal sequence, propeptide, five Cadherin domains (Pfam:PF00028), a transmembrane region, and a Cadherin cytoplasmic region (Pfam:PF01049). Cadherins function as adhesion molecules that mediate Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion in solid tissues. PRO:WCB A cadherin that is a translation product of the human CDH5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. 7B4 antigen CD144 CDH5 VE-cadherin vascular endothelial cadherin protein PR:000001444 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. cadherin-5 A cadherin that is a translation product of the human CDH5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB CDH5 PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human CD5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PANTHER:PTHR19331:SF6 CD5 Lyt-1 ly-1 lymphocyte antigen 1 lymphocyte antigen T1/Leu-1 protein LEU1 PR:000001839 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 A protein that is a translation product of the human CD5 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB CD5 PRO:DNx LEU1 A protein that is a translation product of the human IL7R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. IUPHARobj:1698 PIRSF:PIRSF001960 CD127 CDw127 IL-7 receptor subunit alpha IL-7R subunit alpha IL-7R-alpha IL-7RA IL7R protein PR:000001869 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha A protein that is a translation product of the human IL7R gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB IL7R PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human CD14 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PIRSF:PIRSF002017 CD14 monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein protein PR:000001889 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. CD14 molecule A protein that is a translation product of the human CD14 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB CD14 PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human TFRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. p90 CD71 T9 TFRC TfR TfR1 protein TR Trfr PR:000001945 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. transferrin receptor protein 1 A protein that is a translation product of the human TFRC gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB p90 PRO:DNx TFRC PRO:DNx Trfr A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, followed by 7 Ig-like domains (Pfam:PF00047, Pfam:PF07679, or Pfam:PF07686), a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic Protein tyrosine kinase domain. PIRSF:PIRSF038502 protein PR:000001971 Category=family. vascular endothelial growth factor receptor A protein with core architecture consisting of a signal sequence, followed by 7 Ig-like domains (Pfam:PF00047, Pfam:PF07679, or Pfam:PF07686), a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic Protein tyrosine kinase domain. PRO:WCB A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human KDR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. IUPHARobj:1813 CD309 FLK-1 KDR VEGFR-2 fetal liver kinase 1 kinase NYK kinase insert domain receptor protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 protein FLK1 VEGFR2 PR:000002112 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor that is a translation product of the human KDR gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:WCB KDR PRO:DNx FLK1 VEGFR2 A protein that is the translation product of any of the LY6 genes (LY6A-LY6I). PIRSF:PIRSF002021 protein PR:000002976 Category=family. Ly-6-like protein A protein that is the translation product of any of the LY6 genes (LY6A-LY6I). PRO:CNA An Ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the mouse Ly6g gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. Ly-6G Ly-6G.1 Ly6g protein PR:000002978 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. lymphocyte antigen 6G An Ly-6-like protein that is a translation product of the mouse Ly6g gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:CNA Ly6g PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the Ly76 gene in mouse. mLy76 ter-119 ter119 protein PR:000002981 Category=organism-gene. Requested by=CL. lymphocyte antigen 76 (mouse) A protein that is a translation product of the Ly76 gene in mouse. PMID:10848813 PRO:DAN mLy76 PRO:DNx A protein that is a translation product of the human FGF8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. FGF-8 FGF8 androgen-induced growth factor protein AIGF HBGF-8 heparin-binding growth factor 8 PR:000007499 Category=gene. fibroblast growth factor 8 A protein that is a translation product of the human FGF8 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx FGF8 PRO:DNx AIGF A protein that is a translation product of the human SHH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. HHG-1 SHH Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains ShhNC protein Hhg1 PR:000014841 Category=gene. sonic hedgehog protein A protein that is a translation product of the human SHH gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx SHH PRO:DNx Hhg1 A protein that is a translation product of the human TAL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 5 TAL-1 TAL1 bHLHa17 class A basic helix-loop-helix protein 17 stem cell protein protein BHLHA17 SCL TCL5 PR:000016043 Category=gene. Requested by=CL. T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 A protein that is a translation product of the human TAL1 gene or a 1:1 ortholog thereof. PRO:DNx TAL1 PRO:DNx BHLHA17 SCL TCL5 An organic amino compound that consists of amino acid residues (unmodified amino-acid residues and/or modified amino-acid residues) linked by peptide bonds or derivatives of such bonds. peptide polypeptide protein PR:000018263 Category=external. amino acid chain An organic amino compound that consists of amino acid residues (unmodified amino-acid residues and/or modified amino-acid residues) linked by peptide bonds or derivatives of such bonds. PRO:DAN PRO:JSG peptide PRO:DAN polypeptide PRO:DAN A protein that is composed of a long N-terminal extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain contains beta-propeller repeats (interrupted by an A domain in a subset of integrins alpha), while the C-terminal domain contains a GFFxR motif. protein PR:000025796 Category=family. Integrins are heterodimeric complexes of an alpha and a beta subunit. They are a structurally elaborate family of adhesion molecules that transmit signals bidirectionally across the plasma membrane by undergoing large-scale structural rearrangements. By regulating cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts, integrins participate in a wide-range of biological interactions including development, tissue repair, angiogenesis, inflammation and hemostasis. [PMID:10402956, PMID:11988479, PMID:9676575]. integrin alpha A protein that is composed of a long N-terminal extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain contains beta-propeller repeats (interrupted by an A domain in a subset of integrins alpha), while the C-terminal domain contains a GFFxR motif. PMID:19693543 A protein that is encoded in the genome of Mus musculus. mouse protein protein PR:000029032 Mus musculus protein A protein that is encoded in the genome of Mus musculus. PRO:DAN mouse protein PRO:DAN A protein that is encoded in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster. fruit fly protein protein PR:000029060 Drosophila melanogaster protein A protein that is encoded in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster. PRO:DAN fruit fly protein PRO:DAN A protein that is encoded in the genome of some Eukaryota. Eukaryota protein protein PR:000036194 eukaryotic protein A protein that is encoded in the genome of some Eukaryota. PRO:DAN Eukaryota protein PRO:DAN A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P01731 CD8a (mouse) T-cell surface glycoprotein Lyt-2 (mouse) mCD8A protein Cd8a Lyt-2 Lyt2 PR:P01731 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain (mouse) A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD8 alpha chain that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P01731 PRO:DNx CD8a (mouse) UniProtKB:P01731 T-cell surface glycoprotein Lyt-2 (mouse) UniProtKB:P01731 mCD8A PRO:DNx Cd8a UniProtKB:P01731 Lyt-2 UniProtKB:P01731 Lyt2 UniProtKB:P01731 An integrin alpha-M that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P05555 CD11 antigen-like family member B (mouse) CD11b (mouse) CR-3 alpha chain (mouse) cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha (mouse) leukocyte adhesion receptor MO1 (mouse) mITGAM protein Itgam PR:P05555 Category=organism-gene. integrin alpha-M (mouse) An integrin alpha-M that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P05555 PRO:DNx An integrin alpha-M that is encoded in the genome of mouse. PRO:DNx UniProtKB:P05555 CD11 antigen-like family member B (mouse) UniProtKB:P05555 CD11b (mouse) UniProtKB:P05555 CR-3 alpha chain (mouse) UniProtKB:P05555 cell surface glycoprotein MAC-1 subunit alpha (mouse) UniProtKB:P05555 leukocyte adhesion receptor MO1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P05555 mITGAM PRO:DNx Itgam UniProtKB:P05555 A CD4 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P06332 CD4 (mouse) T-cell differentiation antigen L3T4 (mouse) T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3 (mouse) mCD4 protein Cd4 PR:P06332 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 (mouse) A CD4 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P06332 PRO:DNx CD4 (mouse) UniProtKB:P06332 T-cell differentiation antigen L3T4 (mouse) UniProtKB:P06332 T-cell surface antigen T4/Leu-3 (mouse) UniProtKB:P06332 mCD4 PRO:DNx Cd4 UniProtKB:P06332 A CD2 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P08920 CD2 (mouse) LFA-2 (mouse) LFA-3 receptor (mouse) T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 (mouse) lymphocyte antigen 37 (mouse) mCD2 protein Cd2 Ly-37 PR:P08920 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface antigen CD2 (mouse) A CD2 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P08920 PRO:DNx CD2 (mouse) UniProtKB:P08920 LFA-2 (mouse) UniProtKB:P08920 LFA-3 receptor (mouse) UniProtKB:P08920 T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5 (mouse) UniProtKB:P08920 lymphocyte antigen 37 (mouse) UniProtKB:P08920 mCD2 PRO:DNx Cd2 UniProtKB:P08920 Ly-37 UniProtKB:P08920 A CD14 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P10810 CD14 (mouse) mCD14 myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein (mouse) protein Cd14 PR:P10810 Category=organism-gene. monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 (mouse) A CD14 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P10810 PRO:WCB CD14 (mouse) UniProtKB:P10810 mCD14 PRO:DNx myeloid cell-specific leucine-rich glycoprotein (mouse) UniProtKB:P10810 Cd14 UniProtKB:P10810 A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P13379 CD5 (mouse) Lyt-1 (mouse) lymphocyte antigen 1 (mouse) mCD5 protein Cd5 Ly-1 PR:P13379 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 (mouse) A T-cell surface glycoprotein CD5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P13379 PRO:DNx CD5 (mouse) UniProtKB:P13379 Lyt-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P13379 lymphocyte antigen 1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P13379 mCD5 PRO:DNx Cd5 UniProtKB:P13379 Ly-1 UniProtKB:P13379 A neural cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P13595 CD56 (mouse) N-CAM-1 (mouse) NCAM-1 (mouse) mNCAM1 protein Ncam Ncam1 PR:P13595 Category=organism-gene. neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (mouse) A neural cell adhesion molecule 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P13595 PRO:DNx CD56 (mouse) UniProtKB:P13595 N-CAM-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P13595 NCAM-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P13595 mNCAM1 PRO:DNx Ncam UniProtKB:P13595 Ncam1 UniProtKB:P13595 An interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P16872 CD127 (mouse) IL-7 receptor subunit alpha (mouse) IL-7R subunit alpha (mouse) IL-7R-alpha (mouse) IL-7RA (mouse) mIL7R protein Il7r PR:P16872 Category=organism-gene. interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha (mouse) An interleukin-7 receptor subunit alpha that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P16872 PRO:DNx CD127 (mouse) UniProtKB:P16872 IL-7 receptor subunit alpha (mouse) UniProtKB:P16872 IL-7R subunit alpha (mouse) UniProtKB:P16872 IL-7R-alpha (mouse) UniProtKB:P16872 IL-7RA (mouse) UniProtKB:P16872 mIL7R PRO:DNx Il7r UniProtKB:P16872 A membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P19437 B-cell differentiation antigen Ly-44 (mouse) CD20 (mouse) lymphocyte antigen 44 (mouse) mMS4A1 membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 (mouse) protein Cd20 Ly-44 Ms4a1 Ms4a2 PR:P19437 Category=organism-gene. B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 (mouse) A membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P19437 PRO:DNx B-cell differentiation antigen Ly-44 (mouse) UniProtKB:P19437 CD20 (mouse) UniProtKB:P19437 lymphocyte antigen 44 (mouse) UniProtKB:P19437 mMS4A1 PRO:DNx membrane-spanning 4-domains subfamily A member 1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P19437 Cd20 UniProtKB:P19437 Ly-44 UniProtKB:P19437 Ms4a1 UniProtKB:P19437 Ms4a2 UniProtKB:P19437 A T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P22091 Stem cell protein (mouse) TAL-1 (mouse) mTAL1 protein Scl Tal-1 Tal1 PR:P22091 Category=organism-gene. T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 homolog (mouse) A T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P22091 PRO:DNx Stem cell protein (mouse) UniProtKB:P22091 TAL-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P22091 mTAL1 PRO:DNx Scl UniProtKB:P22091 Tal-1 UniProtKB:P22091 Tal1 UniProtKB:P22091 A CD3 epsilon that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P22646 CD3e (mouse) T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain (mouse) mCD3E protein Cd3e PR:P22646 Category=organism-gene. T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain (mouse) A CD3 epsilon that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P22646 PRO:DNx CD3e (mouse) UniProtKB:P22646 T-cell surface antigen T3/Leu-4 epsilon chain (mouse) UniProtKB:P22646 mCD3E PRO:DNx Cd3e UniProtKB:P22646 A CD19 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P25918 CD19 (mouse) differentiation antigen CD19 (mouse) mCD19 protein Cd19 PR:P25918 Category=organism-gene. B-lymphocyte antigen CD19 (mouse) A CD19 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P25918 PRO:DNx CD19 (mouse) UniProtKB:P25918 differentiation antigen CD19 (mouse) UniProtKB:P25918 mCD19 PRO:DNx Cd19 UniProtKB:P25918 A lymphocyte antigen 6G that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P35461 Ly-6G (mouse) Ly-6G.1 (mouse) mLy6g protein Ly6g PR:P35461 Category=organism-gene. lymphocyte antigen 6G (mouse) A lymphocyte antigen 6G that is encoded in the genome of mouse. PRO:CNA UniProtKB:P35461 Ly-6G (mouse) UniProtKB:P35461 Ly-6G.1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P35461 mLy6g PRO:DNx Ly6g UniProtKB:P35461 A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P35918 CD309 (mouse) FLK-1 (mouse) VEGFR-2 (mouse) fetal liver kinase 1 (mouse) kinase NYK (mouse) mKDR protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 (mouse) protein Flk-1 Flk1 Kdr PR:P35918 Category=organism-gene. vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (mouse) A vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P35918 PRO:DNx CD309 (mouse) UniProtKB:P35918 FLK-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P35918 VEGFR-2 (mouse) UniProtKB:P35918 fetal liver kinase 1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P35918 kinase NYK (mouse) UniProtKB:P35918 mKDR PRO:DNx protein-tyrosine kinase receptor flk-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:P35918 Flk-1 UniProtKB:P35918 Flk1 UniProtKB:P35918 Kdr UniProtKB:P35918 A fibroblast growth factor 8 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P37237 AIGF (mouse) FGF-8 (mouse) androgen-induced growth factor (mouse) mFGF8 protein Aigf Fgf8 HBGF-8 (mouse) heparin-binding growth factor 8 (mouse) PR:P37237 Category=organism-gene. fibroblast growth factor 8 (mouse) A fibroblast growth factor 8 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P37237 PRO:DNx AIGF (mouse) UniProtKB:P37237 FGF-8 (mouse) UniProtKB:P37237 androgen-induced growth factor (mouse) UniProtKB:P37237 mFGF8 PRO:DNx Aigf UniProtKB:P37237 Fgf8 UniProtKB:P37237 HBGF-8 (mouse) UniProtKB:P37237 heparin-binding growth factor 8 (mouse) UniProtKB:P37237 A cadherin-5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:P55284 CD144 (mouse) VE-cadherin (mouse) mCDH5 vascular endothelial cadherin (mouse) protein Cdh5 PR:P55284 Category=organism-gene. cadherin-5 (mouse) A cadherin-5 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:P55284 PRO:DNx CD144 (mouse) UniProtKB:P55284 VE-cadherin (mouse) UniProtKB:P55284 mCDH5 PRO:DNx vascular endothelial cadherin (mouse) UniProtKB:P55284 Cdh5 UniProtKB:P55284 A sonic hedgehog protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:Q62226 HHG-1 (mouse) SHH (mouse) Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains (mouse) ShhNC (mouse) mSHH protein Hhg1 Shh PR:Q62226 Category=organism-gene. sonic hedgehog protein (mouse) A sonic hedgehog protein that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:Q62226 PRO:DNx HHG-1 (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62226 SHH (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62226 Shh unprocessed N-terminal signaling and C-terminal autoprocessing domains (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62226 ShhNC (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62226 mSHH PRO:DNx Hhg1 UniProtKB:Q62226 Shh UniProtKB:Q62226 A transferrin receptor protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:Q62351 CD71 (mouse) TfR (mouse) TfR1 (mouse) mTFRC protein TR (mouse) Tfrc Trfr PR:Q62351 Category=organism-gene. transferrin receptor protein 1 (mouse) A transferrin receptor protein 1 that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:Q62351 PRO:DNx CD71 (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62351 TfR (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62351 TfR1 (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62351 mTFRC PRO:DNx TR (mouse) UniProtKB:Q62351 Tfrc UniProtKB:Q62351 Trfr UniProtKB:Q62351 A CD34 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. UniProtKB:Q64314 CD34 (mouse) mCD34 protein Cd34 PR:Q64314 Category=organism-gene. hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 (mouse) A CD34 molecule that is encoded in the genome of mouse. OMA:Q64314 PRO:DNx CD34 (mouse) UniProtKB:Q64314 mCD34 PRO:DNx Cd34 UniProtKB:Q64314 A protein that is a translation product of the resilin gene in fruit fly. UniProtKB:Q9V7U0 fly-resilin protein CG15920 resilin PR:Q9V7U0 Category=organism-gene. pro-resilin (fruit fly) A protein that is a translation product of the resilin gene in fruit fly. PRO:DNx UniProtKB:Q9V7U0 fly-resilin PRO:DNx CG15920 UniProtKB:Q9V7U0 resilin UniProtKB:Q9V7U0 A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated. May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 Chris Mungall http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 system protein-coding sequence SO:0000010 Category=external. protein_coding An extent of biological sequence. located_sequence_feature sequence feature sequence located sequence feature SO:0000110 sequence_feature An extent of biological sequence. SO:ke A region (or regions) that includes all of the sequence elements necessary to encode a functional transcript. A gene may include regulatory regions, transcribed regions and/or other functional sequence regions. sequence SO:0000704 gene A region (or regions) that includes all of the sequence elements necessary to encode a functional transcript. A gene may include regulatory regions, transcribed regions and/or other functional sequence regions. SO:immuno_workshop protein coding gene sequence SO:0001217 protein_coding_gene An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. uberon UBERON:0000000 processual entity An occurrent [span:Occurrent] that exists in time by occurring or happening, has temporal parts and always involves and depends on some entity. span:ProcessualEntity A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that lines organs and supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle. [WP,unvetted]. submucosal BTO:0002107 FMA:85391 FMA:85392 NCIT:C13167 SCTID:68439008 UMLS:C0225344 Wikipedia:Submucosa organ submucosa region of submucosa submucosa of organ submucosa of region of organ uberon submucous layer tela submucosa tunica submucosa UBERON:0000009 submucosa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ens.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that lines organs and supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle. [WP,unvetted]. A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that lines organs and supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Submucosa UMLS:C0225344 ncithesaurus:Submucosa organ submucosa FMA:85391 region of submucosa FMA:85392 submucosa of organ FMA:85391 submucosa of region of organ FMA:85392 submucous layer BTO:0002107 tela submucosa BTO:0002107 A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Part of nervous system in which nerves extend throughout the body outside of the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system connected to the CNS which contains cranial nerves III - XII, spinal, peripheral and autonomic nerves. (CUMBO) (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives.[well established][VHOG] PNS AAO:0000429 BAMS:PNS BILA:0000081 BIRNLEX:1111 BTO:0001028 CALOHA:TS-0808 EFO:0000891 EHDAA2:0001445 EHDAA:2893 EMAPA:16665 EV:0100335 FBbt:00005098 FMA:9903 GAID:715 MA:0000218 MAT:0000338 MESH:D017933 MIAA:0000338 NCIT:C12465 SCTID:362292005 TAO:0000142 UMLS:C0206417 UMLS:C1305921 VHOG:0000399 Wikipedia:Peripheral_nervous_system XAO:0000178 ZFA:0000142 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=3232 pars peripherica systema nervosum periphericum uberon UBERON:0000010 peripheral nervous system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png cjm A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. GO:0007422 Nervous structures including ganglia outside of the central nervous system. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000142 TAO ZFIN:curator Part of nervous system in which nerves extend throughout the body outside of the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000429 AAO AAO:BJB The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system connected to the CNS which contains cranial nerves III - XII, spinal, peripheral and autonomic nerves. (CUMBO) The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the part of the nervous system connected to the CNS which contains cranial nerves III - XII, spinal, peripheral and autonomic nerves. (CUMBO) http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000399 VHOG DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_6 Dupin E, Creuzet S, Le Douarin NM, The contribution of the neural crest to the vertebrate body. Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2006) (...) specific vertebrate traits within the chordate phylum such as skeletal tissues, PNS, and spectacular head and brain development, are linked to the NC (neural crest) and its derivatives.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000399 VHOG DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-46954-6_6 Dupin E, Creuzet S, Le Douarin NM, The contribution of the neural crest to the vertebrate body. Advances in experimental medicine and biology (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ PNS UMLS:C0206417 BIRNLEX:1111 UMLS:C0206417 ncithesaurus:Peripheral_Nervous_System UMLS:C1305921 BIRNLEX:1111 pars peripherica FMA:9903 FMA:TA pars peripherica FMA:9903 FMA:TA Wikipedia:Peripheral_nervous_system systema nervosum periphericum FMA:9903 FMA:TA systema nervosum periphericum FMA:9903 FMA:TA Wikipedia:Peripheral_nervous_system Part of peripheral nervous system that includes the somatic parts of the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. EFO:0000892 FMA:9904 MA:0002850 MAT:0000099 MIAA:0000099 NLXANAT:100301 Wikipedia:Somatic_nervous_system PNS - somatic somatic nervous system, somatic division somatic part of peripheral nervous system somatic peripheral nervous system uberon UBERON:0000012 somatic nervous system cjm Part of peripheral nervous system that includes the somatic parts of the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. NLXANAT:100301 somatic nervous system, somatic division NLXANAT:100301 somatic part of peripheral nervous system UBERON:cjm somatic peripheral nervous system NLXANAT:100301 The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO]. Part of the autonomic nervous system which has opposing physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Examples include increasing the heart rate or constricting the blood vessels.[AAO] The part of the autonomic nervous system which chiefly contains adrenergic fibres and tends to control and reduce secretions, decrease the contractility and hence the tone of smooth muscles and provoke the contraction of blood vessels. Essentially, it consists of preganglionic fibres from the thoracic and upper lumbar parts of the spinal cord. These fibres, by means of delicate rami communicantes, cross over to ganglia sited in a pair of ganglionated cords on each side of the vertebral column or to more peripheral ganglia. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The autonomic nervous system is composed of three divisions: the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division, and the enteric division. (...) In ray-finned teleost fishes, a sympathetic chain is present, and dual innervation of additional organs can be observed. A similar pattern can be found in amphibians (...). The evolution of the autonomic nervous system has been quite conservative, especially in the tetrapod lineage.[well established][VHOG] has developmental contribution from NC in verteberates (https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest) AAO:0010487 BIRNLEX:2516 BTO:0001832 CALOHA:TS-2050 EFO:0000893 EHDAA2:0001971 EHDAA:3769 EMAPA:16985 FMA:9906 GAID:710 MA:0000225 MESH:D013564 MIAA:0000100 NCIT:C12795 SCTID:362484004 TAO:0001576 UMLS:C0039044 UMLS:C1269646 VHOG:0000384 Wikipedia:Sympathetic_nervous_system ZFA:0001576 pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi sympathetic nervous system sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system uberon pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi UBERON:0000013 sympathetic nervous system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray838.png cjm FMA MA ZFA-modified-from-isa The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO]. GO:0048485 Part of the autonomic nervous system which has opposing physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system. Examples include increasing the heart rate or constricting the blood vessels.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010487 AAO AAO:BJB The part of the autonomic nervous system which chiefly contains adrenergic fibres and tends to control and reduce secretions, decrease the contractility and hence the tone of smooth muscles and provoke the contraction of blood vessels. Essentially, it consists of preganglionic fibres from the thoracic and upper lumbar parts of the spinal cord. These fibres, by means of delicate rami communicantes, cross over to ganglia sited in a pair of ganglionated cords on each side of the vertebral column or to more peripheral ganglia. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000384 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The autonomic nervous system is composed of three divisions: the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division, and the enteric division. (...) In ray-finned teleost fishes, a sympathetic chain is present, and dual innervation of additional organs can be observed. A similar pattern can be found in amphibians (...). The evolution of the autonomic nervous system has been quite conservative, especially in the tetrapod lineage.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000384 VHOG ISBN:978-0471210054 Butler AB and Hodos W, Comparative vertebrate neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation (2005) p.461-463 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0039044 BIRNLEX:2516 UMLS:C0039044 ncithesaurus:Sympathetic_Nervous_System UMLS:C1269646 BIRNLEX:2516 pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi FMA:9906 FMA:TA pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi Wikipedia:Sympathetic_nervous_system Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis. Note the distinction between the entire skin of the body, of which there is only 1 in an organism, and zones of skin, of which there can be many. Examples: skin of knee (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...).[well established][VHOG] we assume that mouse, HOG and GAID all mean zone of skin when they say skin. We also choose skin as an exact synonym, as it is more intuitive EHDAA2:0001844 EHDAA:6530 EMAPA:17525 EV:0100152 FMA:86166 GAID:933 MA:0000151 MAT:0000284 MESH:D012867 MIAA:0000284 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:20795001 VHOG:0000860 Wikipedia:Skin portion of skin region of skin skin skin region skin zone uberon UBERON:0000014 zone of skin http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Skin.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/HumanSkinDiagram.jpg FMA Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis. Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis. Wikipedia:Skin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000860 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009) (...) it is well-established that neural crest cells contribute to both the dermal skeleton (craniofacial bone, teeth, and the caudal fin rays of teleosts) and the integument, including craniofacial dermis and all pigment cells outside the retina (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000860 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ skin MA:0000151 A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures. AEO:0000192 CARO:0000010 FMA:50705 anatomical boundary uberon UBERON:0000015 Except in the case of abstracted fiat boundaries such as the midline plane of an organism, all 2D anatomical entities have a 3 dimensional projection. For example, the surface of the shell of a muscle has a distinct shape that projects into the third dimension. Note that boundaries are 2D structures. They have no thickness - and so can not be sites of gene expression or gene product localisation. For this, use boundary region terms. non-material anatomical boundary CARO A non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions. Anatomical boundaries are contiguous structures. CARO:0000010 anatomical boundary CARO:0000010 A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia. The term compound eye is sometimes used for the multi-unit eyes of annelids, bivalves, echinoderms. We follow Richter et al and restrict this class to the arthropod structure for these structures BTO:0001921 FBbt:00004508 HAO:0000217 TGMA:0000024 Wikipedia:Compound_eye uberon Facettenauge Komplexauge adult compound eye faceted eye insect eye zusammengesetztes Auge UBERON:0000018 compound eye https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/457 PMID:21062451 A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia. FB:gg A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia. FB:gg Wikipedia:Compound_eye The term compound eye is sometimes used for the multi-unit eyes of annelids, bivalves, echinoderms. We follow Richter et al and restrict this class to the arthropod structure for these structures The term compound eye is sometimes used for the multi-unit eyes of annelids, bivalves, echinoderms. We follow Richter et al and restrict this class to the arthropod structure for these structures PMID:21062451 Facettenauge BTO:0001921 Komplexauge BTO:0001921 zusammengesetztes Auge BTO:0001921 An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid. A cavitated compound organ that transduces light waves into neural signals.[TAO] The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] FMA distinguishes Eye (subdivision of face) which has its parts an Eyeball (organ), as well as other structures, and the orbit of skull. MA includes eyelid, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus as part of MA:eye - consistent with FMA - so we can infer that MA:eye is more like FMA:eye than FMA:eyeball. For other AOs this distinction is less meaningful - e.g. ZFA has no eyelid; XAO has no eyelid, but it has conjuctiva, which is considered part of the xao:eye. GO considers eyelid development part of eye development. See also notes on optic nerve - XAO, AAO and BTO consider this part of the eye. MA considers the eye muscles part of the eye, whereas FMA has a class 'orbital content' for this eye AAO:0010340 BIRNLEX:1169 BTO:0004688 EHDAA2:0000484 EHDAA:936 EMAPA:16198 FMA:54448 MA:0000261 NCIT:C12401 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngx4rwKSh9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVil5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181143004 TAO:0000107 UMLS:C0015392 UMLS:C1280202 VHOG:0000275 XAO:0000179 ZFA:0000107 regio orbitalis vertebrate eye uberon camera-type eye plus associated structures eyes orbital part of face orbital region UBERON:0000019 camera-type eye definitional An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid. GO:0043010 An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid. GO:0043010 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A cavitated compound organ that transduces light waves into neural signals.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000107 TAO TAO:wd The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000275 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000275 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA distinguishes Eye (subdivision of face) which has its parts an Eyeball (organ), as well as other structures, and the orbit of skull. MA includes eyelid, conjunctiva and lacrimal apparatus as part of MA:eye - consistent with FMA - so we can infer that MA:eye is more like FMA:eye than FMA:eyeball. For other AOs this distinction is less meaningful - e.g. ZFA has no eyelid; XAO has no eyelid, but it has conjuctiva, which is considered part of the xao:eye. GO considers eyelid development part of eye development. See also notes on optic nerve - XAO, AAO and BTO consider this part of the eye. MA considers the eye muscles part of the eye, whereas FMA has a class 'orbital content' for this FMA eye FMA:54448 UMLS:C0015392 BIRNLEX:1169 UMLS:C0015392 ncithesaurus:Eye UMLS:C1280202 BIRNLEX:1169 regio orbitalis FMA:54448 FMA:TA eyes TAO:0000107 orbital part of face FMA:54448 orbital region FMA:54448 An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system. AEO:0000094 BSA:0000121 BTO:0000202 CALOHA:TS-2043 EHDAA2:0001824 EHDAA:500 EMAPA:35955 FBbt:00005155 GAID:63 HAO:0000930 MA:0000017 MESH:D012679 NCIT:C33224 SCTID:244485009 UMLS:C0935626 VHOG:0001407 WBbt:0006929 organ of sense organ system organ of sensory organ system organ of sensory system sense organ system organ sensory organ sensory organ system organ sensory system organ sensillum uberon Sinnesorgan sensor UBERON:0000020 sense organ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray722.png An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system. An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/549 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0935626 ncithesaurus:Organ_of_the_Special_Sense organ of sense organ system OBOL:accepted organ of sensory organ system OBOL:accepted organ of sensory system OBOL:accepted sense organ system organ OBOL:automatic sensory organ system organ OBOL:automatic sensory system organ OBOL:accepted sensillum WBbt:0006929 Sinnesorgan BTO:0000202 Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported. not every anatomical conduit is a tube - for example, a bone foramen is an opening in the bone, and there is no distinct separate tube structure. Tubes may transport large mixed objects (for example, a bolus of food in the digestive tube) or they may transport the secretions of a single gland (for example, gland ducts) tubular galen:Tube anatomical tube duct uberon UBERON:0000025 tube Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported. Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS, CARO]. An appendage is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body, such as a vertebrate's limbs[BILA][BILA:0000018]. Organ or organ part that is attached to the body of an organism. For example a limb[GO, modified][GO:0048736]. appendicular this is currently a subtype of organism subdivision - which would exclude feathers AEO:0000193 BILA:0000018 BTO:0001492 CARO:0010003 EFO:0000799 EHDAA2:0003193 EMAPA:37283 EV:0100155 FBbt:00007000 HAO:0000144 MAT:0000023 MESH:D005121 MIAA:0000023 NCIT:C61460 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViC-JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0598782 VSAO:0000075 Wikipedia:Appendage XAO:0000218 uberon appendages extremitaet extremity limbs/digits/tail UBERON:0000026 appendage Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS, CARO]. CARO:DOS An appendage is an external body part, or natural prolongation, that protrudes from an organism's body, such as a vertebrate's limbs[BILA][BILA:0000018]. BILA:0000018 Organ or organ part that is attached to the body of an organism. For example a limb[GO, modified][GO:0048736]. GO:0048736 EMAPA:37283 MA:th UMLS:C0598782 ncithesaurus:Appendage appendages XAO:0000218 extremitaet BTO:0001492 limbs/digits/tail MP:0000001 A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. BTO:0002330 FMA:62517 NCIT:C32918 SCTID:298225002 UMLS:C1179187 Wikipedia:Lamina_propria lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosae uberon tunica propria UBERON:0000030 lamina propria https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/GI_Organization.svg A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. Wikipedia:Lamina_propria UMLS:C1179187 ncithesaurus:Lamina_Propria tunica propria BTO:0002330 A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory airway. EMAPA:35877 FMA:265157 MA:0001858 NCIT:C49305 UMLS:C1710457 lamina propria mucosa of trachea lamina propria mucosa of windpipe lamina propria mucosae of trachea lamina propria mucosae of windpipe lamina propria of windpipe trachea lamina propria trachea lamina propria mucosa trachea lamina propria mucosae tracheal lamina propria windpipe lamina propria windpipe lamina propria mucosa windpipe lamina propria mucosae uberon UBERON:0000031 lamina propria of trachea true true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory airway. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1710457 ncithesaurus:Trachea_Lamina_Propria lamina propria mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of trachea OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of windpipe OBOL:automatic lamina propria of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic trachea lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic windpipe lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. Organism subdivision that is the part of the body consisting of the cranial and pharyngeal regions.[AAO] Organism subdivision which is the part of the body which consists of the cranial and pharygeal regions.[TAO] Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010335 AEO:0000106 BILA:0000115 BIRNLEX:1230 BTO:0000282 CALOHA:TS-0436 EFO:0000964 EHDAA2:0003106 EMAPA:31858 FBbt:00000004 FMA:7154 GAID:61 HAO:0000397 MA:0000023 MAT:0000294 MESH:D006257 MIAA:0000294 NCIT:C12419 OpenCyc:Mx4rEOLm4rgPEdmAAAACs6hRjg OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi6YJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302548004 SPD:0000016 TAO:0001114 TGMA:0000002 UMLS:C0018670 VHOG:0001644 WBbt:0005739 Wikipedia:Head XAO:0003024 ZFA:0001114 galen:Head head (volume) adult head uberon cephalic area UBERON:0000033 head The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. GO:0060322 The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. GO:0060322 Wikipedia:Head Organism subdivision that is the part of the body consisting of the cranial and pharyngeal regions.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010335 AAO AAO:BJB Organism subdivision which is the part of the body which consists of the cranial and pharygeal regions.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001114 TAO ZFIN:curator Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001644 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.82 Vertebrate evolution has been characterized by a fresh and vast array of cranial structures that collectively form the head.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001644 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.82 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0018670 BIRNLEX:1230 UMLS:C0018670 ncithesaurus:Head head (volume) FMA:7154 cephalic area SPD:0000016 Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer. A multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer.[TAO] a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP] in FMA, SM = mesothelium + connective tissue. It excludes the cavity. Serous sac = SM + cavity. Note that the SM is a subtype of wall in FMA. FMA:9581 GAID:19 MESH:D012704 NCIT:C13169 SCTID:362878009 TAO:0005425 UMLS:C0036760 Wikipedia:Serous_membrane ZFA:0005425 tunica serosa wall of serous sac uberon serosa UBERON:0000042 serous membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ens.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer. Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer. Wikipedia:Serous_membrane https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 A multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005425 TAO A multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005425 TAO Wikipedia:Serous_membrane a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP] a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement. Serosa is not to be confused with adventitia, a connective tissue layer which binds together structures rather than reducing friction between them. Each serous membrane is composed of a secretory epithelial layer and a connective tissue layer underneath. The epithelial layer, known as mesothelium, consists of a single layer of avascular flat nucleated cells (cuboidal epithelium) which produce the lubricating serous fluid. This fluid has a consistency similar to thin mucus. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue. The connective tissue layer provides the blood vessels and nerves for the overlying secretory cells, and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures.[WP] Wikipedia:Serous_membrane in FMA, SM = mesothelium + connective tissue. It excludes the cavity. Serous sac = SM + cavity. Note that the SM is a subtype of wall in FMA. FMA UMLS:C0036760 ncithesaurus:Serosa tunica serosa FMA:9581 wall of serous sac FMA:9581 serosa serosa Wikipedia:Serous_membrane Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO]. Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.[VSAO] Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum.[well established][VHOG] in FMA, tendon is an organ component that with parts dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon and dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon sheath; we follow VSAO in making it a subtype of the former. In VSAO tendons connect muscle to bone; in WP the def states integument (e.g. auricular muscles) - but JB confirms this is not actually tendon but aponeurosis AEO:0000091 BTO:0001356 CALOHA:TS-1021 EHDAA2:0003091 EMAPA:35854 EV:0100149 FMA:9721 GAID:276 MA:0000115 MESH:D013710 NCIT:C13045 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjefJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:256667004 UMLS:C0039508 VHOG:0001286 VSAO:0000073 Wikipedia:Tendon XAO:0000173 ZFA:0005647 galen:Tendon uberon sinew tendo UBERON:0000043 tendon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Achilles-tendon.jpg VSAO OG AEO Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO]. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000073 Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO]. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000073 Wikipedia:Tendon http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000073 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001286 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00241-6 Summers AP, Koob TJ, The evolution of tendon - morphology and material properties. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2002) Phylogenetically, tendinous tissue first appears in the invertebrate chordate Branchiostoma as myosepta. This two-dimensional array of collagen fibers is highly organized, with fibers running along two primary axes. In hagfish the first linear tendons appear and the myosepta have developed specialized regions with unidirectional fiber orientation - a linear tendon within the flat sheet of myoseptum.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001286 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00241-6 Summers AP, Koob TJ, The evolution of tendon - morphology and material properties. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology (2002) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in FMA, tendon is an organ component that with parts dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon and dense-irregular-connective-tissue of tendon sheath; we follow VSAO in making it a subtype of the former. In VSAO tendons connect muscle to bone; in WP the def states integument (e.g. auricular muscles) - but JB confirms this is not actually tendon but aponeurosis FMA UMLS:C0039508 ncithesaurus:Tendon sinew sinew Wikipedia:Tendon tendo tendo Wikipedia:Tendon A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. TODO - check vert vs invert. Other species: Any of a number of aggregations of neurons, glial cells and their processes, surrounded by a glial cell and connective tissue sheath (plural: ganglia). // Subdivision of neural tree (organ) which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord); together with a nucleus and its associated nerve, it constitutes a neural tree (organ). Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion. // a cluster of nerve cells and associated glial cells (nuclear location) // Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system. A ganglion is a cluster of neurons. It is part of a nervous system. It may include glial cells. The neurons are arranged in a specific constellation: neuronal somata are concentrated at the surface, thus forming a cell cortex, and neurites are concentrated in the centre of the ganglion to form the neuropil. A ganglion is a distinct unit but several ganglia may be anterio-posteriorly joined by connectives or transversally by commissures Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system.[AAO] Structures containing a collection of nerve cell bodies. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] Subdivision of nervous system which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord. Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion (adapted from Foundational Model of Anatomy)[NLXANAT:100302]. Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] ganglionic AAO:0010426 AEO:0000135 BAMS:G BTO:0000497 CALOHA:TS-0397 EFO:0000899 EHDAA2:0003135 EHDAA:2897 EHDAA:4662 EHDAA:5621 EHDAA:918 EMAPA:32846 EV:0100372 FMA:5884 MA:0002406 MAT:0000207 MAT:0000343 MESH:D005724 MIAA:0000207 MIAA:0000343 NCIT:C12719 NLXANAT:100302 TAO:0000190 TGMA:0001016 UMLS:C0017067 VHOG:0000156 WBbt:0005189 Wikipedia:Ganglion XAO:0000209 ZFA:0000190 uberon ganglia neural ganglion UBERON:0000045 ganglion https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/702 EHDAA2 Bgee:AN A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. Wikipedia:Ganglion https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/300 A ganglion is a cluster of neurons. It is part of a nervous system. It may include glial cells. The neurons are arranged in a specific constellation: neuronal somata are concentrated at the surface, thus forming a cell cortex, and neurites are concentrated in the centre of the ganglion to form the neuropil. A ganglion is a distinct unit but several ganglia may be anterio-posteriorly joined by connectives or transversally by commissures PMID:21062451 Portion of tissue that contains cell bodies of neurons and is located outside the central nervous system.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010426 AAO AAO:EJS Structures containing a collection of nerve cell bodies. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000190 TAO ZFIN:curator Subdivision of nervous system which primarily consists of cell bodies of neurons located outside the neuraxis (brain and spinal cord. Examples: spinal ganglion, trigeminal ganglion, superior cervical ganglion, celiac ganglion, inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglion (adapted from Foundational Model of Anatomy)[NLXANAT:100302]. NLXANAT:100302 Cranial sensory placodes are focused areas of the head ectoderm of vertebrates that contribute to the development of the cranial sense organs and their associated ganglia. Placodes have long been considered a key character of vertebrates, and their evolution is proposed to have been essential for the evolution of an active predatory lifestyle by early vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000156 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.021 Mazet F, Hutt JA, Milloz J, Millard J, Graham A, Shimeld SM, Molecular evidence from Ciona intestinalis for the evolutionary origin of vertebrate sensory placodes. Developmental Biology (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0017067 ncithesaurus:Ganglion neural ganglion BTO:0000497 An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. TGMA:0000729 Wikipedia:Eye#Simple_eyes uberon UBERON:0000047 simple eye An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. Wikipedia:Eye#Simple_eyes A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. uberon UBERON:0000055 vessel A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances. A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination[ZFA:0005171]. Most ducts, but not all, are exocrine gland ducts. Some ontologies classify structures such as the oviduct here. AAO:0011123 FBbt:00100314 FMA:30320 NCIT:C12948 SCTID:91726008 TAO:0005171 UMLS:C0687028 Wikipedia:Duct_(anatomy) XAO:0004000 ZFA:0005171 galen:Duct anatomical duct exocrine duct exocrine gland duct uberon ducts UBERON:0000058 duct A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances. A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm#ducts A tube shaped portion of tissue lined with epithelial cells that collects secretions and routes them to their destination[ZFA:0005171]. ZFA:0005171 UMLS:C0687028 ncithesaurus:Duct ducts XAO:0004000 A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong]. Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010396 BTO:0000706 CALOHA:TS-1306 EFO:0000840 EMAPA:19252 EV:0100077 FMA:7201 GAID:306 MA:0000333 MESH:A03.492.411.495 MESH:D007420 MIAA:0000046 NCIT:C12379 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkF5pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181254001 UMLS:C0021851 VHOG:0000054 Wikipedia:Large_intestine_(anatomy) XAO:0000131 galen:LargeIntestine uberon intestinum crassum UBERON:0000059 large intestine cjm A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong]. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Large_intestine_(anatomy) Intestinal surface area also is increased in amphibians and reptiles by internal folds and occasionally by a few villi. The intestine can be divided into a small intestine and a slightly wider large intestine.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000054 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.566 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0021851 ncithesaurus:Large_Intestine intestinum crassum BTO:0000706 Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers. in FMA, serosa is a wall UBERON:0009915 wall EMAPA:25036 FMA:82482 galen:Wall wall of organ uberon organ wall UBERON:0000060 anatomical wall Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers. FMA:82482 in FMA, serosa is a wall FMA wall of organ FMA:82482 organ wall FMA:82482 Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. AAO:0010825 AEO:0000003 BILA:0000003 CARO:0000003 EHDAA2:0003003 EMAPA:0 FBbt:00007001 FMA:305751 FMA:67135 GAID:781 HAO:0000003 MA:0003000 MESH:D000825 SCTID:362889002 TAO:0000037 TGMA:0001823 VHOG:0001759 XAO:0003000 ZFA:0000037 http://dbpedia.org/ontology/AnatomicalStructure biological structure connected biological structure uberon UBERON:0000061 anatomical structure Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. CARO:0000003 connected biological structure CARO:0000003 Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. CARO v1 does not include a generic 'organ' class, only simple and compound organ. CARO v2 may include organ, see https://github.com/obophenotype/caro/issues/4 BIRNLEX:4 CARO:0020004 EFO:0000634 EMAPA:35949 ENVO:01000162 FMA:67498 MA:0003001 NCIT:C13018 OpenCyc:Mx4rv5XMb5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3iWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:272625005 UMLS:C0178784 WBbt:0003760 Wikipedia:Organ_(anatomy) uberon anatomical unit body organ element UBERON:0000062 organ Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. Wikipedia:Organ_(anatomy) Wikipedia Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions. GO:0048513 UMLS:C0178784 ncithesaurus:Organ element element http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity. FMA distinguishes segment from zone by whether the fiat boundaries are fixed/anchored (segments) or floating (zone). It's not completely clear how to apply this distinction Organ region with one or more anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball. Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyebal. FMA:86140 uberon organ region with fixed fiat boundary organ segment segment of organ UBERON:0000063 organ subunit A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity. A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Organ region with one or more anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyeball. FMA:86140 3 Organ region with one or more fixed or anchored fiat boundaries. Examples: artery, trunk of nerve, cervical part of esophagus, pelvic part of vagina, horn of thyroid cartilage, anterior segment of eyebal. FMA:86140 1 organ region with fixed fiat boundary FMA:86140 organ segment FMA:86140 segment of organ FMA:86140 A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ. currently defined in a very broad sense, may be replaced by more specific classes in the future AAO:0011124 BIRNLEX:16 EFO:0000635 FMA:82472 SCTID:113343008 SCTID:91717005 cardinal organ part uberon regional part of organ UBERON:0000064 organ part A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ. A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cardinal organ part FMA:82472 regional part of organ BIRNLEX:16 Anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts. EHDAA2:0001606 EHDAA:1568 EHDAA:2219 EMAPA:16737 FMA:265130 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvM--pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361110005 VHOG:0000393 uberon UBERON:0000065 respiratory tract NCBIBook:NBK10107 Anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts. Anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both sexually immature stage, and adult stage. adult stage BTO:0001043 BilaDO:0000004 EFO:0001272 FBdv:00005369 WBls:0000041 XtroDO:0000084 fully formed animal stage juvenile-adult stage uberon UBERON:0000066 fully formed stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/566 The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both sexually immature stage, and adult stage. The stage of development at which the animal is fully formed, including immaturity and maturity. Includes both sexually immature stage, and adult stage. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo. BilaDO:0000002 EV:0300001 FBdv:00005289 FMA:72652 HsapDv:0000002 MmusDv:0000002 OGES:000000 OGES:000022 SCTID:296280003 WBls:0000003 WBls:0000092 WBls:0000102 XAO:1000012 embryonic stage uberon embryogenesis UBERON:0000068 embryo stage A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo. A life cycle stage that starts with fertilization and ends with the fully formed embryo. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 End of the life of an organism. ncit:Death is an outcome XAO:0000437 XtroDO:0000085 uberon death UBERON:0000071 death stage End of the life of an organism. XAO:0000437 ncit:Death is an outcome ncit An section of a respiratory tract. MA:0000434 has subclasses upper and lower, so it corresponds to a segment of the tract, rather than the tract as a whole EMAPA:16737 FMA:45660 MA:0000434 uberon respiratory tract subdivision of respiratory tract UBERON:0000072 proximo-distal subdivision of respiratory tract An section of a respiratory tract. An section of a respiratory tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 MA:0000434 has subclasses upper and lower, so it corresponds to a segment of the tract, rather than the tract as a whole MA respiratory tract MA:0000434 Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS. 2009-06-18T09:00:04Z BIRNLEX:1157 NCIT:C13040 SCTID:25087005 UMLS:C1518256 part of nervous system uberon UBERON:0000073 regional part of nervous system Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS. BIRNLEX:1157 UMLS:C1518256 ncithesaurus:Nervous_System_Part part of nervous system BIRNLEX:1157 Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. UBERON:0010322 FMA:85544 NCIT:C34076 SCTID:118966000 UMLS:C1519343 galen:ComplexSkeletalStructure skeletal system subdivision uberon skeletal system part UBERON:0000075 subdivision of skeletal system cjm Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. UBERONREF:0000003 Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1519343 ncithesaurus:Skeletal_System_Part skeletal system subdivision FMA:85544 The surface (external) layer of ectoderm which begins to proliferate shortly after separation from the neuroectoderm. merge with non-neural. In vertebrates, the ectoderm has three parts: external ectoderm (also known as surface ectoderm), the neurectoderm (neural crest, and neural tube) (or external ectoderm) forms the following structures: Skin Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity saliavary glands, and glands of mouth and nasal cavity Enamel - as a side note dentin and dental pulp are formed from ectomesenchyme which is derived from ectoderm Epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands Lens and cornea of the eye Apical ectodermal ridge inducing development of the limb buds of the embryo. Sensory receptors in epidermis EHDAA2:0001968 EHDAA:1494 EHDAA:350 EHDAA:4784 EHDAA:4790 EHDAA:4796 EHDAA:7860 EMAPA:16096 FMA:87656 NCIT:C34309 UMLS:C1515087 Wikipedia:External_ectoderm surface (external) ectoderm surface ectoderm uberon UBERON:0000076 external ectoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Ectoderm.png EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The surface (external) layer of ectoderm which begins to proliferate shortly after separation from the neuroectoderm. MGI:anna MP:0012532 UMLS:C1515087 ncithesaurus:Surface_Ectoderm surface ectoderm MP:0012532 An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. Grouping term for query purposes. Notes that the developmental relationships are being refined such that most structures should develop in whole from at most one layer, but may have contributions from multiple uberon UBERON:0000077 mixed endoderm/mesoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Grouping term for query purposes. Notes that the developmental relationships are being refined such that most structures should develop in whole from at most one layer, but may have contributions from multiple uberon UBERON:0000078 mixed ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres formed before the blastula and resulting from cleavage of the fertilized ovum. EHDAA2 has embryo starting later BTO:0001508 EHDAA2:0000005 FMA:292334 GAID:1295 MESH:A16.254.270.550 MESH:D009028 NCIT:C34212 SCTID:361474003 UMLS:C0026573 Wikipedia:Morula uberon morula (2-16 cells) UBERON:0000085 morula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Blastulation.png EHDAA2 A spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres formed before the blastula and resulting from cleavage of the fertilized ovum. MP:0012130 EHDAA2 has embryo starting later EHDAA2 UMLS:C0026573 ncithesaurus:Morula morula (2-16 cells) EHDAA2:0000005 A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes. Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida.[well established][VHOG] zona pellucida - vitelline membrane BTO:0003135 EHDAA2:0002220 EHDAA:31 EHDAA:62 EMAPA:16035 FMA:18674 GAID:410 MA:0001715 MESH:D015044 NCIT:C33896 TAO:0001111 UMLS:C0043519 VHOG:0000720 Wikipedia:Zona_pellucida ZFA:0001111 uberon oolemma pellucid zone striated membrane vitelline envelope vitelline membrane zona radiata zona striata UBERON:0000086 zona pellucida http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray3.png A glycoprotein membrane surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte. It is a vital constitutive part of the latter, external but not extraneous to it. The zona pellucida first appears in multilaminar primary oocytes. Wikipedia:Zona_pellucida Outside the plasma membrane, three envelopes surround the ovum. The first, the primary egg envelope, lies between the plasma membrane and the surrounding cells of the ovary. The most consistent component of this primary layer is the vitelline membrane, a transparent jacket of fibrous protein. In mammals, the homologous structure is called the zona pellucida.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000720 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.159 http://bgee.unil.ch/ zona pellucida - vitelline membrane VHOG:0000720 UMLS:C0043519 ncithesaurus:Zona_Pellucida oolemma BTO:0003135 pellucid zone BTO:0003135 striated membrane BTO:0003135 zona radiata BTO:0003135 zona striata BTO:0003135 A mass of cells that develop into the body of the embryo and some extraembryonic tissues. A group of cells found in the mammalian blastocyst that give rise to the embryo. [Biology_Online][VHOG] A small sphere of cells known as the inner cell mass lies within the trophoblast (of all eutherian mammals).[well established][VHOG] This structure forms in the earliest steps of development, before implantation into the endometrium of the uterus has occurred.The ICM lies within the blastocyst cavity and is entirely surrounded by the single layer of cells called trophoblast. [Wikipedia:Inner_cell_mass] EFO:0000547 EHDAA2:0000830 EHDAA:40 EMAPA:16041 FMA:86557 NCIT:C13740 SCTID:361456007 UMLS:C1283994 VHOG:0000742 Wikipedia:Inner_cell_mass uberon ICM early embryoblast embryoblast embryoblastus; massa cellularis interna; pluriblastus senior pluriblast UBERON:0000087 inner cell mass https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg Wikipedia Wikipedia A mass of cells that develop into the body of the embryo and some extraembryonic tissues. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:pvb A group of cells found in the mammalian blastocyst that give rise to the embryo. [Biology_Online][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000742 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ A small sphere of cells known as the inner cell mass lies within the trophoblast (of all eutherian mammals).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000742 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1283994 ncithesaurus:Inner_Cell_Mass ICM VHOG:0000742 early embryoblast FMA:86557 embryoblastus; massa cellularis interna; pluriblastus senior Wikipedia:Inner_cell_mass The mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta. the mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta[MP] trophoblastic The postimplantation derivatives of the trophectoderm, which make up most of the fetal part of the placenta BTO:0001079 CALOHA:TS-1070 EV:0100120 FMA:83029 GAID:1152 MESH:A11.936 MESH:D014327 NCIT:C93292 SCTID:362839005 UMLS:C0041178 Wikipedia:Trophoblast trophoblast layer uberon massa cellularis externa trophoblastus trophoderm UBERON:0000088 Aggregate of cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg. [Wikipedia:Trophoblast] trophoblast https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg MP-def PMID:19829370 The mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005031 the mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta[MP] 2012-08-23 MP:0005031 trophoblast layer MP ISBN:0-683-40008-8 The postimplantation derivatives of the trophectoderm, which make up most of the fetal part of the placenta PMID:19829370 UMLS:C0041178 ncithesaurus:Trophoblast trophoblast layer MP:0005031 massa cellularis externa Wikipedia:Trophoblast trophoblastus Wikipedia:Trophoblast trophoderm BTO:0001079 A flattened, almost circular bilaminar plate of cells formed when the inner cell mass (aka embryoblast) forms two epithelial layers, each of a distinct lineage, separated by an extracellular basement membrane: the external (dorsal) layer is called the epiblast and the internal (ventral) layer is called the hypoblast (aka primitive endoderm); together, they compose the bilaminar embryonic disc. embryonic disc embryonic shield germinal disc germinal disk FMA:293863 NCIT:C34112 UMLS:C1283997 Wikipedia:Bilaminar_disc bilaminary embryonic disc bilaminary germ disc uberon bilaminar disk UBERON:0000091 bilaminar disc http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Gray21.png Wikipedia A flattened, almost circular bilaminar plate of cells formed when the inner cell mass (aka embryoblast) forms two epithelial layers, each of a distinct lineage, separated by an extracellular basement membrane: the external (dorsal) layer is called the epiblast and the internal (ventral) layer is called the hypoblast (aka primitive endoderm); together, they compose the bilaminar embryonic disc. MP:0003886 embryonic disc MP:0003886 embryonic shield MP:0003886 germinal disc MP:0003886 germinal disk MP:0003886 UMLS:C1283997 ncithesaurus:Bilaminar_Embryonic_Disc bilaminary germ disc ISBN:9780878932504 bilaminar disk Wikipedia:Bilaminar_disc Stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure. In birds, the postnatal stage begins when the beak penetrates the shell (i.e., external pipping) (Brown et al. 1997) BilaDO:0000003 OGES:000010 OGES:000014 OGES:000024 WBls:0000022 WBls:0000093 WBls:0000103 postembryonic stage post-hatching stage uberon postembryonic UBERON:0000092 post-embryonic stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/344 Stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure. Stage succeeding embryo, including mature structure. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA]. 2009-07-30T05:19:13Z membrane FMA:7145 membrane of organ uberon UBERON:0000094 membrane organ FMA-def Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA]. FMA:7145 Portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia]. A subpopulation of the cephalic neural crest that emerges from the otic level to the anterior limit of somite 4. It migrates to the heart and is essential for the septation of the outflow track[DOI:10.1242/dev.091751]. ZFA treats this as a subtype of NC. 2009-07-30T07:57:38Z TAO:0002173 Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest XAO:0004190 ZFA:0001648 uberon cardiac neural crest complex complexus cristae neuralis cardiacus UBERON:0000095 cardiac neural crest Wikipedia Wikipedia Portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia]. Portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest A subpopulation of the cephalic neural crest that emerges from the otic level to the anterior limit of somite 4. It migrates to the heart and is essential for the septation of the outflow track[DOI:10.1242/dev.091751]. A subpopulation of the cephalic neural crest that emerges from the otic level to the anterior limit of somite 4. It migrates to the heart and is essential for the septation of the outflow track[DOI:10.1242/dev.091751]. DOI:10.1242/dev.091751 ZFA treats this as a subtype of NC. ZFA cardiac neural crest complex cardiac neural crest complex Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest complexus cristae neuralis cardiacus complexus cristae neuralis cardiacus Wikipedia:Cardiac_neural_crest The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO]. FMA:73750 lung vascular network pulmonary vasculature vascular network of lung vasculature of lung uberon UBERON:0000102 lung vasculature The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO]. GOC:GO lung vascular network OBOL:automatic pulmonary vasculature FMA:73750 vascular network of lung OBOL:automatic vasculature of lung OBOL:automatic An entire span of an organism's life, commencing with the zygote stage and ending in the death of the organism. FBdv:00000000 HsapDv:0000001 MmusDv:0000001 OGES:000011 ncithesaurus:Life entire life cycle entire lifespan life lifespan uberon UBERON:0000104 life cycle https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/532 An entire span of an organism's life, commencing with the zygote stage and ending in the death of the organism. An entire span of an organism's life, commencing with the zygote stage and ending in the death of the organism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism. this class represents a proper part of the life cycle of an organism. The class 'life cycle' should not be placed here the WBls class 'all stages' belongs here as it is the superclass of other WBls stages we map the ZFS unknown stage here as it is logically equivalent to saying *some* life cycle stage BILS:0000105 EFO:0000399 FBdv:00007012 FMA:24120 HsapDv:0000000 MESH:D008018 MmusDv:0000000 OlatDv:0000010 PdumDv:0000090 WBls:0000002 XAO:1000000 ZFS:0000000 ZFS:0100000 ncithesaurus:Developmental_Stage developmental stage stage uberon UBERON:0000105 life cycle stage A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism. A spatiotemporal region encompassing some part of the life cycle of an organism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction. As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote.[well established][VHOG] BILS:0000106 BilaDO:0000005 EFO:0001322 EHDAA:27 FBdv:00005288 NCIT:C12601 PdumDv:0000100 VHOG:0000745 Wikipedia:Zygote XAO:1000001 ZFS:0000001 1-cell stage fertilized egg stage one cell stage uberon fertilized egg stage one-cell stage zygote zygotum UBERON:0000106 zygote stage A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction. A stage at which the organism is a single cell produced by means of sexual reproduction. Wikipedia:Zygote As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000745 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.107 As in all metazoans, eumetazoan development begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000745 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.107 http://bgee.unil.ch/ fertilized egg stage BTO:0000854 one-cell stage VHOG:0000745 zygote VHOG:0000745 zygotum zygotum Wikipedia:Zygote The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. BILS:0000107 BilaDO:0000006 EFO:0001290 FBdv:00000054 MESH:A16.254.270 MESH:D002970 MmusDv:0000004 OGES:000015 OGES:000020 PdumDv:0000200 Wikipedia:Cleavage_(embryo) XAO:1000004 ZFS:0000046 uberon UBERON:0000107 cleavage stage The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. GO:0040016 The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg; Stage consisting of division of cells in the early embryo. The zygotes of many species undergo rapid cell cycles with no significant growth, producing a cluster of cells the same size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomeres and form a compact mass called the morula. Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula. GO:0040016 Wikipedia:Cleavage_(embryo) An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. consider adding a preceding stage 'morula stage' as part of cleavage BILS:0000108 BilaDO:0000007 EFO:0001282 HsapDv:0000006 MmusDv:0000007 OGES:000003 OGES:000016 OGES:000021 OpenCyc:Mx4rEetFnKP2EdqAAAACs4vPlg WBls:0000005 Wikipedia:Blastula XAO:1000003 ZFS:0000045 uberon UBERON:0000108 blastula stage http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Blastulation.png An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. An early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. Wikipedia:Blastula A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. BILS:0000109 BilaDO:0000008 EFO:0001296 FBdv:00005317 HsapDv:0000010 MmusDv:0000013 OGES:000004 OGES:000019 WBls:0000010 XAO:1000005 ZFS:0000047 uberon blastocystis trilaminaris stage trilaminar blastocyst stage trilaminar blastoderm stage trilaminar disk stage trilaminar germ stage trilaminar stage UBERON:0000109 gastrula stage BILS A stage defined by complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. GO:0007369 blastocystis trilaminaris stage blastocystis trilaminaris stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar blastocyst stage trilaminar blastocyst stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar blastoderm stage trilaminar blastoderm stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar disk stage trilaminar disk stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar germ stage trilaminar germ stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar stage trilaminar stage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. BILS:0000110 BilaDO:0000009 HsapDv:0000012 MmusDv:0000017 XAO:1000006 uberon UBERON:0000110 neurula stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/343 Staged defined by the formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system. GO:0001841 A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. BILS:0000111 BilaDO:0000010 HsapDv:0000015 MmusDv:0000018 OGES:000005 OGES:000032 Wikipedia:Organogenesis uberon segmentation stage UBERON:0000111 organogenesis stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/533 A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. A stage at which the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm develop into the internal organs of the organism. Wikipedia:Organogenesis The stage of being a sexually immature adult animal[XAO:1000010]. In mammals this would include infant (nourishment from lactation) and juvenile (prepubertal no longer dependent on mother) BILS:0000112 BTO:0002168 EFO:0001300 EV:0300051 MmusDv:0000043 OGES:000009 XAO:1000010 XtroDO:0000083 ZFS:0000051 immature stage juvenile stage uberon subadult stage UBERON:0000112 sexually immature stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/427 The stage of being a sexually immature adult animal[XAO:1000010]. XAO:1000010 immature stage VHOG:FB juvenile stage XAO:1000010 subadult stage http://eol.org/schema/terms/subadult The stage of being a sexually mature adult animal. adult stage BILS:0000113 EV:0300064 EV:0300070 MIAA:0000403 MmusDv:0000110 OGES:000026 OGES:000027 XAO:1000093 ZFS:0000044 uberon UBERON:0000113 post-juvenile adult stage https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/345 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/499 The stage of being a sexually mature adult animal. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The connective tissue located between the respiratory (airway and alveolar) epithelium, the capillary endothelium and pleural mesothelium; it contains basement membrane composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin. it functions in the mechanical behavior of the lung, and forms a barrier to regulate the flow of plasma constituents from the capillaries to the airway and alveolar spaces EMAPA:35521 FMA:27533 MA:0001782 SCTID:201609008 connective tissue of lung pulmonary interstitium uberon lung interstitial tissue lung interstitium pulmonary connective tissue pulmonary interstitial tissue UBERON:0000114 lung connective tissue The connective tissue located between the respiratory (airway and alveolar) epithelium, the capillary endothelium and pleural mesothelium; it contains basement membrane composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:anna MP:0002276 The connective tissue located between the respiratory (airway and alveolar) epithelium, the capillary endothelium and pleural mesothelium; it contains basement membrane composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:anna MP:0002276 PMID:14635660 connective tissue of lung OBOL:automatic pulmonary interstitium FMA:27533 lung interstitial tissue MA:0001782 pulmonary connective tissue EMAPA:35521 The epithelial layer of the lung. A pseudostratified epithelium, containing basal cells, stem cells of the airway, submucosal glands and cartilage rings, is limited to the trachea and large lobar airways in the mouse (Morrisey and Hogan, 2010). This more complex epithelium extends to terminal bronchioles in the human[DOI:10.1242/dev.115469] BTO:0001653 EMAPA:32860 MA:0001783 epithelial tissue of lung epithelium of lung lung epithelial tissue uberon pulmonary epithelium UBERON:0000115 lung epithelium The epithelial layer of the lung. MP:0006382 epithelial tissue of lung OBOL:automatic epithelium of lung OBOL:automatic lung epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic pulmonary epithelium BTO:0001653 A tube in the respiratory system. Examples: bronchus, bronchiole, trachea. in GO lung development is part of respiratory tube development. This can lead to inconsistencies with other ontologies, e.g. VT. The GO structure may be better represented by a tree of tubes (see the FMA class) EMAPA:37946 FMA:12224 segment of tracheobronchial tree respiratory conducting tube segment of tracheobronchial tree tracheobronchial tree segment uberon airway UBERON:0000117 respiratory tube A tube in the respiratory system. Examples: bronchus, bronchiole, trachea. GO:0030323 A tube in the respiratory system. Examples: bronchus, bronchiole, trachea. GO:0030323 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 in GO lung development is part of respiratory tube development. This can lead to inconsistencies with other ontologies, e.g. VT. The GO structure may be better represented by a tree of tubes (see the FMA class) GO EMAPA:37946 MA:th segment of tracheobronchial tree FMA:12224 respiratory conducting tube MP:0004391 segment of tracheobronchial tree FMA:12224 tracheobronchial tree segment FMA:12224 Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO]. clarify successors - include bronchi? BTO:0001643 EHDAA2:0004089 NCIT:C34260 NCIT:C34282 SCTID:361427007 UMLS:C1514420 UMLS:C1514897 Wikipedia:Respiratory_bud uberon gemma pulmonalis gemma respiratoria lung bud primary lung bud respiratory diverticulum UBERON:0000118 lung bud http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Gray948.png GO:0060441 EHDAA2 Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO]. GO:0060431 Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO]. GO:0060431 Wikipedia:Respiratory_bud UMLS:C1514420 ncithesaurus:Primary_Bronchial_Bud UMLS:C1514897 ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Diverticulum gemma pulmonalis gemma pulmonalis Wikipedia:Lung_buds gemma respiratoria gemma respiratoria Wikipedia:Lung_buds lung bud primary lung bud GO:0060572 respiratory diverticulum respiratory diverticulum Wikipedia:Lung_buds A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. UBERON:0005163 CARO:0001001 FBbt:00005099 NLX:147821 funiculus nerve fiber bundle neural fiber bundle uberon UBERON:0000122 neuron projection bundle A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. CARO:0001001 FBC:DOS FBbt:00005099 nerve fiber bundle FBbt:00005099 A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO). Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO][GO_REF:0000021]. Proposed CUMBO def from MM: A subcortical part of the nervous system consisting of a relatively compact group of cells that is distinguishable histologically that share a commonality of cytoarchitecture, chemoarchitecturel and connectivity. (comments: I put in 'subcortical' because I don't think we consider either the cerebellar cortex or cerebral cortex to be nuclei. Some people distinguish between a nucleus and a laminar structure (see Wikipedia definition). However, there are structures identified as nuclei that are laminar, e.g., lateral geniculate nucleus, although they are not laminated in all species. Also, I put in 'relatively compact' and 'distiguishable by histology' because we have groups of cells, e.g., cholinergic cell groups, doparminergic cell groups that are related on the 3 criteria but which we don't tend to consider nuclei because they don't occupy an easily defined territory. But all is open to debate. nucleus AEO:0000136 FMA:83686 NCIT:C13197 NLX:28443 Wikipedia:Nucleus_(neuroanatomy) nervous system nucleus neuraxis nucleus neuronal nucleus nucleus of CNS uberon nucleus of neuraxis UBERON:0000125 neural nucleus we limit this structure by definition to chordate and vertebrate nervous systems A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO). NLX:28443 Anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma[GO][GO_REF:0000021]. GO_REF:0000021 neuraxis nucleus FMA:83686 neuronal nucleus AEO:0000136 nucleus of CNS NLX:28443 Nucleus that receives projections from or contains neurons that send projections through one of the cranial nerves. EMAPA:37066 FMA:54501 NLX:28532 SCTID:280160003 Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_nucleus cranial neural nucleus nucleus of cranial nerve uberon nucleus nervi cranialis UBERON:0000126 cranial nerve nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray696.png Nucleus that receives projections from or contains neurons that send projections through one of the cranial nerves. NLX:28532 EMAPA:37066 MA:th cranial neural nucleus FMA:54501 nucleus nervi cranialis Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_nucleus uberon UBERON:0000153 anterior region of body lexical uberon UBERON:0000154 posterior region of body lexical A thin sheet or layer of pliable tissue, serving as a covering or envelope of a part, as the lining of a cavity, as a partition or septum, or to connect two structures. membrane FMA:30322 FMA:82500 MESH:D008566 NCIT:C12749 membranous organ component uberon UBERON:0000158 membranous layer A thin sheet or layer of pliable tissue, serving as a covering or envelope of a part, as the lining of a cavity, as a partition or septum, or to connect two structures. ncithesaurus:Membrane membranous organ component FMA:82500 The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus. requires alignment with EHDAA2 and complete developmental relationships BTO:0001978 CALOHA:TS-2160 EMAPA:18256 FMA:15703 MA:0000330 MESH:D001003 NCIT:C12375 SCTID:245438008 UMLS:C0227411 Wikipedia:Anal_canal galen:AnalCanal anal canal anal canal viewed anatomically anatomical anal canal uberon anal pad anus canalis analis cloaca cloacal chamber mesenteron pars analis recti UBERON:0000159 anal canal https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Gray1078.png Wikipathways:WP2062 The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus. Wikipedia:Anal_canal UMLS:C0227411 ncithesaurus:Anal_Canal canalis analis BTO:0001978 canalis analis Wikipedia:Anal_canal pars analis recti BTO:0001978 Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. This class is probably too inclusive Portion of the alimentary canal bounded anteriorly by the pyloric sphincter and posteriorly by the cloacal sphincter.[AAO] The tract of the alimentary canal. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] intestinal In zebrafish, No stomach, small intestine, or large intestine can be distinguished. However, differences can be found in the morphology of the mucosa columnar epithelial cells and the number of goblet cells, suggesting functional differentiation. The intestine has numerous folds that become progressively shorter in a rostral-to-caudal direction. Proportionally, these folds are significantly larger than the finger-like intestinal villi of mammals and other amniotes (Wallace et al. 2005). Columnar-shaped absorptive enterocytes are the most numerous in the zebrafish intestinal epithelium. Goblet cells are the second most populous epithelial cell type. AAO:0000246 ANISEED:1235303 BSA:0000093 BTO:0000648 CALOHA:TS-0490 EFO:0000834 EMAPA:32874 EV:0100071 FMA:7199 GAID:295 MA:0000328 MA:0001524 MESH:A03.492.411 MESH:D007422 MIAA:0000043 NCIT:C12736 SCTID:256876008 TAO:0001338 UMLS:C0021853 VHOG:0000056 WBbt:0005772 Wikipedia:Intestine XAO:0000129 ZFA:0001338 galen:Intestine bowel uberon intestinal tract UBERON:0000160 intestine cjm Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. GOC:GO Wikipedia:Intestine Portion of the alimentary canal bounded anteriorly by the pyloric sphincter and posteriorly by the cloacal sphincter.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000246 AAO AAO:EJS The tract of the alimentary canal. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000056 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0021853 ncithesaurus:Intestine Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified]. in FMA, this is an anatomical conduit *space*, rather than anatomical conduit anatomical ostium ostium FMA:3724 SCTID:91837002 anatomical orifice hilum uberon UBERON:0000161 orifice Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified]. FMA:3724 in FMA, this is an anatomical conduit *space*, rather than anatomical conduit FMA anatomical ostium FMA:3724 anatomical orifice FMA:3724 Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures. adding df link to embryonic cloaca leads to a cycle in uberon-simple, as cloaca is a suberclass of embryonic cloaca A common passage for fecal, urinary, and reproductive discharge in most lower vertebrates as well as the terminal end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder, and genital primordia in mammalian embryos. [TFD][VHOG] Anatomical structure which is the common receptacle for the alimentary canal, Wolffian ducts, oviducts, and the bladder.[AAO] A cloaca is apparently a primitive vertebrate feature because it occurs in most primitive gnathostomes and persists in the embryos of almost all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] cloacal Human beings only have an embryonic cloaca, which is split up into separate tracts during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs hindgut endoderm and proctodeal ectoderm. AAO:0000095 GAID:1206 MESH:D002988 NCIT:C34127 SCTID:362857006 SCTID:370631000 UMLS:C0008987 VHOG:0001186 Wikipedia:Cloaca XAO:0000244 ZFA:0005781 uberon cloacal chamber vent UBERON:0000162 cloaca ZFA AAO Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Cloaca most adult placentals have no trace of a cloaca. However, the tenrecs and golden moles, small placental mammals native to Africa, retain a cloaca as adults. A common passage for fecal, urinary, and reproductive discharge in most lower vertebrates as well as the terminal end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder, and genital primordia in mammalian embryos. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001186 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cloaca Anatomical structure which is the common receptacle for the alimentary canal, Wolffian ducts, oviducts, and the bladder.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000095 AAO AAO:BJB A cloaca is apparently a primitive vertebrate feature because it occurs in most primitive gnathostomes and persists in the embryos of almost all vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001186 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.572 http://bgee.unil.ch/ hindgut endoderm and proctodeal ectoderm. WP UMLS:C0008987 ncithesaurus:Cloaca cloacal chamber AAO:0000095 vent XAO:0000244 Endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP]. this class represents the embryonic form of the cloaca, as found in both mammals and non-mammals. EHDAA2:0000256 EHDAA:4895 EMAPA:27573 Wikipedia:Cloaca_(embryology) uberon cloaca UBERON:0000163 embryonic cloaca EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP]. MP:0010115 Wikipedia:Cloaca_(embryology) cloaca The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks). Cavity in which food is initially ingested and generally contains teeth, tongue and glands.[AAO] Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening.[well established][VHOG] oral some AOs place this as developing from the stomodeum but we weaken this to developmental contribution, as the mouth includes non-ectodermal derivatives in FMA, the tongue, palate etc are part of the mouth which is itself a subdivision of the face. ZFA includes a separate class 'oral region' which is part of the mouth, but excludes tongue and lips AAO:0010355 BTO:0001090 BTO:0004698 CALOHA:TS-1315 EFO:0000825 EHDAA2:0001326 EHDAA:542 EMAPA:16262 FBbt:00003126 FMA:49184 GAID:75 MA:0000341 MA:0002474 MAT:0000038 MESH:D009055 MIAA:0000038 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVidh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:21082005 TADS:0000040 TAO:0000547 TAO:0000590 TGMA:0000131 VHOG:0000280 VHOG:0000812 Wikipedia:Mouth XAO:0003029 ZFA:0000547 ZFA:0000590 galen:Mouth http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/images/lamprey_sucker_rosava_3238889218.jpg regio oralis adult mouth uberon cavital oralis cavitas oris cavum oris mouth cavity oral region oral vestibule rima oris stoma stomatodaeum trophic apparatus vestibule of mouth vestibulum oris UBERON:0000165 mouth https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/661 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Mouth_illustration-Otis_Archives.jpg the mouth contains structures such as jaw skeleton that may not strictly be considered tract parts exceptions in some taxa exceptions in some taxa The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks). The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks). Wikipedia:Mouth https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-digestive-tract Cavity in which food is initially ingested and generally contains teeth, tongue and glands.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010355 AAO AAO:BJB Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000812 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nature07309 Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008) Molecular and developmental cell lineage data suggest that the acoel mouth opening is homologous to the mouth of protostomes and deuterostomes and that the last common ancestor of the Bilateria (the 'urbilaterian') had only this single digestive opening.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000812 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nature07309 Hejnol A, Martindale MQ, Acoel development indicates the independent evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus. Nature (2008) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in FMA, the tongue, palate etc are part of the mouth which is itself a subdivision of the face. ZFA includes a separate class 'oral region' which is part of the mouth, but excludes tongue and lips FMA regio oralis BTO:0004698 regio oralis FMA:49184 FMA:TA cavital oralis cavital oralis Wikipedia:Mouth cavitas oris BTO:0001090 cavum oris BTO:0001090 mouth cavity BTO:0001090 oral region EHDAA2:0001326 oral vestibule BTO:0001090 rima oris BTO:0001090 stomatodaeum VHOG:0000812 trophic apparatus trophic apparatus http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vestibule of mouth BTO:0001090 vestibulum oris BTO:0001090 The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body. (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth.[well established][VHOG] FMA:59806 oral fissure oral orifice uberon mouth oral part of face UBERON:0000166 oral opening FMA The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body. The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-digestive-tract (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000280 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.06.002 Christiaen L, Jaszczyszyn Y, Kerfant M, Kanob S, Thermes V, Joly JS, Evolutionary modification of mouth position in deuterostomes. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2007) (...) mouth development is very similar in protostomes and 'basal' deuterostomes, whereas the chordate mouth seems to develop at a new position. Recent data for echinoderms and hemichordates further suggest that this change in mouth position may result from change in the influence of a conserved ectodermal patterning system on mouth development. It has been suggested that the mouths of vertebrates and urochordates may constitute a 'new' mouth.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000280 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.06.002 Christiaen L, Jaszczyszyn Y, Kerfant M, Kanob S, Thermes V, Joly JS, Evolutionary modification of mouth position in deuterostomes. Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ oral fissure FMA:59806 oral orifice FMA:59806 mouth Anatomical cavity at the start of the digestive tract that that is enclosed by the mouth. The boundaries and contents vary depending on the species. In vertebrates, the boundaries are the oral opening, the cheeks, the palate and (if present) the palatoglossal arch - if this is not present then the mouth and pharynx form the oropharyngeal cavity. The buccal cavity contains the teeth, tongue and palate (when present). Anatomical cavity bounded anteriorly by the mouth and posteriorly by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures (muscles and mucosa). [TFD][VHOG] Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000053 AAO:0000960 BSA:0000107 CALOHA:TS-1315 EFO:0001975 EHDAA2:0001324 EHDAA:6970 EMAPA:17411 EMAPA:18399 EV:0100057 FMA:20292 HAO:0000669 NCIT:C12421 SCTID:181220002 TAO:0001027 TGMA:0000102 UMLS:C0226896 VHOG:0000188 WBbt:0005255 XAO:0000126 ZFA:0001027 buccal cavity cavity of mouth uberon bucca UBERON:0000167 oral cavity Anatomical cavity at the start of the digestive tract that that is enclosed by the mouth. The boundaries and contents vary depending on the species. In vertebrates, the boundaries are the oral opening, the cheeks, the palate and (if present) the palatoglossal arch - if this is not present then the mouth and pharynx form the oropharyngeal cavity. The buccal cavity contains the teeth, tongue and palate (when present). ISBN:0073040584 Anatomical cavity at the start of the digestive tract that that is enclosed by the mouth. The boundaries and contents vary depending on the species. In vertebrates, the boundaries are the oral opening, the cheeks, the palate and (if present) the palatoglossal arch - if this is not present then the mouth and pharynx form the oropharyngeal cavity. The buccal cavity contains the teeth, tongue and palate (when present). ISBN:0073040584 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-digestive-tract https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical cavity bounded anteriorly by the mouth and posteriorly by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000960 AAO AAO:EJS The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures (muscles and mucosa). [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000188 VHOG The cavity of the mouth, bounded by the jaw bones and associated structures (muscles and mucosa). [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000188 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/oral+cavity Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000188 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.32 Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates are called deuterostomes because the mouth arises not from the blastopore but from a second invagination at the anterior end of the larva that pushes in to connect with the archenteron.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000188 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.32 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0226896 ncithesaurus:Oral_Cavity buccal cavity FMA:20292 ISBN:0073040584 A section dividing a colon along a proximal-distal axis. FMA:222905 uberon segment of colon UBERON:0000168 proximal-distal subdivision of colon 4 cjm A section dividing a colon along a proximal-distal axis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 segment of colon FMA:222905 1 1 1 1 1 1 The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung. FMA:68877 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA lungs lungs pair pulmones set of lungs uberon UBERON:0000170 pair of lungs FMA-abduced The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung. The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pulmones FMA:68877 FMA:TA Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. EMAPA:17607 SCTID:272626006 SPD:0000428 TGMA:0001247 apparatus respiratorius organ breathing organ organ of apparatus respiratorius organ of respiratory system respiratory organ respiratory system organ uberon gas exchange organ UBERON:0000171 respiration organ Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. GO:0007585 apparatus respiratorius organ OBOL:automatic organ of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic organ of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system organ OBOL:automatic A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. UBERON:0000324 UBERON:0007550 AEO:0000184 BTO:0000491 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003184 ENVO:02000022 FMA:9674 galen:Excretion excreted substance portion of excreted substance waste substance uberon excretion UBERON:0000174 excreta A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. GO:0007588 A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. GO:0007588 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 portion of excreted substance FMA:9674 waste substance AEO:0000184 excretion BTO:0000491 A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes. This class excludes blood analogues, such as the insect analog of blood. See UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid. A complex mixture of cells suspended in a liquid matrix that delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.[AAO] relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000046 BTO:0000089 CALOHA:TS-0079 EFO:0000296 EHDAA2:0000176 EHDAA:418 EMAPA:16332 ENVO:02000027 EV:0100047 FMA:9670 GAID:965 MA:0000059 MESH:D001769 MIAA:0000315 NCIT:C12434 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjI8JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000007 UMLS:C0005767 VHOG:0000224 Wikipedia:Blood XAO:0000124 ZFA:0000007 galen:Blood portion of blood vertebrate blood uberon whole blood UBERON:0000178 blood CL:tm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1330 Bgee:AN A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes. FMA:9670 A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes. FMA:9670 Wikipedia:Blood http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/9 A complex mixture of cells suspended in a liquid matrix that delivers nutrients to cells and removes wastes. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000007 TAO ZFIN:curator Highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of several types of cells suspended in a fluid medium known as plasma.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000046 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000046 AAO Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000224 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) Recent findings strongly suggest that the molecular pathways involved in the development and function of blood cells are highly conserved among vertebrates and various invertebrates phyla. (...) There is now good reason to believe that, in vertebrates and invertebrates alike, blood cell lineages diverge from a common type of progenitor cell, the hemocytoblast.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000224 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0005767 ncithesaurus:Blood whole blood BTO:0000089 Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs. 2009-04-08T04:38:19Z CARO:0000081 uberon blood or blood analog circulating fluid UBERON:0000179 haemolymphatic fluid Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs. Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath. TODO - add layer relations. 'tendon sheath' GAT in FMA. BTO:0000051 FMA:45087 FMA:76715 NCIT:C96299 SCTID:361885006 UMLS:C0224856 Wikipedia:Tendon_sheath synovial tendon sheath uberon vagina tendinis UBERON:0000304 tendon sheath A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath. A layer of membrane around a tendon. It has 2 layers: synovial sheath + fibrous tendon sheath. Wikipedia:Tendon_sheath UMLS:C0224856 ncithesaurus:Tendon_Sheath synovial tendon sheath FMA:45087 vagina tendinis vagina tendinis Wikipedia:Tendon_sheath Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. TODO - check relationship with epiblast. Note in FMA this is not a subclass of embryo, but in uberon embryo is the whole organism from zygote onwards and thus includes the blastula UBERON:0007011 BILA:0000059 BTO:0000128 GAID:1294 MESH:A16.254.270.274 MESH:D036703 OGEM:000006 OpenCyc:Mx4rEetFnKP2EdqAAAACs4vPlg Wikipedia:Blastula blastula embryo uberon blastosphere UBERON:0000307 blastula http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Blastulation.png Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. Wikipedia:Blastula blastula embryo BILA:0000059 blastosphere blastosphere Wikipedia:Blastula Mucosa that is part of a colon. The mucosa of the colon is lined by a simple columnar epithelium with a thin brush border and numerous goblet cells. UBERON:0003347 UBERON:0004981 BTO:0000271 CALOHA:TS-0164 EFO:0003038 EMAPA:27375 FMA:14984 FMA:85388 MA:0003194 SCTID:362157008 colon mucosa colon mucous membrane colonic mucosa colonic mucous membrane large bowel mucosa mucosa of colon mucosa of large bowel uberon UBERON:0000317 colonic mucosa Mucosa that is part of a colon. The mucosa of the colon is lined by a simple columnar epithelium with a thin brush border and numerous goblet cells. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 colon mucosa FMA:14984 colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic colonic mucous membrane FMA:14984 large bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of colon FMA:14984 mucosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic The branched tubular glands found in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach which contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and zymogenic cells that produce pepsin. BTO:0000503 EMAPA:27181 FMA:14919 uberon UBERON:0000325 gastric gland cjm ISBN:0073040584 The branched tubular glands found in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach which contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and zymogenic cells that produce pepsin. MGI:anna The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity). We model the digestive tract as consisting of two parts: the wall and the lumen. BTO:0000547 FMA:45653 digestive tract wall wall of digestive tract wall of gut uberon wall of alimentary tract UBERON:0000328 gut wall The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity). The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 wall of gut FMA:45653 Bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular network. BTO:0000635 FMA:74596 SCTID:328639002 SCTID:5023006 medulla ossium flava yellow marrow uberon fat marrow UBERON:0000332 yellow bone marrow Bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular network. Bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular network. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Yellow+Marrow medulla ossium flava BTO:0000635 yellow marrow BTO:0000635 fat marrow BTO:0000635 A gland that is part of the intestinal mucosa. Examples include the intestinal crypts, duodenal gland[cjm]. Note that some sources treat 'intestinal gland' as synonymous with crypts BTO:0000640 FMA:15052 SCTID:266297002 bowel mucosa gland bowel mucosa of organ gland bowel mucous membrane gland bowel organ mucosa gland gland of bowel mucosa gland of bowel mucosa of organ gland of bowel mucous membrane gland of bowel organ mucosa gland of intestinal mucosa gland of intestine mucosa gland of intestine mucosa of organ gland of intestine mucous membrane gland of intestine organ mucosa gland of mucosa of bowel gland of mucosa of intestine gland of mucosa of organ of bowel gland of mucosa of organ of intestine gland of mucous membrane of bowel gland of mucous membrane of intestine gland of organ mucosa of bowel gland of organ mucosa of intestine glandula intestinalis intestinal mucosa gland intestine mucosa gland intestine mucosa of organ gland intestine mucous membrane gland intestine organ mucosa gland mucosa of bowel gland mucosa of intestine gland mucosa of organ of bowel gland mucosa of organ of intestine gland mucous membrane of bowel gland mucous membrane of intestine gland organ mucosa of bowel gland organ mucosa of intestine gland uberon glandulae intestinales UBERON:0000333 intestinal gland A gland that is part of the intestinal mucosa. Examples include the intestinal crypts, duodenal gland[cjm]. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 bowel mucosa gland OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa of organ gland OBOL:automatic bowel mucous membrane gland OBOL:automatic bowel organ mucosa gland OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gland of bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gland of bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of intestinal mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic gland of intestine mucous membrane OBOL:automatic gland of intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of organ of bowel OBOL:automatic gland of mucosa of organ of intestine OBOL:automatic gland of mucous membrane of bowel OBOL:automatic gland of mucous membrane of intestine OBOL:automatic gland of organ mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic gland of organ mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic glandula intestinalis FMA:15052 intestinal mucosa gland OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa gland OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa of organ gland OBOL:automatic intestine mucous membrane gland OBOL:automatic intestine organ mucosa gland OBOL:automatic mucosa of bowel gland OBOL:automatic mucosa of intestine gland OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bowel gland OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestine gland OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bowel gland OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestine gland OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bowel gland OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestine gland OBOL:automatic A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP]. mucosal FMA has mucosa vs region of mucosa; these are subtypes of Mucosa: Mucosa of gallbladder, tongue, .... The following are subtypes of Region of mucosa: Mucosa of zone of stomach, trachea, bronchus, dorsum of tongue.... Depends on whether the covered area is an organ or organ component. Uberon does not regard organ vs organ component as crucial distinction and thus collapses these into a single class deliberately AEO:0000199 BTO:0000886 CALOHA:TS-2031 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003234 EV:0100382 FMA:85355 FMA:85358 GAID:297 MESH:D009092 NCIT:C13166 OpenCyc:Mx4rvmKNOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361693009 UMLS:C0026724 Wikipedia:Mucous_membrane galen:Mucosa mucosa of organ mucosa of organ part mucosal region mucous membrane organ mucosa uberon region of mucosa tunica mucosa UBERON:0000344 mucosa http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ens.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Ens.png/200px-Ens.png A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP]. A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP]. Wikipedia:Mucous_membrane FMA has mucosa vs region of mucosa; these are subtypes of Mucosa: Mucosa of gallbladder, tongue, .... The following are subtypes of Region of mucosa: Mucosa of zone of stomach, trachea, bronchus, dorsum of tongue.... Depends on whether the covered area is an organ or organ component. Uberon does not regard organ vs organ component as crucial distinction and thus collapses these into a single class deliberately FMA UMLS:C0026724 ncithesaurus:Mucosa mucosa of organ FMA:85355 mucosa of organ part FMA:85358 mucosal region FMA:85358 mucous membrane FMA:85355 organ mucosa FMA:85355 region of mucosa FMA:85358 tunica mucosa tunica mucosa BTO:0000886 tunica mucosa Wikipedia:Mucous_membrane Functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. parenchymal Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin the FMA definition is more restrictive, and limits this to solid organs. This would seem to cause problems for the lung parenchyma, except FMA classifies Lung as solid rather than cavitated EHDAA:3015 EHDAA:3905 EHDAA:3999 EHDAA:4005 EHDAA:6899 EHDAA:6903 EHDAA:6994 EHDAA:8086 EHDAA:9182 EHDAA:9190 EHDAA:9196 EHDAA:9202 FMA:45732 NCIT:C74601 UMLS:C0933845 Wikipedia:Parenchyma uberon UBERON:0000353 parenchyma Functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. Wikipedia:Parenchyma Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm (external layer), endoderm (internal layer) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm. The parenchyma of most organs is of ectodermal (brain, skin) or endodermal origin (lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas). The parenchyma of a few organs (spleen, kidneys, heart) is of mesodermal origin. The stroma of all organs is of mesodermal origin WP the FMA definition is more restrictive, and limits this to solid organs. This would seem to cause problems for the lung parenchyma, except FMA classifies Lung as solid rather than cavitated FMA UMLS:C0933845 ncithesaurus:Parenchyma A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003344 BTO:0001047 EMAPA:26957 FMA:55031 MA:0003143 SCTID:362121003 mucosa of organ of pharynx mucosa of pharynx mucous membrane of pharynx organ mucosa of pharynx pharynx mucosa pharynx mucosa of organ pharynx mucous membrane pharynx organ mucosa tunica mucosa pharyngea tunica mucosa pharyngis uberon mucous membrane of the pharynx UBERON:0000355 pharyngeal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucosa of pharynx OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of pharynx FMA:55031 mucous membrane of pharynx OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx mucosa OBOL:automatic pharynx mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic pharynx mucous membrane OBOL:automatic pharynx organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa pharyngea FMA:55031 FMA:TA mucous membrane of the pharynx BTO:0001047 The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO]. Gilbert fig11.32 has blastocyst has giving rise to ICM and trophoblast (which in this source is a synonym for trophectoderm) BTO:0001099 CALOHA:TS-0076 EFO:0000295 EMAPA:36035 EV:0100394 FMA:83041 GAID:1153 MESH:A16.254.085 MESH:D001755 NCIT:C13739 SCTID:308837009 UMLS:C1281743 Wikipedia:Blastocyst uberon blastocystis blastula UBERON:0000358 blastocyst https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Blastocyst_English.svg The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO]. GO:0001824 Wikipedia:Blastocyst UMLS:C1281743 ncithesaurus:Blastocyst blastocystis Wikipedia:Blastocyst blastula FMA:83041 The red vascular substance consisting of connective tissue and blood vessels, containing primitive blood cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and fat cells. Red marrow is found in the cavities of many bones. It manufactures and releases leukocytes and erythrocytes into the bloodstream. BTO:0001160 FMA:74595 SCTID:328538003 SCTID:75330005 medulla ossium rubra parenchymal red marrow red marrow uberon parenchyma of none marrow marrow UBERON:0000361 red bone marrow The red vascular substance consisting of connective tissue and blood vessels, containing primitive blood cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and fat cells. Red marrow is found in the cavities of many bones. It manufactures and releases leukocytes and erythrocytes into the bloodstream. The red vascular substance consisting of connective tissue and blood vessels, containing primitive blood cells, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and fat cells. Red marrow is found in the cavities of many bones. It manufactures and releases leukocytes and erythrocytes into the bloodstream. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/red+marrow medulla ossium rubra BTO:0001160 parenchymal red marrow parenchymal red marrow http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 red marrow BTO:0001160 parenchyma of none marrow marrow parenchyma of none marrow marrow http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. Medial ramus (sensory) of the trigeminal nerve.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of trunk maxillary-mandibularis (AAO:0010669)[AAO] AAO:0010670 BTO:0001378 EHDAA2:0002087 EMAPA:17799 FMA:52724 GAID:836 MA:0001103 MESH:D008442 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWNU9JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280211001 VHOG:0001346 Wikipedia:Maxillary_nerve maxillary division [V2] maxillary division [Vb] maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2) maxillary nerve [V2] maxillary nerve [Vb] nervus maxillaris (Vb; V2) nervus maxillaris [v2] nervus maxillaris [vb] ramus maxillaris (ramus V2) second division of fifth cranial nerve second division of trigeminal nerve trigeminal V nerve maxillary division uberon n. maxillaris nervus maxillaris trigeminal nerve maxillary division UBERON:0000377 maxillary nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Gray779.png The sensory nerve subdivision of the trigeminal nerve that transmits sensory information from the palate, upper teeth and gingiva, the skin between the palpebral fissure and the mouth, and from the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. MP:0009799 Wikipedia:Maxillary_nerve Medial ramus (sensory) of the trigeminal nerve.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010670 AAO AAO:EJS relationship loss: part_of trunk maxillary-mandibularis (AAO:0010669)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010670 AAO maxillary division [V2] FMA:52724 maxillary division [Vb] FMA:52724 maxillary division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52724 maxillary division of trigeminal nerve (Vb; V2) FMA:52724 maxillary nerve [V2] FMA:52724 maxillary nerve [Vb] FMA:52724 nervus maxillaris (Vb; V2) FMA:52724 nervus maxillaris [v2] FMA:52724 FMA:TA nervus maxillaris [vb] FMA:52724 FMA:TA ramus maxillaris (ramus V2) AAO:0010670 second division of fifth cranial nerve FMA:52724 second division of trigeminal nerve FMA:52724 trigeminal V nerve maxillary division MA:0001103 n. maxillaris Wikipedia:Maxillary_nerve nervus maxillaris BTO:0001378 trigeminal nerve maxillary division EMAPA:17799 A mucosa that is part of a respiratory airway. BTO:0001390 FMA:7471 SCTID:660006 mucosa of organ of trachea mucosa of organ of windpipe mucosa of trachea mucosa of windpipe mucous membrane of trachea mucous membrane of windpipe organ mucosa of trachea organ mucosa of windpipe trachea mucosa trachea mucosa of organ trachea mucous membrane trachea organ mucosa tracheal mucous membrane tunica mucosa (tracheae) tunica mucosa tracheae windpipe mucosa windpipe mucosa of organ windpipe mucous membrane windpipe organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0000379 tracheal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a respiratory airway. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of trachea OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of windpipe OBOL:automatic mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of trachea FMA:7471 mucous membrane of trachea OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of windpipe OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of trachea OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of windpipe OBOL:automatic trachea mucosa OBOL:automatic trachea mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic trachea mucous membrane OBOL:automatic trachea organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tracheal mucous membrane FMA:7471 tunica mucosa (tracheae) FMA:7471 tunica mucosa tracheae FMA:7471 FMA:TA windpipe mucosa OBOL:automatic windpipe mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic windpipe mucous membrane OBOL:automatic windpipe organ mucosa OBOL:automatic The subdivision of the musculoskeletal system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified]. consider whether this should be restricted to skeletal musculature. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/77 Anatomical system that consists of the muscles of the body.[VSAO] we place the MA term musculature here, rather than under uberon:musculature, as this seems more appropriate given the structure of MA AAO:0000307 BILA:0000088 BTO:0001369 BTO:0001485 EFO:0000801 EMAPA:35578 FBbt:00005069 FMA:72954 MA:0002888 MAT:0000025 MIAA:0000025 VSAO:0000033 XAO:0004042 muscle system muscle system of body muscular system musculature system set of all muscles set of muscles of body vertebrate muscular system uberon muskelsystem UBERON:0000383 musculature of body The subdivision of the musculoskeletal system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified]. VSAO:0000033 Anatomical system that consists of the muscles of the body.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000033 VSAO VSAO:curator we place the MA term musculature here, rather than under uberon:musculature, as this seems more appropriate given the structure of MA MA muscular system FMA:72954 musculature system BILA:0000088 set of all muscles FMA:72954 set of muscles of body FMA:72954 vertebrate muscular system BTO:0001369 muskelsystem BTO:0001485 Tissue that surrounds the lens nucleus. BTO:0001632 CALOHA:TS-0542 FMA:58970 MESH:A09.371.509.225 MESH:D007904 SCTID:280626006 cortex of lens uberon UBERON:0000389 lens cortex Tissue that surrounds the lens nucleus. Tissue that surrounds the lens nucleus. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lens+cortex cortex of lens FMA:58970 The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex. BTO:0001633 FMA:58971 MESH:A09.371.509.670 MESH:D007907 SCTID:280628007 nucleus of lens uberon UBERON:0000390 lens nucleus The core of the crystalline lens, surrounded by the cortex. BTO:0001633 nucleus of lens FMA:58971 An epithelium that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. Intestinal epithelium which lines the lumen of the posterior intestine.[TAO] BTO:0001709 CALOHA:TS-0163 EMAPA:18941 FMA:17302 MA:0003195 SCTID:42978003 TAO:0005128 ZFA:0005128 colon epithelial tissue colon epithelium epithelial tissue of colon epithelial tissue of large bowel epithelium of colon epithelium of large bowel large bowel epithelial tissue large bowel epithelium posterior intestine epithelium uberon UBERON:0000397 colonic epithelium An epithelium that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Intestinal epithelium which lines the lumen of the posterior intestine.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005128 TAO ZFIN:curator colon epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic colon epithelium FMA:17302 colon epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of colon OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of large bowel OBOL:automatic epithelium of colon OBOL:automatic epithelium of large bowel OBOL:automatic large bowel epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic large bowel epithelium OBOL:automatic posterior intestine epithelium ZFA:0005128 A gland in which the principal secretory cells are serous secreting cells. glands that secrete watery albuminous material that often contains enzymes[MP:0008052]. BTO:0001837 EMAPA:37950 FMA:62889 Wikipedia:Serous_gland uberon UBERON:0000409 serous gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray1021.png A gland in which the principal secretory cells are serous secreting cells. A gland in which the principal secretory cells are serous secreting cells. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm glands that secrete watery albuminous material that often contains enzymes[MP:0008052]. MP:0008052 EMAPA:37950 MA:th A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells. In frogs and salamanders, this is the smaller of the two types of gland, the other being the granular (poison) gland. In these species the mucous gland is a cluster of cells that release secretion into a common duct[Kardong] AAO:0010601 BTO:0001979 EMAPA:37913 FMA:62888 Wikipedia:Mucous_gland glandula mucosa uberon muciparous gland mucous secreting gland mucus gland mucus-secreting gland UBERON:0000414 mucous gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray1021.png A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm In frogs and salamanders, this is the smaller of the two types of gland, the other being the granular (poison) gland. In these species the mucous gland is a cluster of cells that release secretion into a common duct[Kardong] NCBITaxon:8292 ISBN:0073040584 EMAPA:37913 MA:th glandula mucosa Wikipedia:Mucous_gland muciparous gland BTO:0001979 An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002009 FMA:14155 galen:ArterialWall arterial wall wall of artery uberon UBERON:0000415 artery wall An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic arterial wall FMA:14155 wall of artery FMA:14155 A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands. BTO has two distunct classes, with exocrine glandular secretion a subtype of secretion - however, all examples in BTO directly under secretion appear to be exocrine gland secretions UBERON:0006540 secretion AEO:0001005 BTO:0002977 BTO:0002979 EMAPA:36535 FMA:9675 MA:0002504 MESH:D012634 NCIT:C34062 UMLS:C1516992 galen:Secretion bodily secretion exocrine gland fluid/secretion secreted substance uberon exocrine gland fluid exocrine gland fluid or secretion exocrine gland secretion external secretion UBERON:0000456 secretion of exocrine gland A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands. A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 BTO has two distunct classes, with exocrine glandular secretion a subtype of secretion - however, all examples in BTO directly under secretion appear to be exocrine gland secretions BTO secretion FMA:9675 UMLS:C1516992 ncithesaurus:Exocrine_Gland_Fluid_or_Secretion bodily secretion MESH:D012634 exocrine gland fluid/secretion MA:0002504 external secretion BTO:0002977 An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0003083 FMA:17560 SCTID:245485002 anatomical wall of uterus uterus anatomical wall uterus wall wall of uterus uberon UBERON:0000459 uterine wall An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of uterus OBOL:automatic uterus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic uterus wall OBOL:automatic wall of uterus OBOL:automatic Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. AAO:0010839 AEO:0000004 BILA:0000004 CALOHA:TS-2101 CARO:0000004 EHDAA2:0003004 EMAPA:35178 FBbt:00007019 FMA:9669 HAO:0000004 MA:0002450 NCIT:C13236 SPD:0000008 TAO:0001487 TGMA:0001824 VHOG:0001726 XAO:0004001 ZFA:0001487 galen:BodySubstance body fluid or substance body substance organism substance portion of body substance portion of organism substance uberon UBERON:0000463 organism substance this relationship may be too strong and may be weakened in future Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 body fluid or substance MA:0002450 body substance FMA:9669 organism substance CARO:0000004 portion of body substance FMA:9669 portion of organism substance ZFA:0001487 Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. lumen space AAO:0010110 AEO:0000005 BILA:0000005 CARO:0000005 EHDAA2:0003005 FBbt:00007017 FMA:5897 HAO:0000005 NCIT:C94478 TAO:0001668 TGMA:0001825 UMLS:C0524461 VHOG:0001728 XAO:0003190 ZFA:0001643 lumen space uberon anatomical spaces UBERON:0000464 anatomical space Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0524461 ncithesaurus:Lumen_Space anatomical spaces ZFA:0001643 Anatomical entity that has mass. AAO:0010264 AEO:0000006 BILA:0000006 CARO:0000006 EHDAA2:0003006 FBbt:00007016 FMA:67165 HAO:0000006 TAO:0001836 TGMA:0001826 VHOG:0001721 uberon UBERON:0000465 material anatomical entity Anatomical entity that has mass. Anatomical entity that has mass. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 Anatomical entity that has no mass. AAO:0010265 AEO:0000007 BILA:0000007 CARO:0000007 EHDAA2:0003007 FBbt:00007015 FMA:67112 HAO:0000007 TAO:0001835 TGMA:0001827 VHOG:0001727 immaterial physical anatomical entity uberon UBERON:0000466 immaterial anatomical entity Anatomical entity that has no mass. Anatomical entity that has no mass. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 immaterial physical anatomical entity FMA:67112 Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function. system AAO:0000007 AEO:0000011 BILA:0000011 BIRNLEX:14 BSA:0000049 CALOHA:TS-2088 CARO:0000011 EHDAA2:0003011 EHDAA:392 EMAPA:16103 EV:0100000 FBbt:00004856 FMA:7149 HAO:0000011 MA:0000003 NCIT:C12919 OpenCyc:Mx4rCWM0QCtDEdyAAADggVbxzQ SCTID:278195005 TAO:0001439 TGMA:0001831 UMLS:C0460002 VHOG:0001725 WBbt:0005746 WBbt:0005763 Wikipedia:Organ_system XAO:0003002 ZFA:0001439 galen:AnatomicalSystem body system connected anatomical system organ system uberon anatomical systems UBERON:0000467 anatomical system Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function. CARO:0000011 system GO:0048731 UMLS:C0460002 ncithesaurus:Organ_System body system BIRNLEX:14 connected anatomical system CARO:0000011 anatomical systems ZFA:0001439 Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. TODO - split body and mc organism? body continues after death stage organismal organism AAO:0010026 AEO:0000191 BILA:0000012 BIRNLEX:18 BSA:0000038 BTO:0000042 CARO:0000012 EFO:0002906 EHDAA2:0003103 EHDAA2:0003191 EHDAA:1 EMAPA:25765 EV:0100016 FBbt:00000001 FMA:256135 HAO:0000012 NCIT:C13041 SCTID:243928005 TADS:0000001 TAO:0001094 TGMA:0001832 VHOG:0000671 WBbt:0007833 Wikipedia:Multi-cellular_organism XAO:0003004 ZFA:0001094 galen:Organism ncithesaurus:Whole_Organism multi-cellular organism uberon Koerper body whole body whole organism UBERON:0000468 multicellular organism Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. CARO:0000012 Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. CARO:0000012 Wikipedia:Multi-cellular_organism http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 organism FBbt:00000001 VHOG:0000671 WBbt:0007833 multi-cellular organism CARO:0000012 Koerper BTO:0001489 body AEO:0000103 BIRNLEX:18 FMA:256135 NCIT:C13041 whole body BTO:0001489 whole organism FBbt:00000001 The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal. By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0000083 CALOHA:TS-1303 EFO:0000969 EHDAA2:0000506 EHDAA:8116 EMAPA:17959 EV:0100110 FBbt:00004864 FMA:45663 GAID:364 HAO:0000324 MA:0000381 MESH:D005836 MIAA:0000028 NCIT:C12402 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVipTZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361386004 TGMA:0000635 UMLS:C0700038 VHOG:0000726 Wikipedia:Female_genitalia WikipediaCategory:Female_reproductive_system XAO:0000156 female organism genitalia female organism reproductive system genitalia of female organism reproductive system of female organism uberon female genital system female genital tract female genitalia female genitals female reproductive tract gynaecological tissue systema genitale femininum UBERON:0000474 female reproductive system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal. MP:0001119 The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal. MP:0001119 Wikipedia:Female_genitalia http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000726 VHOG ISBN:978-0792383369 Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43 By far, sexual reproduction is the more common pattern among living vertebrate forms and its widespread occurrence suggests that it is the plesiomorphic, or primitive, reproductive mode among the vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000726 VHOG ISBN:978-0792383369 Lombardi J, Comparative vertebrate reproduction (1998) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0700038 ncithesaurus:Female_Reproductive_System female organism genitalia OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism OBOL:automatic female genitals XAO:0000156 female reproductive tract MA:0000381 gynaecological tissue BTO:0000083 systema genitale femininum BTO:0000083 Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument. Reflects CARO2. todo - check the inclusion of FMA 'cardinal body part here', and check child terms for consistency AAO:0010053 AEO:0000032 BILA:0000032 BIRNLEX:7 CALOHA:TS-2084 CARO:0000032 EFO:0000808 EHDAA2:0003032 EMAPA:36031 FBbt:00007009 FMA:7153 HAO:0000032 MA:0002433 MAT:0000293 MESH:D001829 MIAA:0000293 NCIT:C32221 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViAHJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0001308 TGMA:0001840 UMLS:C0229962 VHOG:0001758 Wikipedia:Body_part XAO:0003013 ZFA:0001308 galen:BodyPart anatomic region uberon body part body region cardinal body part UBERON:0000475 organism subdivision CARO Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument. CARO:0000032 CARO:DOS Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument. CARO:0000032 CARO:DOS http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0229962 ncithesaurus:Body_Part anatomic region MA:0002433 body region FMA:7153 cardinal body part FMA:7153 Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. AAO:0010268 AEO:0000040 BILA:0000040 CARO:0000040 EHDAA2:0003040 FBbt:00007013 FMA:63863 HAO:0000040 TAO:0000382 TGMA:0001841 XAO:0003162 ZFA:0000382 uberon acellular anatomical structures UBERON:0000476 acellular anatomical structure CARO Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 acellular anatomical structures ZFA:0000382 Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. Will be obsoleted in CARO v2 [https://github.com/obophenotype/caro/issues/3] AAO:0010009 AEO:0000041 BILA:0000041 CARO:0000041 EHDAA2:0003041 FBbt:00007277 FMA:49443 HAO:0000041 TADS:0000605 TAO:0001478 TGMA:0001842 VHOG:0001737 XAO:0003160 ZFA:0001478 uberon UBERON:0000477 anatomical cluster Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis. AAO:0010020 AEO:0000042 BILA:0000042 CALOHA:TS-2119 CARO:0000042 EHDAA2:0003042 EHDAA:46 FBbt:00005835 FMA:85537 HAO:0000042 NCIT:C34055 SCTID:314908006 TAO:0000020 TGMA:0001843 UMLS:C1282438 VHOG:0000292 XAO:0004005 ZFA:0000020 extra-embryonic structure uberon extraembryonic structures extraembryonic tissue UBERON:0000478 see also conceptus extraembryonic component in EHDAA2. extraembryonic structure A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis. CARO:DOS A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis. CARO:DOS http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 https://cedar.bio.indiana.edu/trac/env/ontologies/ticket/279 UMLS:C1282438 ncithesaurus:Extraembryonic_Structure extraembryonic structures ZFA:0000020 Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation. changed label and definition to reflect CARO2 AAO:0000607 AAO:0010054 AEO:0000043 BILA:0000043 BIRNLEX:19 CALOHA:TS-2090 CARO:0000043 EHDAA2:0003043 EMAPA:35868 FBbt:00007003 FMA:9637 HAO:0000043 MA:0003002 MESH:D014024 NCIT:C12801 TAO:0001477 TGMA:0001844 UMLS:C0040300 VHOG:0001757 WBbt:0005729 XAO:0003040 ZFA:0001477 galen:Tissue portion of tissue tissue portion simple tissue uberon UBERON:0000479 tissue CARO Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation. CARO:0000043 UMLS:C0040300 ncithesaurus:Tissue portion of tissue CARO:0000043 simple tissue AEO:0000043 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. AAO:0010048 AEO:0000055 BILA:0000055 CARO:0000055 EHDAA2:0003055 FBbt:00007010 HAO:0000055 TAO:0001488 TGMA:0001847 VHOG:0001762 XAO:0003037 ZFA:0001488 uberon multi-tissue structures UBERON:0000481 multi-tissue structure CARO Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. CARO:0000055 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. CARO:0000055 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 multi-tissue structures ZFA:0001488 Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. The two basic types of metazoan tissue are epithelial and connective. The simplest metazoans, and developmental stages of many primitive invertebrates, consist solely of these two layers. Thus, epithelial and connective tissues may be the primary (original) tissues of metazoans, and both are important in the functional organization of animals.[well established][VHOG] epithelial AAO:0000144 AAO:0010055 AEO:0000066 BILA:0000066 BTO:0000416 CALOHA:TS-0288 CARO:0000066 EHDAA2:0003066 EMAPA:32738 FBbt:00007005 FMA:9639 GAID:402 HAO:0000066 MA:0003060 MESH:D004848 NCIT:C12710 SCTID:31610004 TAO:0001486 UMLS:C0014609 VHOG:0000387 Wikipedia:Epithelium XAO:0003045 ZFA:0001486 epithelial tissue portion of epithelium uberon UBERON:0000483 Editor note: surface epithelium may contain non-epithelial cells, such as melanocytes, lymphocytes and dendritic cells, within the sheet of epithelial cells. Do we consider these part of the epithelium, or located-in it? epithelium https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. Wikipedia:Epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 The two basic types of metazoan tissue are epithelial and connective. The simplest metazoans, and developmental stages of many primitive invertebrates, consist solely of these two layers. Thus, epithelial and connective tissues may be the primary (original) tissues of metazoans, and both are important in the functional organization of animals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000387 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.59 The two basic types of metazoan tissue are epithelial and connective. The simplest metazoans, and developmental stages of many primitive invertebrates, consist solely of these two layers. Thus, epithelial and connective tissues may be the primary (original) tissues of metazoans, and both are important in the functional organization of animals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000387 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.59 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0014609 ncithesaurus:Epithelium portion of epithelium FMA:9639 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. needs to be synchronized with CL - there is no distinct cuboidal cell in CL AAO:0010064 AEO:0000067 BILA:0000067 CARO:0000067 EHDAA2:0003067 FMA:45566 HAO:0000067 NCIT:C33553 TAO:0001497 UMLS:C0836134 Wikipedia:Simple_cuboidal_epithelium XAO:0004009 ZFA:0001497 epithelium simplex cuboideum uberon simple cuboidal epithelia UBERON:0000484 simple cuboidal epithelium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Gray1133.png Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. Wikipedia:Simple_cuboidal_epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0836134 ncithesaurus:Simple_Cuboidal_Epithelium simple cuboidal epithelia ZFA:0001497 Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA]. columnar epithelium columnar epithlium AAO:0010063 AEO:0000068 BILA:0000068 CARO:0000068 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003068 FBbt:00007027 FMA:45567 HAO:0000068 NCIT:C33552 SCTID:32210007 TAO:0001496 UMLS:C0836135 Wikipedia:Simple_columnar_epithelium XAO:0004008 ZFA:0001496 epithelium simplex columnare simple columnar epithelium uberon simple columnar epithelia UBERON:0000485 simple columnar epithelium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray1059.png Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Simple_columnar_epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 columnar epithelium EHDAA2:0003068 columnar epithlium AEO:0000068 UMLS:C0836135 ncithesaurus:Simple_Columnar_Epithelium simple columnar epithelia ZFA:0001496 Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA]. Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] AAO:0010059 AEO:0000069 BILA:0000069 BTO:0002074 CARO:0000069 EHDAA2:0003069 FMA:45562 HAO:0000069 NCIT:C33622 SCTID:309044005 TAO:0001494 UMLS:C0682575 Wikipedia:Stratified_epithelium XAO:0004006 ZFA:0001494 stratified epithelium uberon laminated epithelium UBERON:0000486 multilaminar epithelium Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Stratified_epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] 2012-06-20 CARO:0000069 CARO FMA:45562 Epithelium that consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] 2012-06-20 CARO:0000069 CARO FMA:45562 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0682575 ncithesaurus:Stratified_Epithelium laminated epithelium BTO:0002074 Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA]. Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[CARO] AAO:0010066 AEO:0000070 BILA:0000070 BTO:0002073 CARO:0000070 EHDAA2:0003070 FMA:45565 HAO:0000070 NCIT:C13178 TAO:0001498 UMLS:C0836133 Wikipedia:Simple_squamous_epithelium XAO:0004010 ZFA:0001498 epithelium simplex squamosum uberon simple squamous epithelia UBERON:0000487 simple squamous epithelium https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Illu_epithelium.jpg Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA]. FMA:45565 Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA]. FMA:45565 Wikipedia:Simple_squamous_epithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[CARO] 2012-06-20 CARO:0000070 CARO FMA:45565 Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of squamous cells.[CARO] 2012-06-20 CARO:0000070 CARO FMA:45565 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0836133 ncithesaurus:Simple_Squamous_Epithelium simple squamous epithelia ZFA:0001498 Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. AAO:0010057 AEO:0000071 BILA:0000071 CARO:0000071 EHDAA2:0003071 FMA:61741 HAO:0000071 TAO:0001493 XAO:0004004 ZFA:0001493 heterogenous epithelium uberon atypical epithelia UBERON:0000488 atypical epithelium Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 atypical epithelia ZFA:0001493 Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. this class was introduced for consistency with CARO, however, it has yet to be used in this or other ontologies. It may be retired in the future AAO:0010016 AEO:0000072 BILA:0000072 CARO:0000072 EHDAA2:0003072 FMA:55671 HAO:0000072 TAO:0001490 TGMA:0001857 VHOG:0001730 XAO:0003165 ZFA:0001490 cavitated organ uberon cavitated compound organs UBERON:0000489 cavitated compound organ Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 cavitated organ FMA:55671 cavitated compound organs ZFA:0001490 Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA]. consider adding disjointness axiom between unilaminar and multilaminar - but note that this will render EHDAA2:0003244 (chorionic trophoblast) unsatisfiable Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] AAO:0010062 AEO:0000073 BILA:0000073 BTO:0002073 CARO:0000073 EHDAA2:0003073 FMA:45561 HAO:0000073 NCIT:C33554 SCTID:309043004 TAO:0001495 UMLS:C0682574 XAO:0004007 ZFA:0001495 simple epithelium uberon unilaminar epithelia UBERON:0000490 unilaminar epithelium Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA]. FMA:45561 Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA]. FMA:45561 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] 2012-06-20 CARO:0000073 CARO FMA:45561 Epithelium that consists of a single layer of epithelial cells.[CARO] 2012-06-20 CARO:0000073 CARO FMA:45561 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0682574 ncithesaurus:Simple_Epithelium simple epithelium FMA:45561 unilaminar epithelia ZFA:0001495 Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. mucoid mucous CALOHA:TS-2144 ENVO:02000040 FMA:66938 GAID:1164 MESH:D009093 NCIT:C13259 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjHq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0026727 Wikipedia:Mucus galen:Mucus uberon UBERON:0000912 mucus Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. Wikipedia:Mucus UMLS:C0026727 ncithesaurus:Mucus Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen. note that we use the slightly verbose term 'thoracic segment of trunk' to avoid confusuon with insect thorax. todo - taxonomic constraints. Also, in FMA 'thorax' is a synonym for chest EMAPA:35862 FMA:259209 MA:0000022 SCTID:302551006 Wikipedia:Thorax thorax uberon anterior subdivision of trunk upper body upper trunk UBERON:0000915 thoracic segment of trunk FMA Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen. Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 thorax MA:0000022 upper trunk FMA:259209 The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column. Vertebrate specific. In arthropods 'abdomen' is the most distal section of the body which lies behind the thorax or cephalothorax. If need be we can introduce some grouping class abdominal celiac BTO:0000020 CALOHA:TS-0001 EFO:0000968 EMAPA:35102 EV:0100011 FMA:9577 GAID:16 MA:0000029 MAT:0000298 MESH:A01.047 MESH:D000005 MIAA:0000298 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjgyZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302553009 Wikipedia:Abdomen galen:Abdomen abdominopelvic region abdominopelvis uberon adult abdomen belly celiac region UBERON:0000916 abdomen MA The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column. The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 abdominopelvic region FMA:9577 abdominopelvis FMA:9577 Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. embryonic Obsoleted in ZFA. Note that embryo is not classified as an embryonic structure - an embryonic structure is only the parts of an embryo AAO:0011035 AEO:0000169 BILA:0000056 BSA:0000039 BTO:0000379 CALOHA:TS-0229 EFO:0001367 EHDAA2:0000002 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003236 EHDAA:38 EMAPA:16039 FBbt:00000052 FMA:69068 GAID:963 MAT:0000226 MESH:D004622 MIAA:0000019 NCIT:C28147 OGEM:000001 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP1ceZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:57991002 UMLS:C0013935 VHOG:0001766 Wikipedia:Embryo XAO:0000113 ZFA:0000103 http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Embryonic_organism embryonic organism uberon developing organism developmental tissue UBERON:0000922 embryo https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/503 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Wrinkledfrog_embryos.jpg Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. BTO:0000379 FB:FBrf0039741 FB:FBrf0041814 GO:0009790 Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. BTO:0000379 FB:FBrf0039741 FB:FBrf0041814 GO:0009790 Wikipedia:Embryo Obsoleted in ZFA. Note that embryo is not classified as an embryonic structure - an embryonic structure is only the parts of an embryo ZFA UMLS:C0013935 ncithesaurus:Embryo embryonic organism BILA:0000056 developing organism BILA:0000056 A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] embryonic tissue AAO:0000480 BILA:0000035 BTO:0000556 EMAPA:36033 FBbt:00000110 FMA:69069 GAID:1303 MESH:A16.254.425 MESH:D005855 NCIT:C12950 NCIT:C54105 TAO:0001122 UMLS:C0920502 UMLS:C1708239 VHOG:0001223 Wikipedia:Germ_layer XAO:0003011 ZFA:0001122 germinal layer primary germ layer uberon embryonic germ layer embryonic germ layers UBERON:0000923 Classically the germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. Alternatively: primary = ectoderm, endoderm; secondary=mesoderm; tertiary=dorsal mesoderm, NC[https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest] germ layer A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. Wikipedia:Germ_layer https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/203 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001223 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001223 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 http://bgee.unil.ch/ embryonic tissue FMA:69069 UMLS:C0920502 ncithesaurus:Embryonic_Tissue UMLS:C1708239 ncithesaurus:Germinal_Layer germinal layer ncithesaurus:Germinal_Layer primary germ layer GO:0001704 ZFA:0001122 Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryonic germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.[AAO] The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] ectodermal AAO:0000137 BILA:0000036 BTO:0000315 CALOHA:TS-0216 EFO:0000414 EHDAA2:0000428 EMAPA:16069 EV:0100003 FBbt:00000111 FMA:69070 GAID:1304 MAT:0000155 MAT:0000173 MESH:A16.254.425.273 MESH:D004475 MIAA:0000173 NCIT:C12703 SCTID:362851007 TAO:0000016 UMLS:C0013574 VHOG:0000153 Wikipedia:Ectoderm XAO:0000001 ZFA:0000016 embryonic ectoderm uberon UBERON:0000924 ectoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Gray32.png Bgee:AN Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. Wikipedia:Ectoderm Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryonic germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000137 AAO AAO:EJS The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000153 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000153 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0013574 ncithesaurus:Ectoderm embryonic ectoderm VHOG:0000153 Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] endodermal AAO:0000139 BILA:0000038 BTO:0000800 CALOHA:TS-0273 EFO:0002545 EHDAA2:0000436 EMAPA:16062 EV:0100005 FBbt:00000125 FMA:69071 GAID:1305 MAT:0000175 MESH:A16.254.425.407 MESH:D004707 MIAA:0000175 NCIT:C12706 SCTID:362855003 TAO:0000017 UMLS:C0014144 VHOG:0000154 Wikipedia:Endoderm XAO:0000090 ZFA:0000017 uberon entoderm UBERON:0000925 endoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Endoderm2.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Gray10.png Bgee:AN Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. Wikipedia:Endoderm The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000154 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000154 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0014144 ncithesaurus:Endoderm entoderm entoderm DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.1013 The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. Primary germ layer that is the middle of the embryonic germ layers.[AAO] The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] mesodermal sponges do not seem to have a mesoderm and accordingly Amphimedon lacks transcription factors involved in mesoderm development (Fkh, Gsc, Twist, Snail)[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7307/full/nature09201.html]. Mesoderm may not be homologous across verteberates UBERON:0003263 AAO:0000304 BILA:0000037 BTO:0000839 CALOHA:TS-0623 EFO:0001981 EHDAA2:0001128 EHDAA:124 EHDAA:160 EHDAA:183 EMAPA:16083 EV:0100006 FBbt:00000126 FMA:69072 GAID:522 MAT:0000174 MESH:A16.254.425.660 MESH:D008648 MIAA:0000174 NCIT:C12750 SCTID:362854004 TAO:0000041 UMLS:C0025485 VHOG:0000152 Wikipedia:Mesoderm XAO:0000050 ZFA:0000041 uberon embryonic mesoderm entire mesoderm mesodermal mantle UBERON:0000926 mesoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Mesoderm.png sometimes not considered primary Bgee:AN The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. Wikipedia:Mesoderm Primary germ layer that is the middle of the embryonic germ layers.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000304 AAO AAO:EJS The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000152 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 The Bilateria are triploblastic (with true endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000152 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) Limb development and evolution, p.722 http://bgee.unil.ch/ sponges do not seem to have a mesoderm and accordingly Amphimedon lacks transcription factors involved in mesoderm development (Fkh, Gsc, Twist, Snail)[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7307/full/nature09201.html]. Mesoderm may not be homologous across verteberates sponges do not seem to have a mesoderm and accordingly Amphimedon lacks transcription factors involved in mesoderm development (Fkh, Gsc, Twist, Snail)[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7307/full/nature09201.html]. Mesoderm may not be homologous across verteberates https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest UMLS:C0025485 ncithesaurus:Mesoderm embryonic mesoderm VHOG:0000152 entire mesoderm entire mesoderm SCTID:362854004 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity. consider indicating location. e.g. anterior. Note some AOs place this as part of oral opening, but it's not clear when this structure comes into existence Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth.[TAO] the primordial mouth region of the developing head, initially a midline ectodermal depression between the forebrain bulge (cranially) and the heart bulge (caudally) and between the maxillary and mandibular components of the first pharyngeal arch; the stomodeum is separated from the anterior end of the foregut by the buccopharyngeal membrane; the mouth is developed partly from the stomodeum, and partly from the floor of the anterior portion of the foregut; the lips, teeth, and gums are formed from the walls of the stomodeum, but the tongue is developed in the floor of the pharynx stomodeal This class groups together disparate structures as all being the anterior part of the early metazoan digestive tract and precursor of the mouth. However, the developmental processes vary, so this class may be split in future. E.g. in mammals it is a rostral depression surrounded by prominences. Outgrowth of the prominences produces a stomodeal cavity. stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium BTO:0004224 EHDAA2:0001929 EMAPA:16263 FBbt:00000439 FMA:295846 NCIT:C34306 TAO:0001290 TGMA:0000135 UMLS:C1514977 Wikipedia:Stomodeum XAO:0000269 ZFA:0001290 mouth primordium primitive oral cavity stomatodeum stomodaeum uberon mouth pit oral ectoderm oral pit UBERON:0000930 stomodeum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray977.png Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity. Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity. Wikipedia:Stomodeum http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/326 Anterior part of the embryonic alimentary canal formed as an invagination of the ectoderm; the future mouth.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001290 TAO ZFIN:curator the primordial mouth region of the developing head, initially a midline ectodermal depression between the forebrain bulge (cranially) and the heart bulge (caudally) and between the maxillary and mandibular components of the first pharyngeal arch; the stomodeum is separated from the anterior end of the foregut by the buccopharyngeal membrane; the mouth is developed partly from the stomodeum, and partly from the floor of the anterior portion of the foregut; the lips, teeth, and gums are formed from the walls of the stomodeum, but the tongue is developed in the floor of the pharynx MP:0012522 NCBITaxon:40674 stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium XAO:0000269 UMLS:C1514977 ncithesaurus:Stomodeum mouth primordium XAO:0000269 primitive oral cavity primitive oral cavity https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 stomatodeum stomatodeum Wikipedia:Stomodeum mouth pit EMAPA:16263 oral ectoderm ZFA:0001290 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-100726-23 oral pit EMAPA:16263 Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into an ectodermal terminal part of the digestive tract. removed WBbt:0006795 'proctodeum' - junction between the alimentary and genital tracts in the male. An inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[TAO] Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[AAO] proctodeal AAO:0011087 EHDAA2:0000121 EMAPA:25038 FBbt:00000123 NCIT:C34278 TAO:0000066 UMLS:C0231054 VHOG:0000139 Wikipedia:Proctodeum XAO:0001019 ZFA:0000066 embryonic proctodaeum proctodaeum amnioproctodeal invagination uberon anal pit anus porus UBERON:0000931 proctodeum https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/685 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into an ectodermal terminal part of the digestive tract. ZFA:0000066 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/685 https://sourceforge.net/p/fbbtdv/tickets/52 An inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000066 TAO ZFIN:curator Inward fold on the surface of the embryonic ectoderm that develops into part of the anal passage.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011087 AAO ZFA:0000066 UMLS:C0231054 ncithesaurus:Proctodeum amnioproctodeal invagination FBbt:00000123 anal pit VHOG:0000139 anus porus XAO:0001019 An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. Portion of alimentary canal with increased circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. Bounded posteriorly by the pyloric sphincter. Mucosal lining has increased folding.[AAO] It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach.[well established][VHOG] We restrict this to the vertebrate specific structure - see the grouping class 'food storage organ' for analogous structures in other species. Teleosts: Zebrafish is functionally stomach-less, but may retain ontogenic footprint. Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the intestine. The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in man. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa AAO:0000579 ANISEED:1235297 BTO:0001307 CALOHA:TS-0980 EFO:0000837 EHDAA2:0001915 EHDAA:2993 EMAPA:17021 EV:0100070 FMA:7148 GAID:293 MA:0000353 MAT:0000051 MESH:A03.492.766 MESH:D013270 MIAA:0000051 NCIT:C12391 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181246003 TAO:0002121 UMLS:C0038351 VHOG:0000408 Wikipedia:Stomach XAO:0000128 galen:Stomach stomach chamber uberon anterior intestine gaster mesenteron ventriculus UBERON:0000945 stomach https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Stomach_diagram.svg cjm cjm absent in lampreys and hagfishes ISBN:0073040584 ISBN:0486692132 An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Stomach https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Wikipedia Wikipedia ZFA Wikipedia Portion of alimentary canal with increased circular and longitudinal smooth muscle. Bounded posteriorly by the pyloric sphincter. Mucosal lining has increased folding.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000579 AAO AAO:EJS It appears that the stomach has an ancient origin. The stomach first appears in the fish lineage. The prevertebrate chordates do not have a true stomach, whereas the cartilaginous and bony fish do. Although most fish do have a true stomach, some fish species appear to have lost the stomach secondarily. The remaining vertebrate lineages do have a true stomach (at least in the adult animal), although there is great variation in the size and shape of the stomach.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000408 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00076.x Smith DM, Grasty RC, Theodosiou NA, Tabin CJ, Nascone-Yoder NM, Evolutionary relationships between the amphibian, avian, and mammalian stomachs. Evolution and development (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ We restrict this to the vertebrate specific structure - see the grouping class 'food storage organ' for analogous structures in other species. Teleosts: Zebrafish is functionally stomach-less, but may retain ontogenic footprint. Although the precise shape and size of the stomach varies widely among different vertebrates, the relative positions of the oesophageal and duodenal openings remain relatively constant. As a result, the organ always curves somewhat to the left before curving back to meet the pyloric sphincter. However, lampreys, hagfishes, chimaeras, lungfishes, and some teleost fish have no stomach at all, with the oesophagus opening directly into the intestine. The gastric lining is usually divided into two regions, an anterior portion lined by fundic glands, and a posterior with pyloric glands. Cardiac glands are unique to mammals, and even then are absent in a number of species. The distributions of these glands vary between species, and do not always correspond with the same regions as in man. Furthermore, in many non-human mammals, a portion of the stomach anterior to the cardiac glands is lined with epithelium essentially identical to that of the oesophagus. Ruminants, in particular, have a complex stomach, the first three chambers of which are all lined with oesophageal mucosa WP:Stomach#In_other_animals UMLS:C0038351 ncithesaurus:Stomach gaster BTO:0001307 ventriculus Wikipedia:Stomach The main trunk of the systemic arterial system that carries blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation. This class is currently a mixed bag, encompassing (1) the entirety of the mammalian aorta together with (2) the developmental and phylogenetic homologs of its segments: the ventral aorta and dorsal aortae. The main artery of the circulatory system which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all the arteries of the body except those of the lungs.[AAO] When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] aortic All amniotes have a broadly similar arrangement to that of humans, albeit with a number of individual variations. In fish, however, there are two separate vessels referred to as aortas. The ventral aorta carries de-oxygenated blood from the heart to the gills; part of this vessel forms the ascending aorta in tetrapods (the remainder forms the pulmonary artery). A second, dorsal aorta carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body, and is homologous with the descending aorta of tetrapods. The two aortas are connected by a number of vessels, one passing through each of the gills. Amphibians also retain the fifth connecting vessel, so that the aorta has two parallel arches AAO:0010213 BTO:0000135 CALOHA:TS-0046 EFO:0000265 EMAPA:18601 EV:0100027 FMA:3734 GAID:469 MA:0000062 MAT:0000035 MESH:D001011 MIAA:0000035 NCIT:C12669 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjvTpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181298001 UMLS:C0003483 VHOG:0001523 Wikipedia:Aorta XAO:0003010 galen:Aorta trunk of aortic tree trunk of systemic arterial tree dorsal aorta uberon arteria maxima UBERON:0000947 aorta https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Aorta_scheme.jpg MA EHDAA2 human_reference_atlas The main trunk of the systemic arterial system that carries blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MESH:A07.231.114.056 MP:0000272 The main trunk of the systemic arterial system that carries blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MESH:A07.231.114.056 MP:0000272 Wikipedia:Aorta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 This class is currently a mixed bag, encompassing (1) the entirety of the mammalian aorta together with (2) the developmental and phylogenetic homologs of its segments: the ventral aorta and dorsal aortae. WP The main artery of the circulatory system which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all the arteries of the body except those of the lungs.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010213 AAO AAO:BJB When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001523 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001523 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0003483 ncithesaurus:Aorta dorsal aorta ZFA:0000014 dorsal aorta Wikipedia:Aorta#In_other_animals ZFA:0000014 arteria maxima arteria maxima Wikipedia:Aorta A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ. Blood pumping organ composed of four chambers: sinus venosus, atrium, cardiac ventricle and bulbus arteriosus.[TAO] Part of the circulatory system responsible for pumping blood; composed of three chambers--two atria and one ventricle.[AAO] relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[well established][VHOG] cardiac AAO:0010210 BILA:0000020 BTO:0000562 CALOHA:TS-0445 EFO:0000815 EHDAA2:0000738 EHDAA:420 EMAPA:16105 EV:0100018 FMA:7088 GAID:174 MA:0000072 MAT:0000036 MESH:D006321 MIAA:0000036 NCIT:C12727 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjvDpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302509004 TAO:0000114 UMLS:C0018787 VHOG:0000276 Wikipedia:Heart XAO:0000064 ZFA:0000114 galen:Heart chambered heart vertebrate heart branchial heart uberon cardium UBERON:0000948 Taxon notes:" the ascidian tube-like heart lacks chambers....The ascidian heart is formed after metamorphosis as a simple tube-like structure with a single-layered myoepithelium that is continuous with a single-layered pericar- dial wall. It lacks chambers and endocardium.... The innovation of the chambered heart was a key event in vertebrate evolution, because the chambered heart generates one-way blood flow with high pressure, a critical requirement for the efficient blood supply of large-body vertebrates... all extant vertebrates have hearts with two or more chambers (Moorman and Christoffels 2003)" DOI:10.1101/gad.1485706 heart MA A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ. A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ. Wikipedia:Heart http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Blood pumping organ composed of four chambers: sinus venosus, atrium, cardiac ventricle and bulbus arteriosus.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000114 TAO ZFIN:curator Part of the circulatory system responsible for pumping blood; composed of three chambers--two atria and one ventricle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010210 AAO AAO:BJB relationship type change: differentiates_from lateral plate mesoderm (AAO:0010574) CHANGED TO: develops_from lateral plate mesoderm (UBERON:0003081)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010210 AAO As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000276 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000276 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0018787 ncithesaurus:Heart chambered heart chambered heart https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 branchial heart cardium EMAPA:16105 Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Anatomical system containing glands which regulates bodily functions though the secretion of hormones.[AAO] Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...).[well established][VHOG] endocrine AAO:0010279 CALOHA:TS-1301 EFO:0002969 EHDAA2:0002224 EMAPA:35306 EV:0100128 FBbt:00005068 FMA:9668 GAID:439 MA:0000012 MESH:D004703 NCIT:C12705 SCTID:278876000 TAO:0001158 UMLS:C0014136 VHOG:0000098 Wikipedia:Endocrine_system XAO:0000158 ZFA:0001158 endocrine glandular system endocrine system systema endocrinum uberon UBERON:0000949 endocrine system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. NLM:endocrine+system Wikipedia:Endocrine_system Anatomical system containing glands which regulates bodily functions though the secretion of hormones.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010279 AAO AAO:BJB Multicellular organisms have complex endocrine systems, allowing responses to environmental stimuli, regulation of development, reproduction, and homeostasis. Nuclear receptors (NRs), a metazoan-specific family of ligand-activated transcription factors, play central roles in endocrine responses, as intermediates between signaling molecules and target genes. The NR family includes ligand-bound and orphan receptors, that is, receptors with no known ligand or for which there is no ligand Pocket. Understanding NR evolution has been further improved by comparison of several completed genomes, particularly those of deuterostomes and ecdysozoans. In contrast, evolution of NR ligands is still much debated. One hypothesis proposes that several independent gains and losses of ligand-binding ability in NRs occurred in protostomes and deuterostomes. A second hypothesis, pertaining to the NR3 subfamily (vertebrate steroid hormone receptors and estrogen related receptor), proposes that before the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes, there was an ancestral steroid receptor (AncSR) that was ligand-activated and that orphan receptors secondarily lost the ability to bind a ligand. (...) Our analysis reveals that steroidogenesis has been independently elaborated in the 3 main bilaterian lineages (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000098 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.0812138106 Markov GV, Tavares R, Dauphin-Villemant C, Demeneix BA, Baker ME, Laudet V, Independent elaboration of steroid hormone signaling pathways in metazoans. PNAS (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0014136 ncithesaurus:Endocrine_System endocrine glandular system EHDAA2:0002224 The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. requires review for applicability to invertebrate structures, e.g. synganglion Cavitated compound organ which is comprised of gray and white matter and surrounds the cerebral ventricular system.[TAO] Part of the central nervous system situated within the cranium and composed of both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers.[AAO] The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and metencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube (or the encephalon). Does not include retina. (CUMBO) (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010478 ABA:Brain BAMS:Br BAMS:Brain BILA:0000135 BIRNLEX:796 BTO:0000142 CALOHA:TS-0095 DHBA:10155 EFO:0000302 EHDAA2:0000183 EHDAA:2641 EHDAA:6485 EMAPA:16894 EV:0100164 FBbt:00005095 FMA:50801 GAID:571 HBA:4005 MA:0000168 MAT:0000098 MBA:8 MBA:997 MESH:D001921 MIAA:0000098 NCIT:C12439 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjT65wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA PBA:3999 SCTID:258335003 TAO:0000008 UMLS:C0006104 UMLS:C1269537 VHOG:0000157 Wikipedia:Brain XAO:0000010 ZFA:0000008 galen:Brain http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=21 uberon encephalon suprasegmental levels of nervous system suprasegmental structures synganglion the brain UBERON:0000955 brain GO FMA Bgee:AN The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. Wikipedia:Brain https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/300 Cavitated compound organ which is comprised of gray and white matter and surrounds the cerebral ventricular system.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000008 TAO ZFIN:curator Part of the central nervous system situated within the cranium and composed of both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibers.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010478 AAO AAO:BJB The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and metencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube (or the encephalon). Does not include retina. (CUMBO) The part of the central nervous system contained within the cranium, comprising the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and metencephalon. It is derived from the anterior part of the embryonic neural tube (or the encephalon). Does not include retina. (CUMBO) http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000157 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000157 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0006104 BIRNLEX:796 UMLS:C0006104 ncithesaurus:Brain UMLS:C1269537 BIRNLEX:796 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=21 BIRNLEX:796 encephalon BTO:0000142 suprasegmental levels of nervous system NeuroNames:21 suprasegmental structures NeuroNames:21 the brain NeuroNames:21 Any thin layer or plate. TODO - merge with cell layer? laminar Wikipedia:Lamina_of_the_vertebral_arch laminar tissue uberon UBERON:0000957 lamina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Laminaarcusvertebrae.png Any thin layer or plate. Any thin layer or plate. Wikipedia:Lamina_of_the_vertebral_arch The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8). All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra. (In the other portions of the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name. Dorsal (posterior) distribution includes the greater occipital (C2) and third occipital (C3). Ventral (anterior) distribution includes the cervical plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-C8) [WP,unvetted]. BAMS:cern FMA:5859 NCIT:C32299 NLXANAT:20090207 SCTID:360497008 UMLS:C0228815 Wikipedia:Cervical_nerves http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2351 cervical nerve cervical nerve tree cervical spinal nerve nervus cervicalis uberon UBERON:0000962 Innervates: sternohyoid muscle, sternothyroid muscle, omohyoid muscle[WP] nerve of cervical vertebra http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray795.png The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae. Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8). All nerves except C8 emerge above their corresponding vertebrae, while the C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra. (In the other portions of the spine, the nerve emerges below the vertebra with the same name. Dorsal (posterior) distribution includes the greater occipital (C2) and third occipital (C3). Ventral (anterior) distribution includes the cervical plexus (C1-C4) and brachial plexus (C5-C8) [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Cervical_nerves UMLS:C0228815 ncithesaurus:Cervical_Nerve cervical nerve FMA:5859 nervus cervicalis FMA:5859 FMA:TA this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology FBbt:00004114 MAT:0000204 MIAA:0000204 uberon UBERON:0000963 head sensillum The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye that serves as the chief refractory structure. corneal Compared to terrestial animals, the cornea of zebrafish is relatively flat. It consists of nonpigmented, stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelial cells, attached to a thick basement membrane that is considered to be analogous to the Bowman's membrane in mammals. In fish, and aquatic vertebrates in general, the cornea plays no role in focusing light, since it has virtually the same refractive index as water AAO:0010344 BTO:0000286 CALOHA:TS-0171 EFO:0000377 EHDAA2:0000316 EHDAA:10199 EMAPA:17161 EV:0100341 FMA:58238 GAID:892 MA:0000266 MESH:D003315 NCIT:C12342 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViBa5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181162001 TAO:0000640 UMLS:C0010031 VHOG:0000164 Wikipedia:Cornea XAO:0000180 ZFA:0000640 cornea of camera-type eye uberon corneas tunica cornea UBERON:0000964 cornea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg MA MA FMA-isa definitional The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye that serves as the chief refractory structure. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MESH:A09.371.060.217 MP:0001312 UMLS:C0010031 ncithesaurus:Cornea cornea of camera-type eye GO:0061303 corneas ZFA:0000640 Transparent part of camera-type eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] This class excludes compound eye corneal lenses. AAO:0010348 BTO:0000723 CALOHA:TS-0545 EHDAA:9057 EMAPA:17838 EV:0100343 FMA:58241 MA:0000275 MAT:0000141 MESH:A09.371.509 MESH:D007908 MIAA:0000141 NCIT:C12743 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj0fZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000975 SCTID:181169005 TAO:0000035 UMLS:C0023317 VHOG:0000169 Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy) XAO:0000008 ZFA:0000035 camera-type eye lens eye lens lens lens crystallina uberon crystalline lens lenses ocular lens UBERON:0000965 The lens is avascular and nourished by diffusion from the aqueous and vitreous lens of camera-type eye Transparent part of camera-type eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. Transparent part of camera-type eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000169 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000169 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0023317 ncithesaurus:Crystalline_Lens camera-type eye lens GO:0002088 eye lens lens lens crystallina lens crystallina Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy) crystalline lens BTO:0000723 lenses ZFA:0000035 ocular lens BTO:0000723 The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. The portion of the eye developing from the optic primordium and including the neural retina and the retinal pigment layer. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] retinal AAO:0010352 BAMS:R BIRNLEX:1153 BTO:0001175 CALOHA:TS-0865 EFO:0000832 EHDAA2:0001627 EHDAA:4757 EMAPA:17168 EV:0100348 FMA:58301 GAID:755 MA:0000276 MAT:0000142 MBA:304325711 MESH:D012160 MIAA:0000142 NCIT:C12343 NIFSTD_RETIRED:birnlex_1156 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViTfpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181171005 TAO:0000152 UMLS:C0035298 UMLS:C1278894 VHOG:0000229 Wikipedia:Retina XAO:0000009 ZFA:0000152 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1862 inner layer of eyeball retina of camera-type eye tunica interna of eyeball uberon Netzhaut retinas UBERON:0000966 Currently this class encompasses only verteberate AOs but could in theory also include cephalopod - we may want to make a more specific class for vertebrate retina. note that this class excludes ommatidial retinas, as the retina must be part of an eyeball. Use the parent class photoreceptor array / light-sensitive tissue for arthropods retina http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Human_eye_cross-sectional_view_grayscale.png FMA FMA FMA EHDAA2 The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. ZFIN:curator The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. Wikipedia:Retina ZFIN:curator The portion of the eye developing from the optic primordium and including the neural retina and the retinal pigment layer. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000152 TAO ZFIN:curator The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000229 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000229 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0035298 BIRNLEX:1153 UMLS:C0035298 ncithesaurus:Retina UMLS:C1278894 BIRNLEX:1153 retina of camera-type eye GO:0060041 Netzhaut BTO:0001175 retinas ZFA:0000152 An organ that detects light. This class encompasses a variety of light-detecting structures from different phyla with no implication of homology, from the compound insect eye to the vertebrate camera-type eye (distinct classes are provided for each) ocular optic Note that whilst this is classified as an organ, it is in fact more of a unit composed of different structures: in Drosophila, it includes the interommatidial bristle as a part; we consider here the vertebrate eye to include the eyeball/eye proper as a part, with the eye having as parts (when present): eyelids, conjuctiva, BILA:0000017 BTO:0000439 CALOHA:TS-0309 EFO:0000827 EV:0100336 FBbt:00005162 GAID:69 MAT:0000140 MESH:D005123 MIAA:0000140 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Wikipedia:Eye uberon light-detecting organ visual apparatus UBERON:0000970 eye PMID:21062451 PMID:21062451 An organ that detects light. An organ that detects light. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 visual apparatus EV:0100336 The smallest morphological and functional unit of the compound eye that consists of a usually limited and often constant number of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, and interommatidial pigment cells, and may additionally contain crystalline cone cells. ommatidial BTO:0001922 FBbt:00004510 HAO:0000666 MAT:0000143 MIAA:0000143 Wikipedia:Ommatidium omatidium uberon omatidia UBERON:0000971 ommatidium PMID:21062451 The smallest morphological and functional unit of the compound eye that consists of a usually limited and often constant number of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, and interommatidial pigment cells, and may additionally contain crystalline cone cells. The smallest morphological and functional unit of the compound eye that consists of a usually limited and often constant number of rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, cornea-secreting epithelial cells, and interommatidial pigment cells, and may additionally contain crystalline cone cells. PMID:21062451 omatidia An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column. true necks are considered to be present when the pectoral girdle is separate from the skull - Tiktaalik is the earliest known fish to have a true neck. cervical AEO:0000108 BTO:0000420 CALOHA:TS-2045 EFO:0000967 EHDAA2:0003108 EMAPA:35587 FMA:7155 GAID:86 MA:0000024 MAT:0000297 MESH:D009333 MIAA:0000297 NCIT:C13063 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjLF5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302550007 UMLS:C0027530 Wikipedia:Neck galen:Neck uberon collum neck (volume) UBERON:0000974 neck https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Female_neck.jpg An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ISBN:9780674021839 UMLS:C0027530 ncithesaurus:Neck collum Wikipedia:Neck neck (volume) FMA:7155 The invaginated serous membrane that surrounds the lungs (the visceral portion) and lines the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal portion). The serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the pleural cavity. [Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.264][VHOG] pleural In MA, is_a cavity lining (which we equate to parietal). In FMA, is_a (viscous) serous membrane (which includes mesothelium plus connective tissue). Note the MA structure should probably be associated with the mesothelium of pleura in FMA. JB/EHDAA2 argues the term 'pleura' is best used for the mesothelial lining (thus excluding connective tissue). See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 BTO:0001791 CALOHA:TS-2081 EFO:0001980 EMAPA:16775 EV:0100044 FMA:9583 GAID:360 MA:0000433 MESH:D010994 NCIT:C12469 OpenCyc:Mx4rv3zwLZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181609007 UMLS:C0032225 VHOG:0000394 Wikipedia:Pleura wall of pleural sac uberon pleura pleural tissue UBERON:0000977 pleura http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Gray965.png https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 The invaginated serous membrane that surrounds the lungs (the visceral portion) and lines the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal portion). ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010820 UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Pulmonary_pleurae https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1231 BGEE:AN ISBN:978-0030223693 The serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the pleural cavity. [Kaufman_MH_and_Bard_JBL, The_anatomical_basis_of_mouse_development_(1999)_San_Diego:_Academic_Press, p.264][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000394 VHOG ISBN:0124020607 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0032225 ncithesaurus:Pleural_Tissue pleural tissue BTO:0001791 NCIT:C12469 Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO]. Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[VSAO] Anatomical cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[TAO] articulation joint AEO:0000182 BTO:0001686 CALOHA:TS-2023 EFO:0000948 EMAPA:35456 FMA:7490 GAID:102 MA:0000319 MAT:0000188 MESH:D007596 MIAA:0000188 NCIT:C13044 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjdpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003182 SCTID:302536002 TAO:0000367 UMLS:C0022417 VHOG:0001276 VSAO:0000101 Wikipedia:Joint XAO:0000171 ZFA:0001596 galen:Joint uberon articular joint joints UBERON:0000982 skeletal joint Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO]. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000101 Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO]. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000101 Wikipedia:Joint http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000101 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 Anatomical cluster which consists of two or more adjacent bones or cartilages, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000367 TAO TAO:pem articulation VSAO:0000101 joint FMA:7490 VSAO:0000101 UMLS:C0022417 ncithesaurus:Joint articular joint BTO:0001686 joints ZFA:0001596 The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum. The pons is not present in zebrafish. In this ontology we currently have some structures which are applicable to zebrafish appearing as parts of the pons. Currently we only include the weaker dubious_for_taxon relationship ubtil this is resolved The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum. [TFD][VHOG] During the embryonic development of birds and mammals, neuroblasts migrate from the cerebellum into the ventral part of the rhombencephalon and differentiate into pontine and other nuclei, which relay information from between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and a conspicuous band of transverse fibers. This region is known as the pons. A pons does not differentiate in reptiles and anamniotes (...).[well established][VHOG] BAMS:PONS BAMS:Pons BIRNLEX:733 BM:Pons BTO:0001101 CALOHA:TS-0813 DHBA:10661 EFO:0001394 EHDAA2:0004394 EMAPA:17563 EV:0100253 FMA:67943 GAID:578 HBA:9131 MA:0000204 MAT:0000115 MBA:771 MESH:D011149 MIAA:0000115 NCIT:C12511 SCTID:279103004 UMLS:C0032639 UMLS:C1280999 VHOG:0001176 Wikipedia:Pons http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=547 pons Varolii pons of Varolius uberon pons cerebri UBERON:0000988 pons http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Gray768.png neuronames The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum. VHOG:0001176 The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain, ventral to the cerebellum. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001176 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pons During the embryonic development of birds and mammals, neuroblasts migrate from the cerebellum into the ventral part of the rhombencephalon and differentiate into pontine and other nuclei, which relay information from between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and a conspicuous band of transverse fibers. This region is known as the pons. A pons does not differentiate in reptiles and anamniotes (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001176 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.474 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0032639 BIRNLEX:733 UMLS:C0032639 ncithesaurus:Pons_Varolii UMLS:C1280999 BIRNLEX:733 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=547 BIRNLEX:733 pons Varolii ncithesaurus:Pons_Varolii pons cerebri NeuroNames:547 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. consider splitting genitalia from reproductive system Anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues associated with sexual reproduction of the organism.[AAO] Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010258 BILA:0000103 BTO:0000081 CALOHA:TS-1318 EFO:0000809 EHDAA2:0001603 EHDAA:5923 EMAPA:17381 EV:0100100 FBbt:00004857 FMA:7160 GAID:363 HAO:0000374 HAO:0000895 MA:0000326 MIAA:0000305 NCIT:C12841 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVja4ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278875001 TAO:0000632 UMLS:C1261210 VHOG:0000182 WBbt:0005747 Wikipedia:Reproductive_system XAO:0000142 ZFA:0000632 uberon Geschlechtsorgan animal reproductive system genital system genital tract genitalia organa genitalia reproductive tissue reproductive tract systemata genitalia UBERON:0000990 reproductive system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Penis.svg Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. Wikipedia:Reproductive_system Anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues associated with sexual reproduction of the organism.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010258 AAO AAO:BJB Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000182 VHOG PMID:21672850 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007) Arguably, one of the most important aspects of urbilaterian organogenesis would have been gonadogenesis, since Urbilateria must have successfully generated gametes and developed a strategy for extrusion and fertilization, in order to be the ancestor of all living Bilateria.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000182 VHOG PMID:21672850 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1261210 ncithesaurus:Reproductive_System Geschlechtsorgan BTO:0000081 animal reproductive system BTO:0000081 genitalia organa genitalia BTO:0000081 reproductive tissue BTO:0000081 systemata genitalia systemata genitalia Wikipedia:Reproductive_system Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). Anatomical structure which produces gametes as well as certain sex hormones controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins.[AAO] The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).[TAO] Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved.[uncertain][VHOG] gonadal FMA xref is a 'general anatomical term' AAO:0000213 BILA:0000123 BSA:0000079 BTO:0000534 EMAPA:17383 FBbt:00004858 FMA:18250 GAID:368 HAO:0000379 MA:0002420 MESH:D006066 NCIT:C12725 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQvdiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:304623008 TAO:0000413 UMLS:C0018067 VHOG:0000397 WBbt:0005175 Wikipedia:Gonad XAO:0003146 ZFA:0000413 gonada uberon gonads UBERON:0000991 gonad Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). ISBN:0140512888 ZFA:0000413 ZFIN:curator Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). ISBN:0140512888 Wikipedia:Gonad ZFA:0000413 ZFIN:curator Anatomical structure which produces gametes as well as certain sex hormones controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000213 AAO AAO:BJB The part of the reproductive system that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis).[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000413 TAO ZFIN:curator Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000397 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000397 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T, Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA xref is a 'general anatomical term' FMA UMLS:C0018067 ncithesaurus:Gonad gonads ZFA:0000413 The gonad of a female organism which contains germ cells. Either of paired female reproductive organs involved in production of ova and female sex hormones.[AAO] Female reproductive organ.[TAO] (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] ovarian Ovaries of some kind are found in the female reproductive system of many animals that employ sexual reproduction, including invertebrates. However, they develop in a very different way in most invertebrates than they do in vertebrates, and are not truly homologous. Many of the features found in human ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells, tunica albuginea, and so on. However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary at any given time. In these species, fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary. In birds, reptiles, and monotremes, the egg is relatively large, filling the follicle, and distorting the shape of the ovary at maturity. Amphibians and reptiles have no ovarian medulla; the central part of the ovary is a hollow, lymph-filled space. The ovary of teleosts is also often hollow, but in this case, the eggs are shed into the cavity, which opens into the oviduct. Although most normal female vertebrates have two ovaries, this is not the case in all species. In birds and platypuses, the right ovary never matures, so that only the left is functional. In some elasmobranchs, the reverse is true, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo AAO:0000371 BILA:0000125 BSA:0000080 BTO:0000975 CALOHA:TS-0730 EFO:0000973 EHDAA2:0001360 EHDAA:8124 EMAPA:17962 EV:0100111 FBbt:00004865 FMA:7209 GAID:367 MA:0000384 MESH:D010053 MIAA:0000125 NCIT:C12404 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi9QJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181464007 TAO:0000403 UMLS:C0029939 VHOG:0000251 Wikipedia:Ovary XAO:0000258 ZFA:0000403 animal ovary female gonad female organism genitalia gonad female organism genitalia gonada female organism reproductive system gonad female organism reproductive system gonada female reproductive system gonad female reproductive system gonada genitalia of female organism gonad genitalia of female organism gonada gonad of female organism genitalia gonad of female organism reproductive system gonad of female reproductive system gonad of genitalia of female organism gonad of reproductive system of female organism gonada of female organism genitalia gonada of female organism reproductive system gonada of female reproductive system gonada of genitalia of female organism gonada of reproductive system of female organism ovum-producing ovary reproductive system of female organism gonad reproductive system of female organism gonada uberon ovaries ovarium UBERON:0000992 ovary http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Gray589.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png The gonad of a female organism which contains germ cells. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0001126 The gonad of a female organism which contains germ cells. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0001126 Wikipedia:Ovary Either of paired female reproductive organs involved in production of ova and female sex hormones.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000371 AAO AAO:BJB Female reproductive organ.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000403 TAO ZFIN:curator (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000251 VHOG DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007), DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) (...) while it is likely that Urbilateria lacked a complex somatic reproductive system, it is at present impossible to speculate on whether or not it possessed a true gonad, let alone any other somatic adaptations for reproduction (reference 1); Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved (reference 2).[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000251 VHOG DOI:10.1093/icb/icm052 Extavour CGM, Gray anatomy: phylogenetic patterns of somatic gonad structures and reproductive strategies across the Bilateria. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2007), DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.13350 DeFalco T and Capel B, Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end. Annual review of cell and developmental biology (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ Ovaries of some kind are found in the female reproductive system of many animals that employ sexual reproduction, including invertebrates. However, they develop in a very different way in most invertebrates than they do in vertebrates, and are not truly homologous. Many of the features found in human ovaries are common to all vertebrates, including the presence of follicular cells, tunica albuginea, and so on. However, many species produce a far greater number of eggs during their lifetime than do humans, so that, in fish and amphibians, there may be hundreds, or even millions of fertile eggs present in the ovary at any given time. In these species, fresh eggs may be developing from the germinal epithelium throughout life. Corpora lutea are found only in mammals, and in some elasmobranch fish; in other species, the remnants of the follicle are quickly resorbed by the ovary. In birds, reptiles, and monotremes, the egg is relatively large, filling the follicle, and distorting the shape of the ovary at maturity. Amphibians and reptiles have no ovarian medulla; the central part of the ovary is a hollow, lymph-filled space. The ovary of teleosts is also often hollow, but in this case, the eggs are shed into the cavity, which opens into the oviduct. Although most normal female vertebrates have two ovaries, this is not the case in all species. In birds and platypuses, the right ovary never matures, so that only the left is functional. In some elasmobranchs, the reverse is true, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo WP UMLS:C0029939 ncithesaurus:Ovary animal ovary EFO:0000973 female organism genitalia gonad OBOL:automatic female organism genitalia gonada OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism gonad OBOL:automatic genitalia of female organism gonada OBOL:automatic gonad of female organism genitalia OBOL:automatic gonad of female organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonad of genitalia of female organism OBOL:automatic gonad of reproductive system of female organism OBOL:automatic gonada of female organism genitalia OBOL:automatic gonada of female organism reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic gonada of genitalia of female organism OBOL:automatic gonada of reproductive system of female organism OBOL:automatic ovum-producing ovary GO:0061039 reproductive system of female organism gonad OBOL:automatic reproductive system of female organism gonada OBOL:automatic ovaries ovarium ovarium Wikipedia:Ovary A tube or collection of tubes in an animal from the ovaries to the outside of the body. sometimes oviduct is used interchangeably with follaopian tube. Here they are different - the oviduct connects the gonad to the outside in a variety of animals. The mammal-class fallopian tube is derived from the mullerian duct and connects the gonads/infubdibulum to the uterus A passage through which ova leave the maternal body or pass to an organ communicating with the exterior of the body. [TFD][VHOG] In all remaining vertebrates (i.e., coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the oviduct arises in ontogeny as a longitudinal, groovelike invagination of the coelomic epithelium on the lateral surface of the mesonephros.[well established][VHOG] The only female vertebrates to lack oviducts are the jawless fishes. In these species, the single fused ovary releases eggs directly into the body cavity. The fish eventually extrudes the eggs through small genital pores towards the rear of the body[WP] in birds divided into infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, and vagina AAO:0010533 BSA:0000083 BTO:0000980 EFO:0000974 EMAPA:18984 GAID:366 MAT:0000126 MESH:D010057 MIAA:0000126 NCIT:C77957 TAO:0000560 UMLS:C0029954 VHOG:0001136 Wikipedia:Oviduct XAO:0003052 ZFA:0000560 ovarian duct ovarian tube uterine tube uberon female reproductive tracts oviducts tuba uterina tuba uterinae tubular parts of female reproductive system UBERON:0000993 oviduct A tube or collection of tubes in an animal from the ovaries to the outside of the body. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A passage through which ova leave the maternal body or pass to an organ communicating with the exterior of the body. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001136 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/oviduct In all remaining vertebrates (i.e., coelacanths, lungfishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals), the oviduct arises in ontogeny as a longitudinal, groovelike invagination of the coelomic epithelium on the lateral surface of the mesonephros.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001136 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.687-688 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0029954 ncithesaurus:Oviduct ovarian duct http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ovarian tube http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 female reproductive tracts http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 oviducts ZFA:0000560 tuba uterina BTO:0000980 tuba uterinae BTO:0000980 tubular parts of female reproductive system http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth. The hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which the blastocyst normally becomes embedded and in which the developing embryo and fetus is nourished. Its cavity opens into the vagina below and into a uterine tube on either side. [TFD][VHOG] An infundibulum, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina also differentiate along the oviducts of eutherian mammals.[well established][VHOG] uterine Most animals that lay eggs, such as birds and reptiles, have an oviduct instead of a uterus. In monotremes, mammals which lay eggs and include the platypus, either the term uterus or oviduct is used to describe the same organ, but the egg does not develop a placenta within the mother and thus does not receive further nourishment after formation and fertilization. Marsupials have two uteruses, each of which connect to a lateral vagina and which both use a third, middle 'vagina' which functions as the birth canal. Marsupial embryos form a choriovitelline 'placenta' (which can be thought of as something between a monotreme egg and a 'true' placenta), in which the egg's yolk sac supplies a large part of the embryo's nutrition but also attaches to the uterine wall and takes nutrients from the mother's bloodstream. Two uteruses usually form initially in a female fetus, and in placental mammals they may partially or completely fuse into a single uterus depending on the species. In many species with two uteruses, only one is functional. Humans and other higher primates such as chimpanzees, along with horses, usually have a single completely fused uterus, although in some individuals the uteruses may not have completely fused [Wikipedia:Uterus] BTO:0001424 CALOHA:TS-1102 EFO:0000975 EMAPA:29915 EV:0100113 FMA:17558 GAID:172 MA:0000389 MAT:0000127 MESH:D014599 MIAA:0000127 NCIT:C12405 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViojJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181452004 UMLS:C0042149 VHOG:0001137 Wikipedia:Uterus galen:Uterus uberon UBERON:0000995 uterus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Female_reproductive_system_lateral_nolabel.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Female_anatomy.png cjm The female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth. MGI:csmith MP:0001120 The hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which the blastocyst normally becomes embedded and in which the developing embryo and fetus is nourished. Its cavity opens into the vagina below and into a uterine tube on either side. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001137 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/uterus An infundibulum, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina also differentiate along the oviducts of eutherian mammals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001137 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.678 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0042149 ncithesaurus:Uterus A cuticular covering that is composed primarily of chitin. The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is a polysaccharide, chitin, composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, together with proteins and lipids[WP]. TODO - split from exoskeleton? Also: See above sf item to see if this belongs in GO UBERON:FBbt_00004970 exoskeleton EFO:0000944 FBbt:00004970 HAO:0000240 MAT:0000150 MIAA:0000150 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkBTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA cuticle uberon arthropod cuticle arthropod exoskeleton insect cuticle UBERON:0001001 chitin-based cuticle A cuticular covering that is composed primarily of chitin. The main structural component of arthropod cuticle is a polysaccharide, chitin, composed of N-acetylglucosamine units, together with proteins and lipids[WP]. cuticle FBbt:00004970 arthropod exoskeleton Tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Cuticles are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure and chemical composition[WP]. TODO - check cuticle vs exoskeleton. Note that GO has a very generic definition of cuticle. See also arthropod-anatomy ontology. Note in ncit Cuticle is a plant part cuticular BTO:0001600 uberon cuticula cuticular exoskeleton UBERON:0001002 cuticle Rieger - Evolution of the Cuticle in the Lower Eumetazoa Tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Cuticles are non-homologous, differing in their origin, structure and chemical composition[WP]. cuticula BTO:0001600 The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis. A cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] The outer epithelial layer of the external integument of the body that is derived from the embryonic epiblast.[AAO] relationship loss: subclass external integument structures (AAO:0000961)[AAO] (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell.[well established][VHOG] epidermal Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. In terrestrial vertebrates the epidermis often forms an outer keratinized or cornified layer, the stratum corneum. Interaction between the epideris and dermis gives rise to feathers (birds), hair and mammary glands (mammals), teeth and scales (placoid: chondrichthyans; cosmoids, ganoid, cycloid in bony fishes). epidermis skin AAO:0000143 BTO:0000404 CALOHA:TS-0283 EFO:0000954 EMAPA:17528 EV:0100153 FMA:70596 GAID:932 MA:0000153 MAT:0000154 MESH:D004817 MIAA:0000154 NCIT:C12708 SCTID:361694003 TAO:0000105 UMLS:C0014520 VHOG:0000077 Wikipedia:Epidermis_(skin) XAO:0000028 ZFA:0000105 vertebrate epidermis uberon UBERON:0001003 skin epidermis The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis. ISBN:0073040584 The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis. ISBN:0073040584 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A cellular, multilayered epithelium derived from the ectoderm. Zebrafish epidermis consists only of living cells unlike terrestrial vertebrates in which dead, keratinized cells are present. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000105 TAO ZFIN:curator The outer epithelial layer of the external integument of the body that is derived from the embryonic epiblast.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000143 AAO AAO:BJB relationship loss: subclass external integument structures (AAO:0000961)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000143 AAO (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000077 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72 (...) outer epithelia in all metazoan animals are homologous. (...) The ancestor of all metazoans likely had an epidermis with a basal extracellular matrix (ECM), an apical extracellular glycocalyx, and one cilium with a striated rootlet per cell.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000077 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.71-72 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0014520 ncithesaurus:Epidermis Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration. The anatomical system in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and its environment.[AAO] There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000541 BTO:0000203 CALOHA:TS-1319 EFO:0000804 EHDAA2:0001604 EHDAA:2203 EMAPA:16727 EV:0100036 FMA:7158 GAID:78 MA:0000327 MAT:0000030 MESH:D012137 MIAA:0000030 NCIT:C12779 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278197002 TAO:0000272 UMLS:C0035237 VHOG:0000202 Wikipedia:Respiratory_system XAO:0000117 ZFA:0000272 apparatus respiratorius respiratory system uberon Atmungssystem apparatus respiratorius systema respiratorium UBERON:0001004 respiratory system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Respiratory_system_complete_en.svg Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration. Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration. Wikipedia:Respiratory_system http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha The anatomical system in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the organism and its environment.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000541 AAO AAO:BJB There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000202 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.599 and Figure 18-23 There is no doubt that the primitive pattern of vertebrate air-breathing is the buccal pulse pump found in actinopterygian fishes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000202 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.599 and Figure 18-23 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0035237 ncithesaurus:Respiratory_System Atmungssystem BTO:0000203 apparatus respiratorius BTO:0000203 systema respiratorium systema respiratorium Wikipedia:Respiratory_system An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. This class generically groups trachea and analagous structures throughout metazoa. Consider renaming, as the term could be taken to mean lumen of tracheal system (e.g. in SNOMED). As a grouping class this is quite vague, as it is not clear where the airway begins and ends airway airways FMA:265130 SCTID:361380005 Wikipedia:Trachea uberon UBERON:0001005 respiratory airway An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. Wikipedia:Trachea airway airway http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 airways airways http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. An anatomical system consisting of the alimentary canal and digestive glands responsible for intake, absorption, digestion and excretion of food.[AAO] digestive many anatomy ontologies consider gastrointestinal system synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class AAO:0000129 BILA:0000082 BTO:0000058 CALOHA:TS-1293 EFO:0000793 EV:0100056 FBbt:00005055 FMA:7152 GAID:278 MA:0002431 MAT:0000018 MESH:D004064 MIAA:0000018 SCTID:278859004 TADS:0000170 TAO:0000339 WBbt:0005748 Wikipedia:Digestive_system XAO:0000125 ZFA:0000339 galen:DigestiveSystem ncithesaurus:Digestive_System uberon alimentary system alimentary tract gastrointestinal system gut UBERON:0001007 digestive system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. FB:gg NLM:alimentary+system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. FB:gg NLM:alimentary+system Wikipedia:Digestive_system An anatomical system consisting of the alimentary canal and digestive glands responsible for intake, absorption, digestion and excretion of food.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000129 AAO AAO:BJB many anatomy ontologies consider gastrointestinal system synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class MA The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.. In various sources such as Encyclopedia Britannica, the excretory and urinary systems are indeed the same system (see wikipedia talk page); we merge two BTO classes here An anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues which produce, store, and excrete urine.[AAO] Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions.[well established][VHOG] In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels This definition is inclusive of the organs of the vertebrate renal system, as well as the Malpighian tubules of insects, and allows for future incorporation of structures such as the antennal glands of crustaceans AAO:0010257 BILA:0000015 BTO:0001244 BTO:0003092 CALOHA:TS-1323 EFO:0000803 EHDAA2:0001601 EHDAA:5901 EMAPA:17366 EV:0100095 FBbt:00005056 FMA:7159 GAID:391 MA:0000325 MAT:0000027 MESH:D014551 MIAA:0000027 NCIT:C12413 SCTID:362204003 TADS:0000162 TAO:0000163 UMLS:C1508753 VHOG:0000723 WBbt:0005736 Wikipedia:Excretory_system XAO:0000143 ZFA:0000163 galen:UrinaryTract excretory system renal system systema urinaria systema urinarium urinary system urinary tract uberon renal or urinary system renal/urinary system UBERON:0001008 renal system The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.. GO:0072001 The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0099864 GO:0072001 Wikipedia Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha An anatomical system which consists of organs and tissues which produce, store, and excrete urine.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010257 AAO AAO:BJB Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000723 VHOG ISBN:978-3540428541 Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.406 Evolution of vertebrate renal anatomy appears quite conservative when compared, for example, to evolution of respiratory and cardiovascular systems in vertebrates. Major anatomical changes in vertebrates kidneys separate those of birds and mammals from kidneys of lower vertebrates. General increase in animal size from fish to mammals is reflected by an increase in total number of nephrons per kidney, rather than by constant change in tubular dimensions.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000723 VHOG ISBN:978-3540428541 Kapoor BG, Bhavna Khanna, Ichthyology Handbook (2004) p.406 http://bgee.unil.ch/ In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels GO This definition is inclusive of the organs of the vertebrate renal system, as well as the Malpighian tubules of insects, and allows for future incorporation of structures such as the antennal glands of crustaceans This definition is inclusive of the organs of the vertebrate renal system, as well as the Malpighian tubules of insects, and allows for future incorporation of structures such as the antennal glands of crustaceans DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0099864 UMLS:C1508753 ncithesaurus:Urinary_System renal system GO:0001977 systema urinaria FMA:7159 systema urinarium BTO:0003092 renal or urinary system EHDAA:5901 Organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system are parts of the circulatory system Anatomical system of ion binding, a pumping mechanism, and an efficient vascular system; consisting of the blood, heart, and blood and lymph vessels, respectively.[AAO] We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000959 CALOHA:TS-2103 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA VHOG:0001248 Wikipedia:Circulatory_system uberon systema cardiovasculare UBERON:0001009 circulatory system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg Organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. Organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. Wikipedia:Circulatory_system Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha WBbt coelomocyte currently classified as circulating cell Anatomical system of ion binding, a pumping mechanism, and an efficient vascular system; consisting of the blood, heart, and blood and lymph vessels, respectively.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000959 AAO AAO:BJB We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001248 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.493 We should divest ourselves of the view that earlier vertebrate groups were 'on their way' to becoming mammals, as clearly they were not such visionaries. Neither were their systems 'imperfect' as earlier anatomists thought. Instead, their circulatory systems served them well to address the ecological demands arising from their lifestyles.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001248 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.493 http://bgee.unil.ch/ systema cardiovasculare systema cardiovasculare Wikipedia:Circulatory_system Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue. Connective tissue in which fat is stored.[TAO] Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage.[AAO] relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] Adipose tissue is unique to vertebrates. It is found in mostmammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and a variety is found in some species of fish. Furthermore, in insects the fat body found in larvae as well as in adults shares some homology with adipose tissue.[well established][VHOG] adipose In humans, adipose tissue is located beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow) and in breast tissue. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. Adipose tissue contains several cell types, with the highest percentage of cells being adipocytes, which contain fat droplets. Other cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels.; Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the abdominal cavity. The paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and ovaries in females and the epididymis and testes in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the dorsal wall of the abdomen, surrounding the kidney, and, when massive, extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms a glue-like web that supports the intestines, and the omental depot, which originates near the stomach and spleen, and, when massive, extends into the ventral abdomen. in FMA this is dense irregular connective tissue AAO:0000001 AEO:000020 BTO:0001487 CALOHA:TS-0013 EFO:0000790 EHDAA2:0003120 EMAPA:35112 EV:0100381 FMA:20110 GAID:920 MA:0000009 MAT:0000015 MESH:D000273 MIAA:0000015 NCIT:C12472 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjc_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:55603005 TAO:0002134 UMLS:C0001527 VHOG:0001284 Wikipedia:Adipose_tissue XAO:0003049 ZFA:0005345 galen:FattyTissue fat fat tissue fatty tissue uberon adipose bodyfat fatty depot UBERON:0001013 adipose tissue FMA Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue. MESH:A10.165.114 MGI:cwg MP:0000003 Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue. MESH:A10.165.114 MGI:cwg MP:0000003 Wikipedia:Adipose_tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Connective tissue in which fat is stored.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002134 TAO ZFIN:curator Tissue that contains adipocytes, used for cushioning, thermal insulation, lubrication (primarily in the pericardium) and energy storage.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000001 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000001 AAO Adipose tissue is unique to vertebrates. It is found in mostmammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and a variety is found in some species of fish. Furthermore, in insects the fat body found in larvae as well as in adults shares some homology with adipose tissue.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001284 VHOG DOI:10.1017/S0029665107005423 Haugen F, Drevon CA, The interplay between nutrients and the adipose tissue. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2007) Adipose tissue is unique to vertebrates. It is found in mostmammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, and a variety is found in some species of fish. Furthermore, in insects the fat body found in larvae as well as in adults shares some homology with adipose tissue.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001284 VHOG DOI:10.1017/S0029665107005423 Haugen F, Drevon CA, The interplay between nutrients and the adipose tissue. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in FMA this is dense irregular connective tissue FMA UMLS:C0001527 ncithesaurus:Adipose_Tissue fat MA:0000009 adipose BTO:0001487 bodyfat BTO:0001487 A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism. In FMA this is classified as a set of organs. ZFA musculature system has subtypes, so it is classified here. WBbt muscular system has subtypes so it goes here. Note that we use the MA term set of skeletal muscles here as it seems most appropriate (*not* MA:musculature). AAO is generally confused here. AAO:0011066 BTO:0000887 EFO:0001949 EMAPA:32715 EMAPA:35577 FMA:32558 MA:0000165 NCIT:C13056 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjmr5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000548 UMLS:C0026845 VSAO:0005038 WBbt:0005737 Wikipedia:Muscular_system ZFA:0000548 muscle group muscles set musculature musculi set of muscles set of skeletal muscles uberon muscle system muscles musculature system UBERON:0001015 musculature http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Muscles_anterior_labeled.png A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism. A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism. Wikipedia:Muscular_system https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 In FMA this is classified as a set of organs. ZFA musculature system has subtypes, so it is classified here. WBbt muscular system has subtypes so it goes here. Note that we use the MA term set of skeletal muscles here as it seems most appropriate (*not* MA:musculature). AAO is generally confused here. FMA UMLS:C0026845 ncithesaurus:Muscle musculi FMA:32558 FMA:TA set of muscles FMA:32558 set of skeletal muscles MA:0000165 The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO]. A regulatory system of the body that consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. The nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] Anatomical system consisting of nerve bodies and nerve fibers which regulate the response of the body to external and internal stimuli.[AAO] Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa.[well established][VHOG] nervous neural AAO:0000324 BILA:0000079 BIRNLEX:844 BTO:0001484 CALOHA:TS-1313 EFO:0000802 EHDAA2:0001246 EHDAA:826 EMAPA:16469 EV:0100162 FBbt:00005093 FMA:7157 GAID:466 MA:0000016 MAT:0000026 MESH:D009420 MIAA:0000026 NCIT:C12755 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViT_pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278196006 TAO:0000396 UMLS:C0027763 VHOG:0000402 WBbt:0005735 Wikipedia:Nervous_system XAO:0000177 ZFA:0000396 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=3236 neurological system nerve net uberon systema nervosum UBERON:0001016 nervous system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/TE-Nervous_system_diagram.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Nervous_system_diagram.png Bgee:AN The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO]. BIRNLEX:844 ISBN:0-14-051288-8 ISBN:3110148986 NLM:nervous+system WB:rynl ZFIN:curator The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO]. BIRNLEX:844 ISBN:0-14-051288-8 ISBN:3110148986 NLM:nervous+system WB:rynl Wikipedia:Nervous_system ZFIN:curator A regulatory system of the body that consists of neurons and neuroglial cells. The nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000396 TAO ZFIN:curator Anatomical system consisting of nerve bodies and nerve fibers which regulate the response of the body to external and internal stimuli.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000324 AAO AAO:BJB Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000402 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.117 Nervous systems evolved in the ancestor of Eumetazoa.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000402 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.117 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0027763 ncithesaurus:Nervous_System neurological system GO:0050877 nerve net nerve net Wikipedia:Nerve_net systema nervosum systema nervosum Wikipedia:Nervous_system The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord. Part of the nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] The brain and spinal cord. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cell layer of the retina (CUMBO). (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000090 BAMS:CNS BILA:0000080 BIRNLEX:1099 BTO:0000227 CALOHA:TS-0150 EFO:0000908 EHDAA2:0000225 EHDAA:828 EMAPA:16470 EMAPA:16754 EV:0100163 FBbt:00005094 FMA:55675 GAID:570 MA:0000167 MAT:0000457 MESH:D002490 NCIT:C12438 OpenCyc:Mx4rvzYt3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278199004 TAO:0000012 UMLS:C0927232 VHOG:0000293 Wikipedia:Central_nervous_system XAO:0000215 ZFA:0000012 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=854 CNS systema nervosum centrale cerebrospinal axis uberon neuraxis UBERON:0001017 central nervous system FBbt cjm Bgee:AN The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord. GO:0021551 The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord. GO:0021551 http://www.frontiersinzoology.com/content/7/1/29 https://sourceforge.net/p/geneontology/ontology-requests/11422/ Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha Part of the nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000090 AAO AAO:BJB The brain and spinal cord. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000012 TAO ZFIN:curator The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cell layer of the retina (CUMBO). BIRNLEX:1099 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000293 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1), ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2), DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud'homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3) (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2); Taken together, our data make a very strong case that the complex molecular mediolateral architecture of the developing trunk CNS (central nervous system), as shared between Platynereis and vertebrates, was already present in their last common ancestor, Urbilateria. The concept of bilaterian nervous system centralization implies that neuron types concentrate on one side of the trunk, as is the case in vertebrates and many invertebrates including Platynereis, where they segregate and become spatially organized (as opposed to a diffuse nerve net). Our data reveal that a large part of the spatial organization of the annelid and vertebrate CNS was already present in their last common ancestor, which implies that Urbilateria had already possessed a CNS (reference 3).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000293 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (reference 1), ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (reference 2), DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.040 Denes AS, Jekely G, Steinmetz PRH, Raible F, Snyman H, Prud'homme B, Ferrier DEK, Balavoine G and Arendt D, Molecular architecture of annelid nerve cord supports common origin of nervous system centralization in Bilateria. Cell (2007) (reference 3) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0927232 BIRNLEX:1099 UMLS:C0927232 ncithesaurus:Central_Nervous_System CNS systema nervosum centrale FMA:55675 FMA:TA cerebrospinal axis FMA:55675 neuraxis FMA:55675 An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures. A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons.[TAO] nervous AAO:0011070 AEO:0000137 BAMS:n BIRNLEX:1615 BSA:0000098 BTO:0000925 BTO:0001027 CALOHA:TS-0772 EHDAA2:0003137 EHDAA:2851 EHDAA:3776 EHDAA:4657 EMAPA:32808 EMAPA:32815 EV:0100371 FBbt:00005105 FMA:65132 FMA:65239 GAID:747 GAID:758 MA:0000217 MA:0000228 MESH:D010525 NCIT:C12466 NCIT:C12768 NLX:147826 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3lkpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244457007 SCTID:256864008 TAO:0007009 UMLS:C0027740 UMLS:C0031119 VHOG:0000901 Wikipedia:Nervous_system XAO:0000204 XAO:0003047 ZFA:0007009 galen:Nerve nerves peripheral nerve uberon neural subtree UBERON:0001021 nerve FBbt An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures. FBbt:00005105 An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures. FBbt:00005105 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A portion of tissue which is a fasiculated group of axons.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0007009 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0027740 ncithesaurus:Nerve UMLS:C0031119 ncithesaurus:Peripheral_Nerve nerves TAO:0007009 peripheral nerve peripheral nerve http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neural subtree FMA:65132 A nerve that transmits from sensory receptors on the surface of the body to the central nervous system. AEO:0000201 EHDAA2:0003200 FBbt:00005136 FMA:5868 OpenCyc:Mx4rv0GdXpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve nervus sensorius uberon afferent nerve UBERON:0001027 sensory nerve AEO A nerve that transmits from sensory receptors on the surface of the body to the central nervous system. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve nervus sensorius Wikipedia:Sensory_nerve Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages.[well established][VHOG] note the distinct between entire sensory system and individual system. this reconciles is_a and part_of distinctions between ssAOs AAO:0000555 BAMS:SEN BILA:0000099 EFO:0000805 EHDAA2:0003094 EMAPA:16192 FBbt:00007692 FMA:75259 MA:0002442 MAT:0000031 MIAA:0000031 NLXANAT:090816 TAO:0000282 VHOG:0001674 Wikipedia:Sensory_system XAO:0003194 ZFA:0000282 organa sensuum sense organ subsystem sense organs sense organs set sensory subsystem sensory systems uberon organa sensuum sensory organ system set of sense organs UBERON:0001032 sensory system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Gray722.png Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. Wikipedia:Sensory_system An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001674 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) An early step in the evolution of neural crest, therefore, may have been the origin of a specific dorsal neural cell population contributing to sensory processing; this would predate the divergence of the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001674 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ organa sensuum FMA:75259 FMA:TA sense organs FMA:75259 sense organs set FMA:75259 sensory systems TAO:0000282 organa sensuum organa sensuum Wikipedia:Sensory_system set of sense organs FMA:75259 A sac-like expansion of the ventral wall of the intestine, narrowed into a yolk stalk near the body[Hyman's]. Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes[WP]. consider splitting class One of the extraembryonic fetal membranes that balloons out from the fetal midgut. [TFD][VHOG] the extraembryonic tissue membrane, formed from the visceral endoderm and the extraembryonic mesoderm, which is located ventral to the embryonic disc and is connected to the presumptive midgut of the embryo; the yolk that it contains is the site of embryonic hematopoiesis and vitelline circulation is involved in early embryonic circulation; it is the origin of the primordial germ cells Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] In therians, a structure homologous to the yolk sac is is present, but contains no yolk platelets. Instead it is filled with fluid [ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong)] BTO:0001471 CALOHA:TS-1130 EFO:0003078 EHDAA2:0002212 EHDAA:164 EMAPA:16085 FMA:87180 GAID:1301 MESH:A16.254.403.981 MESH:D015017 NCIT:C14128 SCTID:362845002 UMLS:C0043425 VHOG:0000830 Wikipedia:Yolk_sac uberon saccus vitellinus vesicula umbilicalis UBERON:0001040 yolk sac http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Gray22.png https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/635 EHDAA2 ISBN:0073040584 ISBN:0073040584 A sac-like expansion of the ventral wall of the intestine, narrowed into a yolk stalk near the body[Hyman's]. Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes[WP]. Wikipedia:Yolk_sac One of the extraembryonic fetal membranes that balloons out from the fetal midgut. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000830 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/yolk+sac the extraembryonic tissue membrane, formed from the visceral endoderm and the extraembryonic mesoderm, which is located ventral to the embryonic disc and is connected to the presumptive midgut of the embryo; the yolk that it contains is the site of embryonic hematopoiesis and vitelline circulation is involved in early embryonic circulation; it is the origin of the primordial germ cells MP:0001718 Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000830 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0043425 ncithesaurus:Yolk_Sac saccus vitellinus Wikipedia:Yolk_sac vesicula umbilicalis Wikipedia:Yolk_sac Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract. Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future. In vertebrates the term may refer to a developmental structure The anterior portion of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo that lies cephalic to the junction of the yolk stalk, consists of endodermal tissue, and gives rise to the the pharynx, lower respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, duodenum proximal to the biliary tract, liver, pancreas, biliary tract, and gall bladder. The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011042 BILA:0000085 BTO:0000507 EHDAA2:0000557 EHDAA:520 EMAPA:16548 FBbt:00005379 FMA:45616 MA:0001526 NCIT:C34180 SCTID:361409009 TGMA:0001014 UMLS:C0231051 VHOG:0000285 Wikipedia:Foregut XAO:0000232 uberon praeenteron proenteron UBERON:0001041 foregut http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Gray27.png Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract. Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The anterior portion of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo that lies cephalic to the junction of the yolk stalk, consists of endodermal tissue, and gives rise to the the pharynx, lower respiratory system, esophagus, stomach, duodenum proximal to the biliary tract, liver, pancreas, biliary tract, and gall bladder. MP:0000474 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000285 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000285 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0231051 ncithesaurus:Foregut praeenteron praeenteron Wikipedia:Foregut proenteron proenteron Wikipedia:Foregut A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED]. A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNYX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH:A03.867]. Anatomical cavity bounded by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA:0000056, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. The portion of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the oesophagus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: develops_from respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: part_of respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx.[well established][VHOG] MA/FMA pharynx not part of digestive/alimentary system, we are consistent with this scheme pharynx AAO:0000967 BTO:0001049 CALOHA:TS-0785 EFO:0000836 EHDAA2:0001458 EHDAA:2947 EMAPA:16706 EV:0100065 FMA:46688 GAID:155 MA:0000432 MESH:A03.867 MESH:D010614 NCIT:C12425 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViv7ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181211006 TAO:0000056 UMLS:C0031354 VHOG:0000462 Wikipedia:Pharynx XAO:0003227 ZFA:0000056 galen:Pharynx uberon UBERON:0001042 Consider generalizing to deuterostome pharynx chordate pharynx EHDAA2 A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED]. A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED]. http://www.feedexp.org A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNYX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx)[MESH:A03.867]. MESH:A03.867 Anatomical cavity bounded by the derivatives of the branchial arches.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000967 AAO AAO:EJS Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000056 TAO ZFIN:curator Swollen region of the anterior foregut, posterior to the mouth and anterior to the liver; its walls form the jaws and gills[ZFA:0000056, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 The portion of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the oesophagus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000462 VHOG The portion of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the oesophagus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000462 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: develops_from respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000967 AAO relationship type change: part_of_proxy respiratory system (AAO:0000541) CHANGED TO: part_of respiratory system (UBERON:0001004)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000967 AAO (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000462 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503 (...) the earliest vertebrates possessed unjointed internal and external branchial arches, and musculature encircling the pharynx.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000462 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) Box essay 13.1 and Box figure I, p.502-503 http://bgee.unil.ch/ MA/FMA pharynx not part of digestive/alimentary system, we are consistent with this scheme MA pharynx FMA:46688 UMLS:C0031354 ncithesaurus:Pharynx Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). Anterior end of the alimentary canal lined with smooth muscle. Bounded anteriorly by a constriction in the pharynx. Bounded posteriorly by and increase in circular and/or longitudinal smooth muscle associated with the stomach.[AAO] The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx.[well established][VHOG] esophageal esophagus NOT part of gut in MA. part of gut in ZFA. part_of gut (via UGIT) in FMA. Consider splitting. Interspecies: The human oesophagus is 25 cm long and has a diameter of ca. 2 cm. Only little information was found on the oesophagus in rat, rabbit and pig. The oesophagus of rat (75 x 2 mm) and rabbit has no mucous glands and the cardia of the stomach has a well-developed sphincter, which prevents them from vomiting (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988; Manning et al., 1994). Morphologically the oesophagus is similar in man and pig; both are omnivores and have a non-keratinised epithelium, submucous glands and similar membrane enzymes. Like in humans, pigs can suffer from reflux oesophagitis and stress ulceration of the oesophagus. The pig oesophagus may therefore be a good model for investigation compared to the human oesophagus (Christie et al., 1995) AAO:0000145 ANISEED:1235301 BTO:0000959 CALOHA:TS-0700 EFO:0000835 EHDAA2:0001285 EHDAA:2937 EMAPA:16833 EV:0100069 FMA:7131 GAID:291 MA:0000352 MAT:0000048 MESH:A03.365 MESH:D004947 MIAA:0000048 NCIT:C12389 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVj9Q5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181245004 TAO:0000204 UMLS:C0014876 VHOG:0000450 Wikipedia:Esophagus XAO:0000127 ZFA:0000204 galen:Esophagus gullet oesophagus uberon UBERON:0001043 esophagus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Illu01_head_neck.jpg Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). Wikipedia:Esophagus http://www.rivm.nl/interspeciesinfo/inter/oesophagus/ Anterior end of the alimentary canal lined with smooth muscle. Bounded anteriorly by a constriction in the pharynx. Bounded posteriorly by and increase in circular and/or longitudinal smooth muscle associated with the stomach.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000145 AAO AAO:EJS The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000450 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996) The few structural specializations in (adult lampreys) pharynx include complex valves on the external gill openings that direct the tidal flow, and the division of the ancestral pharynx into an oesophagus and a respiratory pharynx.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000450 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb01658.x Mallatt J, Ventilation and the origin of jawed vertebrates: a new mouth. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (1996) http://bgee.unil.ch/ esophagus NOT part of gut in MA. part of gut in ZFA. part_of gut (via UGIT) in FMA. Consider splitting. Interspecies: The human oesophagus is 25 cm long and has a diameter of ca. 2 cm. Only little information was found on the oesophagus in rat, rabbit and pig. The oesophagus of rat (75 x 2 mm) and rabbit has no mucous glands and the cardia of the stomach has a well-developed sphincter, which prevents them from vomiting (Hebel and Stromberg, 1988; Manning et al., 1994). Morphologically the oesophagus is similar in man and pig; both are omnivores and have a non-keratinised epithelium, submucous glands and similar membrane enzymes. Like in humans, pigs can suffer from reflux oesophagitis and stress ulceration of the oesophagus. The pig oesophagus may therefore be a good model for investigation compared to the human oesophagus (Christie et al., 1995) MA UMLS:C0014876 ncithesaurus:Esophagus Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future. We may explicitly make this a developmental class The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon in FMA this represents an embryonic region. BILA:0000086 BTO:0000863 EFO:0001950 EHDAA2:0001185 EHDAA:983 EMAPA:16255 FBbt:00005383 FMA:45617 MA:0001564 NCIT:C34210 SCTID:361410004 TGMA:0001036 UMLS:C0231052 VHOG:0000290 Wikipedia:Midgut XAO:0000103 uberon mesenteron UBERON:0001045 midgut http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Illu_small_intestine.jpg Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. GO:0007494 Wikipedia:Midgut The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000290 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ In humans: originates from the foregut at the opening of the bile duct into the duodenum and continues through the small intestine and much of the large intestine until the transition to the hindgut about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon WP in FMA this represents an embryonic region. FMA UMLS:C0231052 ncithesaurus:Midgut mesenteron Wikipedia:Midgut The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract. Note we define this generically to include invertebrates (partly for consistency with GO), but the class may be split in future (vertebrates have some contribution from NC - https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest). We may explicitly make this a developmental class the caudal portion of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] in FMA this class has no children. In MA it has a single child hindgut epithelium AAO:0011052 BILA:0000087 BTO:0000510 EHDAA2:0000779 EHDAA:975 EMAPA:16715 FBbt:00005384 FMA:45618 MA:0001527 NCIT:C34188 SCTID:362856002 TGMA:0001020 UMLS:C0231053 VHOG:0000459 Wikipedia:Hindgut XAO:0000104 uberon metenteron UBERON:0001046 hindgut http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray472.png Wikipedia The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the caudal portion of the primitive digestive tube of the embryo MP:0008786 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000459 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ in FMA this class has no children. In MA it has a single child hindgut epithelium FMA UMLS:C0231053 ncithesaurus:Hindgut metenteron Wikipedia:Hindgut Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)]. AEO:0000171 BTO:0001886 EFO:0001652 EHDAA2:0003171 FBbt:00005495 FMA:86589 MAT:0000482 NCIT:C34275 UMLS:C0678727 Wikipedia:Primordium XAO:0003043 uberon bud future organ placode primordia rudiment UBERON:0001048 primordium EHDAA2 Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)]. BTO:0001886 FB:DJS FB:FBrf0089570 Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)]. BTO:0001886 FB:DJS FB:FBrf0089570 http://flybase.org/reports/FBrf0178740.html UMLS:C0678727 ncithesaurus:Primordium placode FBbt:00005495 primordia XAO:0003043 In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. Hollow epithelial tube on dorsal side of the embryo that develops into the central nervous system.[AAO] The dorsal tubular structure in the vertebrate embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium AAO:0010617 BTO:0001057 CALOHA:TS-2371 DHBA:10154 EHDAA2:0001254 EHDAA:2869 EHDAA:908 EMAPA:16164 EMAPA:16757 FMA:293882 MAT:0000069 MESH:D054259 MIAA:0000069 NCIT:C34226 SCTID:362852000 TAO:0001135 UMLS:C0231024 VHOG:0000307 Wikipedia:Neural_tube XAO:0003204 ZFA:0001135 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1365 uberon neural primordium presumptive central nervous system tubus neuralis UBERON:0001049 neural tube http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png EHDAA2 In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Neural_tube Hollow epithelial tube on dorsal side of the embryo that develops into the central nervous system.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010617 AAO AAO:JOR The dorsal tubular structure in the vertebrate embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000307 VHOG The dorsal tubular structure in the vertebrate embryo that develops into the brain and spinal cord. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000307 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/neural+tube (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000307 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000307 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium GO:0021915 UMLS:C0231024 ncithesaurus:Neural_Tube tubus neuralis tubus neuralis Wikipedia:Neural_tube The terminal portion of the intestinal tube, terminating with the anus. The terminal portion of the large intestine between the ileo-pelvic colon and the anus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] rectal In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. -- http://www.earthlife.net/fish/digestion.html AAO:0010401 BTO:0001158 CALOHA:TS-1180 EFO:0000848 EHDAA2:0001592 EHDAA:5836 EMAPA:17896 EV:0100081 FMA:14544 GAID:311 MA:0000336 MAT:0000050 MESH:A03.492.411.495.767 MESH:D012007 MIAA:0000050 NCIT:C12390 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjaU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181261002 UMLS:C0034896 VHOG:0001751 Wikipedia:Rectum XAO:0000238 galen:Rectum terminal portion of intestine uberon intestinum rectum rectal sac terminal portion of large intestine UBERON:0001052 rectum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Anorectum.gif 4 cjm MA EHDAA2 ISBN:0073040584 The terminal portion of the intestinal tube, terminating with the anus. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0000492 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The terminal portion of the large intestine between the ileo-pelvic colon and the anus. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001751 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0034896 ncithesaurus:Rectum intestinum rectum BTO:0001158 Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. AAO:0010841 AEO:0000000 BILA:0000000 BIRNLEX:6 CARO:0000000 EHDAA2:0002229 FBbt:10000000 FMA:62955 HAO:0000000 MA:0000001 NCIT:C12219 TAO:0100000 TGMA:0001822 UMLS:C1515976 WBbt:0000100 XAO:0000000 ZFA:0100000 uberon UBERON:0001062 anatomical entity Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. FMA:62955 Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. FMA:62955 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C1515976 ncithesaurus:Anatomic_Structure_System_or_Substance A zone of skin that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - distinguish between entire skin of region and arbitrary zone of skin on region EMAPA:36392 FMA:10462 FMA:22985 MA:0000498 SCTID:181492002 back skin back zone of skin skin, dorsal region zone of skin of back uberon UBERON:0001068 skin of back MA MA A zone of skin that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic back zone of skin OBOL:automatic skin, dorsal region skin, dorsal region https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 zone of skin of back OBOL:automatic A terminal branch of the left or right common carotid artery which supplies oxygenated blood to to the throat, neck glands, tongue, face, mouth, ear, scalp and dura mater of the meninges[MP]. not homologous to the external carotid of zebrafish (Goodrich, 1958) - http://zfish.nichd.nih.gov/zfatlas/Intro%20Page/comparative.html; check XAO AAO:0010218 AAO:0010416 BTO:0004696 EFO:0001953 EHDAA2:0000461 EMAPA:18611 FMA:10635 GAID:480 MA:0001929 MESH:D002342 NCIT:C32551 OpenCyc:Mx4rwVJkPZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362044002 UMLS:C0007275 VHOG:0000265 Wikipedia:External_carotid_artery XAO:0000345 external carotid uberon arteria carotis externa UBERON:0001070 external carotid artery https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3486863&group_id=76834&atid=1127722 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/External_carotid_a.gif MA FMA EHDAA2 FMA A terminal branch of the left or right common carotid artery which supplies oxygenated blood to to the throat, neck glands, tongue, face, mouth, ear, scalp and dura mater of the meninges[MP]. MGI:anna UMLS:C0007275 ncithesaurus:External_Carotid_Artery external carotid AAO:0010218 arteria carotis externa arteria carotis externa Wikipedia:External_carotid_artery It ascends beneath the anterior margin of the trapezius, distributing branches to it, and to the neighboring muscles and lymph glands in the neck, and anastomosing with the superficial branch of the descending branch of the occipital artery. EMAPA:37117 FMA:10665 MA:0002052 NCIT:C53005 SCTID:161746006 UMLS:C0226271 Wikipedia:Superficial_part_of_transverse_cervical_artery superficial branch of transverse cervical artery uberon UBERON:0001071 The transverse cervical artery splits into two branches, a superficial one and a deep one[WP] superficial cervical artery It ascends beneath the anterior margin of the trapezius, distributing branches to it, and to the neighboring muscles and lymph glands in the neck, and anastomosing with the superficial branch of the descending branch of the occipital artery. Wikipedia:Superficial_part_of_transverse_cervical_artery EMAPA:37117 MA:th UMLS:C0226271 ncithesaurus:Superficial_Cervical_Artery superficial branch of transverse cervical artery Wikipedia:Superficial_part_of_transverse_cervical_artery A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right common iliac vein and the left common iliac vein and terminates in the right atrium[FMA]. Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011083 BTO:0002682 EHDAA2:0000611 EMAPA:18416 FMA:10951 GAID:548 MA:0000480 MESH:D014682 NCIT:C12815 SCTID:181369003 UMLS:C0042458 VHOG:0001194 Wikipedia:Inferior_vena_cava XAO:0000388 galen:InferiorVenaCava inferior caval vein inferior vena cava posterior vena cava uberon caudal vena cava postcava vena cava inferior UBERON:0001072 posterior vena cava http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gray577.png human_reference_atlas lexical A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Wikipedia:Inferior_vena_cava http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Trunk of systemic vein which is formed by the union of the right common iliac vein and the left common iliac vein and terminates in the right atrium[FMA]. FMA:10951 Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001194 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455 Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001194 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0042458 ncithesaurus:Inferior_Vena_Cava inferior caval vein inferior caval vein http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 inferior vena cava inferior vena cava Wikipedia:Venae_cavae posterior vena cava posterior vena cava Wikipedia:Venae_cavae caudal vena cava VHOG:0001194 vena cava inferior vena cava inferior BTO:0002682 vena cava inferior Wikipedia:Inferior_vena_cava A potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. Anatomical space in which the heart is located and is surrounded by the pericardium.[TAO] In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] check ZFA, should actually be thoracic cavity. Note that Hyman defines the cavity as the space between the heart and the sac (but defines the sac as parietal) BSA:0000091 EHDAA2:0001434 EMAPA:16131 EMAPA:16132 FMA:11350 MA:0000053 NCIT:C38662 SCTID:362027001 TAO:0002220 UMLS:C0225972 VHOG:0000556 Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity ZFA:0001655 galen:PericardialSpace cavity of pericardial sac pericardial space uberon cavitas pericardiaca UBERON:0001074 pericardial cavity MA FMA Wikipedia A potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. A potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. Wikipedia:Pericardium PMID:20959416 Anatomical space in which the heart is located and is surrounded by the pericardium.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002220 TAO ZFIN:curator In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000556 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000556 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 http://bgee.unil.ch/ check ZFA, should actually be thoracic cavity. Note that Hyman defines the cavity as the space between the heart and the sac (but defines the sac as parietal) ZFA UMLS:C0225972 ncithesaurus:Pericardial_Cavity pericardial space pericardial space Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity cavitas pericardiaca cavitas pericardiaca Wikipedia:Pericardial_cavity Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle. EMAPA:32747 FMA:12148 MA:0000079 SCTID:192172004 TAO:0002247 VHOG:0000607 ZFA:0001615 cardiac ventricle endocardium endocardium of cardiac ventricle endocardium of heart ventricle endocardium of lower chamber of heart endocardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle endocardium lower chamber of heart endocardium ventricle endocardium ventricle of heart endocardium ventricular endocardium uberon ventricle endocardial tissue UBERON:0001081 endocardium of ventricle https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle. ZFIN:curator cardiac ventricle endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic endocardium of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic endocardium of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic endocardium of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic heart ventricle endocardium OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart endocardium OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart endocardium OBOL:automatic ventricle endocardial tissue VHOG:0000607 An epicardial layer that lines a cardiac ventricle. The external layer of the ventricle bounding the ventricular myocardium. It is formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a basal lamina, and imbricated with collagen, fibroblasts, and vascular structures in the subepicardial space. Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] FMA:12150 TAO:0005058 ZFA:0005058 cardiac ventricle epicardium ventricular epicardium uberon UBERON:0001082 epicardium of ventricle An epicardial layer that lines a cardiac ventricle. An epicardial layer that lines a cardiac ventricle. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The external layer of the ventricle bounding the ventricular myocardium. It is formed by a single layer of mesothelial cells supported by a basal lamina, and imbricated with collagen, fibroblasts, and vascular structures in the subepicardial space. Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005058 TAO ZFIN:curator cardiac ventricle epicardium OBOL:automatic Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer. Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] EFO:0003088 EMAPA:32748 FMA:12151 MA:0000082 SCTID:192084000 TAO:0005061 VHOG:0000604 ZFA:0005061 ventricle myocardium ventricular myocardium uberon ventricle cardiac muscle UBERON:0001083 myocardium of ventricle https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer. ZFIN:curator Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer Hu et al. 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005061 TAO ZFIN:curator As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000604 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000604 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 http://bgee.unil.ch/ ventricle cardiac muscle VHOG:0000604 A zone of skin that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - distinguish between entire skin of region and arbitrary zone of skin on region FMA:12166 FMA:24756 MA:0000582 NCIT:C52757 SCTID:181484006 UMLS:C0205029 adult head zone of skin head skin head zone of skin zone of skin of adult head zone of skin of head uberon UBERON:0001084 skin of head A zone of skin that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0205029 ncithesaurus:Head_Skin adult head zone of skin OBOL:automatic head zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of adult head OBOL:automatic zone of skin of head OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - distinguish between entire skin of region and arbitrary zone of skin on region EMAPA:37278 FMA:12167 FMA:23093 MA:0000517 NCIT:C12295 SCTID:181489001 UMLS:C0205031 torso zone of skin trunk skin trunk zone of skin zone of skin of torso zone of skin of trunk uberon UBERON:0001085 skin of trunk A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37278 MA:th UMLS:C0205031 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Trunk torso zone of skin OBOL:automatic trunk zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of torso OBOL:automatic zone of skin of trunk OBOL:automatic Transudate contained in the pleural cavity. BTO:0003080 FMA:12273 MA:0002532 MAT:0000500 Wikipedia:Pleural_fluid ncithesaurus:Pleural_Fluid uberon UBERON:0001087 pleural fluid Transudate contained in the pleural cavity. FMA:12273 Joint fluid is a transudate of plasma that is actively secreted by synovial cells. Portion of organism substance that is a clear fluid that occupies the space in synovial joints.[TAO] It provides nutrients and lubrication for articular cartilage The fluid contains hyaluronan secreted by fibroblast-like cells in the synovial membrane, lubricin (proteoglycan 4; PRG4) secreted by the surface chondrocytes of the articular cartilage and interstitial fluid filtered from the blood plasma BTO:0001339 CALOHA:TS-0996 ENVO:02000039 FMA:12277 GAID:265 MA:0002544 MESH:D013582 NCIT:C33718 TAO:0005154 UMLS:C0039097 Wikipedia:Synovial_fluid ZFA:0005154 galen:SynovialFluid joint fluid uberon UBERON:0001090 synovial fluid FMA Joint fluid is a transudate of plasma that is actively secreted by synovial cells. Joint fluid is a transudate of plasma that is actively secreted by synovial cells. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK274/ Portion of organism substance that is a clear fluid that occupies the space in synovial joints.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005154 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0039097 ncithesaurus:Synovial_Fluid joint fluid joint fluid https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK274/ An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35326 FMA:12611 MA:0002691 anatomical wall of esophagus anatomical wall of gullet anatomical wall of oesophagus esophageal wall esophagus anatomical wall esophagus wall gullet anatomical wall gullet wall oesophagus anatomical wall oesophagus wall wall of gullet wall of oesophagus uberon UBERON:0001096 wall of esophagus An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of esophagus OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of gullet OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic esophagus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic gullet anatomical wall OBOL:automatic gullet wall OBOL:automatic oesophagus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic oesophagus wall OBOL:automatic wall of gullet OBOL:automatic wall of oesophagus OBOL:automatic A thin musculomebranous barrier that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Often used for breathing control. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs[GO]. The mammals are characterized by a diaphragm, which separates the thoracic portion of the body cavity from the abdominal region and assists in drawing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Modern reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm and it is reasonable to suppose that the diaphragm developed as a new device that made possible a large degree of oxygen intake for active animals. The change may have taken place during the transition from reptile to mammal (...).[well established][VHOG] phrenic The existence of some membrane separating the pharynx from the stomach can be traced widely among the chordates. Thus amphioxus possesses an atrium by which water exits the pharynx, which has been argued (and disputed) to be homologous to structures in ascidians and hagfishes.[3] The urochordate epicardium separates digestive organs from the pharynx and heart, but the anus returns to the upper compartment to discharge wastes through an outgoing siphon (Thoracic_diaphragm#Comparative_anatomy_and_evolution) barrier between thoracic and abdominal cavities; stop gastric contents from refluxing into the oesophagus breathing control originate from the cervical somites, likely C3-C5[PMID:23586979] BTO:0000341 CALOHA:TS-0198 EFO:0000937 EHDAA2:0003495 EMAPA:17701 EV:0100376 FMA:13295 GAID:158 MA:0001904 MAT:0000502 MESH:D003964 NCIT:C12702 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVivz5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181614006 UMLS:C0011980 VHOG:0000713 Wikipedia:Thoracid_diaphragm diaphragm muscle diaphragm of thorax thoracic diaphragm uberon midriff phren UBERON:0001103 diaphragm PMID:23586979 definitional A thin musculomebranous barrier that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. Often used for breathing control. MP:0002279 Wikipedia:Thoracic_diaphragm#Comparative_anatomy_and_evolution The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs[GO]. GO:0060539 The mammals are characterized by a diaphragm, which separates the thoracic portion of the body cavity from the abdominal region and assists in drawing air into the lungs and forcing it out. Modern reptiles lack a muscular diaphragm and it is reasonable to suppose that the diaphragm developed as a new device that made possible a large degree of oxygen intake for active animals. The change may have taken place during the transition from reptile to mammal (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000713 VHOG ISBN:978-0471384618 Colbert EH, Evolution of the vertebrates: a history of the backboned animals through time (2001) p.278 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0011980 ncithesaurus:Diaphragm diaphragm muscle BTO:0000341 midriff BTO:0000341 phren BTO:0000341 Muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells, forming the muscles of the heart[ZFA,modified]. check relationship with myocardium. part_of in MA - but we also have a more specific class 'cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium'. Check ncit UBERON:0007096 AAO:0010245 AEO:0000142 BILA:0000134 BTO:0000199 CALOHA:TS-0440 EHDAA2:0003142 EMAPA:32688 FMA:14068 TAO:0005280 Wikipedia:Cardiac_muscle ZFA:0005280 galen:CardiacMuscle galen:CardiacMuscleTissue ncithesaurus:Heart_Muscle cardiac muscle cardiac muscle muscle tissue cardiac muscle textus muscularis heart muscle muscle tissue heart muscle textus muscularis heart myocardium muscle tissue heart myocardium textus muscularis muscle of heart muscle tissue muscle of heart textus muscularis muscle tissue of cardiac muscle muscle tissue of heart muscle muscle tissue of heart myocardium muscle tissue of muscle of heart muscle tissue of myocardium myocardium muscle tissue myocardium textus muscularis textus muscularis of cardiac muscle textus muscularis of heart muscle textus muscularis of heart myocardium textus muscularis of muscle of heart textus muscularis of myocardium uberon cardiac musculature UBERON:0001133 cardiac muscle tissue ZFA Muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells, forming the muscles of the heart[ZFA,modified]. ZFA:0005280 cardiac muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart muscle muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart muscle textus muscularis OBOL:automatic heart myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic heart myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle of heart muscle tissue OBOL:automatic muscle of heart textus muscularis OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart muscle OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic muscle tissue of myocardium OBOL:automatic myocardium muscle tissue OBOL:automatic myocardium textus muscularis OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart muscle OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of heart myocardium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of muscle of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac musculature BILA:0000134 Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers. TODO - add skeletal muscle organ? See GO:0060538 skeletal muscle organ development. Todo - group FBbt:00005073 - somatic muscle. Muscle, composed of long cylindrical, multinucleated cells that attaches to the skeleton via tendons.[TAO] Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA] This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA).[well established][VHOG] skeletal muscle EMAPA:32716 FMA:14069 MA:0002439 NCIT:C13050 SCTID:426215008 UMLS:C0242692 Wikipedia:Skeletal_striated_muscle uberon skeletal muscle system somatic muscle UBERON:0001134 skeletal muscle tissue https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Skeletal_muscle.jpg Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/324 Muscle, composed of long cylindrical, multinucleated cells that attaches to the skeleton via tendons.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005277 TAO ZFIN:curator Tissue which consists of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium. Examples: Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps, Skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm[FMA] FMA:14069 FMA This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000319 VHOG PMID:10368962 Oota S, Saitou N, Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees. Mol Biol Evol (1999) This result implies the following views in terms of evolutionary differentiation: (1) Arthropod striated muscle and vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles share a common ancestor. In other words, they did not evolve independently (...) (5) The divergence of vertebrate skeletal and cardiac muscles/vertebrate smooth muscle and nonmuscle is at least before that of vertebrates/arthropods. In other words, emergence of skeletal and cardiac musle type tissues preceded the vertebrate/arthropod divergence (ca. 700 MYA).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000319 VHOG PMID:10368962 Oota S, Saitou N, Phylogenetic relationship of muscle tissues deduced from superimposition of gene trees. Mol Biol Evol (1999) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0242692 ncithesaurus:Skeletal_Muscle_Tissue skeletal muscle system BTO:0001103 somatic muscle BTO:0001103 Muscle tissue which is unstriated, composed primarily of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. A non-striated muscle that is composed of spindle-shaped cells. Smooth muscle usually is organized into sheets that line cavitated organs.[TAO] Involuntary muscle tissue consisting of uninucleate spindle-shaped fibers.[AAO] (...) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (...) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an 'acoel-like' smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes[well established][VHOG] GO uses visceral and smooth interchangeably. However visceral can also be used in the sense of the viscera. Many fly annotations to smooth muscle terms. If we want to be inclusive of insects have to have a general definition of tissue that includes cells. AAO:0010244 AEO:0000141 BTO:0001260 CALOHA:TS-0943 EFO:0000889 EHDAA2:0003141 EMAPA:32717 EV:0100378 FMA:14070 GAID:167 MA:0000166 MAT:0000303 MESH:D009130 MIAA:0000303 NCIT:C12437 OpenCyc:Mx4rvvSS3pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0005274 UMLS:C1267092 VHOG:0001246 WBbt:0005781 Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue XAO:0000175 ZFA:0005274 galen:SmoothMuscle galen:SmoothMuscleTissue involuntary muscle non-striated muscle smooth muscle textus muscularis nonstriatus visceral muscle visceral muscle tissue uberon textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus UBERON:0001135 smooth muscle tissue https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Glatte_Muskelzellen.jpg Muscle tissue which is unstriated, composed primarily of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. GO:0006939 Muscle tissue which is unstriated, composed primarily of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. GO:0006939 Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue A non-striated muscle that is composed of spindle-shaped cells. Smooth muscle usually is organized into sheets that line cavitated organs.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005274 TAO ZFIN:curator Involuntary muscle tissue consisting of uninucleate spindle-shaped fibers.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010244 AAO AAO:CAM (...) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (...) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an 'acoel-like' smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001246 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21416 Chiodin M, Achatz JG, Wanninger A, Martinez P, Molecular architecture of muscles in an acoel and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2011) (...) the first bilateral animals possessed only smooth muscles with the molecular repertoire necessary to build a striated muscle. (...) it is more parsimonious to regard striated muscle cells as a sister cell type to the smooth muscle cells. In this scenario, striated and smooth muscles would have arisen in the stem lineage that led to the Nephrozoa (i.e. all Bilateria exclusive the acoelomorphs) (Hejnol et al., 2009), from an 'acoel-like' smooth muscle, by segregation and divergence of functions and through differential recruitment of additional genes[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001246 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21416 Chiodin M, Achatz JG, Wanninger A, Martinez P, Molecular architecture of muscles in an acoel and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2011) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1267092 ncithesaurus:Smooth_Muscle_Tissue textus muscularis nonstriatus FMA:14070 FMA:TA visceral muscle visceral muscle tissue textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus Wikipedia:Smooth_muscle_tissue Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). AEO:0000111 BTO:0002422 CALOHA:TS-1183 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003111 EHDAA:2331 EHDAA:2349 EHDAA:295 EHDAA:6073 EHDAA:640 EHDAA:646 EMAPA:32856 FMA:14074 MA:0000565 NCIT:C33105 SCTID:361918002 UMLS:C0086610 Wikipedia:Mesothelium uberon UBERON:0001136 mesothelium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Mesothelium_peritoneal_wash_high_mag.jpg FMA Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). FMA:14074 Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. Wikipedia: The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). FMA:14074 Wikipedia:Mesothelium UMLS:C0086610 ncithesaurus:Mesothelium A major subdivision of an organism that is the entire part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. In vertebrares this includes the vertebral column.. dorsal In humans, called the back, a large posterior area of the human body, rising from the top of the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the surface opposite to the chest, its height being defined by the vertebral column (commonly referred to as the spine or backbone) and its breadth being supported by the ribcage and shoulders. The spinal canal runs through the spine and provides nerves to the rest of the body BTO:0001713 CALOHA:TS-2223 EFO:0001405 FMA:14181 GAID:30 MESH:A01.176 MESH:D001415 NCIT:C13062 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkEU5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:123961009 UMLS:C0004600 Wikipedia:Dorsum_(anatomy) galen:Back back back of body proper dorsal part of organism uberon UBERON:0001137 dorsum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/432px-Gray-back.PNG A major subdivision of an organism that is the entire part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. In vertebrares this includes the vertebral column.. BSPO:0000063 UBERONREF:0000006 A major subdivision of an organism that is the entire part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. In vertebrares this includes the vertebral column.. BSPO:0000063 UBERONREF:0000006 Wikipedia:Dorsum_(anatomy) UMLS:C0004600 ncithesaurus:Back back FMA:14181 back of body proper FMA:14181 A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. EMAPA:18644 FMA:14346 MA:0002186 NCIT:C53058 OpenCyc:Mx4rvrST5ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278193003 UMLS:C0226720 Wikipedia:Ovarian_vein female reproductive system gonad vein female reproductive system gonada vein gonad of female reproductive system vein gonada of female reproductive system vein ovary vein vein of female reproductive system gonad vein of female reproductive system gonada vein of gonad of female reproductive system vein of gonada of female reproductive system vein of ovary uberon vena ovarica dextra vena ovarica sinistra UBERON:0001145 ovarian vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Ovarschaf.jpg A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from its corresponding ovary to inferior vena cava or one of its tributaries. Wikipedia:Ovarian_vein UMLS:C0226720 ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Vein female reproductive system gonad vein OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada vein OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system vein OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system vein OBOL:automatic ovary vein OBOL:automatic vein of female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic vein of female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic vein of gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic vein of gonada of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic vein of ovary OBOL:automatic vena ovarica dextra vena ovarica dextra Wikipedia:Ovarian_vein vena ovarica sinistra vena ovarica sinistra Wikipedia:Ovarian_vein A portion of the large intestine before it becomes the rectum. In mammals, the colon is the most part of the large intestine, excluding the vermiform appendix, the rectum and the anal canal. Some references do not consider the caecum to be part of the colon. TODO - abstract this such that it legitimately covers all vertebrates The last portion of the digestive system, it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body.[AAO] The posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO] Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] colonic In mammals, the colon consists of four sections: the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon[WP] In zebrafish, the posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates[ZFIN] it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body[WP] AAO:0010400 BTO:0000269 CALOHA:TS-0158 EFO:0000361 EMAPA:18939 EV:0100079 FMA:14543 GAID:309 MA:0000335 MAP:0000001 MAT:0000526 MESH:A03.492.411.495.356 MESH:D003106 NCIT:C12382 OpenCyc:Mx4rvgLEM5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302508007 TAO:0000706 UMLS:C0009368 VHOG:0000648 Wikipedia:Colon_(anatomy) XAO:0000243 ZFA:0000706 galen:Colon large bowel posterior intestine uberon hindgut UBERON:0001155 colon 3 cjm FMA A portion of the large intestine before it becomes the rectum. In mammals, the colon is the most part of the large intestine, excluding the vermiform appendix, the rectum and the anal canal. Wikipedia:Colon_(anatomy) ZFIN:curator http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-0621 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Some references do not consider the caecum to be part of the colon. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-1316 The last portion of the digestive system, it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010400 AAO UBERON:0001155 The posterior intestine has short longitudinally arranged epithelial folds which are similar to the colon of higher vertebrates. Wallace et al, 2005.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000706 TAO ZFIN:curator Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000648 VHOG ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0009368 ncithesaurus:Colon The part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity. BTO:0000645 CALOHA:TS-2044 EFO:0000846 EMAPA:36391 FMA:14548 MAT:0000314 MESH:A03.492.411.495.356.668 MESH:D012809 MIAA:0000314 NCIT:C12384 NCIT:C33550 OpenCyc:Mx4rwHX_-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362166007 UMLS:C0227391 UMLS:C0682612 Wikipedia:Sigmoid_colon galen:SigmoidColon uberon colon sigmoideum pelvic colon sigmoid colon sigmoid flexure UBERON:0001159 sigmoid colon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Dickdarm-Schema.svg FMA Wikipedia The part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity. Wikipedia:Sigmoid_colon UMLS:C0227391 ncithesaurus:Sigmoid_Colon UMLS:C0682612 ncithesaurus:Sigmoid_Flexure colon sigmoideum Wikipedia:Sigmoid_colon The layered structure that makes up the stomach, typiclly consists of a serous coat, a muscular coat, a mucous membrane, and other tissue layers in between. EMAPA:35826 FMA:14582 MA:0002692 SCTID:279995000 galen:WallOfStomach anatomical wall of stomach anatomical wall of ventriculus gastric wall stomach anatomical wall stomach wall ventriculus anatomical wall ventriculus wall wall of ventriculus uberon UBERON:0001167 wall of stomach The layered structure that makes up the stomach, typiclly consists of a serous coat, a muscular coat, a mucous membrane, and other tissue layers in between. MGI:csmith MP:0010783 anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35470 FMA:14619 MA:0002695 anatomical wall of large intestine large intestinal wall large intestine anatomical wall large intestine wall uberon UBERON:0001169 wall of large intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic The inner layer of peritoneum that is wrapped around organs located inside the intraperitoneal space. EMAPA:16592 FMA:14703 SCTID:362702003 TAO:0005132 VHOG:0001528 Wikipedia:Visceral_peritoneum ZFA:0005132 visceral serous membrane of peritoneum uberon UBERON:0001178 visceral peritoneum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray1040.png The inner layer of peritoneum that is wrapped around organs located inside the intraperitoneal space. Wikipedia:Peritoneum#Types http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 visceral serous membrane of peritoneum UBERON:cjm Anatomical cavity bounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum. The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum, which are normally in contact. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sac. The greater sac is the peritoneal cavity, and the lesser sac is the omental bursa. [TFD][VHOG] In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001782 EHDAA2:0001446 EMAPA:16138 FMA:14704 GAID:24 MA:0000054 MESH:A01.047.025.600.678 MESH:D010529 NCIT:C12769 SCTID:181616008 UMLS:C1704247 VHOG:0000852 Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity uberon cavitas peritonealis saccus serosus peritonei UBERON:0001179 peritoneal cavity Wikipedia Anatomical cavity bounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum. Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum, which are normally in contact. The peritoneal cavity is divided into the greater and lesser sac. The greater sac is the peritoneal cavity, and the lesser sac is the omental bursa. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000852 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/peritoneal+cavity In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000852 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1704247 ncithesaurus:Peritoneal_Cavity cavitas peritonealis BTO:0001782 cavitas peritonealis Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity saccus serosus peritonei Wikipedia:Peritoneal_cavity An artery that supplies an ovary. In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdomiproperty_value external_definitioncavity. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. [WP]. EMAPA:18620 FMA:14761 MA:0002012 NCIT:C33242 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOa9PZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244280002 UMLS:C0226411 Wikipedia:Ovarian_artery ovarian arterial tree uberon arteria ovarica UBERON:0001190 ovarian artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Gray1170.png human_reference_atlas An artery that supplies an ovary. OBOL:automatic In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdomiproperty_value external_definitioncavity. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. [WP]. In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary. It arises from the abdominal aorta below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdomiproperty_value external_definitioncavity. It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary. [WP]. Wikipedia:Ovarian_artery UMLS:C0226411 ncithesaurus:Ovarian_Artery arteria ovarica arteria ovarica Wikipedia:Ovarian_artery The mucosal layer that lines the stomach. The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa]. BTO:0001308 CALOHA:TS-0404 EMAPA:35817 FMA:14907 GAID:321 MA:0002683 MESH:A03.492.766.440 NCIT:C32656 OpenCyc:Mx8NhB4rvcD6KJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvmKNOpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVj5FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjlqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362131005 UMLS:C0017136 Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa galen:GastricMucosa gastric mucosa gastric mucous membrane mucosa of organ of stomach mucosa of organ of ventriculus mucosa of ventriculus mucous membrane of stomach mucous membrane of ventriculus organ mucosa of stomach organ mucosa of ventriculus stomach mucosa stomach mucosa of organ stomach mucous membrane stomach organ mucosa tunica mucosa (gaster) tunica mucosa gastricae ventriculus mucosa ventriculus mucosa of organ ventriculus mucous membrane ventriculus organ mucosa uberon Magenschleimhaut tunica mucosa gastris UBERON:0001199 mucosa of stomach https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Normal_gastric_mucosa_intermed_mag.jpg The mucosal layer that lines the stomach. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The gastric mucosa is the mucous membrane layer of the stomach which contains the glands and the gastric pits. In men it is about 1 mm thick and its surface is smooth, soft, and velvety. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae. In its fresh state, it is of a pinkish tinge at the pyloric end and of a red or reddish-brown color over the rest of its surface. In infancy it is of a brighter hue, the vascular redness being more marked. It is thin at the cardiac extremity, but thicker toward the pylorus. During the contracted state of the organ it is thrown into numerous plaits or rugae, which, for the most part, have a longitudinal direction, and are most marked toward the pyloric end of the stomach, and along the greater curvature. These folds are entirely obliterated when the organ becomes distended. When examined with a lens, the inner surface of the mucous membrane presents a peculiar honeycomb appearance from being covered with funnel-like depressions or foveolae of a polygonal or hexagonal form, which vary from 0.12 to 0.25 mm. in diameter. These are the ducts of the gastric glands, and at the bottom of each may be seen one or more minute orifices, the openings of the gland tubes. Gastric glands are simple or branched tubular glands that emerge on the deeper part of the gastric foveola, inside the gastric areas and outlined by the folds of the mucosa. There are three types of glands: cardiac glands (in the proximal part of the stomach), oxyntic glands (the dominating type of gland), and pyloric glands. The cardiac glands mainly contain mucus producing cells. The bottom part of the oxyntic glands is dominated by zymogen (chief) cells that produce pepsinogen (an inactive precursor of the pepsin enzyme). Parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid are scattered in the glands, with most of them in the middle part. The upper part of the glands consist of mucous neck cells; in this part the dividing cells are seen. The pyloric glands contain mucus-secreting cells. Several types of endocrine cells are found in all regions of the gastric mucosa. In the pyloric glands contain gastrin producing cells (G cells); this hormone stimulates acid production from the parietal cells. ECL (enterochromaffine-like) cells, found in the oxyntic glands release histamine, which also is a powerful stimulant of the acid secretion. The A cells produce glucagon, which mobilizes the hepatic glycogen, and the enterochromaffin cells that produce serotonin, which stimulates the contraction of the smooth muscles. The surface of the mucous membrane is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium . This epithelium commences very abruptly at the cardiac orifice, where there is a sudden transition from the stratified epithelium of the esophagus. The epithelial lining of the gland ducts is of the same character and is continuous with the general lining of the stomach. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa]. Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa UMLS:C0017136 ncithesaurus:Gastric_Mucosa mucosa of organ of stomach OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of ventriculus OBOL:automatic mucosa of ventriculus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of ventriculus OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of stomach OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic stomach mucous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach organ mucosa OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa gastricae FMA:14907 FMA:TA ventriculus mucosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic ventriculus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic ventriculus organ mucosa OBOL:automatic Magenschleimhaut BTO:0001308 tunica mucosa gastris BTO:0001308 tunica mucosa gastris Wikipedia:Gastric_mucosa The fibrous connective tissue layer beneath the stomach mucosa. BTO:0002110 EMAPA:35825 FMA:14908 MA:0002685 NCIT:C32663 SCTID:52459002 UMLS:C0227211 gastric submucosa stomach submucosa submucosa of ventriculus tela submucosa (gaster) tela submucosa gastricae ventriculus submucosa uberon submucous layer of stomach tela submucosa ventriculi UBERON:0001200 submucosa of stomach The fibrous connective tissue layer beneath the stomach mucosa. MGI:csmith MP:0010794 UMLS:C0227211 ncithesaurus:Gastric_Submucosa submucosa of ventriculus OBOL:automatic tela submucosa gastricae FMA:14908 FMA:TA ventriculus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucous layer of stomach BTO:0002110 tela submucosa ventriculi BTO:0002110 The outermost layer of the stomach wall, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum. TODO - check serosa/peritoneum EMAPA:35822 FMA:14914 MA:0001626 NCIT:C32662 SCTID:1353004 UMLS:C1517453 anatomical wall of stomach serosa anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane gastric wall serosa gastric wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of stomach serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa of gastric wall serosa of stomach anatomical wall serosa of stomach wall serosa of ventriculus anatomical wall serosa of ventriculus wall serosa of wall of stomach serosa of wall of ventriculus serous coat of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane of gastric wall serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall serous membrane of stomach wall serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane of ventriculus wall serous membrane of wall of stomach serous membrane of wall of ventriculus stomach anatomical wall serosa stomach anatomical wall serous membrane stomach serosa stomach wall serosa stomach wall serous membrane tunica serosa (gaster) tunica serosa gastricae ventriculus anatomical wall serosa ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane ventriculus wall serosa ventriculus wall serous membrane visceral peritoneum of stomach wall of stomach serosa wall of stomach serous membrane wall of ventriculus serosa wall of ventriculus serous membrane uberon gastric serosa UBERON:0001201 serosa of stomach The outermost layer of the stomach wall, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum. MGI:csmith MP:0010793 UMLS:C1517453 ncithesaurus:Gastric_Serosal_Surface anatomical wall of stomach serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane OBOL:automatic gastric wall serosa OBOL:automatic gastric wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic serosa of gastric wall OBOL:automatic serosa of stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serosa of stomach wall OBOL:automatic serosa of ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serosa of ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of stomach OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gastric wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of stomach wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of ventriculus wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of stomach OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic stomach anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic stomach wall serosa OBOL:automatic stomach wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic tunica serosa gastricae FMA:14914 FMA:TA ventriculus anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall serosa OBOL:automatic ventriculus wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic wall of stomach serosa OBOL:automatic wall of stomach serous membrane OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus serosa OBOL:automatic wall of ventriculus serous membrane OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. CALOHA:TS-2106 EMAPA:35467 FMA:14969 MA:0002688 NCIT:C32926 UMLS:C0734203 large intestinal mucosa large intestine mucosa large intestine mucosa of organ large intestine mucous membrane large intestine organ mucosa mucosa of organ of large intestine mucous membrane of large intestine organ mucosa of large intestine tunica mucosa intestini crassi uberon UBERON:0001207 mucosa of large intestine A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0734203 ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Mucosa large intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic large intestine mucous membrane OBOL:automatic large intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of large intestine OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of large intestine OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa intestini crassi FMA:14969 FMA:TA A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002111 EMAPA:37560 FMA:14970 MA:0002690 NCIT:C32930 UMLS:C0734204 large intestinal submucosa large intestine submucosa tela submucosa intestini crassi uberon submucous layer of large intestine UBERON:0001208 submucosa of large intestine A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37560 MA:th UMLS:C0734204 ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Submucosa tela submucosa intestini crassi FMA:14970 FMA:TA submucous layer of large intestine BTO:0002111 A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check serosa/peritoneum EMAPA:37557 FMA:14975 MA:0001546 NCIT:C32929 UMLS:C1517727 large intestinal serosa large intestine serosa large intestine serous membrane serous coat of large intestine serous membrane of large intestine tunica serosa intestini crassi visceral peritoneum of large intestine uberon UBERON:0001209 serosa of large intestine A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37557 MA:th UMLS:C1517727 ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Serosal_Surface large intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of large intestine OBOL:automatic tunica serosa intestini crassi FMA:14975 FMA:TA A blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine that usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Anatomical variations include the IMV draining into the confluence of the SMV and splenic vein and the IMV draining in the SMV. The IMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002782 EHDAA2:0000819 EHDAA:8712 EMAPA:18642 FMA:15391 MA:0002178 NCIT:C32782 OpenCyc:Mx4rvcV53ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281055007 UMLS:C0226754 VHOG:0001118 Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_vein uberon lower mesenteric vein vena mesenterica inferior UBERON:0001215 inferior mesenteric vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Gray591.png FMA/obol A blood vessel that drains blood from the large intestine that usually terminates when reaching the splenic vein, which goes on to form the portal vein with the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). Anatomical variations include the IMV draining into the confluence of the SMV and splenic vein and the IMV draining in the SMV. The IMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the inferior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_vein UMLS:C0226754 ncithesaurus:Inferior_Mesenteric_Vein lower mesenteric vein BTO:0002782 vena mesenterica inferior Wikipedia:Inferior_mesenteric_vein Mucosal layer that lines the intestine. BTO:0000642 EMAPA:35440 FMA:15695 GAID:296 MA:0001537 MESH:A03.492.411.369 MESH:D007413 NCIT:C49241 SCTID:362080002 UMLS:C0021839 bowel mucosa bowel mucosa of organ bowel mucous membrane bowel organ mucosa intestine mucosa intestine mucosa of organ intestine mucous membrane intestine organ mucosa mucosa of bowel mucosa of intestine mucosa of organ of bowel mucosa of organ of intestine mucous membrane of bowel mucous membrane of intestine organ mucosa of bowel organ mucosa of intestine tunica mucosa intestini uberon UBERON:0001242 intestinal mucosa Mucosal layer that lines the intestine. UBERON:cjm UMLS:C0021839 ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Mucosa bowel mucosa OBOL:automatic bowel mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic bowel mucous membrane OBOL:automatic bowel organ mucosa OBOL:automatic intestine mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic intestine mucous membrane OBOL:automatic intestine organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of bowel OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of intestine OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of bowel OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of intestine OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of bowel OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of intestine OBOL:automatic A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check serosa/peritoneum EMAPA:37619 FMA:15701 MA:0001538 anatomical wall of bowel serosa anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane anatomical wall of intestine serosa anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane bowel anatomical wall serosa bowel anatomical wall serous membrane bowel wall serosa bowel wall serous membrane intestinal serosa intestinal wall serosa intestinal wall serous membrane intestine anatomical wall serosa intestine anatomical wall serous membrane intestine serosa intestine wall serosa intestine wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of bowel serosa of anatomical wall of intestine serosa of bowel anatomical wall serosa of bowel wall serosa of intestinal wall serosa of intestine anatomical wall serosa of intestine wall serosa of wall of bowel serosa of wall of intestine serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall serous membrane of bowel wall serous membrane of intestinal wall serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall serous membrane of intestine wall serous membrane of wall of bowel serous membrane of wall of intestine visceral peritoneum of intestine wall of bowel serosa wall of bowel serous membrane wall of intestine serosa wall of intestine serous membrane uberon UBERON:0001243 serosa of intestine A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37619 MA:th anatomical wall of bowel serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine serosa OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic bowel wall serosa OBOL:automatic bowel wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic intestinal wall serosa OBOL:automatic intestinal wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall serosa OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic intestine wall serosa OBOL:automatic intestine wall serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic serosa of anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serosa of bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serosa of bowel wall OBOL:automatic serosa of intestinal wall OBOL:automatic serosa of intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serosa of intestine wall OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of bowel OBOL:automatic serosa of wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of bowel wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestinal wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of intestine wall OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of bowel OBOL:automatic serous membrane of wall of intestine OBOL:automatic wall of bowel serosa OBOL:automatic wall of bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic wall of intestine serosa OBOL:automatic wall of intestine serous membrane OBOL:automatic Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. anal In the lungfish, sharks and rays the rectum opens into the cloaca which also receives wastes (urine) from the kidneys and material from the reproductive organs. In bony fish the rectum reaches the outside environment through the anus, which is normally situated just in front the urinary and reproductive openings. However in some fish the digestive tract may be curled back on itself, and in the Electric Eel (Electrophorus electricus) the anus is situated in the fish's throat. -- http://www.earthlife.net/fish/digestion.html BTO:0001680 CALOHA:TS-2005 EV:0100082 FBbt:00047153 FMA:15711 GAID:312 MA:0000331 MESH:A03.492.411.495.767.288 NCIT:C43362 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjaEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181262009 TADS:0000066 TGMA:0001279 UMLS:C0003461 WBbt:0005364 Wikipedia:Anus galen:Anus anal opening anal orifice opening of terminal part of digestive tract uberon proctodeum UBERON:0001245 anus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Protovsdeuterostomes.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Anorectum.gif Orifice at the opposite end of an animal's digestive tract from the mouth. Its function is to expel feces, unwanted semi-solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of: matter which the animal cannot digest, such as bones; food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin; ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract; and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbionts. Wikipedia:Anus ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0003461 ncithesaurus:Anus An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. we place two MA classes here due to the official ncit2ma mapping to intestinal wall tissue; not clear how bowel and intestine are different BTO:0000647 EMAPA:35444 FMA:15949 MA:0001525 MA:0002693 NCIT:C49478 UMLS:C1708548 anatomical wall of bowel anatomical wall of intestine bowel anatomical wall bowel wall intestinal wall intestine anatomical wall intestine wall wall of bowel uberon bowel wall UBERON:0001262 wall of intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708548 ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Wall_Tissue anatomical wall of bowel OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of intestine OBOL:automatic bowel anatomical wall OBOL:automatic bowel wall OBOL:automatic intestine anatomical wall OBOL:automatic wall of bowel OBOL:automatic bowel wall MA:0001525 Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity. BTO:0001031 EMAPA:35683 FMA:16515 MA:0002531 Wikipedia:Peritoneal_fluid ncithesaurus:Peritoneal_Fluid uberon UBERON:0001268 peritoneal fluid FMA Transudate contained in the peritoneal cavity. FMA:16515 The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions. The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pelvic girdle regions. this class describes the subdivision of the limb/fin, NOT the skeleton within. See also: skeleton of pectoral girdle (UBERON:0007831). See also comments on obo-anatomy mail list. Note that even though the class includes soft tissue it is more restrictive than 'pelvis' which also includes structures in cavities etc. TODO this needs to be better documented Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. There is only one instance of the pelvic girdle region per organism.[VSAO] EMAPA:37862 FMA:16581 NCIT:C33291 SCTID:360010001 UMLS:C0684083 VSAO:0000304 uberon girdle - pelvic pelvic girdle UBERON:0001271 pelvic girdle region The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions. DOI:10.1002/dvdy.22617 FMA:16581 FMA:23217 UBERONREF:0000003 https://groups.google.com/d/topic/obo-anatomy/h4R4xKmINrw/discussion https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pelvic girdle regions. FMA:16581 FMA:23217 UBERONREF:0000003 The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pelvic girdle regions. DOI:10.1002/dvdy.22617 FMA:16581 FMA:23217 UBERONREF:0000003 https://groups.google.com/d/topic/obo-anatomy/h4R4xKmINrw/discussion https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. There is only one instance of the pelvic girdle region per organism.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000304 VSAO Subdivision of lower limb or fin which links the limb/fin to the body[FMA,modified]. There is only one instance of the pelvic girdle region per organism.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000304 VSAO https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37862 MA:th UMLS:C0684083 ncithesaurus:Pelvic_Girdle pelvic girdle The epithelial layer of the stomach . in FMA this is classified as simple columnar, MA divides this into squamous and glandular BTO:0000500 CALOHA:TS-2068 EHDAA2:0001918 EMAPA:17023 FMA:17091 MA:0001610 SCTID:64977002 VHOG:0001433 epithelial tissue of stomach epithelial tissue of ventriculus epithelium of ventriculus stomach epithelial tissue stomach epithelium ventriculus epithelial tissue ventriculus epithelium uberon gastric epithelium UBERON:0001276 epithelium of stomach The epithelial layer of the stomach . MP:0000471 in FMA this is classified as simple columnar, MA divides this into squamous and glandular FMA epithelial tissue of stomach OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ventriculus OBOL:automatic epithelium of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic stomach epithelium OBOL:automatic ventriculus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic ventriculus epithelium OBOL:automatic gastric epithelium BTO:0000500 Epithelial layer that lines the intestine. Simple columnar epithelium that lines the intestine, sometimes pseudostratified, with absorptive brush-border cells and mucous goblet cells clearly visible. Crosnier et al. 2005[TAO] BTO:0000781 EMAPA:32873 FMA:17229 MA:0001536 NCIT:C49240 SCTID:266135004 TAO:0005124 UMLS:C0226890 Wikipedia:Intestinal_epithelium ZFA:0005124 bowel epithelial tissue bowel epithelium epithelial tissue of bowel epithelial tissue of intestine epithelium of bowel epithelium of intestine intestine epithelial tissue villous epithelium uberon intestine epithelium UBERON:0001277 intestinal epithelium Epithelial layer that lines the intestine. UBERON:cjm Simple columnar epithelium that lines the intestine, sometimes pseudostratified, with absorptive brush-border cells and mucous goblet cells clearly visible. Crosnier et al. 2005[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005124 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0226890 ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Epithelium bowel epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic bowel epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of bowel OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of intestine OBOL:automatic epithelium of bowel OBOL:automatic epithelium of intestine OBOL:automatic intestine epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic villous epithelium ZFA:0005124 An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. CALOHA:TS-2105 EMAPA:35466 FMA:17301 MA:0001545 epithelial tissue of large intestine large intestinal epithelium large intestine epithelial tissue large intestine epithelium uberon UBERON:0001278 epithelium of large intestine An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic The glandular mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the estrous/menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. The mucous membrane lining the uterus. [TFD][VHOG] The maternal part of the placenta (of eutherian mammals) is the vascularized and glandular uterine lining, or endometrium.[well established][VHOG] endometrial Animals that have estrous cycles reabsorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. Animals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead in FMA this is subdivided into basal and outer BTO:0001422 CALOHA:TS-0276 EFO:0000980 EMAPA:29917 EV:0100115 FMA:17742 GAID:377 MA:0000390 MAT:0000319 MESH:D004717 MIAA:0000319 NCIT:C12313 SCTID:278867007 UMLS:C0014180 VHOG:0001285 Wikipedia:Endometrium tunica mucosa (endometrium) tunica mucosa uteri uterine endometrium uberon uterine mucosa uterine mucous membrane UBERON:0001295 endometrium https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg FMA The glandular mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the estrous/menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. MESH:A05.360.319.679.490 MGI:smb MP:0004896 The mucous membrane lining the uterus. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001285 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Endometrium The maternal part of the placenta (of eutherian mammals) is the vascularized and glandular uterine lining, or endometrium.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001285 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.144 http://bgee.unil.ch/ in FMA this is subdivided into basal and outer FMA UMLS:C0014180 ncithesaurus:Endometrium tunica mucosa (endometrium) FMA:17742 tunica mucosa uteri Wikipedia:Endometrium uterine endometrium BTO:0001422 uterine mucous membrane BTO:0001422 Outer serosa layer of the uterus. TODO - check for parallel structure with peritoneum EMAPA:37792 FMA:17744 MA:0001729 NCIT:C33298 SCTID:253705006 UMLS:C0227824 Wikipedia:Perimetrium perimetrium serous coat of uterus serous membrane of uterus tunica serosa (perimetrium) tunica serosa uteri uterine serosa uterus serosa uterus serous membrane visceral peritoneum of uterus uberon UBERON:0001297 serosa of uterus https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships Outer serosa layer of the uterus. Wikipedia:Perimetrium EMAPA:37792 MA:th UMLS:C0227824 ncithesaurus:Perimetrium perimetrium Wikipedia:Perimetrium serous coat of uterus Wikipedia:Perimetrium serous membrane of uterus OBOL:automatic tunica serosa uteri FMA:17744 FMA:TA uterus serous membrane OBOL:automatic A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern non-functional in monotremes[ISBN:978-0226870137] EMAPA:37369 FMA:18483 MA:0001717 NCIT:C33475 SCTID:280106006 UMLS:C0227900 right fallopian tube right oviduct uberon UBERON:0001302 right uterine tube A fallopian tube that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37369 MA:th UMLS:C0227900 ncithesaurus:Right_Fallopian_Tube A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37368 FMA:18484 MA:0001716 NCIT:C32959 SCTID:280107002 UMLS:C0227902 left fallopian tube left oviduct uberon UBERON:0001303 left uterine tube A fallopian tube that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37368 MA:th UMLS:C0227902 ncithesaurus:Left_Fallopian_Tube Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani,. EMAPA:18184 EMAPA:37481 FMA:19086 MA:0000534 muscle organ of pelvis pelvic muscle pelvis muscle pelvis muscle organ uberon UBERON:0001325 muscle of pelvis FMAdef MA Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani,. FMA:19086 EMAPA:37481 MA:th muscle organ of pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvic muscle FMA:19086 pelvis muscle organ OBOL:automatic The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present. Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] EFO:0000847 EHDAA2:0000122 EHDAA:2931 EMAPA:16831 MA:0000329 MAT:0000042 MIAA:0000042 NCIT:C32069 SCTID:362680001 UMLS:C0230120 VHOG:0000395 WBbt:0006919 uberon posterior posterior end of organism UBERON:0001353 anal region https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/507 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray408.png cjm The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000395 VHOG ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0230120 ncithesaurus:Anal_Region The outer layer of peritoneum that is attached to the abdominal and pelvic walls. Peritoneum attached to the abdominal wall.[AAO] UBERON:0004459 AAO:0010816 EMAPA:16591 FMA:21451 SCTID:362700006 TAO:0005131 VHOG:0001527 Wikipedia:Parietal_peritoneum ZFA:0005131 parietal serous membrane of peritoneum uberon peritoneal cavity lining UBERON:0001366 parietal peritoneum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray1040.png The outer layer of peritoneum that is attached to the abdominal and pelvic walls. Wikipedia:Peritoneum#Types http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Peritoneum attached to the abdominal wall.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010816 AAO AAO:JMG parietal serous membrane of peritoneum UBERON:cjm A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37282 FMA:22984 MA:0000546 SCTID:181517009 pelvic skin pelvis skin pelvis zone of skin zone of skin of pelvis uberon UBERON:0001415 skin of pelvis A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37282 MA:th pelvis zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of pelvis OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. EFO:0000214 FMA:22988 FMA:23000 MA:0000523 NCIT:C52758 SCTID:361707007 UMLS:C0222166 abdomen skin abdomen zone of skin abdominal skin skin of abdomen proper zone of skin of abdomen uberon UBERON:0001416 skin of abdomen A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0222166 ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Skin abdomen zone of skin OBOL:automatic skin of abdomen proper FMA:22988 zone of skin of abdomen OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37277 FMA:23021 FMA:23022 MA:0000590 NCIT:C52756 SCTID:361705004 UMLS:C0205030 neck (volume) zone of skin neck skin neck zone of skin zone of skin of neck zone of skin of neck (volume) uberon UBERON:0001417 skin of neck A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37277 MA:th UMLS:C0205030 ncithesaurus:Neck_Skin neck (volume) zone of skin OBOL:automatic neck zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of neck OBOL:automatic zone of skin of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37765 FMA:23028 FMA:23029 MA:0000564 SCTID:281723000 thoracic skin thorax skin thorax zone of skin zone of skin of thorax uberon upper body skin UBERON:0001418 skin of thorax A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37765 MA:th thorax zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of thorax OBOL:automatic Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system. Anatomical system consisting of multiple elements and tissues that provides physical support.[TAO] Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[VSAO] System that provides physical support to the organism.[AAO] By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level.[debated][VHOG] skeletal GO defines skeletal system very generically: The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) GO:0001501; however, all annotations are to vertebrates AAO:0000566 BTO:0001486 CALOHA:TS-1320 EFO:0000806 EHDAA2:0003168 EMAPA:35773 FMA:23881 MA:0000018 NCIT:C12788 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi1rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000434 UMLS:C0037253 VHOG:0001254 VSAO:0000027 XAO:0003060 ZFA:0000434 skeleton system set of all bones and joints uberon Skelettsystem UBERON:0001434 skeletal system https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-skeletal-system Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000027 Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000027 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Anatomical system consisting of multiple elements and tissues that provides physical support.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000434 TAO TAO:wd Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000027 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 System that provides physical support to the organism.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000566 AAO AAO:LAP By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level.[debated][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001254 VHOG DOI:10.1159/000324245 Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy research and technique (2002) By taking a holistic approach, integration of the evidence from molecular and developmental features of model organisms, the phylogenetic distribution in the 'new animal phylogeny' and the earliest fossilized remains of mineralized animal skeletons suggests independent origins of the skeleton at the phylum level.[debated][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001254 VHOG DOI:10.1159/000324245 Donoghue PCJ, Sansom IJ, Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization. Microscopy research and technique (2002) http://bgee.unil.ch/ GO defines skeletal system very generically: The skeleton is the bony framework of the body in vertebrates (endoskeleton) or the hard outer envelope of insects (exoskeleton or dermoskeleton) GO:0001501; however, all annotations are to vertebrates GO UMLS:C0037253 ncithesaurus:Skeletal_System set of all bones and joints Skelettsystem BTO:0001486 FMA:24218 SCTID:123852005 XAO:0000040 head subdivision uberon head region region of head UBERON:0001444 subdivision of head A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc). Subdivision of head which consists of the viscerocranium and all layers superficial to it. Examples: There is only one face. The area that extends from the median ocellus to the oral foramen[HAO]. facial The face develops from outward growth of tissue located rostral to the cranium & pharynx. The lower jaw and most of the upper jaw are formed by growth of the first pharyngeal (branchial) arch. The upper incisor region and the nose and forehead (frontal region) are formed from tissue located rostral to the neural tube (frontonasal prominence) BTO:0003369 CALOHA:TS-2216 EMAPA:32763 FMA:24728 GAID:64 HAO:0000316 MA:0002473 MESH:D005145 NCIT:C13071 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi5GZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302549007 UMLS:C0015450 Wikipedia:Face galen:Face uberon facia/facies visage UBERON:0001456 face http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Mona_Lisa_headcrop.jpg A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc). A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Subdivision of head which consists of the viscerocranium and all layers superficial to it. Examples: There is only one face. FMA:24728 The area that extends from the median ocellus to the oral foramen[HAO]. HAO:0000316 NCBITaxon:7399 The area that extends from the median ocellus to the oral foramen[HAO]. HAO:0000316 http://api.hymao.org/api/ref/67791 NCBITaxon:7399 The face develops from outward growth of tissue located rostral to the cranium & pharynx. The lower jaw and most of the upper jaw are formed by growth of the first pharyngeal (branchial) arch. The upper incisor region and the nose and forehead (frontal region) are formed from tissue located rostral to the neural tube (frontonasal prominence) vanat.cvm.umn.edu/TFFlectPDFs/LectFaceDevelop.pdf UMLS:C0015450 ncithesaurus:Face facia/facies facia/facies Wikipedia:Face visage BTO:0003369 A zone of skin that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37643 FMA:24764 MA:0001579 NCIT:C12291 SCTID:244092005 UMLS:C0222101 lip skin lip zone of skin zone of skin of lip uberon skin of lips UBERON:0001458 skin of lip A zone of skin that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37643 MA:th UMLS:C0222101 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Lip lip zone of skin OBOL:automatic zone of skin of lip OBOL:automatic skin of lips Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue. Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage.[AAO] Portion of tissue which is calcified connective tissue making up the structural elements of the skeletal system.[TAO] Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.[VSAO] relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate.[debated][VHOG] AAO:0000047 AEO:0000082 BTO:0000140 CALOHA:TS-0088 EFO:0000298 EHDAA2:0003082 EMAPA:32782 ENVO:00002039 EV:0100140 FMA:30317 FMA:5018 GAID:92 MA:0001459 MAT:0000299 MIAA:0000299 NCIT:C12366 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViDlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkCG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:90780006 TAO:0001514 UMLS:C0262950 VHOG:0001190 VSAO:0000057 Wikipedia:Bone XAO:0000169 ZFA:0001514 galen:Bone bone organ uberon bone bones UBERON:0001474 bone element VSAO-modified Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000057 Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000057 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/277 Also called osseous tissue, (Latin: os). Is a type of hard endoskeletal connective tissue found in many vertebrate animals. Bone is the main tissue of body organs that support body structures, protect internal organs, (in conjunction with muscles) facilitate movement; and are involved with cell formation, calcium metabolism, and mineral storage.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000047 AAO AAO:LAP Portion of tissue which is calcified connective tissue making up the structural elements of the skeletal system.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001514 TAO ZFIN:curator Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000057 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000047 AAO The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate.[debated][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001190 VHOG DOI:10.1159/000324245 Murdock DJ, Donoghue PC, Evolutionary Origins of Animal Skeletal Biomineralization. Cells Tissues Organs (2011) The 'new animal phylogeny' reveals that many of the groups known to biomineralize sit among close relatives that do not, and it favours an interpretation of convergent or parallel evolution for biomineralization in animals. (...) Whether this 'biomineralization toolkit'of genes reflects a parallel co-option of a common suite of genes or the inheritance of a skeletogenic gene regulatory network from a biomineralizing common ancestor remains an open debate.[debated][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001190 VHOG DOI:10.1159/000324245 Murdock DJ, Donoghue PC, Evolutionary Origins of Animal Skeletal Biomineralization. Cells Tissues Organs (2011) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0262950 ncithesaurus:Bone bone organ FMA:5018 bone AEO:0000082 BTO:0000140 MA:0001459 VHOG:0001190 bones ZFA:0001514 An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. check ncita EMAPA:37621 FMA:34836 GAID:263 MA:0001519 MESH:D017746 NCIT:C32259 NCIT:C84388 SCTID:182238002 UMLS:C0206207 Wikipedia:Articular_capsule galen:JointCapsule capsula articularis fibrous capsule of joint joint capsule joint fibrous capsule uberon capsulae articulares UBERON:0001484 articular capsule http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Joint.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Gray299.png An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. An articular capsule (or joint capsule) is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Articular_capsule check ncita ncit EMAPA:37621 MA:th UMLS:C0206207 ncithesaurus:Joint_Capsule capsula articularis FMA:34836 FMA:TA capsulae articulares capsulae articulares Wikipedia:Articular_capsule The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta[GO]. A portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart's axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about 6 cm behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about 5 cm in length [Wikipedia]. EHDAA2:0000147 EHDAA:9828 EMAPA:17014 FMA:3736 MA:0002570 NCIT:C32150 OpenCyc:Mx4rwVFqO5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0003956 ascending thoracic aorta pars ascendens aortae uberon aorta ascendens pars ascendens aortae UBERON:0001496 ascending aorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg EHDAA2 The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta[GO]. A portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum; it passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart's axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about 6 cm behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about 5 cm in length [Wikipedia]. GO:0035905 UMLS:C0003956 ncithesaurus:Ascending_Aorta ascending thoracic aorta EMAPA:17014 aorta ascendens pars ascendens aortae Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. Note that in MA, this is a subclass of pelvis muscle; in FMA this is a hindlimb muscle, but recall in FMA hindlimb includes the girdle. UBERON:0003271 EHDAA:8326 EMAPA:18184 EMAPA:18185 FMA:37367 MA:0000537 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001430 girdle-pelvic muscle organ muscle organ of girdle-pelvic muscle organ of pelvic girdle muscle organ of pelvic girdle bone pelvic girdle muscle pelvic girdle muscle organ pelvic girdle skeletal muscle uberon UBERON:0001497 muscle of pelvic girdle https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Note that in MA, this is a subclass of pelvis muscle; in FMA this is a hindlimb muscle, but recall in FMA hindlimb includes the girdle. MA girdle-pelvic muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of girdle-pelvic OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvic girdle OBOL:automatic muscle organ of pelvic girdle bone OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle muscle organ OBOL:automatic pelvic girdle skeletal muscle EMAPA:18185 The convex portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending parts of the aorta; branches from it include the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery; the brachiocephalic trunk further splits to form the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery. Do not confuse with aortic arch The curving portion between the ascending aorta and the descending aorta, giving rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. [TFD][VHOG] The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals.[well established][VHOG] birds have right aortic arch, mammals left. BTO:0000157 EFO:0002526 EHDAA2:0000132 EMAPA:17613 FMA:3768 GAID:471 MA:0000475 VHOG:0001196 arcus aortae uberon aortic arch thoracic aorta UBERON:0001508 arch of aorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg human_reference_atlas left arch 4 in human embryology.ch The convex portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending parts of the aorta; branches from it include the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery; the brachiocephalic trunk further splits to form the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0004113 The curving portion between the ascending aorta and the descending aorta, giving rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001196 VHOG The double systemic arch arches (left and right) present in amphibians and reptiles become reduced to a single systemic arch - the right in birds, the left in mammals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001196 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 and p.461 Figure 12.20 arcus aortae FMA:3768 FMA:TA aortic arch FMA:3768 thoracic aorta GAID:471 The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted]. results from fusion of left and right dorsal aortae EMAPA:18606 FMA:3784 MA:0002571 NCIT:C32455 OpenCyc:Mx4rv4EE35wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:261399002 UMLS:C0011666 Wikipedia:Descending_aorta pars descendens aortae uberon aorta descendens pars descendens aortae UBERON:0001514 descending aorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg FMA human_reference_atlas Wikipedia The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted]. GO:0035906 The descending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system from the arch of aorta to the point where it divides into the common iliac arteries[GO]. The descending aorta is part of the aorta, the largest artery in the body. The descending aorta is the part of the aorta beginning at the aortic arch that runs down through the chest and abdomen. The descending aorta is divided into two portions, the thoracic and abdominal, in correspondence with the two great cavities of the trunk in which it is situated. Within the abdomen, the descending aorta branches into the two common iliac arteries which serve the legs. [WP,unvetted]. GO:0035906 Wikipedia:Descending_aorta UMLS:C0011666 ncithesaurus:Descending_Aorta pars descendens aortae FMA:3784 aorta descendens aorta descendens aorta descendens Wikipedia:Descending_aorta aorta descendens Wikipedia:Descending_aorta pars descendens aortae pars descendens aortae Wikipedia:Descending_aorta The part of the aorta that extends from the origin at the heart to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. BTO:0000157 EFO:0002525 EMAPA:18603 FMA:3786 GAID:471 MA:0002569 MESH:D001013 NCIT:C33766 OpenCyc:Mx4rveb9TpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:302510009 UMLS:C1522460 Wikipedia:Thoracic_aorta galen:ThoracicAorta aorta thoracica thoracic part of aorta uberon aorta thoracalis pars thoracica aortae UBERON:0001515 thoracic aorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Gray530.png FMA The part of the aorta that extends from the origin at the heart to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. MP:0010468 The part of the aorta that extends from the origin at the heart to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. MP:0010468 http://www.medterms.com UMLS:C1522460 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Aorta aorta thoracica FMA:3786 FMA:TA aorta thoracalis aorta thoracalis Wikipedia:Thoracic_aorta pars thoracica aortae pars thoracica aortae Wikipedia:Thoracic_aorta Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted]. Many of the branches of the abdominal aorta in mammals may be branches of the dorsal aorta in other vertebrates BTO:0002976 EFO:0002524 EMAPA:17856 FMA:3789 GAID:470 MA:0000474 MESH:D001012 NCIT:C32038 OpenCyc:Mx4rvYhWCZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244231007 UMLS:C0003484 Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta galen:AbdominalAorta abdominal part of aorta descending abdominal aorta pars abdominalis aortae uberon abdominal part of aorta aorta abdominalis pars abdominalis aortae UBERON:0001516 abdominal aorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Gray531.png FMA human_reference_atlas Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002976 Abdominal part of aorta: the distal part of the descending aorta, which is the continuation of the thoracic part and gives rise to the inferior phrenic, lumbar, median sacral, superior and inferior mesenteric, middle suprarenal, renal, and testicular or ovarian arteries, and celiac trunk[BTO]. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of descending aorta(of the thorax). [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002976 Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta UMLS:C0003484 ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Aorta abdominal part of aorta FMA:3789 descending abdominal aorta FMA:3789 pars abdominalis aortae FMA:3789 abdominal part of aorta BTO:0002976 aorta abdominalis aorta abdominalis BTO:0002976 aorta abdominalis Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta pars abdominalis aortae pars abdominalis aortae BTO:0002976 pars abdominalis aortae Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta A bilaterally paired branched artery that originates from the aortic arches and divides into and includes as parts the internal and external carotid arteries[cjm]. we follow the FMA and treat the artery as a tree-structure - here we include the internal and external as parts. For the part that excludes the branches, see 'trunk of common carotid artery' This class represents the adult and developing structures' in birds and reptiles, develops from arch III and parts of ventral and dorsal aortae carotid artery CALOHA:TS-0116 EHDAA2:0000217 EHDAA:7331 EMAPA:17855 FMA:3939 GAID:479 MA:0001926 MESH:D017536 NCIT:C32352 SCTID:362041005 UMLS:C0162859 VHOG:0000272 Wikipedia:Common_carotid_artery carotid artery system common carotid artery trunk of common carotid tree uberon a. carotis communis UBERON:0001530 common carotid artery plus branches http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gray506.svg FMA human_reference_atlas Wikipedia A bilaterally paired branched artery that originates from the aortic arches and divides into and includes as parts the internal and external carotid arteries[cjm]. A bilaterally paired branched artery that originates from the aortic arches and divides into and includes as parts the internal and external carotid arteries[cjm]. Wikipedia:Common_carotid_artery carotid artery FMA:3939 UMLS:C0162859 ncithesaurus:Common_Carotid_Artery carotid artery system EHDAA2:0000217 common carotid artery FMA:3939 trunk of common carotid tree FMA:3939 a. carotis communis a. carotis communis Wikipedia:Common_carotid_artery A tube extending from the mouth to the anus. The alimentary or digestive tract, and associated organs.[TAO] The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] FMA also has a term 'gastrointestinal tract', but this includes the liver. we place the MA and EMAPA class here, although the intent is probably a smaller region. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/509 we following Kardong in naming the entire tube from mouth to anus the alimentary canal. Kardong calls the portion of this tract that excludes buccal cavity and pharynx the 'alimentary canal', consider adding an extra class for this gut AAO:0010023 BILA:0000083 BTO:0000511 BTO:0000545 EHDAA2:0000726 EHDAA:518 EMAPA:16247 FBbt:00003125 FMA:45615 MA:0000917 NCIT:C34082 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi0GpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0000112 TGMA:0001819 UMLS:C0017189 VHOG:0000309 WBbt:0005743 ZFA:0000112 galen:AlimentaryTract digestive tube enteric tract alimentary canal alimentary tract uberon digestive canal gut tube UBERON:0001555 digestive tract NCBIBook:NBK10107 A tube extending from the mouth to the anus. A tube extending from the mouth to the anus. Wikipedia:Talk:Human_gastrointestinal_tract https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/7549 Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0016309 The alimentary or digestive tract, and associated organs.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000112 TAO ZFIN:curator The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000309 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 The bilaterian gut is typically a complete tube that opens to the exterior at both ends. It consists of mouth, foregut, midgut, hindgut, and anus (reference 1); Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000309 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.203, ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA also has a term 'gastrointestinal tract', but this includes the liver. FMA we place the MA and EMAPA class here, although the intent is probably a smaller region. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/509 MA UMLS:C0017189 ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_Tract enteric tract ZFA:0000112 digestive canal BTO:0000058 The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the trachea and includes all distal structures including the lungs[WP,modified]. EHDAA2:0001036 EMAPA:16738 FMA:45662 MA:0000435 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRqjUgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g SCTID:281488008 VHOG:0000382 Wikipedia:Lower_respiratory_tract lower respiratory system uberon UBERON:0001558 lower respiratory tract http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Illu_conducting_passages.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Illu_conducting_passages.jpg The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the trachea and includes all distal structures including the lungs[WP,modified]. The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the trachea and includes all distal structures including the lungs[WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Lower_respiratory_tract http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] The mouse has both left and right anterior vena cava. adult humans only have a right. Postnatally the left regresses and becomes non-functional (Wessels and Sedmera 2003). In the mouse, The right pulmonary vein passes dorsal to the right superior vena cava, the left pulmonary dorsal to the left superior vena cava (Biology of the Laboratory Mouse, Green). BTO:0002683 EHDAA2:0001962 EHDAA:8726 EMAPA:18417 FMA:4720 GAID:549 MA:0000481 MESH:D014683 NCIT:C12816 SCTID:181368006 UMLS:C0042459 VHOG:0001195 Wikipedia:Superior_vena_cava galen:SuperiorVenaCava superior caval vein superior vena cava uberon cranial vena cava precava vena cava superior vena maxima UBERON:0001585 anterior vena cava http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Venenwinkel.png human_reference_atlas lexical A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Wikipedia:Superior_vena_cava http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001195 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455 Phylogenetic modifications within this basic pattern of arteries and veins are largely correlated with functional changes. In the transition from water to land, gills gave way to lungs, accompanied by the establishment of a pulmonary circulation. In some fishes and certainly in tetrapods, the cardinal veins become less involved in blood return. Instead, the composite, prominent postcava (posterior vena cava) arose to drain the posterior part of the body and the precava (anterior vena cava) developed to drain the anterior part of the body.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001195 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.454-455 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0042459 ncithesaurus:Superior_Vena_Cava superior caval vein superior caval vein http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 superior vena cava FMA:4720 cranial vena cava VHOG:0001195 vena cava superior vena cava superior BTO:0002683 vena cava superior Wikipedia:Superior_vena_cava vena maxima vena maxima Wikipedia:Superior_vena_cava One of two jugular veins that collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted]. Vein which receives many veins draining the palate, brain, and the orbital, nasal, and auditory regions.[AAO] AAO:0010236 EHDAA2:0000877 EHDAA:5407 EMAPA:17620 FMA:4724 MA:0002157 NCIT:C32849 OpenCyc:Mx4rvqdb95wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000878 SCTID:181372005 UMLS:C0226550 Wikipedia:Internal_jugular_vein XAO:0000382 galen:InternalJugularVein internal jugular internal jugular venous tree uberon vena jugularis interna UBERON:0001586 internal jugular vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Gray562.png human_reference_atlas One of two jugular veins that collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted]. One of two jugular veins that collect the blood from the brain, the superficial parts of the face, and the neck. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Internal_jugular_vein Vein which receives many veins draining the palate, brain, and the orbital, nasal, and auditory regions.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010236 AAO AAO:BJB UMLS:C0226550 ncithesaurus:Internal_Jugular_Vein internal jugular EHDAA2:0000877 vena jugularis interna vena jugularis interna Wikipedia:Internal_jugular_vein The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle in the middle layer of the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0000654 EMAPA:35240 FMA:49151 MA:0001269 NCIT:C32315 SCTID:280862009 UMLS:C0559230 Wikipedia:Ciliary_muscle musculus ciliarus uberon Bowman`s muscles ciliaris musculus ciliaris UBERON:0001605 ciliary muscle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gray872.png MA FMA FMA The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle in the middle layer of the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle in the middle layer of the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Ciliary_muscle UMLS:C0559230 ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Muscle musculus ciliarus BTO:0000654 Bowman`s muscles BTO:0000654 ciliaris ciliaris Wikipedia:Ciliary_muscle musculus ciliaris musculus ciliaris Wikipedia:Ciliary_muscle . revisit this, see issue #331 The muscle cells of the iris are smooth muscle in mammals and amphibians, but are striated muscle in birds and reptiles. Many fish have neither, and, as a result, their irides are unable to dilate and contract, so that the pupil always remains of a fixed size[Romer, via WP] in aves, stromal mesenchymal cells may migrate to the iris and become skeletal EMAPA:35448 FMA:49154 MA:0001287 SCTID:280888007 Wikipedia:Iris_muscle iris muscle iris muscle organ muscle organ of iris uberon UBERON:0001606 muscle of iris FMA . Wikipedia:Iris_muscle iris muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of iris OBOL:automatic A branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:19213 FMA:49549 MA:0001950 NCIT:C32578 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCt95ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181328007 UMLS:C0226109 Wikipedia:Facial_artery uberon arteria maxillaris externa external maxillary artery UBERON:0001612 facial artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Gray508.png A branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted]. A branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_artery UMLS:C0226109 ncithesaurus:Facial_Artery arteria maxillaris externa arteria maxillaris externa Wikipedia:Facial_artery An artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. ...1st pair undergoes partial regression, the remnants of which becomes part of the maxillary arteries EHDAA2:0001069 EHDAA:7357 EMAPA:17311 FMA:49675 GAID:498 MA:0001919 MESH:D008438 NCIT:C34205 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDDJ45wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181326006 UMLS:C0024949 Wikipedia:Maxillary_artery uberon arteria maxillaris internal maxillary artery UBERON:0001616 maxillary artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Gray510.png human_reference_atlas An artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. An artery that supplies deep structures of the face. It comes just out behind the neck of the mandible. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Maxillary_artery ...1st pair undergoes partial regression, the remnants of which becomes part of the maxillary arteries ...1st pair undergoes partial regression, the remnants of which becomes part of the maxillary arteries http://download.videohelp.com/vitualis/med/Vascular_Devt.html UMLS:C0024949 ncithesaurus:Maxillary_Artery arteria maxillaris arteria maxillaris Wikipedia:Maxillary_artery Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. Portion of tissue composed of contractile fibers.[TAO] It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG] muscular muscle AAO:0011066 EMAPA:32715 EMAPA:37474 EV:0100146 FMA:5022 GAID:131 MA:0000015 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2kf-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:71616004 TAO:0005145 VHOG:0001245 XAO:0000172 ZFA:0005145 galen:Muscle uberon UBERON:0001630 muscle organ Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. GO:0007517 Portion of tissue composed of contractile fibers.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005145 TAO ZFIN:curator It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001245 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.75 It seems clear that the metazoan ancestor inherited from its unicellular descendants an actin cytoskeleton and motor-proteins of the myosin superfamily. Within metazoans, these two molecules were arranged into effective contractile units, the muscles. The basic trends for muscle evolution are already expressed in the diploblastic taxa.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001245 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.75 http://bgee.unil.ch/ muscle ZFA:0005145 EMAPA:37474 MA:th An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. Note that in FMA an artery is a tree, whereas AEO/JB defines it as a tube; FMA includes a separate class for what it calls the trunk. Classification in this ontology may currently (Jan 2012) represent a mix of both schemes, although we are gradually revising in the direction of the AEO scheme. Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.[AAO] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] arterial Some arthropods have primitive arterial systems but this term refers to arteries in a true closed circulatory system. AAO:0010211 AEO:0000208 BTO:0000573 CALOHA:TS-0054 EFO:0000814 EHDAA2:0000143 EHDAA2:0003253 EMAPA:35147 EV:0100026 FMA:50720 GAID:468 MA:0000064 MAT:0000034 MESH:D001158 MIAA:0000034 NCIT:C12372 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjknZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362877004 TAO:0000005 UMLS:C0003842 VHOG:0001251 Wikipedia:Artery XAO:0000114 ZFA:0000005 galen:Artery arterial subtree arterial tree organ part arteries uberon arterial system arterial vessel UBERON:0001637 artery An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. AEO:JB Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010211 AAO AAO:BJB The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001251 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001251 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0003842 ncithesaurus:Artery arteries TAO:0000005 Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. TODO - check with MA - vein vs venous blood vessel Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry blood from other organs, tissues, and cells to the heart.[AAO] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] venous venous subtree venous vessel AAO:0010212 AEO:0000209 BTO:0000234 CALOHA:TS-1108 EFO:0000816 EHDAA2:0003254 EMAPA:35906 EV:0100031 FMA:50723 GAID:492 MA:0000067 MAT:0000037 MESH:D014680 MIAA:0000037 NCIT:C12814 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjkWpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181367001 TAO:0000082 UMLS:C0042449 VHOG:0001743 Wikipedia:Vein XAO:0000115 ZFA:0000082 galen:Vein venous tree organ part uberon vascular element vena venae UBERON:0001638 vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Venous_system_en.svg Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. Wikipedia:Vein Part of the circulatory system composed of blood vessels which carry blood from other organs, tissues, and cells to the heart.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010212 AAO AAO:BJB The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001743 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001743 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0042449 ncithesaurus:Vein vascular element EMAPA:th vena vena Wikipedia:Vein venae VHOG:0001743 Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw). Nerve consists of motor and sensory components. Ganglion cells of the sensory component form the proximal part of the trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion. From the ganglion 3 major rami innervate jaws, snout, and buccal roof.[AAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] the ophthalmic usually usually merges with the other two. In some vertebrates, the ophthalmic emerges from the brain separately[Kardong] The trigeminal nerve has 3 branches in mammals - similar branches are present in nonmammalian vertebrates, but in some a separate profundus nerve that corresponds to opthalmic branch in mammls 5n AAO:0010470 BAMS:5n BAMS:Vn BAMS:nV BIRNLEX:869 BM:VN BTO:0001072 EFO:0001402 EHDAA2:0002084 EHDAA:3738 EMAPA:17576 FMA:50866 GAID:726 HBA:9322 MA:0001100 MBA:901 MESH:D014276 MFMO:0000093 NCIT:C12806 OpenCyc:Mx4rwMF8CJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362459002 TAO:0000697 UMLS:C0040996 VHOG:0000704 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve XAO:0003092 ZFA:0000697 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=549 fifth cranial nerve nervus trigeminus nervus trigeminus [v] trigeminal V trigeminal nerve [V] trigeminal nerve tree trigeminal v nerve uberon CN-V cranial nerve V nerve V nervus trigeminus trigeminus UBERON:0001645 trigeminal nerve https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Gray778_Trigeminal.png Wikipedia Cranial nerve that has three branches - the ophthalmic (supplying the skin of the nose and upper jaw), the maxillary and the mandibular (supplying the lower jaw). ISBN:0471209627 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve Nerve consists of motor and sensory components. Ganglion cells of the sensory component form the proximal part of the trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion. From the ganglion 3 major rami innervate jaws, snout, and buccal roof.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010470 AAO AAO:EJS We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...) (reference 1); Phylogenetically, the cranial nerves are thought to have evolved from dorsal and ventral nerves of a few anterior spinal nerves that became incorporated into the braincase. Dorsal and ventral nerves fuse in the trunk but not in the head, and they produce two series: dorsal cranial nerves (V, VII, IX, and X) and ventral cranial nerves (III, IV, VI, and XIII) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000704 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.625 http://bgee.unil.ch/ the ophthalmic usually usually merges with the other two. In some vertebrates, the ophthalmic emerges from the brain separately[Kardong] The trigeminal nerve has 3 branches in mammals - similar branches are present in nonmammalian vertebrates, but in some a separate profundus nerve that corresponds to opthalmic branch in mammls ISBN:0471888893 5n BIRNLEX:869 NIFSTD:NeuroNames_abbrevSource UMLS:C0040996 BIRNLEX:869 UMLS:C0040996 ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Nerve http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=549 BIRNLEX:869 nervus trigeminus Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve nervus trigeminus [v] FMA:50866 FMA:TA trigeminal V EHDAA2:0002084 nerve V NeuroNames:549 nervus trigeminus BTO:0001072 trigeminus BTO:0001072 The pulmonary artery that supplies the right lung. TODO - add class 'pulmonary artery tree organ' EMAPA:37378 FMA:50872 MA:0002500 NCIT:C33489 SCTID:244235003 UMLS:C0923924 Wikipedia:Right_pulmonary_artery galen:RightPulmonaryArtery right main pulmonary artery right pulmonary arterial tree uberon arteria pulmonalis dextra UBERON:0001651 right pulmonary artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Gray504.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png human_reference_atlas The pulmonary artery that supplies the right lung. UBERON:cjm EMAPA:37378 MA:th UMLS:C0923924 ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Artery arteria pulmonalis dextra arteria pulmonalis dextra Wikipedia:Right_pulmonary_artery The pulmonary artery that supplies the left lung. TODO - add class 'pulmonary artery tree organ' EMAPA:37097 FMA:50873 MA:0002032 NCIT:C32971 SCTID:244234004 UMLS:C0923925 Wikipedia:Left_pulmonary_artery galen:LeftPulmonaryArtery left main pulmonary artery left pulmonary arterial tree uberon arteria pulmonalis sinistra UBERON:0001652 left pulmonary artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Gray504.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png human_reference_atlas The pulmonary artery that supplies the left lung. UBERON:cjm EMAPA:37097 MA:th UMLS:C0923925 ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Artery arteria pulmonalis sinistra arteria pulmonalis sinistra Wikipedia:Left_pulmonary_artery The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Vein which collects blood from muscles of the head and drains into the external jugular vein.[AAO] MA and NCITA also has 'anterior facial vein' AAO:0010513 EMAPA:19220 FMA:50874 MA:0002115 NCIT:C32579 OpenCyc:Mx4rvziz3JwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181374006 UMLS:C0226532 Wikipedia:Facial_vein face vein vein of face uberon anterior facial vein vena facialis anterior UBERON:0001653 facial vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray557.png FMA The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. The anterior facial vein (facial vein) commences at the side of the root of the nose, and is a direct continuation of the angular vein where it also receives a small nasal branch. It lies behind the facial artery and follows a less tortuous course. It receives blood from the external palatine vein before it either joins the anterior branch of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein, or drains directly into the internal jugular vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Facial_vein Vein which collects blood from muscles of the head and drains into the external jugular vein.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010513 AAO AAO:BJB MA and NCITA also has 'anterior facial vein' MA UMLS:C0226532 ncithesaurus:Facial_Vein face vein OBOL:automatic vein of face OBOL:automatic anterior facial vein anterior facial vein Wikipedia:Facial_vein vena facialis anterior vena facialis anterior Wikipedia:Facial_vein The cranial ganglion that is associated with and extends fibers into the trigeminal nerve. consider renaming this 'trigeminal ganglion complex'. The complex may be fused (amniotes) partially fused (xenopus) or separate (sharks) A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] In Xenopus, the profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24. AAO:0011107 BAMS:5Gn BAMS:GV BTO:0001231 EFO:0000903 EHDAA2:0002085 EHDAA:2113 EMAPA:16797 FMA:52618 GAID:725 MA:0001080 MAT:0000511 MESH:D012668 NCIT:C62642 SCTID:244449009 TAO:0000295 UMLS:C0040995 VHOG:0000694 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion XAO:0000427 XAO:0000428 ZFA:0000295 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1402 5th ganglion Gasserian ganglion fifth ganglion ganglion of trigeminal complex semilunar ganglion trigeminal V ganglion fused trigeminal ganglion uberon Gasser's ganglion Gasserian ganglia gV ganglion of trigeminal nerve ganglion semilunare ganglion trigeminale trigeminal ganglia trigeminus ganglion UBERON:0001675 trigeminal ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Gray776.png ncithesaurus Bgee:AN The cranial ganglion that is associated with and extends fibers into the trigeminal nerve. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53171 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/693 A prominent collection of touch-sensory neurons of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve, positioned beside the brain between the eye and the ear. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000295 TAO ZFIN:curator In Xenopus, the profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24. PMID:21452441 XAO:0004093 UMLS:C0040995 ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Ganglion 5th ganglion ZFA:0000295 Gasserian ganglion Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion fifth ganglion ZFA:0000295 ganglion of trigeminal complex http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 semilunar ganglion ISBN:0471888893 trigeminal V ganglion MA:0001080 fused trigeminal ganglion NCBITaxon:32524 Gasser's ganglion BTO:0001231 Gasserian ganglia Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion ganglion of trigeminal nerve BTO:0001231 ganglion semilunare Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion ganglion trigeminale BTO:0001231 ganglion trigeminale Wikipedia:Trigeminal_ganglion trigeminal ganglia The bone at the lower, posterior part of the skull. formed from the sclerotome of the occipital somites. It is not present in living or fossil agnathans or cartilaginous fishes, but appears to have arisen in parallel in many bony fishes. Incorporation of the occipital ver- tebrae into the skull was associated with the annexation of the upper part of the spinal cord into the brain, together with the first 2 spinal nerves as cranial nerves XI and XII fusion of basi-, exo- and supra-occipitals (and maybe tabular) EMAPA:25112 FMA:52735 GAID:227 MA:0001468 MESH:D009777 NCIT:C12757 OpenCyc:Mx4rwQtsiZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181796003 UMLS:C0028784 Wikipedia:Occipital_bone uberon occipital complex occipital squama os occipitale UBERON:0001676 occipital bone http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Gray194.png FMA FMA basi paired exo and supra occipital bones MA-modified interparietal (postparietal) basi paired exo and supra occipital bones MA-modified interparietal (postparietal) WP PMID:11523816 The bone at the lower, posterior part of the skull. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005269 formed from the sclerotome of the occipital somites. It is not present in living or fossil agnathans or cartilaginous fishes, but appears to have arisen in parallel in many bony fishes. Incorporation of the occipital ver- tebrae into the skull was associated with the annexation of the upper part of the spinal cord into the brain, together with the first 2 spinal nerves as cranial nerves XI and XII formed from the sclerotome of the occipital somites. It is not present in living or fossil agnathans or cartilaginous fishes, but appears to have arisen in parallel in many bony fishes. Incorporation of the occipital ver- tebrae into the skull was associated with the annexation of the upper part of the spinal cord into the brain, together with the first 2 spinal nerves as cranial nerves XI and XII PMID:11523816 fusion of basi-, exo- and supra-occipitals (and maybe tabular) Kardong UMLS:C0028784 ncithesaurus:Occipital_Bone occipital complex occipital complex http://palaeos.com/vertebrates/bones/braincase/occiput.html os occipitale os occipitale Wikipedia:Occipital_bone Subdivision of skeletal system that surrounds and protects the brain. Includes the skull base, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof. Anatomical cluster that consists of the cartilages and bones that surround the brain.[TAO] neurocranial It includes the following bones: Ethmoid bone, Frontal bone, Occipital bone, Parietal bone, Sphenoid bone, Temporal bone. The term cranium can be ambiguous, in that it can refer to the neurocranium, or the neurocranium and the Facial skeleton The cartilaginous parts of the neurocranium undergo endochondral ossification in most species; ossification has been lost in cartilaginous fishes, but the cartilaginous condition of the skull of lampreys is considered to be primitive (Kardong, 1995)[PMID:11523816]. The neurocranium arises from paraxial mesoderm in the head (first five somites and the unsegmented somitomeres rostral to the first somite) and from ectoderm via the neural crest. In Chondrichthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates this portion of the cranium does not ossify; it is not replaced via endochondral ossification[WP]. It seems MA uses 'neurocranium' as a synonym for chondrocranium. Note there are currently some structures part of both viscero and neurocranium - ethmoid, zyogomatic, ... AAO:0010153 EHDAA2:0000243 EMAPA:17681 FMA:53672 MA:0000317 SCTID:361731002 TAO:0001580 Wikipedia:Neuroranium XAO:0003170 ZFA:0001580 brain box uberon brain case brain pan braincase UBERON:0001703 neurocranium FMA Subdivision of skeletal system that surrounds and protects the brain. Includes the skull base, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof. TAO:MAH ZFA:0001580 Subdivision of skeletal system that surrounds and protects the brain. Includes the skull base, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof. PMID:11523816 TAO:MAH Wikipedia:Neuroranium ZFA:0001580 Anatomical cluster that consists of the cartilages and bones that surround the brain.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001580 TAO TAO:MAH The cartilaginous parts of the neurocranium undergo endochondral ossification in most species; ossification has been lost in cartilaginous fishes, but the cartilaginous condition of the skull of lampreys is considered to be primitive (Kardong, 1995)[PMID:11523816]. The neurocranium arises from paraxial mesoderm in the head (first five somites and the unsegmented somitomeres rostral to the first somite) and from ectoderm via the neural crest. In Chondrichthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates this portion of the cranium does not ossify; it is not replaced via endochondral ossification[WP]. WP It seems MA uses 'neurocranium' as a synonym for chondrocranium. Note there are currently some structures part of both viscero and neurocranium - ethmoid, zyogomatic, ... MA brain case ZFA:0001580 brain pan brain pan http://www.thefreedictionary.com/braincase braincase ZFA:0001580 Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons. TODO - move ZFA:0001227 (it is the entire jaw skeleton). Skeletal and cartilage elements of the first pharyngeal arch.[TAO] There are cellular contributions from all three embryonic germ layers: pharyngeal mesoderm, endoderm and neural crest that migrates out of the ectoderm (Noden, 1983). in FMA, the jaw is an organism subdivision cluster, and includes mucosal tissue such as the gingiva as parts. It appears to be skeletal in MA (and has teeth as parts). It is reasonable to assume that ZFA and XAO consider the upper and lower jaws to be skeletal elements or clusters. EHDAA2 also considers these clusters. TODO - follow EHDAA2 model. These arbitrary differences in terminology and classification have to be reconciled with the genuine well-known biological differences in the skeletal elements across vertebrates AAO:0000988 BTO:0001749 EMAPA:35455 FMA:54396 GAID:214 MA:0001905 MESH:D007568 NCIT:C48821 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjEZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181811001 TAO:0001227 UMLS:C0022359 Wikipedia:Jaw ZFA:0001227 galen:Jaw jaw jaw cartilage mandibular arch skeleton uberon anterior splanchnocranium jaws mandibular arch oral jaw skeleton pharyngeal arch 1 skeleton visceral arch 1 UBERON:0001708 jaw skeleton cjm Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons. Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons. Wikipedia:Jaw https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal and cartilage elements of the first pharyngeal arch.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001227 TAO ZFIN:curator in FMA, the jaw is an organism subdivision cluster, and includes mucosal tissue such as the gingiva as parts. It appears to be skeletal in MA (and has teeth as parts). It is reasonable to assume that ZFA and XAO consider the upper and lower jaws to be skeletal elements or clusters. EHDAA2 also considers these clusters. TODO - follow EHDAA2 model. These arbitrary differences in terminology and classification have to be reconciled with the genuine well-known biological differences in the skeletal elements across vertebrates FMA UMLS:C0022359 ncithesaurus:Jaw jaw MA:0001905 jaw cartilage ZFA:0001227 mandibular arch skeleton ZFA:0001227 mandibular arch TAO:0001227 Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. Inferior mandibular arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.[AAO] Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] Note isa/partof difference MA/FMA AAO:0000272 EFO:0003660 EHDAA2:0001018 EHDAA:7995 EMAPA:17906 FMA:59398 MESH:D008334 SCTID:362637005 VHOG:0000453 Wikipedia:Lower_jaw ncithesaurus:Lower_Jaw mandibular part of mouth uberon lower part of mouth mandibular series UBERON:0001710 See notes for jaw w.r.t skeletal element vs subdivision of head lower jaw region http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray176.png Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. Wikipedia:Lower_jaw Inferior mandibular arch located on the anterior and lateral sides of the skull.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000272 AAO AAO:LAP Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000453 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000453 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ Note isa/partof difference MA/FMA MA mandibular part of mouth FMA:59398 The groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves. Ganglion which is located in the head.[TAO] UBERON:0003213 UBERON:0026601 BIRNLEX:2597 BTO:0000106 EFO:0000902 EMAPA:16659 FMA:54502 MA:0000213 MA:0000214 MAT:0000200 MIAA:0000200 SCTID:244448001 TAO:0000013 VHOG:0000076 Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve_ganglion XAO:0000027 ZFA:0000013 cranial ganglion cranial ganglion part of peripheral nervous system cranial ganglion/nerve cranial nerve ganglion cranial neural ganglion cranial neural tree organ ganglion ganglion of cranial nerve ganglion of cranial neural tree organ uberon cranial ganglia head ganglion presumptive cranial ganglia UBERON:0001714 cranial ganglion The groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:csmith MP:0001081 PMID:9362461 Ganglion which is located in the head.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000013 TAO ZFIN:curator cranial ganglion part of peripheral nervous system BIRNLEX:2597 cranial neural tree organ ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of cranial nerve FMA:54502 ganglion of cranial neural tree organ OBOL:automatic presumptive cranial ganglia ZFA:0000013 An anatomical space that is enclosed by a pharynx. See notes for pharynx - as a grouping class this is probably too bad. We exclude WBbt:0005790 (pharyngeal lumen) because of the developmental relationship TOODO check AAO:0010435 BSA:0000113 BTO:0002097 EMAPA:18381 FMA:54935 SCTID:180543003 XAO:0000105 lumen of pharynx pharyngeal cavity uberon cavitas pharyngealis cavitas pharyngis UBERON:0001731 cavity of pharynx XAO An anatomical space that is enclosed by a pharynx. OBOL:automatic cavitas pharyngealis cavitas pharyngis BTO:0002097 The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, and bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and part of the crystalline lens. The part of the eyeball between the cornea and the iris, filled with aqueous humor. [TFD][VHOG] space in EHDAA2 - consider adding Cavity of anterior chamber of eyeball BTO:0002084 EHDAA2:0000129 EHDAA:9033 EMAPA:18231 FMA:58078 GAID:889 MA:0000262 MESH:D000867 NCIT:C12667 SCTID:181160009 UMLS:C0003151 VHOG:0001431 Wikipedia:Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball anterior chamber anterior chamber of eye camera anterior eye anterior chamber uberon camera anterior bulbi camera anterior bulbi oculi camera oculi anterior UBERON:0001766 anterior chamber of eyeball http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg FMA The space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, and bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and part of the crystalline lens. MESH:A09.371.060.067 MP:0005205 The part of the eyeball between the cornea and the iris, filled with aqueous humor. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001431 VHOG The part of the eyeball between the cornea and the iris, filled with aqueous humor. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001431 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/anterior+chamber space in EHDAA2 - consider adding Cavity of anterior chamber of eyeball EHDAA2 UMLS:C0003151 ncithesaurus:Anterior_Chamber_of_the_Eye anterior chamber HP:0000593 MP:0010709 camera anterior bulbi BTO:0002084 camera anterior bulbi oculi camera anterior bulbi oculi Wikipedia:Anterior_chamber_of_eyeball camera oculi anterior BTO:0002084 The pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited]. TODO - check child terms, isa vs partof. See also MA:0001284 ! tunica vasculosa plexus uveal CALOHA:TS-2228 EMAPA:35901 FMA:58103 GAID:912 MA:0002480 MESH:D014602 NCIT:C12811 SCTID:280648000 UMLS:C0042160 Wikipedia:Uvea tunica vasculosa of eyeball uvea uveal tract uberon pars iridica retinae tunica vasculatis oculi tunica vasculosa bulbi vascular layer of eyeball UBERON:0001768 uvea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Gray869.png FMA The pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited]. MP:0005197 The pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited]. MP:0005197 Wikipedia:Uvea DOI:10.1177/0192623311409597 UMLS:C0042160 ncithesaurus:Uvea tunica vasculosa of eyeball FMA:58103 uvea FMA:58103 uveal tract FMA:58103 pars iridica retinae pars iridica retinae Wikipedia:Uvea tunica vasculatis oculi tunica vasculatis oculi Wikipedia:Uvea tunica vasculosa bulbi tunica vasculosa bulbi Wikipedia:Uvea vascular layer of eyeball FMA:58103 The adjustable membrane, composed of the stroma and pigmented epithelium, located just in front of the crystalline lens within the eye. The opaque muscular contractile diaphragm suspended in the aqueous humour in front of the lens of the eye. The organ is perforated by the pupil and continues peripherally with the ciliary body. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] iridial The avian iris and ciliary body undergoes a transition from smooth-to-striated muscle during embryonic development [DOI:dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1998.9019] AAO:0010347 BTO:0000653 CALOHA:TS-0491 EFO:0004245 EMAPA:19154 EV:0100345 FMA:58235 GAID:917 MA:0000273 MESH:D007498 NCIT:C12737 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjbppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181164000 TAO:0001238 UMLS:C0022077 VHOG:0000101 Wikipedia:Iris_(anatomy) XAO:0000185 ZFA:0001238 uberon anterior uvea irides irises UBERON:0001769 iris XAO The adjustable membrane, composed of the stroma and pigmented epithelium, located just in front of the crystalline lens within the eye. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0001322 The opaque muscular contractile diaphragm suspended in the aqueous humour in front of the lens of the eye. The organ is perforated by the pupil and continues peripherally with the ciliary body. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000101 VHOG The opaque muscular contractile diaphragm suspended in the aqueous humour in front of the lens of the eye. The organ is perforated by the pupil and continues peripherally with the ciliary body. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000101 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000101 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000101 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0022077 ncithesaurus:Iris irides irises VHOG:0000101 The smooth stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the cornea. Portion of tissue comprised of four to six layers of nonkeratinized, stratified squamous cells and represents approximately 60% of the thickness of the cornea.[TAO] In Humans: It consists of several layers of cells. The cells of the deepest layer are columnar; then follow two or three layers of polyhedral cells, the majority of which are prickle cells similar to those found in the stratum mucosum of the cuticle. Lastly, there are three or four layers of squamous cells, with flattened nuclei In zebrafish: nonpigmented, stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelial cells, attached to a thick basement membrane that is considered to be analogous to the Bowman's membrane in mammals BTO:0000287 CALOHA:TS-0173 EFO:0001917 EHDAA2:0000319 EMAPA:17162 FMA:58263 GAID:895 MA:0001243 MESH:D019573 NCIT:C12928 SCTID:368825001 TAO:0002187 UMLS:C0459875 Wikipedia:Corneal_epithelium ZFA:0001683 anterior corneal epithelium cornea epithelial tissue cornea epithelium epithelial tissue of cornea epithelium anterius (cornea) epithelium anterius corneae epithelium corneæ anterior layer epithelium of cornea external epithelium of cornea uberon anterior endothelium of cornea e. anterius corneae endothelium anterius corneae endothelium camerae anterioris bulbi endothelium corneale epithelium posterius corneae UBERON:0001772 corneal epithelium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray871.png ISBN:0781772214 The smooth stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the cornea. MESH:A09.371.060.217.325 MGI:smb MP:0006000 Portion of tissue comprised of four to six layers of nonkeratinized, stratified squamous cells and represents approximately 60% of the thickness of the cornea.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002187 TAO ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 UMLS:C0459875 ncithesaurus:Corneal_Epithelium cornea epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic cornea epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of cornea OBOL:automatic epithelium anterius corneae FMA:58263 FMA:TA anterior endothelium of cornea BTO:0000287 e. anterius corneae e. anterius corneae Wikipedia:Corneal_epithelium endothelium anterius corneae BTO:0000287 endothelium camerae anterioris bulbi BTO:0000287 endothelium corneale BTO:0000287 epithelium posterius corneae BTO:0000287 Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP]. The sclera, also known as the white part of the eye, is the opaque (usually white, though certain animals, such as horses and lizards, can have black sclera), fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. It is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. The sclera forms the posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea, and maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The sclera is perforated by plenty of nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the optic nerve. At the optic disk the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (fasciculi). The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface, and together with the conjunctiva (which lies on top) This is a thin layer covering the sclera. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva, those of the sclera renders the inflamed eye bright red. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Sclera]. The tough, usually white, outer coat of the eyeball, covering all the posterior surface and continuous anteriorly with the cornea. [TFD][VHOG] scleral in fish, reptiles and monotremes the connective tissue of the sclera is skeletal continuous with the dura mater and the cornea; The sclera forms the posterior five-sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. Majority derives from NC that surrounds optic cup of neurectoderm; a small temporal portion develops from the mesoderm that contributes to striated extra-ocular muscles and vascular endothelia[Rada&Johnson]. Seko et al demonstrate chondrogenic potential and identify this as connective tissue[DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0003709]. AAO:0010354 BTO:0001606 EMAPA:19027 EV:0100342 FMA:58269 GAID:911 MA:0000280 MESH:D012590 NCIT:C12784 OpenCyc:Mx4rv7yR55wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181163006 UMLS:C0036410 VHOG:0001274 Wikipedia:Sclera XAO:0000183 ZFA:0005563 uberon scleral capsule UBERON:0001773 Disease notes: implicated in rheumatoid arthritis. sclera http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg FMA ZFA ISBN:0781772214 Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP]. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-050701-15 Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP]. Wikipedia:Sclera ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-050701-15 The sclera, also known as the white part of the eye, is the opaque (usually white, though certain animals, such as horses and lizards, can have black sclera), fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. It is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. The sclera forms the posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea, and maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The sclera is perforated by plenty of nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the optic nerve. At the optic disk the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (fasciculi). The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface, and together with the conjunctiva (which lies on top) This is a thin layer covering the sclera. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva, those of the sclera renders the inflamed eye bright red. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Sclera]. The sclera, also known as the white part of the eye, is the opaque (usually white, though certain animals, such as horses and lizards, can have black sclera), fibrous, protective, outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fiber. It is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. The sclera forms the posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. It is continuous with the dura mater and the cornea, and maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The sclera is perforated by plenty of nerves and vessels passing through the posterior scleral foramen, the hole that is formed by the optic nerve. At the optic disk the outer two-thirds of the sclera continues with the dura mater (outer coat of the brain) via the dural sheath of the optic nerve. The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations through which the optic fibers (fasciculi). The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface, and together with the conjunctiva (which lies on top) This is a thin layer covering the sclera. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva, those of the sclera renders the inflamed eye bright red. [WP,unvetted][Wikipedia:Sclera]. Wikipedia:Sclera The tough, usually white, outer coat of the eyeball, covering all the posterior surface and continuous anteriorly with the cornea. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001274 VHOG The tough, usually white, outer coat of the eyeball, covering all the posterior surface and continuous anteriorly with the cornea. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001274 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/sclera UMLS:C0036410 ncithesaurus:Sclera A skeletal muscle organ that is part of the trunk region. Note that this class excludes smooth muscle elements in the trunk region, such as the internal anal sphincter. This appears to be consistent with other ontologies such as FMA and ZFA which appear to only include skeletal muscles here. In fact the MA class 'trunk muscle' is classified as a 'set of skeletal muscles'. Many ontologies do not appear to have a coherent distinction between an individual muscle and the musculature (i.e. the set of muscles in a region), so we group all together here. AAO:0000611 EMAPA:35888 FMA:58274 MA:0000514 TAO:0000473 XAO:0003230 ZFA:0000473 body musculature muscle of trunk muscle organ of torso muscle organ of trunk torso muscle organ trunk muscle trunk muscle organ trunk musculature uberon UBERON:0001774 skeletal muscle of trunk prolog A skeletal muscle organ that is part of the trunk region. A skeletal muscle organ that is part of the trunk region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 body musculature ZFA:0000473 muscle of trunk FMA:58274 muscle organ of torso OBOL:automatic muscle organ of trunk OBOL:automatic torso muscle organ OBOL:automatic trunk muscle organ OBOL:automatic The thickened portion of the vascular tunic, which lies between the choroid and the iris, composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010341 BTO:0000260 CALOHA:TS-0694 EMAPA:19065 EV:0100346 FMA:58295 GAID:916 MA:0000264 MESH:D002924 NCIT:C12345 SCTID:263340007 UMLS:C0008779 VHOG:0000102 Wikipedia:Ciliary_body XAO:0000186 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1571 ocular ciliary body uberon anterior uvea ciliary bodies corpus ciliare UBERON:0001775 ciliary body http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg ISBN:0781772214 The thickened portion of the vascular tunic, which lies between the choroid and the iris, composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005099 The thickened portion of the vascular tunic, which lies between the choroid and the iris, composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005099 Wikipedia:Ciliary_body The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000102 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) The eye of the adult lamprey is remarkably similar to our own, and it possesses numerous features (including the expression of opsin genes) that are very similar to those of the eyes of jawed vertebrates. The lamprey's camera-like eye has a lens, an iris and extra-ocular muscles (five of them, unlike the eyes of jawed vertebrates, which have six), although it lacks intra-ocular muscles. Its retina also has a structure very similar to that of the retinas of other vertebrates, with three nuclear layers comprised of the cell bodies of photoreceptors and bipolar, horizontal, amacrine and ganglion cells. The southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, possesses five morphological classes of retinal photoreceptor and five classes of opsin, each of which is closely related to the opsins of jawed vertebrates. Given these similarities, we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000102 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0008779 ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Body ciliary bodies VHOG:0000102 corpus ciliare corpus ciliare corpus ciliare Wikipedia:Ciliary_body corpus ciliare Wikipedia:Ciliary_body Vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP]. check choroid vs choroid layer; check ZFA/TAO placement - no homology assertion in VHOG. Note this is entirely in the posterior region of eyeball in ZFA choroidal MP treats posterior uvea and optic choroid as distinct BTO:0001829 CALOHA:TS-2054 EMAPA:19077 EV:0100347 FMA:58298 GAID:913 MA:0000263 MESH:D002829 NCIT:C12344 SCTID:181172003 TAO:0005229 UMLS:C0008520 VHOG:0001568 Wikipedia:Choroid ZFA:0005229 choroid choroid coat choroidea eye choroid posterior uvea uberon chorioid choroidea optic choroid UBERON:0001776 optic choroid http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg MA Wikipedia Wikipedia lexical Vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP]. Vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP]. Wikipedia:Choroid MP treats posterior uvea and optic choroid as distinct MP UMLS:C0008520 ncithesaurus:Choroid choroid MA:0000263 choroid coat choroid coat Wikipedia:Choroid choroidea choroidea Wikipedia:Choroid eye choroid VHOG:0001568 posterior uvea posterior uvea Wikipedia:Uvea#Regions chorioid BTO:0001829 choroidea choroidea Wikipedia:Choroid optic choroid ZFA:0005229 The lamellated connective tissue of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. Portion of tissue that is located basal to Bowman's layer and distal to Descemet's membrane and is comprised largely of connective tissue.[TAO] relationship type change: subclass tissue (CARO:0000043) CHANGED TO: develops_from tissue (UBERON:0000479)[TAO] relationship type change: subclass tissue (CARO:0000043) CHANGED TO: has_developmental_contribution_from tissue (UBERON:0000479)[TAO] substantia propria CALOHA:TS-1138 EFO:0002514 EMAPA:17602 FMA:58306 GAID:893 MA:0001245 MESH:D003319 NCIT:C12699 SCTID:362511000 TAO:0002189 UMLS:C0010040 Wikipedia:Corneal_stroma ZFA:0001685 corneal stroma stroma of cornea substantia propria corneae uberon UBERON:0001777 substantia propria of cornea http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray871.png cjm ISBN:0781772214 Wikipedia The lamellated connective tissue of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MESH:A09.371.060.217.228 MP:0005300 Portion of tissue that is located basal to Bowman's layer and distal to Descemet's membrane and is comprised largely of connective tissue.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002189 TAO ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 relationship type change: subclass tissue (CARO:0000043) CHANGED TO: develops_from tissue (UBERON:0000479)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002189 TAO relationship type change: subclass tissue (CARO:0000043) CHANGED TO: has_developmental_contribution_from tissue (UBERON:0000479)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002189 TAO UMLS:C0010040 ncithesaurus:Corneal_Stroma corneal stroma MA:0001245 substantia propria corneae FMA:58306 FMA:TA A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor. BTO:0001770 CALOHA:TS-0695 EMAPA:35239 FMA:58464 MA:0001238 NCIT:C32314 SCTID:280870004 UMLS:C0459736 Wikipedia:Ciliary_body#Ciliary_epithelium ciliary body epithelium epithelium of ciliary body ocular ciliary epithelium uberon UBERON:0001778 ciliary epithelium FMA MA MP Wikipedia A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor. A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor. Wikipedia:Ciliary_body#Ciliary_epithelium UMLS:C0459736 ncithesaurus:Ciliary_Epithelium ciliary body epithelium FMA:58464 epithelium of ciliary body FMA:58464 The delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae. EMAPA:35451 FMA:58526 MA:0002777 SCTID:280882008 Wikipedia:Iris_stroma ZFA:0005569 iridial stroma stroma of iris uberon UBERON:0001779 iris stroma http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray883.png The delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae. The delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae. Wikipedia:Iris_stroma http://www.drugs.com/dict/stroma-of-iris.html The any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified]. Any of the paired nerves emerging from the spinal cord, each attached to the cord by two roots: ventral and dorsal, and passing out between the vertebrae. [TFD][VHOG] AAO:0011101 BAMS:spin BTO:0000870 EHDAA2:0001898 EMAPA:16989 FMA:5858 GAID:841 MA:0000233 MESH:D013127 NCIT:C12792 OpenCyc:Mx4rwK_iFJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361099009 UMLS:C0037941 VHOG:0000824 Wikipedia:Spinal_nerve XAO:0003101 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1228 backbone nerve nerve of backbone nerve of spinal column nerve of spine nerve of vertebral column spinal column nerve spinal nerve tree spine nerve vertebral column nerve uberon nervi spinales spinal nerves UBERON:0001780 spinal nerve https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg The any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified]. MESH:A08.800.800.720 MP:0001077 Any of the paired nerves emerging from the spinal cord, each attached to the cord by two roots: ventral and dorsal, and passing out between the vertebrae. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000824 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/spinal+nerve UMLS:C0037941 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Nerve backbone nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of backbone OBOL:automatic nerve of spinal column OBOL:automatic nerve of spine OBOL:automatic nerve of vertebral column OBOL:automatic spinal column nerve OBOL:automatic spine nerve OBOL:automatic vertebral column nerve OBOL:automatic nervi spinales Wikipedia:Spinal_nerve spinal nerves BAMS:spin Any of the layers that make up the retina[MP]. MA does not treat internal/external limiting memranes as layers - these are classified as laminae. Here we follow other ontologies in grouping with other layers. MA also treats retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina epithelium as distinct from the layers. We follow ontologies such as FMA and ZFA in first dividing into pigmented and neural layers - these are also classified as layers, giving us over the usual 10 layers AAO:0010353 EMAPA:35742 FMA:58617 MA:0001319 NCIT:C49328 SCTID:280657006 UMLS:C0459649 XAO:0000266 retina layer retina neuronal layer retinal layer retinal neuronal layer uberon UBERON:0001781 layer of retina Any of the layers that make up the retina[MP]. MP:0003727 MA does not treat internal/external limiting memranes as layers - these are classified as laminae. Here we follow other ontologies in grouping with other layers. MA also treats retinal pigment epithelium and neural retina epithelium as distinct from the layers. We follow ontologies such as FMA and ZFA in first dividing into pigmented and neural layers - these are also classified as layers, giving us over the usual 10 layers MA UMLS:C0459649 ncithesaurus:Retina_Layer retina neuronal layer MP:0006069 retinal neuronal layer MP:0006069 Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. classified as neural tree organ, not nerve in FMA. CN II poses a challenge here as it is not strictly a nerve, yet is expected to be classified under CN. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull. The nerves contain efferent axons with motor and glandular functions, as well as afferent axons from cranial ganglia with sensory functions. The nerves are numbered in a rostral to caudal sequence, with the exception of the lateral line nerves.[TAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...).[well established][VHOG] See https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/6 AAO:0000108 BAMS:cran BIRNLEX:1623 BTO:0001104 EHDAA2:0000323 EMAPA:17264 FMA:5865 GAID:802 HBA:9299 MA:0000215 MBA:967 MESH:D003391 NCIT:C12700 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWvJVpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244447006 TAO:0000641 UMLS:C0010268 UMLS:C1269897 VHOG:0000279 Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve XAO:0000429 XAO:0003089 ZFA:0000641 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1227 cranial neural tree organ uberon cranial nerves nervus cranialis UBERON:0001785 cranial nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en-2.svg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Brain_human_normal_inferior_view_with_labels_en.svg Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve Twelve pairs of cranial nerves exit/enter the cranium through openings in the skull. The nerves contain efferent axons with motor and glandular functions, as well as afferent axons from cranial ganglia with sensory functions. The nerves are numbered in a rostral to caudal sequence, with the exception of the lateral line nerves.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000641 TAO ZFIN:curator We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (...) (5) cranial nerves (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000279 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0010268 BIRNLEX:1623 UMLS:C0010268 ncithesaurus:Cranial_Nerve UMLS:C1269897 BIRNLEX:1623 nervus cranialis Wikipedia:Cranial_nerve A thick watery refractive medium that fills the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. The fluid produced by the ciliary process in the eye and occupying the anterior and posterior chambers. It provides nourishment for the lens and cornea and maintains the ocular pressure, and hence the optical integrity of the eyeball. [TFD][VHOG] (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] FMA says A+P chambers, and MA states A chamber. ZFA states A chamber and tha it is produced primarily by dorsal ciliary epithelial cells.To be investigated across taxa. EHDAA2:0000139 EHDAA:10196 EMAPA:18232 ENVO:02000024 FMA:58819 GAID:890 MA:0001236 MESH:D001082 NCIT:C13190 OpenCyc:Mx4rvdGd-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280587006 UMLS:C0003662 VHOG:0000548 Wikipedia:Aqueous_humor ZFA:0005564 aqueous humor aqueous humour humor aquosus uberon UBERON:0001796 aqueous humor of eyeball http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg FMA def states A and P located_in in EHDAA2 VHOG A thick watery refractive medium that fills the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. A thick watery refractive medium that fills the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. Wikipedia:Aqueous_humor The fluid produced by the ciliary process in the eye and occupying the anterior and posterior chambers. It provides nourishment for the lens and cornea and maintains the ocular pressure, and hence the optical integrity of the eyeball. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000548 VHOG The fluid produced by the ciliary process in the eye and occupying the anterior and posterior chambers. It provides nourishment for the lens and cornea and maintains the ocular pressure, and hence the optical integrity of the eyeball. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000548 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aqueous+humour (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000548 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000548 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA says A+P chambers, and MA states A chamber. ZFA states A chamber and tha it is produced primarily by dorsal ciliary epithelial cells.To be investigated across taxa. FMA UMLS:C0003662 ncithesaurus:Aqueous_Humor aqueous humour EHDAA2:0000139 humor aquosus FMA:58819 FMA:TA The clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. AEO:0001000 BTO:0005630 EMAPA:36596 FMA:5885 MA:0002566 MESH:D017950 NCIT:C13060 UMLS:C0206429 ganglion sensorium uberon UBERON:0001800 sensory ganglion The clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. MP:0000960 UMLS:C0206429 ncithesaurus:Sensory_Ganglion ganglion sensorium Any of the parts of the eye that lie in front of, or ventral to, the lens (inclusive). EMAPA:36594 FMA:58865 MA:0002484 MESH:D000869 NCIT:C12668 SCTID:280658001 UMLS:C0003153 Wikipedia:Anterior_segment_of_eyeball ZFA:0005566 anterior eye segment anterior segment eye anterior segment of eye anterior segment of the eye eye anterior segment segmentum anterius (bulbus oculi) uberon segmentum anterius bulbi oculi UBERON:0001801 anterior segment of eyeball http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Cataract_in_human_eye.png FMA cjm lexical Any of the parts of the eye that lie in front of, or ventral to, the lens (inclusive). ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MESH:A09.371.060 MP:0005193 ZFA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/378 pending UMLS:C0003153 ncithesaurus:Anterior_Eye_Segment anterior segment eye ZFA:0005566 segmentum anterius bulbi oculi segmentum anterius bulbi oculi Wikipedia:Anterior_segment_of_eyeball Any of the parts of the eye that lie in back of, or dorsal to, the lens (but not inclusive). EMAPA:36595 FMA:58868 MA:0002485 NCIT:C12906 SCTID:280659009 UMLS:C0278450 Wikipedia:Posterior_segment_of_eyeball ZFA:0005567 eye posterior segment posterior eye segment posterior segment eye posterior segment of eye posterior segment of the eye segmentum posterius (bulbus oculi) uberon segmentum posterius bulbi oculi UBERON:0001802 posterior segment of eyeball http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg FMA cjm lexical Any of the parts of the eye that lie in back of, or dorsal to, the lens (but not inclusive). ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005195 UMLS:C0278450 ncithesaurus:Posterior_Eye_Segment posterior segment eye ZFA:0005567 segmentum posterius bulbi oculi segmentum posterius bulbi oculi Wikipedia:Posterior_segment_of_eyeball A layer of epithelial cells that is part of the eye. this class is the superclass of the anterior epithelium and equatorial epithlium, although the term 'lens epithelium' may refer specifically to the former BTO:0001873 CALOHA:TS-0543 EMAPA:32871 FMA:58871 MA:0001301 SCTID:362523006 TAO:0001326 Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy)#Lens_Epithelium XAO:0004094 ZFA:0001326 epithelial tissue of eye lens epithelial tissue of lens epithelium lentis epithelium of eye lens eye lens epithelial tissue eye lens epithelium lens epithelial tissue lens epithelium uberon UBERON:0001803 epithelium of lens A layer of epithelial cells that is part of the eye. A layer of epithelial cells that is part of the eye. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 epithelial tissue of eye lens OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lens OBOL:automatic epithelium lentis FMA:58871 FMA:TA epithelium of eye lens OBOL:automatic eye lens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic eye lens epithelium OBOL:automatic lens epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic The elastic, clear, membrane-like structure, that is outer most layer of the lens. The transparent membrane which surrounds the lens of the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] synthesized by the lens epithelium and its main components are Type IV collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). [Wikipedia:Capsule_of_lens FMA classifies this is a capsule and hence an organ part. In contrast we classify this as acellular EHDAA2:0000977 EMAPA:18237 FMA:58881 MA:0001300 NCIT:C32975 SCTID:244500004 UMLS:C0229232 VHOG:0000550 Wikipedia:Lens_(anatomy)#Lens_capsule ZFA:0005574 capsula lentis lens capsule uberon UBERON:0001804 capsule of lens http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray883.png EHDAA2 The elastic, clear, membrane-like structure, that is outer most layer of the lens. MGI:smb MP:0003236 The elastic, clear, membrane-like structure, that is outer most layer of the lens. MGI:smb MP:0003236 PMID:15483628 The transparent membrane which surrounds the lens of the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000550 VHOG The transparent membrane which surrounds the lens of the eye. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000550 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000550 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 (...) we reach the inescapable conclusion that the last common ancestor of jawless and jawed vertebrates already possessed an eye that was comparable to that of extant lampreys and gnathostomes. Accordingly, a vertebrate camera-like eye must have been present by the time that lampreys and gnathostomes diverged, around 500 Mya (reference 1); Although the eye varies greatly in adaptative details among vertebrates, its basic structure is the same in all. The human eye is representative of the design typical for a tetrapod. (...) A watery aqueous humor fills the spaces in the eye in front of the lens (...) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000550 VHOG DOI:10.1038/nrn2283 Lamb TD, Collin SP and Pugh EN Jr, Evolution of the vertebrate eye: opsins, photoreceptors, retina and eye cup. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2007), ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.424 and p.426 and p.429 and Figure 12-24 http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA classifies this is a capsule and hence an organ part. In contrast we classify this as acellular FMA UMLS:C0229232 ncithesaurus:Lens_Capsule capsula lentis Ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion. AEO:0001001 CALOHA:TS-2340 EMAPA:17157 EMAPA:18221 FMA:5889 MA:0000220 MESH:D005725 NCIT:C12720 UMLS:C0017068 Wikipedia:Autonomic_ganglion autonomic nervous system ganglion ganglion of autonomic nervous system ganglion of visceral nervous system visceral nervous system ganglion uberon ganglion autonomicum UBERON:0001805 autonomic ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png Ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion. Wikipedia:Autonomic_ganglion UMLS:C0017068 ncithesaurus:Autonomic_Ganglion autonomic nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of autonomic nervous system OBOL:automatic ganglion of visceral nervous system OBOL:automatic visceral nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion autonomicum Wikipedia:Autonomic_ganglion A ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples: paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia, which include the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia. AAO:0010773 BTO:0001333 CALOHA:TS-0994 EHDAA2:0001969 EMAPA:17157 FMA:5890 MA:0000226 MESH:D005728 NCIT:C12467 SCTID:362485003 UMLS:C0017071 Wikipedia:Sympathetic_ganglion ganglion of sympathetic nervous system ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion sympatheticum sympathetic nervous system ganglion sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion uberon ganglion sympathicum UBERON:0001806 sympathetic ganglion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png DOI:10.1101/gr.157586.113 ISBN:0073040584 A ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples: paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia, which include the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia. MP:0001008 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0017071 ncithesaurus:Sympathetic_Ganglion ganglion of sympathetic nervous system OBOL:automatic ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system OBOL:automatic sympathetic nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion sympathicum BTO:0001333 ganglion sympathicum Wikipedia:Sympathetic_ganglion One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth. Surface structure that is one of the two fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth.[TAO] labial BTO:0001647 CALOHA:TS-0558 EMAPA:32839 FMA:59816 GAID:76 MA:0000343 MESH:D008046 NCIT:C12220 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi4U5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181221003 TAO:0007006 UMLS:C0023759 VHOG:0000677 Wikipedia:Lip ZFA:0007006 galen:Lip uberon labia oris lips UBERON:0001833 lip http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Lips.JPG http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Mouth.jpg ZFA BTO FMA-implicit VHOG ZFA cjm One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth. One of the two fleshy folds which surround the opening of the mouth. Wikipedia:Lip http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9458 Surface structure that is one of the two fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0007006 TAO ZFIN:curator Surface structure that is one of the two fleshy folds surrounding the opening of the mouth.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0007006 TAO ZFIN:curator http//:www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9458 UMLS:C0023759 ncithesaurus:Lip labia oris labia oris Wikipedia:Lip Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO]. Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO] UBERON:0003392 EHDAA2:0001020 EMAPA:17909 FMA:59818 MA:0000921 NCIT:C94572 OpenCyc:Mx4rv842UpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:245777007 TAO:0002060 UMLS:C0458583 Wikipedia:Lower_lip ZFA:0005225 lower jaw lip uberon labium inferius oris UBERON:0001835 lower lip http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Mouth.jpg Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO]. TAO:0002060 Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO]. TAO:0002060 Wikipedia:Lower_lip Lip that covers the lower portion of the mouth.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002060 TAO TAO:wd UMLS:C0458583 ncithesaurus:Lower_Lip lower jaw lip lower jaw lip https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 labium inferius oris labium inferius oris Wikipedia:Lower_lip A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium. A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium. [TFD][VHOG] BAMS:phn BTO:0001063 EHDAA:4677 EMAPA:17813 FMA:6191 GAID:848 MA:0001170 MESH:D010791 NCIT:C52813 OpenCyc:Mx4rvtmdUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:280344009 UMLS:C0031774 VHOG:0000728 Wikipedia:Phrenic_nerve uberon diaphragmatic nerve nervus phrenicus phrenic UBERON:0001884 phrenic nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Gray806.png A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium. VHOG:0000728 A nerve that arises from the caudal cervical nerves and is primarily the motor nerve of the diaphragm but also sends sensory fibers to the pericardium. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000728 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/phrenic+nerve UMLS:C0031774 ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Nerve diaphragmatic nerve BTO:0001063 nervus phrenicus BTO:0001063 nervus phrenicus Wikipedia:Phrenic_nerve phrenic BTO:0001063 The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. developmental relationships need revised Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region.[AAO] The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] mesencephalic part of brainstem in ABA - we reject this in favor of ISBN:0471888893 which has an implicit overlaps relationships MB AAO:0010149 BAMS:MES BIRNLEX:1667 BM:MB BTO:0000138 CALOHA:TS-0630 DHBA:10648 DMBA:16649 EFO:0000919 EHDAA2:0001162 EHDAA:3694 EMAPA:16974 EV:0100242 FMA:61993 HBA:9001 MA:0000207 MAT:0000106 MBA:313 MESH:D008636 MIAA:0000106 NCIT:C12510 OpenCyc:Mx4rvsBUqpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001104 SCTID:279099009 TAO:0000128 UMLS:C0025462 VHOG:0000069 Wikipedia:Midbrain XAO:0000014 ZFA:0000128 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=462 uberon mesencephalon UBERON:0001891 midbrain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Human_brain_inferior_view_description.JPG definitional Bgee:AN The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. GO:0030901 ZFA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/378 ABA pending ZFA ABA pending Middle part of the brain composed of the optic tectum and penducular region.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010149 AAO AAO:BJB The brain region between the forebrain anteriorly and the hindbrain posteriorly, including the tectum dorsally and the midbrain tegmentum ventrally. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000128 TAO ZFIN:curator Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000069 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000069 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) http://bgee.unil.ch/ part of brainstem in ABA - we reject this in favor of ISBN:0471888893 which has an implicit overlaps relationships ABA MB BIRNLEX:1667 NIFSTD:NeuroNames_abbrevSource UMLS:C0025462 BIRNLEX:1667 UMLS:C0025462 ncithesaurus:Mesencephalon http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=462 BIRNLEX:1667 mesencephalon mesencephalon Wikipedia:Midbrain A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure.[WP]. A segment of the developing hindbrain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head.[well established][VHOG] In human embryonic development, the rhombomeres are present by day 29 DHBA divides this into A(1-3),B(4),C(5-7) and D(8) hindbrain segment segment of hindbrain DHBA:12664 EFO:0003617 EMAPA:16148 FMA:295666 MAT:0000272 MIAA:0000272 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000669 TAO:0001064 VHOG:0000672 Wikipedia:Rhombomere XAO:0004079 ZFA:0001064 hindbrain neuromere hindbrain neuromeres rhombomere uberon future rhombencephalon rhombomeres UBERON:0001892 rhombomere A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure.[WP]. ZFIN:curator A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure.[WP]. Wikipedia:Rhombomere ZFIN:curator A segment of the developing hindbrain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001064 TAO ZFIN:curator Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000672 VHOG DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002) Rhombomeric segmentation is found in all living vertebrates and is of fundamental importance to the development of the vertebrate head.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000672 VHOG DOI:10.1006/dbio.2002.0831 Mazet F, Shimeld SM, The Evolution of Chordate Neural Segmentation. Developmental Biology (2002) http://bgee.unil.ch/ hindbrain segment ZFA:0001064 segment of hindbrain ZFA:0001064 hindbrain neuromeres DHBA:HNM future rhombencephalon MIAA:0000272 rhombomeres VHOG:0000672 Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified]. Anterior part of the hindbrain ventral to the cerebellum[BIRNLEX:965]. The anterior of two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo. It gives rise to cerebellum and pons. [TFD][VHOG] The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] epencephalon BAMS:Met BIRNLEX:965 BTO:0000673 CALOHA:TS-2029 DHBA:10655 EHDAA2:0001149 EHDAA:5498 EMAPA:17071 FMA:62003 GAID:594 HBA:4833 MA:0000197 MESH:D020540 NCIT:C32741 UMLS:C0376353 UMLS:C1516904 VHOG:0000741 Wikipedia:Metencephalon http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=543 epencephalon-2 uberon UBERON:0001895 the terms metencephalon and myelencephalon are only meaningful in mammals and birds[Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain]. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata and thus these are not distinguished in ZFA[ZFA]. metencephalon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg definitional Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified]. Wikipedia:Metencephalon https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/300 Anterior part of the hindbrain ventral to the cerebellum[BIRNLEX:965]. BIRNLEX:965 The anterior of two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo. It gives rise to cerebellum and pons. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000741 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/metencephalon The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000741 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 http://bgee.unil.ch/ epencephalon ncithesaurus:Epencephalon UMLS:C0376353 BIRNLEX:965 UMLS:C1516904 ncithesaurus:Epencephalon http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=543 BIRNLEX:965 epencephalon-2 FMA:62003 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]. Posterior portion of the hindbrain which controls respiration, heartbeat, digestion, and swallowing as well as some locomotor responses.[AAO] The posterior region of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-17, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] bulb medulla AAO:0010486 BAMS:MY BAMS:Md BIRNLEX:957 BM:Me BTO:0000041 CALOHA:TS-0607 DMBA:17352 EFO:0000924 EHDAA2:0001088 EHDAA:7588 EMAPA:17550 EV:0100275 FMA:62004 GAID:590 MA:0000206 MAT:0000111 MAT:0000367 MBA:354 MESH:D008526 MIAA:0000111 NCIT:C12442 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA OpenCyc:Mx4rwCqnXJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:279104005 TAO:0000545 UMLS:C0025148 UMLS:C1269575 VHOG:0000181 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovary_oblongata XAO:0003100 ZFA:0000545 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=698 bulbus uberon medulla oblonzata metepencephalon UBERON:0001896 medulla oblongata http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Illu_pituitary_pineal_glands.jpg Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]. FMA:62004 GO:0021550 Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]. FMA:62004 GO:0021550 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow_of_ovary_oblongata Posterior portion of the hindbrain which controls respiration, heartbeat, digestion, and swallowing as well as some locomotor responses.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010486 AAO AAO:BJB The posterior region of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-17, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000181 VHOG The posterior region of the brain that is continuous with the spinal cord. [Bemis_WE, Functional_Anatomy_of_the_Vertebrates:_An_Evolutionary_Perspective, Glossary_G-17, Grande_L, Liem_KF, Third_Edition_(2001)_Orlando_Fla.:_Harcourt_College_Publishers, Walker_WF][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000181 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000181 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.017 Marin F, Aroca P, Puelles L, Hox gene colinear expression in the avian medulla oblongata is correlated with pseudorhombomeric domains. Developmental Biology (2008) Classical anatomical studies subdivided the vertebrate rhombencephalon into pons and medulla oblongata. (...) The medulla oblongata appears therefore as a tagma, that is, a group of segmental units (pseudorhombomeres, in this case) sharing some morphological and molecular characteristics, and in some aspects different from the segmental units present in adjoining brain regions, pons and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000181 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.017 Marin F, Aroca P, Puelles L, Hox gene colinear expression in the avian medulla oblongata is correlated with pseudorhombomeric domains. Developmental Biology (2008) http://bgee.unil.ch/ medulla ABA:MY UMLS:C0025148 BIRNLEX:957 UMLS:C0025148 ncithesaurus:Medulla_Oblongata UMLS:C1269575 BIRNLEX:957 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=698 BIRNLEX:957 bulbus FMA:62004 FMA:TA medulla oblonzata medulla oblonzata Wikipedia:Medulla_oblongata metepencephalon FMA:62004 An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004954 CALOHA:TS-0112 EMAPA:36292 FMA:62114 MA:0000711 NCIT:C49215 UMLS:C0006904 blood capillary endothelium capillary endothelium capillary vessel endothelium endothelium of blood capillary endothelium of capillary vessel uberon UBERON:0001915 endothelium of capillary An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0006904 ncithesaurus:Capillary_Endothelium blood capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic capillary vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of blood capillary OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36286 FMA:62115 MA:0000705 NCIT:C49192 UMLS:C1179024 arteriole endothelium uberon UBERON:0001916 endothelium of arteriole An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1179024 ncithesaurus:Arteriole_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.[AAO] Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011013 BTO:0004757 EMAPA:35148 FMA:62116 MA:0000707 NCIT:C49194 UMLS:C1179025 VHOG:0001215 XAO:0000357 arterial endothelium artery endothelium uberon UBERON:0001917 endothelium of artery An endothelium that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011013 AAO XAO:curator Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001215 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207 Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001215 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1179025 ncithesaurus:Artery_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of a venule [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36290 FMA:62117 MA:0000716 NCIT:C49319 UMLS:C1179026 venule endothelium uberon UBERON:0001918 endothelium of venule An endothelium that is part of a venule [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1179026 ncithesaurus:Venule_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of a vein [Automatically generated definition]. Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011110 BTO:0004756 EMAPA:36288 FMA:62118 MA:0000712 NCIT:C49317 UMLS:C1179027 VHOG:0001216 XAO:0000358 vein endothelium venous endothelium uberon veinous endothelium UBERON:0001919 endothelium of vein An endothelium that is part of a vein [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001216 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207 Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001216 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1179027 ncithesaurus:Vein_Endothelium veinous endothelium VHOG:0001216 Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP]. Together, our results reveal a shared basic organization in the tegmental domains of the diencephalon and midbrain of developing lamprey, indicating early appearance of the domain in vertebrate phylogeny.[well established][VHOG] MTg tegmentum BAMS:MTg BIRNLEX:1200 BTO:0003388 DHBA:12195 EFO:0000921 EHDAA2:0004475 EMAPA:18215 FMA:62393 HBA:9002 MA:0000212 MAT:0000452 SCTID:362392007 TAO:0000160 UMLS:C0039441 VHOG:0001367 Wikipedia:Midbrain_tegmentum XAO:0004271 ZFA:0000160 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=491 tegmentum mesencephali tegmentum of midbrain uberon mesencephalic tegmentum tegmentum mesencephalicum UBERON:0001943 'tegmentum' is used generically for the ventral part of the brainstem (ISBN:0471888893). We use the label 'midbrain tegmentum' to denote the midbrain structure. In NIFSTD tegmentum is a composite structure and there is a separate class for midbrain tegmentum and pontine tegmentum midbrain tegmentum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Gray712.png ZFA Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP]. FMA:FMA ISBN:0471888893 Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP]. FMA:FMA ISBN:0471888893 Wikipedia:Midbrain_tegmentum Together, our results reveal a shared basic organization in the tegmental domains of the diencephalon and midbrain of developing lamprey, indicating early appearance of the domain in vertebrate phylogeny.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001367 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.001 Villar-Cheda B, Abalo XM, Anadon R, Rodicio MC, The tegmental proliferation region in the sea lamprey. Brain Research Bulletin (2005) Together, our results reveal a shared basic organization in the tegmental domains of the diencephalon and midbrain of developing lamprey, indicating early appearance of the domain in vertebrate phylogeny.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001367 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.001 Villar-Cheda B, Abalo XM, Anadon R, Rodicio MC, The tegmental proliferation region in the sea lamprey. Brain Research Bulletin (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ MTg BIRNLEX:1200 NIFSTD:NeuroNames_abbrevSource tegmentum ISBN:0471888893 UMLS:C0039441 BIRNLEX:1200 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=491 BIRNLEX:1200 tegmentum mesencephali tegmentum mesencephali Wikipedia:Midbrain_tegmentum mesencephalic tegmentum VHOG:0001367 tegmentum mesencephalicum NeuroNames:491 A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord. BIRNLEX:1496 NCIT:C33969 SCTID:244437008 UMLS:C1268166 uberon spinal cord part UBERON:0001948 regional part of spinal cord A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1268166 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord_Part The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended. plasma portion of plasma BTO:0000131 CALOHA:TS-0800 EFO:0001905 EMAPA:35690 FMA:62970 GAID:1178 MA:0002501 MAT:0000052 MESH:D010949 MIAA:0000052 NCIT:C13356 OpenCyc:Mx4rEg4ZYrIbEduAAAAOpmP6tw UMLS:C0032105 Wikipedia:Blood_plasma blood plasm portion of blood plasma uberon UBERON:0001969 blood plasma The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended. The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 plasma MA:0002501 portion of plasma FMA:62970 UMLS:C0032105 ncithesaurus:Plasma . BTO:0000501 FMA:62972 GAID:1160 MA:0002519 MESH:D005750 NCIT:C32661 UMLS:C0017133 Wikipedia:Gastric_juice galen:GastricJuice stomach secretion uberon succus gastricus UBERON:0001971 gastric juice . Wikipedia:Gastric_juice UMLS:C0017133 ncithesaurus:Gastric_Secretion succus gastricus BTO:0000501 A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0002109 EMAPA:35325 FMA:62997 MA:0002724 SCTID:362128009 esophageal submucosa esophagus submucosa gullet submucosa oesophagus submucosa submucosa of esophagus submucosa of gullet submucosa of oesophagus tela submucosa (oesophagus) tela submucosa esophagi tela submucosa oesophageae tela submucosa of esophagus uberon submucous layer of esophagus tela submucosa oesophagi UBERON:0001972 submucosa of esophagus A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic gullet submucosa OBOL:automatic oesophagus submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of gullet OBOL:automatic submucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic tela submucosa (oesophagus) FMA:62997 FMA:TA tela submucosa esophagi BTO:0002109 tela submucosa oesophageae FMA:62997 FMA:TA submucous layer of esophagus BTO:0002109 tela submucosa oesophagi BTO:0002109 A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:26987 FMA:63050 MA:0001568 NCIT:C49223 UMLS:C1707949 esophagus lamina propria esophagus lamina propria mucosa esophagus lamina propria mucosae gullet lamina propria gullet lamina propria mucosa gullet lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of esophagus lamina propria mucosa of gullet lamina propria mucosa of oesophagus lamina propria mucosae of esophagus lamina propria mucosae of gullet lamina propria mucosae of oesophagus lamina propria of gullet lamina propria of oesophagus oesophagus lamina propria mucosa oesophagus lamina propria mucosae uberon esophageal lamina propria oesophagus lamina propria UBERON:0001974 lamina propria of esophagus FMA A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1707949 ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Lamina_Propria esophagus lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic esophagus lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic gullet lamina propria OBOL:automatic gullet lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic gullet lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of esophagus OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of gullet OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of gullet OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosae of oesophagus OBOL:automatic lamina propria of gullet OBOL:automatic lamina propria of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic oesophagus lamina propria mucosae OBOL:automatic esophageal lamina propria EMAPA:26987 A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35322 FMA:63057 MA:0001571 esophagus serosa esophagus serous membrane gullet serosa gullet serous membrane oesophagus serous membrane serosa of abdominal part of esophagus serosa of gullet serosa of oesophagus serous coat of oesophagus serous membrane of esophagus serous membrane of gullet serous membrane of oesophagus tunica serosa oesophageae uberon oesophagus serosa UBERON:0001975 serosa of esophagus A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic esophagus serous membrane OBOL:automatic gullet serosa OBOL:automatic gullet serous membrane OBOL:automatic oesophagus serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of gullet OBOL:automatic serous membrane of esophagus OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gullet OBOL:automatic serous membrane of oesophagus OBOL:automatic tunica serosa oesophageae FMA:63057 FMA:TA The epithelial layer that lines the luminal space of the esophagus. TODO check epithelium types: in FMA: Nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium; mouse has basal and squamous subtypes; in ZFA it is columnar Simple columnar epithelium that lines the esophagus. Chen et al, 2007.[TAO] BTO:0001578 CALOHA:TS-0698 EFO:0003041 EHDAA2:0001287 EMAPA:16835 FMA:63063 MA:0001565 NCIT:C49221 TAO:0001499 UMLS:C1179544 ZFA:0001499 epithelial tissue of esophagus epithelial tissue of gullet epithelial tissue of oesophagus epithelium of gullet epithelium of oesophagus esophageal epithelium esophagus epithelial tissue esophagus epithelium gullet epithelial tissue gullet epithelium oesophagus epithelial tissue uberon oesophagus epithelium UBERON:0001976 epithelium of esophagus FMA The epithelial layer that lines the luminal space of the esophagus. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0000468 Simple columnar epithelium that lines the esophagus. Chen et al, 2007.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001499 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C1179544 ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Epithelium epithelial tissue of esophagus OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gullet OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of oesophagus OBOL:automatic epithelium of gullet OBOL:automatic epithelium of oesophagus OBOL:automatic esophagus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gullet epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gullet epithelium OBOL:automatic oesophagus epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic One of the minute vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillary plexuses returns it to the veins. Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature formed by the anastomosis of capillaries. Venules carry blood toward the heart.[TAO] BTO:0002626 EMAPA:35917 FMA:63130 MA:0000071 MESH:A07.231.432.952 MESH:D014699 NCIT:C12818 SCTID:341687009 TAO:0005315 UMLS:C0042520 VHOG:0001765 Wikipedia:Venule ZFA:0005315 uberon venula UBERON:0001979 venule https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Illu_capillary.jpg One of the minute vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillary plexuses returns it to the veins. MESH:A07.231.432.952 MP:0004125 Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature formed by the anastomosis of capillaries. Venules carry blood toward the heart.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005315 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0042520 ncithesaurus:Venule venula venula Wikipedia:Venule The smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO]. Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature, feeds into capillaries. Arterioles carry blood away from the heart.[TAO] Small, terminal branch of an artery which generally connects to capillaries.[AAO] AAO:0010253 BTO:0001997 EMAPA:35146 FMA:63182 MA:0000063 MESH:D001160 NCIT:C12672 SCTID:337724002 TAO:0002138 UMLS:C0003847 VHOG:0001763 Wikipedia:Arteriole ZFA:0005255 uberon arteriola UBERON:0001980 arteriole https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Illu_capillary.jpg MA The smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO]. GO:0014830 Multi-tissue structure part of the blood vasculature, feeds into capillaries. Arterioles carry blood away from the heart.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002138 TAO ZFIN:curator Small, terminal branch of an artery which generally connects to capillaries.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010253 AAO AAO:BJB UMLS:C0003847 ncithesaurus:Arteriole arteriola arteriola Wikipedia:Arteriole A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. consider adopting the EMAPA superclass 'vascular element', which includes microvasculature (e.g. capillaries), vascular plexus Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. [XAO:0001011_][VHOG] Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body.[AAO] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] annelids have blood vessels, but this class is not applicable to annelids. FMA:63183 Blood vessel is categorized as 'general anatomical term'. Suggestion to map to region of vascular tree from Terry H at JAX vascular element AAO:0011004 AEO:0000207 BTO:0001102 CALOHA:TS-0080 EFO:0000817 EHDAA2:0003252 EHDAA:240 EMAPA:32743 EMAPA:35993 FMA:50722 FMA:63183 GAID:169 MA:0000060 MAT:0000393 MESH:D001808 NCIT:C12679 NLXANAT:090901 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjxlpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361097006 TAO:0002137 UMLS:C0005847 VHOG:0001250 Wikipedia:Blood_vessel XAO:0001011 ZFA:0005314 region of vascular tree organ vascular tree organ region uberon vas sanguineum UBERON:0001981 blood vessel http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg AEO EHDAA2 GO:0072360 A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. BTO:0001102 A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. BTO:0001102 Wikipedia:Blood_vessel Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. [XAO:0001011_][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001250 VHOG Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body. [XAO:0001011_][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001250 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Any of the vessels through which blood circulates in the body.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011004 AAO AAO:EJS The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001250 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001250 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA:63183 Blood vessel is categorized as 'general anatomical term'. Suggestion to map to region of vascular tree from Terry H at JAX FMA vascular element EMAPA:35993 UMLS:C0005847 ncithesaurus:Blood_Vessel region of vascular tree organ FMA:50722 vascular tree organ region FMA:50722 vas sanguineum vas sanguineum Wikipedia:Blood_vessel Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. not all sources agree capillary is a blood vessel - consider adopting EMAPA superclass of vascular element Any of the tiny blood vessels connecting the arterioles to the venules.[AAO] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] capillaries lack tunica media and tunica adventitia; only the endothelial wall of the tunica intima belongs AAO:0010252 BTO:0002045 CALOHA:TS-2006 EFO:0001906 EMAPA:35198 EV:0100035 FMA:63194 MA:0000065 MESH:A07.231.432.410 MESH:D002196 NCIT:C12685 NLXANAT:090902 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWEU-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0005250 UMLS:C0935624 VHOG:0001253 Wikipedia:Capillary XAO:0000116 ZFA:0005250 blood capillary capillary vessel uberon UBERON:0001982 capillary https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2186 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/A_red_blood_cell_in_a_capillary,_pancreatic_tissue_-_TEM.jpg Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. ISBN:0073040584 Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Capillary https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/137 Any of the tiny blood vessels connecting the arterioles to the venules.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010252 AAO AAO:BJB The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001253 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001253 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0935624 ncithesaurus:Capillary A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP]. CALOHA:TS-0172 EMAPA:35935 FMA:63882 GAID:891 MA:0001242 MESH:D004728 NCIT:C12707 SCTID:368827009 TAO:0002186 UMLS:C0014259 Wikipedia:Corneal_endothelium ZFA:0001687 cornea endothelium endothelium of cornea uberon epithelium posterius corneae UBERON:0001985 corneal endothelium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Gray871.png A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP]. A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP]. Wikipedia:Corneal_endothelium UMLS:C0014259 ncithesaurus:Corneal_Endothelium cornea endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of cornea OBOL:automatic epithelium posterius corneae epithelium posterius corneae Wikipedia:Corneal_endothelium A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA]. endothelial BTO:0000393 CALOHA:TS-0278 EFO:0002548 FMA:63916 GAID:520 MESH:D004727 NCIT:C12481 SCTID:27168002 UMLS:C0014257 galen:Endothelium uberon UBERON:0001986 The term 'endothelium' has been either restricted to the continuous cell layer of the vertebrates, as we are assuming here, or applied to all the cells able to adhere to the luminal surface of the vascular basement membrane (Casley-Smith 1980) endothelium FMA-text-def FMA-text-def https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/225 A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA]. FMA:63916 MESH:A10.272.491 A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA]. FMA:63916 MESH:A10.272.491 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/225 UMLS:C0014257 ncithesaurus:Endothelium Organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell. Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated data set using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance based (neighbour joining) methods all converged on a nearly identical, well supported topology defining four principal eutherian lineages. The results affirm monophyly of traditional placental orders (except Artiodactyla and Insectivora), and also support some previously proposed, as well as new, superordinal clades.[well established][VHOG] placental Eutherians: In eutherians, the chorioallantoic membrane of the fetus establishes intimate contact with the adjacent vascular wall of the mother's uterus to produce the placenta, a composite structure formed in part from tissues of the fetus and in part from tissues of the mother [ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong)]. TODO - is taxon restriction too strict, even if we restrict def to allantoic placenta? - WP says: also found in some snakes and lizards with varying levels of development up to mammalian levels. Pough et al. 1992. Herpetology: Third Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall:Pearson Education, Inc., 2002. // See also: DOI:10.1002/jmor.11011 BTO:0001078 CALOHA:TS-0799 EFO:0001407 EMAPA:35689 EV:0100119 FMA:63934 GAID:379 MA:0000386 MAT:0000279 MESH:A16.759 MESH:D010920 MIAA:0000279 NCIT:C13272 OpenCyc:Mx4rvv4zZ5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181455002 UMLS:C0032043 VHOG:0001266 Wikipedia:Placenta allantoic placenta eutherian placenta uberon UBERON:0001987 Marsupials possess only a rudimentary yolk-type placenta, with reduced nutrient and oxygen exchanging capabilities. placenta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Placenta.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Placenta.svg https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1376 ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia ISBN:0073040584 Organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell. Wikipedia:Placenta http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/06placenta.htm Phylogenetic analyses of the concatenated data set using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance based (neighbour joining) methods all converged on a nearly identical, well supported topology defining four principal eutherian lineages. The results affirm monophyly of traditional placental orders (except Artiodactyla and Insectivora), and also support some previously proposed, as well as new, superordinal clades.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001266 VHOG DOI:10.1038/35054550 Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Zhang YP, Ryder OA, O'Brien SJ, Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0032043 ncithesaurus:Placenta allantoic placenta ISBN:0073040584 Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified]. Excretion in semisolid state processed by the intestine.[FMA] fecal excreta BTO:0000440 CALOHA:TS-2345 ENVO:00002003 FMA:64183 GAID:1199 MA:0002509 MAT:0000053 MESH:D005243 MIAA:0000053 NCIT:C13234 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjJMZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0015733 Wikipedia:Feces galen:Feces faeces fecal material fecal matter piece of shit portion of excrement portion of faeces portion of fecal material portion of fecal matter portion of feces portionem cacas stool cow dung cow pat dung fewmet frass guano portion of dung portion of guano portion of scat scat spraint uberon droppings excrement ordure spoor UBERON:0001988 feces Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified]. Wikipedia:Feces http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feces Excretion in semisolid state processed by the intestine.[FMA] FMA:64183 UMLS:C0015733 ncithesaurus:Feces piece of shit PMID:23285307 portionem cacas cow dung Wikipedia:Cow_dung cow pat Wikipedia:Cow_dung fewmet Wikipedia:Fewmet frass Wikipedia:Frass guano Wikipedia:Guano spraint Wikipedia:Spraint excrement BTO:0000440 An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood.. Major artery which supplies blood to the lungs.[AAO] One of two arteries, leaving from the heart, the left one supplying the left lung and the right one supplying the right lung. [TFD][VHOG] On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung[WP] AAO:0010221 BTO:0000778 CALOHA:TS-0839 EFO:0001399 EHDAA2:0001575 EHDAA:4351 EMAPA:17008 FMA:66326 GAID:505 MA:0002031 MESH:D011651 NCIT:C12774 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjbIpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181380003 UMLS:C0034052 VHOG:0000982 Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery XAO:0004162 galen:PulmonaryArtery pulmonary arterial tree pulmonary arterial tree organ part uberon arteria pulmonalis pulmonary arterial subtree truncus pulmonalis UBERON:0002012 pulmonary artery https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png Wikipedia EHDAA2 XAO EHDAA2 An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood.. An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood.. Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Major artery which supplies blood to the lungs.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010221 AAO AAO:BJB One of two arteries, leaving from the heart, the left one supplying the left lung and the right one supplying the right lung. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000982 VHOG One of two arteries, leaving from the heart, the left one supplying the left lung and the right one supplying the right lung. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000982 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pulmonary+artery On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000982 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000982 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0034052 ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Artery pulmonary arterial tree FMA:66326 pulmonary arterial tree organ part FMA:66326 arteria pulmonalis arteria pulmonalis Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery pulmonary arterial subtree FMA:66326 truncus pulmonalis truncus pulmonalis Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO]. Any of the veins which collect blood from the lungs and some small vesicles received from the esophagus.[AAO] One of two pairs of large vessels that return oxygenated blood from each lung to the left atrium of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] the veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010521 BTO:0001799 CALOHA:TS-0840 EHDAA2:0001579 EHDAA:2629 EMAPA:18645 FMA:66643 GAID:543 MA:0002206 MESH:D011667 NCIT:C12776 SCTID:430160002 UMLS:C0034090 VHOG:0001133 Wikipedia:Pulmonary_vein XAO:0000394 galen:PulmonaryVein pulmonary venous tree organ part uberon venae pulmonales UBERON:0002016 pulmonary vein https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png human_reference_atlas Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO]. GO:0060577 Any of the veins which collect blood from the lungs and some small vesicles received from the esophagus.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010521 AAO AAO:BJB One of two pairs of large vessels that return oxygenated blood from each lung to the left atrium of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001133 VHOG One of two pairs of large vessels that return oxygenated blood from each lung to the left atrium of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001133 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pulmonary+vein the veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart MP:0002726,MGI:cwg On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001133 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 On the other hand, in the sister clade of the actinopterygians, the sarcopterygians, the gill circulation is supplemented with lung ventilation. As a result, the pulmonary artery and vein and a functional ductus arteriosus arose as a major evolutionary innovation from the sixth arch, giving the organism a flexible shunt to balance blood supply to and from gills and lungs according to environmental conditions.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001133 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0034090 ncithesaurus:Pulmonary_Vein venae pulmonales venae pulmonales Wikipedia:Pulmonary_vein A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons. Multi-tissue comprised of neurons, dendrites, axon terminals, glial cells, and capillaries.[TAO] AEO:0001012 EHDAA2:0003136 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0004658 EMAPA:37596 FMA:67242 HBA:4006 MA:0001112 MESH:D066128 NCIT:C32695 OpenCyc:Mx4rwDdKMpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0002197 UMLS:C0018220 VHOG:0001768 Wikipedia:Gray_matter ZFA:0001681 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2869 gray matter gray matter of neuraxis grey matter grey matter of neuraxis grey substance neuronal grey matter substantia grisea uberon gray mater grisea UBERON:0002020 gray matter https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Spinal_nerve.svg A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons. A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons. Wikipedia:Gray_matter http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Multi-tissue comprised of neurons, dendrites, axon terminals, glial cells, and capillaries.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002197 TAO ZFIN:curator EMAPA:37596 MA:th UMLS:C0018220 ncithesaurus:Gray_Matter gray matter of neuraxis FMA:67242 neuronal grey matter AEO:0001012 substantia grisea FMA:67242 FMA:TA gray mater ZFA:0001681 grisea The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. Posterior part of the brain consisting of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.[AAO] The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain, forming the rhombencephalon and all or most of the metencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] relationship loss: develops_from hindbrain neural tube (TAO:0007043)[TAO] Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] rhombencephalic in MA, brainstem and hindbrain and part-of siblings under brain, consistent with FMA and NIF. See also notes for cerebellum. We weaken the relation in ABA to overlaps AAO:0010150 BAMS:HB BIRNLEX:942 BTO:0000672 CALOHA:TS-0457 DHBA:10653 DMBA:16808 EFO:0000923 EHDAA2:0000746 EHDAA:3514 EHDAA:6487 EMAPA:16916 FMA:67687 MA:0000195 MAT:0000107 MBA:1065 MESH:D012249 MIAA:0000107 NCIT:C40336 SCTID:303456008 TAO:0000029 UMLS:C0035507 UMLS:C1522180 VHOG:0000070 Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon XAO:0000015 ZFA:0000029 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=540 uberon rhombencephalon UBERON:0002028 hindbrain http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg modified-source-relation ABA modified-source-relation ABA Bgee:AN The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. ZFA:0000029 ZFIN:curator The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon ZFA:0000029 ZFIN:curator ZFA ABA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/378 pending ABA PMID:8932866 Posterior part of the brain consisting of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010150 AAO AAO:BJB The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain, forming the rhombencephalon and all or most of the metencephalon. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000029 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: develops_from hindbrain neural tube (TAO:0007043)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000029 TAO Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000070 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) Fine structural, computerized three-dimensional (3D) mapping of cell connectivity in the amphioxus nervous system and comparative molecular genetic studies of amphioxus and tunicates have provided recent insights into the phylogenetic origin of the vertebrate nervous system. The results suggest that several of the genetic mechanisms for establishing and patterning the vertebrate nervous system already operated in the ancestral chordate and that the nerve cord of the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates included a diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000070 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) http://bgee.unil.ch/ in MA, brainstem and hindbrain and part-of siblings under brain, consistent with FMA and NIF. See also notes for cerebellum. We weaken the relation in ABA to overlaps MA UMLS:C0035507 BIRNLEX:942 UMLS:C0035507 ncithesaurus:Hind-Brain UMLS:C1522180 BIRNLEX:942 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=540 BIRNLEX:942 Muscle tissue that contains fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations. Voluntary muscle tissue arranged in bundles of fibers.[AAO] AAO:0010762 AEO:0000140 CALOHA:TS-2047 EHDAA2:0003140 EMAPA:36390 FMA:67905 MA:0002438 NCIT:C12436 OpenCyc:Mx4rwAoze5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C1331262 WBbt:0005779 Wikipedia:Striated_muscle galen:StriatedMuscle striated muscle uberon UBERON:0002036 striated muscle tissue Muscle tissue that contains fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations. CL:0000737 GOC:dph GOC:mtg_muscle Voluntary muscle tissue arranged in bundles of fibers.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010762 AAO AAO:CAM UMLS:C1331262 ncithesaurus:Striated_Muscle_Tissue A systemic artery that supplies the lung with with oxygenated blood. EMAPA:18608 FMA:68109 GAID:477 MA:0001923 MESH:D001981 NCIT:C32230 OpenCyc:Mx4r4sy0UiNbEd2AAAACs6hRXg SCTID:244247009 UMLS:C0006257 Wikipedia:Bronchial_artery bronchial arterial tree uberon arteriae bronchiales rami bronchiales partis thoracicae aortae UBERON:0002040 Although there is much variation, there are usually two bronchial arteries that run to the left lung, and one to the right lung. bronchial artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Gray1032.png A systemic artery that supplies the lung with with oxygenated blood. UBERON:cjm A systemic artery that supplies the lung with with oxygenated blood. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Bronchial_artery UMLS:C0006257 ncithesaurus:Bronchial_Artery arteriae bronchiales arteriae bronchiales Wikipedia:Bronchial_artery rami bronchiales partis thoracicae aortae rami bronchiales partis thoracicae aortae Wikipedia:Bronchial_artery The pontine raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei. It is located in the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. BAMS:PnR BAMS:RA-PONS BAMS:RPn BIRNLEX:1110 DHBA:12471 DHBA:12475 FMA:68875 HBA:9159 MA:0001022 MBA:238 UMLS:C0175423 Wikipedia:Pontine_raphe_nucleus http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=589 raphe of pons raphe pontis uberon nucleus raphe pontis nucleus raphes pontis raphe (mediana pontina) raphe pontis nucleus UBERON:0002047 pontine raphe nucleus Wikipedia The pontine raphe nucleus is one of the raphe nuclei. It is located in the pontine tegmentum. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Pontine_raphe_nucleus ABA ABA ABA ABA UMLS:C0175423 BIRNLEX:1110 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=589 BIRNLEX:1110 raphe pontis FMA:68875 FMA:TA nucleus raphe pontis NeuroNames:589 nucleus raphes pontis Wikipedia:Pontine_raphe_nucleus raphe (mediana pontina) NeuroNames:589 Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus. Either of two organs which allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air.[AAO] Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] pulmonary respiration organ in all air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart. Their principal function is to transport oxygen from the atmosphere into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the atmosphere. This exchange of gases is accomplished in the mosaic of specialized cells that form millions of tiny, exceptionally thin-walled air sacs called alveoli. // Avian lungs do not have alveoli as mammalian lungs do, they have Faveolar lungs. They contain millions of tiny passages known as para-bronchi, connected at both ends by the dorsobronchi AAO:0000275 AAO:0010567 BTO:0000763 CALOHA:TS-0568 EFO:0000934 EHDAA2:0001042 EHDAA:1554 EHDAA:2205 EMAPA:16728 EV:0100042 FMA:7195 GAID:345 MA:0000415 MAT:0000135 MESH:D008168 MIAA:0000135 NCIT:C12468 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181216001 UMLS:C0024109 VHOG:0000310 Wikipedia:Lung XAO:0000119 galen:Lung pulmo uberon UBERON:0002048 Snakes and limbless lizards typically possess only the right lung as a major respiratory organ; the left lung is greatly reduced, or even absent. Amphisbaenians, however, have the opposite arrangement, with a major left lung, and a reduced or absent right lung [WP] lung https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/701 some species only have a single lung Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus. Respiration organ that develops as an outpocketing of the esophagus. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 BGEE:fb https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/701 BGEE:fb https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/701 Either of two organs which allow gas exchange absorbing oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide with exhaled air.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010567 AAO AAO:SBH Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000310 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011) Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata. (...) In actinopterygian fishes, apart from Cladistia, the ventral intestinal pocket migrates dorsally and becomes the swim-bladder, a mainly hydrostatical organ (reference 1); Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000310 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0024019 Zheng W, Wang Z, Collins JE, Andrews RM, Stemple D, Gong Z, Comparative transcriptome analyses indicate molecular homology of zebrafish swimbladder and Mammalian lung. PLoS One (2011) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0024109 ncithesaurus:Lung pulmo An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face. see also: vascular system. Consider merging? vascular BTO:0003718 FMA:69050 TAO:0005249 ZFA:0005249 vascular network uberon UBERON:0002049 vasculature http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Circulatory_System_en.svg FMA An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face. ZFA:0005249 vascular network FMA:69050 Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo. Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[AAO] Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[TAO] Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[VSAO] in FMA embryo is_a embryonic structure AAO:0000138 BILA:0000034 BTO:0000174 CALOHA:TS-2110 EFO:0000461 FBbt:00004208 FMA:69067 GAID:407 MESH:D004628 NCIT:C13229 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003169 SCTID:667009 TAO:0001105 UMLS:C0013948 VSAO:0000178 XAO:0003042 ZFA:0001105 developing embryonic structure embryonic anatomical structure uberon developing structure embryonale Struktur embryonic structures UBERON:0002050 embryonic structure Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo. BTO:0000174 ZFIN:curator Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000138 AAO AAO:BJB Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001105 TAO ZFIN:curator Anatomical structure that is part of the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000178 VSAO ZFIN:curator in FMA embryo is_a embryonic structure FMA UMLS:C0013948 ncithesaurus:Embryonic_Structure developing embryonic structure FBbt:00004208 embryonic anatomical structure RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003169 embryonale Struktur BTO:0000174 embryonic structures ZFA:0001105 An artery that supplies the diaphragm. In humans this includes the superior and inferior phrenic arteries EMAPA:37108 FMA:69330 MA:0002019 NCIT:C33320 UMLS:C1181536 uberon UBERON:0002057 phrenic artery An artery that supplies the diaphragm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37108 MA:th UMLS:C1181536 ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Artery The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles. assume spelling error for ncit EHDAA2:0004143 EMAPA:35887 FMA:70301 GAID:554 MA:0000103 MESH:D014338 NCIT:C34317 OpenCyc:Mx4rquH9YKgNEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:308828009 UMLS:C1519589 Wikipedia:Truncus_arteriosus_(embryology) uberon UBERON:0002061 truncus arteriosus EHDAA2 FMA MA EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles. The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles. Wikipedia:Truncus_arteriosus_(embryology) assume spelling error for ncit ncit UMLS:C1519589 ncithesaurus:Trancus_Arteriosus The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves[GO]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves[ZFA]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves.[TAO] relationship loss: develops_from endocardial ring (TAO:0005072)[TAO] (Cardiac valve formation in vertebrates) In response to a myocardial signal, endocardial cells at chamber boundaries take on a mesenchymal character, delaminate and migrate into the cardiac jelly. There, they form an endocardial cushion that is later remodelled into a valve.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000434 EHDAA2:0004028 EHDAA:2586 EMAPA:16696 FMA:70302 MA:0000078 MESH:D054089 TAO:0001317 VHOG:0000932 Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_cushions XAO:0004189 ZFA:0001317 AV cushion atrioventricular cushion cardiac cushion endocardial cushion tissue uberon atrioventricular canal cushion endocardial cushions UBERON:0002062 GO graph seems to suggest this is an endothelium. WP: The endocardial cushions are thought to arise from a subset of endothelial cells that undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transformation, a process whereby these cells break cell-to-cell contacts and migrate into the cardiac jelly (towards to interior of the heart tube). Latest (2010-06-01) new def suggested for GO, added above. Note that EHDAA2 has a more detailed model which we may later adopt. JB: Patterning makes the cushions lay down connective tissue in three domains that force out the local endothelial lining and so the leaflets form endocardial cushion http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Gray465.png ZFA The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves[GO]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves[ZFA]. GO:0003197 ZFIN:curator The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves[GO]. Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves[ZFA]. GO:0003197 Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_cushions ZFIN:curator Swellings of tissue present between the endocardial and myocardial cell layers that will give rise to the interstitial cells of the cardiac valves.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001317 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: develops_from endocardial ring (TAO:0005072)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001317 TAO (Cardiac valve formation in vertebrates) In response to a myocardial signal, endocardial cells at chamber boundaries take on a mesenchymal character, delaminate and migrate into the cardiac jelly. There, they form an endocardial cushion that is later remodelled into a valve.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000932 VHOG DOI:10.1038/35047564 Stainier DYR, Zebrafish genetics and vertebrate heart formation. Nature Reviews Genetics (2001) Figure 3 (Cardiac valve formation in vertebrates) In response to a myocardial signal, endocardial cells at chamber boundaries take on a mesenchymal character, delaminate and migrate into the cardiac jelly. There, they form an endocardial cushion that is later remodelled into a valve.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000932 VHOG DOI:10.1038/35047564 Stainier DYR, Zebrafish genetics and vertebrate heart formation. Nature Reviews Genetics (2001) Figure 3 http://bgee.unil.ch/ atrioventricular cushion atrioventricular cushion Wikipedia:Endocardial_cushion cardiac cushion cardiac cushion PMID:15797462 endocardial cushion tissue EHDAA2:0000434 atrioventricular canal cushion FMA:70302 endocardial cushions The sinus venosus is a large cardiac chamber at the inflow tract that receives venous blood from systemic circulation. precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. Heart region collecting blood from the paired common cardinal veins and delivering to the atrium. One of four components of the heart. The sinus venosus also acts as a pacemaker and is the first to contract. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Part of the circulatory system which receives blood from the systemic veins and contracts to pump the blood into the atrium of the heart.[AAO] In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] In fish, receives venous blood from the systemic circulation through paired hepatic veins, anterior jugular veins and Cuvierian ducts[PMID:20735616] In humans, it exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart, where it is found between the two venae cavae. In the adult, it is incorporated into the wall of the right atrium to form a smooth part called the sinus venarum, also known as the venarum sinus, which is separated from the rest of the atrium by a ridge of fibres called the crista terminalis. The sinus venosus also forms the SA node and the coronary sinus. In the embryo, the thin walls of the sinus venosus are connected below with the right ventricle, and medially with the left atrium, but are free in the rest of their extent. It receives blood from the vitelline vein, umbilical vein and common cardinal vein. It originally starts as a paired structure but shifts towards associating only with the right atrium as the embryonic heart develops. The left portion shrinks in size and eventually forms the coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium, whereas the right part becomes incorporated into the right atrium to form the sinus venarmu In zebrafish, the sinus venosus also acts as a pacemaker and is the first to contract inflow tract AAO:0010505 EHDAA2:0001839 EHDAA:480 EMAPA:16237 FMA:70303 NCIT:C34299 NCIT:C34300 TAO:0000154 UMLS:C0225857 UMLS:C0231084 VHOG:0000177 Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus ZFA:0000154 uberon sinus venarum sinus venosus cordis venarum venarum sinus venosus UBERON:0002063 sinus venosus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Gray465.png VHOG Bgee:AN The sinus venosus is a large cardiac chamber at the inflow tract that receives venous blood from systemic circulation. precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. The sinus venosus is a large cardiac chamber at the inflow tract that receives venous blood from systemic circulation. precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. PMID:20735616 Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus Heart region collecting blood from the paired common cardinal veins and delivering to the atrium. One of four components of the heart. The sinus venosus also acts as a pacemaker and is the first to contract. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000154 TAO ZFIN:curator Part of the circulatory system which receives blood from the systemic veins and contracts to pump the blood into the atrium of the heart.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010505 AAO AAO:BJB In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000177 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428 In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000177 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428 http://bgee.unil.ch/ In zebrafish, the sinus venosus also acts as a pacemaker and is the first to contract ZFA:0000154 inflow tract ZFA:0000154 UMLS:C0225857 ncithesaurus:Sinus_Venarum UMLS:C0231084 ncithesaurus:Sinus_Venosus sinus venarum sinus venarum Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus sinus venosus cordis sinus venosus cordis Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus venarum venarum Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus venarum sinus venarum sinus Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus venosus venosus Wikipedia:Sinus_venosus The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP]. Consider adding a layer-of-skin grouping class for all skin layers A collagenous layer of the skin subjacent to the epidermis and covering the hypodermis. It contains various types of cells (e.g. fibroblasts, pigment cells, nerve, blood vessels and scales. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous.[well established][VHOG] dermal AAO:0000128 BTO:0000294 CALOHA:TS-2076 EFO:0000953 EMAPA:17527 EV:0100154 FMA:70323 GAID:1321 MA:0000152 MAT:0000153 MESH:D020405 MIAA:0000153 NCIT:C12701 SCTID:361696001 TAO:0001119 UMLS:C0011646 VHOG:0000108 Wikipedia:Dermis XAO:0000217 ZFA:0001119 vertebrate dermis uberon corium cutis UBERON:0002067 dermis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/EpidermisPainted.svg FMA definitional The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP]. ZFIN:curator The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP]. Wikipedia:Dermis ZFIN:curator A collagenous layer of the skin subjacent to the epidermis and covering the hypodermis. It contains various types of cells (e.g. fibroblasts, pigment cells, nerve, blood vessels and scales. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001119 TAO ZFIN:curator When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000108 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1 When approaching controversies surrounding skin evolution, we need to remember that the skin consists of two layers, an epidermis and a dermis, not a single evolving structure. (...) It is little wonder that controversies about homology exist. If we think of the epidermis, the dermis, and their interactions as an evolving unit, then their specialized products (hair, feathers, and reptilian scales) are broadly homologous.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000108 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.231-232 see also p.209 and p.228 and Figure 6-1 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0011646 ncithesaurus:Dermis corium corium BTO:0000294 corium Wikipedia:Dermis cutis BTO:0000294 Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP]. A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells[FMA:70544]. hypodermal subcutaneous subcutaneus BTO has 'subcutis', as part of dermis. We follow FMA in having distinct classes for hypodermis and superficial fascia, and including these as part of the non-skin intgeument. BTO:0001314 CALOHA:TS-2366 EMAPA:37505 FMA:70544 NCIT:C33645 TAO:0001136 UMLS:C0278403 Wikipedia:Hypodermis ZFA:0001136 hypoderm vertebrate hypodermis uberon sub-tegumental tissue subcutaneous tissue subcutis subtegumental tissue superficial fascia tela subcutanea UBERON:0002072 hypodermis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Skin.svg ZFA FMA-modified Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP]. Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP]. Wikipedia:Hypodermis A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001136 TAO ZFIN:curator A layer separating the inner face of the dermis from the subjacent muscle cells. It is covered on both sides by a basement membrane. It contains pigment cells[FMA:70544]. FMA:70544 BTO has 'subcutis', as part of dermis. We follow FMA in having distinct classes for hypodermis and superficial fascia, and including these as part of the non-skin intgeument. BTO EMAPA:37505 MA:th UMLS:C0278403 ncithesaurus:Subcutis sub-tegumental tissue BTO:0004525 subcutaneous tissue subcutaneous tissue Wikipedia:Hypodermis subtegumental tissue BTO:0004525 superficial fascia tela subcutanea tela subcutanea Wikipedia:Hypodermis An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper.[AAO] general anatomical term in FMA. Note that we place the MA class here temporarily, although properly systems should be distinguished from organs. AAO:0010386 BTO:0001491 EHDAA:512 EMAPA:16245 FMA:7085 MA:0000019 MESH:D014781 NCIT:C28287 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002201 SCTID:118760003 UMLS:C0042779 Wikipedia:Viscus XAO:0003034 visceral organ visceral organ system uberon splanchnic tissue viscera visceral tissue UBERON:0002075 viscus An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. BTO:0001491 An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. BTO:0001491 Wikipedia:Viscus https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/14 An internal organ of the body; especially: one (as the heart, liver, or intestine) located in the great cavity of the trunk proper.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010386 AAO BTO:0001491 general anatomical term in FMA. Note that we place the MA class here temporarily, although properly systems should be distinguished from organs. FMA UMLS:C0042779 ncithesaurus:Viscera visceral organ RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002201 visceral organ system MA:0000019 splanchnic tissue BTO:0001491 visceral tissue BTO:0001491 A cardiac atrium that is in the left side of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood. In mammals, this comes from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus, and pumps it into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. Right cardiac chamber which is continuous with the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.[FMA] The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern AAO:0010248 BTO:0001703 EHDAA2:0000290 EMAPA:17321 FMA:7096 MA:0000075 NCIT:C12868 OpenCyc:Mx4runNcs6fqEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rDJ89oqgPEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:244383003 UMLS:C0225844 VHOG:0000328 Wikipedia:Right_atrium XAO:0003192 galen:RightAtrium cardiac right atrium heart right atrium right atrium right atrium of heart right cardiac atrium uberon atrium dextrum UBERON:0002078 right cardiac atrium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg human_reference_atlas A cardiac atrium that is in the left side of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood. In mammals, this comes from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus, and pumps it into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. A cardiac atrium that is in the left side of the heart. It receives deoxygenated blood. In mammals, this comes from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus, and pumps it into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. Wikipedia:Right_atrium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Right cardiac chamber which is continuous with the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava.[FMA] FMA:7096 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000328 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000328 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225844 ncithesaurus:Right_Atrium heart right atrium MA:0000075 right atrium VHOG:0000328 atrium dextrum atrium dextrum Wikipedia:Right_atrium A cardiac atrium that is in the left side of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, In mammals this is pumped into the left ventricle, via the Mitral valve. Left cardiac chamber which is continuous with the pulmonary venous trunk.[FMA] The chamber of the heart that receives blood from the lungs[XAO:EJS]. The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern AAO:0010247 BTO:0001702 EHDAA2:0000275 EMAPA:17315 FMA:7097 MA:0000074 NCIT:C12869 OpenCyc:Mx4rkJN1AagEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rDJ89oqgPEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:244387002 UMLS:C0225860 VHOG:0000369 Wikipedia:Left_atrium XAO:0003191 galen:LeftAtrium atrium sinistrum cardiac left atrium heart left atrium left atrium left atrium of heart left cardiac atrium uberon UBERON:0002079 left cardiac atrium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg human_reference_atlas A cardiac atrium that is in the left side of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, In mammals this is pumped into the left ventricle, via the Mitral valve. A cardiac atrium that is in the left side of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, In mammals this is pumped into the left ventricle, via the Mitral valve. Wikipedia:Left_atrium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Left cardiac chamber which is continuous with the pulmonary venous trunk.[FMA] FMA:7097 The chamber of the heart that receives blood from the lungs[XAO:EJS]. XAO:EJS The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000369 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000369 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225860 ncithesaurus:Left_Atrium atrium sinistrum atrium sinistrum Wikipedia:Left_atrium heart left atrium MA:0000074 left atrium VHOG:0000369 A cardiac ventricle that is in the right side of the heart. The muscular chamber on the right and in front of the left ventricle. It generally receives venous blood from the right atrium and conveys it into the pulmonary artery. [(1988)_Dorian_AF, Amsterdam, Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B._Anatomy, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier's_Encyclopaedic_Dictionary_of_Medicine][VHOG] https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern In mammals continuous with the pulmonary arteries BTO:0001630 CALOHA:TS-0443 EHDAA2:0000196 EMAPA:17340 FMA:7098 MA:0000093 NCIT:C12870 OpenCyc:Mx4rRMlc0KgNEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjj1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244384009 UMLS:C0225883 VHOG:0000717 Wikipedia:Right_ventricle galen:RightVentricle cardiac right ventricle right ventricle right ventricle of heart uberon right cardiac ventricle ventriculus dexter UBERON:0002080 heart right ventricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg human_reference_atlas PMID:17276708 cjm A cardiac ventricle that is in the right side of the heart. A cardiac ventricle that is in the right side of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The muscular chamber on the right and in front of the left ventricle. It generally receives venous blood from the right atrium and conveys it into the pulmonary artery. [(1988)_Dorian_AF, Amsterdam, Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B._Anatomy, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier's_Encyclopaedic_Dictionary_of_Medicine][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000717 VHOG The muscular chamber on the right and in front of the left ventricle. It generally receives venous blood from the right atrium and conveys it into the pulmonary artery. [(1988)_Dorian_AF, Amsterdam, Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B._Anatomy, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier's_Encyclopaedic_Dictionary_of_Medicine][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000717 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225883 ncithesaurus:Right_Ventricle right ventricle FMA:7098 right cardiac ventricle EMAPA:17340 ventriculus dexter ventriculus dexter Wikipedia:Right_ventricle Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart. One of four heart chambers.[TAO] One of two chambers of the heart which receive blood from the veins and forces it by muscular contration to the ventricle.[AAO] In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010246 BTO:0000903 CALOHA:TS-0437 EFO:0000277 EHDAA2:0000154 EHDAA:1265 EMAPA:16688 EV:0100019 FMA:7099 GAID:555 MA:0000073 MAT:0000496 MESH:D006325 NCIT:C12728 SCTID:261405004 TAO:0000471 UMLS:C0018792 VHOG:0000175 Wikipedia:Heart_atrium ZFA:0000471 galen:Atrium atria atrium atrium of heart cardiac atria heart atrium uberon atrial tissue UBERON:0002081 cardiac atrium Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart. Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart. Wikipedia:Heart_atrium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 One of four heart chambers.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000471 TAO ZFIN:curator One of two chambers of the heart which receive blood from the veins and forces it by muscular contration to the ventricle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010246 AAO AAO:BJB In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000175 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428 In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000175 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0018792 ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Atrium atria atrium ZFA:0000471 cardiac atria atrial tissue BTO:0000903 Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart. A chamber of the heart that receives blood from one or more atria and pumps it by muscular contraction into the arteries.[AAO] One of four heart chambers.[TAO] In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)[well established][VHOG] ventricle AAO:0010249 BTO:0000862 CALOHA:TS-0444 EFO:0000317 EHDAA2:0004164 EHDAA:1912 EMAPA:17331 EV:0100020 FMA:7100 GAID:568 MA:0000091 MAT:0000497 MESH:D006352 NCIT:C12730 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjj1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:277699000 TAO:0000009 UMLS:C0018827 VHOG:0000435 Wikipedia:Ventricle_(heart) XAO:0003193 ZFA:0000009 galen:Ventricle heart ventricle lower chamber of heart ventricle of heart uberon UBERON:0002082 cardiac ventricle Bgee:AN Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart. Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart. Wikipedia:Ventricle_(heart) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A chamber of the heart that receives blood from one or more atria and pumps it by muscular contraction into the arteries.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010249 AAO AAO:BJB One of four heart chambers.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000009 TAO ZFIN:curator In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000435 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428 In the primitive vertebrate heart the four chambers are: 1. Sinus venosus (...) 2. Atrium (...) 3. Ventricle (...) 4. Conus arteriosus (...)[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000435 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.428 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0018827 ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Ventricle A cardiac ventricle that is in the left side of the heart. Thick-walled muscular chamber constituting the left border and apex of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium through the mitral orifice and send it off into the aorta. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The vertebrate heart initially forms as a tube from a population of precursor cells termed the first heart field (FHF). Cells from the adjacent second heart field (SHF) are then progressively added to the developing heart. In avian and mammalian hearts, the FHF contributes mainly to the left ventricle, whereas the SHF gives rise to the outflow tract and large portions of the right ventricle and atria. Both fields arise from common mesodermal progenitors, although the detailed lineage relationships between FHF and SHF remain uncertain.[well established][VHOG] https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern In mammals continuous with aorta BTO:0001629 CALOHA:TS-0439 EHDAA2:0002178 EMAPA:17337 FMA:7101 MA:0000092 NCIT:C12871 OpenCyc:Mx4rtW8v46gEEdudWQACs5b6Bw OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjj1pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244385005 UMLS:C0225897 VHOG:0000718 Wikipedia:Left_ventricle galen:LeftVentricle cardiac left ventricle left cardiac ventricle left ventricle left ventricle of heart uberon ventriculus sinister cordis UBERON:0002084 heart left ventricle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Diagram_of_the_human_heart_%28cropped%29.svg human_reference_atlas GO A cardiac ventricle that is in the left side of the heart. A cardiac ventricle that is in the left side of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Thick-walled muscular chamber constituting the left border and apex of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium through the mitral orifice and send it off into the aorta. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000718 VHOG Thick-walled muscular chamber constituting the left border and apex of the heart. It receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium through the mitral orifice and send it off into the aorta. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000718 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The vertebrate heart initially forms as a tube from a population of precursor cells termed the first heart field (FHF). Cells from the adjacent second heart field (SHF) are then progressively added to the developing heart. In avian and mammalian hearts, the FHF contributes mainly to the left ventricle, whereas the SHF gives rise to the outflow tract and large portions of the right ventricle and atria. Both fields arise from common mesodermal progenitors, although the detailed lineage relationships between FHF and SHF remain uncertain.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000718 VHOG DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010) The vertebrate heart initially forms as a tube from a population of precursor cells termed the first heart field (FHF). Cells from the adjacent second heart field (SHF) are then progressively added to the developing heart. In avian and mammalian hearts, the FHF contributes mainly to the left ventricle, whereas the SHF gives rise to the outflow tract and large portions of the right ventricle and atria. Both fields arise from common mesodermal progenitors, although the detailed lineage relationships between FHF and SHF remain uncertain.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000718 VHOG DOI:10.1126/science.1190181 Stolfi A, Gainous TB, Young JJ, Mori A, Levine M, Christiaen L, Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field. Science (2010) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225897 ncithesaurus:Left_Ventricle left ventricle FMA:7101 ventriculus sinister cordis ventriculus sinister cordis Wikipedia:Left_ventricle A cardiac septum that divides the left and right atria of the heart. The partition separating the right and left atria of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000838 EHDAA:1896 EMAPA:17011 FMA:7108 MA:0000084 NCIT:C32818 OpenCyc:Mx4rpd49nLYEEduAAAACs2IKfQ OpenCyc:Mx4rwGvku5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362016003 UMLS:C0225836 VHOG:0000385 Wikipedia:Interatrial_septum galen:InteratrialSeptum atrial septum atrium septum interatrial septal wall uberon UBERON:0002085 interatrial septum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray493.png A cardiac septum that divides the left and right atria of the heart. A cardiac septum that divides the left and right atria of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The partition separating the right and left atria of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000385 VHOG The partition separating the right and left atria of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000385 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/interatrial+septum The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000385 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 The tetrapod clade develops a complete atrial septum and loses the fifth aortic arch altogether.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000385 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225836 ncithesaurus:Interatrial_Septum The postcranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord.[AAO] The post-cranial structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; usually consists of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins.[TAO] The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] axial skeleton AAO:0000034 EFO:0000942 EHDAA2:0000161 EHDAA:5049 EMAPA:17214 EMAPA:37721 FMA:71221 MA:0002986 MAT:0000148 MIAA:0000148 TAO:0000317 VHOG:0000317 VSAO:0000093 XAO:0003073 ZFA:0000317 post-cranial axial skeleton uberon UBERON:0002090 previous some AOs had used the term 'axial skeleton' to include the skull. This is being resolved (see tracker items above). Status: MA - fixed. postcranial axial skeleton http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/The-axial-skeleton The postcranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. ZFA:0000317 The postcranial subdivision of skeleton structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; in Danio, consisting of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins; in human consists of the bones of the vertebral column, the thoracic cage and the pelvis[ZFA+FMA]. ZFA:0000317 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2983975&group_id=76834&atid=974957 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=1205376&aid=2983977&group_id=76834 Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000093 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, a metameric, semi-flexible, arched bar located in the dorsal part of the trunk, and is formed by a series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae. It provides suspension for the appendicular skeleton and protection for the spinal nerve cord.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000034 AAO AAO:LAP The post-cranial structural components forming the long axis of the vertebrate body; usually consists of the notochord, vertebrae, ribs, supraneurals, intermuscular bones, and unpaired median fins.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000317 TAO ZFIN:curator The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000317 VHOG DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011) The axial musculoskeletal system represents the plesiomorphic locomotor engine of the vertebrate body, playing a central role in locomotion. In craniates, the evolution of the postcranial skeleton is characterized by two major transformations. First, the axial skeleton became increasingly functionally and morphologically regionalized. Second, the axial-based locomotion plesiomorphic for craniates became progressively appendage-based with the evolution of extremities in tetrapods.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000317 VHOG DOI:10.1186/1742-9994-8-4 Schilling N, Evolution of the axial system in craniates: morphology and function of the perivertebral musculature. Frontiers in Zoology (2011) http://bgee.unil.ch/ axial skeleton FMA:71221 axial skeleton FMA:71221 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-axial-skeleton EMAPA:37721 MA:th Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm]. Skeletal subdivision consisting of all the skeletal elements in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes.[VSAO] Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[TAO] The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton.[AAO] ontologies differ in whether they treat the term appendicular skeleton as being the entire set of bones in the limbs, or whether the fore and hind limbs/fins are treated as seperate appendicular skeletons. Here we follow FMA, and treat the appendicular skeleton as the sum total of skeletal elements in the organism (this is evidenced by the fact that in FMA, skeleton of left/right upper/lower limb is part_of a appendicular skeleton, and subtypes of 'subdivision of appendicular skeleton'). We have separate classes such as 'skeleton of limb', and 'skeleton of hindlimb' for the 4 parts of the appendicular skeleton. In future the ZFA/TAO classes may be moved. AAO:0000747 EFO:0000951 EMAPA:32729 FMA:71222 MA:0000290 MAT:0000278 MIAA:0000278 NCIT:C49477 SCTID:322050006 UMLS:C0222646 VHOG:0001666 VSAO:0000076 Wikipedia:Appendicular_skeleton XAO:0003166 appendicular skeleton entire appendicular skeleton paired fin skeleton uberon skeleton appendiculare UBERON:0002091 appendicular skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Appendages-and-the-appendicular-skeleton http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Appendicular_skeleton_diagram.svg Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm]. UBERONREF:0000003 Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm]. UBERONREF:0000003 Wikipedia:Appendicular_skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal subdivision consisting of all the skeletal elements in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000076 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 Skeletal subdivision consisting of all the skeletal elements in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000076 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal system that consists of the paired fins (pectoral or pelvic fins).[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000027 TAO TAO:wd The pectoral and pelvic girdles, which articulate with the axial skeleton, together with their associated limbs, the forelimbs and hind limbs, form the appendicular skeleton.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000747 AAO AAO:LAP ontologies differ in whether they treat the term appendicular skeleton as being the entire set of bones in the limbs, or whether the fore and hind limbs/fins are treated as seperate appendicular skeletons. Here we follow FMA, and treat the appendicular skeleton as the sum total of skeletal elements in the organism (this is evidenced by the fact that in FMA, skeleton of left/right upper/lower limb is part_of a appendicular skeleton, and subtypes of 'subdivision of appendicular skeleton'). We have separate classes such as 'skeleton of limb', and 'skeleton of hindlimb' for the 4 parts of the appendicular skeleton. In future the ZFA/TAO classes may be moved. FMA UMLS:C0222646 ncithesaurus:Appendicular_Skeleton entire appendicular skeleton entire appendicular skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/59 paired fin skeleton skeleton appendiculare skeleton appendiculare Wikipedia:Appendicular_skeleton Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA]. The partition separating the right and left ventricles of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] The two most progressive vertebrate classes, the birds and mammals, have completed the ventricular septum and at long last have completely separated the two blood streams along the length of the major heart chambers. This development has obviously been brought about independently in the two cases, since mammals and birds have evolved independently from primitive reptiles.[well established][VHOG] involves the recruitment of myocardial cells as well as of non- muscular mesenchymal cells (Kaufman and Bard, 1999) BTO:0002483 EFO:0001956 EHDAA:2603 EMAPA:17333 FMA:7133 MA:0000085 NCIT:C32874 OpenCyc:Mx4rwA7lp5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362019005 UMLS:C0225870 VHOG:0000386 Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum galen:InterventricularSeptum heart interventricular septum heart ventricular septum uberon interventricular septum of heart interventriculare cordis intraventricular septum s. interventriculare cordis septum inferius septum membranaceum ventricle septum ventricular septum UBERON:0002094 interventricular septum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray498.png Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA]. FMA:7133 The partition separating the right and left ventricles of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000386 VHOG The partition separating the right and left ventricles of the heart. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000386 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/interventricular+septum The two most progressive vertebrate classes, the birds and mammals, have completed the ventricular septum and at long last have completely separated the two blood streams along the length of the major heart chambers. This development has obviously been brought about independently in the two cases, since mammals and birds have evolved independently from primitive reptiles.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000386 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.430 The two most progressive vertebrate classes, the birds and mammals, have completed the ventricular septum and at long last have completely separated the two blood streams along the length of the major heart chambers. This development has obviously been brought about independently in the two cases, since mammals and birds have evolved independently from primitive reptiles.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000386 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676678 Romer AS, Vertebrate body (1970) p.430 http://bgee.unil.ch/ involves the recruitment of myocardial cells as well as of non- muscular mesenchymal cells (Kaufman and Bard, 1999) ISBN:0124020607 UMLS:C0225870 ncithesaurus:Interventricular_Septum heart interventricular septum MA:0000085 heart ventricular septum MA:0000085 interventricular septum of heart BTO:0002483 interventriculare cordis BTO:0002483 intraventricular septum intraventricular septum Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum s. interventriculare cordis s. interventriculare cordis Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum septum inferius septum inferius Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum septum membranaceum septum membranaceum Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum ventricular septum MA:0000085 ventricular septum MA:0000085 Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis. consider 'integumentary system' for invertebrates MA uses the term skin to refer to what is called here: zone of skin BTO:0001253 CALOHA:TS-0934 EFO:0000962 EHDAA2:0001844 EMAPA:17525 FMA:7163 MESH:D012867 MFMO:0000099 NCIT:C12470 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjX3ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181469002 UMLS:C1123023 Wikipedia:Skin XAO:0000023 galen:Skin entire skin skin organ uberon entire integument integument integumental organ pelt skin UBERON:0002097 skin of body http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Skin.svg Wikipathways:WP2062 The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis. UBERON:cjm MA uses the term skin to refer to what is called here: zone of skin FMA UMLS:C1123023 ncithesaurus:Skin The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles. 'Terrestrial vertebrates have divided hearts in which septae separate the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood within the pulmonary and systemic circulations' in GO, septum morphogenesis is part of cardiac chamber morphogenesis; need to add axioms to infer this EMAPA:35400 FMA:7180 GAID:562 MA:0000083 MESH:D006346 NCIT:C49485 SCTID:362014000 UMLS:C0018819 cardiac septa heart septa heart septum septum of heart uberon spiral septa UBERON:0002099 cardiac septum The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles. MESH:A07.541.459 in GO, septum morphogenesis is part of cardiac chamber morphogenesis; need to add axioms to infer this GO UMLS:C0018819 ncithesaurus:Heart_Septum cardiac septa heart septa spiral septa XAO:0004141 Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present. Organism subdivision that is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[AAO] Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[TAO] AAO:0010339 BILA:0000116 BTO:0001493 CALOHA:TS-1071 EFO:0000966 EMAPA:31857 FMA:7181 MA:0000004 MAT:0000296 MIAA:0000296 NCIT:C33816 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVkJjpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:262225004 TAO:0001115 UMLS:C0460005 Wikipedia:Torso XAO:0000054 XAO:0003025 ZFA:0001115 galen:Trunk thoracolumbar region torso trunk region uberon Rumpf UBERON:0002100 trunk Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present. TAO:0001115 UBERONREF:0000006 Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present. TAO:0001115 UBERONREF:0000006 Wikipedia:Torso ZFA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/378 pending Organism subdivision that is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010339 AAO AAO:BJB Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the head and anterior to the tail.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001115 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0460005 ncithesaurus:Trunk trunk region XAO:0000054 Rumpf BTO:0001493 The sensory system subserving the sense of vision. The sensory system used for sight.[AAO] UBERON:0007036 AAO:0000632 BILA:0000140 EMAPA:36003 FMA:7191 MA:0002444 NCIT:C12888 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViCtpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:281831001 TAO:0001127 UMLS:C0587900 Wikipedia:Visual_system XAO:0003198 ZFA:0001127 http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/FMAID_7191 photosensory system visual organ system uberon UBERON:0002104 visual system The sensory system subserving the sense of vision. NIFSTD:FMAID_7191 The sensory system used for sight.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000632 AAO AAO:EJS UMLS:C0587900 ncithesaurus:Visual_System photosensory system BILA:0000140 Sensory system responsible for the perception of spatial orientation and auditory stimuli. The sensory system used for balance and hearing.[AAO] AAO:0000631 EMAPA:36002 EMAPA:37985 FMA:78500 TAO:0001138 XAO:0003195 ZFA:0001138 auditory organ system vestibuloauditory system uberon auditory system auditory/vestibular system vestibuloauditory system UBERON:0002105 vestibulo-auditory system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear.svg Sensory system responsible for the perception of spatial orientation and auditory stimuli. ZFA:0001138 The sensory system used for balance and hearing.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000631 AAO AAO:EJS EMAPA:37985 MA:th A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0000087 CALOHA:TS-1198 EMAPA:36285 FMA:72024 MA:0000708 NCIT:C49195 UMLS:C1706851 arterial smooth muscle artery smooth muscle artery smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of artery uberon arterial smooth muscle cell UBERON:0002111 artery smooth muscle tissue A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1706851 ncithesaurus:Artery_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue arterial smooth muscle BTO:0000087 smooth muscle of artery FMA:72024 arterial smooth muscle cell BTO:0000087 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35323 FMA:72025 MA:0001573 esophageal smooth muscle esophagus involuntary muscle esophagus non-striated muscle esophagus smooth muscle esophagus smooth muscle tissue gullet involuntary muscle gullet non-striated muscle gullet smooth muscle gullet smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of esophagus involuntary muscle of gullet involuntary muscle of oesophagus non-striated muscle of esophagus non-striated muscle of gullet non-striated muscle of oesophagus oesophagus involuntary muscle oesophagus non-striated muscle oesophagus smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of gullet smooth muscle of oesophagus smooth muscle tissue of esophagus smooth muscle tissue of gullet smooth muscle tissue of oesophagus uberon oesophagus smooth muscle UBERON:0002112 smooth muscle of esophagus A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic esophagus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic esophagus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic esophagus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic gullet involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic gullet non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic gullet smooth muscle OBOL:automatic gullet smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of esophagus OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of esophagus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic oesophagus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic oesophagus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of gullet OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of oesophagus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of esophagus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gullet OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of oesophagus OBOL:automatic An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37367 FMA:7213 MA:0001705 NCIT:C33487 SCTID:280123002 UMLS:C0227873 uberon UBERON:0002118 right ovary An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37367 MA:th UMLS:C0227873 ncithesaurus:Right_Ovary An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern In some elasmobranchs, the left ovary does not mature, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo EMAPA:37366 FMA:7214 MA:0001704 NCIT:C32969 SCTID:280124008 UMLS:C0227874 uberon UBERON:0002119 left ovary An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic In some elasmobranchs, the left ovary does not mature, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo In some elasmobranchs, the left ovary does not mature, with only the right ovary fully developing. In the primitive jawless fish, and some teleosts, there is only one ovary, formed by the fusion of the paired organs in the embryo Wikipedia:Ovary#In_other_animals EMAPA:37366 MA:th UMLS:C0227874 ncithesaurus:Left_Ovary A collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways of the auditory system. In mice, the superior olivary nucleus is a small cylindrical mass on the dorsal surface of the lateral part of the trapezoid body of the pons, and it is situated immediately above the inferior olivary nucleus. It receives projections from the cochlear nucleus and thus is involved in the perception of sound[GO:0021718] The SOC displays a significant interspecies variation, being largest in bats and rodents and smaller in primates. BAMS:SOC BIRNLEX:1307 DHBA:12462 EMAPA:35840 EV:0100263 FMA:72247 HBA:9177 MA:0001026 MBA:398 MESH:D065832 UMLS:C0175427 VHOG:0001381 Wikipedia:Superior_olivary_complex http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=569 nucleus olivaris superior superior olivary nuclei uberon regio olivaris superioris superior olivary nucleus superior olivary nucleus (Barr & Kiernan) superior olive UBERON:0002128 superior olivary complex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Gray713.png NIFSTD A collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways of the auditory system. ISBN:0-19-502694-2 Wikipedia:Superior_olivary_complex ABA ABA ABA UMLS:C0175427 BIRNLEX:1307 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=569 BIRNLEX:1307 nucleus olivaris superior FMA:72247 FMA:TA superior olivary nuclei FMA:72247 regio olivaris superioris NeuroNames:569 superior olivary nucleus FMA:72247 superior olivary nucleus (Barr & Kiernan) NeuroNames:569 superior olive FMA:72247 ISBN:0-19-502694-2 The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic[GO]. Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the ponto-mesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis[GAID]. TODO - check ZFA/pons. also GO says part of dorsorostral pons BAMS:CAE BAMS:LC BIRNLEX:905 BM:Pons-LC BTO:0001408 DHBA:12819 DMBA:16972 EFO:0001963 EMAPA:35502 FMA:72478 GAID:577 HBA:9148 MA:0001017 MBA:147 MESH:D008125 NCIT:C97333 SCTID:369016004 TAO:0000539 UMLS:C0023951 Wikipedia:Locus_ceruleus ZFA:0000539 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=583 blue nucleus caerulean nucleus locus caeruleus locus coeruleu locus coeruleus nucleus caeruleus nucleus of locus caeruleus nucleus pigmentosus pontis substantia ferruginea uberon loci coeruleus locus cinereus locus coeruleus (Vicq d'Azyr) nucleus loci caerulei UBERON:0002148 locus ceruleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Gray709.png check ZFA NIFSTD The locus ceruleus is a dense cluster of neurons within the dorsorostral pons. This nucleus is the major location of neurons that release norepinephrine throughout the brain, and is responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic[GO]. Bluish region in the superior angle of the fourth ventricle floor, corresponding to melanin-like pigmented nerve cells which lie lateral to the ponto-mesencephalic central gray (griseum centrale). It is also known as nucleus pigmentosus pontis[GAID]. GAID:577 GO:0021703 Wikipedia:Locus_ceruleus ABA ABA ABA ABA UMLS:C0023951 BIRNLEX:905 UMLS:C0023951 ncithesaurus:Locus_Coeruleus http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=583 BIRNLEX:905 blue nucleus BIRNLEX:905 locus caeruleus BIRNLEX:905 nucleus caeruleus FMA:72478 FMA:TA nucleus pigmentosus pontis BIRNLEX:905 substantia ferruginea BIRNLEX:905 loci coeruleus ZFA:0000539 locus cinereus BTO:0001408 locus coeruleus (Vicq d'Azyr) NeuroNames:583 nucleus loci caerulei NeuroNames:583 Nucleus containing parasympathetic neurons giving rise to the parasympathetic division of the facial nerve, innervating the salivary glands (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 703). BAMS:SSN BAMS:SuS BIRNLEX:1131 DHBA:12435 EHDAA2:0004646 EMAPA:37756 FMA:72482 HBA:9194 MA:0001027 MBA:462 SCTID:369028007 UMLS:C0175447 Wikipedia:Superior_salivatory_nucleus http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=590 superior salivary nucleus uberon nucleus salivarius superior nucleus salivatorius cranialis nucleus salivatorius rostralis nucleus salivatorius superior UBERON:0002149 superior salivatory nucleus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Gray788.png definitional Nucleus containing parasympathetic neurons giving rise to the parasympathetic division of the facial nerve, innervating the salivary glands (Brodal, Neurological Anatomy, 3rd ed., 1981, pg 703). BIRNLEX:1131 ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA EMAPA:37756 MA:th UMLS:C0175447 BIRNLEX:1131 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=590 BIRNLEX:1131 superior salivary nucleus GO:0021753 nucleus salivarius superior NeuroNames:590 nucleus salivatorius cranialis NeuroNames:590 nucleus salivatorius rostralis NeuroNames:590 nucleus salivatorius superior NeuroNames:590 The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. Layer that lines the lumen of the heart.[TAO] Part of the heart comprised of thin serous membrane, composed of endothelial tissue, that lines the interior of the heart.[AAO] Tunica intima which has as its parts the endothelium of endocardium and the fibroelastic connective tissue that surrounds the cavity of a cardiac chamber. UBERON:0006225 AAO:0010408 BTO:0000387 CALOHA:TS-2075 EFO:0000821 EHDAA2:0004153 EMAPA:17868 EMAPA:32686 EV:0100021 FMA:7280 GAID:550 MA:0000076 MAT:0000455 MESH:D004699 NCIT:C13004 OpenCyc:Mx4rsWA75K1cEduAAADggVaqvw SCTID:362013006 TAO:0001320 UMLS:C0014124 VHOG:0000084 Wikipedia:Endocardium XAO:0000066 ZFA:0001320 galen:Endocardium endocardial lining endocardial tissue heart endocardium uberon heart endocardial tissue UBERON:0002165 fixed in GO to reflect FMA. See email to David/Varsha June 18 2010 endocardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Gray493.png Bgee:AN The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. GO:0003157 Layer that lines the lumen of the heart.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001320 TAO ZFIN:curator Part of the heart comprised of thin serous membrane, composed of endothelial tissue, that lines the interior of the heart.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010408 AAO AAO:BJB Tunica intima which has as its parts the endothelium of endocardium and the fibroelastic connective tissue that surrounds the cavity of a cardiac chamber. FMA:7280 UMLS:C0014124 ncithesaurus:Endocardium endocardial lining EMAPA:32686 endocardial tissue EMAPA:17868 heart endocardial tissue VHOG:0000084 Endocardium that is part of the atrium. EMAPA:32745 FMA:7284 MA:0000077 SCTID:192001005 TAO:0002169 VHOG:0000606 ZFA:0001614 Cardiac atria endocardium atrial endocardium atrium endocardium atrium of heart endocardium cardiac atrium endocardium endocardium of Cardiac atria endocardium of atrium of heart endocardium of cardiac atrium endocardium of heart atrium heart atrium endocardium uberon atrium endocardial tissue UBERON:0002166 endocardium of atrium Endocardium that is part of the atrium. ZFIN:curator Cardiac atria endocardium OBOL:automatic atrium of heart endocardium OBOL:automatic cardiac atrium endocardium OBOL:automatic endocardium of Cardiac atria OBOL:automatic endocardium of atrium of heart OBOL:automatic endocardium of cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic endocardium of heart atrium OBOL:automatic heart atrium endocardium OBOL:automatic atrium endocardial tissue VHOG:0000606 Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA]. Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EHDAA2:0001730 EHDAA:4969 EMAPA:17661 FMA:7309 MA:0000426 NCIT:C33483 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgHsHZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361967000 UMLS:C0225706 VHOG:0000301 Wikipedia:Right_lung uberon UBERON:0002167 right lung http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Gray972.png Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Lung which consists of the right upper lobe, middle lobe and right lower lobe.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Right_lung Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000301 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210 Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000301 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225706 ncithesaurus:Right_Lung Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA]. Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EHDAA2:0000943 EHDAA:4947 EMAPA:17653 FMA:7310 MA:0000425 NCIT:C32967 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngh4rvgIFoJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvVjKy5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361982005 UMLS:C0225730 VHOG:0000618 Wikipedia:Left_lung uberon UBERON:0002168 left lung http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Gray973.png Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Lung which consists of the left upper lobe and left lower lobe.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Left_lung Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000618 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210 Lungs had already developed as paired ventral pockets from the intestine in the ancestor of Osteognathostomata.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000618 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.210 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0225730 ncithesaurus:Left_Lung A portion of adipose tissue that is part of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis. the superficial portion of the subcutaneous tissue which is specialized for fat storage[MP:0011156] UBERON:0008875 panniculus adiposus BTO:0004042 EMAPA:35829 FMA:74315 MA:0000473 fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue hypodermis fat layer panniculus adiposus (tela subcutanea) panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae subcutaneous fat layer uberon fatty layer of superficial fascia subcutaneous fat UBERON:0002190 subcutaneous adipose tissue A portion of adipose tissue that is part of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis. A portion of adipose tissue that is part of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the superficial portion of the subcutaneous tissue which is specialized for fat storage[MP:0011156] MP:0011156 panniculus adiposus MP:0011156 fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue FMA:74315 hypodermis fat layer MP:0011156 panniculus adiposus (tela subcutanea) FMA:74315 FMA:TA panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae FMA:74315 FMA:TA subcutaneous fat layer MP:0011156 fatty layer of superficial fascia FMA:74315 subcutaneous fat BTO:0004042 Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs. CALOHA:TS-2018 EHDAA2:0004615 EMAPA:18765 FMA:74562 MA:0000013 hematolymphoid system lymphomyeloid complex uberon haemolymphoid system UBERON:0002193 hemolymphoid system MA Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs. Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. in FMA intergument = skin+superficial fascia(hypodermis), skin=dermis+epidermis+hair_nail. Note that the definition provided here excludes the more general sense of the term 'integument' used in invertebrates; consider 'integumental system'. Note that the VSAO class appears to include adnexa by its definition. Anatomical system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages.[AAO] Surface structure that is the outer protective covering of the body.[VSAO] The outer protective barrier that separates the animal from its aquatic environment. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] integumental integumentary AAO:0000239 BTO:0000634 EMAPA:37504 FMA:74657 TAO:0000368 VSAO:0000029 Wikipedia:Integument ZFA:0000368 galen:Integument dermis plus epidermis plus hypodermis integumentum commune skin and subcutaneous tissue skin plus hypodermis the integument uberon dermal system dermoid system skin tegument vertebrate integument UBERON:0002199 integument FMA FMA The dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. The dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. Wikipedia:Integument Anatomical system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000239 AAO AAO:EJS Surface structure that is the outer protective covering of the body.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000029 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 The outer protective barrier that separates the animal from its aquatic environment. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000368 TAO ZFIN:curator EMAPA:37504 MA:th integumentum commune FMA:74657 FMA:TA the integument FMA:74657 dermal system BTO:0000634 dermoid system BTO:0000634 tegument BTO:0000634 Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. EFO:0003656 FMA:74710 TAO:0001267 XAO:0004152 ZFA:0001267 adult head vascular network adult head vasculature cranial vasculature head vascular network vascular network of adult head vascular network of head vasculature of adult head uberon head vasculature UBERON:0002200 vasculature of head Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic adult head vascular network OBOL:automatic adult head vasculature OBOL:automatic head vascular network OBOL:automatic vascular network of adult head OBOL:automatic vascular network of head OBOL:automatic vasculature of adult head OBOL:automatic A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:74712 TAO:0005024 ZFA:0005024 torso vascular network torso vasculature trunk vascular network trunk vasculature vascular network of torso vascular network of trunk vasculature of torso uberon UBERON:0002201 vasculature of trunk A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic torso vascular network OBOL:automatic torso vasculature OBOL:automatic trunk vascular network OBOL:automatic vascular network of torso OBOL:automatic vascular network of trunk OBOL:automatic vasculature of torso OBOL:automatic Vasculature that is part of the eye region. not part of the eye in ZFA. Note this changed to a blood vessel in ZFA FMA:74743 SCTID:123846009 TAO:0007057 ZFA:0007057 eye vascular network ocular blood vessel ocular vasculature vascular network of eye uberon eye vasculature optic vasculature UBERON:0002203 vasculature of eye ISBN:0781772214 Vasculature that is part of the eye region. OBOL:automatic Vasculature that is part of the eye region. OBOL:automatic https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3489658&group_id=76834&atid=994726 not part of the eye in ZFA. Note this changed to a blood vessel in ZFA ZFA eye vascular network OBOL:automatic ocular blood vessel ZFA:0007057 vascular network of eye OBOL:automatic Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems. Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism.[AAO] There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems.[well established][VHOG] musculoskeletal AAO:0010546 CALOHA:TS-1311 EMAPA:32714 EV:0100139 FMA:7482 GAID:98 MA:0002418 MESH:D009141 NCIT:C12754 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRpVNgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g SCTID:278858007 UMLS:C0026860 VHOG:0001275 VSAO:0000031 Wikipedia:Musculoskeletal_system XAO:0000168 musculo-skeletal system uberon UBERON:0002204 musculoskeletal system check ctenophore Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems. VSAO:0000031 VSAO:curator Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems. VSAO:0000031 VSAO:curator https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/77 Anatomical system that provides locomotion and physical support to the organism.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010546 AAO AAO:EJS There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001275 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21246 Shearman RM, Burke AC, The lateral somitic frontier in ontogeny and phylogeny. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2009) There are more than 50,000 extant vertebrate species, representing over 500 million years of evolution. During that time, the vertebrate musculoskeletal systems have adapted to aquatic, terrestrial, fossorial, and arboreal lifestyles, while simultaneously retaining functionally integrated axial and appendicular skeletal systems.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001275 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jez.b.21246 Shearman RM, Burke AC, The lateral somitic frontier in ontogeny and phylogeny. Journal of Experimental Zoology (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0026860 ncithesaurus:Musculoskeletal_System Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA]. EMAPA:36581 FMA:7496 MA:0000320 SCTID:58442004 TAO:0005155 Wikipedia:Cartilaginous_joint ZFA:0005155 articulatio cartilaginea uberon junctura cartilaginea UBERON:0002213 cartilaginous joint FMA Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA]. FMA:FMA Wikipedia:Cartilaginous_joint junctura cartilaginea junctura cartilaginea Wikipedia:Cartilaginous_joint Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA]. Is a joint that is located at the point of contact of articulating bones allowing movement. The joint has a capsule containing synovial fluid surrounding the articulating bone surfaces.[TAO] AEO:0000183 CALOHA:TS-2138 EHDAA2:0003183 FMA:7501 MA:0000322 NCIT:C32461 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2bBV5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:113234001 TAO:0005153 Wikipedia:Synovial_joint ZFA:0005153 galen:SynovialJoint articulatio synoviale diarthroses diarthrosis diarthrosis joint uberon diarthrodial joints UBERON:0002217 synovial joint Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA]. FMA:7501 Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA]. FMA:7501 Wikipedia:Synovial_joint Is a joint that is located at the point of contact of articulating bones allowing movement. The joint has a capsule containing synovial fluid surrounding the articulating bone surfaces.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005153 TAO ZFIN:Curator diarthroses ZFA:0005153 diarthrodial joints ZFA:0005153 The part of the coelemic cavity lumen that is enclosed by the walls of the thorax. In many species, the diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominal cavities EMAPA:36497 FMA:7565 GAID:93 MA:0000032 MESH:A01.911.800 MESH:D035423 NCIT:C12905 OpenCyc:Mx4rmvyleLfEEduAAAACs6hRXg OpenCyc:Mx4rvhU_TpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:243949006 UMLS:C0230139 Wikipedia:Thoracic_cavity cavitas thoracis cavity of chest cavity of thorax chest cavity pectoral cavity space of thoracic compartment thoracic lumen uberon UBERON:0002224 thoracic cavity http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Gray846.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg The part of the coelemic cavity lumen that is enclosed by the walls of the thorax. UBERON:cjm The part of the coelemic cavity lumen that is enclosed by the walls of the thorax. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Thoracic_cavity UMLS:C0230139 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Cavity cavitas thoracis cavitas thoracis Wikipedia:Thoracic_cavity space of thoracic compartment FMA:7565 Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO). TODO - add superclass to unify with VNC? Part of the central nervous system which descends from the hindbrain within the vertebral column.[AAO] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010151 BAMS:SP BAMS:Spinal BIRNLEX:1709 BM:SpC BTO:0001279 CALOHA:TS-0953 DHBA:12890 DMBA:17651 EFO:0000110 EHDAA2:0001255 EHDAA:2863 EMAPA:17577 EV:0100316 FMA:7647 GAID:695 MA:0000216 MAT:0000183 MESH:D013116 MIAA:0000183 NCIT:C12464 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjjk5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:180959008 TAO:0000075 UMLS:C0037925 VHOG:0000601 Wikipedia:Spinal_cord XAO:0000020 ZFA:0000075 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=22 uberon SpC cerebro-cerebellar fissure cerebrocerebellar fissure fissura cerebro-cerebellaris fissura cerebrocerebellaris medulla spinalis spinal cord structure spinal medulla UBERON:0002240 spinal cord http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Spinal_cord_direv.svg ZFA definitional definitional Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO). BIRNLEX:1709 ZFA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/378 pending Part of the central nervous system which descends from the hindbrain within the vertebral column.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010151 AAO AAO:BJB (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000601 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...) (reference 1); The neural tube is destined to differentiate into the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system) (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000601 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.165 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0037925 BIRNLEX:1709 UMLS:C0037925 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Cord http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=22 BIRNLEX:1709 SpC cerebro-cerebellar fissure NeuroNames:22 cerebrocerebellar fissure NeuroNames:22 fissura cerebro-cerebellaris NeuroNames:22 fissura cerebrocerebellaris NeuroNames:22 medulla spinalis medulla spinalis BTO:0001279 medulla spinalis Wikipedia:Spinal_cord spinal cord structure ZFA:0000075 spinal medulla BTO:0001279 Endoskeletal elements that encase the brain, nose, inner ear[cjm]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD]. we follow the standard evolutionary classification and treat this as endoskeletal. This means what MA calls 'chondrocranium' must in fact be neurocranium, as it includes parts of the dermatocranium (e.g. frontal, parietal) Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of cartilage and cartilage replacement bones.[AAO] Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of cartilage and cartilage replacement bones.[TAO] chondrocranial covers the brain dorsally in chondrichthyans AAO:0010169 EHDAA2:0000243 EMAPA:17681 TAO:0001424 VHOG:0000288 Wikipedia:Chondrocranium ZFA:0001424 uberon calvarium neurocranium UBERON:0002241 chondrocranium Endoskeletal elements that encase the brain, nose, inner ear[cjm]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD]. Endoskeletal elements that encase the brain, nose, inner ear[cjm]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD]. Wikipedia:Chondrocranium http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chondrocranium Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of cartilage and cartilage replacement bones.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010169 AAO AAO:BJB Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of cartilage and cartilage replacement bones.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001424 TAO ZFIN:curator calvarium MA:0000317 neurocranium MA:0000317 The ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO]. The anterior horn of the spinal cord (or anterior cornu, or anterior column, or ventral horn) is the ventral (front) grey matter section of the spinal cord. The anterior horn contains motor neurons that affect the axial muscles while the posterior horn receives information regarding touch and sensation. The anterior horn is where the cell bodies of alpha motorneurons are located[Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord]. BAMS:VH BIRNLEX:2668 BTO:0005151 EMAPA:18575 EMAPA:35794 FMA:256541 MA:0001134 NCIT:C33859 SCTID:279443000 TAO:0000702 UMLS:C0228569 UMLS:C0228590 VHOG:0001288 Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord ZFA:0000702 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1751 anterior gray column of spinal cord anterior gray horn of spinal cord anterior grey column of spinal cord anterior horn columna grisea anterior medullae spinalis spinal cord anterior horn spinal cord ventral horn ventral gray column of spinal cord ventral gray matter of spinal cord ventral grey column of spinal cord ventral grey horn ventral horn spinal cord ventral region of spinal cord ventral spinal cord uberon anterior column anterior column of the spinal cord anterior horn (spinal cord) cornu anterius medullae spinalis ventral horn of the spinal cord ventral horns spinal cord UBERON:0002257 ventral horn of spinal cord FMA-abduced-lr The ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO]. GO:0021517 MP:0005112 Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=36855&atid=440764 The anterior horn of the spinal cord (or anterior cornu, or anterior column, or ventral horn) is the ventral (front) grey matter section of the spinal cord. The anterior horn contains motor neurons that affect the axial muscles while the posterior horn receives information regarding touch and sensation. The anterior horn is where the cell bodies of alpha motorneurons are located[Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord]. Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord UMLS:C0228569 BIRNLEX:2668 UMLS:C0228590 ncithesaurus:Ventral_Horn_of_the_Spinal_Cord anterior gray column of spinal cord FMA:256541 anterior gray horn of spinal cord FMA:256541 anterior horn BIRNLEX:2668 columna grisea anterior medullae spinalis FMA:256541 FMA:TA spinal cord anterior horn BIRNLEX:2668 ventral gray column of spinal cord FMA:256541 ventral gray matter of spinal cord FMA:256541 ventral grey horn BIRNLEX:2668 ventral horn spinal cord ZFA:0000702 anterior column Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord anterior column of the spinal cord Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord anterior horn (spinal cord) Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord cornu anterius medullae spinalis Wikipedia:Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord ventral horn of the spinal cord BAMS:VH ventral horns spinal cord VHOG:0001288 A composite substructure of the brainstem that consists of the midbrain reticular formation, the pontine reticular formation and the medullary reticular formation ( Carpenter-1983 ). this class denotes the generic structure, and not a specific one such as medullary or pontine reticular formation. It is essential for governing some of the basic functions of higher organisms, and is one of the phylogenetically oldest portions of the brain. FMA has a spinal cord reticular formation but we follow NNs (classical) to restrict this to brainstem structures. This means we also include the MA class for brainstem reticular formation here. FMA has subtypes of reticular formation but we treat this as a composite structure BAMS:RET EMAPA:35188 FMA:77719 MA:0003185 MESH:D012154 NLX:143558 SCTID:361552007 Wikipedia:Reticular_formation http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1223 brain stem reticular formation brainstem reticular formation reticular formation (classical) reticular formation of the brainstem uberon UBERON:0002275 reticular formation http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Gray701.png A composite substructure of the brainstem that consists of the midbrain reticular formation, the pontine reticular formation and the medullary reticular formation ( Carpenter-1983 ). NeuroNames:1223 FMA has a spinal cord reticular formation but we follow NNs (classical) to restrict this to brainstem structures. This means we also include the MA class for brainstem reticular formation here. FMA has subtypes of reticular formation but we treat this as a composite structure FMA brain stem reticular formation NeuroNames:1223 brainstem reticular formation MA:0003185 brainstem reticular formation NeuroNames:1223 reticular formation (classical) NeuroNames:1223 reticular formation of the brainstem NeuroNames:1223 Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized]. Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain.[TAO] Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,adopted][ZFA:0001707]. the stalk-like part of the brain that comprises the midbrain (aka mesencephalon), the pons (aka pons Varolii), and the medulla oblongata, and connects the cerebral hemispheres with the cervical spinal cord[MP] BAMS:BS BIRNLEX:1565 BTO:0000146 CALOHA:TS-0093 EFO:0001962 EMAPA:32678 EV:0100241 FMA:79876 MA:0000169 MBA:343 MESH:D001933 NCIT:C12441 SCTID:180925009 TAO:0002156 UMLS:C0006121 VHOG:0001457 Wikipedia:Brainstem ZFA:0001707 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=236 brain stem truncus encephali uberon accessory medullary lamina of pallidum lamella pallidi incompleta lamina medullaris accessoria lamina medullaris incompleta pallidi lamina pallidi incompleta truncus encephalicus UBERON:0002298 'brainstem' is a loose term that sometimes refers to the ventral parts o the brain except for any part of the telencephalon - sometimes it includes the diencephalon or subpallial telencephalon structures (ISBN:0471888893). Here we use it in a more restriced sense, to include only the medulla oblongata, pons (when present) and the midbrain tegmentum (following the ZFA definitions). brainstem http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Gray719.png Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized]. ISBN:0471888893 MP:0005277 ZFA:0001707 Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized]. ISBN:0471888893 MP:0005277 Wikipedia:Brainstem ZFA:0001707 we apply a strict definition ZFA ABA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/378 pending we apply a strict definition Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002156 TAO ISBN:3764351209 Multi-tissue structure that has as its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,adopted][ZFA:0001707]. ZFA:0001707 the stalk-like part of the brain that comprises the midbrain (aka mesencephalon), the pons (aka pons Varolii), and the medulla oblongata, and connects the cerebral hemispheres with the cervical spinal cord[MP] MP:0005277 UMLS:C0006121 BIRNLEX:1565 UMLS:C0006121 ncithesaurus:Brain_Stem http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=236 BIRNLEX:1565 brain stem ABA:BS truncus encephali truncus encephali Wikipedia:Brainstem accessory medullary lamina of pallidum NeuroNames:236 lamella pallidi incompleta NeuroNames:236 lamina medullaris accessoria NeuroNames:236 lamina medullaris incompleta pallidi NeuroNames:236 lamina pallidi incompleta NeuroNames:236 truncus encephalicus BTO:0000146 The atrial part of middle layer of the heart, comprised of involuntary muscle. As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] EFO:0003087 EMAPA:32746 FMA:83509 MA:0000081 SCTID:191910002 TAO:0001374 VHOG:0000602 ZFA:0001374 atrial myocardium atrium myocardium uberon atrium cardiac muscle UBERON:0002302 myocardium of atrium The atrial part of middle layer of the heart, comprised of involuntary muscle. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010493 As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000602 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 As noted, the hearts of birds and mammals have four chambers that arises from the two chambers (atrium and ventricle) of the fish heart.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000602 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 http://bgee.unil.ch/ atrial myocardium ZFA:0001374 atrium cardiac muscle VHOG:0000602 A neural nucleus that is part of the brain. EMAPA:35185 FMA:83840 MA:0000811 NCIT:C49346 SCTID:426465002 UMLS:C1706993 ZFA:0005575 brain nucleus uberon brain nuclei UBERON:0002308 nucleus of brain A neural nucleus that is part of the brain. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1706993 ncithesaurus:Brain_Nucleus brain nuclei ZFA:0005575 The ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue. BAMS:Scgrey DHBA:146035048 EMAPA:35792 FMA:256580 MA:0000002 NCIT:C32696 NLXANAT:100204 SCTID:279441003 UMLS:C0475853 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2619 gray matter of spinal cord gray substance of spinal cord grey matter of spinal cord grey substance of spinal cord spinal cord gray matter spinal cord grey matter spinal cord grey substance substantia grisea medullae spinalis uberon UBERON:0002315 gray matter of spinal cord The ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue. MP:0008503 UMLS:C0475853 ncithesaurus:Gray_Matter_of_the_Spinal_Cord gray matter of spinal cord OBOL:automatic gray substance of spinal cord FMA:256580 spinal cord gray matter OBOL:automatic spinal cord grey substance OBOL:automatic substantia grisea medullae spinalis FMA:256580 FMA:TA The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. check the FMA placement here; ncit placement of body cavity here probably not correct Anatomical space, part of the trunk that contains the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities[ZFA]. The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities[BTO]. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities UBERON:0000169 body cavity AEO:0000186 BTO:0001707 EHDAA2:0000267 FBbt:00005060 FMA:85006 NCIT:C25444 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003186 SCTID:361348008 TAO:0001438 UMLS:C0333343 ZFA:0001438 galen:BodyCavity coelomic cavity coelomic cavity lumen main body cavity space of body compartment ventral body cavity uberon celom coelom coelome hemocoel UBERON:0002323 coelemic cavity lumen definitional The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. BTO:0001707 Anatomical space, part of the trunk that contains the pericardial and pleuroperitoneal cavities[ZFA]. 2012-09-12 ZFA:0001438 ZFA ZFIN:curator The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities[BTO]. 2012-09-12 BTO:0001707 BTO BTO body cavity BTO:0001707 UMLS:C0333343 ncithesaurus:Cavity coelomic cavity EHDAA2:0000267 coelomic cavity lumen EHDAA2:0000267 space of body compartment FMA:85006 ventral body cavity NCBITaxon:7742 celom BTO:0001707 coelome BTO:0001707 hemocoel FBbt:00005060 Any muscle organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35161 FMA:85216 MA:0000496 back muscle back muscle organ muscle organ of back uberon UBERON:0002324 muscle of back prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic back muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of back OBOL:automatic A flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube. Avascular multi-tissue structure composed of large vacuolated epithelial cells (chordablasts) and perichordal fibrous tissue.[VSAO] Rod-like principal supportive element of the embryo and larva, present in the midline just ventral to the neural tube, and differentiating during the segmentation period to form large vacuolated epithelial cells and a surrounding a sheath of fibrous and elastic layers. Layering of the sheath may differ in structure, thickness and development among groups; in cypriniforms there are actually three very thin layers to the sheath. A functional, well developed notochord is present throughout life in certain basal fish groups but not in cypriniforms. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.[AAO] relationship type change: differentiates_from mesoderm (AAO:0000304) CHANGED TO: develops_from mesoderm (UBERON:0000926)[AAO] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] notochordal In between vertebra the notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus, under it degenerates, and at anterior end in some species its tissue merges with some of the cranial bones.. Some organisms retain a post-embryonic notochord. AAO:0000327 BTO:0001768 CALOHA:TS-0690 EHDAA2:0001277 EHDAA:1241 EHDAA:6021 EMAPA:16191 EV:0100002 FMA:85521 GAID:1311 MAT:0000281 MESH:A16.254.610 MESH:D009672 NCIT:C12463 SCTID:308820002 TAO:0000135 UMLS:C0028439 VHOG:0000199 VSAO:0000032 Wikipedia:Notochord XAO:0000055 ZFA:0000135 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/history/notochords.jpg embryonic notocord notocord uberon notochorda UBERON:0002328 The notochord appears early in embryogeny and plays an important role in promoting or organizing the embryonic development of nearby structures. In most adult chordates the notochord disappears or becomes highly modified. In some non-vertebrate chordates and fishes the notochord persists as a laterally flexible but incompressible skeletal rod that prevents telescopic collapse of the body during swimming[TOLWEB] notochord http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png VSAO http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 ZFA EHDAA2 A flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube. ISBN:0815318960 A flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube. ISBN:0815318960 Wikipedia:Notochord http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/25 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/271 Avascular multi-tissue structure composed of large vacuolated epithelial cells (chordablasts) and perichordal fibrous tissue.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000032 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 Rod-like principal supportive element of the embryo and larva, present in the midline just ventral to the neural tube, and differentiating during the segmentation period to form large vacuolated epithelial cells and a surrounding a sheath of fibrous and elastic layers. Layering of the sheath may differ in structure, thickness and development among groups; in cypriniforms there are actually three very thin layers to the sheath. A functional, well developed notochord is present throughout life in certain basal fish groups but not in cypriniforms. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000135 TAO ZFIN:curator Slender rod of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a core of fluid-filled cells of mesodermal origin; it lies above the gut and directly beneath the spinal cord. The notochord is present during early development and in a few cases it is retained through life; however, usually the notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000327 AAO AAO:LAP relationship type change: differentiates_from mesoderm (AAO:0000304) CHANGED TO: develops_from mesoderm (UBERON:0000926)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000327 AAO (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000199 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (3) a stiff, longitudinal rod of turgid cells along the dorsal part of the body that is called a notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000199 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0028439 ncithesaurus:Notochord notocord ZFA:0000135 notochorda notochorda Wikipedia:Notochord Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm. currently classified as an epithelial vesicle, consistent with EHDAA2 and https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest. Consider making 'somitic mesoderm' a separate term and correlate with regionalization processes. Consider moving ZFA term to 'trunk somite' as it is part of the trunk Post-cranial axial segments which form sclerotome and dermomyotome.[AAO] Undifferentiated mesodermal components of early trunk or tail segments or metameres, derived from paraxial mesoderm; forms myotomes, sclerotomes and perhaps dermatomes. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] relationship loss: develops_from paraxial mesenchyme (TAO:0000942)[TAO] relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of trunk (TAO:0001115) CHANGED TO: develops_from trunk (UBERON:0002100)[TAO] relationship type change: part_of paraxial mesoderm (AAO:0010568) CHANGED TO: develops_from paraxial mesoderm (UBERON:0003077)[AAO] (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] somitic mesodermal cluster AAO:0010569 AEO:0001015 BTO:0001558 EHDAA2:0003436 EHDAA:366 EHDAA:699 EMAPA:31169 FMA:85522 GAID:1306 MAT:0000068 MESH:A16.254.425.660.750 MESH:D019170 MIAA:0000068 NCIT:C34302 TAO:0000155 UMLS:C0376449 VHOG:0000191 Wikipedia:Somite XAO:0000058 ZFA:0000155 uberon epimere epimere mesoderm epithelial somite somites somitic mesoderm somitus UBERON:0002329 When the somite becomes segmented from the segmental plate, it is composed of an epithelial sac enclosing mesenchymal somitocoel cells. Thereafter the somite differentiates into two parts, the ventro-medial mesenchymal sclerotome and the dorso-lateral epithelial dermomyotome. This change in the epithelial somite depends on surrounding tissue [PMID:15906248] somite http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png EHDAA2 GOTAX:0000352 ZFA Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm. Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm. DOI:10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01987.x Wikipedia:Somite PMID:17237766 Post-cranial axial segments which form sclerotome and dermomyotome.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010569 AAO AAO:EJS Undifferentiated mesodermal components of early trunk or tail segments or metameres, derived from paraxial mesoderm; forms myotomes, sclerotomes and perhaps dermatomes. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000155 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: develops_from paraxial mesenchyme (TAO:0000942)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000155 TAO relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of trunk (TAO:0001115) CHANGED TO: develops_from trunk (UBERON:0002100)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000155 TAO relationship type change: part_of paraxial mesoderm (AAO:0010568) CHANGED TO: develops_from paraxial mesoderm (UBERON:0003077)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010569 AAO (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000191 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40, DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003) (...) cephalocordates and craniates belong to a group known as Somitichordata. Somitichordate synapomorphies include (1) somites (...) (reference 1); The idea that the last common ancestor of bilaterian animals (Urbilateria) was segmented has been raised recently on evidence coming from comparative molecular embryology (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000191 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.40, DOI:10.1093/icb/43.1.137 Balavoine G, Adoutte A, The segmented urbilateria: a testable scenario. Integrative and Comparative Biology (2003) http://bgee.unil.ch/ mesodermal cluster GO:0001756 UMLS:C0376449 ncithesaurus:Somite epimere ISBN:0073040584 epithelial somite epithelial somite https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest somites somitus somitus Wikipedia:Somite Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. CALOHA:TS-2057 EHDAA2:0002225 EMAPA:35329 FMA:85539 MA:0002411 NCIT:C12957 UMLS:C1516995 Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland WikipediaCategory:Exocrine_system exocrine glandular system uberon UBERON:0002330 exocrine system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland UMLS:C1516995 ncithesaurus:Exocrine_System exocrine glandular system EHDAA2:0002225 An arterial trunk which is continuous with the heart and branches into the pulmonary arteries. An arterial trunk with origin from the right ventricle of the heart, and dividing into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which enter the corresponding lungs and branch with the bronchi. [TFD][VHOG] As in birds, the conus arteriosus split during embryonic development in mammals to produce the pulmonary trunk and single aortic trunk of the adult.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001576 EHDAA:9831 EMAPA:17015 FMA:8612 MA:0002033 NCIT:C116918 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-6d0ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA VHOG:0001134 galen:PulmonaryTrunk pulmonary artery (trunk) trunk of pulmonary arterial tree uberon main pulmonary artery UBERON:0002333 pulmonary trunk https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Alveoli_diagram.png MA human_reference_atlas An arterial trunk which is continuous with the heart and branches into the pulmonary arteries. An arterial trunk which is continuous with the heart and branches into the pulmonary arteries. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An arterial trunk with origin from the right ventricle of the heart, and dividing into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which enter the corresponding lungs and branch with the bronchi. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001134 VHOG An arterial trunk with origin from the right ventricle of the heart, and dividing into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which enter the corresponding lungs and branch with the bronchi. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001134 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pulmonary+trunk As in birds, the conus arteriosus split during embryonic development in mammals to produce the pulmonary trunk and single aortic trunk of the adult.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001134 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 As in birds, the conus arteriosus split during embryonic development in mammals to produce the pulmonary trunk and single aortic trunk of the adult.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001134 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.481 http://bgee.unil.ch/ main pulmonary artery main pulmonary artery Wikipedia:Pulmonary_artery The layer of connective tissue comprised of the endometrial lining of the uterus which fluctuates in thickness throughout the menstrual cycle. CALOHA:TS-1266 EMAPA:35310 FMA:86487 MA:0002734 NCIT:C32516 SCTID:254115004 UMLS:C0227849 endometrium stroma stroma of endometrium uberon UBERON:0002337 endometrial stroma The layer of connective tissue comprised of the endometrial lining of the uterus which fluctuates in thickness throughout the menstrual cycle. ncithesaurus:Endometrial_Stroma UMLS:C0227849 ncithesaurus:Endometrial_Stroma A specialized region of ectoderm found between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm and composed of highly migratory pluripotent cells that delaminate in early embryonic development from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to an astounding variety of differentiated cell types[MP]. consider including subclasses for pre- and post- migratory (e.g. sheets/paths/streams). A cell population arising from the dorsolateral aspect of the central nervous system primordium during the segmentation period, and later migrating along stereotyped pathways to give rise to a diverse and well-defined set of cell types including pigment cells, peripheral neurons and glia, and head cartilage. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Migratory cell population which delaminates from neural tube, borders surface ectoderm and neural ectoderm, and gives rise to many different tissue types.[AAO] A well developed neural crest population is present in lampreys (Horigome et al. 1999 ; Tomsa & Langeland, 1999) and gnathostomes. chordate fossils from the early Cambrian (Yunnanozoan and Haikouella) with apparent neural-crest derived structures (pharyngeal denticles and pharyngeal skeletons resembling the striped mucocartilage of the branchial bars in lamprey ammocoete larvae), suggests that neural crest arose very early in vertebrate evolution (Chen et al. 1999; Holland & Chen, 2001). The invertebrate chordates apparently lack defini- tive neural crest. One marker of migrating neural crest in some vertebrates, the antibody HNK1, does not recognize any cells in amphioxus embryos (Holland, unpublished). Even so, in both amphioxus and tunicates, cells at the edges of the neural plate and adjacent nonneural ectoderm share some properties of neural crest[PMID:11523831] We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010578 BTO:0001764 CALOHA:TS-0676 EHDAA2:0004419 EMAPA:32737 FMA:86666 GAID:1310 MAT:0000066 MESH:A16.254.600 MESH:D009432 MIAA:0000066 NCIT:C34222 SCTID:361462002 TAO:0000045 UMLS:C0027789 VHOG:0000057 Wikipedia:Neural_crest XAO:0000048 ZFA:0000045 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1366 NC uberon crista neuralis neural crest material UBERON:0002342 Gene notes: Many factors and genes, such as Pax3 (Tremblay et al., 1995), slug (Nieto et al., 1994), AP-2 (Zhang et al., 1996; Schorle et al., 1996), and Wnt-1/3a (Ikeya et al., 1997) are expressed in the dorsal most region of the neural tube, and have been shown to be involved in the generation of neural crest cells. neural crest http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray644.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Neural_Crest.png XAO XAO https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest Hall and others restrict NC to vertebrates but we opt for a less restrictive constraint to avoid inconsistencies when areas such as P1 area of pallium in hagfishes inherit cell lineage from telecephalon-contributing NC cells ISBN:0073040584 BTO PMID:11523831 pre migratory https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest PMID:11523831 A specialized region of ectoderm found between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm and composed of highly migratory pluripotent cells that delaminate in early embryonic development from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to an astounding variety of differentiated cell types[MP]. MP:0009846 ISBN:0073040584 ISBN:0073040584 PMID:17377535 A cell population arising from the dorsolateral aspect of the central nervous system primordium during the segmentation period, and later migrating along stereotyped pathways to give rise to a diverse and well-defined set of cell types including pigment cells, peripheral neurons and glia, and head cartilage. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000045 TAO ZFIN:curator Migratory cell population which delaminates from neural tube, borders surface ectoderm and neural ectoderm, and gives rise to many different tissue types.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010578 AAO AAO:EJS A well developed neural crest population is present in lampreys (Horigome et al. 1999 ; Tomsa & Langeland, 1999) and gnathostomes. chordate fossils from the early Cambrian (Yunnanozoan and Haikouella) with apparent neural-crest derived structures (pharyngeal denticles and pharyngeal skeletons resembling the striped mucocartilage of the branchial bars in lamprey ammocoete larvae), suggests that neural crest arose very early in vertebrate evolution (Chen et al. 1999; Holland & Chen, 2001). The invertebrate chordates apparently lack defini- tive neural crest. One marker of migrating neural crest in some vertebrates, the antibody HNK1, does not recognize any cells in amphioxus embryos (Holland, unpublished). Even so, in both amphioxus and tunicates, cells at the edges of the neural plate and adjacent nonneural ectoderm share some properties of neural crest[PMID:11523831] A well developed neural crest population is present in lampreys (Horigome et al. 1999 ; Tomsa & Langeland, 1999) and gnathostomes. chordate fossils from the early Cambrian (Yunnanozoan and Haikouella) with apparent neural-crest derived structures (pharyngeal denticles and pharyngeal skeletons resembling the striped mucocartilage of the branchial bars in lamprey ammocoete larvae), suggests that neural crest arose very early in vertebrate evolution (Chen et al. 1999; Holland & Chen, 2001). The invertebrate chordates apparently lack defini- tive neural crest. One marker of migrating neural crest in some vertebrates, the antibody HNK1, does not recognize any cells in amphioxus embryos (Holland, unpublished). Even so, in both amphioxus and tunicates, cells at the edges of the neural plate and adjacent nonneural ectoderm share some properties of neural crest[PMID:11523831] PMID:11523831 We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000057 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01495.x Hall BK, Gillis JA, Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. J Anat (2012) We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step-wise fashion - first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co-option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000057 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01495.x Hall BK, Gillis JA, Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest-derived skeletal tissues. J Anat (2012) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0027789 ncithesaurus:Neural_Crest NC XAO:0000048 crista neuralis crista neuralis Wikipedia:Neural_crest neural crest material VHOG:0000057 Set of all muscles in abdomen. distinction between abdomen muscle and abdomen musculature FMA:71294 FMA:86917 TAO:0001327 ZFA:0001327 abdominal musculature muscle group of abdomen muscles of abdomen musculature of abdomen musculature of abdominal wall set of muscles of abdomen uberon UBERON:0002343 abdomen musculature Set of all muscles in abdomen. OBOL:automatic muscle group of abdomen FMA:71294 muscles of abdomen FMA:71294 musculature of abdominal wall FMA:86917 set of muscles of abdomen FMA:71294 The part of the aorta that extends from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. EFO:0002527 EMAPA:18605 FMA:87217 MA:0002572 uberon UBERON:0002345 descending thoracic aorta The part of the aorta that extends from the arch of the aorta to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest. MP:0009868 Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. (...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature.[well established][VHOG] neurectodermal we prefer neurectoderm to neural ectoderm since placodal ectoderm is not classified here AAO:0011074 BILA:0000039 CALOHA:TS-1212 EHDAA2:0001248 EHDAA:1498 EHDAA:255 EMAPA:16073 EV:0100004 FBbt:00001057 FMA:87657 MAT:0000176 MIAA:0000176 NCIT:C34228 TAO:0001120 UMLS:C1518271 VHOG:0000150 Wikipedia:Neuroectoderm XAO:0000042 ZFA:0001120 neural ectoderm neuroectoderm uberon epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma neuaral ectoderm presumptive central nervous system ventral neurogenic region UBERON:0002346 neurectoderm ZFA Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. Wikipedia:Neuroectoderm (...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000150 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) (...) the ability of ectoderm to produce neuronal cells is a general metazoan feature.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000150 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1518271 ncithesaurus:Neuroectoderm epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma Wikipedia:Neuroectoderm ventral neurogenic region VHOG:0000150 A region of the serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart. TODO - check links with UBERON:0002425 visceral serous pericardium. develops from proepicardium. WP:Epicardium -- When considered as a part of the pericardium, it is the inner layer, or visceral pericardium, continuous with the serous layer. External layer of the heart.[TAO] The inner layer of the pericardium that is in contact with the surface of the heart.[AAO] The visceral pericardium apparently produces the pericardial fluid, which lubricates motion between the inner and outer layers of the pericardium. During ventricular contraction, the wave of depolarization moves from endocardial to epicardial surface. [Wikipedia:Epicardium] AAO:0010409 EHDAA2:0002202 FMA:9461 NCIT:C13164 TAO:0005057 UMLS:C0225968 VHOG:0000119 Wikipedia:Epicardium XAO:0000316 ZFA:0005057 galen:Epicardium heart epicardium visceral serous pericardium of heart visceral serous pericardium proper uberon pericardium visceral mesothelium UBERON:0002348 epicardium multiple FMA-inferred FMA A region of the serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart. A region of the serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 External layer of the heart.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005057 TAO ZFIN:curator The inner layer of the pericardium that is in contact with the surface of the heart.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010409 AAO AAO:BJB UMLS:C0225968 ncithesaurus:Epicardium visceral serous pericardium of heart FMA:9461 visceral serous pericardium proper FMA:9461 pericardium visceral mesothelium EMAPA:16589 The middle layer of the heart, comprised mainly of striated cardiac muscle fibers. TODO - check 'Myocardum proper' in FMA. We superclass the more generic class for now. FMA has is_a muscle layer - should we add this? ZFA and BTO both have is_a 'cardiac muscle' (tissue?). But in U we also follow FMA and have cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium (there is also Fibrocollagenous connective tissue of myocardium), which would be identical (see issue-10). Note that GO also treats left/right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue synonymous with ventricular myocardium Robust muscular tunic of the heart which forms the basic part of its walls. Its external surface is covered by the pericardium and its internal one by the endocardium. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] The middle layer of the heart, consisting of cardiac muscle.[AAO] myocardial AAO:0010410 BSA:0000089 BTO:0000901 CALOHA:TS-0440 EFO:0000819 EHDAA2:0004150 EMAPA:32688 EV:0100022 FMA:9462 GAID:173 MA:0000164 MAT:0000453 MESH:D009206 NCIT:C12371 OpenCyc:Mx4ro36AFrCvEduAAAAOpmP6tw RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001220 SCTID:362012001 TAO:0001319 UMLS:C0027061 VHOG:0000083 Wikipedia:Myocardium XAO:0000065 ZFA:0001319 galen:Myocardium heart myocardium muscle of heart uberon cardiac muscle heart muscle UBERON:0002349 myocardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Glanzstreifen.jpg The middle layer of the heart, comprised mainly of striated cardiac muscle fibers. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0005329 Robust muscular tunic of the heart which forms the basic part of its walls. Its external surface is covered by the pericardium and its internal one by the endocardium. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000083 VHOG Robust muscular tunic of the heart which forms the basic part of its walls. Its external surface is covered by the pericardium and its internal one by the endocardium. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000083 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The middle layer of the heart, consisting of cardiac muscle.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010410 AAO AAO:BJB UMLS:C0027061 ncithesaurus:Myocardium muscle of heart FMA:9462 cardiac muscle ZFA:0001319 heart muscle FMA:9462 heart muscle ZFA:0001319 The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO]. EHDAA2 divides the system from the tissue The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction.[uncertain][VHOG] EFO:0003909 EHDAA2:0004185 EMAPA:35428 EV:0100025 FMA:9476 MA:0000094 MESH:D006329 SCTID:281489000 TAO:0005063 VHOG:0001271 ZFA:0005063 cardiac conducting system cardiac conduction system cardiac impulse conducting system cardionector complexus stimulans cordis heart conduction system impulse conducting system systema conducente cordis uberon central conduction system UBERON:0002350 conducting system of heart FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA FMA The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO]. GO:0003161 The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001271 VHOG DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003) The fish heart displays clear polarity of contraction in a posterior-to-anterior direction. The contraction waves originate in the sinus venosus and terminate in the conus arteriosus. The nodal phenotype persists in the inflow region of the heart, varying from the venosinus to the sinoatrial junctional areas in different species . Similar to the mammalian situation, pacemaker tissue with a lower intrinsic rhythmicity is also found at the atrioventricular junction.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001271 VHOG DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003) http://bgee.unil.ch/ cardiac conducting system VHOG:0001271 cardiac impulse conducting system GO:0003161 complexus stimulans cordis FMA:9476 FMA:TA heart conduction system GO:0003161 impulse conducting system MA:0000094 systema conducente cordis FMA:9476 FMA:TA The part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA]. BTO:0004358 EHDAA2:0004184 EMAPA:35772 FMA:9477 GAID:561 MA:0000097 MESH:D012849 NCIT:C33555 OpenCyc:Mx4rOhejDGMcEd2AAABQjYGu0g SCTID:277687007 TAO:0005069 UMLS:C0037189 Wikipedia:Sinoatrial_node ZFA:0005069 Koch's node SA nodal muscle tissue SA node cardiac pacemaker node of Keith-Flack nodus sinuatrialis sinoatrial node sinu-atrial node sinuatrial nodal muscle tissue sinuatrial node sinus node sinus node of Keith and Flack uberon nodus sinuatrialis UBERON:0002351 WP:Heart states: "The SA node is found in all amniotes but not in more primitive vertebrates. In these animals, the muscles of the heart are relatively continuous and the sinus venosus coordinates the beat which passes in a wave through the remaining chambers. Indeed, since the sinus venosus is incorporated into the right atrium in amniotes, it is likely homologous with the SA node. In teleosts, with their vestigial sinus venosus, the main centre of coordination is, instead, in the atrium.". Note however that ZFA has SA node. sinoatrial node http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Sinoatrial_node_low_mag.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Sinoatrial_node_2_low_mag.jpg cjm ZFA The part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA]. GO:0003163 Wikipedia:Sinoatrial_node UMLS:C0037189 ncithesaurus:Sinoatrial_Node Koch's node FMA:9477 SA nodal muscle tissue FMA:9477 SA node FMA:9477 cardiac pacemaker FMA:9477 node of Keith-Flack FMA:9477 nodus sinuatrialis FMA:9477 FMA:TA sinoatrial node FMA:9477 sinu-atrial node FMA:9477 sinuatrial nodal muscle tissue FMA:9477 sinuatrial node FMA:9477 sinus node FMA:9477 sinus node of Keith and Flack FMA:9477 nodus sinuatrialis Wikipedia:Sinoatrial_node An area of conducting tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart that conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus. Furthermore, within the ventricular component a compact outer myocardial component and an interiorly localized extensive trabecular component can be distinguished. The specific activation of the ventricle adds to its complexity as follows. The depolarizing impulse travels rapidly from the atrioventricular node toward the apex and then toward the conal region, achieving activation from apex to base.[uncertain][VHOG] BTO:0005689 EFO:0000276 EHDAA2:0004183 EMAPA:35153 FMA:9478 GAID:558 MA:0000095 MAT:0000498 MESH:D001283 NCIT:C32161 OpenCyc:Mx4rMfD91mMcEd2AAABQjYGu0g SCTID:277688002 TAO:0005070 UMLS:C0004247 VHOG:0001474 Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_node ZFA:0005070 AV nodal muscle tissue AV node Aschoff-Tawara node atrioventricular nodal muscle tissue node of Tawara nodus atrioventricularis uberon A-V node atrio-ventricular node atriovetricular node downstream pacemaker nodus atrioventricularis UBERON:0002352 atrioventricular node http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/ConductionsystemoftheheartwithouttheHeart.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Gray501.png cjm An area of conducting tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart that conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_node Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus. Furthermore, within the ventricular component a compact outer myocardial component and an interiorly localized extensive trabecular component can be distinguished. The specific activation of the ventricle adds to its complexity as follows. The depolarizing impulse travels rapidly from the atrioventricular node toward the apex and then toward the conal region, achieving activation from apex to base.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001474 VHOG DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0004247 ncithesaurus:Atrioventricular_Node AV nodal muscle tissue FMA:9478 AV node FMA:9478 MA:0000095 Aschoff-Tawara node FMA:9478 atrioventricular nodal muscle tissue FMA:9478 node of Tawara FMA:9478 nodus atrioventricularis FMA:TA A-V node EMAPA:35153 atrio-ventricular node EMAPA:35153 atriovetricular node TAO:0005070 downstream pacemaker ZFA:0005070 nodus atrioventricularis Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_node The cardiac Purkinje fiber is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. UBERON:0004147 BTO:0001735 EMAPA:35718 FMA:9492 GAID:560 MA:0000096 MESH:D011690 NCIT:C33430 UMLS:C0034144 Wikipedia:Purkinje_fiber Purkinje fiber cardiac Purkinje fiber myofibra conducens cardiacus subendocardial branch uberon heart Purkinje fiber UBERON:0002354 cardiac Purkinje fiber http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray498.png FMA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1785 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-0064 FMA The cardiac Purkinje fiber is part of the cardiac conduction system that receives signals from the bundle of His and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. GO:0003165 UMLS:C0034144 ncithesaurus:Purkinje_Fiber Purkinje fiber FMA:9492 MA:0000096 cardiac Purkinje fiber BTO:0001735 GO:0003165 myofibra conducens cardiacus subendocardial branch Wikipedia:Purkinje_fiber heart Purkinje fiber BTO:0001735 The lower segment of the trunk, inferioposterior to the abdomen proper, in the transition area between the trunk and the lower limbs. pelvic MA and FMA differ in what they consider to be parts of the pelvis. MA includes ureter, urethra, urinary bladder, reproductive organs BTO:0001006 CALOHA:TS-2227 EFO:0002805 EMAPA:35931 EV:0100012 FMA:9578 GAID:87 MA:0000030 MESH:A01.673 MESH:D010388 NCIT:C12767 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjiTJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:229765004 UMLS:C0030797 Wikipedia:Pelvis galen:Pelvis lesser pelvis pelvic region pelvis pelvis region true pelvis uberon UBERON:0002355 pelvic region of trunk The lower segment of the trunk, inferioposterior to the abdomen proper, in the transition area between the trunk and the lower limbs. The lower segment of the trunk, inferioposterior to the abdomen proper, in the transition area between the trunk and the lower limbs. Wikipedia:Pelvis http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/720 MA and FMA differ in what they consider to be parts of the pelvis. MA includes ureter, urethra, urinary bladder, reproductive organs MA UMLS:C0030797 ncithesaurus:Pelvis lesser pelvis FMA:9578 pelvis FMA:9578 MA:0000030 true pelvis FMA:9578 Serous membrane which is divided into parietal and visceral serous pericardium. EMAPA:19030 FMA:9582 MA:0002739 SCTID:243954002 Wikipedia:Serous_pericardium serous portion of pericardium uberon pericardium serosum UBERON:0002357 serous pericardium FMA FMA Serous membrane which is divided into parietal and visceral serous pericardium. Serous membrane which is divided into parietal and visceral serous pericardium. Wikipedia:Serous_pericardium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 serous portion of pericardium FMA:9582 pericardium serosum pericardium serosum Wikipedia:Serous_pericardium A serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity[VHOG,modified]. TODO - in ZFA is_a epithelium An epithelium that lines the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom. It covers most of the intra-abdominal organs, supports the abdominal organs, and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium.[AAO] peritoneal todo: check MA/EMAPA. AAO:0010814 BTO:0001472 CALOHA:TS-2072 EV:0100087 FMA:9584 GAID:18 MA:0000449 MESH:A01.047.025.600 MESH:D010537 NCIT:C12770 OpenCyc:Mx4rvjJ72ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0005120 UMLS:C0031153 VHOG:0001257 Wikipedia:Peritoneum XAO:0000139 ZFA:0005120 galen:Peritoneum uberon peritonaeum UBERON:0002358 peritoneum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Gray1040.png MP A serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity[VHOG,modified]. VHOG:0001257 An epithelium that lines the peritoneal cavity.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005120 TAO ZFIN:curator Serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity or the coelom. It covers most of the intra-abdominal organs, supports the abdominal organs, and serves as a conduit for their blood and lymph vessels and nerves. It is composed of a layer of mesothelium.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010814 AAO AAO:JMG todo: check MA/EMAPA. MA UMLS:C0031153 ncithesaurus:Peritoneum peritonaeum VHOG:0001257 Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA]. most superficial part of pericardium; continuous with the outer adventitial layer of the neighboring great blood vessels. [Wikipedia:Pericardium] EMAPA:19029 FMA:9586 MA:0002738 SCTID:243953008 Wikipedia:Fibrous_pericardium fibrous portion of pericardium uberon pericardium fibrosum UBERON:0002359 fibrous pericardium FMA FMA WP Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA]. FMA:9586 pericardium fibrosum pericardium fibrosum Wikipedia:Fibrous_pericardium A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas. Currently this is logically defined by the system it belongs to, but a better system may be base this on presence/absence of ducts. However, the dual nature of the liver should be taken into consideration here. Consider adding subclasses AEO:0000097 BTO:0000765 CALOHA:TS-2012 EHDAA2:0003097 EMAPA:35327 FMA:9596 GAID:34 MA:0002564 MESH:D005088 NCIT:C12712 SCTID:115976003 UMLS:C0015282 Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland ducted gland glandula exocrina uberon UBERON:0002365 exocrine gland A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas. A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas. Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland UMLS:C0015282 ncithesaurus:Exocrine_Gland ducted gland AEO:0000097 glandula exocrina glandula exocrina Wikipedia:Exocrine_gland Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct.[WP, modified]. AEO:0000098 BTO:0001488 CALOHA:TS-1300 EHDAA2:0003098 EMAPA:35999 FMA:9602 GAID:335 MA:0002563 MESH:D004702 NCIT:C12704 OpenCyc:Mx4rvbkiRZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:40818001 UMLS:C0014133 Wikipedia:Endocrine_gland ductless gland glandula endocrina uberon ductless gland glandulae endocrinae UBERON:0002368 endocrine gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Illu_endocrine_system.png Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct.[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Endocrine_gland UMLS:C0014133 ncithesaurus:Endocrine_Gland ductless gland AEO:0000098 ductless gland Wikipedia:Ductless_gland glandulae endocrinae Wikipedia:Endocrine_gland The soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones. TODO - create superclass for bone marrow / head kidney. both are portions of tissue in the hematopoetic system. also consider adding as subclass of zone of bone organ for consistency with FMA. See also: Leydig and epigonal organs consider placement of NCIT:C53466 medullary bone The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney.[well established][VHOG] In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells[Wikipedia:Bone_marrow] AAO:0011007 BTO:0000141 BTO:0000829 CALOHA:TS-0087 EFO:0000868 EMAPA:32760 EV:0100046 FMA:9608 GAID:1287 MA:0000134 MAT:0000084 MESH:D001853 MIAA:0000084 NCIT:C12431 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVm-FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:421320006 UMLS:C0005953 VHOG:0001218 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow XAO:0000123 galen:BoneMarrow medulla ossea medulla ossium uberon medulla of bone medullary bone UBERON:0002371 bone marrow http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Gray72-en.svg FMA MA The soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones. MGI:cwg MP:0002397 The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001218 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood Cells and Blood Cell Development in the Animal Kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006) The bone marrow is the hematopoietic organ in all vertebrates but fishes, in which hematopoiesis occurs in the kidney.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001218 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood Cells and Blood Cell Development in the Animal Kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0005953 ncithesaurus:Bone_Marrow medulla ossea BTO:0000141 FMA:9608 medulla ossium BTO:0000141 medulla ossium BTO:0000141 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow medulla of bone BTO:0000141 Any skeletal muscle that is part of the head region. UBERON:0003899 AAO:0000107 BTO:0000021 EFO:0003524 EHDAA2:0000322 EMAPA:18172 FMA:9616 MA:0000578 SCTID:244718003 ZFA:0001652 cephalic muscle cephalic musculature head muscle head muscle organ muscle of head muscle organ of adult head muscle organ of head musculus caput adult head muscle organ uberon cranial muscle head muscles UBERON:0002376 defined generically so could in theory encompass FBbt:00003260 'skeletal muscle of head', or the muscle of a starfish Aristotle's lantern, but we restrict this to craniates. Skeletal muscles of the head originate from the non-segmented head mesoderm (Noden, 1983; Wachtler et al., 1984) cranial muscle https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships EHDAA2-abduced Any skeletal muscle that is part of the head region. Any skeletal muscle that is part of the head region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cephalic muscle ZFA:0001652 head muscle MA:0000578 head muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle of head FMA:9616 muscle organ of adult head OBOL:automatic muscle organ of head OBOL:automatic adult head muscle organ OBOL:automatic cranial muscle ZFA:0001652 Any muscle that is part of the cervical (neck) region. EMAPA:36050 FMA:9617 GAID:149 MA:0000587 MESH:D009334 NCIT:C33163 UMLS:C0027532 muscle organ of neck muscle organ of neck (volume) neck (volume) muscle organ neck muscle neck muscle organ uberon UBERON:0002377 muscle of neck prolog Any muscle that is part of the cervical (neck) region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0027532 ncithesaurus:Neck_Muscle muscle organ of neck OBOL:automatic muscle organ of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) muscle organ OBOL:automatic neck muscle organ OBOL:automatic Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis. BTO:0001261 EMAPA:35103 FMA:9620 GAID:89 MA:0000520 MESH:D000009 NCIT:C32040 OpenCyc:Mx4rvlygNJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361352008 UMLS:C0000739 Wikipedia:Abdominal_muscle abdomen muscle abdomen muscle organ abdominal muscle abdominal wall muscle muscle organ of abdomen uberon abdominal wall musculature UBERON:0002378 muscle of abdomen prolog Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis. Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis. Wikipedia:Abdominal_muscle UMLS:C0000739 ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Muscle abdomen muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of abdomen OBOL:automatic abdominal wall musculature EMAPA:35103 Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance. One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue.[AAO] Portion of tissue that consists of mesodermally derived cells and intercellular matrix comprised of protein fibers and carbohydrates, which supports, ensheathes and binds together other tissues.[TAO] Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.[VSAO] MA also has set of connective tissues AAO:0000098 BTO:0000421 CALOHA:TS-2009 EFO:0000952 EMAPA:35251 FMA:9640 GAID:100 MA:0000011 MAT:0000301 MESH:D003238 MIAA:0000301 NCIT:C12374 OpenCyc:Mx4rv-aBgZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361919005 TAO:0001641 UMLS:C0009780 VSAO:0000017 XAO:0001017 ZFA:0001632 galen:ConnectiveTissue portion of connective tissue textus connectivus uberon Bindegewebe UBERON:0002384 connective tissue Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000017 Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000017 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/23 One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but there are certain characteristics shared by all or most tissues in this category, such as involvement in structure and support, derived from mesoderm, and characterized largely by the traits of non-living tissue.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000098 AAO AAO:LAP Portion of tissue that consists of mesodermally derived cells and intercellular matrix comprised of protein fibers and carbohydrates, which supports, ensheathes and binds together other tissues.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001641 TAO TAO:wd Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000017 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 MA also has set of connective tissues MA UMLS:C0009780 ncithesaurus:Connective_Tissue portion of connective tissue FMA:9640 Bindegewebe BTO:0000421 Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO]. One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories.[AAO] AAO:0000306 AEO:0000122 CALOHA:TS-0642 EHDAA2:0003122 EMAPA:32715 FMA:9641 MA:0002437 MESH:D009132 NCIT:C12435 SCTID:91727004 UMLS:C2328219 Wikipedia:Muscle_tissue galen:MuscleTissue muscular tissue portion of muscle tissue textus muscularis uberon UBERON:0002385 Vertebrate muscle is categorized into three major muscle types defined by their structural and functional properties: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. In Dmel the counterparts are somatic, heart/cardiac and visceral. Here we take a cell type based approach. muscle tissue Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO]. GO:0060537 Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO]. GO:0060537 Wikipedia:Muscle_tissue https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=2801266&group_id=36855&atid=440764 One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Tissue that contains cells with contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. Muscle tissue also is separated into three distinct categories.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000306 AAO AAO:LAP UMLS:C2328219 ncithesaurus:Muscle_Tissue muscular tissue portion of muscle tissue FMA:9641 Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells. Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues.[AAO] Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways.[well established][VHOG] hematopoietic In humans this is primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes AAO:0011002 BTO:0000570 CALOHA:TS-0449 EFO:0000798 EMAPA:35402 EV:0100045 FMA:9667 GAID:1008 MA:0002434 MAT:0000022 MESH:D006413 MIAA:0000022 NCIT:C12909 SCTID:362587009 TAO:0005023 UMLS:C0018957 VHOG:0001624 Wikipedia:Haematopoiesis XAO:0000122 ZFA:0005023 haematological system haemopoietic system organa haemopoietica uberon Blutbildungssystem haematopoietic system hematological system hematolymphoid system hemopoietic system UBERON:0002390 hematopoietic system FMA definitional Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells. Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells. Wikipedia:Haematopoiesis Anatomical system that consists of the blood and blood forming tissues.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011002 AAO AAO:EJS Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001624 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.coph.2010.05.004 Ellett F, Lieschke GJ, Zebrafish as a model for vertebrate hematopoiesis. Current Opinion in Pharmacology (2010) Zebrafish developmental hematopoiesis shows close correspondence to the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system and is regulated by conserved molecular pathways.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001624 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.coph.2010.05.004 Ellett F, Lieschke GJ, Zebrafish as a model for vertebrate hematopoiesis. Current Opinion in Pharmacology (2010) http://bgee.unil.ch/ In humans this is primarily the bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes WP UMLS:C0018957 ncithesaurus:Hematopoietic_System Blutbildungssystem BTO:0000570 The outer serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. EMAPA:16776 FMA:9733 MA:0002488 NCIT:C33273 OpenCyc:Mx4rvv2Uq5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361998003 UMLS:C0225777 VHOG:0001495 Wikipedia:Parietal_pleura uberon pleura parietalis UBERON:0002400 the part of the pleura external to the visceral pleura. It lines the inner surface of the chest wall, covers the diaphragm, and is reflected over the structures occupying the middle of the thorax parietal pleura The outer serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Pulmonary_pleurae UMLS:C0225777 ncithesaurus:Parietal_Pleura pleura parietalis Wikipedia:Parietal_pleura The inner serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. The visceral pleura lines the lungs. Each lung is invested by an exceedingly delicate serous membrane, the pleura, which is arranged in the form of a closed invaginated sac. A portion of the serous membrane covers the surface of the lung and dips into the fissures between its lobes; it is called the pulmonary pleura (or visceral pleura). The visceral pleura is attached directly to the lungs[Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura]. FMA treats this as part of the lungs EHDAA2:0002205 EMAPA:16777 FMA:9734 MA:0002489 NCIT:C33881 OpenCyc:Mx4rwNFqppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361997008 UMLS:C0225776 VHOG:0001496 pleura pulmonalis pleura visceralis pleura visceralis (pulmonalis) pulmonary visceral pleura uberon lung mesothelium lung pleura pulmonary pleura UBERON:0002401 visceral pleura FMA The inner serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. The visceral pleura lines the lungs. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Pulmonary_pleurae Each lung is invested by an exceedingly delicate serous membrane, the pleura, which is arranged in the form of a closed invaginated sac. A portion of the serous membrane covers the surface of the lung and dips into the fissures between its lobes; it is called the pulmonary pleura (or visceral pleura). The visceral pleura is attached directly to the lungs[Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura]. Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura FMA treats this as part of the lungs FMA UMLS:C0225776 ncithesaurus:Visceral_Pleura pleura pulmonalis FMA:9734 FMA:TA pleura visceralis Wikipedia:Visceral_pleura lung mesothelium EHDAA2:0002205 pulmonary pleura FMA:9734 The fluid-filled cavity that lies between the visceral and parietal pleurae. In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] The contraction of the diaphragm creates a negative pressure within the pleural cavity which forces the lungs to expand resulting in passive exhalation and active inhalation. This breathing process can be made forceful through the contraction of the external intercostal muscles which forces the rib cage to expand and add to the negative pressure in the pleural cavity causing the lungs to fill with air. The fluid in the cavity provides lubrication and cushioning the EHDAA2 class of the same is not equivalent. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 BTO:0004422 EHDAA2:0001475 EMAPA:16773 EMAPA:16774 FMA:9740 GAID:95 MA:0000055 MESH:A01.911.800.650 MESH:D035422 NCIT:C12840 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCKAppwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361999006 UMLS:C0178802 VHOG:0000581 Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity cavitas pleuralis uberon cavitum pleuralae cavitum pleurale UBERON:0002402 pleural cavity http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Gray965.png Wikipedia The fluid-filled cavity that lies between the visceral and parietal pleurae. Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000581 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 http://bgee.unil.ch/ the EHDAA2 class of the same is not equivalent. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 EHDAA2 UMLS:C0178802 ncithesaurus:Pleural_Cavity cavitas pleuralis Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity cavitum pleuralae Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity cavitum pleurale Wikipedia:Pleural_cavity Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011003 BILA:0000104 BTO:0005810 FMA:9825 GAID:328 MA:0002711 MESH:D007107 NCIT:C12735 OpenCyc:Mx4rvWNkm5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362590003 TAO:0001159 UMLS:C0020962 VHOG:0001247 Wikipedia:Immune_system XAO:0003152 ZFA:0001159 uberon UBERON:0002405 immune system Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. Wikipedia:Immune_system The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001247 VHOG PMID:21046016 Dzik JM, The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions. Acta biochimica Polonica (2010) The antibody-based immune system defined by the presence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), T cell receptor (TCR), B cell receptor (BCR) or recombination activating genes (RAGs) is known beginning from jawed fishes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001247 VHOG PMID:21046016 Dzik JM, The ancestry and cumulative evolution of immune reactions. Acta biochimica Polonica (2010) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0020962 ncithesaurus:Immune_System A double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. FMA:9868 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001443 SCTID:361326002 TAO:0000054 uberon pericardium UBERON:0002406 pericardial sac http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray489.png FMA A double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. A double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. Wikipedia:Pericardium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 The combination of pericardial sac (a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels) plus fibrous pericardium. Peritoneum that surrounds the heart.[AAO] pericardial In GO the concept of pericardium is developmental implicitly epithelial, but here it represents a multi-tissue structure encompassing the sac (epithelium plus connective) and cavity this class denotes a combination of fibrous PC + PC sac (itself a combination of cavity, epithelium and connective tissue). Many sources use the term 'pericardium' to denote either just the serous membrane (ZFA) or the epithelium (GO) we follow FMA in dividing pericardium into pericardial sac and fibrous pericardium AAO:0010817 BSA:0000090 BTO:0000717 CALOHA:TS-0761 EFO:0000820 EHDAA:5376 EMAPA:16133 EV:0100023 FMA:9869 GAID:569 MA:0000099 MAT:0000454 MESH:D010496 NCIT:C13005 OpenCyc:Mx4rvoCLgJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001443 SCTID:181295003 TAO:0000054 UMLS:C0031050 VHOG:0001280 Wikipedia:Pericardium XAO:0004182 ZFA:0000054 galen:Pericardium uberon UBERON:0002407 pericardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray489.png MA The combination of pericardial sac (a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels) plus fibrous pericardium. The combination of pericardial sac (a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels) plus fibrous pericardium. Wikipedia:Pericardium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Peritoneum that surrounds the heart.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010817 AAO AAO:JMG In GO the concept of pericardium is developmental implicitly epithelial, but here it represents a multi-tissue structure encompassing the sac (epithelium plus connective) and cavity FMA this class denotes a combination of fibrous PC + PC sac (itself a combination of cavity, epithelium and connective tissue). Many sources use the term 'pericardium' to denote either just the serous membrane (ZFA) or the epithelium (GO) ZFA we follow FMA in dividing pericardium into pericardial sac and fibrous pericardium FMA UMLS:C0031050 ncithesaurus:Pericardium Parietal serous membrane which is part of the pericardium and forms the outer layer of the pericardial sac. EHDAA:3422 EHDAA:5378 EMAPA:19031 FMA:9870 MA:0000483 NCIT:C94500 SCTID:243956000 UMLS:C0225969 VHOG:0000537 Wikipedia:Parietal_pericardium lamina parietalis (pericardii serosum) lamina parietalis pericardii parietal layer of serous pericardium parietal pericardium uberon pericardial sac UBERON:0002408 parietal serous pericardium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray489.png Parietal serous membrane which is part of the pericardium and forms the outer layer of the pericardial sac. Parietal serous membrane which is part of the pericardium and forms the outer layer of the pericardial sac. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0225969 ncithesaurus:Parietal_Pericardium lamina parietalis pericardii FMA:9870 FMA:TA parietal pericardium VHOG:0000537 pericardial sac pericardial sac DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.1013 Transudate contained in the pericardial cavity.[FMA]. BTO:0001016 FMA:9887 MA:0002530 MESH:D000069236 Wikipedia:Pericardial_fluid uberon UBERON:0002409 pericardial fluid FMA Transudate contained in the pericardial cavity.[FMA]. FMA:9887 Transudate contained in the pericardial cavity.[FMA]. FMA:9887 Wikipedia:Pericardial_fluid The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO]. Nervous system including a portion of the central and peripheral systems and presiding over the control and coordination of the vegetative functions of the organism. It innervates smooth and cardiac muscles and glandular tissues and is responsible for many actions which are more or less automatic (e.g. secretion, vasoconstriction etc.). It consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] Part of the peripheral nervous system which regulates involuntary functions of the body and consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system.[AAO] From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system.[well established][VHOG] FMA splits this into peripheral and nervous parts; GO has ANS directly under NS; PNS is a sib AAO:0000033 BIRNLEX:1123 BTO:0002507 CALOHA:TS-2001 EHDA:10095 EHDAA2:0000158 EHDAA:3767 EMAPA:16984 FMA:65553 GAID:706 MA:0000219 MESH:D001341 NCIT:C12673 SCTID:362481007 TAO:0001574 UMLS:C0004388 UMLS:C1305381 VHOG:0000396 Wikipedia:Autonomic_nervous_system ZFA:0001574 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2054 autonomic division of peripheral nervous system autonomic part of peripheral nervous system divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici peripheral autonomic nervous system visceral nervous system uberon ANS divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici UBERON:0002410 autonomic nervous system http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Gray839.png cjm EMAPA MA NIFSTD ZFA-modified-from-isa The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO]. GO:0048483 Nervous system including a portion of the central and peripheral systems and presiding over the control and coordination of the vegetative functions of the organism. It innervates smooth and cardiac muscles and glandular tissues and is responsible for many actions which are more or less automatic (e.g. secretion, vasoconstriction etc.). It consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. [Dorian_AF, Elsevier's_encyclopaedic_dictionary_of_medicine, Part_B:_Anatomy_(1988)_Amsterdam_etc.:_Elsevier][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000396 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ Part of the peripheral nervous system which regulates involuntary functions of the body and consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000033 AAO AAO:BJB From comparative analyses of craniate brains, a morphotype of the brain in the earliest craniate stock can be constructed. In marked contrast to cephalochordates, the ancestral craniate morphotype had a plethora of unique features, which included a telencephalon with pallial and subpallial parts, paired olfactory bulbs with substantial projections to most or all of the telencephalic pallium, paired lateral eyes and ears, a lateral line system for both electroreception and mechanoreception, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, and an autonomic nervous system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000396 VHOG DOI:10.1002/1097-0185(20000615)261:3<111::AID-AR6>3.0.CO;2-F Butler AB, Chordate evolution and the origin of craniates: An old brain in a new head. AnaT Rec (New Anat) (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ FMA splits this into peripheral and nervous parts; GO has ANS directly under NS; PNS is a sib FMA UMLS:C0004388 BIRNLEX:1123 UMLS:C0004388 ncithesaurus:Autonomic_Nervous_System UMLS:C1305381 BIRNLEX:1123 autonomic division of peripheral nervous system FMA:65553 autonomic part of peripheral nervous system FMA:65553 divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici FMA:TA pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici FMA:TA peripheral autonomic nervous system FMA:65553 ANS divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici Wikipedia:Autonomic_nervous_system Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle. (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0007029 AEO:0000154 BILA:0000118 CALOHA:TS-1299 CARO:0002001 EFO:0000807 EHDAA2:0000836 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003154 EHDAA:6520 EMAPA:17524 EV:0100151 FBbt:00004969 FMA:72979 HAO:0000421 MA:0000014 MAT:0000033 MESH:D034582 MIAA:0000033 NCIT:C12907 SCTID:361692004 TADS:0000108 UMLS:C0037267 VHOG:0000403 Wikipedia:Integumentary_system XAO:0000176 galen:Surface integumentary system uberon body surface dermal system external covering of organism integumentum commune organism surface surface UBERON:0002416 integumental system Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle. CARO:0002001 Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle. CARO:0002001 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/29 (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000403 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009) (...) the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all-encompassing dermal skeleton of stem-gnathostomes (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000403 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01043.x Vickaryous MK, Sire JY, The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development. J Anat (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0037267 ncithesaurus:Integumentary_System integumentary system FMA:72979 dermal system MIAA:0000033 integumentum commune integumentum commune Wikipedia:Integumentary_system organism surface EHDAA2:0003154 surface BILA:0000118 The abdominal segment of the torso. EMAPA:35104 FMA:259211 MA:0000021 SCTID:362875007 Wikipedia:Lumbar uberon abdomen/pelvis/perineum lower body lower trunk lumbar region UBERON:0002417 abdominal segment of trunk FMA The abdominal segment of the torso. The abdominal segment of the torso. Wikipedia:Lumbar abdomen/pelvis/perineum MA:0000021 lower body MA:0000021 lower trunk FMA:259211 lumbar region lumbar region https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts. A type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. It makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes.[AAO] Portion of tissue which is connective tissue composed of collagen and/or elastin fibers and chondrocytes. Cartilage is avascular and provides both skeletal functions and a framework upon which bone is deposited.[TAO] Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.[VSAO] relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cartilage arose independently in cnidarians, hemichordates, vertebrates, arthropods, annelids, brachiopods, and molluscs - or a common ancestor of brachiopods and molluscs (...). Analyses of cartilage as a tissue and of the development of invertebrate cartilages are consistent with homology between invertebrate and vertebrate cartilage. From the discussion above, it will be clear that understanding genetic changes underlying cartilage evolution is key to determining whether the multiple origins of cartilage represent parallel evolution.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0000060 AEO:0000087 BTO:0000206 EFO:0000949 EHDAA2:0003087 EMAPA:32730 EV:0100141 FMA:37377 GAID:99 MA:0000104 MAT:0000189 MESH:D002356 MIAA:0000189 NCIT:C12373 NCIT:C32268 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjeOZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:309312004 TAO:0001501 UMLS:C0007301 VHOG:0001207 VSAO:0000040 Wikipedia:Cartilage XAO:0000170 ZFA:0005622 galen:Cartilage cartilage tissue cartilaginous tissue chondrogenic tissue uberon cartilage cartilages portion of cartilage tissue UBERON:0002418 Previous: "A portion of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate[GO]. Regular connective tissue, which consists of chondrocytes and related cells, the intercellular matrix of which is chondrified. Examples: hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage[FMA]. an avascular supporting and articular skeletal tissue. It also functions as the primary endoskeletal support in vertebrate embryos. Cartilage is deposited by and is composed of chondroblasts and chondrocytes separated by an extracellular matrix, which may or may not mineralize depending on cartilage type, age, or taxon[Hall and Witten]." See also FMA:71500 Set of cartilages, FMA:55107 Cartilage organ, FMA:12264 Articular cartilage. // elements made from cartilage, cartilage-like, or chondroid tissues evolved in invertebrates[H&W] cartilage tissue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hypertrophic_Zone_of_Epiphyseal_Plate.jpg https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/117 Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000040 Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000040 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/37 https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/vertebrate-skeletal-anatomy-vsao-term-requests/5 A type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of cells called chondrocytes which are dispersed in a firm gel-like ground substance, called the matrix. Cartilage is avascular (contains no blood vessels) and nutrients are diffused through the matrix. Cartilage is found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, in the throat and between intervertebral disks. It makes up virtually the entire skeleton in chondrichthyes.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000060 AAO AAO:LAP Portion of tissue which is connective tissue composed of collagen and/or elastin fibers and chondrocytes. Cartilage is avascular and provides both skeletal functions and a framework upon which bone is deposited.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001501 TAO ZFIN:curator Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000040 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 relationship loss: subclass specialized connective tissue (AAO:0000571)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000060 AAO Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cartilage arose independently in cnidarians, hemichordates, vertebrates, arthropods, annelids, brachiopods, and molluscs - or a common ancestor of brachiopods and molluscs (...). Analyses of cartilage as a tissue and of the development of invertebrate cartilages are consistent with homology between invertebrate and vertebrate cartilage. From the discussion above, it will be clear that understanding genetic changes underlying cartilage evolution is key to determining whether the multiple origins of cartilage represent parallel evolution.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001207 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2011.00520.x Hall BK, Parallelism, deep homology, and evo-devo. Evolution and Development (2012) Phylogenetic analysis suggests that cartilage arose independently in cnidarians, hemichordates, vertebrates, arthropods, annelids, brachiopods, and molluscs - or a common ancestor of brachiopods and molluscs (...). Analyses of cartilage as a tissue and of the development of invertebrate cartilages are consistent with homology between invertebrate and vertebrate cartilage. From the discussion above, it will be clear that understanding genetic changes underlying cartilage evolution is key to determining whether the multiple origins of cartilage represent parallel evolution.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001207 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2011.00520.x Hall BK, Parallelism, deep homology, and evo-devo. Evolution and Development (2012) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0007301 ncithesaurus:Cartilage cartilage tissue FMA:37377 chondrogenic tissue VSAO:0000040 cartilages VHOG:0001207 portion of cartilage tissue FMA:37377 A gland that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. check FMA, use plural for now as general class not there EMAPA:35774 FMA:71878 MA:0000146 SCTID:110485007 glandulae cutis uberon set of skin glands skin glands skin glands set UBERON:0002419 skin gland A gland that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic glandulae cutis FMA:71878 FMA:TA set of skin glands FMA:71878 skin glands skin glands set An epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues. consider including separate class for developmental structure (adult human is stratified; in EHDAA2 is unilaminar) The epithelium that lines the oral cavity. The oral epithelium epithelial cells with many short microvilli as well as mucous cells, rodlet cells and taste buds[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-060921-12, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-091204-24]. the avian oral epithelium has the developmental capacity to initiate tooth developmental programs with underlying grafts of non-avian oral ectomesenchyme AAO:0010357 BTO:0001775 CALOHA:TS-0715 EHDAA2:0001325 EHDAA:2187 EMAPA:16839 EMAPA:26942 FMA:265152 MA:0000344 NCIT:C49595 TAO:0000816 UMLS:C1709332 VHOG:0000187 XAO:0003201 ZFA:0000816 epithelium of mucosa of mouth epithelium of oral mucosa uberon UBERON:0002424 oral epithelium AAO-modified An epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues. An epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The epithelium that lines the oral cavity. The oral epithelium epithelial cells with many short microvilli as well as mucous cells, rodlet cells and taste buds[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-060921-12, ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-091204-24]. ZFA:0000816 the avian oral epithelium has the developmental capacity to initiate tooth developmental programs with underlying grafts of non-avian oral ectomesenchyme the avian oral epithelium has the developmental capacity to initiate tooth developmental programs with underlying grafts of non-avian oral ectomesenchyme PMID:16488870 UMLS:C1709332 ncithesaurus:Oral_Cavity_Epithelium epithelium of mucosa of mouth FMA:265152 epithelium of oral mucosa FMA:265152 Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA]. EMAPA:16589 EMAPA:19032 FMA:84882 MA:0000484 SCTID:243955001 VHOG:0000538 Wikipedia:Visceral_pericardium lamina visceralis pericardii serosi serous visceral pericardium visceral lamina of serous pericardium visceral layer of serous pericardium visceral pericardium uberon epicardium pericardium visceral mesothelium UBERON:0002425 visceral serous pericardium cjm FMA Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA]. Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA]. Wikipedia:Visceral_pericardium lamina visceralis pericardii serosi lamina visceralis pericardii serosi Wikipedia:Epicardium visceral pericardium VHOG:0000538 epicardium MA:0000484 pericardium visceral mesothelium EMAPA:16589 A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17828 FMA:76550 MA:0001237 blood vessel of choroid blood vessel of choroid coat blood vessel of choroidea blood vessel of posterior uvea choroid blood vessel choroid blood vessels choroid blood vessels set choroid coat blood vessel choroidea blood vessel posterior uvea blood vessel vasa sanguinea choroideae uberon set of choroid blood vessels UBERON:0002443 cannot find singular in FMA, using Set class choroidal blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of choroid OBOL:automatic blood vessel of choroid coat OBOL:automatic blood vessel of choroidea OBOL:automatic blood vessel of posterior uvea OBOL:automatic choroid blood vessel OBOL:automatic choroid coat blood vessel OBOL:automatic choroidea blood vessel OBOL:automatic posterior uvea blood vessel OBOL:automatic vasa sanguinea choroideae FMA:76550 FMA:TA set of choroid blood vessels FMA:76550 The mucous secreting gland associated with the mucuous membrane lining the uterus. simple or branched tubular BTO:0003433 BTO:0004518 EMAPA:29919 MA:0001726 NCIT:C33842 SCTID:361377009 UMLS:C1183035 Wikipedia:Uterine_glands endometrial gland endometrial mucuous gland endometrium gland glandulae uterinae uterine gland uberon glandulae uterinae UBERON:0002451 endometrial gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gray1169.png MP Wikipedia:Tubular_gland The mucous secreting gland associated with the mucuous membrane lining the uterus. Wikipedia:Uterine_glands UMLS:C1183035 ncithesaurus:Uterine_Gland endometrial gland BTO:0003433 glandulae uterinae FMA:71647 FMA:TA glandulae uterinae Wikipedia:Uterine_glands Arteries that supply the spinal cord. EHDAA2:0001890 EHDAA:4355 EMAPA:18241 MA:0002043 NCIT:C33587 SCTID:244228006 TAO:0000682 UMLS:C0447043 Wikipedia:Spinal_artery ZFA:0000682 spinal arteries uberon UBERON:0002458 spinal artery Arteries that supply the spinal cord. Arteries that supply the spinal cord. Wikipedia:Spinal_artery https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0447043 ncithesaurus:Spinal_Artery spinal arteries ZFA:0000682 Clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical pressure of partly digested food in the intestine. BTO:0000644 FMA:62974 GAID:1162 MA:0002515 MESH:D007419 NCIT:C32875 UMLS:C0021849 Wikipedia:Succus_entericus intestinal secretion succus entericus uberon intestinal juice UBERON:0002466 intestine secretion Clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical pressure of partly digested food in the intestine. Wikipedia:Succus_entericus UMLS:C0021849 ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Secretion intestinal secretion FMA:62974 succus entericus Wikipedia:Succus_entericus intestinal juice BTO:0000644 A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003345 BTO:0002859 EMAPA:26981 FMA:62996 MA:0002680 MESH:D000071041 NCIT:C32538 SCTID:362127004 UMLS:C0227176 esophageal mucosa esophageal mucous membrane esophagus mucosa esophagus mucous membrane lamina muscularis mucosae oesophageae mucosa of esophagus mucosa of oesophagus mucous membrane of esophagus mucous membrane of oesophagus oesophageal mucosa oesophagus mucosa oesophagus mucous membrane tunica mucosa esophagi tunica mucosa oesophageae tunica mucosa oesophagi uberon muscularis mucosae of oesophagus tunica mucosa oesophagi UBERON:0002469 esophagus mucosa A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0227176 ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Mucosa esophagus mucosa FMA:62996 esophagus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic lamina muscularis mucosae oesophageae FMA:62996 FMA:TA mucosa of esophagus OBOL:automatic mucosa of oesophagus OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oesophagus FMA:62996 oesophageal mucosa FMA:62996 oesophagus mucous membrane OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa oesophageae FMA:62996 FMA:TA muscularis mucosae of oesophagus FMA:62996 tunica mucosa oesophagi BTO:0002859 Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts. see https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/27 Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.[VSAO] CALOHA:TS-2011 EMAPA:35179 FMA:224804 MA:0002780 MESH:D001842 NCIT:C13076 UMLS:C0391978 VSAO:0000047 Wikipedia:Bone_tissue XAO:0004040 ZFA:0005621 galen:BoneTissue calcium tissue osseous tissue osteogenic tissue mineralized bone tissue uberon bone portion of bone tissue UBERON:0002481 bone tissue VSAO https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/117 Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000047 Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000047 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000047 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 UMLS:C0391978 ncithesaurus:Bone_Tissue osteogenic tissue VSAO:curator mineralized bone tissue XAO:0004040 bone MESH:A02.835.232 portion of bone tissue FMA:224804 An epithelium that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35447 FMA:58517 MA:0002826 epithelial tissue of iris epithelium of iris epithelium pigmentosum (iris) epithelium pigmentosum iridis iris epithelial tissue iris epithelium pigmented epithelium of iris uberon iris pigmented epithelium UBERON:0002506 iris epithelium FMA MA MP An epithelium that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of iris OBOL:automatic epithelium of iris OBOL:automatic epithelium pigmentosum (iris) FMA:58517 epithelium pigmentosum iridis FMA:58517 FMA:TA iris epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic iris epithelium FMA:58517 pigmented epithelium of iris FMA:58517 iris pigmented epithelium MA:0002826 Replacement bone that forms within cartilage. placement in this class to be inferred Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.[VSAO] some structures, e.g. in ZFA are both intramembrane and endochondral AAO:0010776 AEO:0000083 BTO:0002157 EHDAA2:0003083 FMA:24321 TAO:0001591 VSAO:0000145 XAO:0004018 ZFA:0001591 ossified chondrogenic bone uberon cartilaginous bone endochondral bones UBERON:0002513 endochondral bone https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Hypertrophic_Zone_of_Epiphyseal_Plate.jpg VSAO VSAO Replacement bone that forms within cartilage. GO:0001958 GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000145 Replacement bone that forms within cartilage. GO:0001958 GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000145 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/54 Replacement bone that forms within cartilage.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000145 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 some structures, e.g. in ZFA are both intramembrane and endochondral ZFA ossified chondrogenic bone VSAO:0000145 cartilaginous bone BTO:0002157 endochondral bones ZFA:0001591 Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. Bone that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues.[TAO] [In TAO], This term was made obsolete because it is considered a synonym of membrane bone (VSAO:0000023).[TAO] EMAPA:36615 TAO:0001644 Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification ZFA:0001635 uberon intramembranous bones membrane bone UBERON:0002514 intramembranous bone VSAO Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. GO:0001957 Bone tissue forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. GO:0001957 Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/267 Bone that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001644 TAO TAO:wd [In TAO], This term was made obsolete because it is considered a synonym of membrane bone (VSAO:0000023).[TAO] 2012-09-06 TAO:0001644 TAO Curator intramembranous bones ZFA:0001635 membrane bone AEO:0000085 Connective tissue composed of elastic fibers. FMA:20113 GAID:926 MA:0002853 MESH:D004547 NCIT:C32495 SCTID:27197004 Wikipedia:Elastic_fiber elastic connective tissue textus connectivus elasticus elastic fiber uberon UBERON:0002521 elastic tissue http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Gray377.png Connective tissue composed of elastic fibers. Connective tissue composed of elastic fibers. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 textus connectivus elasticus The middle layer of an artery or vein. [WP,unvetted]. BTO:0002011 EMAPA:36298 FMA:55590 GAID:170 MA:0002855 MESH:D017540 NCIT:C33821 SCTID:61695000 UMLS:C0162867 Wikipedia:Tunica_media uberon tunica media vasorum UBERON:0002522 May be composed of smooth muscle and elastic tissue tunica media https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg MA cjm cjm The middle layer of an artery or vein. [WP,unvetted]. The middle layer of an artery or vein. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Tunica_media UMLS:C0162867 ncithesaurus:Tunica_Media tunica media vasorum tunica media vasorum BTO:0002011 tunica media vasorum Wikipedia:Tunica_media The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong]. the FMA class represents a more generic layer which is the superclass of the layer found in both blood vessels and lymph vessels (and also endocardium) - we should probably follow this structure the FMA class represents a structure which may have both epithelium and fibroelastic connective tissue as parts The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow. The inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, on account of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles. The inner coat consists of: A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with silver nitrate. A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm. in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size. An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a net-work of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforations may be seen, giving it a fenestrated appearance. It was therefore called by Henle the fenestrated membrane. This membrane forms the chief thickness of the inner coat, and can be separated into several layers, some of which present the appearance of a network of longitudinal elastic fibers, and others a more membranous character, marked by pale lines having a longitudinal direction. In minute arteries the fenestrated membrane is a very thin layer; but in the larger arteries, and especially in the aorta, it has a very considerable thickness. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] BTO:0002012 EMAPA:36297 FMA:55589 GAID:523 MA:0002861 MESH:D017539 NCIT:C33820 SCTID:8361002 SCTID:87483006 UMLS:C0162864 Wikipedia:Tunica_intima uberon Bichat's tunic intima tunica intima vasorum UBERON:0002523 tunica intima https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg FMA check for exceptions, e.g. capillaries ISBN:0073040584 The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong]. ISBN:0073040584 NCIT:C33820 The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong]. ISBN:0073040584 NCIT:C33820 Wikipedia:Tunica_intima The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow. The inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, on account of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles. The inner coat consists of: A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with silver nitrate. A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm. in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size. An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a net-work of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforations may be seen, giving it a fenestrated appearance. It was therefore called by Henle the fenestrated membrane. This membrane forms the chief thickness of the inner coat, and can be separated into several layers, some of which present the appearance of a network of longitudinal elastic fibers, and others a more membranous character, marked by pale lines having a longitudinal direction. In minute arteries the fenestrated membrane is a very thin layer; but in the larger arteries, and especially in the aorta, it has a very considerable thickness. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] Wikipedia The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery or vein. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina. The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow. The inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, on account of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles. The inner coat consists of: A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with silver nitrate. A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm. in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size. An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a net-work of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforations may be seen, giving it a fenestrated appearance. It was therefore called by Henle the fenestrated membrane. This membrane forms the chief thickness of the inner coat, and can be separated into several layers, some of which present the appearance of a network of longitudinal elastic fibers, and others a more membranous character, marked by pale lines having a longitudinal direction. In minute arteries the fenestrated membrane is a very thin layer; but in the larger arteries, and especially in the aorta, it has a very considerable thickness. [WP,unvetted].[Wikipedia] Wikipedia Wikipedia:Tunica_intima UMLS:C0162864 ncithesaurus:Tunica_Intima Bichat's tunic BTO:0002012 intima BTO:0002012 tunica intima vasorum BTO:0002012 An organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ. glandular UBERON:MIAA_0000021 AAO:0000212 AEO:0000096 BTO:0000522 EFO:0000797 EHDAA2:0003096 EHDAA:2161 EHDAA:4475 EHDAA:6522 EMAPA:18425 FBbt:00100317 FMA:7146 FMA:86294 HAO:0000375 MA:0003038 MAT:0000021 MIAA:0000021 NCIT:C13319 OpenCyc:Mx4rwP3vyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:134358001 UMLS:C1285092 Wikipedia:Gland WikipediaCategory:Glands galen:Gland glandular organ uberon Druese glandula UBERON:0002530 gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Gray1026.png An organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ. MGI:csmith MP:0002163 UMLS:C1285092 ncithesaurus:Gland glandular organ glandular organ http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Druese BTO:0000522 glandula glandula BTO:0000522 glandula Wikipedia:Gland In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA]. MP says - tissue that gives rise to the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm of the embryo proper. In HOG, epiblast is part of primitive streak/blastpore, which is inconsistent with the MP definition of primitive streak as a ridge of the epiblast. Note that these terms, epiblast and hypoblast, are also used to describe layers of the avian embryonic blastoderm, but the layers so-named seem to be altogether different in these two kinds of vertebrate embryos(CVS). Consider obsoleting this as a grouping class In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (...) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac.[uncertain][VHOG] BTO:0004593 FMA:296704 MAT:0000067 MIAA:0000067 VHOG:0000243 Wikipedia:Epiblast epiblast uberon blastocyst ectoblast epiblastus primitive ectoderm UBERON:0002532 epiblast (generic) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Gray21.png In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA]. ZFIN:curator In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA]. Wikipedia:Epiblast ZFIN:curator In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (...) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000243 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344 Zorn AM, Wells JM, Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation. Annual Review of Cell Developmental Biology (2009) In pregastrula zebrafish embryos, the epiblast is an inverted cup of cells that sits on top of a large yolk cell. (...) In amniote embryos (mammals and birds), gastrulation initiates in an epithelial layer called the epiblast. Cells in the epiblast undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migrate through the primitive streak (PS), and incorporate in the middle (mesoderm) or outer (endoderm) layer. The presumptive definitive endoderm (DE) cells invade and displace an outer layer of extraembryonic tissue cells, the hypoblast in chick and the visceral endoderm (VE) in mouse, which form supporting structures such as the yolk sac.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000243 VHOG DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344 Zorn AM, Wells JM, Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation. Annual Review of Cell Developmental Biology (2009) http://bgee.unil.ch/ epiblast VHOG:0000243 ectoblast MP:0003886 epiblastus epiblastus Wikipedia:Epiblast primitive ectoderm VHOG:0000243 Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt]. this term should be ceded to the arthropod anatomy ontology BTO:0001237 EFO:0000939 FBbt:00007152 HAO:0000933 MAT:0000163 MIAA:0000163 TGMA:0000540 Wikipedia:Sensillum sensillum uberon UBERON:0002536 arthropod sensillum Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt]. FBbt:00007152 Sense organ embedded in the integument and consisting of one or a cluster of sensory neurons and associated sensory structures, support cells and glial cells forming a single organised unit with a largely bona-fide boundary.[FBbt]. FBbt:00007152 Wikipedia:Sensillum sensillum FBbt:00007152 HAO:0000933 One of a series of paired bulges that develop along the lateral walls of the foregut. The pharyngeal arches have developmental contributions from endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells and are separated by anterior lateral endoderm out-pockets known as pharyngeal pouches. One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down.[well established][VHOG] Numbered cranial to caudal. different in mammals. branchial arch = ZFA:0001613 pharyngeal arch 3-7. generally gill arch 1 = pharyngeal arch 3. terminology varies as to whether branchial arch follows gill or pharyngeal numbering AAO:0010359 BTO:0001785 EFO:0000959 EHDAA:571 EMAPA:16117 FMA:293015 GAID:1292 MAT:0000242 MESH:A16.254.160 MESH:D001934 MIAA:0000242 NCIT:C34249 SCTID:308766004 TAO:0001306 UMLS:C0080322 VHOG:0000155 Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_arch XAO:0000096 ZFA:0001306 pharyngeal arches branchial arch uberon arcus pharyngei visceral arch UBERON:0002539 pharyngeal arch http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Gray41.png EHDAA2 PMID:16313389 http://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499 PMID:16313389 One of a series of paired bulges that develop along the lateral walls of the foregut. The pharyngeal arches have developmental contributions from endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells and are separated by anterior lateral endoderm out-pockets known as pharyngeal pouches. ZFA:yb One of a series of paired bulges that develop along the lateral walls of the foregut. The pharyngeal arches have developmental contributions from endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells and are separated by anterior lateral endoderm out-pockets known as pharyngeal pouches. PMID:16313389 ZFA:yb http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 One of a series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010359 AAO NLM:branchial+arch A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000155 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000155 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0080322 ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Arch pharyngeal arches branchial arch BTO:0001785 MP:0002884 arcus pharyngei arcus pharyngei Wikipedia:Pharyngeal_arch Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic. Do not merge with neurogenic placode Comparisons of developmental gene expression suggest that the anterior ectoderm in amphioxus may be homologous to the vertebrate olfactory placode, the only vertebrate placode with primary, not secondary, neurons The term placode or placodes also applies to developing organs such as teeth, mammary glands, hair follicles, feathers and scales. We include a separate parent class for this. to avoid confusion, we include neurogenic placode as a subclass ectodermal placode placode AAO:0010466 EFO:0001650 FMA:293966 MAT:0000369 MIAA:0000369 XAO:0000305 ectodermal cranial placode uberon cranial placodes UBERON:0002546 cranial placode cjm PMID:11523831 PMID:22512454 Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic. Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53175/ https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/135 https://github.com/seger/aao/issues/4 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/xenopus-anatomy-xao-term-requests/11/ Comparisons of developmental gene expression suggest that the anterior ectoderm in amphioxus may be homologous to the vertebrate olfactory placode, the only vertebrate placode with primary, not secondary, neurons Comparisons of developmental gene expression suggest that the anterior ectoderm in amphioxus may be homologous to the vertebrate olfactory placode, the only vertebrate placode with primary, not secondary, neurons PMID:11523831 ectodermal placode FMA:293966 ectodermal placode FMA:293966 PMID:22512454 placode placode Wikipedia:Placode ectodermal cranial placode UBERON:cjm cranial placodes XAO:0000305 Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina. cavity BIRNLEX:1011 EMAPA:37442 FMA:67552 MA:0002447 NCIT:C34007 galen:Cavity uberon UBERON:0002553 anatomical cavity Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina. FMA:67552 EMAPA:37442 MA:th Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia. BIRNLEX:1167 FMA:55676 NCIT:C13031 SCTID:384763002 UMLS:C0445620 anatomical structure of brain biological structure of brain brain anatomical structure brain biological structure brain part neuraxis segment neuroanatomical region segment of brain uberon UBERON:0002616 regional part of brain Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia. BIRNLEX:1167 UMLS:C0445620 ncithesaurus:Brain_Part anatomical structure of brain OBOL:automatic biological structure of brain OBOL:automatic brain anatomical structure OBOL:automatic brain biological structure OBOL:automatic neuraxis segment FMA:55676 segment of brain BIRNLEX:1167 A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a cervical region. BIRNLEX:1499 FMA:71166 MA:0003081 NCIT:C12892 SCTID:180960003 UMLS:C0581619 UMLS:C1278837 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1654 cervical segment of spinal cord cervical segments of spinal cord [1-8] cervical spinal cord pars cervicalis medullae spinalis segmenta cervicalia medullae spinalis [1-8 uberon UBERON:0002726 cervical spinal cord A spinal cord segment that adjacent_to a cervical region. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0581619 BIRNLEX:1499 UMLS:C0581619 ncithesaurus:Cervical_Spinal_Cord UMLS:C1278837 BIRNLEX:1499 cervical segment of spinal cord FMA:71166 cervical segments of spinal cord [1-8] FMA:71166 cervical spinal cord FMA:71166 pars cervicalis medullae spinalis FMA:71166 FMA:TA segmenta cervicalia medullae spinalis [1-8 FMA:71166 FMA:TA A nucleus of brain that is part of a trigeminal nuclear complex. massive inconsistencies between GO, MA, wikipedia. Part of pons in MA, but this leads to inconsistencies with ABA. BM:V BTO:0001074 CALOHA:TS-2077 EMAPA:35883 EV:0100271 FMA:71247 GAID:604 MA:0001028 MESH:D014278 NCIT:C12807 SCTID:280164007 UMLS:C0040999 VHOG:0001353 http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/nifext_11 nucleus of trigeminal nuclear complex trigeminal V nucleus trigeminal nuclear complex nucleus trigeminal nucleus uberon nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini nucleus mesencephalicus trigeminalis nucleus tractus mesencephali nervi trigeminalis UBERON:0002925 trigeminal nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a trigeminal nuclear complex. OBOL:automatic massive inconsistencies between GO, MA, wikipedia. Part of pons in MA, but this leads to inconsistencies with ABA. GO https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/58 UMLS:C0040999 ncithesaurus:Trigeminal_Nucleus nucleus of trigeminal nuclear complex FMA:71247 trigeminal V nucleus MA:0001028 trigeminal nuclear complex nucleus FMA:71247 trigeminal nucleus FMA:71248 nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini BTO:0001074 nucleus mesencephalicus trigeminalis BTO:0001074 nucleus tractus mesencephali nervi trigeminalis BTO:0001074 Dorsal portion of the pons, containing cranial nervee nuclei, ascending and descending tracts and reticular nuclei. It is continuous with the reticular formation of the medulla (Carpenter, A Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 3rd ed, 1985, pg 133). involved in the initiation of REM sleep [Wikipedia:Pontine_tegmentum] BAMS:PTg BIRNLEX:923 DHBA:12416 FMA:71108 HBA:9135 MESH:D065821 SCTID:362401009 UMLS:C0228426 Wikipedia:Pontine_tegmentum http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=557 dorsal pons dorsal portion of pons tegmental portion of pons tegmentum of pons tegmentum pontis uberon pars dorsalis pontis pars posterior pontis tegmentum pontis UBERON:0003023 pontine tegmentum https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Brainstem_Abducens.png Dorsal portion of the pons, containing cranial nervee nuclei, ascending and descending tracts and reticular nuclei. It is continuous with the reticular formation of the medulla (Carpenter, A Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 3rd ed, 1985, pg 133). BIRNLEX:923 UMLS:C0228426 BIRNLEX:923 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=557 BIRNLEX:923 dorsal portion of pons FMA:71108 tegmental portion of pons FMA:71108 tegmentum of pons FMA:71108 tegmentum pontis FMA:71108 FMA:TA pars dorsalis pontis NeuroNames:557 pars posterior pontis NeuroNames:557 tegmentum pontis Wikipedia:Pontine_tegmentum A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP]. septal AAO:0011127 FMA:86461 OpenCyc:Mx4rrqot_on_EdaAAAACs0uFOQ Wikipedia:Septum septa uberon UBERON:0003037 general anatomical term in FMA septum A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP]. A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP]. Wikipedia:Septum septa The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. BIRNLEX:966 FMA:71167 MA:0003082 NCIT:C12894 SCTID:278750009 UMLS:C0581620 Wikipedia:Thoracic_spinal_cord http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1718 pars thoracica medullae spinalis segmenta thoracica medullae spinalis [1-12] thoracic region of spinal cord thoracic segment of spinal cord thoracic segments of spinal cord [1-12] thoracic spinal cord uberon UBERON:0003038 thoracic spinal cord http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Gray820.png The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Thoracic_spinal_cord UMLS:C0581620 BIRNLEX:966 UMLS:C0581620 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Spinal_Cord pars thoracica medullae spinalis FMA:71167 FMA:TA segmenta thoracica medullae spinalis [1-12] FMA:71167 FMA:TA thoracic region of spinal cord FMA:71167 thoracic segment of spinal cord FMA:71167 thoracic segments of spinal cord [1-12] FMA:71167 thoracic spinal cord FMA:71167 The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. consider adding class for organizer. Consider adding separate class for isthmus as a structure Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011064 DMBA:16810 EHDAA2:0004395 EHDAA:5789 EMAPA:32857 NCIT:C93172 TAO:0000042 VHOG:0000649 XAO:0000016 ZFA:0000042 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2076 MHB mid-hindbrain boundary mid-hindbrain junction midbrain hindbrain boundary uberon isthmic organizer territory isthmo-cerebellar region isthmus isthmus/MHB UBERON:0003052 midbrain-hindbrain boundary ZFA ZFA https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/zebrafish-anatomy-zfa-term-requests/106/ ZFA ZFA The part of the brain that is the morphological boundary between the midbrain and hindbrain and that is the location of an organizing center which patterns the midbrain and hindbrain primordia of the neural plate. GO:0021555 Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000649 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) Lampreys also have an MHB [midbrain hindbrain boundary], expressing a similar repertoire of regulatory gene cognates as in gnathostomes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000649 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.02.008 Murakami Y, Uchida K, Rijli FM and Kuratani S, Evolution of the brain developmental plan: Insights from agnathans. Developmental Biology (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ isthmic organizer territory XAO:0000016 isthmo-cerebellar region VHOG:0000649 isthmus/MHB Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis. The outermost epidermal layer covering the fish at embryonic stages; derived from the EVL and thought to eventually be replaced by the superficial stratum of the epidermis. Sometimes used synonymously with EVL. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of ectoderm (TAO:0000016) CHANGED TO: develops_from ectoderm (UBERON:0000924)[TAO] In mice, the first non-basal layer formed at ~E9.5; it is a temporary structure composed of simple squamous epithelium that serves as the first barrier to the embryo's physical environment, exists throughout the entire keratinocyte stratification process, and sheds off at ~E17, when it is replaced by corneocytes[MP] In some mammals, Eyelid Fusion is thought to be driven by a population of cells which are derived from the periderm, the outermost layer of the developing epidermis Originally the epidermis is one layer thick, in most vertebrates it soon becomes a two-layered structure. The outer layer gives rise to the periderm. The periderm goes through distinct developmental phases and is ultimately sloughed into the amniotic fluid when differentiation of the underlying epidermal layers is complete. The function of the periderm is not known, but is thought to be related to transport/exchange between the fetus and the amniotic fluid (http://courses.washington.edu/hubio567/devbio/periderm.html) EHDAA2:0001846 EHDAA:6538 FMA:295662 NCIT:C34247 TAO:0001185 UMLS:C1518973 VHOG:0001680 XAO:0000029 ZFA:0001185 skin periderm uberon EVL epidermis epithelial layer epidermis outer layer epitrichium periderm UBERON:0003055 periderm EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ZFA A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis. ISBN:9780878932504 The outermost epidermal layer covering the fish at embryonic stages; derived from the EVL and thought to eventually be replaced by the superficial stratum of the epidermis. Sometimes used synonymously with EVL. Le Guellec et al, 2004.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001185 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship type change: OBO_REL:part_of ectoderm (TAO:0000016) CHANGED TO: develops_from ectoderm (UBERON:0000924)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001185 TAO UMLS:C1518973 ncithesaurus:Periderm skin periderm EHDAA2:0001846 EVL ZFA:0001185 epitrichium MP:0013530 The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011084 TAO:0007016 VHOG:0001200 XAO:0000045 ZFA:0007016 uberon anterior neural plate UBERON:0003056 pre-chordal neural plate The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. XB:curator (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001200 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001200 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] TAO:0007017 VHOG:0001201 XAO:0000046 ZFA:0007017 uberon posterior neural plate UBERON:0003057 chordal neural plate The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. XB:curator (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001201 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001201 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011086 EFO:0001982 EMAPA:16189 EMAPA:16752 TAO:0000279 VHOG:0000559 XAO:0000057 ZFA:0000279 segmental plate unsegmented paraxial mesoderm uberon PSM presumptive somite mesoderm somitogenic mesoderm somitomeric mesoderm unsegmented mesenchyme UBERON:0003059 presomitic mesoderm Bgee:AN Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. ZFIN:curator Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000279 TAO ZFIN:curator It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000559 VHOG DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001) It is reasonable to assume that the proximate invertebrate ancestor of the vertebrates had an amphioxus-like tail bud in its larval stage. This archetypal tail bud would have (...) (3) lacked any component of mesenchyme cells, (4) budded off new mesodermal segments directly, without any intervening zone of presomitic mesoderm (...). Then, early in vertebrate evolution, epithelium-to-mesenchyme interconversions (and the gene networks for effecting them) became prominent features of development. (...) In any case, conspicuous mesenchymal components tended to be added to the vertebrate tail bud itself. In addition, a mesenchymatous presomitic mesoderm (not a part of the tail bud proper) came to intervene between the tail bud and the forming somites.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000559 VHOG DOI:10.1006/dbio.2001.0460 Schubert M, Holland LZ, Dale Stokes M and Holland ND, Three Amphoxius Wnt Genes (AmphiWnt3, AmphiWnt5, and AmphiWnt6) Associated with the Tail Bud: the Evolution of Somitogenesis in Chordates. Developmental Biology (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ unsegmented paraxial mesoderm unsegmented paraxial mesoderm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 somitomeric mesoderm GO:0002075 unsegmented mesenchyme VHOG:0000559 Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted]. Nests of developing blood cells arising late in the segmentation period from the intermediate mass, and located in the anterior-ventral tail, just posterior to the yolk extension. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates.[AAO] relationship loss: part_of intermediate cell mass of mesoderm (TAO:0000033)[TAO] Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2 distinguishes 3 types, but does not have a superclass. The VHOG class may refer to yolk sac ventral lateral plate mesoderm AAO:0011006 EFO:0003489 EHDAA:207 NCIT:C34113 TAO:0000094 TE:E5.11.2.0.0.0.4 UMLS:C1511224 VHOG:0000085 Wikipedia:Blood_island_of_umbilical_vesicle XAO:0000067 ZFA:0000094 blood islands uberon VBI caudal hematopoietic tissue posterior ICM posterior blood island ventral blood island UBERON:0003061 blood island ISBN:0073040584 ISBN:0073040584 Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted]. Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted]. Wikipedia:Blood_island_of_umbilical_vesicle Nests of developing blood cells arising late in the segmentation period from the intermediate mass, and located in the anterior-ventral tail, just posterior to the yolk extension. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000094 TAO ZFIN:curator Region located on the ventral surface of the developing embryo that is a site of hematopoiesis and that is analogous to the yolk sac blood islands of higher vertebrates.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011006 AAO AAO:EJS relationship loss: part_of intermediate cell mass of mesoderm (TAO:0000033)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000094 TAO Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000085 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450, DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006) Small clusters of mesodermal cells called blood islands mark the embryonic debut of the cardiovascular system (in vertebrates) (reference 1); In birds and mammals, primitive hemangioblasts are extraembryonic, populating the yolk sac as the so-called blood islands (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000085 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.450, DOI:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010605.093317 Hartenstein V, Blood cells and blood cell development in the animal kingdom. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ EHDAA2 distinguishes 3 types, but does not have a superclass. The VHOG class may refer to yolk sac EHDAA2 UMLS:C1511224 ncithesaurus:Blood_Island blood islands A horseshoe-shaped thickening of the endoderm at the cranial (rostral) end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells which, together with the notochord, induces the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells and contributes mesodermal type cells to the surrounding tissue. TODO - check; developmental relationship to anterior hypoblast in ZFA? Axial hypoblast located anterior to the chorda mesoderm; the polster is its most anterior region. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Axial mesoderm that lies anterior to the notochord and that underlies the forebrain. [Amphioxus_goosecoid_and_the_evolution_of_the_head_organizer_and_prechordal_plate._Evolution_and_Development_(2008)_2(6):303-310, Neidert_AH, Panopoulou_G_and_Langeland_JA][VHOG] There are two opposing models that can potentially explain the differences in gsc (goosecoid) expression between amphioxus and vertebrates. In one model, the vertebrate gsc expression pattern more closely resembles the common ancestral state and the amphioxus gsc expression pattern is a derivation associated with its unique morphology. (...) In an alternate model, the amphioxus gsc expression pattern most closely represents the common ancestral state and the vertebrate pattern is derived. This model suggests that the evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by the segregation of gsc expression, from a more general domain underlying the entire brain anlage to a distinct forebrain organizer domain and subsequent prechordal plate. We feel this second model is more parsimonious than the first model in that what would be novel anterior gsc expression in vertebrates directly correlates with a novel vertebrate anterior structure, the prechordal plate.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0004881 head mesenchyme head mesoderm AAO:0011085 EHDAA2:0001493 EHDAA:181 FMA:295532 TAO:0000060 VHOG:0000086 Wikipedia:Prechordal_plate XAO:0000079 ZFA:0000060 uberon UBERON:0003063 prechordal plate ZFA PMID:16313393 A horseshoe-shaped thickening of the endoderm at the cranial (rostral) end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells which, together with the notochord, induces the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells and contributes mesodermal type cells to the surrounding tissue. ISBN:0838580343 MP:0004387 Axial hypoblast located anterior to the chorda mesoderm; the polster is its most anterior region. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000060 TAO ZFIN:curator Axial mesoderm that lies anterior to the notochord and that underlies the forebrain. [Amphioxus_goosecoid_and_the_evolution_of_the_head_organizer_and_prechordal_plate._Evolution_and_Development_(2008)_2(6):303-310, Neidert_AH, Panopoulou_G_and_Langeland_JA][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000086 VHOG Axial mesoderm that lies anterior to the notochord and that underlies the forebrain. [Amphioxus_goosecoid_and_the_evolution_of_the_head_organizer_and_prechordal_plate._Evolution_and_Development_(2008)_2(6):303-310, Neidert_AH, Panopoulou_G_and_Langeland_JA][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000086 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ There are two opposing models that can potentially explain the differences in gsc (goosecoid) expression between amphioxus and vertebrates. In one model, the vertebrate gsc expression pattern more closely resembles the common ancestral state and the amphioxus gsc expression pattern is a derivation associated with its unique morphology. (...) In an alternate model, the amphioxus gsc expression pattern most closely represents the common ancestral state and the vertebrate pattern is derived. This model suggests that the evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by the segregation of gsc expression, from a more general domain underlying the entire brain anlage to a distinct forebrain organizer domain and subsequent prechordal plate. We feel this second model is more parsimonious than the first model in that what would be novel anterior gsc expression in vertebrates directly correlates with a novel vertebrate anterior structure, the prechordal plate.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000086 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008) There are two opposing models that can potentially explain the differences in gsc (goosecoid) expression between amphioxus and vertebrates. In one model, the vertebrate gsc expression pattern more closely resembles the common ancestral state and the amphioxus gsc expression pattern is a derivation associated with its unique morphology. (...) In an alternate model, the amphioxus gsc expression pattern most closely represents the common ancestral state and the vertebrate pattern is derived. This model suggests that the evolution of vertebrates was accompanied by the segregation of gsc expression, from a more general domain underlying the entire brain anlage to a distinct forebrain organizer domain and subsequent prechordal plate. We feel this second model is more parsimonious than the first model in that what would be novel anterior gsc expression in vertebrates directly correlates with a novel vertebrate anterior structure, the prechordal plate.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000086 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00073.x Neidert AH, Panopoulou G and Langeland JA, Amphioxus goosecoid and the evolution of the head organizer and prechordal plate. Evolution and Development (2008) http://bgee.unil.ch/ head mesenchyme XAO:0000079 head mesoderm XAO:0000079 The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. Mesoderm between somite and lateral plate. Traditionally thought to give rise to the urogenital system.[AAO] (...)the mesoderm of a developing vertebrate transitionally differentiates into the following sub-types: Chordamesoderm (also known as axial mesoderm) which later on gives rise to notochord in all chordates, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm (reference 1); The mesoderm is present in Bilateria, therefore they are sometimes called triploblasts. Ectoderm and endoderm are usually organized as epithelial layers, while mesoderm can be epithelial or a compact, three-dimensional tissue.[well established][VHOG] all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). AAO:0010575 EMAPA:16056 EMAPA:16178 FMA:293147 NCIT:C34193 SCTID:361476001 TAO:0001206 UMLS:C1284010 VHOG:0000087 Wikipedia:Intermediate_mesoderm XAO:0000085 ZFA:0001206 uberon IM intermediate mesenchyme intermediate plate intermediate plate mesoderm mesenchyma intermedium UBERON:0003064 intermediate mesoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png AAO EMAPA XAO The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. GOC:curators The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. GOC:curators Wikipedia:Intermediate_mesoderm Mesoderm between somite and lateral plate. Traditionally thought to give rise to the urogenital system.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010575 AAO AAO:EJS (...)the mesoderm of a developing vertebrate transitionally differentiates into the following sub-types: Chordamesoderm (also known as axial mesoderm) which later on gives rise to notochord in all chordates, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm (reference 1); The mesoderm is present in Bilateria, therefore they are sometimes called triploblasts. Ectoderm and endoderm are usually organized as epithelial layers, while mesoderm can be epithelial or a compact, three-dimensional tissue.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000087 VHOG Wikipedia:Mesoderm, ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.43 (...)the mesoderm of a developing vertebrate transitionally differentiates into the following sub-types: Chordamesoderm (also known as axial mesoderm) which later on gives rise to notochord in all chordates, Paraxial mesoderm, Intermediate mesoderm, Lateral plate mesoderm (reference 1); The mesoderm is present in Bilateria, therefore they are sometimes called triploblasts. Ectoderm and endoderm are usually organized as epithelial layers, while mesoderm can be epithelial or a compact, three-dimensional tissue.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000087 VHOG Wikipedia:Mesoderm, ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). ZFA UMLS:C1284010 ncithesaurus:Intermediate_Mesoderm intermediate mesenchyme intermediate mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest intermediate plate EMAPA:16178 intermediate plate mesoderm intermediate plate mesoderm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mesenchyma intermedium mesenchyma intermedium Wikipedia:Intermediate_mesoderm Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes. In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] TAO:0001310 VHOG:0000103 XAO:0000187 ZFA:0001310 dorsolateral placodes uberon UBERON:0003067 The only remaining dorsolateral placode in land vertebrates is the otic/octaval placode dorsolateral placode NCBIBook:NBK53175 Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes. ZFIN:curator In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000103 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ dorsolateral placodes ZFA:0001310 The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. The portion of the mesoderm underlying the midline of the embryo. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] AAO:0011017 EFO:0003647 TAO:0001204 VHOG:0000107 Wikipedia:Chordamesoderm XAO:0000205 ZFA:0001204 uberon chordamesoderm UBERON:0003068 axial mesoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. GO:0048318 The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. GO:0048318 Wikipedia:Chordamesoderm The portion of the mesoderm underlying the midline of the embryo. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000107 VHOG The portion of the mesoderm underlying the midline of the embryo. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000107 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ chordamesoderm chordamesoderm Wikipedia:Chordamesoderm A neurogenic placode that arises at the level of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and develops into a trigeminal ganglion. The ectodermal precursor of the trigeminal ganglion. The profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24.[XAO] The ectodermal rudiment of the trigeminal ganglion, distinguishable during much of the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The dorsolateral placodes (trigeminal and vestibular) develop from ectoderm lateral to the brain (...). In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] Consider naming this 'trigeminal placode complex'. Also, Fig9-5 of ISBN:0471888893 calls this the profundus placode; XAO says 'profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end...' EFO:0003433 EHDAA2:0004209 TAO:0000162 VHOG:0000109 XAO:0000225 ZFA:0000162 trigeminal V placode trigeminal placode uberon profundus V placode profundus placode trigeminal placodes UBERON:0003070 trigeminal placode complex ISBN:0471888893 A neurogenic placode that arises at the level of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and develops into a trigeminal ganglion. PMID:22512454 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/693 The ectodermal precursor of the trigeminal ganglion. The profundal and the trigeminal ganglia are separate distally but fused at their proximal end as they condense around NF stage 24.[XAO] XAO The ectodermal rudiment of the trigeminal ganglion, distinguishable during much of the segmentation period. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000162 TAO ZFIN:curator The dorsolateral placodes (trigeminal and vestibular) develop from ectoderm lateral to the brain (...). In summary, the collective term 'placodes' refers to some rather different structures, probably with different evolutionary origins. Some sensory placodes (at least the otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates. Even if this is so, it is apparent that they were elaborated considerably during early vertebrate evolution. Epibranchial and dorsolateral placodes appear to be new; we infer that their origin depended on the evolution of specific inductive signals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000109 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ trigeminal placode EHDAA2:0004209 VHOG:0000109 XAO:0000225 ZFA:0000162 profundus V placode ISBN:0471888893 profundus placode ISBN:0471888893 trigeminal placodes ZFA:0000162 Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. TODO - check that GO's optic placode is the same as ZFA's eye primordium; we may want to have separate term for ocular primordium precursor. XAO has both optic field and eye primordium. UBERON:0005060 AAO:0011038 EFO:0003541 EHDAA2:0004431 TAO:0000570 XAO:0000227 XAO:0004090 ZFA:0000570 eye placode occular primordium ocular primordium optic placode optic placode of camera-type eye optic primordium uberon eye anlage eye field optic field optic placodes UBERON:0003071 eye primordium EHDAA2 XAO PMID:16496288 XAO Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. GO:0046619 ZFA:0000570 TODO - check that GO's optic placode is the same as ZFA's eye primordium; we may want to have separate term for ocular primordium precursor. XAO has both optic field and eye primordium. GO eye placode OBOL:automatic optic placode GO:0046619 optic placode of camera-type eye GO:0046619 optic placode of camera-type eye GO:0046619 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 eye anlage XAO:0000227 optic placodes Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP]. (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0005351 EHDAA2:0001303 EHDAA:2912 EMAPA:16674 NCIT:C34233 SCTID:308789007 TAO:0001202 UMLS:C0231109 VHOG:0000167 ZFA:0001202 uberon eye cup eyecup ocular cup ophtalmic cup UBERON:0003072 optic cup ZFA ZFA Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP]. MP:0004269 ZFA:0001202 Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP]. MP:0004269 Wikipedia:Optic_cup_(embryology) ZFA:0001202 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000167 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000167 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0231109 ncithesaurus:Optic_Cup eyecup BTO:0005351 ocular cup VHOG:0000167 ophtalmic cup BTO:0005351 A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP]. Ectodermal primordium of the lens of the eye. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] Classical transplantation experiments using amphibian embryos suggested that the optic vesicle is the source of lens-inducing signals sufficient to generate lens tissues in competent ectoderm (reviewed in Grainger et al., 1996). More recent findings suggest a multistep model for lens induction. There is now good evidence that lens specification occurs at the neurula stage, before the optic vesicle contact the surface ectoderm, and that neural crest cell migration in the frontonasal region is required to restrict the position of the lens placode (Bailey et al., 2006) AAO:0011055 EFO:0003494 EHDAA2:0000982 EHDAA:2908 EMAPA:16672 FMA:296767 NCIT:C34202 TAO:0000122 UMLS:C1517770 VHOG:0000166 Wikipedia:Lens_placode XAO:0000240 ZFA:0000122 uberon lens placodes placoda lentis UBERON:0003073 lens placode http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Gray864.png NCBIBook:NBK53175 ZFA A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP]. ZFIN:curator A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP]. Wikipedia:Lens_placode ZFIN:curator Ectodermal primordium of the lens of the eye. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000122 TAO ZFIN:curator (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000166 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000166 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Classical transplantation experiments using amphibian embryos suggested that the optic vesicle is the source of lens-inducing signals sufficient to generate lens tissues in competent ectoderm (reviewed in Grainger et al., 1996). More recent findings suggest a multistep model for lens induction. There is now good evidence that lens specification occurs at the neurula stage, before the optic vesicle contact the surface ectoderm, and that neural crest cell migration in the frontonasal region is required to restrict the position of the lens placode (Bailey et al., 2006) NCBIBook:NBK53175 UMLS:C1517770 ncithesaurus:Lens_Placodes lens placodes ZFA:0000122 placoda lentis placoda lentis Wikipedia:Lens_placode A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011072 BTO:0001765 DHBA:10153 DMBA:15565 EHDAA:346 EHDAA:902 EMAPA:35593 FMA:293879 MESH:D054258 NCIT:C34225 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001252 TAO:0000132 UMLS:C0920623 VHOG:0000068 Wikipedia:Neural_plate XAO:0000249 ZFA:0000132 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1362 uberon lamina neuralis presumptive central nervous system UBERON:0003075 neural plate https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Neural_Crest.png GOTAX:0000352 Wikipedia Bgee:AN A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA]. ISBN:0815318960 OMD:neural+plate ZFIN:curator A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA]. ISBN:0815318960 OMD:neural+plate Wikipedia:Neural_plate ZFIN:curator The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000132 TAO ZFIN:curator (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000068 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000068 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0920623 ncithesaurus:Neural_Plate lamina neuralis lamina neuralis Wikipedia:Neural_plate (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011082 TAO:0007037 VHOG:0001383 XAO:0000250 ZFA:0007037 uberon UBERON:0003076 posterior neural tube lexical (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001383 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001383 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO]. Mesoderm lateral to the neural tube and notochord that is divided into cranial and post-cranial portions. The trunk portions further segment into somites.[AAO] Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates.[well established][VHOG] note that all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). Also in ZFA it is part of the trunk whereas this conflicts with the division into head and trunk in ehdaa2 (which we follow here) AAO:0010568 EFO:0003515 EMAPA:16183 EMAPA:16751 FMA:293145 NCIT:C34244 SCTID:361475002 TAO:0000255 UMLS:C1284009 VHOG:0000114 Wikipedia:Paraxial_mesoderm XAO:0000259 ZFA:0000255 paraxial mesenchyme somitic mesoderm uberon mesoderma paraxiale UBERON:0003077 paraxial mesoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png EHDAA2 Bgee:AN The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO]. GO:0048339 The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO]. GO:0048339 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/30 Mesoderm lateral to the neural tube and notochord that is divided into cranial and post-cranial portions. The trunk portions further segment into somites.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010568 AAO AAO:EJS Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000114 VHOG DOI:10.1002/dvdy.21177 Kusakabe R and Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental dynamics (2007) Presently, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata are placed as subphyla of the phylum Chordata, in which the overall organization of embryonic tissues (dorsal hollow nerve cord, ventral digestive tract, axial notochord, and bilateral paraxial mesoderm) is largely conserved. In contrast, the echinoderms and hemichordates are sister groups of the chordates and they lack the notochord and paraxial mesoderm. Thus, the basic mesodermal organization of vertebrates must have appeared first in the common ancestor of the chordates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000114 VHOG DOI:10.1002/dvdy.21177 Kusakabe R and Kuratani S. Evolutionary perspectives from development of mesodermal components in the lamprey. Developmental dynamics (2007) http://bgee.unil.ch/ note that all AOs differ in the relationship between this structure and the mesoderm; in ZFA it is a subclass (and this is implied by the GO definition and GO relationships), in AAO it is part of, and in EHDAA2 it develops from the mesoderm (but in EHDAA2 the naming convention is to use 'paraxial mesenchyme', rather than 'paraxial mesoderm'). Also in ZFA it is part of the trunk whereas this conflicts with the division into head and trunk in ehdaa2 (which we follow here) ZFA UMLS:C1284009 ncithesaurus:Paraxial_Mesoderm paraxial mesenchyme ZFA:0000255 paraxial mesenchyme ZFA:0000255 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/30 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest somitic mesoderm ISBN:9780878932504 mesoderma paraxiale mesoderma paraxiale Wikipedia:Paraxial_mesoderm Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. [Graham_A, The_development_and_evolution_of_the_pharyngeal_arches._J_Anat_(2001)_199:_133-141][VHOG] These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] Epibranchial placodes-derived neurons innervate internal organs to transmit information such as heart rate, blood pressure, and visceral distension from the periphery to the central nervous system (Baker and Bronner-Fraser, 2001). From rostral to caudal the epibranchial placodes comprise the geniculate, petrosal, and nodose placodes, each associated in sequence with the first, second and third branchial clefts. Each placode contributes sensory neurons to cranial nerves VII (facial nerve), IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), and X (vagal nerve), respectively in XAO this develops_from dorsolateral placode, but in NBK53175, this is a separate group AAO:0011036 EFO:0003455 FMA:293968 TAO:0001294 VHOG:0000117 XAO:0000284 ZFA:0001294 epibranchial placodes uberon ventrolateral placode UBERON:0003078 epibranchial placode NCBIBook:NBK53175 ZFA ZFA EHDAA2-abduced Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. VHOG:0000117 Focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches and that produce the neuroblasts that migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia. [Graham_A, The_development_and_evolution_of_the_pharyngeal_arches._J_Anat_(2001)_199:_133-141][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000117 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ These (the epibranchial placodes) are focal thickenings of the embryonic ectoderm that form immediately dorsal and caudal of the clefts between the pharyngeal arches in all vertebrates, and they produce the neuroblasts which migrate and condense to form the distal cranial ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia. (...) The one substantial difference between the vertebrate pharyngeal arches and those of the protochordates is the presence of the epibranchial placodes but the evolution of these structures was undoubtedly driven by the endoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000117 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A, The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ Epibranchial placodes-derived neurons innervate internal organs to transmit information such as heart rate, blood pressure, and visceral distension from the periphery to the central nervous system (Baker and Bronner-Fraser, 2001). From rostral to caudal the epibranchial placodes comprise the geniculate, petrosal, and nodose placodes, each associated in sequence with the first, second and third branchial clefts. Each placode contributes sensory neurons to cranial nerves VII (facial nerve), IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), and X (vagal nerve), respectively NCBIBook:NBK53175 in XAO this develops_from dorsolateral placode, but in NBK53175, this is a separate group XAO epibranchial placodes ZFA:0001294 ventrolateral placode ISBN:0471888893 TODO - add grouping class for the anterior end of the neural tube at all stages (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011012 TAO:0007038 VHOG:0001384 XAO:0000307 ZFA:0007038 uberon UBERON:0003080 anterior neural tube lexical (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001384 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001384 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP]. Portion of mesoderm traditionally thought to give rise to limb bones and parts of the girdles.[AAO] The portion of the mesoderm of the trunk of vertebrate embryos lying lateral to the intermediate mesoderm. [...] [It] subdivides into two plates: one dorsal, called the somatopleure, and one ventral, called the splanchnopleure. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] A ventrolateral zone of amphioxus mesoderm grows down to surround the gut. Homology of this zone to the lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates is supported by site of origin and fate.[well established][VHOG] subclass of mesoderm in ZFA. UBERON:0006258 AAO:0010574 EHDAA2:0000919 EHDAA:379 EMAPA:16179 FMA:293149 NCIT:C34199 SCTID:361477005 TAO:0000121 UMLS:C1517749 VHOG:0000118 Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm XAO:0000311 ZFA:0000121 LPM lateral mesoderm uberon lateral plate lateral plate mesenchyme mesoderma laminae lateralis UBERON:0003081 lateral plate mesoderm http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Gray19_with_color.png EHDAA2 EHDAA2 VHOG Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP]. MP:0010117 Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP]. MP:0010117 Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm Portion of mesoderm traditionally thought to give rise to limb bones and parts of the girdles.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010574 AAO AAO:EJS The portion of the mesoderm of the trunk of vertebrate embryos lying lateral to the intermediate mesoderm. [...] [It] subdivides into two plates: one dorsal, called the somatopleure, and one ventral, called the splanchnopleure. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000118 VHOG The portion of the mesoderm of the trunk of vertebrate embryos lying lateral to the intermediate mesoderm. [...] [It] subdivides into two plates: one dorsal, called the somatopleure, and one ventral, called the splanchnopleure. [Gastrulation:_From_cells_to_embryo_(2004)_Cold_Spring_Harbor, Glossary_XV, New_York:_Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory_Press, Stern_CD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000118 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ A ventrolateral zone of amphioxus mesoderm grows down to surround the gut. Homology of this zone to the lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates is supported by site of origin and fate.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000118 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) A ventrolateral zone of amphioxus mesoderm grows down to surround the gut. Homology of this zone to the lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates is supported by site of origin and fate.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000118 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ subclass of mesoderm in ZFA. ZFA UMLS:C1517749 ncithesaurus:Lateral_Mesoderm LPM ZFA:0000121 lateral mesoderm GO:0048368 lateral plate mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000919 mesoderma laminae lateralis mesoderma laminae lateralis Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become muscle cells. The term 'myotome' is also used to describe the muscles served by a single nerve root / spinal segment - consider adding new class, myomere. Portion of the somites giving rise to body wall muscle masses. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] In all vertebrates, the skeletal muscle of the body axis is chiefly derived from an early embryonic compartment, known as the myotome.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011067 AEO:0001018 BTO:0000742 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003431 EHDAA:1721 EHDAA:1727 EHDAA:1733 EHDAA:1739 EMAPA:32841 FMA:295658 NCIT:C34214 SCTID:344535001 TAO:0001056 UMLS:C1513802 VHOG:0001244 Wikipedia:Myotome XAO:0000315 ZFA:0001056 myomeres uberon muscle plate myomere myotome region myotomes myotomus UBERON:0003082 myotome http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray65.png AEO EHDAA2-abduced A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become muscle cells. AEO:0001018 Portion of the somites giving rise to body wall muscle masses. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001056 TAO ZFIN:curator In all vertebrates, the skeletal muscle of the body axis is chiefly derived from an early embryonic compartment, known as the myotome.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001244 VHOG DOI:10.1038/sj.embor.embor920 Hollway GE, Currie PD, Myotome meanderings. Cellular morphogenesis and the making of muscle. EMBO Rep.(2003) In all vertebrates, the skeletal muscle of the body axis is chiefly derived from an early embryonic compartment, known as the myotome.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001244 VHOG DOI:10.1038/sj.embor.embor920 Hollway GE, Currie PD, Myotome meanderings. Cellular morphogenesis and the making of muscle. EMBO Rep.(2003) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1513802 ncithesaurus:Myotome_Region myomeres TAO:0001056 myotomus myotomus Wikipedia:Myotome Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia]. Post-cranial portion of the neural crest. Exact anatomical derivations not experimentally resolved in amphibians.[AAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010582 EFO:0003605 EHDAA2:0001901 TAO:0001024 VHOG:0000062 Wikipedia:Trunk_neural_crest XAO:0000319 ZFA:0001024 TNC uberon trunk crest UBERON:0003083 trunk neural crest ZFA Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia]. ISBN:0815318960 Wikipedia:Trunk_neural_crest Post-cranial portion of the neural crest. Exact anatomical derivations not experimentally resolved in amphibians.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010582 AAO AAO:EJS We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000062 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ TNC XAO:0000319 Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone. should probably be merged with heart rudiment. Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline between 21 and 26 somites to form the heart rudiment or cone. Stainier 2001.[TAO] The fused aspects of ventral mesoderm, which have migrated from either side of the prechordal plate, and fused ventrally, just behind the cement gland. They will give rise to the endocardium at NF stage 27&28.[AAO] relationship loss: develops_from lateral mesoderm (TAO:0001065)[TAO] AAO:0011044 BTO:0001887 NCIT:C34276 TAO:0000028 UMLS:C1514450 XAO:0000336 ZFA:0000028 uberon cardiac field fused heart primordium UBERON:0003084 heart primordium Obol ZFA ZFA XAO Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone. ZFIN:curator Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline between 21 and 26 somites to form the heart rudiment or cone. Stainier 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000028 TAO ZFIN:curator The fused aspects of ventral mesoderm, which have migrated from either side of the prechordal plate, and fused ventrally, just behind the cement gland. They will give rise to the endocardium at NF stage 27&28.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0011044 AAO XAO:curator relationship loss: develops_from lateral mesoderm (TAO:0001065)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000028 TAO UMLS:C1514450 ncithesaurus:Primordium_of_the_Heart cardiac field ZFA:0000028 Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP]. Skeletogenic portion of somites.[AAO] The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton.[well established][VHOG] part_of somite in XAO AAO:0010571 AEO:0000212 EHDAA2:0003439 EMAPA:31159 FMA:295652 NCIT:C34287 TAO:0001080 UMLS:C0183176 VHOG:0000680 Wikipedia:Sclerotome XAO:0000397 ZFA:0001080 sclerotomes uberon sclerotomus UBERON:0003089 sclerotome http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Gray65.png EHDAA2 EHDAA2 VHOG:0000680 ZFA Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP]. XB:curator Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP]. Wikipedia:Sclerotome XB:curator https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/316 Skeletogenic portion of somites.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010571 AAO AAO:EJS The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000680 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) The vertebrate sclerotome has no equivalent in amphioxus and is a novelty linked with the evolution of the axial skeleton.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000680 VHOG DOI:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4449 Shimeld SM and Holland PW. Vertebrate innovations. PNAS (2000) http://bgee.unil.ch/ part_of somite in XAO XAO UMLS:C0183176 ncithesaurus:Sclerotome sclerotomes TAO:0001080 sclerotomus sclerotomus Wikipedia:Sclerotome Neural crest cells (NCCs) originating in the anterior part of the developing embryo and residing between the mid-diencephalon and the forming hindbrain; cranial NCCs migrate dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that differentiates into various craniofacial cartilages and bones, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face; these cells enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they give rise to thymic cells, bones of the middle ear and jaw (mandible), and the odontoblasts of the tooth primordia; like their counterparts in the trunk, cranial NCCs also contribute to the developing peripheral nervous system, along with the pigmented cell (i.e. melanocyte) lineage. Anterior most portion of the neural crest. Migrates in three highly conserved streams: mandibular, hyoid and branchial.[AAO] Neural crest that is part of the head.[TAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010580 EFO:0003645 EHDAA2:0004420 EMAPA:16091 TAO:0001194 VHOG:0000063 Wikipedia:Cranial_neural_crest XAO:0001001 ZFA:0001194 CNC cephalic neural crest cranial NCC population head NCC population uberon crista neuralis cranialis head crest head neural crest UBERON:0003099 cranial neural crest Neural crest cells (NCCs) originating in the anterior part of the developing embryo and residing between the mid-diencephalon and the forming hindbrain; cranial NCCs migrate dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that differentiates into various craniofacial cartilages and bones, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face; these cells enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they give rise to thymic cells, bones of the middle ear and jaw (mandible), and the odontoblasts of the tooth primordia; like their counterparts in the trunk, cranial NCCs also contribute to the developing peripheral nervous system, along with the pigmented cell (i.e. melanocyte) lineage. MGI:anna Anterior most portion of the neural crest. Migrates in three highly conserved streams: mandibular, hyoid and branchial.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010580 AAO AAO:EJS Neural crest that is part of the head.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001194 TAO ZFIN:curator We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000063 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000063 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ CNC XAO:0001001 cephalic neural crest EMAPA:16091 crista neuralis cranialis crista neuralis cranialis Wikipedia:Cranial_neural_crest Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes. AAO:0010030 BILA:0000028 CARO:0000028 FBbt:00007011 FMA:67812 HAO:0000028 SCTID:362608006 TAO:0000303 TGMA:0001839 XAO:0003005 ZFA:0000303 female human body uberon female UBERON:0003100 female organism Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes. CARO:0000028 female human body FMA:67812 female TAO:0000303 Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism. consider obsoleting. See issue/1305 Organism subdivision which is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface.[ZFA] AAO:0010337 AEO_RETIRED:0000010 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003010 TAO:0000292 VSAO:0000001 Wikipedia:Surface_structure XAO:0003028 ZFA:0000292 galen:SurfaceRegion anatomical surface feature uberon surface feature surface region surface structures UBERON:0003102 surface structure Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism. Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/24 Organism subdivision which is the collection of anatomical structures on the body surface.[ZFA] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000292 TAO ZFIN:curator anatomical surface feature EHDAA2:0003010 surface structures ZFA:0000292 Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types. this class was introduced for consistency with CARO. However, in this ontology we typically classify organs directly under 'organ' rather than subdividing into compound and simple organs AAO:0010015 AEO:0000024 BILA:0000024 CARO:0000024 EHDAA2:0003024 HAO:0000024 TADS:0000598 TAO:0000496 TGMA:0001837 VHOG:0001723 XAO:0003041 ZFA:0000496 uberon organ UBERON:0003103 compound organ Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types. CARO:0000024 Portion of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells (motile cells that develop from epthelia via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition) and surrounding extracellular material. Mesenchyme has different embryological origins in different metazoan taxa - in many invertebrates it derives in whole or part from ectoderm. In vertebrates it derives largely from mesoderm, and sometimes the terms are used interchangeably, e.g. lateral plate mesoderm/mesenchyme. the relationship to mesoderm is weaker than develops_from in order to have classes such as 'head mesenchyme from mesoderm' make sense A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage.[AAO] mesenchymal AAO:0010427 AEO:0000145 BTO:0001393 CALOHA:TS-0620 EHDAA2:0003145 EV:0100007 NCIT:C13301 TAO:0000393 UMLS:C0162415 VHOG:0000170 Wikipedia:Mesenchyme XAO:0003046 ZFA:0000393 mesenchymal tissue mesenchyme tissue portion of mesenchymal tissue portion of mesenchyme tissue uberon mesenchyma UBERON:0003104 mesenchyme http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Mesenchymal_Stem_Cell.jpg Portion of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells (motile cells that develop from epthelia via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition) and surrounding extracellular material. Mesenchyme has different embryological origins in different metazoan taxa - in many invertebrates it derives in whole or part from ectoderm. In vertebrates it derives largely from mesoderm, and sometimes the terms are used interchangeably, e.g. lateral plate mesoderm/mesenchyme. Portion of tissue composed of mesenchymal cells (motile cells that develop from epthelia via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition) and surrounding extracellular material. Mesenchyme has different embryological origins in different metazoan taxa - in many invertebrates it derives in whole or part from ectoderm. In vertebrates it derives largely from mesoderm, and sometimes the terms are used interchangeably, e.g. lateral plate mesoderm/mesenchyme. https://archive.org/details/invertebratesnde00brus/page/n240/mode/2up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1641 A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000393 TAO ZFIN:curator Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010427 AAO AAO:EJS UMLS:C0162415 ncithesaurus:Mesenchyme mesenchyma mesenchyma Wikipedia:Mesenchyme Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton[ZFA,modified]. wikipedia treats skull roof and dermatocranium as synonymous, but some sources treat the roof as being part of the dermatocranium - see UBERONREF:0000007 Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of dermally derived bones.[TAO] Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium which consists of dermally derived bones.[AAO] AAO:0010154 TAO:0000863 VHOG:0001665 Wikipedia:Skull_roof XAO:0003169 ZFA:0000863 dendrocranium exocranium dermal skull roof dermatocranial cover roof of skull skull roof uberon dermal bone cranium dermal part of skull dermal skull bones roofing bones of the skull skull exoskeleton UBERON:0003113 dermatocranium Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton[ZFA,modified]. ZFA:0000863 Subdivision of skeleton that includes all dermal bones in the cranial skeleton[ZFA,modified]. Wikipedia:Skull_roof ZFA:0000863 ISBN:0073040584 Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and composed of dermally derived bones.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000863 TAO ZFIN:curator Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium which consists of dermally derived bones.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010154 AAO AAO:BJB dendrocranium TAO:0000863 exocranium UBERONREF:0000007 dermal skull roof dermal skull roof PMID:11523816 Wikipedia:Skull_roof roof of skull roof of skull Wikipedia:Skull_roof skull roof skull roof PMID:11523816 Wikipedia:Skull_roof dermal bone cranium ZFA:0000863 roofing bones of the skull roofing bones of the skull Wikipedia:Skull_roof Contributes to development of the cartilage of the larynx, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and soft palate muscles, superior parathyroid gland, and C-cells of the thymus. The second pharyngeal/branchial arch; arises as a thickening of the pharygeal wall between the first and second branchial clefts; contains the second aortic arch; forms part of the hyoid bone, tongue and facial musculature.[AAO] A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] in XAO, called branchial arch 2 and df VP4 4 AAO:0010366 EHDAA2:0000086 EHDAA:1663 EMAPA:16760 FMA:293035 TAO:0001599 VHOG:0000299 XAO:0000449 ZFA:0001607 4th branchial arch 4th pharyngeal arch 4th visceral arch fourth pharyngeal arch gill arch 2 second gill arch visceral arch 4 uberon 4th arch branchial arch 2 fourth visceral arch second branchial arch UBERON:0003115 pharyngeal arch 4 Contributes to development of the cartilage of the larynx, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and soft palate muscles, superior parathyroid gland, and C-cells of the thymus. MP:0006340 The second pharyngeal/branchial arch; arises as a thickening of the pharygeal wall between the first and second branchial clefts; contains the second aortic arch; forms part of the hyoid bone, tongue and facial musculature.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010366 AAO ISBN:0-02-377110-0 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000299 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) in XAO, called branchial arch 2 and df VP4 XAO 4th branchial arch gill arch 2 ZFA:0001607 second gill arch ZFA:0001607 4th arch EHDAA2:0000086 branchial arch 2 AAO:0010366 ZFA:0001607 fourth visceral arch VHOG:0000299 second branchial arch ZFA:0001607 The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The forth in a series of paired bars in the wall of the pharynx, within which are formed the forth aortic arch and the cartilage bar of the visceral skeleton, forms and supports the gills.[AAO] A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 6 UBERON:0004349 AAO:0010368 EHDAA2:0004075 EMAPA:32766 FMA:293047 SCTID:308772004 TAO:0001601 VHOG:0001205 XAO:0000453 ZFA:0001609 6th arch gill arch 4 sixth branchial arch visceral arch 6 uberon 6th pharyngeal arch 6th visceral arch branchial arch 4 fourth branchial arch sixth pharyngeal arch sixth visceral arch UBERON:0003117 pharyngeal arch 6 The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. MP:0006347 The forth in a series of paired bars in the wall of the pharynx, within which are formed the forth aortic arch and the cartilage bar of the visceral skeleton, forms and supports the gills.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010368 AAO ISBN:0-02-377110-0 A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001205 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001205 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ 6th arch EHDAA2:0004075 gill arch 4 ZFA:0001609 visceral arch 6 ZFA:0001609 6th pharyngeal arch VHOG:0001205 6th visceral arch VHOG:0001205 branchial arch 4 AAO:0010368 ZFA:0001609 fourth branchial arch sixth pharyngeal arch VHOG:0001205 sixth visceral arch XAO:0000453 The vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. Disappears early in development in tetrapods ZFA states that The paired aortic arch 1 arteries branch off of the ventral aorta, and empty into the right and left lateral dorsal aortas UBERON:0004371 AAO:0010415 EHDAA2:0000007 EMAPA:16202 EMAPA:16685 SCTID:308774003 TAO:0005005 VHOG:0000149 XAO:0000342 ZFA:0005005 1st arch artery AA1 aortic arch 1 first aortic arch first branchial arch artery mandibular aortic arch uberon 1st aortic arch artery 1st branchial arch artery 1st pharyngeal arch artery first arch artery UBERON:0003118 pharyngeal arch artery 1 The vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. MP:0010355 ZFA states that The paired aortic arch 1 arteries branch off of the ventral aorta, and empty into the right and left lateral dorsal aortas ZFA 1st arch artery EMAPA:16685 AA1 ZFA:0005005 aortic arch 1 ZFA:0005005 first aortic arch XAO:0000342 mandibular aortic arch ZFA:0005005 1st aortic arch artery EMAPA:16685 1st branchial arch artery EMAPA:16685 1st pharyngeal arch artery EMAPA:16685 first arch artery EMAPA:16685 The vessels formed within the fourth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. Aortic arches 3 and 4 are not remodeled but are retained largely intact as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills. These areches are direct branches from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] The forth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae, lies within the 4th branchial arch. The paired aortic arch 4 arteries branch directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult.[AAO] The fourth right arch forms the right subclavian as far as the origin of its internal mammary branch; while the fourth left arch constitutes the arch of the aorta between the origin of the left carotid artery and the termination of the ductus arteriosus[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_4]. Normally, the left fourth arch becomes the aortic arch, the right fourth arch contributes to the innominate artery[http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899609-overview] in birds it is the right fourth arch which forms the permanent aorta UBERON:0004350 AAO:0010420 EHDAA2:0000087 EMAPA:17004 TAO:0005008 XAO:0000355 ZFA:0005008 4th arch artery AA4 aortic arch 4 fourth aortic arch fourth branchial arch artery uberon 4th aortic arch artery 4th branchial arch artery 4th pharyngeal arch artery systemic arch UBERON:0003121 proximal right subclavian pharyngeal arch artery 4 The vessels formed within the fourth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. MP:0006354 Aortic arches 3 and 4 are not remodeled but are retained largely intact as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills. These areches are direct branches from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005008 TAO ZFIN:curator The forth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae, lies within the 4th branchial arch. The paired aortic arch 4 arteries branch directly from the ventral aorta to the lateral dorsal aorta, and are retained as the branchial arteries providing circulation through the gills in the adult.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010420 AAO ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The fourth right arch forms the right subclavian as far as the origin of its internal mammary branch; while the fourth left arch constitutes the arch of the aorta between the origin of the left carotid artery and the termination of the ductus arteriosus[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_4]. 4th arch artery EHDAA2:0000087 AA4 ZFA:0005008 aortic arch 4 ZFA:0005008 fourth aortic arch XAO:0000355 4th aortic arch artery EMAPA:17004 4th branchial arch artery EMAPA:17004 4th pharyngeal arch artery EMAPA:17004 systemic arch ISBN:0073040584 XAO:0000355 The vessels formed within the sixth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. The fifth and sixth arches, which come on-line at approximately 2.5 dpf, have a common trunk from the ventral aorta and drain to the midline dorsal aorta via an independent route. The fifth and sixth aortic arches supply the trunk and tail with oxigenated blood. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] The sixth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 6 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 5 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. It forms part of the pulmonary arteries, and in the later embryo, the ductus arteriosis. Aortic arches 5 and 6 together supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood.[AAO] The sixth right arch disappears; the sixth left arch gives off the pulmonary arteries and forms the ductus arteriosus; this duct remains pervious during the whole of fetal life, but then closes within the first few days after birth due to increased O2 concentration. Oxygen concentration causes the production of bradykinin which causes the ductus to constrict occluding all flow. Within 1-3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosus. His showed that in the early embryo the right and left arches each gives a branch to the lungs, but that later both pulmonary arteries take origin from the left arch[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6]. the distal left sixth arch becomes the ductus arteriosus, the proximal sixth arches bilaterally contribute to the proximal branch pulmonary arteries UBERON:0004351 AAO:0010422 EHDAA2:0000102 EMAPA:17005 SCTID:308779008 TAO:0005016 VHOG:0000144 Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6 XAO:0000353 ZFA:0005016 6th arch artery AA6 aortic arch 6 sixth aortic arch sixth branchial arch artery uberon 6th aortic arch artery 6th branchial arch artery 6th pharyngeal arch artery pulmonary arch UBERON:0003123 pharyngeal arch artery 6 The vessels formed within the sixth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis. MP:0006355 The fifth and sixth arches, which come on-line at approximately 2.5 dpf, have a common trunk from the ventral aorta and drain to the midline dorsal aorta via an independent route. The fifth and sixth aortic arches supply the trunk and tail with oxigenated blood. Isogai et al. 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005016 TAO ZFIN:curator The sixth in a series paired arterial connections between the dorsal and ventral aortae. Aortic arch 6 artery is paired and has a common trunk with aortic arch 5 from the ventral aorta, and drains via a separate branch of the lateral dorsal aorta. It forms part of the pulmonary arteries, and in the later embryo, the ductus arteriosis. Aortic arches 5 and 6 together supply the trunk and tail with oxygenated blood.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010422 AAO ISBN:0-02-377110-0 The sixth right arch disappears; the sixth left arch gives off the pulmonary arteries and forms the ductus arteriosus; this duct remains pervious during the whole of fetal life, but then closes within the first few days after birth due to increased O2 concentration. Oxygen concentration causes the production of bradykinin which causes the ductus to constrict occluding all flow. Within 1-3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosus. His showed that in the early embryo the right and left arches each gives a branch to the lungs, but that later both pulmonary arteries take origin from the left arch[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6]. The sixth right arch disappears; the sixth left arch gives off the pulmonary arteries and forms the ductus arteriosus; this duct remains pervious during the whole of fetal life, but then closes within the first few days after birth due to increased O2 concentration. Oxygen concentration causes the production of bradykinin which causes the ductus to constrict occluding all flow. Within 1-3 months, the ductus is obliterated and becomes the ligamentum arteriosus. His showed that in the early embryo the right and left arches each gives a branch to the lungs, but that later both pulmonary arteries take origin from the left arch[WP][Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6]. Wikipedia:Aortic_arches#Arch_6 the distal left sixth arch becomes the ductus arteriosus, the proximal sixth arches bilaterally contribute to the proximal branch pulmonary arteries the distal left sixth arch becomes the ductus arteriosus, the proximal sixth arches bilaterally contribute to the proximal branch pulmonary arteries http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899609-overview 6th arch artery EMAPA:17005 AA6 ZFA:0005016 aortic arch 6 ZFA:0005016 sixth aortic arch XAO:0000353 6th aortic arch artery EMAPA:17005 6th branchial arch artery EMAPA:17005 6th pharyngeal arch artery EMAPA:17005 pulmonary arch ISBN:0073040584 The outermost extraembryonic membrane of amniotes. The outer membrane enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. [TFD][VHOG] The outer membrane of the two membranes enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. In placental mammals it contributes to the development of the placenta[BTO:0000252]. Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] chorionic The chorion of placentals is bilaminar as in reptiles and birds, but forms from the trophoblast and includes the ajdacent mesodermal layer [ISBN:0073040584] Extra-embryonic ectoderm BTO:0000252 CALOHA:TS-0144 EFO:0002780 EHDAA2:0000245 EHDAA:150 EMAPA:16112 EV:0100121 FMA:80224 GAID:1299 MESH:A16.254.403.473 NCIT:C34122 NCIT:C34124 UMLS:C0008503 UMLS:C1516505 VHOG:0000200 Wikipedia:Chorion chorion chorion (vertebrates) embryonic chorion fetal chorion uterine chorion uberon chorion frondosum chorionic sac UBERON:0003124 This term refers to the amniote structure. It is distinct from the concept of chorion in insects chorion membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Gray24.png Hymans ISBN:0073040584 The outermost extraembryonic membrane of amniotes. MESH:A10.615.284.473 MP:0002836 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/22603 The outer membrane enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000200 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/chorion The outer membrane of the two membranes enclosing the embryo in reptiles, birds, and mammals. In placental mammals it contributes to the development of the placenta[BTO:0000252]. BTO:0000252 Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000200 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Extra-embryonic ectoderm PMID:19829370 UMLS:C0008503 ncithesaurus:Chorion UMLS:C1516505 ncithesaurus:Chorionic_Sac uterine chorion ZFIN:curator http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 chorion frondosum Wikipedia:Chorion chorionic sac Wikipedia:Chorion Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism). cranial the inclusion of the FMA class here is probably not quite correct, as this class includes as parts sutures, whereas this is not part of the bones of the cranium The term cranium can be ambiguous, in that it can refer to the neurocranium, or the neurocranium and the Facial skeleton BTO:0001328 EFO:0000831 EHDAA:6029 EMAPA:17680 FMA:71325 MA:0000316 MAT:0000340 MIAA:0000340 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVlEyJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181889008 VHOG:0000334 Wikipedia:Cranium_(anatomy) bones of cranium ossa cranii set of bones of cranium skull minus mandible upper part of skull uberon calvarium epicranial plate skeletal system of head UBERON:0003128 cranium FMA-inferred Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism). Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism). Wikipedia:Cranium_(anatomy) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the inclusion of the FMA class here is probably not quite correct, as this class includes as parts sutures, whereas this is not part of the bones of the cranium FMA The term cranium can be ambiguous, in that it can refer to the neurocranium, or the neurocranium and the Facial skeleton WP bones of cranium FMA:71325 ossa cranii FMA:71325 FMA:TA set of bones of cranium FMA:71325 calvarium BTO:0001328 Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP]. in FMA the skull is divided into orbit, neurocranium (8 parts), viscerocranium (26 parts). Here we have a separate overlapping division into cranium and mandible. in many ontologies, the structure called the cranium is inclusive of the mandible/lower jaw skeleton A skull that is missing a mandible is only a cranium; this is the source of a very commonly made error in terminology. Those animals having skulls are called craniates BTO:0001295 CALOHA:TS-2344 EHDAA2:0000325 EMAPA:17680 FMA:46565 GAID:82 MESH:D012886 NCIT:C12789 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjOsZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:110530005 UMLS:C0037303 Wikipedia:Skull WikipediaCategory:Skull galen:Skull uberon cranial skeleton skeletal system of head UBERON:0003129 skull FMA Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP]. Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP]. PMID:11523816 Wikipedia:Skull http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2962656&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 in FMA the skull is divided into orbit, neurocranium (8 parts), viscerocranium (26 parts). Here we have a separate overlapping division into cranium and mandible. FMA A skull that is missing a mandible is only a cranium; this is the source of a very commonly made error in terminology. Those animals having skulls are called craniates WP UMLS:C0037303 ncithesaurus:Skull An organ involved in reproduction. GO uses genitalia for the singular organ EMAPA:17381 EMAPA:37731 MA:0001752 MESH:D005835 NCIT:C25177 OpenCyc:Mx4rwO39aJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:128181006 TGMA:0000591 UMLS:C0017420 WBbt:0008422 genital organ reproductive system organ sex organ uberon genitalia UBERON:0003133 reproductive organ An organ involved in reproduction. UBERON:xp GO uses genitalia for the singular organ GO EMAPA:37731 MA:th UMLS:C0017420 ncithesaurus:Genitalia genitalia A female organ involved in reproduction. EMAPA:28540 MA:0000544 female organism reproductive organ female organism reproductive structure female organism reproductive system organ female organism sex organ female reproductive gland/organ female reproductive system organ female sex organ reproductive organ of female organism reproductive structure of female organism reproductive system organ of female organism sex organ of female organism uberon UBERON:0003134 female reproductive organ A female organ involved in reproduction. UBERON:xp female organism reproductive organ OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive structure OBOL:automatic female organism reproductive system organ OBOL:automatic female organism sex organ OBOL:automatic female reproductive gland/organ MA:0000544 reproductive organ of female organism OBOL:automatic reproductive structure of female organism OBOL:automatic reproductive system organ of female organism OBOL:automatic sex organ of female organism OBOL:automatic Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO]. uberon UBERON:0003218 ovary septum Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO]. GO:0080126 An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001019 EHDAA:7999 EMAPA:35516 VHOG:0000802 epithelial tissue of lower jaw epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch epithelium of ventral mandibular arch lower jaw epithelial tissue lower jaw epithelium ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue ventral mandibular arch epithelium uberon UBERON:0003236 epithelium of lower jaw An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of lower jaw OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic epithelium of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic lower jaw epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic lower jaw epithelium OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch epithelium OBOL:automatic The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from endoderm and lines the yolk sac. EHDAA2:0002215 EHDAA:166 EMAPA:16086 VHOG:0000626 uberon UBERON:0003257 yolk sac endoderm EHDAA2 The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from endoderm and lines the yolk sac. UBERON:cjm An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check EHDAA2:0004568 EHDAA:524 foregut endoderm uberon UBERON:0003258 endoderm of foregut An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic foregut endoderm OBOL:automatic An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check EHDAA:987 EMAPA:16257 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001194 VHOG:0001080 midgut endoderm uberon UBERON:0003259 endoderm of midgut An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic midgut endoderm OBOL:automatic An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - check EHDAA:979 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000781 hindgut endoderm uberon UBERON:0003260 endoderm of hindgut An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hindgut endoderm OBOL:automatic A mesenchyme that is part of a chorion. TODO - check UBERON:0003423 EHDAA2:0003245 EHDAA:154 EMAPA:16114 EMAPA:16266 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000247 VHOG:0000620 chorion mesenchyme chorion mesoderm chorionic mesenchyme mesenchyme of chorion mesenchyme of chorion (vertebrates) uberon UBERON:0003265 chorionic mesenchyme EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ISBN:0073040584 A mesenchyme that is part of a chorion. OBOL:automatic chorion mesenchyme OBOL:automatic chorion mesoderm RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000247 chorionic mesenchyme EHDAA2:0003245 mesenchyme of chorion (vertebrates) OBOL:automatic A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000486 EHDAA:2923 EMAPA:17844 eye skeletal muscle eye skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of eye uberon eye skeletal muscle group UBERON:0003269 skeletal muscle tissue of eye A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic eye skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic eye skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of eye OBOL:automatic eye skeletal muscle group EHDAA2:0000486 A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel's cartilage. The ventral portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the lower jaw.[TAO] The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] Inclusion of the FMA class 'lower jaw' is debatable - this mostly corresponds to the lower jaw skeleton (with 'maxillary part of mouth' corresponding to the upper jaw region); however, the FMA class also includes gingiva. See also: https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/102 lower jaw mandible AAO:0000274 EHDAA2:0004606 EHDAA:8005 EMAPA:17906 EMAPA:17910 FMA:54398 MA:0001906 TAO:0001273 VHOG:0000428 XAO:0003084 ZFA:0001273 lower jaw skeleton uberon mandibles mandibular series UBERON:0003278 skeleton of lower jaw EHDAA2 VHOG-modified VHOG-modified A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel's cartilage. A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel's cartilage. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The ventral portion of the first pharyngeal arch, comprising the lower jaw.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001273 TAO ZFIN:curator The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000428 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101 The jaw joint of all jawed vertebrates, except for mammals, involves the quadrate and articular bones, or the posterior ends of the palatoquadrate and mandibular cartilages; A correlate of the conversion of the articular and quadrate bones to the malleus and incus is that all adult mammals have a jaw joint that lies between the dentary of the lower jaw and the squamosal bone of the skull roof.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000428 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.241 and p.101 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Inclusion of the FMA class 'lower jaw' is debatable - this mostly corresponds to the lower jaw skeleton (with 'maxillary part of mouth' corresponding to the upper jaw region); however, the FMA class also includes gingiva. See also: https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/102 FMA lower jaw MA:0001906 lower jaw ZFA:0001273 mandible ZFA:0001273 lower jaw skeleton AAO:0000274 mandibles TAO:0001273 mandibular series ZFA:0001273 A gland that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000567 EHDAA:950 EMAPA:16557 VHOG:0000650 foregut gland uberon UBERON:0003294 gland of foregut A gland that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic foregut gland OBOL:automatic Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx. BTO:0004849 EHDAA2:0001461 EHDAA:2967 FMA:55075 pharynx gland uberon glandulae pharyngeae UBERON:0003295 pharyngeal gland BTO Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx. Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/ pharynx gland EHDAA2:0001461 glandulae pharyngeae BTO:0004849 A gland that is part of a integumental system [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000837 EHDAA:6522 EMAPA:17758 MA:0000144 VHOG:0000654 integumental gland integumental system gland integumentary gland uberon UBERON:0003297 gland of integumental system A gland that is part of a integumental system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic integumental gland integumental gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 integumental system gland integumental system gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 integumentary gland integumentary gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A blood island that is part of a mesoderm. in EHDAA2, gives rise to blood and dorsal aorta UBERON:0003305 EHDAA2:0003241 EHDAA:170 EMAPA:16115 mesoderm blood islands uberon mesenchyme blood island UBERON:0003304 mesoderm blood island EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A blood island that is part of a mesoderm. OBOL:automatic in EHDAA2, gives rise to blood and dorsal aorta EHDAA2 mesoderm blood islands EHDAA2:0003241 mesenchyme blood island OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing camera-type eye. TODO - change mesenchyme relationships to precursor_of EHDAA2:0000485 EHDAA:2910 EMAPA:16673 VHOG:0001084 mesenchyme of eye uberon UBERON:0003314 eye mesenchyme EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing camera-type eye. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of eye OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing ovary [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001362 EHDAA:8128 VHOG:0001441 female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system ovary mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003315 mesenchyme of ovary Mesenchyme that is part of a developing ovary [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme OBOL:automatic female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme OBOL:automatic gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme OBOL:automatic gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic ovary mesenchyme OBOL:automatic The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from mesoderm and consists of mesenchyme. UBERON:0003264 EHDAA2:0002216 EHDAA:168 EHDAA:205 EMAPA:16087 EMAPA:16267 VHOG:0000503 VHOG:0000617 yolk sac mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003316 mesenchyme of yolk sac The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from mesoderm and consists of mesenchyme. UBERON:cjm yolk sac mesenchyme OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0001024 EHDAA:8003 EMAPA:17916 VHOG:0001069 lower jaw mesenchyme mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003324 mesenchyme of lower jaw EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic lower jaw mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch OBOL:automatic ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27217 EMAPA:27227 EMAPA:27535 FMA:85399 SCTID:7892006 anal canal submucosa anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa anal region submucosa anatomical anal canal submucosa submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa of anal region submucosa of anatomical anal canal uberon UBERON:0003329 submucosa of anal canal A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anal canal submucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa OBOL:automatic anal region submucosa OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic submucosa of anal region OBOL:automatic submucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic The submucous layer of the wall of the rectum. BTO:0002114 EMAPA:27083 FMA:15034 SCTID:71683001 rectal submucosa rectum submucosa tela submucosa recti uberon UBERON:0003330 submucosa of rectum The submucous layer of the wall of the rectum. BTO:0002114 rectal submucosa FMA:15034 rectum submucosa OBOL:automatic tela submucosa recti BTO:0002114 A submucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27379 FMA:14985 MA:0003200 SCTID:61647009 colon submucosa colonic submucosa large bowel submucosa submucosa of large bowel uberon UBERON:0003331 submucosa of colon A submucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic colon submucosa OBOL:automatic colonic submucosa FMA:14985 large bowel submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27087 FMA:15039 rectal serosa rectum serosa rectum serous membrane serous membrane of rectum visceral peritoneum of rectum uberon UBERON:0003334 serosa of rectum A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic rectal serosa FMA:15039 rectum serosa OBOL:automatic rectum serous membrane OBOL:automatic serous membrane of rectum OBOL:automatic visceral peritoneum of rectum FMA:15039 A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27387 FMA:14990 MA:0003199 SCTID:90132000 colon serosa colon serous membrane colonic serosa large bowel serosa large bowel serous membrane serosa of large bowel serous membrane of colon serous membrane of large bowel visceral peritoneum of colon uberon UBERON:0003335 serosa of colon A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic colon serosa OBOL:automatic colon serous membrane OBOL:automatic colonic serosa FMA:14990 large bowel serosa OBOL:automatic large bowel serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of large bowel OBOL:automatic serous membrane of colon OBOL:automatic serous membrane of large bowel OBOL:automatic visceral peritoneum of colon FMA:14990 A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO). we follow MA in including separate classes for ganglion and peripheral nervous system, even though for vertebrates gangia are always in the PNS BIRNLEX:2548 BTO:0001123 EMAPA:32814 MA:0001161 peripheral nervous system ganglion uberon UBERON:0003338 ganglion of peripheral nervous system A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO). BIRNLEX:2548 we follow MA in including separate classes for ganglion and peripheral nervous system, even though for vertebrates gangia are always in the PNS MA peripheral nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. this has no subclasses in FMA. In EHDAA2 and EMAPA it has only the cranial ganglia EHDAA2:0000227 EMAPA:16658 FMA:83843 central nervous system ganglion ganglion of neuraxis neuraxis ganglion uberon UBERON:0003339 ganglion of central nervous system A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic this has no subclasses in FMA. In EHDAA2 and EMAPA it has only the cranial ganglia FMA central nervous system ganglion OBOL:automatic ganglion of neuraxis OBOL:automatic neuraxis ganglion OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27531 FMA:74654 NCIT:C60784 SCTID:362170004 UMLS:C0227414 anal canal mucosa anal canal mucosa of organ anal canal mucous membrane anal canal organ mucosa anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa anal mucosa anal mucous membrane anal region mucosa anal region mucosa of organ anal region mucous membrane anal region organ mucosa anatomical anal canal mucosa anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ anatomical anal canal mucous membrane anatomical anal canal organ mucosa mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of anal region mucosa of anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ of anal canal mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ of anal region mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal mucous membrane of anal canal mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane of anal region mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal organ mucosa of anal canal organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa of anal region organ mucosa of anatomical anal canal uberon UBERON:0003342 mucosa of anal canal A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0227414 ncithesaurus:Anal_Mucosa anal canal mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic anal canal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic anal canal organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane OBOL:automatic anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anal mucosa FMA:74654 anal mucous membrane FMA:74654 anal region mucosa OBOL:automatic anal region mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic anal region mucous membrane OBOL:automatic anal region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal mucosa OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal mucous membrane OBOL:automatic anatomical anal canal organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic mucosa of anal region OBOL:automatic mucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anal canal OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anal region OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anal canal OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anal region OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anal canal OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anal region OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of anatomical anal canal OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:26937 SCTID:362083000 mucosa of oral opening mucosa of oral part of face mucosa of organ of oral opening mucosa of organ of oral part of face mucosa of organ of oral region mucosa of organ of subdivision of mouth mucosa of subdivision of mouth mucous membrane of oral opening mucous membrane of oral part of face mucous membrane of oral region mucous membrane of subdivision of mouth oral opening mucosa oral opening mucosa of organ oral opening mucous membrane oral opening organ mucosa oral part of face mucosa oral part of face mucosa of organ oral part of face mucous membrane oral part of face organ mucosa oral region mucosa oral region mucosa of organ oral region mucous membrane oral region organ mucosa organ mucosa of oral opening organ mucosa of oral part of face organ mucosa of oral region organ mucosa of subdivision of mouth subdivision of mouth mucosa subdivision of mouth mucosa of organ subdivision of mouth mucous membrane subdivision of mouth organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0003343 mucosa of oral region A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral opening OBOL:automatic mucosa of oral part of face OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral opening OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral part of face OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of oral region OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic mucosa of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral opening OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral part of face OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of oral region OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic oral opening mucosa OBOL:automatic oral opening mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral opening mucous membrane OBOL:automatic oral opening organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oral part of face mucosa OBOL:automatic oral part of face mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral part of face mucous membrane OBOL:automatic oral part of face organ mucosa OBOL:automatic oral region mucosa OBOL:automatic oral region mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic oral region mucous membrane OBOL:automatic oral region organ mucosa OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral opening OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral part of face OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of oral region OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of subdivision of mouth OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth mucosa OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth mucous membrane OBOL:automatic subdivision of mouth organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. CALOHA:TS-2107 EMAPA:27081 FMA:15033 MA:0003218 SCTID:362167003 mucosa of organ of rectum mucous membrane of rectum organ mucosa of rectum rectal mucosa rectal mucous membrane rectum mucosa rectum mucosa of organ rectum mucous membrane rectum organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0003346 mucosa of rectum A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of rectum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of rectum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of rectum OBOL:automatic rectal mucosa FMA:15033 rectal mucous membrane FMA:15033 rectum mucosa OBOL:automatic rectum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic rectum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic rectum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa. BTO:0003752 uberon lamina epithelialis mucosa lamina epithelialis mucosae UBERON:0003350 lies on top of lamina propria epithelium of mucosa A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa. BTO:0003752 lamina epithelialis mucosa BTO:0003752 lamina epithelialis mucosae BTO:0003752 An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. Epithelium lining the pharynx consisting largely of simple columnar epithelium with a short segment (1mm) of stratified squamous epithelium on the ventral side. Chen et al, 2007.[TAO] BSA:0000112 BTO:0005240 EMAPA:16708 MA:0002725 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001460 TAO:0001174 XAO:0003202 ZFA:0001174 epithelial tissue of pharynx epithelium of pharynx pharynx epithelial tissue pharynx epithelium uberon UBERON:0003351 pharyngeal epithelium ZFA ZFA An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Epithelium lining the pharynx consisting largely of simple columnar epithelium with a short segment (1mm) of stratified squamous epithelium on the ventral side. Chen et al, 2007.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001174 TAO ZFIN:curator epithelial tissue of pharynx OBOL:automatic epithelium of pharynx OBOL:automatic pharynx epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic pharynx epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a midgut. BTO:0005053 EHDAA2:0001195 EMAPA:16569 MA:0003205 epithelial tissue of midgut midgut epithelial tissue midgut epithelium uberon UBERON:0003352 epithelium of midgut BTO An epithelium that is part of a midgut. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of midgut OBOL:automatic midgut epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic midgut epithelium BTO:0005053 midgut epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0000782 EMAPA:16717 MA:0003206 epithelial tissue of hindgut hindgut epithelial tissue hindgut epithelium uberon UBERON:0003353 epithelium of hindgut An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of hindgut OBOL:automatic hindgut epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic hindgut epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. CALOHA:TS-2066 EHDAA2:0001594 EMAPA:17898 FMA:17510 MA:0003219 VHOG:0001037 epithelial tissue of rectum rectal epithelium rectum epithelial tissue rectum epithelium uberon UBERON:0003354 epithelium of rectum An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of rectum OBOL:automatic rectal epithelium FMA:17510 rectum epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic rectum epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17663 MA:0003132 epithelial tissue of right lung right lung epithelial tissue right lung epithelium uberon UBERON:0003364 epithelium of right lung An epithelium that is part of a right lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of right lung OBOL:automatic right lung epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic right lung epithelium OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17655 MA:0003131 epithelial tissue of left lung left lung epithelial tissue left lung epithelium uberon UBERON:0003365 epithelium of left lung An epithelium that is part of a left lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of left lung OBOL:automatic left lung epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic left lung epithelium OBOL:automatic An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pelvic appendage bud. UBERON:0005232 EHDAA2:0001034 EMAPA:16780 VHOG:0001048 hindlimb ectoderm hindlimb bud ectoderm hindlimb ectoderm lower limb bud ectoderm pelvic fin bud ectoderm uberon leg ectoderm UBERON:0003371 pelvic appendage bud ectoderm EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pelvic appendage bud. OBOL:automatic hindlimb ectoderm VHOG:0001048 hindlimb bud ectoderm EMAPA:16780 hindlimb bud ectoderm hindlimb ectoderm VHOG:0001048 lower limb bud ectoderm EHDAA2:0001034 pelvic fin bud ectoderm leg ectoderm OBOL:automatic An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a chorion. BTO:0005145 EMAPA:16113 chorion ectoderm uberon chorion epithelium chorionic epithelium UBERON:0003374 chorionic ectoderm ISBN:0073040584 An extraembryonic structure that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a chorion. OBOL:automatic chorion ectoderm OBOL:automatic chorionic epithelium BTO:0005145 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004155 EMAPA:17326 FMA:7282 SCTID:362018002 VHOG:0001227 cardiac muscle of cardiac right atrium cardiac muscle of heart right atrium cardiac muscle tissue of heart right atrium cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium of heart myocardium of right atrium right atrium heart muscle right atrium myocardium textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium of heart textus muscularis of myocardium of right cardiac atrium uberon UBERON:0003379 cardiac muscle of right atrium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of heart right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic right atrium heart muscle EHDAA2:0004155 right atrium myocardium VHOG:0001227 textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of right atrium of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of right cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left atrium [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004154 EMAPA:17320 FMA:7285 SCTID:189936008 VHOG:0001225 cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle tissue cardiac muscle of cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle of heart left atrium cardiac muscle of left atrium of heart left atrium heart muscle left atrium myocardium myocardium of left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of cardiac left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of heart left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium of heart textus muscularis of myocardium of left cardiac atrium uberon UBERON:0003380 cardiac muscle of left atrium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic cardiac left atrium cardiac muscle tissue OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic left atrium heart muscle EHDAA2:0004154 left atrium myocardium VHOG:0001225 textus muscularis of myocardium of cardiac left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of heart left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of left atrium of heart OBOL:automatic textus muscularis of myocardium of left cardiac atrium OBOL:automatic A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17342 FMA:83452 VHOG:0001236 cardiac muscle tissue of right ventricle right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue uberon right ventricle cardiac muscle UBERON:0003381 cardiac muscle of right ventricle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of right ventricle FMA:83452 right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue GO:0003221 right ventricle cardiac muscle VHOG:0001236 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:17339 FMA:83453 VHOG:0001234 cardiac muscle tissue of left ventricle left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue uberon left ventricle cardiac muscle UBERON:0003382 cardiac muscle of left ventricle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of left ventricle FMA:83453 left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue GO:0003220 left ventricle cardiac muscle VHOG:0001234 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA2:0004158 EMAPA:17335 FMA:84084 VHOG:0000999 cardiac muscle of interventricular septum cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum interventricular septum cardiac muscle interventricular septum heart muscle interventricular septum myocardium uberon interventricular septum muscle UBERON:0003383 cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum FMA:84084 interventricular septum cardiac muscle VHOG:0000999 interventricular septum heart muscle EHDAA2:0004158 interventricular septum myocardium VHOG:0000999 interventricular septum muscle interventricular septum muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18963 pharynx skeletal muscle pharynx skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx uberon UBERON:0003384 skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic pharynx skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic pharynx skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx OBOL:automatic Any of the striated muscles that move the eye and include: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, retractor bulbi. Not clear if we need this and intra-ocular muscle. See issue #331. MA includes ciliary and iris smooth muscle EMAPA:18807 MA:0001268 ocular smooth muscle uberon UBERON:0003386 smooth muscle of eye Any of the striated muscles that move the eye and include: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, retractor bulbi. MGI:cwg MP:0005247 ocular smooth muscle MA:0001268 A mesothelium that is part of a pericardium [Automatically generated definition]. RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001436 cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium cavity of pericardial sac mesothelium meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium of pericardial cavity mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac pericardial cavity meso-epithelium pericardial cavity mesothelium uberon UBERON:0003388 mesothelium of pericardial cavity A mesothelium that is part of a pericardium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic cavity of pericardial sac mesothelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of pericardial cavity OBOL:automatic mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac OBOL:automatic pericardial cavity meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic pericardial cavity mesothelium OBOL:automatic A mesothelium that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18429 diaphragm meso-epithelium diaphragm mesothelium meso-epithelium of diaphragm meso-epithelium of thoracic diaphragm mesothelium of thoracic diaphragm thoracic diaphragm meso-epithelium thoracic diaphragm mesothelium uberon UBERON:0003389 mesothelium of diaphragm A mesothelium that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic diaphragm meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic diaphragm mesothelium OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of diaphragm OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of thoracic diaphragm OBOL:automatic mesothelium of thoracic diaphragm OBOL:automatic thoracic diaphragm meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic thoracic diaphragm mesothelium OBOL:automatic A mesothelium that is part of a pleural cavity [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0003155 EHDAA2:0001476 EMAPA:16775 FMA:18148 meso-epithelium of pleural cavity mesothelium of pleura pleural cavity meso-epithelium pleural cavity mesothelium pleural mesothelium uberon pleura UBERON:0003390 mesothelium of pleural cavity A mesothelium that is part of a pleural cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic meso-epithelium of pleural cavity OBOL:automatic mesothelium of pleura FMA:18148 pleural cavity meso-epithelium OBOL:automatic pleural cavity mesothelium OBOL:automatic pleural mesothelium EMAPA:16775 pleura EMAPA:16775 A cartilage element that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18694 MA:0001818 apparatus respiratorius cartilage cartilage of apparatus respiratorius respiratory system cartilage uberon UBERON:0003406 cartilage of respiratory system A cartilage element that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius cartilage OBOL:automatic cartilage of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic respiratory system cartilage OBOL:automatic A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18815 MA:0003202 digestive tract gland gland of digestive tract gland of lower gastrointestinal tract gut gland lower gastrointestinal tract gland uberon UBERON:0003408 gland of digestive tract A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic digestive tract gland OBOL:automatic gland of digestive tract OBOL:automatic gland of lower gastrointestinal tract OBOL:automatic gut gland MA:0003202 lower gastrointestinal tract gland OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. Mesoderm part of pelvic fin bud.[TAO] EHDAA2:0001035 EMAPA:16781 TAO:0001386 ZFA:0001386 leg mesenchyme lower limb bud mesenchyme hindlimb bud mesenchyme mesoderm pelvic fin bud pelvic fin bud mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0003412 pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. OBOL:automatic Mesoderm part of pelvic fin bud.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001386 TAO ZFIN:curator leg mesenchyme OBOL:automatic lower limb bud mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001035 hindlimb bud mesenchyme EMAPA:16781 mesoderm pelvic fin bud ZFA:0001386 pelvic fin bud mesenchyme An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000798 adipose tissue of dermis dermis fat tissue dermis fatty tissue fat tissue of dermis fatty tissue of dermis uberon UBERON:0003426 dermis adipose tissue An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic adipose tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic dermis fat tissue OBOL:automatic dermis fatty tissue OBOL:automatic fat tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic fatty tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000521 nerve of abdomen uberon UBERON:0003429 abdomen nerve A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic nerve of abdomen OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37263 MA:0000588 neck (volume) nerve nerve of neck nerve of neck (volume) uberon UBERON:0003430 neck nerve A nerve that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37263 MA:th neck (volume) nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of neck OBOL:automatic nerve of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic Any nerve that innervates the iris. added for consistency with mouse ontologies. The term 'ciliary nerve' is usually used to denote either of the two nerves (with different origins) that innervate the iris, as well as ciliary muscles and cornea EMAPA:35449 MA:0001291 nerve of iris ciliary nerve uberon UBERON:0003438 iris nerve Any nerve that innervates the iris. UBERON:cjm nerve of iris OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of the trunk region of the body (not to be confused with a nerve trunk). EMAPA:37264 MA:0000515 nerve of torso nerve of trunk torso nerve uberon trunk nerve UBERON:0003439 nerve of trunk region A nerve that is part of the trunk region of the body (not to be confused with a nerve trunk). A nerve that is part of the trunk region of the body (not to be confused with a nerve trunk). http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37264 MA:th nerve of torso OBOL:automatic nerve of trunk OBOL:automatic torso nerve OBOL:automatic trunk nerve MA:0000515 A nerve that is located in a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. consider merging with thoracic nerve. In MA the only subclass is the phrenic nerve, which arises from a cervical nerve EMAPA:37267 MA:0000556 cavity of chest nerve cavity of thorax nerve chest cavity nerve nerve of cavity of chest nerve of cavity of thorax nerve of chest cavity nerve of pectoral cavity nerve of thoracic cavity pectoral cavity nerve uberon UBERON:0003443 thoracic cavity nerve A nerve that is located in a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37267 MA:th cavity of chest nerve OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax nerve OBOL:automatic chest cavity nerve OBOL:automatic nerve of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic nerve of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic nerve of chest cavity OBOL:automatic nerve of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic nerve of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity nerve OBOL:automatic A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37269 MA:0000542 nerve of pelvis uberon UBERON:0003444 pelvis nerve A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37269 MA:th nerve of pelvis OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35996 MA:0000576 SCTID:118646007 adult head bone adult head bone organ bone of adult head bone of head bone organ of adult head bone organ of head head bone organ uberon craniofacial bone UBERON:0003457 Different sources vary regarding which bones are craniofacial; e.g. hyoid bone head bone A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic adult head bone OBOL:automatic adult head bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of adult head OBOL:automatic bone of head OBOL:automatic bone organ of adult head OBOL:automatic bone organ of head OBOL:automatic head bone organ OBOL:automatic craniofacial bone craniofacial bone http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37246 MA:0000584 OpenCyc:Mx4rvnpJSJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA bone of neck bone of neck (volume) bone organ of neck bone organ of neck (volume) neck (volume) bone neck (volume) bone organ neck bone organ uberon UBERON:0003458 neck bone A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37246 MA:th bone of neck OBOL:automatic bone of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic bone organ of neck OBOL:automatic bone organ of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) bone OBOL:automatic neck (volume) bone organ OBOL:automatic neck bone organ OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition]. test whether 'facial bone' is an exact synonym EMAPA:19019 EMAPA:35924 MA:0001482 MA:0003159 MESH:D005147 NCIT:C63706 SCTID:181799005 UMLS:C0015455 bone of facial skeleton facial bone facial skeleton bone uberon bone of viscerocranium viscerocranium bone UBERON:0003462 facial bone MA A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0015455 ncithesaurus:Facial_Bone bone of facial skeleton OBOL:automatic facial bone EMAPA:19019 facial skeleton bone OBOL:automatic bone of viscerocranium OBOL:automatic viscerocranium bone OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36583 MA:0000512 SCTID:427358002 bone of torso bone of trunk bone organ of torso bone organ of trunk torso bone torso bone organ trunk bone organ uberon UBERON:0003463 trunk bone A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bone of torso OBOL:automatic bone of trunk OBOL:automatic bone organ of torso OBOL:automatic bone organ of trunk OBOL:automatic torso bone OBOL:automatic torso bone organ OBOL:automatic trunk bone organ OBOL:automatic An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37569 MA:0001804 uberon UBERON:0003469 respiratory system artery An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37569 MA:th The inferior labial artery (inferior labial branch of facial artery) arises near the angle of the mouth; it passes upward and forward beneath the Triangularis and, penetrating the Orbicularis oris, runs in a tortuous course along the edge of the lower lip between this muscle and the mucous membrane. It supplies the labial glands, the mucous membrane, and the muscles of the lower lip; and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side, and with the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery. EMAPA:37429 FMA:49567 MA:0001916 SCTID:145036002 Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_artery arteria labialis inferior inferior labial artery inferior labial branch of facial artery ramus labialis inferior (arteria facialis) ramus labialis inferior arteriae facialis uberon UBERON:0003471 artery of lower lip FMA The inferior labial artery (inferior labial branch of facial artery) arises near the angle of the mouth; it passes upward and forward beneath the Triangularis and, penetrating the Orbicularis oris, runs in a tortuous course along the edge of the lower lip between this muscle and the mucous membrane. It supplies the labial glands, the mucous membrane, and the muscles of the lower lip; and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side, and with the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery. The inferior labial artery (inferior labial branch of facial artery) arises near the angle of the mouth; it passes upward and forward beneath the Triangularis and, penetrating the Orbicularis oris, runs in a tortuous course along the edge of the lower lip between this muscle and the mucous membrane. It supplies the labial glands, the mucous membrane, and the muscles of the lower lip; and anastomoses with the artery of the opposite side, and with the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery. Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_artery EMAPA:37429 MA:th arteria labialis inferior arteria labialis inferior Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_artery inferior labial artery FMA:49567 inferior labial branch of facial artery FMA:49567 ramus labialis inferior (arteria facialis) FMA:TA ramus labialis inferior arteriae facialis ramus labialis inferior arteriae facialis Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_artery An artery that is part of a thoracic cavity[cjm]. in MA, aorta is classified here - but this is problematic because the abdominal aorta is not in the thoracic cavity EMAPA:37241 MA:0001902 MESH:D013895 uberon thoracic artery UBERON:0003473 thoracic cavity artery An artery that is part of a thoracic cavity[cjm]. An artery that is part of a thoracic cavity[cjm]. https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3317815&group_id=76834&atid=1205376 in MA, aorta is classified here - but this is problematic because the abdominal aorta is not in the thoracic cavity MA EMAPA:37241 MA:th thoracic artery MESH:A07.231.114.891 A vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37584 MA:0001809 MA:0001810 apparatus respiratorius vein respiratory system vein vein of apparatus respiratorius vein of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0003476 respiratory system venous blood vessel A vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37584 MA:th apparatus respiratorius vein OBOL:automatic respiratory system vein OBOL:automatic vein of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic vein of respiratory system OBOL:automatic The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the lower lip. EMAPA:37202 FMA:52541 MA:0002253 SCTID:422955002 Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_vein inferior labial vein lower lip vein vena labialis inferior uberon venae labiales inferiores UBERON:0003478 vein of lower lip http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Gray557.png The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the lower lip. The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the lower lip. Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_vein EMAPA:37202 MA:th inferior labial vein FMA:52541 lower lip vein OBOL:automatic vena labialis inferior venae labiales inferiores venae labiales inferiores Wikipedia:Inferior_labial_vein A vein that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37242 MA:0001903 cavity of chest vein cavity of thorax vein chest cavity vein pectoral cavity vein vein of cavity of chest vein of cavity of thorax vein of chest cavity vein of pectoral cavity vein of thoracic cavity uberon UBERON:0003479 thoracic cavity vein A vein that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37242 MA:th cavity of chest vein OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax vein OBOL:automatic chest cavity vein OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity vein OBOL:automatic vein of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic vein of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic vein of chest cavity OBOL:automatic vein of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic vein of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic An endothelium of capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37575 MA:0001808 apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel blood capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium of respiratory system capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium of respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium of respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary of respiratory system endothelium of capillary of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary of respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood capillary endothelium respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary respiratory system endothelium of capillary respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel uberon UBERON:0003489 respiratory system capillary endothelium true true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships An endothelium of capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37575 MA:th apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic blood capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic blood capillary endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic capillary endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic capillary vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic capillary vessel endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic endothelium of blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of blood capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of capillary vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system blood capillary endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of capillary OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel OBOL:automatic A venule that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37587 MA:0001813 apparatus respiratorius venule venule of apparatus respiratorius venule of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0003494 respiratory system venule A venule that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37587 MA:th apparatus respiratorius venule OBOL:automatic venule of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic venule of respiratory system OBOL:automatic An arteriole that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37568 MA:0001803 uberon UBERON:0003495 respiratory system arteriole true true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships An arteriole that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37568 MA:th A blood vessel that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36610 MA:0000575 SCTID:127865000 adult head blood vessel blood vessel of adult head blood vessel of head uberon UBERON:0003496 head blood vessel true true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A blood vessel that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic adult head blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of adult head OBOL:automatic blood vessel of head OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000518 blood vessel of abdomen uberon UBERON:0003497 abdomen blood vessel UBERON:0012254 A blood vessel that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of abdomen OBOL:automatic UBERON:0012254 abdominal aorta artery A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35397 MA:0002483 blood vessel of heart uberon cardiac blood vessel UBERON:0003498 heart blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac blood vessel EMAPA:35397 A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35182 MA:0002769 blood vessel of brain uberon UBERON:0003499 brain blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of brain OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Automatically generated definition]. follow up on tracker item EMAPA:36611 MA:0001241 blood vessel of cornea cornea blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003500 corneal blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Automatically generated definition]. A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Automatically generated definition]. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3564332&group_id=36855&atid=440764 PMID:17051153 blood vessel of cornea OBOL:automatic cornea blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36520 GAID:509 MA:0001317 MESH:D012171 SCTID:280692003 XAO:0004153 blood vessel of inner layer of eyeball blood vessel of retina blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball inner layer of eyeball blood vessel retinal blood vessel tunica interna of eyeball blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003501 retina blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of inner layer of eyeball OBOL:automatic blood vessel of retina OBOL:automatic blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball OBOL:automatic inner layer of eyeball blood vessel OBOL:automatic retinal blood vessel OBOL:automatic tunica interna of eyeball blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37236 MA:0000583 blood vessel of neck blood vessel of neck (volume) neck (volume) blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003502 neck blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37236 MA:th blood vessel of neck OBOL:automatic blood vessel of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35731 EMAPA:35995 MA:0001799 apparatus respiratorius blood vessel blood vessel of apparatus respiratorius blood vessel of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0003504 respiratory system blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic blood vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta. EMAPA:35144 MA:0000061 uberon UBERON:0003509 only in MA - supertype of artery, arteriole, aorta. arterial blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta. A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37387 MA:0001290 ZFA:0005568 blood vessel of iris uberon UBERON:0003511 iris blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37387 MA:th blood vessel of iris OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32867 MA:0002457 blood vessel of lung uberon pulmonary vascular element UBERON:0003512 lung blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic blood vessel of lung OBOL:automatic pulmonary vascular element EMAPA:32867 A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37237 MA:0000511 blood vessel of torso blood vessel of trunk torso blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003513 trunk blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37237 MA:th blood vessel of torso OBOL:automatic blood vessel of trunk OBOL:automatic torso blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37240 MA:0000554 blood vessel of cavity of chest blood vessel of cavity of thorax blood vessel of chest cavity blood vessel of pectoral cavity blood vessel of thoracic cavity cavity of chest blood vessel cavity of thorax blood vessel chest cavity blood vessel pectoral cavity blood vessel uberon UBERON:0003519 thoracic cavity blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37240 MA:th blood vessel of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic blood vessel of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic blood vessel of chest cavity OBOL:automatic blood vessel of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic blood vessel of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic cavity of chest blood vessel OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax blood vessel OBOL:automatic chest cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity blood vessel OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37244 MA:0000531 blood vessel of pelvis uberon UBERON:0003520 pelvis blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37244 MA:th blood vessel of pelvis OBOL:automatic A capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37574 MA:0001807 apparatus respiratorius blood capillary apparatus respiratorius capillary apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius blood capillary of respiratory system capillary of apparatus respiratorius capillary of respiratory system capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood capillary respiratory system capillary vessel uberon UBERON:0003526 respiratory system capillary A capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37574 MA:th apparatus respiratorius blood capillary OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel OBOL:automatic blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic blood capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic capillary of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic capillary of respiratory system OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic capillary vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system blood capillary OBOL:automatic respiratory system capillary vessel OBOL:automatic A gray matter that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35184 MA:0000810 NCIT:C49333 UMLS:C1707348 brain grey matter brain grey substance gray matter of brain grey matter of brain grey substance of brain uberon UBERON:0003528 brain gray matter A gray matter that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1707348 ncithesaurus:Cerebral_Gray_Matter brain grey matter MA:0000810 brain grey substance OBOL:automatic gray matter of brain OBOL:automatic grey matter of brain OBOL:automatic grey substance of brain OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:16098 MA:0000577 adult head connective tissue adult head portion of connective tissue adult head textus connectivus connective tissue of adult head connective tissue of head head portion of connective tissue head textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of adult head portion of connective tissue of head textus connectivus of adult head textus connectivus of head uberon UBERON:0003566 head connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic adult head connective tissue OBOL:automatic adult head portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic adult head textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of adult head OBOL:automatic connective tissue of head OBOL:automatic head portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic head textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of adult head OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of head OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of adult head OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of head OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000519 abdomen portion of connective tissue abdomen textus connectivus connective tissue of abdomen portion of connective tissue of abdomen textus connectivus of abdomen uberon UBERON:0003567 abdomen connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic abdomen portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic abdomen textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of abdomen OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of abdomen OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of abdomen OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37250 MA:0000585 connective tissue of neck connective tissue of neck (volume) neck (volume) connective tissue neck (volume) portion of connective tissue neck (volume) textus connectivus neck portion of connective tissue neck textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of neck portion of connective tissue of neck (volume) textus connectivus of neck textus connectivus of neck (volume) uberon UBERON:0003568 neck connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37250 MA:th connective tissue of neck OBOL:automatic connective tissue of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) connective tissue OBOL:automatic neck (volume) portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic neck (volume) textus connectivus OBOL:automatic neck portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic neck textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of neck OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of neck OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35968 EMAPA:35977 MA:0001814 apparatus respiratorius connective tissue apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius connective tissue of respiratory system portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue of respiratory system respiratory system portion of connective tissue respiratory system textus connectivus textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0003570 respiratory system connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius connective tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic connective tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic respiratory system textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of respiratory system OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37548 MA:0002409 connective tissue of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract portion of connective tissue lower respiratory tract textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lower respiratory tract textus connectivus of lower respiratory tract uberon UBERON:0003580 lower respiratory tract connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37548 MA:th connective tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36509 MA:0000799 connective tissue of dermis dermis portion of connective tissue dermis textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of dermis textus connectivus of dermis uberon UBERON:0003585 dermis connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic connective tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic dermis portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic dermis textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of dermis OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of dermis OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37252 MA:0000513 connective tissue of torso connective tissue of trunk portion of connective tissue of torso portion of connective tissue of trunk textus connectivus of torso textus connectivus of trunk torso connective tissue torso portion of connective tissue torso textus connectivus trunk portion of connective tissue trunk textus connectivus uberon UBERON:0003586 trunk connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37252 MA:th connective tissue of torso OBOL:automatic connective tissue of trunk OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of torso OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of trunk OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of torso OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of trunk OBOL:automatic torso connective tissue OBOL:automatic torso portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic torso textus connectivus OBOL:automatic trunk portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic trunk textus connectivus OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37255 MA:0000555 cavity of chest connective tissue cavity of chest portion of connective tissue cavity of chest textus connectivus cavity of thorax connective tissue cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue cavity of thorax textus connectivus chest cavity connective tissue chest cavity portion of connective tissue chest cavity textus connectivus connective tissue of cavity of chest connective tissue of cavity of thorax connective tissue of chest cavity connective tissue of pectoral cavity connective tissue of thoracic cavity pectoral cavity connective tissue pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue pectoral cavity textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of cavity of chest portion of connective tissue of cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue of chest cavity portion of connective tissue of pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue of thoracic cavity textus connectivus of cavity of chest textus connectivus of cavity of thorax textus connectivus of chest cavity textus connectivus of pectoral cavity textus connectivus of thoracic cavity thoracic cavity portion of connective tissue thoracic cavity textus connectivus uberon UBERON:0003593 thoracic cavity connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37255 MA:th cavity of chest connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of chest portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of chest textus connectivus OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic cavity of thorax textus connectivus OBOL:automatic chest cavity connective tissue OBOL:automatic chest cavity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic chest cavity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic connective tissue of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic connective tissue of chest cavity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic connective tissue of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity connective tissue OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic pectoral cavity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of chest cavity OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of cavity of chest OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of cavity of thorax OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of chest cavity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of pectoral cavity OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of thoracic cavity OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic thoracic cavity textus connectivus OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37257 MA:0000533 connective tissue of pelvis pelvis portion of connective tissue pelvis textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of pelvis textus connectivus of pelvis uberon UBERON:0003594 pelvis connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37257 MA:th connective tissue of pelvis OBOL:automatic pelvis portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic pelvis textus connectivus OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of pelvis OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of pelvis OBOL:automatic A cartilage that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37251 MA:0000586 cartilage of neck cartilage of neck (volume) neck (volume) cartilage uberon UBERON:0003601 neck cartilage A cartilage that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37251 MA:th cartilage of neck OBOL:automatic cartilage of neck (volume) OBOL:automatic neck (volume) cartilage OBOL:automatic A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37547 MA:0001819 NCIT:C49256 UMLS:C1708759 cartilage of lower respiratory tract uberon UBERON:0003603 lower respiratory tract cartilage A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37547 MA:th UMLS:C1708759 ncithesaurus:Lower_Respiratory_Tract_Cartilage cartilage of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37530 MA:0002451 camera-type eye skin gland camera-type eye skin glands camera-type eye skin glands set skin gland of camera-type eye skin gland of vertebrate eye skin glands of camera-type eye skin glands of vertebrate eye skin glands set of camera-type eye skin glands set of vertebrate eye vertebrate eye skin gland vertebrate eye skin glands vertebrate eye skin glands set uberon UBERON:0003605 eye skin gland A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37530 MA:th camera-type eye skin gland OBOL:automatic camera-type eye skin glands OBOL:automatic camera-type eye skin glands set OBOL:automatic skin gland of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic skin gland of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic skin glands of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic skin glands of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic skin glands set of camera-type eye OBOL:automatic skin glands set of vertebrate eye OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye skin gland OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye skin glands OBOL:automatic vertebrate eye skin glands set OBOL:automatic The dense connective tissue which contains predominantly elastic fibers and is found in the tunica media of the aorta wall. MA:0002859 adult aorta elastic connective tissue adult aorta elastic tissue adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus aorta elastic connective tissue aorta elastic lamina aorta elastic laminae aorta textus connectivus elasticus dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue dorsal aorta elastic tissue dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of adult aorta elastic connective tissue of aorta elastic connective tissue of dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue of trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue of adult aorta elastic tissue of aorta elastic tissue of dorsal aorta elastic tissue of trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus of adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus of aorta textus connectivus elasticus of dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus of trunk of aortic tree trunk of aortic tree elastic connective tissue trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus uberon UBERON:0003609 aorta elastic tissue The dense connective tissue which contains predominantly elastic fibers and is found in the tunica media of the aorta wall. MP:0009862 adult aorta elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic adult aorta elastic tissue OBOL:automatic adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic aorta elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic aorta elastic lamina MP:0009862 aorta elastic laminae MP:0009862 aorta textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta elastic tissue OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of adult aorta OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of aorta OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of adult aorta OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of aorta OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of adult aorta OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of aorta OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic The type of heart connective tissue found in the endocardial layer that consists mainly of elastic fibers. MA:0002858 cardiac elastic tissue elastic connective tissue of heart elastic tissue of heart heart elastic connective tissue heart textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of heart uberon UBERON:0003610 heart elastic tissue The type of heart connective tissue found in the endocardial layer that consists mainly of elastic fibers. MP:0009863 cardiac elastic tissue MP:0009863 elastic connective tissue of heart OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of heart OBOL:automatic heart elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic heart textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of heart OBOL:automatic An elastic tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37579 MA:0001820 apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue of respiratory system elastic tissue of apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue of respiratory system respiratory system elastic connective tissue respiratory system textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0003611 respiratory system elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37579 MA:th apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic respiratory system textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of respiratory system OBOL:automatic An elastic tissue that is part of a circulatory system [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002857 cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus circulatory system elastic connective tissue circulatory system elastic tissue circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue of circulatory system elastic tissue of cardiovascular system elastic tissue of circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus of cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus of circulatory system uberon UBERON:0003613 cardiovascular system elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a circulatory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic circulatory system elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic circulatory system elastic tissue OBOL:automatic circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of cardiovascular system OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of circulatory system OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of cardiovascular system OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of circulatory system OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of cardiovascular system OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of circulatory system OBOL:automatic Elastic tissue layer that lines a blood vessel layer. elastic lamina elastic laminae EMAPA:36300 MA:0002856 blood vessel elastic connective tissue blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of blood vessel elastic tissue of blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus of blood vessel vascular elastic lamina vascular elastic laminae vascular elastic tissue uberon UBERON:0003614 blood vessel elastic tissue Elastic tissue layer that lines a blood vessel layer. Elastic tissue layer that lines a blood vessel layer. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/mammalian-phenotype-requests/2026/ elastic lamina MP:0006083 elastic laminae MP:0006083 blood vessel elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of blood vessel OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of blood vessel OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of blood vessel OBOL:automatic vascular elastic lamina vascular elastic lamina http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vascular elastic laminae vascular elastic laminae http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vascular elastic tissue MP:0006083 Elastic tissue that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0002860 elastic connective tissue of lung elastic tissue of lung lung elastic connective tissue lung textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of lung pulmonary elastic fiber uberon UBERON:0003615 lung elastic tissue Elastic tissue that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic elastic connective tissue of lung OBOL:automatic elastic tissue of lung OBOL:automatic lung elastic connective tissue OBOL:automatic lung textus connectivus elasticus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus elasticus of lung OBOL:automatic pulmonary elastic fiber pulmonary elastic fiber http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The middle layer of the aorta wall, containing the smooth muscle layer and elastic fibers. EMAPA:35138 FMA:74433 MA:0002903 SCTID:48467007 adult aorta tunica media dorsal aorta tunica media trunk of aortic tree tunica media tunica media of adult aorta tunica media of aorta tunica media of dorsal aorta tunica media of trunk of aortic tree uberon UBERON:0003618 aorta tunica media The middle layer of the aorta wall, containing the smooth muscle layer and elastic fibers. MP:0009873 adult aorta tunica media OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta tunica media OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree tunica media OBOL:automatic tunica media of adult aorta OBOL:automatic tunica media of aorta OBOL:automatic tunica media of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic tunica media of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic The innermost layer of the aorta, containing the endothelium and an inner elastic membrane. BTO:0005553 EMAPA:35137 FMA:74419 MA:0002904 SCTID:362031007 adult aorta tunica intima dorsal aorta tunica intima trunk of aortic tree tunica intima tunica intima of adult aorta tunica intima of aorta tunica intima of dorsal aorta tunica intima of trunk of aortic tree uberon UBERON:0003619 aorta tunica intima The innermost layer of the aorta, containing the endothelium and an inner elastic membrane. MP:0009872 adult aorta tunica intima OBOL:automatic dorsal aorta tunica intima OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree tunica intima OBOL:automatic tunica intima of adult aorta OBOL:automatic tunica intima of aorta OBOL:automatic tunica intima of dorsal aorta OBOL:automatic tunica intima of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic An arterial blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37565 MA:0001800 uberon UBERON:0003643 respiratory system arterial blood vessel An arterial blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37565 MA:th The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the abdomen proper (excluding the pelvic cavity). in FMA this contains the pelvic cavity, but this is inconsistent with the concept of abdominopelvic cavity EFO:0000213 EMAPA:36505 FMA:12266 GAID:17 MA:0003057 MESH:A01.047.025 MESH:D034841 NCIT:C12664 OpenCyc:Mx4rvZR1TJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361294009 UMLS:C0230168 Wikipedia:Abdominal_cavity galen:AbdominalCavity cavity of abdominal compartment cavity of compartment of abdomen space of abdominal compartment uberon cavitas abdominis UBERON:0003684 abdominal cavity http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the abdomen proper (excluding the pelvic cavity). UBERON:cjm in FMA this contains the pelvic cavity, but this is inconsistent with the concept of abdominopelvic cavity FMA UMLS:C0230168 ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Cavity cavity of abdominal compartment FMA:12266 cavity of compartment of abdomen FMA:12266 space of abdominal compartment FMA:12266 cavitas abdominis cavitas abdominis GAID:17 cavitas abdominis Wikipedia:Abdominal_cavity In anatomy, in the occipital bone, the foramen magnum is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull, through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the Spinal Accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. Foramen in the occipital region of neurocranium to allow passage of spinal cord.[TAO] AAO:0010826 EMAPA:37868 FMA:75306 GAID:228 MESH:D005539 NCIT:C12495 OpenCyc:Mx4rwOm-FpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:244679008 TAO:0002045 UMLS:C0016519 Wikipedia:Foramen_magnum ZFA:0005387 uberon UBERON:0003687 Design pattern notes: check whether this fits the foramen design pattern foramen magnum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Gray130.png In anatomy, in the occipital bone, the foramen magnum is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull, through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the Spinal Accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. In anatomy, in the occipital bone, the foramen magnum is one of the several oval or circular apertures in the base of the skull, through which the medulla oblongata (an extension of the spinal cord) enters and exits the skull vault. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the Spinal Accessory nerve, vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Foramen_magnum Foramen in the occipital region of neurocranium to allow passage of spinal cord.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002045 TAO TAO:wd EMAPA:37868 MA:th UMLS:C0016519 ncithesaurus:Foramen_Magnum The tissues that surround the organs that are present within the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall tissue is composed of layers of fat, parietal peritoneum, fascia, and muscles. EMAPA:37064 FMA:10429 FMA:259054 GAID:26 MESH:A01.047.050 MESH:D034861 NCIT:C77608 SCTID:181613000 UMLS:C0836916 Wikipedia:Abdominal_wall paries abdominalis wall of abdomen wall of abdomen proper uberon abdominal wall proper layers of the abdominal wall paries abdominalis UBERON:0003697 abdominal wall http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg The tissues that surround the organs that are present within the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall tissue is composed of layers of fat, parietal peritoneum, fascia, and muscles. ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Wall EMAPA:37064 MA:th UMLS:C0836916 ncithesaurus:Abdominal_Wall paries abdominalis paries abdominalis Wikipedia:Abdominal_wall wall of abdomen FMA:259054 wall of abdomen proper FMA:10429 abdominal wall proper FMA:10429 layers of the abdominal wall layers of the abdominal wall Wikipedia:Abdominal_wall paries abdominalis paries abdominalis Wikipedia:Abdominal_wall The left and right brachiocephalic veins in the upper chest are formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. This is at the level of the sternoclavicular joint. These great vessels merge to form the superior vena cava. The brachiocephalic veins are the major veins returning blood to the superior vena cava. EHDAA2:0000182 EHDAA:9868 FMA:4723 GAID:529 MESH:D016121 NCIT:C32816 OpenCyc:Mx4rvz3aUJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0006095 galen:BrachiocephalicVein brachiocephalic venous tree innominate vein uberon innomiate vein innominate trunk innominate vein innominate veins vena brachiocephalica venae anonyma UBERON:0003711 brachiocephalic vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Gray1174.png human_reference_atlas The left and right brachiocephalic veins in the upper chest are formed by the union of each corresponding internal jugular vein and subclavian vein. This is at the level of the sternoclavicular joint. These great vessels merge to form the superior vena cava. The brachiocephalic veins are the major veins returning blood to the superior vena cava. UMLS:C0006095 ncithesaurus:Innominate_Vein brachiocephalic venous tree FMA:4723 innominate vein FMA:4723 innomiate vein innominate trunk innominate vein innominate vein GAID:529 innominate veins vena brachiocephalica vena brachiocephalica venae anonyma A vein arising from the splenic trabecular vein in the hilum of the spleen that drains into the portal vein. EMAPA:37226 FMA:14331 GAID:541 MA:0002164 MESH:D013162 NCIT:C33608 OpenCyc:Mx4rwCt0eZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278029005 UMLS:C0038001 Wikipedia:Splenic_vein galen:SplenicVein vena splenica uberon lienal vein vena lienalis UBERON:0003713 splenic vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Gray1189.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Bilebladder.png A vein arising from the splenic trabecular vein in the hilum of the spleen that drains into the portal vein. ncithesaurus:Splenic_Vein EMAPA:37226 MA:th UMLS:C0038001 ncithesaurus:Splenic_Vein vena splenica FMA:14331 FMA:TA lienal vein MA:0002164 Wikipedia:Splenic_vein vena lienalis Wikipedia:Splenic_vein Portion of tissue in the nervous system which consists of neurons and glial cells, and may also contain parts of the vasculature. One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Cells forming the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.[AAO] FMA definition includes vasculature AAO:0000325 AEO:0000123 EHDAA2:0003123 FMA:9642 GAID:609 MESH:D009417 NCIT:C13052 OpenCyc:Mx4rVmfYCsQ_QdeM_bFAeS8NRQ SCTID:91728009 UMLS:C0027757 nerve tissue nervous tissue portion of neural tissue uberon UBERON:0003714 neural tissue Portion of tissue in the nervous system which consists of neurons and glial cells, and may also contain parts of the vasculature. FMA:9642 One of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications. Cells forming the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000325 AAO AAO:LAP FMA definition includes vasculature FMA UMLS:C0027757 ncithesaurus:Nervous_Tissue nerve tissue FMA:9642 nervous tissue FMA:9642 portion of neural tissue FMA:9642 The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen, including the greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves that are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses and the lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia. All carry sympathetic fibers except for the pelvic splanchnic nerves, which carry parasympathetic fibers BAMS:spn EMAPA:37959 FMA:5883 GAID:800 MESH:D013153 SCTID:264198001 Wikipedia:Splanchnic_nerves uberon splanchnic nerves visceral nerve UBERON:0003715 splanchnic nerve The major nerves supplying sympathetic innervation to the abdomen, including the greater, lesser, and lowest (or smallest) splanchnic nerves that are formed by preganglionic fibers from the spinal cord which pass through the paravertebral ganglia and then to the celiac ganglia and plexuses and the lumbar splanchnic nerves carry fibers which pass through the lumbar paravertebral ganglia to the mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia. MP:0008318 EMAPA:37959 MA:th splanchnic nerves BAMS:spn visceral nerve Wikipedia:Splanchnic_nerves The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls. FMA:5860 GAID:857 MESH:D013900 OpenCyc:Mx4rwSJp_ZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:360498003 Wikipedia:Thoracic_nerves http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1725 nervus thoracis thoracic spinal nerve uberon nervi thoracici pectoral nerve UBERON:0003726 thoracic nerve The twelve spinal nerves on each side of the thorax. They include eleven INTERCOSTAL NERVES and one subcostal nerve. Both sensory and motor, they supply the muscles and skin of the thoracic and abdominal walls. MESH:A08.800.800.720.800 nervus thoracis FMA:5860 FMA:TA thoracic spinal nerve FMA:5860 nervi thoracici Wikipedia:Thoracic_nerves pectoral nerve GAID:857 The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions (rami anteriores; ventral divisions) of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior divisions of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation. The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the parietes of the thorax; the lower five supply the parietes of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus. The twelfth thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:18227 FMA:6028 GAID:858 MESH:D007367 NCIT:C32825 SCTID:279568001 UMLS:C1285089 Wikipedia:Intercostal_nerves anterior ramus of thoracic nerve anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve ramus anterior, nervus thoracicus thoracic anterior ramus ventral ramus of thoracic spinal nerve uberon nervi intercostales UBERON:0003727 intercostal nerve http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Gray819.png The intercostal nerves are the anterior divisions (rami anteriores; ventral divisions) of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. Each nerve is connected with the adjoining ganglion of the sympathetic trunk by a gray and a white ramus communicans. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior divisions of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation. The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the parietes of the thorax; the lower five supply the parietes of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the umbilicus. The twelfth thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Intercostal_nerves UMLS:C1285089 ncithesaurus:Intercostal_Nerve anterior ramus of thoracic nerve FMA:6028 anterior ramus of thoracic spinal nerve FMA:6028 ramus anterior, nervus thoracicus FMA:6028 thoracic anterior ramus FMA:6028 ventral ramus of thoracic spinal nerve FMA:6028 nervi intercostales Wikipedia:Intercostal_nerves A mucous membrane that lines the mouth. this is defined as any mucous membrane of the mouth - including palate, lips, uvula, etc. ncit split mouth/oral mucosa into lip and buccal. In future we may split into masticatory/keratinized (gingiva + hard palate) vs lining/non-keratinized (lips, cheeks, floor of mouth, soft palate). FMA distinguishes between mucosa of mouth and region of mouth (the latter including the buccal mucosa) the mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth. It can be divided into three categories: masticatory, lining, and specialized[Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa]. BTO:0002860 CALOHA:TS-0716 EMAPA:26937 FMA:59660 GAID:951 MA:0002794 MESH:D009061 NCIT:C77637 UMLS:C0026639 Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa mouth mucosa mouth mucous membrane mouth organ mucosa mucosa of mouth mucous membrane of mouth oral mucous membrane oral part of viscerocranial mucosa tunica mucosa oris uberon buccal mucosa mucosal lining of mouth oral mucosa tunica mucosa oris UBERON:0003729 mouth mucosa A mucous membrane that lines the mouth. A mucous membrane that lines the mouth. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth. It can be divided into three categories: masticatory, lining, and specialized[Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa]. the mucous membrane epithelium of the mouth. It can be divided into three categories: masticatory, lining, and specialized[Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa]. Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa UMLS:C0026639 ncithesaurus:Oral_Mucosa mouth mucosa FMA:59660 mouth mucous membrane OBOL:accepted mouth organ mucosa OBOL:accepted mucosa of mouth OBOL:accepted mucous membrane of mouth FMA:59660 oral part of viscerocranial mucosa FMA:59660 tunica mucosa oris FMA:59660 FMA:TA buccal mucosa GAID:951 mucosal lining of mouth MA:0002794 oral mucosa GAID:951 tunica mucosa oris tunica mucosa oris Wikipedia:Oral_mucosa A nerve that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37265 MA:0000562 MESH:D013900 SCTID:359876006 nerve of thorax thoracic segment nerve thorax nerve uberon upper body nerve UBERON:0003824 nerve of thoracic segment A nerve that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37265 MA:th nerve of thorax OBOL:automatic thoracic segment nerve MA:0000562 thorax nerve OBOL:automatic upper body nerve MA:0000562 A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37061 MA:0000528 abdominal segment nerve uberon UBERON:0003825 nerve of abdominal segment A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37061 MA:th abdominal segment nerve MA:0000528 A bone that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37247 MA:0000559 SCTID:426649006 bone of thorax bone organ of thorax thorax bone thorax bone organ uberon upper body bone UBERON:0003827 thoracic segment bone A bone that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37247 MA:th bone of thorax OBOL:automatic bone organ of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax bone OBOL:automatic thorax bone organ OBOL:automatic upper body bone MA:0000559 A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37058 MA:0000525 abdominal segment of trunk bone abdominal segment of trunk bone organ bone of abdominal segment of trunk bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk uberon UBERON:0003828 abdominal segment bone A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37058 MA:th abdominal segment of trunk bone OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk bone organ OBOL:automatic bone of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic Any muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. MA:0000561 muscle organ of thorax thorax muscle organ uberon upper body muscle UBERON:0003830 thoracic segment muscle prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle organ of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax muscle organ OBOL:automatic upper body muscle MA:0000561 Any muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35733 MA:0001828 apparatus respiratorius muscle organ muscle organ of apparatus respiratorius muscle organ of respiratory system respiratory system muscle organ uberon UBERON:0003831 respiratory system muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic muscle organ of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system muscle organ OBOL:automatic Any muscle organ that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. merge muscle and muscle layer? EMAPA:26983 MA:0002682 SCTID:360961009 esophageal muscle esophagus muscle organ gullet muscle organ muscle organ of esophagus muscle organ of gullet muscle organ of oesophagus oesophagus muscle organ uberon UBERON:0003832 esophagus muscle MA Any muscle organ that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic esophagus muscle organ OBOL:automatic gullet muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of esophagus OBOL:automatic muscle organ of gullet OBOL:automatic muscle organ of oesophagus OBOL:automatic oesophagus muscle organ OBOL:automatic A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37060 MA:0000527 abdominal segment of trunk muscle organ muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk uberon UBERON:0003833 abdominal segment muscle A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37060 MA:th abdominal segment of trunk muscle organ OBOL:automatic muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37238 MA:0000558 blood vessel of thorax thorax blood vessel uberon upper body blood vessel UBERON:0003834 thoracic segment blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37238 MA:th blood vessel of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax blood vessel OBOL:automatic upper body blood vessel MA:0000558 A blood vessel that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37057 MA:0000524 abdominal segment of trunk blood vessel blood vessel of abdominal segment of trunk uberon UBERON:0003835 abdominal segment blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37057 MA:th abdominal segment of trunk blood vessel OBOL:automatic blood vessel of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic A skin of body that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37063 FMA:264898 MA:0000530 abdominal segment of trunk skin skin of abdominal segment of trunk uberon UBERON:0003836 abdominal segment skin A skin of body that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37063 MA:th abdominal segment of trunk skin OBOL:automatic skin of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37253 MA:0000560 connective tissue of thorax portion of connective tissue of thorax textus connectivus of thorax thorax connective tissue thorax portion of connective tissue thorax textus connectivus uberon upper body connective tissue UBERON:0003837 thoracic segment connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37253 MA:th connective tissue of thorax OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of thorax OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of thorax OBOL:automatic thorax connective tissue OBOL:automatic thorax portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic thorax textus connectivus OBOL:automatic upper body connective tissue MA:0000560 A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37059 MA:0000526 abdominal segment of trunk connective tissue abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus of abdominal segment of trunk uberon UBERON:0003838 abdominal segment connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37059 MA:th abdominal segment of trunk connective tissue OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus OBOL:automatic connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of abdominal segment of trunk OBOL:automatic An anatomical space that surrounded_by a neural tube. (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0005713 AAO:0011073 EHDAA2:0001269 EHDAA:2889 EHDAA:914 EMAPA:16167 VHOG:0001119 XAO:0000252 cavity of neural tube lumen of neural tube neural tube neural lumen prosencoel uberon central lumen neural lumen neurocoel UBERON:0003842 neural tube lumen An anatomical space that surrounded_by a neural tube. OBOL:automatic (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001119 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001119 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ cavity of neural tube cavity of neural tube https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lumen of neural tube lumen of neural tube https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neural tube neural lumen EHDAA2:0001269 neural lumen EHDAA:2889 neurocoel VHOG:0001119 In medicine, gonadal vein refers to the blood vessel that carrying blood away from the gonad (testis, ovary) toward the heart. Females : ovarian vein Males : testicular vein [WP,unvetted]. EHDAA2:0000719 EHDAA:8703 OpenCyc:Mx4rvlWYh5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278192008 VHOG:0001340 Wikipedia:Gonadal_vein gonad vein gonada vein vein of gonad vein of gonada uberon UBERON:0003848 gonadal vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Gray1120.png In medicine, gonadal vein refers to the blood vessel that carrying blood away from the gonad (testis, ovary) toward the heart. Females : ovarian vein Males : testicular vein [WP,unvetted]. In medicine, gonadal vein refers to the blood vessel that carrying blood away from the gonad (testis, ovary) toward the heart. Females : ovarian vein Males : testicular vein [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Gonadal_vein gonad vein OBOL:automatic gonada vein OBOL:automatic vein of gonad OBOL:automatic vein of gonada OBOL:automatic A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a midbrain. We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003591 EHDAA2:0001101 EHDAA:360 TAO:0000935 VHOG:0000796 ZFA:0000935 mesencephalic neural crest neural crest midbrain uberon UBERON:0003849 mesencephalic neural crest ZFA A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a midbrain. OBOL:automatic We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000796 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000796 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ mesencephalic neural crest ZFA:0000935 neural crest midbrain ZFA:0000935 A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a hindbrain. Cranial neural crest that is part of the hindbrain.[TAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001628 EHDAA:362 EMAPA:35747 TAO:0007063 VHOG:0001210 ZFA:0007063 neural crest hindbrain rhombencephalic neural crest uberon rhombomere neural crest UBERON:0003852 rhombencephalon neural crest ZFA A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a hindbrain. OBOL:automatic Cranial neural crest that is part of the hindbrain.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0007063 TAO ZFIN:curator We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001210 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001210 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ neural crest hindbrain ZFA:0007063 rhombencephalic neural crest ZFA:0007063 rhombomere neural crest EMAPA:35747 A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a spinal cord. We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)[well established][VHOG] EHDAA:696 EMAPA:16163 EMAPA:16881 VHOG:0001006 neural crest spinal cord uberon spinal neural crest UBERON:0003853 spinal cord neural crest A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001006 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...)[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001006 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ neural crest spinal cord VHOG:0001006 spinal neural crest VHOG:0001006 A neural plate that develops_from a future spinal cord. Neural plate that is part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)[well established][VHOG] FMA:312957 TAO:0007021 VHOG:0000439 ZFA:0007021 neural plate of spinal cord uberon UBERON:0003854 spinal cord neural plate ZFA A neural plate that develops_from a future spinal cord. OBOL:automatic Neural plate that is part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000439 VHOG Neural plate that is part of the spinal cord. [Bgee_curator][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000439 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000439 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 (...) at some stage of its development, every chordate exhibits five uniquely derived characters or synapomorphies of the group: (...) (4) a single, tubular nerve cord that is located dorsal to the notochord (...)[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000439 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.28 http://bgee.unil.ch/ neural plate of spinal cord OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing gonad [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:5012 EMAPA:16858 EMAPA:17385 VHOG:0001090 gonada mesenchyme mesenchyme of gonad mesenchyme of gonada uberon UBERON:0003855 gonad mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing gonad [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic gonada mesenchyme OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonad OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of gonada OBOL:automatic A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a ganglion. uberon UBERON:0003869 presumptive ganglion A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a ganglion. OBOL:automatic An anatomical cavity that has the potential to develop into a coelemic cavity lumen. future coelomic cavity lumen uberon body cavity precursor UBERON:0003886 future coelemic cavity lumen An anatomical cavity that has the potential to develop into a coelemic cavity lumen. OBOL:automatic The part of the coelom in the embryo between the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm; the principal body cavities of the trunk (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic) arise from this embryonic part of the coelom. consider merging with coelom. TODO - add spatial relationships to halves of LPM. Note the OG places XAO and ZFA coelem terms here. editor note: TODO check ZFA, which appears to be a structure present in adults (...) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (...) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota).[well established][VHOG] EHDAA:251 EMAPA:16088 NCIT:C34195 UMLS:C1512940 VHOG:0000316 Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom somatic coelom uberon UBERON:0003887 intraembryonic coelom Wikipedia The part of the coelom in the embryo between the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm; the principal body cavities of the trunk (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic) arise from this embryonic part of the coelom. MGI:anna MP:0012187 (...) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (...) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000316 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.166 (...) I regard it unlikely that coeloms of all bilaterian animals are comparable and evolved very early. Considering all these questions, few convincing characters concerning the evolution of body cavities remain to be named. (...) A segmental coelom appears to have evolved at least two times, in Annelida and in Myomerata (Acrania and Craniota).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000316 VHOG ISBN:978-0198566694 Schmidt-Rhaesa A, The evolution of organ systems (2007) p.166 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1512940 ncithesaurus:Intraembryonic_Coelom somatic coelom somatic coelom Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom Initial section of the oviduct through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus. Homologous to appendix testis salpinges salpinx CALOHA:TS-0732 EHDAA2:0000504 EMAPA:18984 EMAPA:35660 EV:0100112 FMA:18245 GAID:365 MA:0000385 MESH:D005187 NCIT:C12403 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViVeZwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:181463001 UMLS:C0015560 Wikipedia:Fallopian_tube galen:FallopianTube mammalian oviduct uterine tube (sensu Mammalia) uberon fallopian tubes female paramesonephric duct paramesonephric duct of female tuba uterina UBERON:0003889 fallopian tube http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg FMA-abduced-lr Initial section of the oviduct through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus. MGI:smb MP:0003574 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Homologous to appendix testis Wikipedia:Talk:Fallopian_tube#Homology salpinges UMLS:C0015560 ncithesaurus:Fallopian_Tube mammalian oviduct https://sourceforge.net/p/geneontology/ontology-requests/8397/ female paramesonephric duct EHDAA2:0000504 paramesonephric duct of female EMAPA:35660 tuba uterina Wikipedia:Fallopian_tube Paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM]. Either of the paired embryonic ducts developing into the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and becoming largely obliterated in the male. [TFD][VHOG] Transient developmental organ which gives rise to oviducts in female (documented to persist in some male frogs).[AAO] In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system.[well established][VHOG] Sertoli cells secrete anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) inducing the demise of this duct UBERON:0005318 AAO:0010141 EHDAA2:0004048 EMAPA:27665 GAID:1309 MESH:A16.254.570 MESH:D009095 NCIT:C13260 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001399 SCTID:308802006 UMLS:C0026732 VHOG:0001199 Wikipedia:Paramesonephric_duct XAO:0000330 Muellerian duct Müllerian duct ductus paramesonephricus paramesonephric duct early paramesonephric duct uberon UBERON:0003890 Mullerian duct http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Gray1109.png Wikipedia Paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM]. GO:0061205 Wikipedia:Paramesonephric_duct http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/bio205_26_sex.html Either of the paired embryonic ducts developing into the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female and becoming largely obliterated in the male. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001199 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/paramesonephric+duct Transient developmental organ which gives rise to oviducts in female (documented to persist in some male frogs).[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010141 AAO AAO:RED In females, the archinephric (mesonephric) ducts tend to function only within the urinary systems. The muellerian duct arises embryologically next to the archinephric (wolffian) duct. In males, the muellerian duct regresses if it appears at all, but in females, the muellerian ducts become the oviducts of the reproductive system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001199 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.559 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0026732 ncithesaurus:Mullerian_Duct paramesonephric duct EMAPA:27665 early paramesonephric duct EHDAA2:0004048 Connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma. stromal FMA:81494 NCIT:C67387 UMLS:C0927195 uberon stromal connective tissue UBERON:0003891 stroma Connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma. Connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0927195 ncithesaurus:Stroma_Connective_Tissue One of the skeletal muscles of the head and neck, spine, and ribs. EHDAA:5982 EMAPA:18167 MA:0003153 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000160 TAO:0001954 uberon UBERON:0003897 axial muscle One of the skeletal muscles of the head and neck, spine, and ribs. HP:0003327 A portion of skeletal muscle tissue in the trunk. SCTID:244848007 skeletal muscle of torso skeletal muscle tissue of torso skeletal muscle tissue of trunk torso skeletal muscle torso skeletal muscle tissue trunk skeletal muscle trunk skeletal muscle tissue uberon UBERON:0003898 skeletal muscle tissue of trunk https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A portion of skeletal muscle tissue in the trunk. A portion of skeletal muscle tissue in the trunk. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 skeletal muscle of torso OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of torso OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of trunk OBOL:automatic torso skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic torso skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic trunk skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic trunk skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO]. (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011095 BTO:0000929 CALOHA:TS-0685 EHDAA2:0001253 EHDAA:4763 EMAPA:17171 EMAPA:18590 FMA:58628 MA:0000277 NCIT:C33166 TAO:0000046 UMLS:C1518263 VHOG:0000535 XAO:0003216 ZFA:0000046 neural layer of retina neural retina neuroretina stratum nervosum (retina) stratum nervosum retinae uberon neural retinal epithelium UBERON:0003902 retinal neural layer Bgee:AN The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO]. GO:0003407 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000535 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000535 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1518263 ncithesaurus:Neural_Retina neural layer of retina FMA:58628 neural retina XAO:0003216 ZFA:0000046 neuroretina ZFA:0000046 stratum nervosum (retina) FMA:58628 stratum nervosum retinae FMA:58628 FMA:TA neural retinal epithelium MA:000027 Small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP]. Fenestrated blood vessel endothelium with pores that are large enough for blood cells to pass. The basal lamina and gap junctions may be discontinuous.[TAO] sinusoidal some sources give discontinuous capillary as synonym but this may be a subtype - see FMA:63198 discontinuous sinusoid (undefined). FMA:63131 SCTID:340163004 TAO:0005261 Wikipedia:Sinusoid_(blood_vessel) ZFA:0005261 sinusoidal blood vessel sinusoidal blood vessel endothelium uberon endothelium of irregular blood filled space sinusoidal capillary sinusoidal endothelium UBERON:0003909 sinusoid Wikipedia ZFA Small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP]. Small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP]. Wikipedia:Sinusoid_(blood_vessel) Fenestrated blood vessel endothelium with pores that are large enough for blood cells to pass. The basal lamina and gap junctions may be discontinuous.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005261 TAO ZFIN:curator some sources give discontinuous capillary as synonym but this may be a subtype - see FMA:63198 discontinuous sinusoid (undefined). FMA sinusoidal blood vessel endothelium ZFA:0005261 sinusoidal capillary sinusoidal capillary http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=13986 Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. contrast with a multi-tissue tube, which has as parts both epithelium, connective tissue, possibly muscle layers AEO:0000114 EHDAA2:0003114 FBbt:00007474 epithelial or endothelial tube uberon UBERON:0003914 epithelial tube Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. GO:0060562 Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. GO:0060562 PMID:12526790 Any endothelium that has the quality of being cylindrical [Automatically generated definition]. uberon UBERON:0003915 endothelial tube Any endothelium that has the quality of being cylindrical [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart. EMAPA:35932 FMA:86188 MA:0000066 segment of venous tree organ venous tree organ segment uberon UBERON:0003920 Compare to: vein venous blood vessel A blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart. A blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/venous+blood+vessel segment of venous tree organ FMA:86188 venous tree organ segment FMA:86188 A duct that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. TAO:0005162 ZFA:0005162 duct of digestive system duct of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system duct uberon UBERON:0003928 digestive system duct A duct that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic duct of digestive system OBOL:automatic duct of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system duct OBOL:automatic An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract. Epithelium lining the lumen of the gut.[TAO] BTO:0000956 EHDAA2:0004567 EMAPA:32928 MA:0003201 NCIT:C12963 TAO:0005123 UMLS:C0836205 XAO:0003200 ZFA:0005123 digestive tract epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of digestive tract epithelial tissue of gut epithelium of digestive tract epithelium of gut gastrodermis gut epithelial tissue gut epithelium uberon alimentary tract epithelium UBERON:0003929 digestive tract epithelium An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract. An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Epithelium lining the lumen of the gut.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005123 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0836205 ncithesaurus:Gut_Epithelium digestive tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of digestive tract OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gut OBOL:automatic epithelium of digestive tract OBOL:automatic epithelium of gut OBOL:automatic gastrodermis BGEE:ANN NCBITaxon:6073 gut epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic gut epithelium EHDAA2:0004567 MA:0003201 ZFA:0005123 alimentary tract epithelium OBOL:automatic A cartilage element of chondrocranium. Example: neurocranial trabecula. EFO:0003690 TAO:0001461 ZFA:0001461 cartilage of chondrocranium cartilaginous element of chondrocranium chondrocranium cartilage neurocranium cartilage uberon UBERON:0003932 cartilage element of chondrocranium A cartilage element of chondrocranium. Example: neurocranial trabecula. A cartilage element of chondrocranium. Example: neurocranial trabecula. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cartilage of chondrocranium OBOL:accepted cartilaginous element of chondrocranium OBOL:accepted chondrocranium cartilage ZFA:0001461 neurocranium cartilage ZFA:0001461 A cartilage element that is part of the cranial skeleton. Cartilage which is part of the cranium.[TAO] TAO:0001458 ZFA:0001458 cartilage of cranium cranium cartilage uberon cranial cartilages UBERON:0003933 cranial cartilage A cartilage element that is part of the cranial skeleton. ZFA:0001458 A cartilage element that is part of the cranial skeleton. ZFA:0001458 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Cartilage which is part of the cranium.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001458 TAO ZFIN:curator cartilage of cranium OBOL:automatic cranium cartilage OBOL:automatic cranial cartilages ZFA:0001458 Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction. MA:0001751 genitalia gland gland of genitalia gland of reproductive system reproductive gland reproductive system gland sex gland uberon UBERON:0003937 reproductive gland Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction. MP:0000653 genitalia gland OBOL:automatic gland of genitalia MP:0000653 gland of reproductive system OBOL:automatic reproductive gland MA:0001751 reproductive system gland OBOL:automatic sex gland MP:0000653 The sensory system for the sense of touch and pain. The neural tissue involved in the transmission of sensory signals MP defines this in a may more appropriate to somatosensory cortex UBERON:0014511 EMAPA:37954 NLXANAT:090818 Wikipedia:Somatosensory_system http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2887 somatic sensory system somatosensory system system for detection of somatic senses uberon UBERON:0003942 somatic sensory system The sensory system for the sense of touch and pain. NLXANAT:090818 The neural tissue involved in the transmission of sensory signals MP:0000959 MP defines this in a may more appropriate to somatosensory cortex MP EMAPA:37954 MA:th somatosensory system NLXANAT:090818 The placental layers where embryonic blood vessels are surrounded by trophoblast cells and maternal blood. Mouse-human differences: The mouse and human placentas have labyrinthine and villous types of interdigitation between maternal and fetal tissues, respectively ... The mouse placental labyrinth is composed of an intricate network of maternal blood spaces and embryonal blood vessels. Maternal and embryonal blood is separated by a placental barrier that consists of four cellular layers: layer I trophoblasts line the maternal lacunae, trophoblasts in layers II and III form syncytial-like layers, and endothelial cells line the embryonic vessels[DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.14.8138 ] labyrinthine layer labyrinthine layer of placenta placental labyrinth uberon UBERON:0003946 placenta labyrinth http://placentation.ucsd.edu/placenta.html The placental layers where embryonic blood vessels are surrounded by trophoblast cells and maternal blood. MP:0001716 http://placentation.ucsd.edu labyrinthine layer GO:0060713 labyrinthine layer of placenta GO:0060713 The anterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea. anterior stroma EMAPA:37414 cornea anterior stroma uberon UBERON:0003952 anterior stroma of cornea lexical The anterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea. MP:0003093 anterior stroma MP:0003093 EMAPA:37414 MA:th cornea anterior stroma MP:0003093 The posterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea. posterior stroma EMAPA:37415 cornea posterior stroma uberon UBERON:0003953 posterior stroma of cornea lexical The posterior segment of the lamellated connective tissue layer of the cornea. MP:0003094 posterior stroma MP:0003094 EMAPA:37415 MA:th cornea posterior stroma MP:0003094 The slender connective tissue fiber in the extracellular matrix of skin tissue that is composed of microfibrils and amorphous elastin and is characterized by great elasticity. EMAPA:37841 cutaneous elastic fiber dermal elastic fiber uberon UBERON:0003967 cutaneous elastic tissue The slender connective tissue fiber in the extracellular matrix of skin tissue that is composed of microfibrils and amorphous elastin and is characterized by great elasticity. MP:0008418 EMAPA:37841 MA:th cutaneous elastic fiber MP:0008418 dermal elastic fiber MP:0008418 Blood vessels of the layer of the placenta where embryonic and maternal blood vessels interdigitate. placental labyrinth vascular network vasculature of placenta labyrinth uberon placental vasculature UBERON:0003970 placental labyrinth vasculature Blood vessels of the layer of the placenta where embryonic and maternal blood vessels interdigitate. MP:0008803 placental vasculature OBOL:automatic The internal feminine genital organs, including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina. BTO:0003099 FMA:45654 SCTID:303518005 female internal genitalia internal female genital organ internal genitalia of female reproductive system uberon organa genitalia feminina interna UBERON:0003975 TODO: Relabel. Make distinct organ class. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/547 internal female genitalia The internal feminine genital organs, including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina. MP:0009209 female internal genitalia FMA:45654 internal female genital organ BTO:0003099 internal genitalia of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic organa genitalia feminina interna BTO:0003099 A conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary artery arises[WP]. the anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk[MP]. Receives blood from the left atrium and becomes the median truncus arteriosus.[AAO] Kardong says absent in adult tetrapods, check AAO we use the term CA for the anterior chamber if it is composed of cardiac muscle, contractile, and contains conal valves internally AAO:0010250 Wikipedia:Conus_arteriosus uberon UBERON:0003983 conus arteriosus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Gray492.png A conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary artery arises[WP]. the anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk[MP]. MP:0009464 Wikipedia:Conus_arteriosus Receives blood from the left atrium and becomes the median truncus arteriosus.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010250 AAO AAO:BJB we use the term CA for the anterior chamber if it is composed of cardiac muscle, contractile, and contains conal valves internally ISBN:0073040584 The funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine tube[MP]. The third part of the uterine tube is the infundibulum. It terminates with the ostium of Fallopian tube, surrounded by fimbriae, one of which is attached to the ovary[Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube]. In mammals, the uterine tube infundibulum is part of the fallopian tube. In birds, where there is no fallopian tube, the uterine tube infundibulum is part of the oviduct. infundibulum EMAPA:29897 FMA:18307 SCTID:362262001 Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube infundibulum of oviduct infundibulum of uterine tube infundibulum of fallopian tube uberon infundibulum tubae uterinae UBERON:0003984 uterine tube infundibulum https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illu_cervix.jpg FMA The funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine tube[MP]. MP:0009466 Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube The third part of the uterine tube is the infundibulum. It terminates with the ostium of Fallopian tube, surrounded by fimbriae, one of which is attached to the ovary[Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube]. Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube In mammals, the uterine tube infundibulum is part of the fallopian tube. In birds, where there is no fallopian tube, the uterine tube infundibulum is part of the oviduct. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-0621 infundibulum infundibulum of oviduct FMA:18307 infundibulum of uterine tube FMA:18307 infundibulum of fallopian tube FMA:18307 infundibulum tubae uterinae Wikipedia:Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube The connection between the embryo proper and extraembryonic tissues. uberon UBERON:0004015 embryonic-extraembryonic boundary The connection between the embryo proper and extraembryonic tissues. MP:0003890 A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become dermal cells. Not to be confused with 'dermatome segment of skin'. AAO:0011028 AEO:0001017 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003428 EHDAA:1719 EHDAA:1725 EHDAA:1731 EHDAA:1737 EMAPA:32838 FMA:295656 NCIT:C61572 UMLS:C0180383 Wikipedia:Dermatome_(embryology) XAO:0000220 cutis plate dermatomal mesenchyme uberon epimere mesoderm mesenchyma dermatomiale UBERON:0004016 dermatome http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Gray64.png AEO EHDAA2-abduced A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become dermal cells. AEO:0001017 AEO:JB UMLS:C0180383 ncithesaurus:Dermatome cutis plate cutis plate Wikipedia:Cutis_plate dermatomal mesenchyme dermatomal mesenchyme Wikipedia:Cutis_plate mesenchyma dermatomiale mesenchyma dermatomiale Wikipedia:Dermatomal_mesenchyme The single layer of epithelial cells that lines the early neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells. As the cells adjacent to the lumen continue to divide, the migrating cells form a second layer around the original neural tube. This layer becomes progressively thicker as more cells are added to it from the germinal neuroepithelium. This new layer is called the mantle (or intermediate) zone, and the germinal epithelium is now called the ventricular zone (and, later, the ependyma)[NCBIBook:NBK10047] germinal neuroepithelial layer germinal neuroepithelium original neural tube uberon UBERON:0004022 germinal neuroepithelium NCBIBook:NBK10047 The single layer of epithelial cells that lines the early neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells. MP:0004261 The single layer of epithelial cells that lines the early neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells. MP:0004261 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 germinal neuroepithelial layer germinal neuroepithelial layer http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 germinal neuroepithelium NCBIBook:NBK10047 original neural tube NCBIBook:NBK10047 That portion of the chorionic wall in the region of its uterine attachment, which gives rise to chorionic villi; it consists of the mesoderm that lines the chorionic vesicle and, on the maternal side, of the trophoblast that lines the intervillous spaces; in the last half of gestation, the mesodermal connective tissue is largely replaced by fibrinoid material, and the amnionic membrane is adherent to the fetal side of the plate. BTO:0002879 EMAPA:31872 NCIT:C34123 SCTID:256391000 UMLS:C0230972 uberon UBERON:0004027 chorionic plate That portion of the chorionic wall in the region of its uterine attachment, which gives rise to chorionic villi; it consists of the mesoderm that lines the chorionic vesicle and, on the maternal side, of the trophoblast that lines the intervillous spaces; in the last half of gestation, the mesodermal connective tissue is largely replaced by fibrinoid material, and the amnionic membrane is adherent to the fetal side of the plate. MP:0004560 http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=69523 UMLS:C0230972 ncithesaurus:Chorionic_Plate The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen that is the immediate transformation of the germinal neuroepithelium. consider merging with 'ventricular zone'; note that the MA class probably does not belong here, as this is an embryonic structure The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen ependymal layer EMAPA:17152 EMAPA:35362 EMAPA_RETIRED:16783 MA:0003193 neural tube ependymal layer neural tube ventricular germinal zone neural tube ventricular zone neural tube ependymal zone uberon UBERON:0004060 neural tube ventricular layer NCBIBook:NBK10047 NCBIBook:NBK10047 The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen that is the immediate transformation of the germinal neuroepithelium. MP:0009689 The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen that is the immediate transformation of the germinal neuroepithelium. MP:0009689 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen MP:0009689 ependymal layer NCBIBook:NBK10047 neural tube ependymal layer NCBIBook:NBK10047 neural tube ventricular germinal zone NCBIBook:NBK10047 neural tube ventricular zone MP:0009689 neural tube ependymal zone MP:0009689 The layer of glia and differentiating neurons that forms as a second layer around the germinal neuroepithium; as this develops it comes to lie between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates. Develops into neurons and glia forming a gray matter layer. EMAPA:17148 EMAPA:35360 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1367 neural tube intermediate zone uberon future brain marginal layer UBERON:0004061 neural tube mantle layer NCBIBook:NBK10047 by division NCBIBook:NBK10047 The layer of glia and differentiating neurons that forms as a second layer around the germinal neuroepithium; as this develops it comes to lie between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates. Develops into neurons and glia forming a gray matter layer. MP:0009690 The layer of glia and differentiating neurons that forms as a second layer around the germinal neuroepithium; as this develops it comes to lie between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates. Develops into neurons and glia forming a gray matter layer. MP:0009690 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 neural tube intermediate zone MP:0009690 neural tube intermediate zone MP:0009690 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 future brain marginal layer EMAPA:35360 The outermost layer of the neural tube that consists of axons from the developing mantle layer and will form the white matter. EMAPA:17151 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1368 neural tube marginal zone uberon brain marginal zone UBERON:0004062 neural tube marginal layer forms from axons The outermost layer of the neural tube that consists of axons from the developing mantle layer and will form the white matter. MP:0009691 The outermost layer of the neural tube that consists of axons from the developing mantle layer and will form the white matter. MP:0009691 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 neural tube marginal zone MP:0009691 The region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies ventral to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily motor neurons and interneurons. AAO:0010561 EFO:0001904 NCIT:C34111 UMLS:C1511061 Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube) http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1372 basal plate basal plate of neural tube spinal cord basal plate uberon motor part of neural tube ventral part of neural tube UBERON:0004064 neural tube basal plate Shh Swenson The region of the mantle layer of the neural tube that lies ventral to the sulcus limitans and contains primarily motor neurons and interneurons. MP:0009693 Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 UMLS:C1511061 ncithesaurus:Basal_Plate basal plate of neural tube Wikipedia:Basal_plate_(neural_tube) spinal cord basal plate MP:0009693 Any of the veins that carries deoxygenated blood from a part of the body into the right atrium of the heart. AAO:0010215 BTO:0001438 EMAPA:18415 FMA:321896 GAID:547 MA:0000068 MESH:D014684 NCIT:C12817 OpenCyc:Mx4rkJQ4U6gEEdudWQACs5b6Bw SCTID:244405007 UMLS:C0042460 Wikipedia:Venae_cavae uberon caval vein venae cavae UBERON:0004087 vena cava http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Relations_of_the_aorta,_trachea,_esophagus_and_other_heart_structures.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Heart_numlabels.png Any of the veins that carries deoxygenated blood from a part of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Any of the veins that carries deoxygenated blood from a part of the body into the right atrium of the heart. Wikipedia:Venae_cavae http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0042460 ncithesaurus:Vena_Cava venae cavae venae cavae Wikipedia:Venae_cavae The subdivision of the face that includes the eye (eyeball plus adnexa such as eyelids) and the orbit of the skull and associated parts of the face such as the eyebrows, if present. note the FMA class is more narrow though, and is more like eye + muscles + vasculature. The FMA also has FMA:72951 orbital part of eye in HP covers eyelid, eyebrow. FMA:260119 content of orbital part of eye eye region orbital part of face uberon ocular and peri-ocular region ocular region orbital content orbital part of eye UBERON:0004088 orbital region The subdivision of the face that includes the eye (eyeball plus adnexa such as eyelids) and the orbit of the skull and associated parts of the face such as the eyebrows, if present. The subdivision of the face that includes the eye (eyeball plus adnexa such as eyelids) and the orbit of the skull and associated parts of the face such as the eyebrows, if present. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 in HP covers eyelid, eyebrow. HP:0000284 content of orbital part of eye FMA:260119 eye region eye region http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 orbital part of face orbital part of face http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 orbital content FMA:260119 orbital part of eye FMA:72951 2 2 2 Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces. FMA has both conduit and conduit space. In EHDAA2 this is a surface feature AEO:0000080 EHDAA2:0003080 FMA:242873 SCTID:346902003 Wikipedia:Foramen foramen foramina uberon opening ostia ostium UBERON:0004111 anatomical conduit Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces. Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA has both conduit and conduit space. In EHDAA2 this is a surface feature FMA foramen EHDAA2:0003080 foramina foramina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ostia A vasculature that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. ZFA:0005568 iris blood vessels iris vascular network iris vasculature vascular network of iris uberon UBERON:0004118 vasculature of iris A vasculature that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic iris blood vessels ZFA:0005568 iris vascular network OBOL:automatic vascular network of iris OBOL:automatic An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm. Grouping term for query purposes uberon UBERON:0004119 endoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm. An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm. Grouping term for query purposes FBbt:00025998 mesodermal derivative uberon UBERON:0004120 mesoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm. An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mesodermal derivative FBbt:00025998 An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm. Grouping term for query purposes FBbt:00025990 ectodermal deriviative uberon UBERON:0004121 ectoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm. An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ectodermal deriviative FBbt:00025990 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction. Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.[AAO] relationship type change: differentiates_from intermediate mesoderm (AAO:0010575) CHANGED TO: develops_from intermediate mesoderm (UBERON:0003064)[AAO] Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives.[well established][VHOG] genitourinary urogenital AAO:0000624 BILA:0000122 BTO:0003091 EFO:0003864 EHDAA:1013 EMAPA:16367 EV:0100094 FMA:280610 GAID:362 MESH:D014566 NCIT:C12810 OpenCyc:Mx4rQRpVMgAKEdyHxgDggVfs8g SCTID:278861008 UMLS:C0042066 VHOG:0000286 XAO:0000140 galen:GenitoUrinarySystem urogenital system uberon GU tract UG tract Urogenitalsystem genito-urinary system genitourinary tract urogenital tract UBERON:0004122 genitourinary system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction. VHOG:0000286 Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000624 AAO AAO:EJS relationship type change: differentiates_from intermediate mesoderm (AAO:0010575) CHANGED TO: develops_from intermediate mesoderm (UBERON:0003064)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000624 AAO Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000286 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.633 Kidneys and gonads (of vertebrates) develop from adjacent tissues, and after the excretory or urinary ducts have developed, the reproductive system usually taps into them or their derivatives.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000286 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.633 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0042066 ncithesaurus:Genitourinary_System Urogenitalsystem BTO:0003091 genito-urinary system FMA:280610 urogenital tract BTO:0003091 The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA]. (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011039 EHDAA2:0001320 EMAPA:16540 FMA:293357 NCIT:C34236 SCTID:362864008 TAO:0000050 UMLS:C0231106 VHOG:0000165 Wikipedia:Optic_vesicles XAO:0000228 ZFA:0000050 uberon evagination eye vesicle ocular vesicle optic vesicles UBERON:0004128 Genes: Six3, Pax6, Rx1 are expressed together in the tip of the neural plate [ISBN:9780878932504 "Developmental Biology"]. Development notes: During subsequent develop- ment, the optic vesicle invaginates and becomes a two-layered structure with an inner neural retina and outer retinal pigment epithelium. As soon as the developing optic vesicle makes contact with the overlying ectoderm, it induces the ectoderm to thicken and form the lens placode [PMID:16496288] optic vesicle http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Gray863.png ZFA GO-def ZFA The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA]. GO:0003404 The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA]. GO:0003404 Wikipedia:Optic_vesicles (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000165 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000165 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0231106 ncithesaurus:Optic_Vesicle eye vesicle XAO:0000228 ocular vesicle VHOG:0000165 optic vesicles ZFA:0000050 . salivary nucleus uberon UBERON:0004133 salivatory nucleus . GO:0021751 salivary nucleus GO:0021751 The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field. TODO - check plate vs rudiment vs primordium vs endocardial tube. See XAO (In vertebrates) The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000215 EMAPA:16106 VHOG:0000975 myocardial plate uberon cardiac crescent cardiogenic crescent heart rudiment UBERON:0004139 cardiogenic plate The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field. GO:0003142 (In vertebrates) The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000975 VHOG PMID:15611355 Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Bartelings MM, Deruiter MC, Poelmann RE, Basics of cardiac development for the understanding of congenital heart malformations. Pediatric Research (2005) (In vertebrates) The embryonic mesoderm is the source of both the cardiogenic plate, giving rise to the future myocardium as well as the endocardium that will line the system on the inner side.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000975 VHOG PMID:15611355 Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Bartelings MM, Deruiter MC, Poelmann RE, Basics of cardiac development for the understanding of congenital heart malformations. Pediatric Research (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ myocardial plate EHDAA2:0000215 cardiac crescent EMAPA:16106 cardiogenic crescent GO:0003142 A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle. this term denotes the primary heart field; GO:0003128 denotes the superclass of primary and secondary: specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube[GO:0003138] XAO:0004185 first heart field primary heart field uberon FHF PHF heart field UBERON:0004140 primary heart field GO:0003128 BGEE:ann A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle. GO:0003138 GOC:mtg_heart GOC:rl this term denotes the primary heart field; GO:0003128 denotes the superclass of primary and secondary: specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the primary beating heart tube[GO:0003138] GO first heart field XAO:0004185 primary heart field XAO:0004185 primary heart field PMID:17276708 XAO:0004185 FHF XAO:0004185 PHF XAO:0004185 heart field XAO:0004185 An epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. the paired, longitudinal, endothelial-lined channels formed from the cardiogenic mesoderm in embryonic development; angiogenic cell clusters (aka angioblastic cords) located in a horse-shoe shape configuration in the cardiogenic plate coalesce to form the right and left endocardial heart tubes which then fuse in cephalo-caudal direction to form a single primitive heart tube. AAO:0010411 EFO:0003526 EMAPA:32685 NCIT:C34161 TAO:0000360 XAO:0000337 ZFA:0000360 embryonic heart tube endocardial heart tube endocardial tube uberon UBERON:0004141 heart tube ZFA-modified An epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. GO:0003143 GOC:mtg_heart the paired, longitudinal, endothelial-lined channels formed from the cardiogenic mesoderm in embryonic development; angiogenic cell clusters (aka angioblastic cords) located in a horse-shoe shape configuration in the cardiogenic plate coalesce to form the right and left endocardial heart tubes which then fuse in cephalo-caudal direction to form a single primitive heart tube. MP:0012700 embryonic heart tube GO:0003143 endocardial heart tube MP:0012700 endocardial tube XAO:0000337 The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract. XAO:0004141 uberon UBERON:0004142 outflow tract septum The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract. GO:0003148 The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. Depending on the species, attached at the cardiac outflow are described the conus arteriosus, the truncus arteriosus and, or the bulbus arteriosus. At the distal limit of these outflow structures, but lying outside the pericardial cavity, is the ventral aorta[PMID:20735616] EHDAA2:0001351 EHDAA:464 EHDAA:798 EMAPA:16346 MA:0000100 VHOG:0000670 XAO:0004139 cardiac outflow tract heart outflow tract uberon arterial (outflow) pole UBERON:0004145 outflow tract The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries. GO:0003151 cardiac outflow tract cardiac outflow tract PMID:20735616 arterial (outflow) pole arterial (outflow) pole PMID:20735616 The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. the intraventricular conduction system from the bundle of His to the distal Purkinje fibers, which carries the impulse to the ventricles. HPS His-Purkinji network VCS ventricular conduction system uberon UBERON:0004146 His-Purkinje system cjm GO PMID:12626327 PMID:21234997 github:michaelerice The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles. GO:0003164 https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/12451 the intraventricular conduction system from the bundle of His to the distal Purkinje fibers, which carries the impulse to the ventricles. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/His-Purkinje+system HPS Vein of heart that drains the myocardium. EHDAA2:0004507 EMAPA:37137 FMA:12846 NCIT:C12878 NCIT:C12882 SCTID:277726009 UMLS:C0226654 UMLS:C0226737 Wikipedia:Coronary_circulation ZFA:0005814 galen:CoronaryVein cardiac vein coronary vein heart vein vein of heart uberon coronary vein UBERON:0004148 cardiac vein FMA Vein of heart that drains the myocardium. Vein of heart that drains the myocardium. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37137 MA:th UMLS:C0226654 ncithesaurus:Cardiac_Vein UMLS:C0226737 ncithesaurus:Coronary_Vein cardiac vein FMA:12846 coronary vein ZFA:0005814 heart vein OBOL:automatic vein of heart OBOL:automatic coronary vein coronary vein Wikipedia:Coronary_circulation A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart. FMA:7095 OpenCyc:Mx4rmexpjPdAEduAAAAOpmP6tw SCTID:276456008 chamber of heart heart chamber uberon UBERON:0004151 generic enough to cover FBbt:00003156 heart chamber but this is a cavity. GO defines it as the cavity. TODO - move subclasses. Note this also includes sinus venosus cardiac chamber A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart. GO:0003205 An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms from an outpouching of the septum transversum near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium. propepicardial Proepicardial clusters in Zebrafish form on the pericardial wall, adjacent to the atrioventricular (AV) junction and near the venous pole[ZFA] EMAPA:36025 ZFA:0005808 proepicardial cluster proepicardial organ uberon UBERON:0004160 proepicardium todo check other taxa ZFA An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms from an outpouching of the septum transversum near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium. GO:0003342 An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms from an outpouching of the septum transversum near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium. GO:0003342 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proepicardium proepicardial cluster ZFA:0005808 proepicardial organ ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-080218-16 A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG]. A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm. [TFD][VHOG] In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] The cranial part of the septum transversum gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm and is the origin of the myoblasts that invade the pleuroperitoneal folds resulting in the formation of the muscular diaphragm. The caudal part of the septum transversum is invaded by the hepatic diverticulum which divides within it to form the liver and thus gives rise to the ventral mesentery of the foregut. in EHDAA2 this is divided into mesenchymal portion and hepatic diverticulum EHDAA2:0001829 EHDAA:736 EMAPA:16318 FMA:295593 NCIT:C34296 SCTID:308819008 UMLS:C0231004 VHOG:0000019 Wikipedia:Septum_transversum transverse septum uberon UBERON:0004161 septum transversum A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG]. VHOG:0000019 A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG]. VHOG:0000019 Wikipedia:Septum_transversum A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000019 VHOG A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000019 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/transverse+septum In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000019 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart (of other tetrapods) is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes) Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000019 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 http://bgee.unil.ch/ in EHDAA2 this is divided into mesenchymal portion and hepatic diverticulum EHDAA2 UMLS:C0231004 ncithesaurus:Septum_Transversum transverse septum transverse septum https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals. FMA:45652 internal genitalia internal genitals uberon internal reproductive organ internal sex organ UBERON:0004175 TODO: make a subdivision of reproductive system. Relabel. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/547 internal genitalia internal genitalia The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals. GO:0035260 The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals. FMA:45643 SCTID:362207005 external genitalia uberon external reproductive organ external sex organ UBERON:0004176 TODO: make a subdivision of reproductive system. Relabel. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/547 external genitalia The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals. GO:0035261 Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system. consider splitting out lymph organ, compare with lymph node the organs in which the formed elements of the blood and lymph are produced[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hematopoietic+Organs]. the FMA class 'lymphoid organ' is a general anatomical term BTO:0004605 EMAPA:37665 FMA:7143 MA:0000747 SCTID:361338006 haematological system organ haemopoietic system organ hematopoeitic organ hematopoietic system organ organ of haematological system organ of haemopoietic system organ of hematopoietic system organ of organa haemopoietica organa haemopoietica organ hematopoeitic or lymphoid organ lymph organ lymphoid organ uberon UBERON:0004177 hemopoietic organ Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system. GOC:Obol the organs in which the formed elements of the blood and lymph are produced[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hematopoietic+Organs]. the organs in which the formed elements of the blood and lymph are produced[http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hematopoietic+Organs]. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Hematopoietic+Organs the FMA class 'lymphoid organ' is a general anatomical term FMA EMAPA:37665 MA:th haematological system organ OBOL:automatic haemopoietic system organ OBOL:automatic hematopoietic system organ OBOL:automatic organ of haematological system OBOL:automatic organ of haemopoietic system OBOL:automatic organ of hematopoietic system OBOL:automatic organ of organa haemopoietica OBOL:automatic organa haemopoietica organ OBOL:automatic lymph organ MA:0000747 lymphoid organ BTO:0004605 FMA:7143 The nonstriated, involuntary muscle tissue located in the wall of the aorta. BTO:0001685 CALOHA:TS-0048 EFO:0002775 EMAPA:35135 MA:0000702 NCIT:C49191 UMLS:C1706825 aorta non-striated muscle aorta smooth muscle aortic smooth muscle uberon UBERON:0004178 aorta smooth muscle tissue The nonstriated, involuntary muscle tissue located in the wall of the aorta. MGI:csmith MP:0009865 UMLS:C1706825 ncithesaurus:Aorta_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue aorta non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic aorta smooth muscle OBOL:automatic aortic smooth muscle BTO:0001685 The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply. blood vessel of labyrinthine layer blood vessel of labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel of placenta labyrinth labyrinthine layer blood vessel labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel placenta labyrinth blood vessel uberon UBERON:0004183 placental labyrinth blood vessel The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply. GO:0060716 blood vessel of labyrinthine layer OBOL:automatic blood vessel of labyrinthine layer of placenta OBOL:automatic blood vessel of placenta labyrinth OBOL:automatic labyrinthine layer blood vessel GO:0060716 labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel OBOL:automatic placenta labyrinth blood vessel OBOL:automatic A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm. EMAPA:32930 endodermal gut gut endoderm uberon UBERON:0004185 endodermal part of digestive tract A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm. GO:0061031 gut endoderm EMAPA:32930 A nerve that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37268 MA:0000497 nerve of back uberon UBERON:0004215 back nerve A nerve that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37268 MA:th nerve of back OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa EMAPA:35469 MA:0001547 involuntary muscle of large intestine large intestine involuntary muscle large intestine non-striated muscle large intestine smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of large intestine smooth muscle of large intestine smooth muscle tissue of large intestine uberon UBERON:0004220 large intestine smooth muscle MA consider merging A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa MA involuntary muscle of large intestine OBOL:automatic large intestine involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic large intestine non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic large intestine smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of large intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of large intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of large intestine OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa BTO:0000643 EMAPA:35441 EMAPA:35443 MA:0001539 NCIT:C49243 UMLS:C1708547 bowel involuntary muscle bowel non-striated muscle bowel smooth muscle bowel smooth muscle tissue intestine involuntary muscle intestine non-striated muscle intestine smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bowel involuntary muscle of intestine non-striated muscle of bowel non-striated muscle of intestine smooth muscle of bowel smooth muscle of intestine smooth muscle tissue of bowel smooth muscle tissue of intestine uberon intestinal muscularis intestinal smooth muscle UBERON:0004221 intestine smooth muscle consider merging A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic MA class may specifically mean muscle layer, but we treat as the sum of smooth muscle in both muscle layer and muscularis mucosa MA UMLS:C1708547 ncithesaurus:Intestinal_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue bowel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic bowel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic bowel smooth muscle OBOL:automatic bowel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic intestine involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic intestine non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic intestine smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of bowel OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of intestine OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of bowel OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of bowel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of intestine OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of bowel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of intestine OBOL:automatic intestinal muscularis EMAPA:35441 intestinal smooth muscle BTO:0000643 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001818 EMAPA:35823 MA:0001627 involuntary muscle of stomach involuntary muscle of ventriculus non-striated muscle of stomach non-striated muscle of ventriculus smooth muscle of stomach smooth muscle of ventriculus smooth muscle tissue of stomach smooth muscle tissue of ventriculus stomach involuntary muscle stomach non-striated muscle stomach smooth muscle tissue ventriculus involuntary muscle ventriculus non-striated muscle ventriculus smooth muscle ventriculus smooth muscle tissue uberon gastric muscle gastric smooth muscle stomach muscle UBERON:0004222 stomach smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of stomach OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of ventriculus OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of stomach OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of ventriculus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of stomach OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of ventriculus OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of stomach OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of ventriculus OBOL:automatic stomach involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic stomach non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic stomach smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic ventriculus involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic ventriculus non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic ventriculus smooth muscle OBOL:automatic ventriculus smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic gastric muscle BTO:0001818 gastric smooth muscle MA:0001627 stomach muscle BTO:0001818 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0001660 EMAPA:35734 MA:0001830 respiratory smooth muscle smooth muscle of respiratory system uberon airway smooth muscle airway smooth muscle cell UBERON:0004225 respiratory system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic respiratory smooth muscle BTO:0001660 smooth muscle of respiratory system OBOL:automatic airway smooth muscle BTO:0001660 airway smooth muscle cell BTO:0001660 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35117 MA:0001523 smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system uberon UBERON:0004226 gastrointestinal system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37394 MA:0001532 anal part of perineum involuntary muscle anal part of perineum non-striated muscle anal part of perineum smooth muscle anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue anal region involuntary muscle anal region non-striated muscle anal region smooth muscle tissue anal triangle involuntary muscle anal triangle non-striated muscle anal triangle smooth muscle anal triangle smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum involuntary muscle of anal region involuntary muscle of anal triangle non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum non-striated muscle of anal region non-striated muscle of anal triangle smooth muscle of anal part of perineum smooth muscle of anal region smooth muscle of anal triangle smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue of anal region smooth muscle tissue of anal triangle uberon UBERON:0004231 anal region smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37394 MA:th anal part of perineum involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum smooth muscle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic anal region involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic anal region non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic anal region smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic anal triangle involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic anal triangle non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic anal triangle smooth muscle OBOL:automatic anal triangle smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of anal region OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of anal triangle OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35520 MA:0002410 involuntary muscle of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract involuntary muscle lower respiratory tract non-striated muscle lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of lower respiratory tract smooth muscle of lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue of lower respiratory tract uberon UBERON:0004233 lower respiratory tract smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. see notes for muscle of iris. BTO:0000655 EMAPA:35448 FMA:312338 MA:0001270 involuntary muscle of iris iridial smooth muscle iris involuntary muscle iris non-striated muscle iris smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of iris smooth muscle of iris smooth muscle tissue of iris uberon UBERON:0004234 iris smooth muscle MA A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of iris OBOL:automatic iridial smooth muscle iridial smooth muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 iris involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic iris non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic iris smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of iris OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of iris OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of iris OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36287 FMA:312251 MA:0000706 uberon UBERON:0004236 arteriole smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. Vascular smooth muscle contracts or relaxes to both change the volume of blood vessels and the local blood pressure, a mechanism that is responsible for the redistribution of the blood within the body to areas where it is needed (i.e. areas with temporarily enhanced oxygen consumption). Thus the main function of vascular smooth muscle tonus is to regulate the caliber of the blood vessels in the body. Excessive vasoconstriction leads to hypertension, while excessive vasodilation as in shock leads to hypotension. UBERON:0010508 BTO:0001431 CALOHA:TS-1107 EMAPA:35177 MA:0000710 MESH:D009131 NCIT:C33853 TAO:0005321 UMLS:C1519956 Wikipedia:Vascular_smooth_muscle ZFA:0005321 blood vessel involuntary muscle blood vessel non-striated muscle blood vessel smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of blood vessel non-striated muscle of blood vessel smooth muscle of blood vessel smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel vascular smooth muscle vascular smooth muscle tissue uberon UBERON:0004237 blood vessel smooth muscle Smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. Smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. Wikipedia:Vascular_smooth_muscle UMLS:C1519956 ncithesaurus:Vascular_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue blood vessel involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic blood vessel non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic blood vessel smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of blood vessel OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of blood vessel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of blood vessel OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel OBOL:automatic vascular smooth muscle ZFA:0005321 A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:29046 MA:0001721 fallopian tube involuntary muscle fallopian tube non-striated muscle fallopian tube smooth muscle fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of fallopian tube non-striated muscle of fallopian tube smooth muscle of fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue of fallopian tube uberon UBERON:0004245 oviduct smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fallopian tube involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic fallopian tube non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic fallopian tube smooth muscle OBOL:automatic fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic involuntary muscle of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37708 MA:0000492 involuntary muscle of outflow tract non-striated muscle of outflow tract outflow tract involuntary muscle outflow tract non-striated muscle outflow tract smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of outflow tract smooth muscle tissue of outflow tract uberon UBERON:0004246 outflow tract smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37708 MA:th involuntary muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic non-striated muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic outflow tract involuntary muscle OBOL:automatic outflow tract non-striated muscle OBOL:automatic outflow tract smooth muscle tissue OBOL:automatic smooth muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic smooth muscle tissue of outflow tract OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of the dorsal region of an animal. this class may be obsoleted. See: https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/93 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Skeleton-partonomy-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37248 MA:0000494 uberon back bone bone of back dorsal region bone UBERON:0004247 bone of dorsum A bone that is part of the dorsal region of an animal. A bone that is part of the dorsal region of an animal. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37248 MA:th back bone MA:0000494 bone of back OBOL:automatic dorsal region bone dorsal region bone http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. review as part of general integumentary system review - part of skin, or more generally, integumental system in MA, the only skin muscle is arrector pili. The only integumental muscle is panniculus carnosus. In EMAPA, the arrector pili only UBERON:0015797 EMAPA:18187 EMAPA:35776 MA:0002710 MA:0003139 integumental system muscle muscle of integumental system muscle organ of skin skin muscle organ uberon UBERON:0004253 skin muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic in MA, the only skin muscle is arrector pili. The only integumental muscle is panniculus carnosus. In EMAPA, the arrector pili only MA integumental system muscle MA:0003139 muscle of integumental system EMAPA:18187 muscle organ of skin OBOL:automatic skin muscle organ OBOL:automatic A blood vessel that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37243 MA:0000493 blood vessel of back uberon UBERON:0004258 back blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37243 MA:th blood vessel of back OBOL:automatic A myocardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. (...) (theme) is how the vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. (...) At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) vertebrates all have a continuous endothelial lining to the heart and vessels and (2) vertebrates have developed a second chamber in the heart, one designed for generating high systemic blood pressure.[uncertain][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001358 EMAPA:35623 MA:0000489 VHOG:0000603 cardiac muscle of outflow tract heart muscle of outflow tract heart myocardium of outflow tract muscle of heart of outflow tract myocardium of outflow tract outflow tract cardiac muscle outflow tract heart muscle outflow tract heart myocardium outflow tract muscle of heart uberon UBERON:0004265 outflow tract myocardium A myocardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic (...) (theme) is how the vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. (...) At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) vertebrates all have a continuous endothelial lining to the heart and vessels and (2) vertebrates have developed a second chamber in the heart, one designed for generating high systemic blood pressure.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000603 VHOG PMID:9187138 Fishman MC, Chien KR, Fashioning the vertebrate heart: earliest embryonic decisions. Development (1997) (...) (theme) is how the vertebrate cardiovascular system differs from that of the presumptive evolutionary chordate ancestor. (...) At best we can tell there are two essential new ingredients: (1) vertebrates all have a continuous endothelial lining to the heart and vessels and (2) vertebrates have developed a second chamber in the heart, one designed for generating high systemic blood pressure.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000603 VHOG PMID:9187138 Fishman MC, Chien KR, Fashioning the vertebrate heart: earliest embryonic decisions. Development (1997) http://bgee.unil.ch/ cardiac muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic heart muscle of outflow tract OBOL:automatic heart myocardium of outflow tract OBOL:automatic muscle of heart of outflow tract OBOL:automatic myocardium of outflow tract OBOL:automatic outflow tract cardiac muscle OBOL:automatic outflow tract heart muscle OBOL:automatic outflow tract heart myocardium OBOL:automatic outflow tract muscle of heart OBOL:automatic A portion of connective tissue that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37256 MA:0000495 uberon mesenchyne of back UBERON:0004267 back connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37256 MA:th mesenchyne of back OBOL:automatic A pericardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37707 MA:0000491 pericardium of outflow tract uberon UBERON:0004271 outflow tract pericardium A pericardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37707 MA:th pericardium of outflow tract OBOL:automatic A muscle that is part of the eye region. AAO:0000156 EMAPA:35335 MA:0000271 OpenCyc:Mx8Ngx4rwKSh9pwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvViTvpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycB4rvYA8cJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA uberon UBERON:0004277 eye muscle MA A muscle that is part of the eye region. OBOL:automatic Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body. Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.[VSAO] skeletal AEO:0000168 EHDAA2:0001843 EHDAA:5047 EMAPA:17213 FMA:23875 GAID:177 MA:0003006 MAT:0000032 MESH:D012863 MIAA:0000032 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVi1rpwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:361378004 VSAO:0000026 Wikipedia:Skeleton XAO:0004053 galen:Skeleton set of all bones set of bones of body uberon UBERON:0004288 skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-skeletal-system Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body. VSAO:0000026 Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000026 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome. Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis. Within the dermomyotome there is also a medio-lateral difference. The central region makes dermis, the mesenchymal connective tissue of the back skin. The medial region (closest to neural tube) makes epaxial muscle, and the lateral region (furthest from neural tube) makes hypaxial muscle[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768]. Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis.[TAO] Portion of somites that gives rise to dermis and muscles.[AAO] all but the sclerotome of a mesodermal somite; the primordium of skeletal muscle and, perhaps, of the dermis. Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0010572 AEO:0000214 EHDAA2:0003259 EMAPA:31109 FMA:295654 NCIT:C34140 TAO:0001513 UMLS:C1511786 VHOG:0000676 ZFA:0001513 uberon dermamyotome dermomyotomes UBERON:0004290 dermomyotome AEO AEO EHDAA2 ZFA The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome. AEO:0000214 Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis. Within the dermomyotome there is also a medio-lateral difference. The central region makes dermis, the mesenchymal connective tissue of the back skin. The medial region (closest to neural tube) makes epaxial muscle, and the lateral region (furthest from neural tube) makes hypaxial muscle[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768]. Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis. Within the dermomyotome there is also a medio-lateral difference. The central region makes dermis, the mesenchymal connective tissue of the back skin. The medial region (closest to neural tube) makes epaxial muscle, and the lateral region (furthest from neural tube) makes hypaxial muscle[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A66768 Epithelial sheet on the external surface of the somite that gives rise to trunk, muscle and dermis.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001513 TAO ZFIN:curator Portion of somites that gives rise to dermis and muscles.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010572 AAO AAO:EJS all but the sclerotome of a mesodermal somite; the primordium of skeletal muscle and, perhaps, of the dermis. all but the sclerotome of a mesodermal somite; the primordium of skeletal muscle and, perhaps, of the dermis. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/dermomyotome Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000676 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006) Thus, representatives of the agnathan vertebrates, chondrichthyans, and sarcopterygians all have a layer of undifferentiated cells external to the embryonic myotome. In the amniotes, this external cell layer is the dermomyotome. The simplest interpretation of the similar position, morphology, and lack of myosin labeling is that a dermomyotome epithelium is a shared, ancestral vertebrate characteristic.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000676 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.05079.x Devoto SH, Stoiber W, Hammond CL, Steinbacher P, Haslett JR, Barresi MJF, Patterson SE, Adiarte EG and Hughes SM, Generality of vertebrate developmental patterns: evidence for a dermomyotome in fish. Evolution and Development (2006) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1511786 ncithesaurus:Dermomyotome dermamyotome VHOG:0000676 dermomyotomes VHOG:0000676 A cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. The migrating myocardial precursors of the heart rudiment form a cone like structure between 19.5hpf and 22hpf, and eventually telescope out into the primitive heart tube at 24hpf. Stainier 2001.[TAO] TAO:0000115 ZFA:0000115 heart cone rudimentary heart uberon UBERON:0004291 heart rudiment A cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. GO:0003313 The migrating myocardial precursors of the heart rudiment form a cone like structure between 19.5hpf and 22hpf, and eventually telescope out into the primitive heart tube at 24hpf. Stainier 2001.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000115 TAO ZFIN:curator heart cone GO:0003313 rudimentary heart ZFA:0000115 Dense connective tissue that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart. It is not a true skeleton, but it does provide structure and support for the heart, as well as isolating the atria from the ventricles. This allows the AV node and AV bundle to delay the wave of depolarisation such that the atria can contract and assist in ventricular filling before the ventricles themselves depolarise and contract (the AV bundle is the only part of the conduction system that passes from the atria to the ventricles in a normal heart). It also allows the valves (bicuspid, tricuspid, semilunar) to keep open by giving them structural support[WP] EMAPA:36645 FMA:9496 Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton cardiac fibrous skeleton fibrous skeleton of heart heart fibrous skeleton skeleton of heart uberon anulus fibrosus dexter cordis anulus fibrosus sinister cordis trigona fibrosa trigonum fibrosum dextrum cordis trigonum fibrosum sinistrum cordis UBERON:0004292 cardiac skeleton http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Gray495.png Dense connective tissue that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart. GO:0003204 Dense connective tissue that separates the atria from the ventricles and provides physical support for the heart. GO:0003204 Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton cardiac fibrous skeleton EMAPA:36645 heart fibrous skeleton GO:0003204 skeleton of heart FMA:9496 anulus fibrosus dexter cordis anulus fibrosus dexter cordis Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton anulus fibrosus sinister cordis anulus fibrosus sinister cordis Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton trigona fibrosa trigona fibrosa Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton trigonum fibrosum dextrum cordis trigonum fibrosum dextrum cordis Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton trigonum fibrosum sinistrum cordis trigonum fibrosum sinistrum cordis Wikipedia:Cardiac_skeleton A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37573 MA:0001806 smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0004297 respiratory system blood vessel smooth muscle A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37573 MA:th smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system OBOL:automatic A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals[VHOG]. A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals. [TFD][VHOG] Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] allantoic a diverticulum of the hindgut endoderm [ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong)] part_of embryo in EHDAA2 - note differences in humans BTO:0000474 EHDAA2:0001504 EMAPA:16107 EMAPA_RETIRED:16084 MESH:A16.254.403.147 MESH:D000482 NCIT:C34101 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000114 SCTID:308825007 UMLS:C0002084 VHOG:0000738 Wikipedia:Allantois uberon allantoic bud UBERON:0004340 allantois http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Gray25.png EHDAA2-modified Hymans Hymans hindgut diverticulum endoderm ISBN:0073040584 ISBN:0073040584 A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals[VHOG]. VHOG:0000738 Wikipedia:Allantois A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000738 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/allantois Structures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes of reptiles and birds appear in mammals: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000738 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.187 http://bgee.unil.ch/ part_of embryo in EHDAA2 - note differences in humans EHDAA2 UMLS:C0002084 ncithesaurus:Allantois allantoic bud EMAPA:16107 Outermost layer of cells in the blastodermic vesicle, which will develop into the trophoblast layer and then contact the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of nutrition. distinction between trophectoderm and trophoblast unclear/inconsistent in many sources The outer cellular layer of the mammalian blastocyst. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.750, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] trophectodermal BTO has this has part of the trophoblast BTO:0001840 EHDAA2:0002091 EHDAA:56 EMAPA:16046 VHOG:0000979 uberon UBERON:0004345 trophectoderm EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Outermost layer of cells in the blastodermic vesicle, which will develop into the trophoblast layer and then contact the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of nutrition. MP:0005028 The outer cellular layer of the mammalian blastocyst. [Evolution, Fourth_Edition_(2006)_McGraw-Hill, Function, Vertebrates:_Comparative_Anatomy, p.750, see_Kardong_KV][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000979 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ (...) the trophoblast develops rapidly so that contact may be made with the maternal uterine tissues when conditions are appropriate. We have here an excellent example of an embryonic adaptation, the development of a structure never present in either adult or embryo of 'lower' vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000979 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676685 Romer AS, Parsons TS, Vertebrate body (1977) p.105-106 http://bgee.unil.ch/ BTO has this has part of the trophoblast BTO The embryonic structure that gives rise to the corneal ectoderm. EHDAA:938 EMAPA:16322 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001308 VHOG:0001296 uberon UBERON:0004348 optic eminence The embryonic structure that gives rise to the corneal ectoderm. MP:0006305 Multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP]. note that media, dorsal fins etc have AERs. Distal ectodermal thickening which forms along the anterior-posterior limb axis. Signaling from this region influences proximal-distal patterning of the limb. Structure is missing in some lineages (salamanders, Eleutherodactylus coqui) however morphologically their indistinct distal ectoderm may still be involved in signaling.[AAO] Proliferative region that is part of the developing fin fold or fin.[TAO] relationship loss: subclass proliferative region (TAO:0000098)[TAO] The AER of tetrapods regresses after specification of skeletal progenitors, the AER of teleosts form an elongating fin fold maintaining mesenchyme in plastic proliferating state; maintaining expression of A-P axis genes; interacting with D-V proteins. Genes: AER induced by Fgf10 in mesenchyme. AER secretes Fgf8, which stimulates mitosis in the mesenchyme causing Fgf10 production - positive feedback loop AAO:0010760 EMAPA:32744 NCIT:C34109 TAO:0002146 UMLS:C1516037 Wikipedia:Apical_ectodermal_ridge XAO:0004121 ZFA:0001702 apical epidermal ridge uberon AER crista ectodermalis apicalis UBERON:0004356 apical ectodermal ridge http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Limbbuddiagram.jpg Multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP]. MP:0001676 Multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP]. MP:0001676 Wikipedia:Apical_ectodermal_ridge Distal ectodermal thickening which forms along the anterior-posterior limb axis. Signaling from this region influences proximal-distal patterning of the limb. Structure is missing in some lineages (salamanders, Eleutherodactylus coqui) however morphologically their indistinct distal ectoderm may still be involved in signaling.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010760 AAO AAO:EJS Proliferative region that is part of the developing fin fold or fin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002146 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: subclass proliferative region (TAO:0000098)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002146 TAO The AER of tetrapods regresses after specification of skeletal progenitors, the AER of teleosts form an elongating fin fold The AER of tetrapods regresses after specification of skeletal progenitors, the AER of teleosts form an elongating fin fold PMID:20574421 UMLS:C1516037 ncithesaurus:Apical_Ectodermal_Ridge apical epidermal ridge XAO:0004121 AER MP:0001676 crista ectodermalis apicalis crista ectodermalis apicalis Wikipedia:Apical_ectodermal_ridge An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. The tetrapod limb is derived from a posterior part of the fin endoskeleton of elasmobranchs and basal bony fish, the so-called metapterygium, a series of endoskeletal elements that is the first to form in the developing paired fins. (...) In addition, there is an independent endoskeletal element called the protopterygium that develops anterior to the metapterygium in many basal fishes (e.g., the bichir and sturgeon). Teleosts have lost the metapterygium whereas the sarcopterygians, on the other hand, have lost the protopterygium. Sarcopterygians thus develop all their endoskeletal structures from the metapterygium and consequently the tetrapod limb skeleton is derived from the metapterygium.[uncertain][VHOG] VHOG:0001258 limb - fin bud paired appendage bud paired limb/fin bud uberon UBERON:0004357 Genes: In limb buds of chick and mouse, Shh expression is activated as soon as there is a morphological bud, whereas in S. canicula fin buds, consistent with reported data in other cartilaginous fishes, Shh is transcribed late in fin development[PMID:17187056] paired limb/fin bud An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. ISBN:9780878932504 MP:0005650 An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. ISBN:9780878932504 MP:0005650 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The tetrapod limb is derived from a posterior part of the fin endoskeleton of elasmobranchs and basal bony fish, the so-called metapterygium, a series of endoskeletal elements that is the first to form in the developing paired fins. (...) In addition, there is an independent endoskeletal element called the protopterygium that develops anterior to the metapterygium in many basal fishes (e.g., the bichir and sturgeon). Teleosts have lost the metapterygium whereas the sarcopterygians, on the other hand, have lost the protopterygium. Sarcopterygians thus develop all their endoskeletal structures from the metapterygium and consequently the tetrapod limb skeleton is derived from the metapterygium.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001258 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001) The tetrapod limb is derived from a posterior part of the fin endoskeleton of elasmobranchs and basal bony fish, the so-called metapterygium, a series of endoskeletal elements that is the first to form in the developing paired fins. (...) In addition, there is an independent endoskeletal element called the protopterygium that develops anterior to the metapterygium in many basal fishes (e.g., the bichir and sturgeon). Teleosts have lost the metapterygium whereas the sarcopterygians, on the other hand, have lost the protopterygium. Sarcopterygians thus develop all their endoskeletal structures from the metapterygium and consequently the tetrapod limb skeleton is derived from the metapterygium.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001258 VHOG DOI:10.1002/jez.1100 Wagner GP, Chiu C, The tetrapod limb: A hypothesis on its origin. J Exp Zool (Mol Dev Evol) (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ limb - fin bud VHOG:0001258 paired limb/fin bud VHOG:0001258 The first of the series of pharyngeal arches that develop into jaw bones or their homologs, and their associated nerves and arteries. The first of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] the first arch which contributes to development of mastication muscles, maxilla, mandible, incus, malleus, Meckel's cartilage, trigeminal nerve, and maxillary artery A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 1 AAO:0010364 CALOHA:TS-2089 EHDAA2:0000006 EHDAA:573 EMAPA:16118 FMA:293019 MFMO:0000095 NCIT:C34175 SCTID:308767008 TAO:0001595 UMLS:C1517197 VHOG:0000296 Wikipedia:First_pharyngeal_arch XAO:0000097 ZFA:0001612 1st pharyngeal arch branchial arch 1 first branchial arch first pharyngeal arch first visceral arch mandibular arch visceral arch 1 uberon 1st arch 1st visceral arch arcus pharyngeus primus UBERON:0004362 pharyngeal arch 1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gray48.png The first of the series of pharyngeal arches that develop into jaw bones or their homologs, and their associated nerves and arteries. The first of the series of pharyngeal arches that develop into jaw bones or their homologs, and their associated nerves and arteries. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The first of the series of bony or cartilaginous arches that develop in the walls of the mouth cavity and pharynx of the embryo.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010364 AAO XAO:EJS the first arch which contributes to development of mastication muscles, maxilla, mandible, incus, malleus, Meckel's cartilage, trigeminal nerve, and maxillary artery MP:0006337,MGI:smb A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000296 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) A conserved feature of all vertebrate embryos is the presence of a series of bulges on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches; it is within these structures that the nerves, muscles and skeletal components of the pharyngeal apparatus are laid down. The pharyngeal arches are separated by endodermal outpocketings, the pharyngeal pouches.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000296 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x Graham A, Okabe M and Quinlan R, The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1517197 ncithesaurus:First_Pharyngeal_Arch branchial arch 1 first branchial arch first visceral arch visceral arch 1 1st arch EHDAA2:0000006 1st visceral arch VHOG:0000296 arcus pharyngeus primus arcus pharyngeus primus Wikipedia:First_pharyngeal_arch One of a series of paired embryological vascular structures formed within a pharyngeal arch; in the adult, some of these vessels give rise to the great vessels[MP]. add specific artery derivatives Do not confuse with arch of aorta. Paired vessels arching from the ventral to the dorsal aorta through the pharyngeal arches. [TFD][VHOG] When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] Number varies - Lampreys have 8, hagfishes 15; only up to 6 appear in embryonic development in most gnathostome fishes and all tetrapods The third, fourth, and sixth arches, along with the seventh intersegmental arteries and the left dorsal aorta, are the primary contributors to the normal aortic arch and its major thoracic branches UBERON:0004342 AAO:0010414 EFO:0003695 EHDAA2:0000186 EHDAA:398 EHDAA:7327 EMAPA:16684 NCIT:C32123 TAO:0005004 UMLS:C0003489 VHOG:0000122 Wikipedia:Aortic_arches XAO:0000341 ZFA:0005004 PAA aortic arch aortic arches branchial aortic arches branchial arch artery embryonic aortic arch artery pharyngeal arch artery uberon a. arcuum pharyngeorum aortic arch artery arteriae arcuum pharyngeorum branchial aortic arches pharyngeal arch arteries pharyngeal arch artery UBERON:0004363 pharyngeal arch artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Gray473.png ZFA One of a series of paired embryological vascular structures formed within a pharyngeal arch; in the adult, some of these vessels give rise to the great vessels[MP]. MP:0002672 Paired vessels arching from the ventral to the dorsal aorta through the pharyngeal arches. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000122 VHOG Paired vessels arching from the ventral to the dorsal aorta through the pharyngeal arches. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000122 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+arches When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000122 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000122 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0003489 ncithesaurus:Aortic_Arch PAA MP:0002672 aortic arch ZFA:0005004 aortic arches ZFA:0005004 branchial aortic arches ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-080512-6 branchial arch artery EMAPA:16684 embryonic aortic arch artery EMAPA:16684 MP:0002672 pharyngeal arch artery MP:0002672 a. arcuum pharyngeorum a. arcuum pharyngeorum Wikipedia:Aortic_arches aortic arch artery EMAPA:16684 arteriae arcuum pharyngeorum arteriae arcuum pharyngeorum Wikipedia:Aortic_arches branchial aortic arches ZFA:0005004 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-080512-6 pharyngeal arch arteries pharyngeal arch artery VHOG:0000122 Blood vessel that is connected to the yolk sac. EMAPA:36494 uberon UBERON:0004365 vitelline blood vessel Blood vessel that is connected to the yolk sac. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A transparent homogeneous acellular layer found between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea[MP]. Acellular anatomical structure composed of collagen, Descemet's membrane is secreted as a basement membrane of the corneal endothelium. Located between the stroma and the corneal endothelium, it is approximately 0.15 micrometer thick at 6 months post-fertilization.[ZFIN] EMAPA:18804 FMA:58309 GAID:894 MA:0001246 MESH:D003886 NCIT:C32454 SCTID:281076002 TAO:0002157 UMLS:C0011665 Wikipedia:Descemet%27s_membrane ZFA:0001686 Descemet membrane Descemet's posterior elastic lamina lamina limitans posterior lamina limitans posterior corneae posterior limiting lamina posterior limiting lamina of cornea posterior limiting membrane uberon UBERON:0004367 The strong, resistant, thin, noncellular fourth layer of the cornea, located between the endothelium (from which it is secreted) and the stroma. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed) Descemet's membrane https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/15 Cline et al lexical A transparent homogeneous acellular layer found between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea[MP]. MP:0004285 A transparent homogeneous acellular layer found between the substantia propria and the endothelial layer of the cornea[MP]. MP:0004285 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/15 Acellular anatomical structure composed of collagen, Descemet's membrane is secreted as a basement membrane of the corneal endothelium. Located between the stroma and the corneal endothelium, it is approximately 0.15 micrometer thick at 6 months post-fertilization.[ZFIN] 2016-05-01 TAO:0002157 ZFIN ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 Acellular anatomical structure composed of collagen, Descemet's membrane is secreted as a basement membrane of the corneal endothelium. Located between the stroma and the corneal endothelium, it is approximately 0.15 micrometer thick at 6 months post-fertilization.[ZFIN] 2016-05-01 TAO:0002157 ZFIN ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 UMLS:C0011665 ncithesaurus:Descemet_s_Membrane Descemet's posterior elastic lamina FMA:58309 lamina limitans posterior FMA:58309 lamina limitans posterior corneae FMA:58309 FMA:TA posterior limiting lamina MA:0001246 posterior limiting lamina of cornea FMA:58309 posterior limiting membrane ZFA:0001686 A transparent homogeneous acellular layer, 6 to 9 um thick, lying between the basal lamina of the outer layer of stratified epithelium and the substantia propria of the cornea; it is considered to be a basement membrane. Acellular anatomical structure that is the zone of collagen fibers adjacent the basement membrane of the corneal epithelium.[TAO] Compared to terrestial animals, the cornea of zebrafish is relatively flat. It consists of nonpigmented, stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelial cells, attached to a thick basement membrane that is considered to be analogous to the Bowman's membrane in mammals FMA:58273 MA:0001240 NCIT:C32226 SCTID:281075003 TAO:0002155 UMLS:C0229127 Wikipedia:Bowman%27s_membrane ZFA:0001684 Bowman's anterior elastic lamina Bowman's layer Bowman's membrane anterior elastic lamina anterior limiting lamina anterior limiting lamina of cornea lamina limitans anterior (cornea) lamina limitans anterior corneae uberon Reichert's membrane anterior limiting membrane UBERON:0004370 anterior limiting lamina of cornea lexical A transparent homogeneous acellular layer, 6 to 9 um thick, lying between the basal lamina of the outer layer of stratified epithelium and the substantia propria of the cornea; it is considered to be a basement membrane. ncithesaurus:Bowman_s_Membrane Acellular anatomical structure that is the zone of collagen fibers adjacent the basement membrane of the corneal epithelium.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002155 TAO ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 UMLS:C0229127 ncithesaurus:Bowman_s_Membrane Bowman's anterior elastic lamina FMA:58273 Bowman's layer FMA:58273 Bowman's membrane FMA:58273 anterior elastic lamina ZFA:0001684 anterior limiting lamina MA:0001240 anterior limiting lamina of cornea FMA:58273 lamina limitans anterior (cornea) FMA:58273 lamina limitans anterior corneae FMA:58273 FMA:TA Reichert's membrane Reichert's membrane http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2956371&group_id=76834&atid=974957 anterior limiting membrane ZFA:0001684 Vascular network that is connected to the yolk sac. Wikipedia:Vitelline_circulation uberon omphalomesenteric system vitelline bloos vessel system vitelline system UBERON:0004374 vitelline vasculature Vascular network that is connected to the yolk sac. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 omphalomesenteric system https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vitelline bloos vessel system https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vitelline system https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A bone that is part of an appendage [Automatically generated definition]. appendage bone bone of appendage bone of free segment of appendicular skeleton uberon UBERON:0004375 bone of free limb or fin A bone that is part of an appendage [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An embryo at the neurula stage. UBERON:0007013 BILA:0000061 BTO:0001766 NCIT:C34229 UMLS:C1518306 neurula uberon UBERON:0004455 neurula embryo An embryo at the neurula stage. An embryo at the neurula stage. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1518306 ncithesaurus:Neurula neurula BTO:0001766 Sum of all sensory systems in an organism. note the distinct between entire sensory system and individual system. this reconciles is_a and part_of distinctions between ssAOs FMA:78499 sense organ system uberon UBERON:0004456 entire sense organ system Sum of all sensory systems in an organism. Sum of all sensory systems in an organism. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 sense organ system FMA:78499 Any collection of skeletal muscles that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:18171 FMA:71287 head musculature muscle group of head muscles of head musculi capitis set of muscles of head uberon UBERON:0004461 This class is restricted to skeletal muscles that attach to the cranial skeleton. This seems to be consistent with FMA and EMAPA usage. Note that by definition this excludes invertebrate head musculature. It corresponds to the individual muscle organ term UBERON:0002376 skeletal musculature of head https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/4 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1405 Any collection of skeletal muscles that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic head musculature FMA:71287 muscle group of head FMA:71287 muscles of head FMA:71287 musculi capitis FMA:71287 FMA:TA set of muscles of head FMA:71287 Any collection of muscles that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. BTO and FMA do not mean precisely the same thing here. BTO thorax muscle is a pectoral muscle or diaphragm BTO:0000508 EMAPA:37260 FMA:71293 muscle group of thorax muscles of thorax musculi thoracis set of muscles of thorax thoracic musculature uberon UBERON:0004464 musculature of thorax Any collection of muscles that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic BTO and FMA do not mean precisely the same thing here. BTO thorax muscle is a pectoral muscle or diaphragm BTO EMAPA:37260 MA:th muscle group of thorax FMA:71293 muscles of thorax FMA:71293 musculi thoracis FMA:71293 FMA:TA set of muscles of thorax FMA:71293 thoracic musculature FMA:71293 Any collection of muscles that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. AAO:0000091 EMAPA:36050 FMA:71290 MESH:D009334 cervical muscles muscle group of neck muscles of neck musculi cervicis musculi colli neck musculature set of muscles of neck uberon UBERON:0004465 musculature of neck Any collection of muscles that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cervical muscles AAO:0000091 muscle group of neck FMA:71290 muscles of neck FMA:71290 musculi cervicis FMA:71290 FMA:TA musculi colli FMA:71290 FMA:TA neck musculature FMA:71290 set of muscles of neck FMA:71290 Any collection of muscles that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:71291 muscle group of back muscles of back musculi dorsi set of muscles of back uberon UBERON:0004469 musculature of back Any collection of muscles that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle group of back FMA:71291 muscles of back FMA:71291 musculi dorsi FMA:71291 FMA:TA set of muscles of back FMA:71291 Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. we merge two FMA classes here UBERON:0004485 UBERON:0005633 AAO:0000427 EHDAA2:0001429 EMAPA:18184 FMA:50205 FMA:50248 muscle group of pelvic girdle muscle group of pelvis pelvic girdle muscle system pelvic girdle muscles pelvic girdle musculature set of muscles of pelvic girdle uberon muscular system of pelvis set of muscles of pelvis UBERON:0004470 musculature of pelvic girdle Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic we merge two FMA classes here FMA muscle group of pelvic girdle FMA:50205 muscle group of pelvis FMA:50248 pelvic girdle muscle system EHDAA2:0001429 pelvic girdle muscles AAO:0000427 pelvic girdle musculature FMA:50205 set of muscles of pelvic girdle FMA:50205 muscular system of pelvis FMA:50248 set of muscles of pelvis FMA:50248 Any collection of muscles that is part of a face. originally created to reflect the distinction drawn in FMA between a facial muscle and the entire musculature of the face. However, naming both does not serve any particular purpose FMA:71288 entire facial musculature facial muscles muscle group of face musculi faciei uberon set of facial muscles set of muscles of face UBERON:0004473 musculature of face Any collection of muscles that is part of a face. OBOL:automatic entire facial musculature entire facial musculature https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 facial muscles FMA:71288 muscle group of face FMA:71288 musculi faciei FMA:71288 FMA:TA set of facial muscles FMA:71288 set of muscles of face FMA:71288 Any collection of muscles that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. currently defined by location rather than attachment AAO:0011572 EFO:0003531 FMA:50187 muscle group of trunk set of muscles of trunk uberon muscular system of trunk UBERON:0004479 musculature of trunk Any collection of muscles that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscle group of trunk FMA:50187 set of muscles of trunk FMA:50187 muscular system of trunk FMA:50187 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an atrium [Automatically generated definition]. in GO, this is equivalent to the atrial myocardium, but FMA distinguishes these two. Consider merging. FMA:7283 atrial cardiac muscle tissue atrial heart muscle cardiac atrium muscle uberon atrial myocardium UBERON:0004490 cardiac muscle tissue of atrium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an atrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic in GO, this is equivalent to the atrial myocardium, but FMA distinguishes these two. Consider merging. GO atrial cardiac muscle tissue GO:0055009 atrial heart muscle GO:0055009 cardiac atrium muscle GO:0055009 atrial myocardium GO:0055009 GOC:mtg_heart A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interatrial septum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:84083 interatrial septum cardiac muscle tissue interatrial septum heart muscle interatrial septum muscle interatrial septum myocardium uberon UBERON:0004491 cardiac muscle tissue of interatrial septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interatrial septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic interatrial septum cardiac muscle tissue interatrial septum cardiac muscle tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 interatrial septum heart muscle interatrial septum heart muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 interatrial septum muscle interatrial septum muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 interatrial septum myocardium interatrial septum myocardium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a cardiac septum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:226279 cardiac septum cardiac muscle tissue cardiac septum heart muscle cardiac septum muscle cardiac septum myocardium uberon UBERON:0004492 cardiac muscle tissue of cardiac septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a cardiac septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac septum cardiac muscle tissue cardiac septum cardiac muscle tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cardiac septum heart muscle cardiac septum heart muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cardiac septum muscle cardiac septum muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cardiac septum myocardium cardiac septum myocardium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Automatically generated definition]. Note placement of MA class based on parthood relationship EMAPA:32688 FMA:261726 MA:0002441 uberon UBERON:0004493 cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium MA A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:261898 uberon UBERON:0004495 skeletal muscle tissue of diaphragm A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a diaphragm [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:87123 muscular organ vasculature uberon UBERON:0004521 vasculature of muscle organ A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic muscular organ vasculature FMA:87123 A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:239607 uberon UBERON:0004522 vasculature of musculoskeletal system A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. we treat cardiovascular as part of circulatory system, with the latter including other kinds of circulation, including lymph. The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011001 BILA:0000016 BTO:0000088 CALOHA:TS-1297 EFO:0000791 EHDAA2:0000216 EHDAA:394 EMAPA:16104 EMAPA:16370 EV:0100017 FMA:7161 GAID:467 MA:0000010 MAT:0000016 MESH:D002319 MIAA:0000016 NCIT:C12686 OpenCyc:Mx4rvVjzG5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:278198007 TAO:0000010 UMLS:C0007226 VHOG:0000302 WikipediaCategory:Cardiovascular_system XAO:0000100 XAO:0001010 ZFA:0000010 uberon CV system Herz und Gefaesssystem UBERON:0004535 cardiovascular system Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. BTO:0000088 The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000302 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451 The vessels of the cardiovascular system are as varied as the diverse organs they supply. However, these variations are based on modifications of a fundamental plan of organization common to vertebrates.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000302 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.451 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0007226 ncithesaurus:Cardiovascular_System CV system BTO:0000088 Herz und Gefaesssystem BTO:0000088 A vascular network consisting of blood vessels. TAO:0001079 ZFA:0001079 blood vascular network set of blood vessels uberon blood system blood vessel system blood vessels UBERON:0004537 blood vasculature A vascular network consisting of blood vessels. A vascular network consisting of blood vessels. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 blood vessels TAO:0001079 An eye that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37362 FMA:12515 MA:0002949 NCIT:C119334 SCTID:362503005 left eyeball left orbital part of face left orbital region uberon UBERON:0004548 left eye An eye that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37362 MA:th left eyeball FMA:12515 left orbital part of face FMA:54450 left orbital region FMA:54450 An eye that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EMAPA:37363 FMA:12514 MA:0002950 NCIT:C119333 SCTID:362502000 right eyeball right orbital part of face right orbital region uberon UBERON:0004549 right eye An eye that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37363 MA:th right eyeball FMA:12514 right orbital part of face FMA:54449 right orbital region FMA:54449 The part of the arterial system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. FMA:45623 Wikipedia:Systemic_circulation#Arteries systemic arterial circulatory system uberon UBERON:0004571 systemic arterial system MA-inferred The part of the arterial system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The part of the arterial system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Wikipedia:Systemic_circulation#Arteries http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 systemic arterial circulatory system FMA:45623 The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries. The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0004690 EHDAA2:0000143 EHDAA:396 EMAPA:16201 EMAPA:16371 MA:0002719 SCTID:362030008 VHOG:0000273 uberon UBERON:0004572 arterial system MA The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries. The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000273 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000273 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ An artery of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. EMAPA:37126 FMA:66464 Wikipedia:Artery#Systemic_arteries systemic arterial subtree uberon UBERON:0004573 systemic artery An artery of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. An artery of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Wikipedia:Artery#Systemic_arteries http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37126 MA:th systemic arterial subtree FMA:66464 The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong]. In human anatomy, the systemic venous system refers to veins that drain into the right atrium without passing through two vascular beds (i.e. they originate from a set of capillaries and do not pass through a second set of capillaries before reaching the right side of the heart). The term systemic venous system is often used to differentiate veins from veins that drain the pulmonary system (the pulmonary venous system) and veins that drain the digestive tract (the portal venous system). Large veins that are considered part of the systemic venous system are the: Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava[WP] Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the right side of heart, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava[FMA] The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] FMA:45626 Wikipedia:Systemic_venous_system systemic venous circulatory system uberon UBERON:0004581 systemic venous system The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong]. ISBN:0073040584 The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong]. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Systemic_venous_system In human anatomy, the systemic venous system refers to veins that drain into the right atrium without passing through two vascular beds (i.e. they originate from a set of capillaries and do not pass through a second set of capillaries before reaching the right side of the heart). The term systemic venous system is often used to differentiate veins from veins that drain the pulmonary system (the pulmonary venous system) and veins that drain the digestive tract (the portal venous system). Large veins that are considered part of the systemic venous system are the: Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava[WP] In human anatomy, the systemic venous system refers to veins that drain into the right atrium without passing through two vascular beds (i.e. they originate from a set of capillaries and do not pass through a second set of capillaries before reaching the right side of the heart). The term systemic venous system is often used to differentiate veins from veins that drain the pulmonary system (the pulmonary venous system) and veins that drain the digestive tract (the portal venous system). Large veins that are considered part of the systemic venous system are the: Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava[WP] Wikipedia:Systemic_venous_system Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the right side of heart, the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava[FMA] FMA FMA:45626 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000277 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000277 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ systemic venous circulatory system FMA:45626 The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions. The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0004692 EHDAA2:0002171 EHDAA:486 EMAPA:16240 MA:0002720 NCIT:C33858 SCTID:362060003 UMLS:C1267406 VHOG:0000277 vein system uberon UBERON:0004582 venous system MA The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions. The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000277 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) The appearance of Chordata and subsequently the vertebrates is accompanied by a rapid structural diversification of this primitive linear heart: looping, unidirectional circulation, an enclosed vasculature, and the conduction system.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000277 VHOG DOI:10.1196/annals.1341.002 Bishopric NH, Evolution of the heart from bacteria to man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005) http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1267406 ncithesaurus:Venous_System An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart. BTO:0000766 CALOHA:TS-2155 EMAPA:35176 MA:0000709 NCIT:C53395 TAO:0005257 UMLS:C1706972 ZFA:0005257 uberon UBERON:0004638 blood vessel endothelium An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart. An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1706972 ncithesaurus:Blood_Vessel_Endothelium An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta, enclosing the luminal space. EMAPA:35139 FMA:14156 MA:0002901 aortic wall wall of aorta uberon UBERON:0004663 aorta wall An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta, enclosing the luminal space. An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta, enclosing the luminal space. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 aortic wall FMA:14156 wall of aorta FMA:14156 The outermost layer of the aorta wall, containing connective tissue and collagen and elastic fibers. EMAPA:35136 FMA:14283 MA:0002902 SCTID:24996002 tunica adventitia of aorta uberon UBERON:0004664 aorta tunica adventitia The outermost layer of the aorta wall, containing connective tissue and collagen and elastic fibers. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0009871 tunica adventitia of aorta FMA:14283 The membranous portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum[GO:0003149]. UBERON:0004143 membranous septum ventricle membranous septum ventricular membranous septum EHDAA2:0004596 EMAPA:18246 FMA:7135 MA:0002939 SCTID:278228007 VHOG:0000927 cardiac ventricular membranous septum membranous interventricular septum membranous part interventricular septum membranous part of interventricular septum membranous portion of interventricular septum pars membranacea (septi interventricularis) pars membranacea septi interventricularis uberon membranous interventricular septum UBERON:0004666 interventricular septum membranous part Wikipedia The membranous portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart. MP:0008823 The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum[GO:0003149]. GO:0003149 membranous septum GO:0003149 ventricle membranous septum VT:0000018 ventricular membranous septum MP:0008823 cardiac ventricular membranous septum http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 membranous interventricular septum FMA:7135 membranous part interventricular septum VHOG:0000927 membranous part of interventricular septum FMA:7135 membranous portion of interventricular septum FMA:7135 pars membranacea (septi interventricularis) FMA:7135 pars membranacea septi interventricularis FMA:7135 FMA:TA membranous interventricular septum MA:0002939 The muscular portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum[GO] UBERON:0004144 muscular septum EHDAA2:0000885 EHDAA:2607 EMAPA:18247 FMA:7134 MA:0002940 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000888 cardiac ventricular muscular septum muscular interventricular septum muscular part interventricular septum muscular part of interventricular septum pars muscularis (septi interventricularis) pars muscularis septi interventricularis septum membranaceum ventricular muscular septum uberon muscular interventricular septum UBERON:0004667 interventricular septum muscular part The muscular portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart. The muscular portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart. Wikipedia:Interventricular_septum#Portions http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum[GO] GO:0003150 muscular septum GO:0003150 cardiac ventricular muscular septum cardiac ventricular muscular septum http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 muscular interventricular septum FMA:7134 muscular part of interventricular septum FMA:7134 pars muscularis (septi interventricularis) FMA:7134 pars muscularis septi interventricularis FMA:7134 FMA:TA septum membranaceum muscular interventricular septum MA:0002940 The raphe nuclei are thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane. BAMS:RA EMAPA:35721 FMA:84017 MA:0003147 MESH:A08.186.211.132.659.632 MESH:D011903 NCIT:C97335 NLXANAT:20090205 TAO:0001429 UMLS:C0034671 Wikipedia:Raphe_nuclei ZFA:0001429 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2495 nuclei raphes raphe nuclei raphe nuclei set uberon nuclei raphes raphe cluster raphe nucleus raphe of mesenchephalon set of raphe nuclei UBERON:0004684 we treat NR obscurus, NR magnus etc as parts of the raphe nuclei. This is consistent with treatment in FMA, where the class is 'set of raphe nuclei' raphe nuclei http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Gray694.png GO Wikipedia Wikipedia The raphe nuclei are thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane. NLXANAT:20090205 https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3248146&group_id=36855&atid=440764 UMLS:C0034671 ncithesaurus:Raphe_Nuclei nuclei raphes FMA:84017 FMA:TA raphe nuclei FMA:84017 raphe nuclei NLXANAT:20090205 raphe nuclei set FMA:84017 nuclei raphes Wikipedia:Raphe_nuclei raphe cluster Wikipedia:Raphe_nuclei raphe nucleus ZFA:0001429 raphe of mesenchephalon BAMS:RA set of raphe nuclei FMA:84017 The costocervical trunk arises from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery, behind the scalenus anterior on the right side, and medial to that muscle on the left side. Passing backward, it splits into the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery (or the Highest intercostal artery), which descends behind the pleura in front of the necks of the first and second ribs, and anastomoses with the first aortic intercostal (3rd posterior intercostal artery). As it crosses the neck of the first rib it lies medial to the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve, and lateral to the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. In the first intercostal space, it gives off a branch which is distributed in a manner similar to the distribution of the aortic intercostals. The branch for the second intercostal space usually joins with one from the highest aortic intercostal artery. This branch is not constant, but is more commonly found on the right side; when absent, its place is supplied by an intercostal branch from the aorta. Each intercostal gives off a posterior branch which goes to the posterior vertebral muscles, and sends a small spinal branch through the corresponding intervertebral foramen to the medulla spinalis and its membranes. [WP,unvetted]. EMAPA:37496 FMA:10636 MA:0001939 SCTID:244225009 Wikipedia:Costocervical_trunk costocervical trunk trunk of costocervical artery uberon truncus costocervicalis UBERON:0004688 costo-cervical trunk http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Costocervical_trunk_with_branches.png The costocervical trunk arises from the upper and back part of the subclavian artery, behind the scalenus anterior on the right side, and medial to that muscle on the left side. Passing backward, it splits into the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery (or the Highest intercostal artery), which descends behind the pleura in front of the necks of the first and second ribs, and anastomoses with the first aortic intercostal (3rd posterior intercostal artery). As it crosses the neck of the first rib it lies medial to the anterior division of the first thoracic nerve, and lateral to the first thoracic ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. In the first intercostal space, it gives off a branch which is distributed in a manner similar to the distribution of the aortic intercostals. The branch for the second intercostal space usually joins with one from the highest aortic intercostal artery. This branch is not constant, but is more commonly found on the right side; when absent, its place is supplied by an intercostal branch from the aorta. Each intercostal gives off a posterior branch which goes to the posterior vertebral muscles, and sends a small spinal branch through the corresponding intervertebral foramen to the medulla spinalis and its membranes. [WP,unvetted]. Wikipedia:Costocervical_trunk EMAPA:37496 MA:th costocervical trunk FMA:10636 trunk of costocervical artery FMA:10636 truncus costocervicalis Wikipedia:Costocervical_trunk A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36503 MA:0000704 uberon UBERON:0004695 arterial system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36613 MA:0000715 uberon UBERON:0004696 venous system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An endothelium that is part of a vena cava [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37800 MA:0000713 NCIT:C49318 UMLS:C1710623 uberon UBERON:0004698 vena cava endothelium An endothelium that is part of a vena cava [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37800 MA:th UMLS:C1710623 ncithesaurus:Vena_Cava_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes.[well established][VHOG] MA:0000490 VHOG:0001524 uberon UBERON:0004699 outflow tract endothelium An endothelium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001524 VHOG DOI:10.1254/jjp.87.253 Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K, Absence of endothelium in invertebrate blood vessels: significance of endothelium and sympathetic nerve/medial smooth muscle in the vertebrate vascular system. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology (2001) It is assumed that during evolution, a circulatory system composed of the heart and endothelial tubular system first formed in vertebrates, medial smooth muscle then appeared for regulation of the system, and innervation of the muscle tissue took place. This sequence of development assumed for phylogenesis is actually realized in the ontogenetic processes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001524 VHOG DOI:10.1254/jjp.87.253 Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K, Absence of endothelium in invertebrate blood vessels: significance of endothelium and sympathetic nerve/medial smooth muscle in the vertebrate vascular system. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ An endothelium that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35145 MA:0000703 NCIT:C49329 UMLS:C1706849 uberon UBERON:0004700 arterial system endothelium An endothelium that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1706849 ncithesaurus:Arterial_System_Endothelium An endothelium that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35907 MA:0000714 NCIT:C49320 UMLS:C1710626 uberon UBERON:0004701 venous system endothelium An endothelium that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1710626 ncithesaurus:Venous_System_Endothelium A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35732 MA:0001805 uberon UBERON:0004702 respiratory system blood vessel endothelium A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A transient fetal dilation of the distal (or cranial) heart tube located where the arterial trunk joins the ventral roots of the aortic arches. TODO - check relationship to bulbus arteriosus A pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches. The bulbus arteriosus has three distinct layers. Hu et al. 2000.[TAO] EHDAA2:0000197 EHDAA:438 EHDAA:768 EMAPA:16333 FMA:70300 NCIT:C34114 SCTID:361525002 UMLS:C1284055 Wikipedia:Bulbus_cordis primitive right ventricle endocardium uberon UBERON:0004706 bulbus cordis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Gray466.png A transient fetal dilation of the distal (or cranial) heart tube located where the arterial trunk joins the ventral roots of the aortic arches. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010568 A pear shaped chamber that functions as a capacitor, maintaining continuous blood flow into the gill arches. The bulbus arteriosus has three distinct layers. Hu et al. 2000.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000173 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C1284055 ncithesaurus:Bulbus_Cordis primitive right ventricle endocardium EHDAA2:0000197 primitive right ventricle endocardium EHDAA2:0000197 JB:def An appendage that is part of an appendage girdle complex. this class is the union of the classes limb, pectoral fin and pelvic fin. UBERON:0009872 VSAO:0000067 girdle-associated appendage limb or fin limb/fin pectoral or pelvic appendage pelvic/pectoral appendage jointed paired lateral appendage paired appendage uberon UBERON:0004708 paired limb/fin VSAO VSAO definitional An appendage that is part of an appendage girdle complex. UBERON:cjm An appendage that is part of an appendage girdle complex. UBERON:cjm https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/9029 girdle-associated appendage girdle-associated appendage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 limb or fin limb or fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 limb/fin limb/fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pectoral or pelvic appendage pectoral or pelvic appendage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pelvic/pectoral appendage pelvic/pectoral appendage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 jointed paired lateral appendage jointed paired lateral appendage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 paired appendage VSAO:0000067 Paired appendage that consists of the posterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. UBERON:0009876 posterior appendage VSAO:0000126 hindlimb/pelvic fin pelvic appendage pelvic limb/fin posterior limb/fin posterior paired appendage uberon UBERON:0004709 pelvic appendage definitional Paired appendage that consists of the posterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. VSAO:0000150 hindlimb/pelvic fin hindlimb/pelvic fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pelvic appendage VSAO:0000126 pelvic limb/fin pelvic limb/fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 posterior paired appendage VSAO:0000126 The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. BTO:0001744 CALOHA:TS-0497 EMAPA:18638 GAID:536 MA:0002154 MESH:D007601 NCIT:C12738 SCTID:244403000 UMLS:C0022427 Wikipedia:Jugular_vein uberon jugular vena jugularis UBERON:0004711 jugular vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Gray558.png The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. The jugular veins are veins that bring deoxygenated blood from the head back to the heart via the superior vena cava. Wikipedia:Jugular_vein UMLS:C0022427 ncithesaurus:Jugular_Vein vena jugularis BTO:0001744 The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. EHDAA2 places this as a subtype of organism. This leads to the inference that a conceptus is an embryo (if an embryo is defined as an organism at embryo stage), which eliminates the embryonic + extra-embryonic = conceptus AEO:0000194 BTO:0003834 EHDAA2:0000001 EHDAA2:0003235 EMAPA:36040 NCIT:C34131 UMLS:C1516779 Wikipedia:Conceptus embryo plus adnexa uberon UBERON:0004716 conceptus The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. BTO:0003834 The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. BTO:0003834 Wikipedia:Conceptus UMLS:C1516779 ncithesaurus:Conceptus A transverse unitary subdivision of the neural tube that shares a common dorsoventral structure (floor, basal, alar, and roof plates), but each having differential molecular identities and fates; they comprise the secondary prosencephalon, diencephalon (prosomeres), the midbrain (mesomeres), and the hindbrain (rhombomeres). We take the definition of neuromere from Puelles et al, although the existence of mesomeres and prosomeres may not be widely accepted A metameric segment of the central nervous system.[ZFA] 2009-06-18T09:00:04Z NLX:147842 TAO:0001328 Wikipedia:Neuromere ZFA:0001328 neural tube metameric segment neural tube segment neuromere neuromeres uberon neural metamere neural segment UBERON:0004731 neuromere A transverse unitary subdivision of the neural tube that shares a common dorsoventral structure (floor, basal, alar, and roof plates), but each having differential molecular identities and fates; they comprise the secondary prosencephalon, diencephalon (prosomeres), the midbrain (mesomeres), and the hindbrain (rhombomeres). A transverse unitary subdivision of the neural tube that shares a common dorsoventral structure (floor, basal, alar, and roof plates), but each having differential molecular identities and fates; they comprise the secondary prosencephalon, diencephalon (prosomeres), the midbrain (mesomeres), and the hindbrain (rhombomeres). DOI:10.1016/j.tins.2013.06.004 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/318 A metameric segment of the central nervous system.[ZFA] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001328 TAO ZFIN:curator neural tube metameric segment neural tube metameric segment http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neuromeres TAO:0001328 Any segmental subdivision of a nervous system. Includes metameric developmental segments, such as vertebrates neuromeres. revisit this after CARO is revised and/or we have defined metameric segment; note that with the additional of an A/P axis constraint this corresponds to what Richter at al call a neuromere (PMID:21062451) uberon neuromere UBERON:0004732 segmental subdivision of nervous system Any segmental subdivision of a nervous system. Includes metameric developmental segments, such as vertebrates neuromeres. FBbt:00005140 Any segmental subdivision of a nervous system. Includes metameric developmental segments, such as vertebrates neuromeres. FBbt:00005140 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neuromere FBbt:00005140 An organ subunit that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:61998 hindbrain segment segment of hindbrain uberon UBERON:0004733 segmental subdivision of hindbrain An organ subunit that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hindbrain segment FMA:61998 segment of hindbrain FMA:61998 Organism at the gastrula stage. We explicitly merge the NCITA terms here UBERON:0007012 BILA:0000060 BTO:0001403 FBbt:00005317 FMA:293108 GAID:1302 MESH:A16.254.412 MESH:D005775 MIAA:0000179 NCIT:C34057 NCIT:C34058 UMLS:C0017199 UMLS:C1284022 Wikipedia:Gastrula Wikipedia:Trilaminar_blastocyst gastrula embryo uberon blastocystis trilaminaris tri-laminar disc tri-laminar disk trilaminar blastocyst trilaminar blastoderm trilaminar disc trilaminar disk trilaminar germ UBERON:0004734 gastrula Organism at the gastrula stage. Organism at the gastrula stage. Wikipedia:Gastrula Wikipedia:Trilaminar_blastocyst We explicitly merge the NCITA terms here NCIT UMLS:C0017199 ncithesaurus:Gastrula UMLS:C1284022 ncithesaurus:Trilaminar_Embryonic_Disc gastrula embryo BILA:0000060 blastocystis trilaminaris blastocystis trilaminaris https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 tri-laminar disc tri-laminar disc https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 tri-laminar disk tri-laminar disk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar blastocyst trilaminar blastocyst https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar blastoderm trilaminar blastoderm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar disc trilaminar disc https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar disk trilaminar disk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 trilaminar germ trilaminar germ https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO]. A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO] EMAPA:37744 MA:0003047 SCTID:309311006 VSAO:0000015 XAO:0004038 ZFA:0005619 uberon UBERON:0004755 Four classes of mineralized tissues are found in vertebrates: bone, cartilage, dentine, and enamel. We think of cartilage and bone as skeletal tissues and of enamel and dentine as dental tissues, but enamel and dentine arose evolutionarily together with bone as skeletal tissues in the dermal skeleton (exoskeleton) of early vertebrates. Scales and teeth of sharks are examples of dermal skeletal elements that are still composed of the three ancient components-enamel, dentine, and bone. Cartilage, on the other hand, provided the basis for the second vertebrate skeletal system, the endoskeleton (Smith and Hall, 1990; Hall, 1998a,b). some invertebrate skeletal tissues have surprisingly bone-like features. Examples include chondrocytes interconnected by cell processes in cephalopod cartilages (Cole and Hall, 2004a,b), and the calcium phosphate layer in the shells of brachiopods (Rodland et al., 2003). However, neither bone nor mineralized cartilage have been found in invertebrates. Editors notes: TODO - develops_from skeletal tissue VSAO 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000015 VSAO A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO]. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000015 A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO]. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000015 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/134 A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000015 taken from version of VSAO used in TAO and used directly in Uberon VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 EMAPA:37744 MA:th Dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue. dermal element uberon UBERON:0004756 dermal skeletal element Dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue. Dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/206 dermal element VSAO:curator A gland that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:27221 EMAPA:27233 EMAPA:27543 FMA:15720 FMA:15724 NCIT:C32068 SCTID:245448005 UMLS:C0162322 Wikipedia:Anal_gland gland of anal canal uberon anal gland anal sac gland of anus rectal gland UBERON:0004760 gland of anal canal A gland that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Wikipedia:Anal_gland UMLS:C0162322 ncithesaurus:Anal_Gland gland of anal canal OBOL:automatic anal sac Wikipedia:Anal_gland The primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP]. in contrast to chondrocranium, this structure is entirely cartiliginous. In Chondricthyes this is the same as the neurocranium. FMA:76621 is an undefined fetal structure, so we assume the correct placement is here. Note that this is distinct from MA:0000317 which is the uberon:neurocranium (the part of the cranium that encloses the brain) AAO:0000094 AAO:0010153 EHDAA:6031 FMA:76621 NCIT:C34121 SCTID:155540009 UMLS:C1516496 Wikipedia:Chondrocranium XAO:0003059 cartilaginous chondocranium cartiligionous skeletal structure of skull uberon cartilaginous skull chondocranium embryonic chondocranium neurocranium UBERON:0004761 cartilaginous neurocranium FMA PMC1571569 The primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP]. The primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP]. Wikipedia:Chondrocranium in contrast to chondrocranium, this structure is entirely cartiliginous. In Chondricthyes this is the same as the neurocranium. FMA:76621 is an undefined fetal structure, so we assume the correct placement is here. Note that this is distinct from MA:0000317 which is the uberon:neurocranium (the part of the cranium that encloses the brain) FMA UMLS:C1516496 ncithesaurus:Chondrocranium chondocranium chondocranium Wikipedia:Chondrocranium neurocranium Bone tissue that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. note the distinction between intramembranous bone and intramembranous bone tissue. Some bones may be a mixture of both tissue types. The MA class most likely refers to a tissue type (it is under bone tissue and connective tissue; there are no child classes) MA:0002837 Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification uberon UBERON:0004764 intramembranous bone tissue Bone tissue that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. GO:0001957 Bone tissue that forms directly within mesenchyme, and does not replace other tissues[TAO]. Intramembranous ossification is the formation of bone in which osteoblasts secrete a collagen-proteoglycan matrix that binds calcium salts and becomes calcified[GO]. Intramembranous ossification is the way flat bones and the shell of a turtle are formed[GO]. Unlike endochondral ossification, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification[WP]. GO:0001957 Wikipedia:Intramembranous_ossification note the distinction between intramembranous bone and intramembranous bone tissue. Some bones may be a mixture of both tissue types. The MA class most likely refers to a tissue type (it is under bone tissue and connective tissue; there are no child classes) MA Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles. Organ entity that is typically involved in mechanical support and may have different skeletal tissue compositions at different stages.[VSAO] Organ entity that may have different tissue compositions at different stages and is typically involved in mechanical support.[TAO] AAO:0011129 TAO:0001890 VSAO:0000128 XAO:0004012 ZFA:0005494 galen:SkeletalStructure uberon UBERON:0004765 skeletal element VSAO Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles. Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Organ entity that is typically involved in mechanical support and may have different skeletal tissue compositions at different stages.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000128 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 Organ entity that may have different tissue compositions at different stages and is typically involved in mechanical support.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001890 TAO TAO:VSAO_workshop A bone that is part of a cranium. here cranium = skull - mandible SCTID:181792001 cranium bone uberon UBERON:0004766 cranial bone A bone that is part of a cranium. UBERON:automatic cranium bone UBERON:automatic Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular. Do not manually classify under here - bones are automatically classified lower jaw bone uberon UBERON:0004768 bone of lower jaw Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular. Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body. EMAPA:35150 FMA:23878 MA:0003007 SCTID:361827000 VSAO:0000181 joint system set of all joints of body uberon set of all joints set of joints of body UBERON:0004770 articular system FMA Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body. VSAO:0000181 joint system FMA:23878 set of all joints of body FMA:23878 set of joints of body FMA:23878 A submucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37578 MA:0001822 apparatus respiratorius submucosa submucosa of apparatus respiratorius submucosa of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0004777 respiratory system submucosa A submucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37578 MA:th apparatus respiratorius submucosa OBOL:automatic submucosa of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic submucosa of respiratory system OBOL:automatic A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37576 MA:0001821 apparatus respiratorius lamina propria apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosa of apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa of respiratory system lamina propria of apparatus respiratorius lamina propria of respiratory system respiratory system lamina propria mucosa uberon UBERON:0004779 respiratory system lamina propria true true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37576 MA:th apparatus respiratorius lamina propria OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic lamina propria mucosa of respiratory system OBOL:automatic lamina propria of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic lamina propria of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system lamina propria mucosa OBOL:automatic A lamina propria that is part of a gastrointestinal system. MA:0001899 NCIT:C49299 UMLS:C1708197 uberon UBERON:0004780 gastrointestinal system lamina propria true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships A lamina propria that is part of a gastrointestinal system. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708197 ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_Tract_Lamina_Propria A serous membrane that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37592 MA:0001522 digestive system serosa digestive system serous membrane gastrointestinal system serous membrane serosa of digestive system serosa of gastrointestinal system serous membrane of digestive system serous membrane of gastrointestinal system uberon UBERON:0004782 gastrointestinal system serosa A serous membrane that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37592 MA:th digestive system serosa OBOL:automatic digestive system serous membrane OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system serous membrane OBOL:automatic serosa of digestive system OBOL:automatic serosa of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic serous membrane of digestive system OBOL:automatic serous membrane of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic An anatomical wall that is part of a cardiac ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:13884 MA:0002791 NCIT:C119295 anatomical wall of cardiac ventricle anatomical wall of heart ventricle anatomical wall of lower chamber of heart anatomical wall of ventricle of heart cardiac ventricle anatomical wall cardiac ventricle wall heart ventricle anatomical wall lower chamber of heart anatomical wall lower chamber of heart wall ventricle of heart anatomical wall ventricle of heart wall ventricular wall wall of cardiac ventricle wall of heart ventricle wall of lower chamber of heart wall of ventricle of heart uberon wall of ventricle UBERON:0004784 heart ventricle wall An anatomical wall that is part of a cardiac ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic anatomical wall of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle anatomical wall OBOL:automatic cardiac ventricle wall OBOL:automatic heart ventricle anatomical wall OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart anatomical wall OBOL:automatic lower chamber of heart wall OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart anatomical wall OBOL:automatic ventricle of heart wall OBOL:automatic ventricular wall FMA:13884 wall of cardiac ventricle OBOL:automatic wall of heart ventricle OBOL:automatic wall of lower chamber of heart OBOL:automatic wall of ventricle of heart OBOL:automatic wall of ventricle MA:0002791 The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract. TODO - split respiratory tract mucosa from respiratory system mucosa BTO:0000973 EMAPA:18334 EMAPA:37577 FMA:302092 GAID:304 MA:0001827 MESH:D020545 apparatus respiratorius mucosa apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane mucosa of apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ of respiratory system mucosa of respiratory system mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane of respiratory system respiratory system mucosa of organ respiratory system mucous membrane uberon laryngeal mucous membrane respiratory mucosa respiratory tract mucosa UBERON:0004785 respiratory system mucosa The mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract. MESH:A04.760 MGI:cwg MP:0002277 EMAPA:37577 MA:th apparatus respiratorius mucosa OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane OBOL:automatic mucosa of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of respiratory system OBOL:automatic mucosa of respiratory system OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic respiratory system mucous membrane OBOL:automatic laryngeal mucous membrane EMAPA:18334 respiratory mucosa BTO:0000973 A mucosa that is part of a gastrointestinal system. BTO:0000546 BTO:0005568 EMAPA:36591 MA:0001521 SCTID:410433007 digestive tract mucosa gut mucosa gut mucuous membrane mucosa of gut uberon UBERON:0004786 The gut mucosa of amphioxus has insulin-secreting cells. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16417468 gastrointestinal system mucosa PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468 PMID:16417468 BTO-modified A mucosa that is part of a gastrointestinal system. OBOL:automatic digestive tract mucosa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 gut mucosa BTO:0000546 gut mucuous membrane https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mucosa of gut https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A mucous gland that is part of the skin. See comments for 'skin mucus' EMAPA:35775 MA:0000148 mucous gland of entire skin mucous gland of skin of body skin mucus gland skin of body mucous gland uberon UBERON:0004790 skin mucous gland A mucous gland that is part of the skin. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mucous gland of entire skin OBOL:automatic mucous gland of skin of body OBOL:automatic skin mucus gland OBOL:automatic skin of body mucous gland OBOL:automatic A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:79662 MA:0002514 NCIT:C52555 UMLS:C0227179 esophageal secretion gullet secretion oesophagus secretion secretion of esophagus secretion of gullet secretion of oesophagus uberon UBERON:0004794 esophagus secretion A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0227179 ncithesaurus:Esophagus_Secretion esophageal secretion FMA:79662 gullet secretion OBOL:automatic oesophagus secretion OBOL:automatic secretion of esophagus OBOL:automatic secretion of gullet OBOL:automatic secretion of oesophagus OBOL:automatic Any of the tissue layers that comprise a blood vessel. Examples: tunica media, tunica adventitia. EMAPA:36296 MA:0002854 uberon UBERON:0004797 blood vessel layer https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Blood_vessels.svg Any of the tissue layers that comprise a blood vessel. Examples: tunica media, tunica adventitia. Any of the tissue layers that comprise a blood vessel. Examples: tunica media, tunica adventitia. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The pseudostratified ciliated epithelium that lines much of the conducting portion of the airway, including part of the nasal cavity and larynx, the trachea, and bronchi. BTO:0000419 CALOHA:TS-0023 EMAPA:32827 MA:0001480 SCTID:321764001 VHOG:0000981 epithelial tissue of respiratory tract epithelium of respiratory tract respiratory tract epithelial tissue uberon airway epithelium respiratory epithelium UBERON:0004802 respiratory tract epithelium The pseudostratified ciliated epithelium that lines much of the conducting portion of the airway, including part of the nasal cavity and larynx, the trachea, and bronchi. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MGI:anna MP:0010942 epithelial tissue of respiratory tract OBOL:automatic epithelium of respiratory tract OBOL:automatic respiratory tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic airway epithelium BTO:0000419 respiratory epithelium BTO:0000419 An epithelium that is part of a oviduct [Automatically generated definition]. in FMA, epithelium of uterine tube is a subclass of ciliated columnar epithelium. MA introduces subtypes: ciliated columnar and cuboidal. We map the FMA type according to its relationships, not its label BTO:0002402 CALOHA:TS-1316 EMAPA:29043 MA:0001718 epithelial tissue of oviduct epithelium of fallopian tube epithelium of oviduct epithelium of uterine tube oviduct epithelial tissue uberon columnar epithelium of the fallopian tube columnar epithelium of the oviduct fallopian tube epithelium UBERON:0004804 oviduct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a oviduct [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic in FMA, epithelium of uterine tube is a subclass of ciliated columnar epithelium. MA introduces subtypes: ciliated columnar and cuboidal. We map the FMA type according to its relationships, not its label FMA epithelial tissue of oviduct OBOL:automatic epithelium of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic epithelium of oviduct OBOL:automatic epithelium of uterine tube FMA:62016 oviduct epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic columnar epithelium of the fallopian tube BTO:0002402 columnar epithelium of the oviduct BTO:0002402 fallopian tube epithelium BTO:0002402 An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. CALOHA:TS-0023 EMAPA:32826 MA:0001823 VHOG:0000981 apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue apparatus respiratorius epithelium epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue of respiratory system epithelium of apparatus respiratorius epithelium of respiratory system respiratory system epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004807 respiratory system epithelium An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic epithelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic epithelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32683 MA:0001520 digestive system epithelial tissue digestive system epithelium epithelial tissue of digestive system epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system epithelium of digestive system epithelium of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004808 gastrointestinal system epithelium An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic digestive system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic digestive system epithelium OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of digestive system OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic epithelium of digestive system OBOL:automatic epithelium of gastrointestinal system OBOL:automatic gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of an endometrium [Automatically generated definition]. In rodents and primates, the uterine epithelium (the endometrium) is eroded away so that maternal blood comes into direct contact with the trophoblast surface (called haemochorial) EMAPA:35307 MA:0002731 SCTID:253526009 endometrium epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of endometrium epithelium of endometrium epithelium of tunica mucosa of endometrium uberon uterine epithelium UBERON:0004811 endometrium epithelium An epithelium that is part of an endometrium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic In rodents and primates, the uterine epithelium (the endometrium) is eroded away so that maternal blood comes into direct contact with the trophoblast surface (called haemochorial) PMID:19829370 endometrium epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic epithelial tissue of endometrium OBOL:automatic epithelium of endometrium OBOL:automatic epithelium of tunica mucosa of endometrium OBOL:automatic uterine epithelium PMID:19829370 An epithelium that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37549 MA:0001481 epithelial tissue of lower respiratory tract epithelium of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract epithelial tissue uberon UBERON:0004815 lower respiratory tract epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37549 MA:th epithelial tissue of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic epithelium of lower respiratory tract OBOL:automatic lower respiratory tract epithelial tissue OBOL:automatic A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37583 MA:0001829 respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of apparatus respiratorius skeletal muscle of respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius skeletal muscle tissue of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0004830 respiratory system skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37583 MA:th respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of respiratory system OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of respiratory system OBOL:automatic A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36523 MA:0001572 esophagus skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of esophagus uberon UBERON:0004831 Most muscle tissue lining the digestive tract is smooth, but part of the externa of the esophagus is skeletal esophagus skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic esophagus skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of esophagus OBOL:automatic A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37393 MA:0001530 anal part of perineum skeletal muscle anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue anal region skeletal muscle tissue anal triangle skeletal muscle anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of anal part of perineum skeletal muscle of anal region skeletal muscle of anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue of anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue of anal region skeletal muscle tissue of anal triangle uberon UBERON:0004832 anal region skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37393 MA:th anal part of perineum skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic anal region skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic anal triangle skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of anal region OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of anal triangle OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of anal part of perineum OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of anal region OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of anal triangle OBOL:automatic A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition]. this class is derived from MA. Consider re-modeling this as being a muscle that acts on the lips. See: Wikipedia:Lip#Muscles_acting_on_the_lips EMAPA:37642 MA:0001578 lip skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of lip skeletal muscle tissue of lip uberon UBERON:0004833 lip skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a lip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37642 MA:th lip skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle of lip OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue of lip OBOL:automatic An endothelium of artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37566 MA:0001801 apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery arterial endothelium of apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium of respiratory system artery endothelium of apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium of respiratory system endothelium of artery of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery of respiratory system respiratory system artery endothelium respiratory system endothelium of artery uberon UBERON:0004848 respiratory system arterial endothelium true true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships An endothelium of artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37566 MA:th apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery OBOL:automatic arterial endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic arterial endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic artery endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic artery endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic endothelium of artery of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of artery of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system artery endothelium OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of artery OBOL:automatic An endothelium of vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37585 MA:0001811 apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium endothelium of vein of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein of respiratory system respiratory system endothelium of vein respiratory system vein endothelium vein endothelium of apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium of respiratory system venous endothelium of apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium of respiratory system uberon UBERON:0004849 respiratory system venous endothelium An endothelium of vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37585 MA:th apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium OBOL:automatic apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of vein of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic endothelium of vein of respiratory system OBOL:automatic respiratory system endothelium of vein OBOL:automatic respiratory system vein endothelium OBOL:automatic vein endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic vein endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic venous endothelium of apparatus respiratorius OBOL:automatic venous endothelium of respiratory system OBOL:automatic The thin layer of flat cells that line the aorta and form a barrier between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. BTO:0000394 CALOHA:TS-0047 EFO:0002597 EMAPA:35134 MA:0000701 NCIT:C49190 UMLS:C1706824 adult aorta endothelium endothelium of adult aorta endothelium of aorta endothelium of trunk of aortic tree endothelium of trunk of systemic arterial tree trunk of aortic tree endothelium trunk of systemic arterial tree endothelium uberon aortic endothelium UBERON:0004851 aorta endothelium The thin layer of flat cells that line the aorta and form a barrier between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. MGI:csmith MP:0009864 UMLS:C1706824 ncithesaurus:Aorta_Endothelium adult aorta endothelium OBOL:automatic endothelium of adult aorta OBOL:automatic endothelium of aorta OBOL:automatic endothelium of trunk of aortic tree OBOL:automatic endothelium of trunk of systemic arterial tree OBOL:automatic trunk of aortic tree endothelium OBOL:automatic trunk of systemic arterial tree endothelium OBOL:automatic aortic endothelium BTO:0000394 An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system. consider merging with 'endothelium' Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] BTO:0001853 EMAPA:35201 GAID:519 MA:0000717 MESH:D004730 NCIT:C13053 TAO:0002171 UMLS:C0014261 VHOG:0001217 XAO:0000356 ZFA:0001639 uberon endothelia vascular endothelia UBERON:0004852 cardiovascular system endothelium An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system. An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001217 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207 Vertebrates and a very few invertebrates such as squids have evolved a secondary epithelium, the endothelium, that lines their blood vessels.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001217 VHOG ISBN:978-0030259821 Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD, Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach (2003) p.207 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0014261 ncithesaurus:Vascular_Endothelium endothelia ZFA:0001639 vascular endothelia XAO:0000356 A connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle tissue. EMAPA:37743 MA:0002868 connective tissue of skeletal muscle connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue skeletal muscle textus connectivus skeletal muscle tissue connective tissue skeletal muscle tissue portion of connective tissue skeletal muscle tissue textus connectivus textus connectivus of skeletal muscle textus connectivus of skeletal muscle tissue uberon skeletal muscle interstitial tissue skeletal muscle interstitum UBERON:0004857 skeletal muscle connective tissue A connective tissue that surrounds a skeletal muscle tissue. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37743 MA:th connective tissue of skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic portion of connective tissue of skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle textus connectivus OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue connective tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue portion of connective tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle tissue textus connectivus OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of skeletal muscle OBOL:automatic textus connectivus of skeletal muscle tissue OBOL:automatic skeletal muscle interstitial tissue MA:0002868 skeletal muscle interstitum MA:0002868 A gland that is part of a eye. The eye is a compound unit which depending on the species may consist of an eyeballs plus associated ducts and integumentary structures. Eye glands therefore include the various types of lacrimal gland, the various types of apocrine and sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid. EMAPA:35334 MA:0000267 eye-associated gland gland of eye uberon UBERON:0004859 Examples: harderian gland, accessory lacrimal gland, gland of Moll, gland of Zeis, nictitating membrane glands eye gland A gland that is part of a eye. The eye is a compound unit which depending on the species may consist of an eyeballs plus associated ducts and integumentary structures. Eye glands therefore include the various types of lacrimal gland, the various types of apocrine and sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid. A gland that is part of a eye. The eye is a compound unit which depending on the species may consist of an eyeballs plus associated ducts and integumentary structures. Eye glands therefore include the various types of lacrimal gland, the various types of apocrine and sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 eye-associated gland eye-associated gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 gland of eye OBOL:automatic A vasculature that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:76552 MESH:D012171 XAO:0004153 retina vasculature retina vasculature of camera-type eye retinal blood vessels retinal blood vessels set retinal vasculature set of blood vessels of retina set of retinal blood vessels vasa sanguinea retinae uberon UBERON:0004864 vasculature of retina A vasculature that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic PMID:21622558 PMID:2772405 michaelerice retina vasculature GO:0061298 retina vasculature of camera-type eye GO:0061298 retinal blood vessels FMA:76552 retinal blood vessels set FMA:76552 retinal vasculature OBOL:automatic set of blood vessels of retina OBOL:automatic set of retinal blood vessels FMA:76552 vasa sanguinea retinae FMA:76552 FMA:TA Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall - underlies the ectoderm[WP]. check BILA AAO:0011100 BILA:0000047 FMA:295570 Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm#Division_into_layers XAO:0000271 outer layer of lateral plate mesoderm uberon parietal mesoderm somatic mesoderm UBERON:0004871 somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall - underlies the ectoderm[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm#Division_into_layers parietal mesoderm ISBN:9780878932504 somatic mesoderm BILA:0000047 Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP]. We group the BILA class here. Considering adding more general class for metazoa grouping cardiogenic successors visceral mesoderm AAO:0011102 BILA:0000044 FMA:295568 Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm#Division_into_layers XAO:0000276 inner layer of lateral plate mesoderm uberon splanchnic mesoderm UBERON:0004872 splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP]. Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP]. Wikipedia:Lateral_plate_mesoderm#Division_into_layers We group the BILA class here. Considering adding more general class for metazoa grouping cardiogenic successors BILA visceral mesoderm BILA:0000044 visceral mesoderm BILA:0000044 http://www.drugs.com/dict/visceral-mesoderm.html http://www.stedmans.com/ splanchnic mesoderm ISBN:9780878932504 A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP]. TODO - check relationship to LPM EHDAA2:0001903 EHDAA:383 EMAPA:16181 FMA:295564 NCIT:C34303 UMLS:C1519472 VHOG:0000558 Wikipedia:Splanchnopleure uberon ventral splanchnic mesoderm UBERON:0004873 splanchnopleure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gray16.png EHDAA2 A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP]. A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP]. Wikipedia:Splanchnopleure UMLS:C1519472 ncithesaurus:Splanchnopleure ventral splanchnic mesoderm ventral splanchnic mesoderm Wikipedia:Intraembryonic_coelom A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP]. Gives rise to the paired appendages in jawed vertebrates. a persistent somatopleure through the redistribution and expansion of the lateral plate mesoderm is a synapomorphy for gnathostomes and a critical step in generating a novel developmental module with dramatic evolutionary potentia (Tulenko et al. 2012) http://burkelab.research.wesleyan.edu/current-projects/lamprey/ sources differ as to whether this is part-of or develops-from the LPM EHDAA2:0001847 EHDAA:381 EMAPA:16180 FMA:295566 NCIT:C34301 UMLS:C1519423 VHOG:0000557 Wikipedia:Somatopleure uberon UBERON:0004874 somatopleure http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gray16.png EHDAA2 A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP]. A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP]. Wikipedia:Somatopleure UMLS:C1519423 ncithesaurus:Somatopleure The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord. Notochord rudiment[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. WP treats this as synonym of axial mesoderm. Induces neural tube. Gilbert: contains an anterior head process and the notochord. AAO:0000478 EFO:0003426 TAO:0000091 ZFA:0000091 axial chorda mesoderm chorda mesoderm dorsal mesoderm presumptive notochord uberon UBERON:0004880 chordamesoderm The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord. The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Notochord rudiment[ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576]. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 axial chorda mesoderm ZFA:0000091 dorsal mesoderm dorsal mesoderm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest presumptive notochord ZFA:0000091 The mass of tissue made up of mesenchymal cells in the lung. EMAPA:32866 lung-associated mesenchyme mesenchyme of lung pulmonary mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0004883 lung mesenchyme The mass of tissue made up of mesenchymal cells in the lung. GO:0060484 lung-associated mesenchyme GO:0060484 mesenchyme of lung OBOL:automatic pulmonary mesenchyme GO:0060484 A neuron projection bundle that connects the retina or its analog in the eye with the brain. This includes the vertebrate optic nerve (not truly a nerve) as well as analogous structures such as the Bolwig nerve in Drosophila. optic nerve BTO:0000966 EV:0100351 FBbt:00001956 TADS:0000232 optic nerve (generic) uberon UBERON:0004904 for the vertebrate-specific structure, see UBERON:0000941 (cranial nerve II) neuron projection bundle connecting eye with brain A neuron projection bundle that connects the retina or its analog in the eye with the brain. This includes the vertebrate optic nerve (not truly a nerve) as well as analogous structures such as the Bolwig nerve in Drosophila. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 optic nerve BTO:0000966 Anatomical cluster that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts. FBbt:00005811 joint uberon UBERON:0004905 articulation Anatomical cluster that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts. Anatomical cluster that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm. ectodermal gut gut ectoderm uberon UBERON:0004906 ectodermal part of digestive tract A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm. GO:0007439 gut ectoderm EMAPA:32930 The region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus[GO - gut definition]. MA class was moved from here. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/509 WP: small intestine, large intestine, anus. Anal canal not part of LGIT according to FMA, but anus is considered part of LGIT according to WP. Duodenum overlaps both U/L gut FMA:49179 NCIT:C33010 SCTID:279973004 UMLS:C0226875 Wikipedia:Alimentary_canal#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract galen:LowerGastrointestinalTract lower GI tract lower gastrointestinal tract uberon UBERON:0004907 lower digestive tract The region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus[GO - gut definition]. Wikipedia:Alimentary_canal#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract MA class was moved from here. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/509 MA WP: small intestine, large intestine, anus. Anal canal not part of LGIT according to FMA, but anus is considered part of LGIT according to WP. Duodenum overlaps both U/L FMA gut GO:0048565 UMLS:C0226875 ncithesaurus:Lower_Gastrointestinal_Tract The region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum. WP: small intestine, large intestine, anus. Anal canal not part of LGIT according to FMA, but anus is considered part of LGIT according to WP. Duodenum overlaps both U/L. In Galen, entire GI tract excludes esophagus FMA:49177 NCIT:C33837 SCTID:181244000 UMLS:C0226874 Wikipedia:Alimentary_canal#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract galen:UpperGastrointestinalTract upper GI tract upper gastrointestinal tract uberon UBERON:0004908 upper digestive tract The region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum. The region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum. Wikipedia:Alimentary_canal#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract WP: small intestine, large intestine, anus. Anal canal not part of LGIT according to FMA, but anus is considered part of LGIT according to WP. Duodenum overlaps both U/L. In Galen, entire GI tract excludes esophagus FMA UMLS:C0226874 ncithesaurus:Upper_Gastrointestinal_Tract An epithelium surrounding a gonad. after reasoning this should subsume the more specific germinal epithelium classes. We include the fly structure here although it is not clear if the sheath is an epithelium or a multi-tissue structure that includes epithelium as parts EHDAA:4032 EHDAA:5931 NCIT:C32676 UMLS:C1517534 gonad epithelium gonadal epithelium uberon gonadal sheath UBERON:0004909 epithelium of gonad An epithelium surrounding a gonad. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1517534 ncithesaurus:Germinal_Epithelium gonad epithelium OBOL:automatic gonadal epithelium OBOL:automatic gonadal sheath FBbt:00004859 An epithelium surrounding an ovary. after reasoning this should subsume the more specific germinal epithelium classes. We include the fly structure here although it is not clear if the sheath is an epithelium or a multi-tissue structure that includes epithelium as parts BTO:0003661 ovarian epithelium ovary epithelium ovarian sheath uberon UBERON:0004911 epithelium of female gonad An epithelium surrounding an ovary. OBOL:automatic ovarian epithelium OBOL:automatic ovary epithelium OBOL:automatic ovarian sheath FBbt:00004896 A proximal-distal subdivision of the digestive tract. intended to denote both embryonic and adult structures. Note the FMA grouping here is not quite correct. FBbt:00100315 FMA:71131 uberon alimentary system subdivision intestinal tract segment of intestinal tract subdivision of alimentary system UBERON:0004921 subdivision of digestive tract A proximal-distal subdivision of the digestive tract. A proximal-distal subdivision of the digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 alimentary system subdivision FMA:71131 subdivision of alimentary system FMA:71131 A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer. FMA:82485 uberon UBERON:0004923 organ component layer A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer. A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The tissue underlying the tunica mucosa of the pharynx. BTO:0002113 FMA:75144 SCTID:19594009 pharyngeal submucosa pharynx submucosa tela submucosa pharyngea tela submucosa pharyngis uberon pharyngobasilar fascia submucous coat of pharynx submucous layer of pharynx UBERON:0004924 submucosa of pharynx The tissue underlying the tunica mucosa of the pharynx. BTO:0002113 pharyngeal submucosa FMA:75144 pharynx submucosa OBOL:automatic tela submucosa pharyngea FMA:75144 FMA:TA tela submucosa pharyngis BTO:0002113 submucous coat of pharynx BTO:0002113 submucous layer of pharynx BTO:0002113 A submucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15027 sigmoid colon submucosa uberon UBERON:0004932 submucosa of sigmoid colon A submucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon submucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:15026 mucosa of organ of sigmoid colon mucous membrane of sigmoid colon organ mucosa of sigmoid colon sigmoid colon mucosa sigmoid colon mucosa of organ sigmoid colon mucous membrane sigmoid colon organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0004993 mucosa of sigmoid colon A mucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of sigmoid colon OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of sigmoid colon OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of sigmoid colon OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon mucosa OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon mucous membrane OBOL:automatic sigmoid colon organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a right uterine tube [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18452 mucosa of organ of right fallopian tube mucosa of organ of right oviduct mucosa of organ of right uterine tube mucosa of right fallopian tube mucosa of right oviduct mucous membrane of right fallopian tube mucous membrane of right oviduct mucous membrane of right uterine tube organ mucosa of right fallopian tube organ mucosa of right oviduct organ mucosa of right uterine tube right fallopian tube mucosa right fallopian tube mucosa of organ right fallopian tube mucous membrane right fallopian tube organ mucosa right oviduct mucosa right oviduct mucosa of organ right oviduct mucous membrane right oviduct organ mucosa right uterine tube mucosa right uterine tube mucosa of organ right uterine tube mucous membrane right uterine tube organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0005011 mucosa of right uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a right uterine tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right oviduct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of right uterine tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of right oviduct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right oviduct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of right uterine tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right fallopian tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right oviduct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of right uterine tube OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube mucosa OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right fallopian tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right oviduct mucosa OBOL:automatic right oviduct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right oviduct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right oviduct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic right uterine tube mucosa OBOL:automatic right uterine tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic right uterine tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic right uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a left uterine tube [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18453 left fallopian tube mucosa left fallopian tube mucosa of organ left fallopian tube mucous membrane left fallopian tube organ mucosa left oviduct mucosa left oviduct mucosa of organ left oviduct mucous membrane left oviduct organ mucosa left uterine tube mucosa left uterine tube mucosa of organ left uterine tube mucous membrane left uterine tube organ mucosa mucosa of left fallopian tube mucosa of left oviduct mucosa of organ of left fallopian tube mucosa of organ of left oviduct mucosa of organ of left uterine tube mucous membrane of left fallopian tube mucous membrane of left oviduct mucous membrane of left uterine tube organ mucosa of left fallopian tube organ mucosa of left oviduct organ mucosa of left uterine tube uberon UBERON:0005012 mucosa of left uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a left uterine tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube mucosa OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left fallopian tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left oviduct mucosa OBOL:automatic left oviduct mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left oviduct mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left oviduct organ mucosa OBOL:automatic left uterine tube mucosa OBOL:automatic left uterine tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic left uterine tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic left uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of left oviduct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left oviduct OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of left uterine tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left oviduct OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of left uterine tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left fallopian tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left oviduct OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of left uterine tube OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a lower lip [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:59833 NCIT:C12225 SCTID:362089001 UMLS:C0226939 lower labial mucosa lower lip mucosa lower lip mucosa of organ lower lip mucous membrane lower lip organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lower lip mucous membrane of lower lip organ mucosa of lower lip uberon UBERON:0005032 mucosa of lower lip A mucosa that is part of a lower lip [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0226939 ncithesaurus:Mucosa_of_the_Lower_Lip lower labial mucosa UBERON:cjm lower lip mucosa OBOL:automatic lower lip mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic lower lip mucous membrane OBOL:automatic lower lip organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of lower lip OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of lower lip OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of lower lip OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18319 fallopian tube mucosa fallopian tube mucosa of organ fallopian tube mucous membrane fallopian tube organ mucosa mucosa of fallopian tube mucosa of organ of fallopian tube mucosa of organ of uterine tube mucosa of oviduct mucous membrane of fallopian tube mucous membrane of uterine tube organ mucosa of fallopian tube organ mucosa of uterine tube tunica mucosa tubae uterinae uterine tubal mucosa uterine tube mucosa uterine tube mucosa of organ uterine tube mucous membrane uterine tube organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0005048 mucosa of uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic fallopian tube mucosa OBOL:automatic fallopian tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic fallopian tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic fallopian tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic mucosa of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of organ of uterine tube OBOL:automatic mucosa of oviduct FMA:18319 mucous membrane of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of uterine tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of fallopian tube OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of uterine tube OBOL:automatic tunica mucosa tubae uterinae FMA:18319 FMA:TA uterine tubal mucosa FMA:18319 uterine tube mucosa OBOL:automatic uterine tube mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic uterine tube mucous membrane OBOL:automatic uterine tube organ mucosa OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:18357 mucosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube mucosa of infundibulum of oviduct mucosa of organ of uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane of uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum uterine tube infundibulum mucosa uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of organ uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa uberon UBERON:0005049 mucosa of infundibulum of uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic mucosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube FMA:18357 mucosa of infundibulum of oviduct FMA:18357 mucosa of organ of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic mucous membrane of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic organ mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum mucosa OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of organ OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane OBOL:automatic uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa OBOL:automatic An external genitalia that is part of a female reproductive system [Automatically generated definition]. in eutherians, this is known as the vulva in and composed of the mons pubis, the labia majora and minora, the clitoris, the vestibule of the vagina and its glands, and the opening of the urethra and of the vagina [MP:0003126] BTO:0003100 EMAPA:30984 FMA:45649 SCTID:362234008 galen:FemaleExternalGenitalia external female genital organ external genitalia of female reproductive system female external genitalia uberon organa genitalia feminina externa UBERON:0005056 TODO: Relabel. Make distinct organ class. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/547 external female genitalia An external genitalia that is part of a female reproductive system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic external female genital organ BTO:0003100 external genitalia of female reproductive system OBOL:automatic female external genitalia FMA:45649 organa genitalia feminina externa BTO:0003100 An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition]. immune system organ uberon UBERON:0005057 immune organ An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A gland that is part of a hemolymphoid system [Automatically generated definition]. hemopoietic or lymphoid organ EMAPA:18766 MA:0002962 hemopoietic or lymphoid gland uberon haemolymphoid system gland UBERON:0005058 hemolymphoid system gland A gland that is part of a hemolymphoid system [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic hemopoietic or lymphoid organ GO:0048534 hemopoietic or lymphoid gland hemopoietic or lymphoid gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 haemolymphoid system gland EMAPA:18766 The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. The neural groove is a shallow median groove between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural folds are two longitudinal ridges that are caused by a folding up of the ectoderm in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind-brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week the front opening (anterior neuropore) of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess which is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm. The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations, which, when the tube is closed, assume the form of three vesicles; these constitute the three primary cerebral vesicles, and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), mid-brain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form its ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the medulla spinalis or spinal cord; from its ectodermal wall the nervous and neuroglial elements of the medulla spinalis are developed while the cavity persists as the central canal[Wikipedia:Neural_groove]. AAO:0011071 EMAPA:35594 FMA:295624 NCIT:C34224 SCTID:361463007 UMLS:C0814992 Wikipedia:Neural_groove XAO:0000248 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1363 uberon UBERON:0005061 neural groove The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. GO:0001842 The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. GO:0001842 Wikipedia:Neural_groove http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The neural groove is a shallow median groove between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural folds are two longitudinal ridges that are caused by a folding up of the ectoderm in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind-brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week the front opening (anterior neuropore) of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess which is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm. The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations, which, when the tube is closed, assume the form of three vesicles; these constitute the three primary cerebral vesicles, and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), mid-brain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form its ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the medulla spinalis or spinal cord; from its ectodermal wall the nervous and neuroglial elements of the medulla spinalis are developed while the cavity persists as the central canal[Wikipedia:Neural_groove]. The neural groove is a shallow median groove between the neural folds of an embryo. The neural folds are two longitudinal ridges that are caused by a folding up of the ectoderm in front of the primitive streak of the developing embryo. The groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or canal, the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. After the coalescence of the neural folds over the anterior end of the primitive streak, the blastopore no longer opens on the surface but into the closed canal of the neural tube, and thus a transitory communication, the neurenteric canal, is established between the neural tube and the primitive digestive tube. The coalescence of the neural folds occurs first in the region of the hind-brain, and from there extends forward and backward; toward the end of the third week the front opening (anterior neuropore) of the tube finally closes at the anterior end of the future brain, and forms a recess which is in contact, for a time, with the overlying ectoderm; the hinder part of the neural groove presents for a time a rhomboidal shape, and to this expanded portion the term sinus rhomboidalis has been applied. Before the neural groove is closed a ridge of ectodermal cells appears along the prominent margin of each neural fold; this is termed the neural crest or ganglion ridge, and from it the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia and the ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system are developed. By the upward growth of the mesoderm the neural tube is ultimately separated from the overlying ectoderm. The cephalic end of the neural groove exhibits several dilatations, which, when the tube is closed, assume the form of three vesicles; these constitute the three primary cerebral vesicles, and correspond respectively to the future fore-brain (prosencephalon), mid-brain (mesencephalon), and hind-brain (rhombencephalon). The walls of the vesicles are developed into the nervous tissue and neuroglia of the brain, and their cavities are modified to form its ventricles. The remainder of the tube forms the medulla spinalis or spinal cord; from its ectodermal wall the nervous and neuroglial elements of the medulla spinalis are developed while the cavity persists as the central canal[Wikipedia:Neural_groove]. Wikipedia:Neural_groove UMLS:C0814992 ncithesaurus:Neural_Groove One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP]. In front of the primitive streak two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line. These are named the neural folds; they commence some little distance behind the anterior end of the embryonic disk, where they are continuous with each other, and from there gradually extend backward, one on either side of the anterior end of the primitive streak. Also, after differentiation it turns into the neural tubes[Wikipedia:Neural_fold]. EHDAA2:0001249 FMA:295618 NCIT:C34223 SCTID:361461009 UMLS:C0814993 Wikipedia:Neural_fold XAO:0004087 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=1364 medullary fold uberon UBERON:0005062 neural fold One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP]. GO:0001842 MP:0011256 One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP]. GO:0001842 MP:0011256 Wikipedia:Neural_fold In front of the primitive streak two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line. These are named the neural folds; they commence some little distance behind the anterior end of the embryonic disk, where they are continuous with each other, and from there gradually extend backward, one on either side of the anterior end of the primitive streak. Also, after differentiation it turns into the neural tubes[Wikipedia:Neural_fold]. In front of the primitive streak two longitudinal ridges, caused by a folding up of the ectoderm, make their appearance, one on either side of the middle line. These are named the neural folds; they commence some little distance behind the anterior end of the embryonic disk, where they are continuous with each other, and from there gradually extend backward, one on either side of the anterior end of the primitive streak. Also, after differentiation it turns into the neural tubes[Wikipedia:Neural_fold]. Wikipedia:Neural_fold UMLS:C0814993 ncithesaurus:Neural_Fold medullary fold MP:0011256 A solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] EFO:0003498 TAO:0000133 ZFA:0000133 uberon neural tube rod UBERON:0005068 neural rod A solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN]. GO:0014024 ZFA:0000133 An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000133 TAO ZFIN:curator neural tube rod GO:0014027 An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a hindbrain and adjacent_to a spinal cord. hindbrain-spinal cord boundary region uberon UBERON:0005076 hindbrain-spinal cord boundary An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a hindbrain and adjacent_to a spinal cord. OBOL:automatic A hole in a tube[GO]. AEO:0000078 EHDAA2:0004618 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003078 uberon UBERON:0005082 tube lumen A hole in a tube[GO]. GO:0060609 An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO]. consder adding placodal ectoderm as a distinct class? Also place placodal ectoderm as develops_from ectoderm; need to check taxon-appropriateness With the exception of the adenohypophysis, homologues of the nonneurogenic placodes (e.g. placodes giving rise to the teeth, hair follicles and lens), appear to be lacking in invertebrate chordates. in GO, covers optic, otic, olfactory, mammary, hair, tooth, sebaceous - and also insect structures AEO:0000218 uberon epithelial placode UBERON:0005085 ectodermal placode An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO]. GO:0060788 in GO, covers optic, otic, olfactory, mammary, hair, tooth, sebaceous - and also insect structures GO in GO, covers optic, otic, olfactory, mammary, hair, tooth, sebaceous - and also insect structures GO https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/12223#issuecomment-215692347 epithelial placode AEO:0000112 Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO]. in some organisms such as drosophila, muscles can be single cells. This class groups together all discrete muscle elements, from multicellular muscle organs in vertebrates, to individual single-cell muscles in drisophila EMAPA:32715 FMA:30316 musculus uberon muscle muscle element UBERON:0005090 muscle structure Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO]. GO:0061061 musculus FMA:30316 Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001841 EHDAA:484 EMAPA:16239 FMA:70318 VHOG:0000489 sinus venosus right horn uberon UBERON:0005092 right horn of sinus venosus FMA Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000489 VHOG DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003 Three major adaptations, or 'novel cardiac components', that were not present in the ancestor chordate heart tube can be distinguished in the lower vertebrate heart: the atrium, ventricle, and possibly the muscular sinus venosus.[uncertain][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000489 VHOG DOI:10.1152/physrev.00006.2003 Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Cardiac Chamber Formation: Development, Genes, and Evolution. Physiological Reviews (2003 http://bgee.unil.ch/ sinus venosus right horn VHOG:0000489 A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding. BTO:0001639 uberon UBERON:0005153 epithelial bud A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding. GO:0060572 Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system. reproductive system element reproductive system structure uberon UBERON:0005156 reproductive structure Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system. Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis. uberon UBERON:0005157 epithelial fold An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis. GO:0060571 The functional tissue of the central nervous system consisting of neurons and glial cells. CNS parenchyma central nervous system parenchyma parenchyma of CNS parenchyma of central nervous system uberon UBERON:0005158 parenchyma of central nervous system The functional tissue of the central nervous system consisting of neurons and glial cells. CL:tm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/8 CNS parenchyma OBOL:automatic central nervous system parenchyma OBOL:automatic parenchyma of CNS OBOL:automatic A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part. we go with the FMA classification rather than the CARO one. FMA def: 'Anatomical cluster which has as direct parts cell parts from two or more cells.' AAO:0011000 CARO:0001000 FBbt:00007060 FMA:83115 multi-cell-component structure multi-cell-part structure uberon cell part cluster UBERON:0005162 multi cell part structure FMA A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part. CARO:0001000 we go with the FMA classification rather than the CARO one. FMA def: 'Anatomical cluster which has as direct parts cell parts from two or more cells.' CARO FMA multi-cell-component structure CARO:0001000 multi-cell-part structure CARO:0001000 cell part cluster FMA:83115 An organ or element that is in the abdomen. Examples: spleen, intestine, kidney, abdominal mammary gland. MA:0000522 SCTID:272631008 abdomen organ uberon UBERON:0005172 abdomen element An organ or element that is in the abdomen. Examples: spleen, intestine, kidney, abdominal mammary gland. An organ or element that is in the abdomen. Examples: spleen, intestine, kidney, abdominal mammary gland. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 abdomen organ MA:0000522 An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region. EMAPA:37062 MA:0000529 abdominal segment organ uberon UBERON:0005173 abdominal segment element An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region. An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37062 MA:th abdominal segment organ MA:0000529 An organ or element that part of the dorsum of the organism. Examples: spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles of back. EMAPA:37274 MA:0001901 back organ dorsal region organ uberon UBERON:0005174 dorsal region element An organ or element that part of the dorsum of the organism. Examples: spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles of back. An organ or element that part of the dorsum of the organism. Examples: spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles of back. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37274 MA:th back organ MA:0001901 An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions. EMAPA:37270 MA:0000516 trunk organ uberon UBERON:0005177 trunk region element An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions. An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37270 MA:th trunk organ MA:0000516 An organ or element that is in the thoracic cavity. Examples: lung, heart, longus colli. EMAPA:37273 MA:0000557 thoracic cavity organ uberon UBERON:0005178 thoracic cavity element An organ or element that is in the thoracic cavity. Examples: lung, heart, longus colli. An organ or element that is in the thoracic cavity. Examples: lung, heart, longus colli. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37273 MA:th thoracic cavity organ MA:0000557 An organ or element that is part of the pelvic region. Examples: reproductive organs (in some organisms), urinary bladder, bones of the pelvis. EMAPA:37275 MA:0000543 pelvic element pelvis organ pelvis region organ uberon UBERON:0005179 pelvic region element An organ or element that is part of the pelvic region. Examples: reproductive organs (in some organisms), urinary bladder, bones of the pelvis. An organ or element that is part of the pelvic region. Examples: reproductive organs (in some organisms), urinary bladder, bones of the pelvis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37275 MA:th pelvis organ MA:0000543 An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions. EMAPA:37271 MA:0000563 uberon upper body organ UBERON:0005181 thoracic segment organ An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions. An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37271 MA:th upper body organ MA:0000563 A vein that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:37197 MA:0002235 NCIT:C53142 SCTID:281472008 UMLS:C0226629 uberon UBERON:0005194 thoracic vein A vein that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37197 MA:th UMLS:C0226629 ncithesaurus:Thoracic_Vein An external ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:16539 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001311 VHOG:0000520 uberon UBERON:0005216 optic eminence surface ectoderm true true https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Inferring-part-of-relationships An external ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. EHDAA:940 EMAPA:16539 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001309 VHOG:0001105 uberon UBERON:0005234 optic eminence ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic The ventral half of the developing neural tube that is the metencephalon. [Chordate_evolution_and_the_origin_of_craniates:_An_old_brain_in_a_new_head._AnaT_Rec_(New_Anat)_(2000)_261(3):_111-125, See_Butler_AB][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001154 EMAPA:17078 VHOG:0000320 metencephalon basal plate uberon UBERON:0005239 basal plate metencephalon The ventral half of the developing neural tube that is the metencephalon. [Chordate_evolution_and_the_origin_of_craniates:_An_old_brain_in_a_new_head._AnaT_Rec_(New_Anat)_(2000)_261(3):_111-125, See_Butler_AB][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000320 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ metencephalon basal plate EHDAA2:0001154 An endocardium that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. TODO - split? EHDAA2:0000886 EHDAA2:0000887 FMA:83584 VHOG:0000615 endocardium of interventricular septum uberon interventricular septum endocardial tissue UBERON:0005243 interventricular septum endocardium An endocardium that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic endocardium of interventricular septum FMA:83584 interventricular septum endocardial tissue VHOG:0000615 A myocardium that is part of a bulbus cordis [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:36488 VHOG:0000609 uberon bulbus cordis cardiac muscle UBERON:0005248 bulbus cordis myocardium A myocardium that is part of a bulbus cordis [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic bulbus cordis cardiac muscle VHOG:0000609 A gland that is part of a stomodeum. check this VHOG:0000658 stomatodaeum gland uberon UBERON:0005250 stomatodeum gland A gland that is part of a stomodeum. OBOL:automatic stomatodaeum gland VHOG:0000658 An anatomical cavity that is part of a yolk sac [Automatically generated definition]. In mammals, the yolk sac cavity contains fluid rather than platelets in EHDAA2, there are separate primary and secondary yolk sac cavities EMAPA:16055 FMA:63942 VHOG:0000843 cavity of yolk sac yolk sac lumen uberon yolk sac space UBERON:0005251 yolk sac cavity An anatomical cavity that is part of a yolk sac [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic In mammals, the yolk sac cavity contains fluid rather than platelets ISBN:0073040584 in EHDAA2, there are separate primary and secondary yolk sac cavities EHDAA2 cavity of yolk sac FMA:63942 yolk sac space FMA:63942 Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells. Mesoderm that will give rise, along with cranial neural crest cells, to connective tissue, bone and musculature in the head. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] EFO:0003492 EHDAA2:0000732 EHDAA:179 EMAPA:16098 EMAPA_RETIRED:16269 FMA:76622 TAO:0000113 VHOG:0000332 ZFA:0000113 cephalic mesenchyme uberon cranial mesenchyme desmocranium UBERON:0005253 head mesenchyme EHDAA2 Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells. ISBN:0683400088 MP:0011260 Mesoderm that will give rise, along with cranial neural crest cells, to connective tissue, bone and musculature in the head. (Source: BioGlossary, www.Biology-Text.com)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000113 TAO ZFIN:curator cephalic mesenchyme MP:0011260 cranial mesenchyme MGI:anna desmocranium FMA:76622 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trunk. EFO:0003485 EHDAA2:0002092 EHDAA:377 EMAPA:16177 TAO:0000081 VHOG:0000281 ZFA:0000081 uberon trunk and cervical mesenchyme UBERON:0005256 trunk mesenchyme EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trunk. OBOL:automatic trunk and cervical mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002092 The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. The posterior of the two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo, it comprises the medulla oblongata. [TFD][VHOG] The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] the terms metencephalon and myelencephalon are only meaningful in mammals and birds - Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain. Note that its not clear if this refers to the developing medulla oblongata - MA (adult) has two distinct classes BTO:0000758 CALOHA:TS-0607 CALOHA:TS-2365 DHBA:10662 EHDAA2:0001207 EHDAA:5526 EMAPA:17082 HBA:9512 MA:0000205 MESH:D054024 VHOG:0000456 Wikipedia:Myelencephalon uberon myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) UBERON:0005290 myelencephalon http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/EmbryonicBrain.svg definitional The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. BTO:0000758 The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. BTO:0000758 Wikipedia:Myelencephalon The posterior of the two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo, it comprises the medulla oblongata. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000456 VHOG The posterior of the two brain vesicles formed by specialization of the rhombencephalon in the developing embryo, it comprises the medulla oblongata. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000456 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myelencephalon The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000456 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 The early development of most vertebrate brains is similar (...). The zebrafish neural tube follows the same basic differentiation pattern as the mammalian neural tube (reference 1); The brain develops from three embryonic enlargements of the neural tube, which later differentiate into five regions. A forebrain differentiates into telencephalon and diencephalon. The midbrain, or mesencephalon, remains undivided. The hindbrain divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon. Cavities within the brain enlarge to form a series of interconnected ventricles (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000456 VHOG ISBN:978-0878932504 Gilbert SF, Developmental Biology (2006) p.381-382, ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.500 http://bgee.unil.ch/ myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) DHBA:10662 A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo. CALOHA:TS-2100 portion of embryonic tissue uberon developing tissue UBERON:0005291 embryonic tissue A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo. OBOL:automatic portion of embryonic tissue OBOL:automatic Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. BTO:0003360 CALOHA:TS-2119 EFO:0001406 MAT:0000061 MIAA:0000061 extra-embryonic tissue uberon UBERON:0005292 extraembryonic tissue Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The endothelial lining of the endocardium. FMA:83596 endocardium endothelium endothelium of endocardium uberon UBERON:0005316 endocardial endothelium The endothelial lining of the endocardium. UBERON:cjm endocardium endothelium FMA:83596 endothelium of endocardium FMA:83596 An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery[GO]. BTO:0000137 pulmonary artery endothelial tube uberon UBERON:0005317 pulmonary artery endothelium An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery[GO]. GO:0061155 pulmonary artery endothelial tube GO:0061155 A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of oral region. EMAPA:26947 lamina propria of oral mucosa uberon UBERON:0005334 oral lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of oral region. OBOL:automatic A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. FMA:13225 Wikipedia:Ventricular_outflow_tract XAO:0004140 heart ventricle outflow tract outflow part of ventricle ventricular outflow tract uberon UBERON:0005337 outflow tract of ventricle A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. Wikipedia:Ventricular_outflow_tract heart ventricle outflow tract MP:0010224 ventricular outflow tract ventricular outflow tract Wikipedia:Ventricular_outflow_tract An outflow tract that is part of a aorta. merge with LVOT? EHDAA2:0001353 EMAPA:17329 MA:0000101 VHOG:0001394 uberon UBERON:0005338 outflow tract aortic component An outflow tract that is part of a aorta. OBOL:automatic merge with RVOT? EHDAA2:0001359 EHDAA:4401 EMAPA:17330 MA:0000102 VHOG:0001395 uberon UBERON:0005339 outflow tract pulmonary component An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye. FBbt:00004200 light-sensitive tissue uberon UBERON:0005388 photoreceptor array An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye. An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A transparent structure that is part of a visual sense organ, the function of which is to direct or focus light onto a photoreceptor array. directing or focusing light onto light receptors lens uberon UBERON:0005389 transparent eye structure A transparent structure that is part of a visual sense organ, the function of which is to direct or focus light onto a photoreceptor array. A transparent structure that is part of a visual sense organ, the function of which is to direct or focus light onto a photoreceptor array. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries. This is a generic grouping class that is the superclass of the trunks/branches of the common carotid artery. Note that AOs vary widely in how they divide up and generalize arteries Artery originating at the junction of the first two aortic arches and supplying the anterior brain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] AAO:0010217 BTO:0000168 CALOHA:TS-0116 EFO:0000818 EHDAA:6385 EMAPA:18609 EV:0100379 FMA:70504 GAID:478 MA:0001925 MAT:0000501 MESH:D002339 NCIT:C12687 OpenCyc:Mx4rvg7rcJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA SCTID:362040006 SCTID:69105007 TAO:0000097 UMLS:C0007272 VHOG:0000266 Wikipedia:Carotid_artery ZFA:0000097 galen:CarotidArtery carotid carotid artery subdivision of common carotid artery uberon common carotid arterial subdivision UBERON:0005396 carotid artery segment FMA One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries. One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries. Wikipedia:Carotid_artery https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3486870&group_id=76834&atid=994764 Artery originating at the junction of the first two aortic arches and supplying the anterior brain. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000097 TAO ZFIN:curator UMLS:C0007272 ncithesaurus:Carotid_Artery carotid AAO:0010217 carotid artery MA:0001925 subdivision of common carotid artery FMA:70504 common carotid arterial subdivision FMA:70504 A sex gland that is part of a female reproductive system. BTO:0000254 MA:0000383 uberon UBERON:0005398 female reproductive gland A sex gland that is part of a female reproductive system. OBOL:automatic The part of the digestive system that excludes the hepatobiliary system. the decision to split digestive and gastrointestinal in this way may be revisited. As it currently stands, this class more closely aligns what MA calls the alimentary system The system that includes the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, liver, biliary tract, and pancreas[ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_System]. All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it.[well established][VHOG] that many anatomy ontologies consider this synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class. We have one entity that is part of both gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems: hepatopancreatic ampulla. BTO:0000058 CALOHA:TS-0407 EHDAA2:0000110 EHDAA:514 EMAPA:16246 EV:0100056 FMA:71132 GAID:294 MA:0000323 MESH:A03.492 NCIT:C12378 SCTID:373871007 UMLS:C0012240 VHOG:0000412 galen:GastrointestinalTract uberon GI tract alimentary system alimentary tract gastro-intestinal system gastroenterological system gastrointestinal (GI) tract gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal tract UBERON:0005409 alimentary part of gastrointestinal system The part of the digestive system that excludes the hepatobiliary system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The system that includes the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, liver, biliary tract, and pancreas[ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_System]. ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_System All metazoans (with degenerate exceptions) have some sort of digestive cavity with a means of entrance to and exit from it.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000412 VHOG ISBN:978-0721676685 Sherwood Romer A and Parsons T, Vertebrate body (1977) p.3 http://bgee.unil.ch/ that many anatomy ontologies consider this synonymous with digestive system. here we follow MA in dividing digestive system into gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary. hepatobiliary includes the liver and biliary tract. species-specific AO classes are categorized according to whether liver is included. For example, XAO includes liver as part of XAO:0000125 alimentary system, so we assume this class is the more generic class. We have one entity that is part of both gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems: hepatopancreatic ampulla. MA UMLS:C0012240 ncithesaurus:Gastrointestinal_System GI tract GAID:294 alimentary system MA:0000323 alimentary tract MA:0000323 gastro-intestinal system FMA:71132 gastroenterological system UBERON:cjm gastrointestinal (GI) tract GAID:294 gastrointestinal system FMA:71132 gastrointestinal tract FMA:71132 A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb or pelvic fin. Fin bud that develops into the pelvic fin.[TAO] Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003469 TAO:0001384 VHOG:0001260 ZFA:0001384 hindlimb/pelvic fin bud uberon pelvic fin bud pelvic fin buds UBERON:0005420 at this time we have no need to name a more specific 'pelvic fin bud' class, but we may in future pelvic appendage bud A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb or pelvic fin. OBOL:automatic PMID:15893975 Fin bud that develops into the pelvic fin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001384 TAO ZFIN:curator Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001260 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 Most anatomists now agree that the three proximal bones of the tetrapod limbs are homologous to the two or three proximal elements of the paired fin skeleton of other sarcopterygians, that is the humerus-femur, radius-tibia, and ulna-fibula.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001260 VHOG ISBN:978-0198540472 Janvier P, Early vertebrates (1996) p.268 http://bgee.unil.ch/ hindlimb/pelvic fin bud VHOG:0001260 pelvic fin bud TAO:0001384 pelvic fin buds ZFA:0001384 An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. An ectodermal thickening at the end of the hindlimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] Apical ectodermal ridge that is part of the pelvic fin bud.[TAO] Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003681 EHDAA2:0003194 EMAPA:16892 TAO:0001385 VHOG:0001066 ZFA:0001385 apical ectodermal ridge hind limb apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb lower lmb bud apical ectodermal ridge uberon AER hindlimb apical ectodermal ridge pelvic fin bud leg AER UBERON:0005422 pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge EHDAA2 An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. OBOL:automatic An ectodermal thickening at the end of the hindlimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001066 VHOG An ectodermal thickening at the end of the hindlimb bud in the developing embryo. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001066 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/apical+ectodermal+ridge Apical ectodermal ridge that is part of the pelvic fin bud.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001385 TAO ZIFIN:curator Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001066 VHOG Pectoral and pelvic fins are homologous to the tetrapod fore and hindlimb, respectively. (...) The zebrafish AER [apical ectodermal ridge] is an apical ectodermal thickening at the distal tip of the fin bud and consists of wedge-shaped cells of the basal stratum. The AER is observed only transiently, and from 36 hpf onwards the cells of this region form the apical fold (AF), which consists of a dorsal and a ventral layer of cylindrically-shaped ectodermal cells extending from the anterior to the posterior fin margin. Despite the change in shape, the AF still carries out the same functions as the AER. Indeed, although the AER receives its name from its characteristic shape, being composed of a pseudostratified ectoderm in the chicken and a polystratified ectoderm in the mouse, this independence of AER morphology from its function is also observed in tetrapods. The AF also expresses similar molecular markers to the tetrapod AER, suggesting that it fulfills similar functions in the fin as the AER does in tetrapod limbs.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001066 VHOG DOI:10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x http://bgee.unil.ch/ apical ectodermal ridge hind limb VHOG:0001066 apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb VHOG:0001066 lower lmb bud apical ectodermal ridge EHDAA2:0003194 AER hindlimb VHOG:0001066 apical ectodermal ridge pelvic fin bud TAO:0001385 AEO:0000125 CALOHA:TS-2122 EHDAA2:0003125 FBbt:00007006 FMA:292313 MIAA:0000019 uberon developing structure developmental structure developmental tissue UBERON:0005423 developing anatomical structure developmental tissue MIAA:0000019 Portion of tissue that is the inner layer of the optic cup and will become the neural retina. (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001304 EMAPA:16675 TAO:0001071 VHOG:0000490 ZFA:0001071 future neural retina future retinal neural layer inner layer optic cup optic cup inner layer presumptive retinas uberon future NR future neural epithelium future neural layer presumptive retina UBERON:0005425 presumptive neural retina Portion of tissue that is the inner layer of the optic cup and will become the neural retina. ZFIN:curator (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000490 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The outer layer of the optic cup becomes the pigment layer of the retina, whereas the inner layer differentiates into the photoreceptive cells and neuronal layers of the retina.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000490 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ inner layer optic cup ZFA:0001071 optic cup inner layer EHDAA2:0001304 presumptive retinas ZFA:0001071 future neural epithelium EMAPA:16675 future neural layer EMAPA:16675 presumptive retina TAO:0001071 Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. A vesicle formed from the lens pit of the embryo, developing into the crystalline lens. [TFD][VHOG] (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] the lens of zebrafish (and other teleosts) forms from delamination of cells from the lens placode; thus, there is no formation of a hollow lens vesicle, in contrast to the situation in mammals and birds (Glass and Dahm, 2004) [PMID:16496288] The lens of the zebrafish forms by delamination of lens placodal cells and not through invagination. This results in a solid spherical mass as opposed to a hollow lens vesicle. Detachment of the solid lens vesicle of zebrafish at 24b26 hpf is accomplished in part by apoptosis, similar to mammals EHDAA2:0000983 EHDAA:4737 EMAPA:17163 SCTID:361510002 TAO:0002205 VHOG:0001163 ZFA:0001679 hollow lens vesicle solid lens vesicle uberon immature lens lens mass presumptive lens UBERON:0005426 lens vesicle Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. ZFIN:curator Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. ZFIN:curator https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&atid=994726&aid=3514998&group_id=76834 A vesicle formed from the lens pit of the embryo, developing into the crystalline lens. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001163 VHOG A vesicle formed from the lens pit of the embryo, developing into the crystalline lens. [TFD][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001163 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lens+vesicle (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001163 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001163 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ the lens of zebrafish (and other teleosts) forms from delamination of cells from the lens placode; thus, there is no formation of a hollow lens vesicle, in contrast to the situation in mammals and birds (Glass and Dahm, 2004) [PMID:16496288] The lens of the zebrafish forms by delamination of lens placodal cells and not through invagination. This results in a solid spherical mass as opposed to a hollow lens vesicle. Detachment of the solid lens vesicle of zebrafish at 24b26 hpf is accomplished in part by apoptosis, similar to mammals ZFA hollow lens vesicle solid lens vesicle ZFA:0001679 immature lens ZFA:0001679 lens mass ZFA:0001679 ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-091023-49 presumptive lens ZFA:0001679 Portion of tissue that is part of the eye and gives rise to the mature, fully layered cornea. TAO:0002188 ZFA:0001688 uberon UBERON:0005427 corneal primordium ZFA Obol ZFA Portion of tissue that is part of the eye and gives rise to the mature, fully layered cornea. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-061010-3 Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives[ZFA]. Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives.[TAO] We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] In chicken fate mapping studies it was found to originate from neural crest residing between Somite 1-7 (S1-7); In mouse it is considered to be derived from rhombencephalic (post otic) neural crest cells and trunk neural crest cells (anterior to S5) EHDAA2:0002156 EHDAA:669 TAO:0000818 VHOG:0001208 XAO:0004191 ZFA:0000818 VNC uberon enteric neural crest post-otic neural crest UBERON:0005428 vagal neural crest Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives[ZFA]. ZFIN:curator Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000818 TAO ZFIN:curator We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001208 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001208 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ In chicken fate mapping studies it was found to originate from neural crest residing between Somite 1-7 (S1-7); In mouse it is considered to be derived from rhombencephalic (post otic) neural crest cells and trunk neural crest cells (anterior to S5) filemaps.com VNC XAO:0004191 post-otic neural crest ZFA:0000818 The dilated structure that is lined by endothelial cells and located at the arterial pole of the heart just above (distal to) the truncus arteriosus in mammalian embryos; it is the primordial vascular channel from which the aortic arches (and eventually the dorsal aortae) arise; the aortic sac is homologous to the ventral aorta of gill-bearing vertebrates. the merged ventral aortae of the embryo which supplies blood to the aortic arches[TMD][http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+sac]. EHDAA2:0004145 EHDAA:9826 EMAPA:36461 FMA:71008 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000133 SCTID:361527005 saccus aorticus uberon UBERON:0005432 aortic sac EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The dilated structure that is lined by endothelial cells and located at the arterial pole of the heart just above (distal to) the truncus arteriosus in mammalian embryos; it is the primordial vascular channel from which the aortic arches (and eventually the dorsal aortae) arise; the aortic sac is homologous to the ventral aorta of gill-bearing vertebrates. MP:0012510 the merged ventral aortae of the embryo which supplies blood to the aortic arches[TMD][http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+sac]. the merged ventral aortae of the embryo which supplies blood to the aortic arches[TMD][http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+sac]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/aortic+sac saccus aorticus FMA:24219 SCTID:123958008 cervical region neck subdivision region of neck subdivision of neck uberon UBERON:0005434 cervical region cervical region FMA:24219 neck subdivision FMA:24219 region of neck FMA:24219 subdivision of neck FMA:24219 A vitelline vein that is in the left side of a multicellular organism. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EHDAA2:0000971 EMAPA:16380 EMAPA:16698 FMA:70307 SCTID:361446008 uberon UBERON:0005460 left vitelline vein A vitelline vein that is in the left side of a multicellular organism. OBOL:automatic A vitelline vein that is in the right side of a multicellular organism. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern EHDAA2:0001766 EMAPA:16381 EMAPA:16699 FMA:70306 SCTID:361445007 uberon UBERON:0005472 right vitelline vein A vitelline vein that is in the right side of a multicellular organism. OBOL:automatic A longitudinal groove in the neural tube wall that divides the neural tube into dorsal (alar) and ventral (basal) halves (dorsal receives input from sensory neurons, ventral effects motor functions); stretches from the mesencephalon caudad[TMD]. sulcus limitans BAMS:slim BAMS:slm http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=629 neural tube lateral wall sulcus limitans uberon UBERON:0005478 sulcus limitans of neural tube EHDAA2 A longitudinal groove in the neural tube wall that divides the neural tube into dorsal (alar) and ventral (basal) halves (dorsal receives input from sensory neurons, ventral effects motor functions); stretches from the mesencephalon caudad[TMD]. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Sulcus+limitans http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10047 neural tube lateral wall sulcus limitans EHDAA2:0001265 The paired veins that carry blood from the yolk sac back to the embryo. One of two veins that run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids.[XAO] Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus.[well established][VHOG] check zfa (no text def). Check vitelline/omphalomesenteric distinction in XAO EMAPA:36021 FMA:70305 NCIT:C34329 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002209 SCTID:2730004 SCTID:308832003 UMLS:C0231091 VHOG:0000401 Wikipedia:Vitelline_veins XAO:0000376 XAO:0004147 embryonic vitelline vein vascular vitelline network vena vitellina uberon omphalomesenteric vein vein of omphalomesenteric system vitelline veins UBERON:0005487 vitelline vein http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Gray475.png The paired veins that carry blood from the yolk sac back to the embryo. MGI:csmith MP:0010666 One of two veins that run upward at first in front, and subsequently on either side of the intestinal canal. They unite on the ventral aspect of the canal, and beyond this are connected to one another by two anastomotic branches, one on the dorsal, and the other on the ventral aspect of the duodenal portion of the intestine, which is thus encircled by two venous rings; into the middle or dorsal anastomosis the superior mesenteric vein opens. The portions of the veins above the upper ring become interrupted by the developing liver and broken up by it into a plexus of small capillary-like vessels termed sinusoids.[XAO] XAO XAO:0004147 Within each vertebrate group, the veins compose a few main functional systems that arise embryologically from what seems to be a common developmental pattern. (...) Early in development, three major sets of paired veins are present: the vitelline veins from the yolk sac, the cardinal veins from the body of the embryo itself, and the lateral abdominal veins from the pelvic region. The paired vitelline veins are among the first vessels to appear in the embryo. They arise over the yolk and follow the yolk stalk into the body. They then turn anteriorly, continue along the gut, and enter the sinus venosus.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000401 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.460 http://bgee.unil.ch/ check zfa (no text def). Check vitelline/omphalomesenteric distinction in XAO XAO UMLS:C0231091 ncithesaurus:Vitelline_Vein embryonic vitelline vein VHOG:0000401 vascular vitelline network XAO:0004147 vena vitellina Wikipedia:Vitelline_veins omphalomesenteric vein EMAPA:16244 vitelline veins XAO:0004147 Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube. EHDAA2:0001257 EHDAA:2873 EHDAA:912 EMAPA:16166 TAO:0001435 VHOG:0000513 ZFA:0001435 lateral wall neural tube uberon UBERON:0005496 neural tube lateral wall Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube. ZFA:0001435 lateral wall neural tube ZFA:0001435 todo - epidermis? todo - track down EHDAA2 class in new release In the early gastrula of vertebrates, factors from the organizer (e.g. noggin, chordin, and follistatin in Xenopus) antagonize the epidermalizing factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thus dividing the epiblast into neuroectoderm. In Drosophila, decapentaplegic, the homologue of BMP4, interacts similarly with the protein short gastrulation, the homologue of chordin. Thus, a comparable molecular mechanism for distinguishing non-neural ectoderm from neural ectoderm was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals.[well established][VHOG] After gastrulation, neural crest cells are specified at the border of the neural plate and the non-neural ectoderm. EFO:0003643 EHDAA:257 EMAPA:16074 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001273 TAO:0001178 VHOG:0001372 XAO:0004091 ZFA:0001178 non neural ectoderm epidermal ectoderm epithelial ectoderm uberon surface ectoderm ventral ectoderm UBERON:0005497 Gene notes: One of the first genes to be expressed in nonneural ectoderm in amphioxus is BMP2/4 (Panopoulou et al. 1998). BMP2/4 homologues appear to have a very ancient role in distinguishing neural from nonneural ectoderm; in Drosophila as well as in amphioxus and vertebrates, BMP2/4 homologues are expressed in nonneural ectoderm and function in distinguishing neural from nonneural ectoderm (Francois & Bier, 1995 ; Sasai et al. 1995 ; Wilson & Hemmati-Brivanlou, 1995; Panopoulou et al. 1998). A change in level of BMP2/4 from very high in nonneural ectoderm to low in neural ectoderm appears to be a key factor in development of neural crest (Baker & Bronner-Fraser,1997a,1997b;Erickson&Reedy,1998;Marchantet al.1998 ;Selleck et al. 1998). non-neural ectoderm ZFA In the early gastrula of vertebrates, factors from the organizer (e.g. noggin, chordin, and follistatin in Xenopus) antagonize the epidermalizing factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), thus dividing the epiblast into neuroectoderm. In Drosophila, decapentaplegic, the homologue of BMP4, interacts similarly with the protein short gastrulation, the homologue of chordin. Thus, a comparable molecular mechanism for distinguishing non-neural ectoderm from neural ectoderm was probably present in the common ancestor of all bilaterally symmetrical animals.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001372 VHOG DOI:10.1016/S0959-4388(99)00003-3 Holland LZ and Holland ND, Chordate origins of the vertebrate central nervous system. Current Opinion in Neurobiology (1999) http://bgee.unil.ch/ non neural ectoderm ZFA:0001178 epidermal ectoderm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest epithelial ectoderm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest surface ectoderm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest ventral ectoderm ZFA:0001178 Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube. EHDAA2:0001512 EHDAA:424 EHDAA:436 EMAPA:16215 FMA:321916 SCTID:361522004 TAO:0000149 Wikipedia:Primitive_heart_tube ZFA:0000149 primitive heart tube early primitive heart tube uberon UBERON:0005498 primitive heart tube ZFA Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube. ZFA:0000149 primitive heart tube EMAPA:16215 early primitive heart tube EMAPA:16208 A neural tube lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere. EMAPA:32819 EMAPA:35364 uberon future hindbrain lateral wall UBERON:0005501 rhombomere lateral wall A neural tube lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere. OBOL:automatic future hindbrain lateral wall EMAPA:35364 Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. todo - compare ZFA and EHDAA2 representation We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] EFO:0003484 EHDAA2:0002083 EHDAA:667 EMAPA:16170 TAO:0000080 VHOG:0000269 ZFA:0000080 uberon UBERON:0005563 trigeminal neural crest ZFA EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Cranial neural crest which gives rise to the trigeminal ganglion. ZFA:0000080 We conclude this section by listing some of the many synapomorphies of craniates, including (1) the neural crest (...).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000269 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.43 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad. Immature reproductive tissue that has not undergone final maturation into either testis or ovary.[TAO] this is a very broad grouping class EFO:0003651 EHDAA:5927 EMAPA:17204 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002148 TAO:0001262 WBbt:0008366 ZFA:0001262 future gonad gonadal primordium primitive gonad undifferentiated gonad uberon immature gonad UBERON:0005564 gonad primordium Obol ZFA Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad. ZFA:0001262 Immature reproductive tissue that has not undergone final maturation into either testis or ovary.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001262 TAO ZFIN:curator future gonad future gonad http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 gonadal primordium ZFA:0001262 primitive gonad primitive gonad http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 undifferentiated gonad ZFA:0001262 immature gonad immature gonad http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Somite located in the head region, caudal to the otic vesicle. in humans this includes somites 1-4 They provide the epaxial and hypaxial muscles of the neck, the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles that develop in the caudal branchial arches and the musculature of the tongue. Despite their localisation in the head, myogenic precursors from occipital somites essentially follow the trunk programmes (E. H. Walters and S. D., unpublished). during evolution, have been secondarily incorporated into the head (Gans and Northcutt, 1983) EHDAA2 has both 'head somite' and 'head somite group', with part_of and develops_from for latter EHDAA2:0003437 EMAPA:16172 XAO:0000313 occipital somite uberon cranial somite UBERON:0005594 head somite EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Somite located in the head region, caudal to the otic vesicle. Somite located in the head region, caudal to the otic vesicle. PMID:11830559 They provide the epaxial and hypaxial muscles of the neck, the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles that develop in the caudal branchial arches and the musculature of the tongue. Despite their localisation in the head, myogenic precursors from occipital somites essentially follow the trunk programmes (E. H. Walters and S. D., unpublished). during evolution, have been secondarily incorporated into the head (Gans and Northcutt, 1983) They provide the epaxial and hypaxial muscles of the neck, the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles that develop in the caudal branchial arches and the musculature of the tongue. Despite their localisation in the head, myogenic precursors from occipital somites essentially follow the trunk programmes (E. H. Walters and S. D., unpublished). during evolution, have been secondarily incorporated into the head (Gans and Northcutt, 1983) PMID:11830559 EHDAA2 has both 'head somite' and 'head somite group', with part_of and develops_from for latter EHDAA2 occipital somite XAO:0000313 occipital somite PMID:11830559 XAO:0000313 cranial somite XAO:0000313 A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum. AAO:0011059 EFO:0002578 EMAPA:36007 XAO:0001002 uberon lateral diverticula lung diverticulum lung endoderm UBERON:0005597 lung primordium XAO XAO A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum. XAO:0001002 lateral diverticula XAO:0001002 lung diverticulum AAO:3010717 lung endoderm EFO:0002578 A somite that is part of a trunk. AAO:0010385 EHDAA2:0003438 EMAPA:16184 XAO:0000314 uberon UBERON:0005598 trunk somite A somite that is part of a trunk. OBOL:automatic A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] Contributes to the arch of aorta in humans EHDAA2:0000936 EHDAA:404 EMAPA:16205 MA:0000478 SCTID:361403005 VHOG:0000484 uberon UBERON:0005613 left dorsal aorta A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000484 VHOG ISBN:978-0174480198 Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572 A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000484 VHOG ISBN:978-0174480198 Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Contributes to the arch of aorta in humans Contributes to the arch of aorta in humans http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899609-overview A layer of cuboidal epithelial cells bounded anteriorly by the capsule of the lens and posteriorly by the lens cortex. Cells of the subcapsular epithelium (or anterior lens cells) are mitotically active. In adult individuals they only cover the anterior 'hemisphere' of the lens. As they divide, cells gradually move towards the equator of the lens where they tranform into lens fibres. The apical part of the gradually elongating cell extends between the subcapsular epithelium and adjacent lens fibres towards the anterior pole of the lens. The basal part extends towards the posterior pole. The nucleus remains close to the equatorial plane of the lens - http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/eye/eye.htm lens epithelium EHDAA2:0000984 EHDAA:9059 EMAPA:17304 EMAPA:17839 FMA:70612 MA:0001302 NCIT:C33641 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000976 SCTID:362521008 UMLS:C1182652 VHOG:0001425 lens subcapsular epithelium subcapsular lens epithelium uberon anterior epithelium of lens vesicle anterior surface of lens UBERON:0005614 lens anterior epithelium A layer of cuboidal epithelial cells bounded anteriorly by the capsule of the lens and posteriorly by the lens cortex. A layer of cuboidal epithelial cells bounded anteriorly by the capsule of the lens and posteriorly by the lens cortex. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C1182652 ncithesaurus:Subcapsular_Epithelium_of_the_Lens lens subcapsular epithelium lens subcapsular epithelium http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/eye/eye.htm subcapsular lens epithelium FMA:70612 anterior epithelium of lens vesicle EMAPA:17304 anterior surface of lens FMA:58889 Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines. includes posterior and anterior mesenteric arteries, which branch from the dorsal aorta (see Kardong), and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries BTO:0000779 EHDAA2:0001123 EHDAA:4343 EMAPA:17312 MA:0002003 MESH:D008638 NCIT:C52975 SCTID:281084003 UMLS:C0025465 VHOG:0001117 Wikipedia:Mesenteric_artery XAO:0000370 uberon UBERON:0005616 mesenteric artery Arteries which arise from the abdominal aorta and distribute to most of the intestines. MESH:A07.231.114.565 Wikipedia:Mesenteric_artery UMLS:C0025465 ncithesaurus:Mesenteric_Artery A vein that returns blood from the intestines. In humans the inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein, the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein to form the portal vein BTO:0002781 EHDAA:4442 EMAPA:17348 MA:0002177 MESH:D008642 NCIT:C53055 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001125 SCTID:304045008 UMLS:C0025473 Wikipedia:Mesenteric_vein uberon intestinal vein UBERON:0005617 mesenteric vein A vein that returns blood from the intestines. MESH:A07.231.908.670.385 Wikipedia:Mesenteric_vein UMLS:C0025473 ncithesaurus:Mesenteric_Vein intestinal vein http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] Normally regresses in humans EHDAA2:0001720 EHDAA:406 EMAPA:16206 MA:0000479 SCTID:361404004 VHOG:0000485 uberon UBERON:0005622 right dorsal aorta A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000485 VHOG ISBN:978-0174480198 Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572 A study of embryos shows that in all vertebrates six arterial arches link the ventral aorta with a pair of lateral dorsal aortae on each side of the body. The latter unite posteriorly to form a single median dorsal aorta wich takes blood to the body.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000485 VHOG ISBN:978-0174480198 Roberts MBV, Biology: a functional approach (1986) p.572 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Normally regresses in humans Normally regresses in humans http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/899609-overview Intrinsic membrane that arises from embryonic germ layers and grow to surround the developing embryo. stuctures homologous to the four extraembryonic membranes appear in mammals [ISBN:0073040584 (Vertebrates, Kardong)] EHDAA2 is a mereological sum. EHDAA2:0004714 FMA:305915 MESH:D005321 SCTID:362840007 uberon UBERON:0005631 extraembryonic membrane https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-extraembryonic-membranes Intrinsic membrane that arises from embryonic germ layers and grow to surround the developing embryo. ISBN:0073040584 EHDAA2 is a mereological sum. EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a anterior chamber of eyeball. EHDAA2:0000130 uberon UBERON:0005638 anterior chamber epithelium An epithelium that is part of a anterior chamber of eyeball. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a lens vesicle. EHDAA2:0000987 EMAPA:17165 VHOG:0000532 uberon UBERON:0005656 lens vesicle epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lens vesicle. OBOL:automatic An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0004032 EMAPA:16762 EMAPA:16764 EMAPA:16768 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000094 VHOG:0001095 4th pharyngeal arch ectoderm uberon UBERON:0005662 4th arch ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001095 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) 4th pharyngeal arch ectoderm VHOG:0001095 An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0004033 EMAPA:16765 EMAPA:16767 EMAPA:16769 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000095 VHOG:0001092 4th pharyngeal arch endoderm uberon UBERON:0005666 4th arch endoderm An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001092 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) 4th pharyngeal arch endoderm VHOG:0001092 A mesothelium that is part of a peritoneal cavity. we believe that this corresponds to EMAPA:16139 based on synonyms and parenthood peritoneum BTO:0003156 EHDAA2:0001447 EMAPA:16139 FMA:18147 SCTID:34073007 mesothelium of peritoneal component mesothelium of peritoneum peritoneal mesothelium peritoneum mesothelium uberon UBERON:0005669 peritoneal cavity mesothelium A mesothelium that is part of a peritoneal cavity. OBOL:automatic we believe that this corresponds to EMAPA:16139 based on synonyms and parenthood EMAPA peritoneum EMAPA:16139 mesothelium of peritoneal component EMAPA:16139 mesothelium of peritoneum FMA:18147 peritoneal mesothelium BTO:0003156 peritoneal mesothelium EMAPA:16139 peritoneum mesothelium FMA:18147 An endothelium that is part of a right lung. EHDAA2:0001755 uberon UBERON:0005672 right lung endothelium An endothelium that is part of a right lung. OBOL:automatic An endothelium that is part of a left lung. EHDAA2:0000961 uberon UBERON:0005673 left lung endothelium An endothelium that is part of a left lung. OBOL:automatic An anatomical cavity that is part of a lens vesicle. (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] cavity of lens lens cavity EHDAA2:0000986 EMAPA:17164 VHOG:0000531 cavity of lens vesicle uberon UBERON:0005688 lens vesicle cavity An anatomical cavity that is part of a lens vesicle. OBOL:automatic (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000531 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 (...) an essentially similar sequence of events occurs during the embryonic development of the vertebrate eye. The eye initially develops as a single median evagination of the diencephalon that soon bifurcates to form the paired optic vesicles. As each optic vesicle grows towards the body surface, its proximal part narrows as the optic stalk, and its distal part invaginates to form a two-layered optic cup. (...) The optic cup induces the overlying surface ectoderm first to thicken as a lens placode and then to invaginate and form a lens vesicle that differentiates into the lens.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000531 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.429 http://bgee.unil.ch/ lens cavity EHDAA2:0000986 cavity of lens vesicle EMAPA:17164 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000096 EHDAA:1677 EMAPA:16770 FMA:295702 VHOG:0001052 4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme uberon 4th branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 4 mesenchyme UBERON:0005691 4th arch mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 4. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001052 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) 4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme VHOG:0001052 Mesenchyme that is part of a optic eminence. EHDAA:942 EMAPA:16324 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001310 VHOG:0001073 uberon UBERON:0005702 optic eminence mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a optic eminence. OBOL:automatic A venous system that is part of a hindbrain. EHDAA2:0000776 EMAPA:18632 VHOG:0001322 uberon rhombencephalon venous system UBERON:0005720 hindbrain venous system A venous system that is part of a hindbrain. OBOL:automatic rhombencephalon venous system VHOG:0001322 . EHDAA2:0000474 EMAPA:31862 EMAPA:31863 FMA:296719 VHOG:0000616 extra-embryonic mesoderm extraembryonic mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0005728 extraembryonic mesoderm EHDAA2 EHDAA2 . http://www.ana.ed.ac.uk/database/humat/notes/extraemb/mesoder.htm A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme. Embryonic region that develops into the pelvic fin bud.[TAO] TAO:0001454 ZFA:0001454 pelvic appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm pelvic fin field uberon UBERON:0005730 pelvic appendage field A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Embryonic region that develops into the pelvic fin bud.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001454 TAO ZFIN:curator pelvic fin field ZFA:0001454 A ring of cells capable of forming a limb or paired fin[Gilbert,modified]. we represent the field as being a part of the LPM (consistent with ZFA, Gilbert). As a consequence, the relationship between limb bud (with is ectoderm+mesenchyme) stands in a weaker has_developmental_contribution_from relation to the field - TODO implement this. limb/fin field of lateral plate mesoderm paired limb/fin field uberon UBERON:0005732 paired limb/fin field ISBN:9780878932504 ZFA-inferred A ring of cells capable of forming a limb or paired fin[Gilbert,modified]. ISBN:9780878932504 The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed mainly of fibrous tissue. TODO - note terminological problems. WP says tunica external layer of blood vessel. FMA says tunica externa = adventitia, and is FMA adventitia covers other kinds of vessels. Here we opt for a lengthier name that attempts to disambiguate. There is no precise FMA equivalent, as FMA has tunica externa of arteries, veins, genital ducts etc as siblings The outermost layer of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media. It is mainly composed of collagen. The collagen serves to anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving it stability[Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels)]. BTO:0002010 EMAPA:36299 NCIT:C33818 SCTID:61066005 UMLS:C0225342 Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) adventitia externa tunica adventitia tunica adventitia of vessel uberon external coat tunica adventitia vasorum tunica externa vasorum UBERON:0005734 tunica adventitia of blood vessel https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Illu_artery.jpg cjm The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed mainly of fibrous tissue. ISBN:0073040584 The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed mainly of fibrous tissue. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) The outermost layer of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media. It is mainly composed of collagen. The collagen serves to anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving it stability[Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels)]. The outermost layer of a blood vessel, surrounding the tunica media. It is mainly composed of collagen. The collagen serves to anchor the blood vessel to nearby organs, giving it stability[Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels)]. Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) UMLS:C0225342 ncithesaurus:Tunica_Adventitia adventitia externa adventitia externa Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) tunica adventitia tunica adventitia Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) tunica adventitia of vessel tunica adventitia of vessel Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) external coat external coat Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) tunica adventitia vasorum tunica adventitia vasorum Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) tunica externa vasorum tunica externa vasorum Wikipedia:Tunica_externa_(vessels) A tunica intima that is part of a artery. EMAPA:36293 EV:0100028 FMA:14272 SCTID:40022005 galen:IntimaOfArtery arterial intima tunica interna (intima)(arteriae) uberon UBERON:0005740 tunica intima of artery A tunica intima that is part of a artery. OBOL:automatic arterial intima EV:0100028 tunica interna (intima)(arteriae) FMA:14272 An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP]. BTO:0002010 FMA:45635 MESH:D063194 SCTID:30180000 Wikipedia:Adventitia tunica advetitia tunica externa uberon UBERON:0005742 adventitia http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Illu_esophageal_layers.jpg An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP]. An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP]. Wikipedia:Adventitia tunica advetitia tunica advetitia Wikipedia:Adventitia tunica externa FMA:45635 Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves. in FMA and ZFA this is a conduit space, not a conduit. Note there may be some additional disambiguation required: foramen is used loosely in the sense of any opening (e.g. foramen primum). FMA appears to use cranial conduit (undefined) in the sense of any foramen of the skull (includes mental foramen, which is not in the cranium proper). foramen AAO:0010438 TAO:0001736 VHOG:0001760 ZFA:0005386 uberon UBERON:0005744 bone foramen http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Gray193.png Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves. TAO:curator in FMA and ZFA this is a conduit space, not a conduit. Note there may be some additional disambiguation required: foramen is used loosely in the sense of any opening (e.g. foramen primum). FMA appears to use cranial conduit (undefined) in the sense of any foramen of the skull (includes mental foramen, which is not in the cranium proper). FMA foramen ZFA:0005386 An acellular anatomical structure that is the bounding layer of a anatomical structure. FMA:63871 uberon UBERON:0005764 acellular membrane An acellular anatomical structure that is the bounding layer of a anatomical structure. OBOL:automatic An acellular membrane that is part of the epithelium, lies adjacent to the epithelial cells, and is the fusion of the the basal lamina and the reticular lamina. this class represents a continuous sheet of basement membrane which can underlie multiple epithelial cells over large regions. In contrast, the GO class 'basal membrane' represents a portion of substance on the scale of a single cell. AAO:0010596 FMA:63872 GAID:915 NCIT:C13191 SCTID:68989006 UMLS:C0004799 Wikipedia:Basement_membrane basement membrane of connective tissue membrana basalis uberon basement membrane UBERON:0005769 basement membrane of epithelium FMA An acellular membrane that is part of the epithelium, lies adjacent to the epithelial cells, and is the fusion of the the basal lamina and the reticular lamina. An acellular membrane that is part of the epithelium, lies adjacent to the epithelial cells, and is the fusion of the the basal lamina and the reticular lamina. Wikipedia:Basement_membrane http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://palaeos.com/metazoa/porifera/homoscleromorpha.html UMLS:C0004799 ncithesaurus:Basement_Membrane basement membrane of connective tissue FMA:63872 membrana basalis membrana basalis Wikipedia:Basement_membrane basement membrane FMA:63872 FMA:72173 SCTID:255782009 fetal uterus uberon UBERON:0005795 embryonic uterus fetal uterus FMA:72173 Any portion of the aorta including the ascending and descending aorta, and aortic arch or a portion of the aortic orifice of the left ventricle. FMA:13087 NCIT:C34027 SCTID:119203005 UMLS:C0506947 aortic section uberon aortic segment portion of aorta segment of aorta UBERON:0005800 section of aorta Any portion of the aorta including the ascending and descending aorta, and aortic arch or a portion of the aortic orifice of the left ventricle. ncithesaurus:Aortic_Segment UMLS:C0506947 ncithesaurus:Aortic_Segment aortic segment FMA:13087 segment of aorta FMA:13087 The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. Each primitive aorta receives anteriorly a vein 'the vitelline vein' from the yolk-sac, and is prolonged backward on the lateral aspect of the notochord under the name of the dorsal aorta. The dorsal aortae give branches to the yolk-sac, and are continued backward through the body-stalk as the umbilical arteries to the villi of the chorion. The two dorsal aortae combine to become the descending aorta in later development[WP]. Principal unpaired, median artery of the trunk, leading from the paired roots (radices) of the dorsal aorta to the caudal artery. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] The artery in vertebrate embryos that transports blood from the aortic arches to the trunk and limbs. In adult fish it is a major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the efferent branchial arteries to branches that supply the body organ. In adult tetrapods it arises from the systemic arch relationship loss: part_of axial vasculature (TAO:0001073)[TAO] When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] AAO:0011029 BTO:0004673 EHDAA:402 EMAPA:18606 SCTID:338637006 TAO:0000014 VHOG:0000264 Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta XAO:0000051 ZFA:0000014 DA aorta dorsalis uberon aortae dorsales dorsal aorta root dorsal aortae dorsal aortic root dorsal aortæ UBERON:0005805 dorsal aorta http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Gray459.png The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. GO:0035907 The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. GO:0035907 https://sourceforge.net/p/geneontology/ontology-requests/8525/ Each primitive aorta receives anteriorly a vein 'the vitelline vein' from the yolk-sac, and is prolonged backward on the lateral aspect of the notochord under the name of the dorsal aorta. The dorsal aortae give branches to the yolk-sac, and are continued backward through the body-stalk as the umbilical arteries to the villi of the chorion. The two dorsal aortae combine to become the descending aorta in later development[WP]. Each primitive aorta receives anteriorly a vein 'the vitelline vein' from the yolk-sac, and is prolonged backward on the lateral aspect of the notochord under the name of the dorsal aorta. The dorsal aortae give branches to the yolk-sac, and are continued backward through the body-stalk as the umbilical arteries to the villi of the chorion. The two dorsal aortae combine to become the descending aorta in later development[WP]. Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta Principal unpaired, median artery of the trunk, leading from the paired roots (radices) of the dorsal aorta to the caudal artery. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000014 TAO ZFIN:curator The artery in vertebrate embryos that transports blood from the aortic arches to the trunk and limbs. In adult fish it is a major artery that carries oxygenated blood from the efferent branchial arteries to branches that supply the body organ. In adult tetrapods it arises from the systemic arch BTO:0004673 relationship loss: part_of axial vasculature (TAO:0001073)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000014 TAO When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000264 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 When vertebrates first appeared, they must have possessed a ventral and dorsal aorta with aortic arches between them.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000264 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.620 http://bgee.unil.ch/ DA ZFA:0000014 aorta dorsalis XAO:0000051 aortae dorsales aortae dorsales Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta dorsal aorta root VHOG:0000264 dorsal aortae dorsal aortae Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta dorsal aortic root VHOG:0000264 dorsal aortæ dorsal aortæ Wikipedia:Dorsal_aorta This is currently used loosely to refer to cervical, lumbar, etc as well as the metamerically repeated segments, which may correspond more closely with the ZFA neuromere term BIRNLEX:2665 FMA:62420 MA:0003080 SCTID:278748001 axial part of spinal cord axial regional part of spinal cord segment of spinal cord uberon spinal neuromeres UBERON:0005844 spinal cord segment axial part of spinal cord BIRNLEX:2665 axial regional part of spinal cord BIRNLEX:2665 segment of spinal cord FMA:62420 spinal neuromeres TAO:0001332 A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme. AEO:0000148 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003148 EHDAA:8979 mesenchyme condensation uberon UBERON:0005856 developing mesenchymal condensation AEO cjm AEO-modified-relation A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme. AEO:0000148 mesenchyme condensation EMAPA:25351 Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes. isa cell condensation in VSAO; has_part chondroblast in AEO AEO:0000147 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003147 EMAPA:32731 VSAO:0000092 XAO:0004022 cartilage condensation cartilagenous condensation chondrogenic condensation uberon UBERON:0005863 cartilaginous condensation AEO AEO Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes. GO:curator isa cell condensation in VSAO; has_part chondroblast in AEO VSAO cartilage condensation EMAPA:25353 cartilagenous condensation EHDAA2:0003147 chondrogenic condensation VSAO:0000092 UBERON:0008714 AEO:0000149 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003149 pre muscle mass premuscle mass uberon UBERON:0005865 pre-muscle condensation AEO A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme whose cells are committed to become chondroblasts. A closely packed aggregation of mesenchymal cells just prior to their differentiation into embryonic cartilage. AEO:0000150 EHDAA2:0003150 EMAPA:32736 pre-chondrogenic condensation precartilage condensation precartilagenous condensation prechondrogenic condensation uberon UBERON:0005866 pre-cartilage condensation AEO AEO A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme whose cells are committed to become chondroblasts. AEO:0000150 AEO:JB A closely packed aggregation of mesenchymal cells just prior to their differentiation into embryonic cartilage. A closely packed aggregation of mesenchymal cells just prior to their differentiation into embryonic cartilage. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/precartilage The paired ventral prominences formed by bifurcation of the first pharyngeal arches in the embryo; the two prominences unite ventrally and fuse to form the mandible and lower lip. check develops_from EHDAA2:0001061 EHDAA:5871 EMAPA:17355 FMA:293051 NCIT:C34204 UMLS:C1512982 Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence uberon mandibular process mandibular swelling prominentia mandibularis UBERON:0005867 mandibular prominence The paired ventral prominences formed by bifurcation of the first pharyngeal arches in the embryo; the two prominences unite ventrally and fuse to form the mandible and lower lip. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0010939 UMLS:C1512982 ncithesaurus:Mandibular_Prominence mandibular process mandibular process Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence mandibular swelling mandibular swelling https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 prominentia mandibularis prominentia mandibularis Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles. TODO - check An anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the neurocranium and forms the margin of the foramen margin and occipital condyles.[AAO] Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occiptal condyle.[TAO] AAO:0010199 BTO:0004675 FMA:49187 SCTID:362618001 TAO:0001414 XAO:0003173 ZFA:0001414 http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2431 basicranial region occipital part of head occipital region of head uberon back of head UBERON:0005902 occipital region Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occipital condyles. TAO:0001414 UBERONREF:0000007 An anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the neurocranium and forms the margin of the foramen margin and occipital condyles.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010199 AAO AAO:EJS Anatomical cluster that is located in the posterior region of the cranium and forms the margin of the foramen magnum and occiptal condyle.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001414 TAO TAO:MAH basicranial region ZFA:0001414 occipital part of head FMA:49187 occipital region of head FMA:49187 back of head FMA:49187 Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA]. EMAPA:16060 FMA:9689 MA:0000005 SCTID:362890006 uberon UBERON:0005906 See notes for serous membrane serous sac Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA]. FMA:9689 Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA]. FMA:9689 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA]. FMA:69065 endoderm-derived epithelium endoepithelium uberon UBERON:0005911 endo-epithelium Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA]. FMA:69065 FMA:10483 bone organ zone uberon UBERON:0005913 zone of bone organ FMA bone organ zone FMA:10483 Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified]. Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including the cranium, vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] AAO:0000963 EMAPA:17214 EMAPA:18043 MA:0000308 NCIT:C32172 SCTID:361725000 UMLS:C0222645 VSAO:0000056 Wikipedia:Axial_skeleton XAO:0004011 uberon skeleton axiale UBERON:0005944 axial skeleton plus cranial skeleton http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/The-axial-skeleton http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Axial_skeleton_diagram.svg Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified]. FMA:71221 VSAO:0000056 Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified]. FMA:71221 VSAO:0000056 Wikipedia:Axial_skeleton https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/44 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-axial-skeleton Skeletal subdivision of the central body axis including the cranium, vertebrae, notochord, ribs, and sternum.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000056 VSAO PSPUB:0000170 UMLS:C0222645 ncithesaurus:Axial_Skeleton skeleton axiale skeleton axiale Wikipedia:Axial_skeleton An outflow tract that is part of a cardiac atrium. FMA:14141 outflow part of atrium uberon UBERON:0005946 outflow tract of atrium An outflow tract that is part of a cardiac atrium. OBOL:automatic outflow part of atrium FMA:14141 Anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminating in the pulmonary trunk. infundibulum EMAPA:37926 FMA:7216 NCIT:C61368 SCTID:244379003 UMLS:C1881209 RVOT conus arteriosus (infundibulum) infundibulum of right ventricle outflow tract of right ventricle pulmonary conus right ventricle pulmonary outflow tract right ventricular outflow tract uberon arterial cone conus arteriosus pulmonary cone pulmonary conus UBERON:0005953 outflow part of right ventricle PMID:17276708 Anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminating in the pulmonary trunk. MP:0010428 infundibulum infundibulum Wikipedia:Conus_arteriosus EMAPA:37926 MA:th UMLS:C1881209 ncithesaurus:Infundibulum RVOT MP:0010428 conus arteriosus (infundibulum) FMA:7216 infundibulum of right ventricle FMA:7216 infundibulum of right ventricle MP:0010428 outflow tract of right ventricle FMA:7216 pulmonary conus FMA:7216 right ventricle pulmonary outflow tract MP:0010428 right ventricular outflow tract MP:0010428 arterial cone MP:0010428 conus arteriosus MP:0010428 pulmonary cone MP:0010428 pulmonary conus MP:0010428 Anterosuperior fibrous portion of the left ventricle that connects to the ascending aorta. EMAPA:37925 FMA:9473 SCTID:264070001 Wikipedia:Aortic_vestibule LVOT Sibson vestibule aortic vestibule heart left ventricle outflow tract left ventricular outflow left ventricular outflow tract outflow tract of left ventricle vestibulum aortae uberon UBERON:0005956 outflow part of left ventricle Anterosuperior fibrous portion of the left ventricle that connects to the ascending aorta. MP:0010429 EMAPA:37925 MA:th LVOT MP:0010429 Sibson vestibule MP:0010429 aortic vestibule FMA:9473 aortic vestibule MP:0010429 heart left ventricle outflow tract MP:0010429 left ventricular outflow FMA:9473 left ventricular outflow tract HP:0011103 outflow tract of left ventricle FMA:9473 vestibulum aortae FMA:9473 FMA:TA Outflow part of atrium which consists of wall and cavity of the outflow part of right atrium and the tricuspid valve.[FMA]. FMA:9550 main part of right atrium outflow tract of right atrium uberon UBERON:0005965 outflow part of right atrium Outflow part of atrium which consists of wall and cavity of the outflow part of right atrium and the tricuspid valve.[FMA]. FMA:9550 FMA:FMA main part of right atrium FMA:9550 outflow tract of right atrium FMA:9550 An outflow tract of atrium that is part of a left atrium. FMA:9551 main part of left atrium outflow tract of left atrium uberon UBERON:0005966 outflow part of left atrium An outflow tract of atrium that is part of a left atrium. OBOL:automatic main part of left atrium FMA:9551 outflow tract of left atrium FMA:9551 A sheet of somatopleure that grows upward over the embryo and eventually meets in the midline enclosing the embryo, eventually giving rise to the amnion and chorion[Kardong]. EMAPA:16076 amnionic fold uberon UBERON:0005971 amniotic fold ISBN:0073040584 A sheet of somatopleure that grows upward over the embryo and eventually meets in the midline enclosing the embryo, eventually giving rise to the amnion and chorion[Kardong]. ISBN:0073040584 amnionic fold http://placentation.ucsd.edu/glossfs.html The vertical crest of the interior wall of the right atrium that lies to the right of the sinus of the vena cava and separates this from the remainder of the right atrium. EMAPA:37837 FMA:9236 SCTID:277693004 Wikipedia:Crista_terminalis crista terminalis atrii dextri crista terminalis cordis crista terminalis of right atrium uberon UBERON:0005979 crista terminalis The vertical crest of the interior wall of the right atrium that lies to the right of the sinus of the vena cava and separates this from the remainder of the right atrium. MP:0010495 EMAPA:37837 MA:th crista terminalis atrii dextri FMA:9236 FMA:TA crista terminalis cordis FMA:9236 crista terminalis of right atrium FMA:9236 The laminar structure of the heart. uberon UBERON:0005983 heart layer The laminar structure of the heart. MP:0010545 Any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation. TODO - change relation from part_of MESH:D003331 Wikipedia:Coronary_circulation uberon UBERON:0005985 coronary vessel Any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation. MP:0010551 The wall of the heart that separates the right atrium and left ventricle; and is located just above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve. EMAPA:37431 FMA:7136 SCTID:280151006 Wikipedia:Atrioventricular_septum membranous atrioventricular septum uberon UBERON:0005989 atrioventricular septum Wikipedia PMID:15797462 Wikipedia The wall of the heart that separates the right atrium and left ventricle; and is located just above the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve. MP:0010592 EMAPA:37431 MA:th membranous atrioventricular septum FMA:7136 The paired arteries that carry blood to the yolk sac from the dorsal aorta. EHDAA2:0002208 EMAPA:16207 Wikipedia:Vitelline_arteries uberon UBERON:0006002 Development notes:; the vitelline arteries give rise to the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery in the adult[MP:0010664] vitelline artery http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Gray31.png ventral branch The paired arteries that carry blood to the yolk sac from the dorsal aorta. MP:0010664 Wikipedia:Vitelline_arteries Anatomical structure embedded in or located in the integument that is part of the integumental system. Examples: hair, follicles, skin glands, claws, nails, feathers. add subclasses based on resolution of CARO tracker item. Also check: adnexal gland. Note that MP implicitly includes hypodermis. the tissue or structures associated with or embedded in the skin such as hair and hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and claws or nails[MP:0010678] EMAPA:37883 Wikipedia:Skin_appendage body hair or bristle uberon adnexae cutis skin adnexa skin adnexal structure skin appendage UBERON:0006003 integumentary adnexa Anatomical structure embedded in or located in the integument that is part of the integumental system. Examples: hair, follicles, skin glands, claws, nails, feathers. Anatomical structure embedded in or located in the integument that is part of the integumental system. Examples: hair, follicles, skin glands, claws, nails, feathers. http://code.google.com/p/caro2/issues/detail?id=5 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the tissue or structures associated with or embedded in the skin such as hair and hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and claws or nails[MP:0010678] MP:0010678 EMAPA:37883 MA:th body hair or bristle GO:GO adnexae cutis adnexae cutis Wikipedia:Skin_appendage skin adnexa skin adnexa Wikipedia:Skin_appendage skin appendage skin appendage Wikipedia:Skin_appendage uberon UBERON:0006056 posterior surface of head The spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta[MP]. The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions. UBERON:0005999 CALOHA:TS-2409 EHDAA2:0000136 EHDAA:2592 EMAPA:16827 VHOG:0000502 Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aortico-pulmonary septum aorticopulmonary septum septum aorticopulmonale uberon aortic septum spiral septum UBERON:0006207 aortico-pulmonary spiral septum http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Gray470.png Wikipedia PMID:6844926 Wikipedia The spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta[MP]. The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions. MP:0010650 The spiral septum that separates the truncus arteriosus into a ventral pulmonary trunk and the dorsal aorta[MP]. The aorticopulmonary septum is developmentally formed from neural crest, specifically the cardiac neural crest, and actively separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries and fuses with the interventricular septum within the heart during development. The actual mechanism of septation of the outflow tract is poorly understood, but is recognized as a dynamic process with contributions from contractile, hemodynamic, and extracellular matrix interactions. MP:0010650 Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aortico-pulmonary septum aortico-pulmonary septum Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aorticopulmonary septum aorticopulmonary septum Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum septum aorticopulmonale septum aorticopulmonale Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum aortic septum aortic septum Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum spiral septum spiral septum Wikipedia:Aorticopulmonary_septum The thin bilaminar membrane derived from the prechordal plate that is devoid of mesoderm and formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the foregut endoderm; after the embryonic head fold has evolved it lies at the caudal limit of the stomodeum, forming a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx; the membrane eventually disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx. EHDAA2:0000189 EHDAA:536 EMAPA:16259 FMA:313607 SCTID:361412007 VHOG:0000380 Wikipedia:Buccopharyngeal_membrane uberon oral membrane oral plate oropharyngeal membrane pharyngeal membrane UBERON:0006211 buccopharyngeal membrane http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Gray977.png EHDAA2 The thin bilaminar membrane derived from the prechordal plate that is devoid of mesoderm and formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the foregut endoderm; after the embryonic head fold has evolved it lies at the caudal limit of the stomodeum, forming a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx; the membrane eventually disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx. MP:0012521 oral membrane MP:0012521 oral plate MP:0012521 oropharyngeal membrane oropharyngeal membrane Wikipedia:Buccopharyngeal_membrane pharyngeal membrane MP:0012521 EHDAA:1267 EMAPA:16342 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000268 uberon UBERON:0006218 common atrial chamber An anatomical junctions that overlaps the foregut and midgut. Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000569 EHDAA:526 EMAPA:16363 VHOG:0000291 uberon UBERON:0006235 foregut-midgut junction An anatomical junctions that overlaps the foregut and midgut. OBOL:automatic Although all vertebrates have a digestive tract and accessory glands, various parts of this system are not necessarily homologous, analogous, or even present in all species. Therefore, broad comparisons can be best made under the listings of headgut, foregut, midgut, pancreas and biliary system, hindgut.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000291 VHOG ISBN:978-0521617147 Stevens CE and Hume ID, Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system (2004) p.11 http://bgee.unil.ch/ The embryonic precursor of the brain. The embryonic precursor of the brain and the set of mature brain structures that derive from it (CUMBO) BAMS:Enc BTO:0004726 EFO:0003431 EHDAA:300 EHDAA:830 EMAPA:16089 FMA:312967 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0000591 TAO:0000146 ZFA:0000146 brain rudiment presumptive brain encephalon uberon embryonic brain UBERON:0006238 future brain The embryonic precursor of the brain. NLX:94995 The embryonic precursor of the brain and the set of mature brain structures that derive from it (CUMBO) The embryonic precursor of the brain and the set of mature brain structures that derive from it (CUMBO) http://neurolex.org/wiki/Cumbo_terms brain rudiment TAO:0000146 presumptive brain ZFA:0000146 encephalon NLX:94995 embryonic brain BTO:0004726 A tendon that has the potential to develop into a central tendon. The cranial part of the septum transversum gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm and is the origin of the myoblasts that invade the pleuroperitoneal folds resulting in the formation of the muscular diaphragm. EHDAA2:0000593 EHDAA:4118 EMAPA:25035 uberon cranial derivative of septum transversum cranial part of septum transversum UBERON:0006239 future central tendon EHDAA2 mesenchyme cranial part Wikipedia A tendon that has the potential to develop into a central tendon. OBOL:automatic cranial derivative of septum transversum http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cranial part of septum transversum http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EFO:0003438 EHDAA2:0000674 EHDAA:898 EMAPA:16092 EMAPA:16755 TAO:0000417 ZFA:0000417 presumptive spinal cord presumptive spinal cord neural keel presumptive spinal cord neural plate presumptive spinal cord neural rod uberon UBERON:0006241 future spinal cord EHDAA2 presumptive spinal cord ZFA:0000417 presumptive spinal cord neural keel TAO:0000417 presumptive spinal cord neural plate TAO:0000417 presumptive spinal cord neural rod TAO:0000417 An anatomical junctions that overlaps the mouth and foregut. EHDAA:534 EMAPA:16258 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001205 VHOG:0000592 uberon UBERON:0006264 mouth-foregut junction An anatomical junctions that overlaps the mouth and foregut. OBOL:automatic The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. TODO - check ordering; awaiting confirmation from JB The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. [Carson_JL, Dehart_DB, Developmental_Dynamics_(1994)_201:_260-278, Gesteland_K_and_Schoenwolf_GC, Inagaki_T, Morphogenesis_of_the_murine_node_and_notochordal_plate, The_prechordal_plate, Vrablic_T, see_Mueller_F_and_O'Rahilly_R, the_rostral_end_of_the_notochord_and_nearby_median_features_in_staged_human_embryos._Cells_Tissues_Organs_(2003)_173:_1-20_and_Sulik_K][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001278 EHDAA:264 EMAPA:16101 NCIT:C34231 UMLS:C1518429 VHOG:0001212 uberon UBERON:0006267 notochordal plate EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. VHOG:0001212 The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. [Carson_JL, Dehart_DB, Developmental_Dynamics_(1994)_201:_260-278, Gesteland_K_and_Schoenwolf_GC, Inagaki_T, Morphogenesis_of_the_murine_node_and_notochordal_plate, The_prechordal_plate, Vrablic_T, see_Mueller_F_and_O'Rahilly_R, the_rostral_end_of_the_notochord_and_nearby_median_features_in_staged_human_embryos._Cells_Tissues_Organs_(2003)_173:_1-20_and_Sulik_K][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001212 VHOG The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. [Carson_JL, Dehart_DB, Developmental_Dynamics_(1994)_201:_260-278, Gesteland_K_and_Schoenwolf_GC, Inagaki_T, Morphogenesis_of_the_murine_node_and_notochordal_plate, The_prechordal_plate, Vrablic_T, see_Mueller_F_and_O'Rahilly_R, the_rostral_end_of_the_notochord_and_nearby_median_features_in_staged_human_embryos._Cells_Tissues_Organs_(2003)_173:_1-20_and_Sulik_K][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001212 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1518429 ncithesaurus:Notochordal_Plate A midline cellular cord formed from the migration of mesenchymal cells from the primitive knot. EHDAA2:0001279 EHDAA:224 EMAPA:16102 FMA:293135 NCIT:C34232 UMLS:C1518430 VHOG:0001213 uberon chordamesoderm presumptive notochord UBERON:0006268 The notochordal process grows cranially until it reaches the prechordal plate, the future site of the mouth. In this area the ectoderm is attached directly to the endoderm without intervening mesoderm. This area is known as the oropharyngeal membrane, and it will break down to become the mouth. At the other end of the primitive streak the ectoderm is also fused directly to the endoderm; this is known as the cloacal membrane (proctodeum), or primordial anus. notochordal process EHDAA2 A midline cellular cord formed from the migration of mesenchymal cells from the primitive knot. A midline cellular cord formed from the migration of mesenchymal cells from the primitive knot. http://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/coursepages/m1/embryology/embryo/05embryonicperiod.htm UMLS:C1518430 ncithesaurus:Notochordal_Process Each of the canals that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity. Each of the canal that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity. [ISBN:0124020607][VHOG] EHDAA2:0001481 EHDAA:4128 EMAPA:17704 EMAPA:17707 SCTID:361413002 VHOG:0001505 uberon pleuroperitoneal channel UBERON:0006279 pleuroperitoneal canal EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Each of the canals that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity. ISBN:0124020607 VHOG:0001505 Each of the canal that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity. [ISBN:0124020607][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001505 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ pleuroperitoneal channel VHOG:0001505 Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac ventricle. UBERON:0010226 embryonic ventricle EHDAA2:0001531 EMAPA:16350 FMA:71006 NCIT:C34160 SCTID:361524003 TAO:0002231 Wikipedia:Embryonic_ventricle ZFA:0001719 early heart ventricle embryonic heart ventricle future heart ventricle presumptive cardiac ventricle heart tube primitive ventricle primitive ventricle of heart primordial cardiac ventricle primordial ventricle uberon UBERON:0006283 The embryonic ventricle or primitive ventricle of the developing heart gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles. In contrast, the smooth parts of the left and right ventricles originate from the embryological bulbus cordis. The primitive ventricle becomes divided by a septum, the septum inferius or ventricular septum, which grows upward from the lower part of the ventricle, its position being indicated on the surface of the heart by a furrow. Its dorsal part increases more rapidly than its ventral portion, and fuses with the dorsal part of the septum intermedium. For a time an interventricular foramen exists above its ventral portion, but this foramen is ultimately closed by the fusion of the aortic septum with the ventricular septum[WP] future cardiac ventricle ZFA EMAPA Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac ventricle. ZFA:0001719 presumptive cardiac ventricle heart tube ZFA:0001719 primitive ventricle EHDAA2:0001531 primitive ventricle of heart EMAPA:16350 primordial cardiac ventricle FMA:71006 primordial ventricle FMA:71006 EHDAA:924 EMAPA:16663 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0002089 trigeminal V preganglion uberon trigeminal preganglion UBERON:0006304 See: https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/13 and https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/693 -- consider merging into trigeminal ganglion, as this complicates the model future trigeminal ganglion EHDAA2 trigeminal V preganglion EMAPA:16663 trigeminal preganglion EMAPA:16663 A segment of the eyeball that is filled with refractive media. BTO:0002085 EMAPA:37529 FMA:58071 MA:0002459 NCIT:C32301 SCTID:280540004 UMLS:C0459556 eye chamber eyeball chamber uberon chamber of eye UBERON:0006311 chamber of eyeball A segment of the eyeball that is filled with refractive media. A segment of the eyeball that is filled with refractive media. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37529 MA:th UMLS:C0459556 ncithesaurus:Chamber_of_the_Eye eye chamber MA:0002459 eyeball chamber FMA:58071 chamber of eye BTO:0002085 Body substance in a liquid or semi-solid state in the eyeball which serves to refract light. ocular refraction MA:0001911 uberon UBERON:0006312 ocular refractive media Body substance in a liquid or semi-solid state in the eyeball which serves to refract light. Body substance in a liquid or semi-solid state in the eyeball which serves to refract light. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not. fluid BIRNLEX:20 EMAPA:37441 FMA:280556 GAID:266 MESH:D001826 Wikipedia:Body_fluid galen:BodyFluid body fluid uberon UBERON:0006314 bodily fluid Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not. MESH:A12.207 Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not. MESH:A12.207 Wikipedia:Body_fluid EMAPA:37441 MA:th body fluid GAID:266 A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem. EMAPA:32790 MA:0000821 uberon brain stem nucleus UBERON:0006331 brainstem nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem. OBOL:automatic brain stem nucleus EMAPA:32790 2 2 2 An artery that connects two larger arteries. EMAPA:18598 MA:0001938 NCIT:C52851 UMLS:C1707451 uberon UBERON:0006347 Grouping for anterior and posterior communicating artery An artery that connects two larger arteries. ncithesaurus:Communicating_Artery UMLS:C1707451 ncithesaurus:Communicating_Artery A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a zone of skin. MA:0002537 skin fluid/secretion uberon skin fluid skin substance UBERON:0006535 skin secretion A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a zone of skin. OBOL:automatic skin fluid/secretion MA:0002537 A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a female reproductive gland. MA:0002510 female reproductive system fluid/secretion uberon female reproductive system fluid female reproductive system secretion UBERON:0006537 female reproductive gland secretion A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a female reproductive gland. UBERON:cjm female reproductive system fluid/secretion MA:0002510 A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a respiratory system. EMAPA:36550 MA:0002533 NCIT:C13722 UMLS:C1514899 uberon respiratory system fluid respiratory system secretion UBERON:0006538 respiratory system fluid/secretion A portion of organism substance that secreted_by a respiratory system. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1514899 ncithesaurus:Respiratory_System_Fluid_or_Secretion A tube that is part of a excretory system. uberon UBERON:0006555 excretory tube A tube that is part of a excretory system. OBOL:automatic The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO]. currently this is an extremely generic class, encompassing both protostomes and deuterostomes. branchial pharyngeal FBbt:00005380 MAT:0000049 MESH:D010614 MIAA:0000049 uberon anterior part of foregut pharyngeal tube UBERON:0006562 pharynx The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO]. GO:0060465 Tunica media of artery which is continuous with the myocardium of right ventricle.[FMA]. FMA:85030 uberon UBERON:0006563 tunica media of pulmonary trunk Tunica media of artery which is continuous with the myocardium of right ventricle.[FMA]. FMA:85030 FMA:FMA A myocardium that is part of a left ventricle of a heart. Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of aorta. EMAPA:17339 FMA:9558 MA:0002983 SCTID:362021000 left ventricular myocardium myocardium of left ventricle uberon UBERON:0006566 left ventricle myocardium A myocardium that is part of a left ventricle of a heart. A myocardium that is part of a left ventricle of a heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of aorta. FMA:9558 left ventricular myocardium FMA:9558 myocardium of left ventricle FMA:9558 A myocardium that is part of a right ventricle of a heart. Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of the pulmonary trunk. EMAPA:17342 FMA:9535 MA:0002984 SCTID:362020004 myocardium of right ventricle right ventricular myocardium uberon UBERON:0006567 right ventricle myocardium A myocardium that is part of a right ventricle of a heart. A myocardium that is part of a right ventricle of a heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Myocardium of ventricle which is continuous with the tunica media of the pulmonary trunk. FMA:9535 myocardium of right ventricle FMA:9535 right ventricular myocardium FMA:9535 The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anorectal junction) is a line which divides the upper 2/3rds and lower 1/3rd of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction. It is an important anatomical landmark, and several distinctions can be made based upon the location of a structure relative to this line:. FMA also has FMA:29321 but it's not clear how this differs EMAPA:19159 FMA:75383 NCIT:C34245 SCTID:245445008 UMLS:C0821671 Wikipedia:Pectinate_line linea pectinata canalis analis pectinate line of anal canal uberon Hilton's 'white line' dentate line linea anocutanea recto-anal junction site of anal membrane UBERON:0006574 pectinate line http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Hemorrhoid.png The pectinate line (anocutaneous line, dentate line, anorectal junction) is a line which divides the upper 2/3rds and lower 1/3rd of the anal canal. Developmentally, this line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction. It is an important anatomical landmark, and several distinctions can be made based upon the location of a structure relative to this line:. Wikipedia:Pectinate_line FMA also has FMA:29321 but it's not clear how this differs FMA UMLS:C0821671 ncithesaurus:Pectinate_Line linea pectinata canalis analis FMA:75383 FMA:TA pectinate line of anal canal FMA:75383 Hilton's 'white line' EMAPA:19159 dentate line Wikipedia:Pectinate_line linea anocutanea Wikipedia:Pectinate_line recto-anal junction Wikipedia:Pectinate_line site of anal membrane EMAPA:19159 Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm. AAO:0000471 EFO:0003437 TAO:0000416 ZFA:0000416 uberon UBERON:0006595 presumptive endoderm Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm. Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 AAO:0000468 EFO:0003439 TAO:0000568 ZFA:0000568 future blood uberon UBERON:0006596 presumptive blood Portion of embryonic tissue determined by fate mapping to become a structure. Consider merging with anlage AAO:0000479 TAO:0001116 ZFA:0001116 future structure presumptive structures uberon UBERON:0006598 presumptive structure Portion of embryonic tissue determined by fate mapping to become a structure. GOC:CVS GOC:YMB ZFA:0001116 presumptive structures ZFA:0001116 Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm. AAO:0000470 EFO:0003466 TAO:0001376 XAO:0004132 ZFA:0001376 uberon presumptive epidermis UBERON:0006601 presumptive ectoderm Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm. Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 presumptive epidermis ZFA:0001376 Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into mesoderm. AAO:0000476 EFO:0003467 TAO:0001377 ZFA:0001377 uberon UBERON:0006603 presumptive mesoderm Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into mesoderm. Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into mesoderm. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A muscle layer that is part of a fallopian tube. EMAPA:29046 FMA:18318 SCTID:259488000 muscle layer of fallopian tube muscle layer of oviduct muscle layer of uterine tube muscular coat of uterine tube muscular layer of uterine tube muscularis of uterine tube tunica muscularis (Tuba uterina) tunica muscularis tubae uterinae uterine tubal muscularis uberon UBERON:0006642 muscle layer of oviduct A muscle layer that is part of a fallopian tube. OBOL:automatic muscle layer of fallopian tube FMA:18318 muscle layer of oviduct FMA:18318 muscle layer of uterine tube FMA:18318 muscular coat of uterine tube FMA:18318 muscular layer of uterine tube FMA:18318 muscularis of uterine tube FMA:18318 tunica muscularis (Tuba uterina) FMA:18318 tunica muscularis tubae uterinae FMA:18318 FMA:TA uterine tubal muscularis FMA:18318 A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. currently this class conflates a generic layer of muscle and a specific layer found lining the digestive tract (the muscularis externa), typically composed of circular and longitudinal layers (although this varies) An outer layer of smooth muscle surrounding a hollow or tubular organ as the bladder, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine, stomach, ureter, uterus, and vagina that often consists of an inner layer of circular fibers serving to narrow the lumen of the organ and an outer layer of longitudinal fibers serving to shorten its length[BTO]. typically smooth muscle, but there may be exceptions - in the upper esophagus, part of the externa is skeletal muscle, rather than smooth muscle. BTO:0004838 SCTID:86915006 UMLS:C0225358 Wikipedia:Muscular_layer muscular layer muscularis layer tunica muscularis uberon muscular coat muscularis muscularis externa muscularis propria transverse muscular fibers tunica externa tunica muscularis UBERON:0006660 muscular coat A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. Wikipedia:Muscular_layer An outer layer of smooth muscle surrounding a hollow or tubular organ as the bladder, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine, stomach, ureter, uterus, and vagina that often consists of an inner layer of circular fibers serving to narrow the lumen of the organ and an outer layer of longitudinal fibers serving to shorten its length[BTO]. BTO:0004838 UMLS:C0225358 ncithesaurus:Muscle_Layer muscular layer OBOL:automatic muscularis layer FMA:45634 tunica muscularis BTO:0004838 muscular coat Wikipedia:Muscularis_externa muscularis externa BTO:0004838 muscularis propria Wikipedia:Muscularis_externa transverse muscular fibers Wikipedia:Muscularis_externa tunica externa BTO:0004838 tunica muscularis Wikipedia:Muscularis_externa The three-lobed cloverleaf-shaped aponeurosis situated at the center of the diaphragm; the central tendon is fused with the fibrous pericardium that provides attachment for the muscle fibers. In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm's apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:17702 FMA:58279 NCIT:C34119 SCTID:244943002 UMLS:C0230162 VHOG:0001399 Wikipedia:Central_tendon_of_diaphragm central tendon centrum tendineum centrum tendineum diaphragmatis uberon UBERON:0006670 central tendon of diaphragm VHOG definitional The three-lobed cloverleaf-shaped aponeurosis situated at the center of the diaphragm; the central tendon is fused with the fibrous pericardium that provides attachment for the muscle fibers. MGI:csmith MP:0012061 In mammals, the diaphragm muscle divides the thoracoabdominal cavity into thorax and abdomen. In most mammals, the diaphragm is a flat sheet with muscle fibers radiating outward from a central tendon, and the diaphragm's apposition to the cranial surface of the liver gives it a dome-shape. Muscle fiber contraction reduces the curvature of the dome, thereby expanding the thoracic cavity and aspirating air into the lungs.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001399 VHOG DOI:10.1016/j.resp.2006.06.003 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C0230162 ncithesaurus:Central_Tendon_of_the_Diaphragm central tendon FMA:58279 centrum tendineum FMA:58279 centrum tendineum diaphragmatis FMA:58279 FMA:TA An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a epithelium. FMA:70997 epithelium surface uberon UBERON:0006677 surface of epithelium An anatomical boundary that adjacent_to a epithelium. OBOL:automatic epithelium surface FMA:70997 The edge of the cornea where it joins the sclera; the limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. EFO:0001403 EMAPA:37835 FMA:58342 GAID:896 MESH:D016850 SCTID:63716004 Wikipedia:Corneal_limbus ZFA:0005570 cornea limbus corneal limbus corneal-scleral limbus corneoscleral junction limbus corneae sclerocorneal junction sclerocorneal limbus uberon limbus corneae UBERON:0006761 This location has parts such as blood vessels etc. See PMC2868485, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2695343 corneo-scleral junction http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Limbus.png The edge of the cornea where it joins the sclera; the limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. MP:0013477 EMAPA:37835 MA:th corneal limbus FMA:58342 corneal limbus GAID:896 corneal-scleral limbus corneal-scleral limbus PMID:17051547 corneoscleral junction GAID:896 limbus corneae limbus corneae Wikipedia:Corneal_limbus sclerocorneal junction FMA:58342 sclerocorneal limbus GAID:896 limbus corneae limbus corneae Wikipedia:Corneal_limbus An epithelium that is composed primarily of secretory cells. consider splitting epithelium from epithelial tissue BTO:0002991 NCIT:C43370 NCIT:C45715 UMLS:C0682578 UMLS:C1708242 uberon UBERON:0006799 glandular epithelium An epithelium that is composed primarily of secretory cells. An epithelium that is composed primarily of secretory cells. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0682578 ncithesaurus:Glandular_Epithelium UMLS:C1708242 ncithesaurus:Glandular_Epithelial_Tissue Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand. Also known as loose connective tissue. A pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix that functions to cushion and protect body organs.[AAO] relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] cushions body organs AAO:0000027 FMA:63897 SCTID:68477002 loose areolar connective tissue uberon areolar tissue loose connective tissue UBERON:0006815 areolar connective tissue FMA FMA Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand. FMA:63897 Also known as loose connective tissue. A pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix that functions to cushion and protect body organs.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000027 AAO AAO:LAP relationship loss: subclass connective tissue proper (AAO:0000099)[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000027 AAO cushions body organs AAO loose areolar connective tissue FMA:63897 loose connective tissue AAO:0000027 A subdivision of a the reproductive tract in a female organism that is the site of embryo development. uterus FBbt:00004924 TADS:0000421 WBbt:0006760 uberon UBERON:0006834 uterus or analog A subdivision of a the reproductive tract in a female organism that is the site of embryo development. A subdivision of a the reproductive tract in a female organism that is the site of embryo development. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 uterus FBbt:00004924 A furrow or an incomplete tube. AEO:0000161 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003161 uberon groove UBERON:0006846 surface groove A furrow or an incomplete tube. AEO:0000161 AEO:JB https://github.com/obophenotype/human-developmental-anatomy-ontology/issues/4 groove AEO:0000161 The distalmost portion of the digestive tract, derived from the hindgut, and terminating with the anus. this class is the superclass of 'rectum', which is currently reserved for the vertebrate structure. May be merged in future. FBbt:00005756 WBbt:0005773 rectum uberon rectal part of digestive tract terminal section of digestive tract UBERON:0006866 terminal part of digestive tract The distalmost portion of the digestive tract, derived from the hindgut, and terminating with the anus. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 rectum FBbt:00005756 A vasculature that is part of a organ. FMA:74612 organ vasculature set of blood vessels of organ uberon UBERON:0006876 vasculature of organ A vasculature that is part of a organ. OBOL:automatic organ vasculature FMA:74612 set of blood vessels of organ FMA:74612 A head mesenchyme that develops_from a mesoderm. merged in 'head mesoderm' from XAO/AAO and EFO here. Partially implements https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest NC meeting scheme AAO:0011051 EFO:0003337 EFO:0003603 EHDAA2:0001118 EHDAA:655 EMAPA:16099 EMAPA_RETIRED:16270 FMA:293859 TAO:0000998 VHOG:0000185 XAO:0000053 ZFA:0000998 head mesenchyme derived from mesoderm head mesenchyme from head mesoderm head mesenchyme from mesoderm mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm mesenchyme from head mesoderm uberon cranial mesoderm head mesoderm UBERON:0006904 head mesenchyme from mesoderm ZFA EHDAA2 XAO A head mesenchyme that develops_from a mesoderm. OBOL:automatic head mesenchyme from head mesoderm EHDAA2:0001118 mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm EHDAA:1057 cranial mesoderm UBERON:0005280 head mesoderm AAO:0011051 UBERON:0005280 Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular prominence. EHDAA2:0001062 EHDAA:5861 EHDAA:5873 EMAPA:17357 mesenchyme of mandibular process mesenchyme of mandibular prominence uberon UBERON:0006905 mandibular process mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular prominence. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of mandibular process EMAPA:17357 mesenchyme of mandibular prominence mesenchyme of mandibular prominence https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a digestive tract. BTO:0000349 EMAPA:32908 FMA:45677 digestive tract lumen gut cavity gut lumen lumen of alimentary tract lumen of digestive tract lumen of gut uberon UBERON:0006909 lumen of digestive tract An anatomical space that surrounded_by a digestive tract. OBOL:automatic digestive tract lumen digestive tract lumen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 gut cavity BTO:0000349 gut lumen FMA:45677 lumen of alimentary tract lumen of alimentary tract https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lumen of digestive tract lumen of digestive tract https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lumen of gut FMA:45677 An epithelium that is part of a lip. The thick, high squamous-stratified epithelium that covers the lips. It contains abundant melanocytes, many mucous cells and has well differentiated taste buds.[TAO] BTO:0004468 TAO:0005334 ZFA:0005334 uberon UBERON:0006913 lip epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lip. OBOL:automatic The thick, high squamous-stratified epithelium that covers the lips. It contains abundant melanocytes, many mucous cells and has well differentiated taste buds.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005334 TAO ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-060921-12 An epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of squamous epithelial cells. FBbt:00007028 (squamous epithelium) A type of epithelium that is made up of flattened cells which are arranged with their long axes in the plane of the epithelium BTO:0002072 NCIT:C12848 SCTID:40118003 UMLS:C0221909 Wikipedia:Squamous_epithelium uberon UBERON:0006914 squamous epithelium An epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of squamous epithelial cells. An epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of squamous epithelial cells. Wikipedia:Squamous_epithelium FBbt:00007028 (squamous epithelium) A type of epithelium that is made up of flattened cells which are arranged with their long axes in the plane of the epithelium FBbt UMLS:C0221909 ncithesaurus:Squamous_Epithelium Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA]. FMA:45563 NCIT:C13180 UMLS:C0836131 Wikipedia:Stratified_squamous_epithelium epithelium stratificatum squamosum uberon UBERON:0006915 stratified squamous epithelium Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA]. FMA:45563 Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA]. FMA:45563 Wikipedia:Stratified_squamous_epithelium UMLS:C0836131 ncithesaurus:Stratified_Squamous_Epithelium epithelium stratificatum squamosum FMA:45563 A squamous epithelium that is part of a esophagus. MA introduces basal and squamous subtypes of esophagus epithelium; consider adding the FMA class 'epithelium of esophagus' here, because it is classified as squamous. BTO also has a singleton subclass BTO:0003635 CALOHA:TS-1250 EMAPA:35324 MA:0001567 NCIT:C49222 UMLS:C1707950 uberon esophageal squamous epithelium squamous epithelium of esophagus squamous oesophageal epithelium UBERON:0006920 esophagus squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a esophagus. OBOL:automatic MA introduces basal and squamous subtypes of esophagus epithelium; consider adding the FMA class 'epithelium of esophagus' here, because it is classified as squamous. BTO also has a singleton subclass MA UMLS:C1707950 ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Squamous_Epithelium esophageal squamous epithelium OBOL:automatic squamous epithelium of esophagus OBOL:automatic squamous oesophageal epithelium MA:0001567 A squamous epithelium that is part of a stomach. EMAPA:35824 MA:0001611 uberon UBERON:0006921 stomach squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a stomach. OBOL:automatic A glandular epithelium that lines the stomach. The stomach's glandular epithelium is characterized by the presence of gastric glands. we follow Kardong in treating the glandular epithelium as a distinct entity, and thus as an epithelium which has glands; FMA has 'epithelium of gastric gland', which is part of the gastric gland. EMAPA:17623 EMAPA:35814 FMA:63458 MA:0002784 epithelium of gastric gland uberon gastric gland epithelium UBERON:0006924 stomach glandular epithelium FMA A glandular epithelium that lines the stomach. The stomach's glandular epithelium is characterized by the presence of gastric glands. ISBN:0073040584 epithelium of gastric gland FMA:63458 gastric gland epithelium FMA:63458 Any gland that is part of the digestive system. AAO:0000130 BTO:0000345 uberon digestive gland UBERON:0006925 digestive system gland Any gland that is part of the digestive system. UBERON:cjm digestive gland BTO:0000345 Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA]. FMA:64800 NCIT:C13182 UMLS:C0225337 uberon UBERON:0006929 glandular columnar epithelium Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA]. FMA:64800 UMLS:C0225337 ncithesaurus:Columnar_Epithelium FMA:66809 uberon UBERON:0006930 glandular cuboidal epithelium Stomach mucosa that is lined with glandular epithelium and part of a stomach glandular region. EMAPA:27167 MA:0001614 stomach glandular region glandular mucous membrane uberon UBERON:0006931 stomach glandular region mucosa Stomach mucosa that is lined with glandular epithelium and part of a stomach glandular region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 stomach glandular region glandular mucous membrane EMAPA:27167 Simple columnar epithelium made up of cells specialized to serve as sensory cells for the reception of external stimuli, as the sensory cells of the cochlea, vestibule, nasal mucosa, and tongue. note that the definition sourced from Dorlands say 'simple columnar', but FMA says atypical CALOHA:TS-0682 FMA:62410 SCTID:309045006 uberon neuroepithelium UBERON:0006934 sensory epithelium Simple columnar epithelium made up of cells specialized to serve as sensory cells for the reception of external stimuli, as the sensory cells of the cochlea, vestibule, nasal mucosa, and tongue. BTO:0000314 note that the definition sourced from Dorlands say 'simple columnar', but FMA says atypical FMA neuroepithelium BTO:0000314 An epithelium that is part of a uterus. BTO:0003082 uberon uterus epithelium UBERON:0006955 uterine epithelium An epithelium that is part of a uterus. OBOL:automatic uterus epithelium BTO:0003082 The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis. CALOHA:TS-1246 EMAPA:28880 FMA:18626 MA:0002991 NCIT:C33638 SCTID:259306002 UMLS:C0737271 Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary interstitial tissue of ovary ovarian stroma ovary stroma stroma of the ovary stroma ovarica uberon stroma ovarii UBERON:0006960 ovary stroma FMA The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis. The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis. Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary UMLS:C0737271 ncithesaurus:Stroma_of_the_Ovarian_Cortex interstitial tissue of ovary FMA:18626 ovarian stroma FMA:18626 ovary stroma MA:0002991 stroma of the ovary stroma of the ovary Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary stroma ovarica FMA:18626 stroma ovarii stroma ovarii Wikipedia:Stroma_of_ovary The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA]. EFO:0003709 TAO:0005077 ZFA:0005077 uberon UBERON:0006965 vascular cord The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA]. GO:0072360 ZFA:0005077 A capillary that is part of the coronary system. ZFA:0005813 heart capillary uberon UBERON:0006966 coronary capillary A capillary that is part of the coronary system. A capillary that is part of the coronary system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 heart capillary GO:0003248 A two dimensional anatomical structure that is the boundary between an anatomical structure and an anatomical substance, an anatomical space or the organism's environment. Examples include the surface of your skin, the surface of the lining of your gut; the surface of the endothelium of you aorta that is in contact with blood.n. BILA:0000010 CARO:0001002 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0003192 FMA:24137 NCIT:C34022 UMLS:C1515977 uberon UBERON:0006984 Old definition: 'Non-material anatomical entity of two dimensions, that is demarcated by anatomical lines or points on the external or internal surfaces of anatomical structures.' Note, in the new definition, the space referred to is not necessarily an anatomical space. It may be the outside of an organism. anatomical surface via morphological boundary in CARO A two dimensional anatomical structure that is the boundary between an anatomical structure and an anatomical substance, an anatomical space or the organism's environment. Examples include the surface of your skin, the surface of the lining of your gut; the surface of the endothelium of you aorta that is in contact with blood.n. CARO:0001002 UMLS:C1515977 ncithesaurus:Anatomic_Surface The splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO]. consider FBbt:00005541 ! cardiogenic mesoderm review EHDAA2 placement AAO:0011021 BILA:0000051 EFO:0000315 EHDAA2:0000214 EHDAA:385 FMA:293143 SCTID:360387000 VHOG:0001641 XAO:0000235 cardiogenic splanchnopleure uberon cardiac mesoderm cardiogenic mesoderm cardiogenic region heart primordia UBERON:0007005 cardiogenic splanchnic mesoderm The splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO]. XAO:0000235 The splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO]. XAO:0000235 http://www.drugs.com/dict/cardiogenic-mesoderm.html https://github.com/obophenotype/insect_neuroanatomy_ontology/issues/7 cardiogenic splanchnopleure EHDAA2:0000214 cardiac mesoderm XAO:0000235 cardiogenic mesoderm cardiogenic mesoderm http://www.drugs.com/dict/cardiogenic-mesoderm.html cardiogenic region cardiogenic region http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 heart primordia XAO:0000235 Organism at the cleavage stage. BILA:0000058 uberon UBERON:0007010 cleaving embryo Organism at the cleavage stage. OBOL:automatic A multicellular organism that is at the juvenile stage. Whole organism that is not fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO] juvenile BILA:0000076 TAO:0002047 http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Juvenile_organism juvenile organism juveniles uberon UBERON:0007021 sexually immature organism A multicellular organism that is at the juvenile stage. OBOL:automatic Whole organism that is not fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002047 TAO TAO:wd juvenile organism BILA:0000076 juveniles TAO:0002047 A multicellular organism that existence_ends_with a post-juvenile adult stage and existence_starts_with a post-juvenile adult stage. Whole organism that is fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO] adult BILA:0000078 FBbt:00003004 HAO:0000087 NCIT:C17600 TAO:0002046 UMLS:C0001675 galen:Adult http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Adult_organism adults uberon UBERON:0007023 adult organism A multicellular organism that existence_ends_with a post-juvenile adult stage and existence_starts_with a post-juvenile adult stage. OBOL:automatic Whole organism that is fully grown or sexually mature.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002046 TAO TAO:wd UMLS:C0001675 ncithesaurus:Adult adults TAO:0002046 The endodermal cells generate only the lining of the digestive tube and its glands; mesodermal mesenchyme cells will surround this tube to provide the muscles for peristalsis BILA:0000084 NCIT:C34268 SCTID:360394002 UMLS:C1514442 future digestive tract future digestive tube future gut primitive gut uberon embryonic digestive tube primordial digestive tube primordial gut UBERON:0007026 presumptive gut The endodermal cells generate only the lining of the digestive tube and its glands; mesodermal mesenchyme cells will surround this tube to provide the muscles for peristalsis NCBIBook:NBK10107 UMLS:C1514442 ncithesaurus:Primordial_Gut BILA:0000142 uberon UBERON:0007037 mechanosensory system BILA:0000133 uberon UBERON:0007095 somatic musculature Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch. TAO:0007064 XAO:0000024 ZFA:0007064 uberon UBERON:0007098 mandibular neural crest ZFA ZFA Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch. ZFA:0007064 A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood or analogs[GO,modified]. note we reserve the subclass 'heart' from the vertebrate multi-chambered heart. 'The first heart-like organ is believed to have appeared 500my ago in an ancestral bilaterian'. Amniotes: four-chambered heart. Amphibians: two atria, one ventricle, pulmonary; fish: single atrium and ventricle; amphioxus: tubular, non-striated, closed, unidirectional; ascidians: tubular, striated, open, bidirectional; arthropods: tubular, open; C elegans: contractile pharynx; Cnideria: striated muscle cells associated with gastrodermis SPD:0000130 TADS:0000147 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/313/5795/1922/F1.large.jpg dorsal tube heart uberon adult heart UBERON:0007100 Gene notes: Bmp, Nkx, Gata primary circulatory organ GO uses blood circulation generically to include the haemolymphatic fluid of arthropods A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood or analogs[GO,modified]. GO:0007507 dorsal tube dorsal tube Wikipedia:Heart heart GO:0007507 adult heart FBbt:00003154 One of the minute vascular projections of the fetal chorion that combines with maternal uterine tissue to form the placenta. The mouse and human placentas have labyrinthine and villous types of interdigitation between maternal and fetal tissues, respectively The bulk of the villi consist of connective tissues in which blood vessels are found. Most of the cells in the connective tissue core of the villi are fibroblasts. Macrophages known as Hofbauer cells are also present. BTO:0001161 EHDAA2:0004717 MESH:A16.254.403.473.200 MESH:D002824 NCIT:C34125 SCTID:360403003 UMLS:C0008508 Wikipedia:Chorionic_villi uberon chorionic villi chorionic villous chorionic villus embryonic part of placenta embryonic placenta fetal part of placenta fetal placenta placental villi placental villous placental villus villous chorion villous of placenta UBERON:0007106 chorionic villus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Gray29.png BTO MP-def One of the minute vascular projections of the fetal chorion that combines with maternal uterine tissue to form the placenta. BTO:0001161 Wikipedia:Chorionic_villi UMLS:C0008508 ncithesaurus:Chorionic_Villus chorionic villi MESH:A16.254.403.473.200 chorionic villous Wikipedia:Chorionic_villi chorionic villus GAID:1300 embryonic part of placenta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 embryonic placenta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 fetal part of placenta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 fetal placenta http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 placental villi GAID:1300 placental villus GAID:1300 Ganglion which is located in the trunk. EFO:0000901 MAT:0000344 MIAA:0000344 TAO:0001573 ZFA:0001573 body ganglion trunk ganglia uberon UBERON:0007134 trunk ganglion Ganglion which is located in the trunk. ZFIN:curator body ganglion MAT:0000344 trunk ganglia ZFA:0001573 An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] EFO:0003497 TAO:0000131 ZFA:0000131 uberon presumptive central nervous system UBERON:0007135 neural keel An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000131 TAO ZFIN:curator presumptive central nervous system ZFA:0000131 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a midgut. EMAPA:18377 FMA:54366 midgut lumen uberon UBERON:0007147 lumen of midgut An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a midgut. OBOL:automatic midgut lumen FMA:54366 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a hindgut. EMAPA:18396 FMA:54367 hindgut lumen uberon UBERON:0007148 lumen of hindgut An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a hindgut. OBOL:automatic hindgut lumen FMA:54367 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a anal canal. EMAPA:18836 FMA:17357 anal canal lumen uberon UBERON:0007158 lumen of anal canal An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a anal canal. OBOL:automatic anal canal lumen FMA:17357 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a colon. EMAPA:18945 FMA:18374 SCTID:362156004 colon lumen uberon colonic lumen UBERON:0007159 lumen of colon An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a colon. OBOL:automatic colon lumen FMA:18374 colonic lumen FMA:18374 A lamina propria that is part of a colonic mucosa. EMAPA:27395 FMA:15657 MA:0003196 SCTID:113284008 colonic lamina propria lamina propria mucosae of colon lamina propria of colonic mucosa lamina propria of colonic mucous membrane uberon UBERON:0007177 lamina propria of mucosa of colon A lamina propria that is part of a colonic mucosa. OBOL:automatic colonic lamina propria FMA:15657 lamina propria mucosae of colon FMA:15657 lamina propria of colonic mucosa FMA:15657 lamina propria of colonic mucous membrane FMA:15657 A serous membrane that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. EMAPA:29903 FMA:18324 serosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube serosa of infundibulum of oviduct uberon UBERON:0007181 serosa of infundibulum of uterine tube A serous membrane that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. OBOL:automatic serosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube FMA:18324 serosa of infundibulum of oviduct FMA:18324 A muscle layer that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. EMAPA:31264 FMA:18336 muscle layer of infundibulum of fallopian tube muscle layer of infundibulum of oviduct muscularis of infundibulum of uterine tube uberon UBERON:0007182 muscle layer of infundibulum of uterine tube A muscle layer that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. OBOL:automatic muscle layer of infundibulum of fallopian tube FMA:18336 muscle layer of infundibulum of oviduct FMA:18336 muscularis of infundibulum of uterine tube FMA:18336 A mesothelium that is part of a serous pericardium. BTO:0003157 EMAPA:16133 FMA:18149 SCTID:67300002 mesothelium of pericardium pericardial mesothelium serous pericardium mesothelium uberon UBERON:0007188 mesothelium of serous pericardium A mesothelium that is part of a serous pericardium. OBOL:automatic mesothelium of pericardium FMA:18149 pericardial mesothelium FMA:18149 serous pericardium mesothelium FMA:18149 The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. CALOHA:TS-0085 FMA:21426 Wikipedia:Bone_marrow#Stroma bone marrow stroma uberon UBERON:0007195 stroma of bone marrow The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. Wikipedia:Bone_marrow#Stroma bone marrow stroma FMA:21426 The vasculature consisting of brachiocephalic arteries and veins. uberon UBERON:0007204 brachiocephalic vasculature The vasculature consisting of brachiocephalic arteries and veins. Mesenchyme that develops_from a cranial neural crest. EFO:0003572 EHDAA2:0000735 EMAPA:16169 EMAPA:16271 EMAPA_RETIRED:16271 TAO:0000787 ZFA:0000787 head mesenchyme from cranial neural crest head mesenchyme from neural crest head neural crest derived mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0007213 mesenchyme derived from head neural crest ZFA Mesenchyme that develops_from a cranial neural crest. OBOL:automatic head mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2:0000735 Mesenchyme that develops_from a trunk neural crest. EHDAA2:0002093 EMAPA:16182 TAO:0000999 ZFA:0000999 trunk mesenchyme from neural crest trunk neural crest derived mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0007214 mesenchyme derived from trunk neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a trunk neural crest. OBOL:automatic trunk mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2:0002093 relationship to Meckel's cartilage to be added Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000031 EHDAA:583 EMAPA:16382 VHOG:0000510 ventral pharyngeal arch 1 uberon ventral mandibular arch ventral visceral arch 1 UBERON:0007237 1st arch mandibular component EHDAA2 Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000510 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) Subsequent vertebrate evolution has also involved major alterations to the pharynx; perhaps the most notable occurred with the evolution of the gnathostomes. This involved substantial modifications to the most anterior pharyngeal segments, with the jaw forming from the first, anterior, pharyngeal segment, while the second formed its supporting apparatus, the hyoid.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000510 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) http://bgee.unil.ch/ ventral pharyngeal arch 1 VHOG:0000510 ventral mandibular arch VHOG:0000510 ventral visceral arch 1 VHOG:0000510 A tunica media that is part of a artery. EMAPA:36294 EV:0100029 FMA:14273 NCIT:C49321 SCTID:84300001 UMLS:C1710627 arterial media tunica media (arteriae) uberon UBERON:0007239 tunica media of artery A tunica media that is part of a artery. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1710627 ncithesaurus:Venous_System_Smooth_Muscle_Tissue arterial media EV:0100029 tunica media (arteriae) FMA:14273 A tunica adventitia that is part of a artery. EMAPA:36295 EV:0100030 FMA:14274 SCTID:113261001 arterial adventitia tunica externa (adventitia)(arteriae) uberon UBERON:0007240 tunica adventitia of artery FMA A tunica adventitia that is part of a artery. OBOL:automatic arterial adventitia EV:0100030 tunica externa (adventitia)(arteriae) FMA:14274 A tunica adventitia that is part of a vein. EMAPA:36310 EV:0100034 FMA:14355 SCTID:13202006 tunica externa (adventitia)(venae) venous adventitia uberon UBERON:0007241 tunica adventitia of vein A tunica adventitia that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic tunica externa (adventitia)(venae) FMA:14355 venous adventitia EV:0100034 A tunica intima that is part of a vein. EMAPA:36308 EV:0100032 FMA:14353 SCTID:2436009 tunica interna (intima)(venae) venous intima uberon UBERON:0007242 tunica intima of vein A tunica intima that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic tunica interna (intima)(venae) FMA:14353 venous intima EV:0100032 A tunica media that is part of a vein. EMAPA:36309 EV:0100033 FMA:14354 SCTID:42049001 tunica media (venae) venous media uberon UBERON:0007243 tunica media of vein A tunica media that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic tunica media (venae) FMA:14354 venous media EV:0100033 Gray matter of the central nervous system which is a collection of clustered nuclei. FMA:256381 FMA:84059 uberon cluster of neural nuclei neural nuclei nuclear complex UBERON:0007245 nuclear complex of neuraxis Gray matter of the central nervous system which is a collection of clustered nuclei. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any of the nuclei that comprise the superior olivary complex (superior olive). This includes both the primary nuclei such as the lateral and medial nuclei, as well as periolivary nuclei. this class exists largely for consistency with the FMA. It is defined trivially with respect to the SOC. The class may be removed in future. FMA:72246 SCTID:369024009 superior olivary complex nucleus uberon UBERON:0007247 nucleus of superior olivary complex Any of the nuclei that comprise the superior olivary complex (superior olive). This includes both the primary nuclei such as the lateral and medial nuclei, as well as periolivary nuclei. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 superior olivary complex nucleus FMA:72246 Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic appendage. currently defined by location rather than attachment Musculature that is part of the pelvic fin.[TAO] TAO:0000258 ZFA:0000258 pelvic fin musculature uberon UBERON:0007270 pelvic appendage musculature Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic appendage. OBOL:automatic Musculature that is part of the pelvic fin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000258 TAO TAO:curator pelvic fin musculature ZFA:0000258 Any collection of muscles that is part of an appendage. currently defined by location rather than attachment TAO:0000207 ZFA:0000207 fin musculature uberon UBERON:0007271 appendage musculature Any collection of muscles that is part of an appendage. OBOL:automatic fin musculature ZFA:0000207 The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic appendage region. uberon UBERON:0007273 pelvic appendage skeleton VSAO The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic appendage region. The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic appendage region. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, 'rhombencephalosynapsis' is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure. TODO - unify naming conventions The embryonic rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. Rhombomeres Rh7-Rh4 form the myelencephalon that will give the medulla oblongata. Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon that will form the pons and the cerebellum[NPX:PDR]. BAMS:HB CALOHA:TS-2118 EFO:0003440 EHDAA2:0001630 FMA:295640 TAO:0000569 Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon ZFA:0000569 presumptive rhombencephalon uberon embryonic rhombencephalon future hindbrain rhombencephalon UBERON:0007277 presumptive hindbrain XAO-abduced cjm The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, 'rhombencephalosynapsis' is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure. The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, 'rhombencephalosynapsis' is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure. Wikipedia:Rhombencephalon The embryonic rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. Rhombomeres Rh7-Rh4 form the myelencephalon that will give the medulla oblongata. Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon that will form the pons and the cerebellum[NPX:PDR]. NPX:PDR presumptive rhombencephalon ZFA:0000569 embryonic rhombencephalon CALOHA:TS-2118 future hindbrain future hindbrain https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 rhombencephalon EHDAA2:0001630 Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the sinus venosus. TAO:0002234 ZFA:0001722 uberon UBERON:0007278 presumptive sinus venosus ZFA Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the sinus venosus. ZFA:0001722 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a endocardium. Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the endocardium.[TAO] TAO:0002233 ZFA:0001724 uberon UBERON:0007280 presumptive endocardium A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a endocardium. OBOL:automatic Portion of tissue that is part of the heart tube and will become the endocardium.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002233 TAO ZFIN:curator Embryonic structure that gives rise to the midbrain hindbrain boundary. EFO:0003446 TAO:0001187 XAO:0004086 ZFA:0001187 presumptive MHB presumptive midbrain-hindbrain boundary uberon UBERON:0007281 presumptive midbrain hindbrain boundary ZFA Embryonic structure that gives rise to the midbrain hindbrain boundary. ZFA:0001187 presumptive MHB presumptive MHB https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 presumptive midbrain-hindbrain boundary ZFA:0001187 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a presomitic mesoderm. EFO:0003421 TAO:0000053 ZFA:0000053 uberon presumptive segmental plates UBERON:0007282 presumptive segmental plate https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest EDHAA2 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a presomitic mesoderm. OBOL:automatic presumptive segmental plates ZFA:0000053 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a neural plate. consider merging Region of the gastrula which gives rise to the neural plate.[TAO] EFO:0003424 TAO:0000063 ZFA:0000063 prospective neuroectoderm prospective vegetal ectoderm uberon UBERON:0007284 presumptive neural plate A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a neural plate. OBOL:automatic Region of the gastrula which gives rise to the neural plate.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000063 TAO ZFIN:curator prospective neuroectoderm ZFA:0000063 prospective vegetal ectoderm ZFA:0000063 The part of the blastula that has the potential to develop into a paraxial mesoderm. EFO:0003443 TAO:0000591 XAO:0004134 ZFA:0000591 future paraxial mesenchyme future paraxial mesoderm uberon UBERON:0007285 presumptive paraxial mesoderm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1277 The part of the blastula that has the potential to develop into a paraxial mesoderm. UBERON:cjm The part of the blastula that has the potential to develop into a paraxial mesoderm. UBERON:cjm https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1277 future paraxial mesenchyme UBERON:cjm A blood vessel that is part of a limb/fin. TAO:0005299 ZFA:0005299 fin blood vessel limb blood vessel uberon UBERON:0007301 appendage blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a limb/fin. OBOL:automatic fin blood vessel ZFA:0005299 limb blood vessel A vasculature that is part of a chordate pharynx. TAO:0005003 ZFA:0005003 branchial vasculature uberon UBERON:0007303 pharyngeal vasculature A vasculature that is part of a chordate pharynx. OBOL:automatic branchial vasculature ZFA:0005003 A vasculature that is part of a limb/fin. TAO:0005095 ZFA:0005095 fin vasculature uberon UBERON:0007304 appendage vasculature A vasculature that is part of a limb/fin. OBOL:automatic fin vasculature ZFA:0005095 The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO]. this grouping class exists primarily to align with GO - see GO:0008544. BSA:0000073 BTO:0000313 FBbt:00004993 HAO:0000298 TADS:0000109 WBbt:0005733 Wikipedia:Epidermis_(zoology) epidermis epidermis (sensu Metazoa) outer epidermal layer outer epithelial layer uberon hypoderm hypodermis UBERON:0007376 outer epithelium The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO]. GO:0008544 epidermis GO:0008544 hypoderm BTO:0000313 hypodermis GO:0008544 WBbt:0005733 Outermost layer of cells surrounding the embryo. Outermost monolayer of cells surrounding the embryo that become very flattened in the blastula and give rise to the periderm. Sometimes used synonymously with periderm. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] relationship loss: develops_from superficial blastomere (TAO:0001484)[TAO] Originally this tissue is one cell layer thick but in most vertebrates it soon becomes a two layered structure. The outer layer gives rise to the periderm. EFO:0003425 TAO:0000086 ZFA:0000086 EVL enveloping layer uberon UBERON:0007383 enveloping layer of ectoderm Outermost layer of cells surrounding the embryo. Outermost layer of cells surrounding the embryo. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Outermost monolayer of cells surrounding the embryo that become very flattened in the blastula and give rise to the periderm. Sometimes used synonymously with periderm. Kimmel et al, 1995.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000086 TAO ZFIN:curator relationship loss: develops_from superficial blastomere (TAO:0001484)[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000086 TAO EVL ZFA:0000086 enveloping layer ZFIN:ZDB-PUB-961014-576 A cartilage tissue that is part of a paired limb or fin. Cartilage which is part of one of the paired fins.[TAO] TAO:0001543 ZFA:0001543 uberon UBERON:0007389 paired limb/fin cartilage A cartilage tissue that is part of a paired limb or fin. A cartilage tissue that is part of a paired limb or fin. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Cartilage which is part of one of the paired fins.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001543 TAO ZFIN:curator A cartilage tissue that is part of a pelvic appendage. Cartilage which is part of the pelvic fin.[TAO] TAO:0001459 ZFA:0001459 uberon pelvic fin cartilage UBERON:0007391 pelvic appendage cartilage tissue A cartilage tissue that is part of a pelvic appendage. OBOL:automatic Cartilage which is part of the pelvic fin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001459 TAO ZFIN:curator pelvic fin cartilage TAO:0001459 A nucleus of brain that spans a midbrain tegmentum. this class groups together any nuclei in the tegmentum region, possibly including disparate structures across species UBERON:0012277 FMA:258768 ZFA:0005577 tegmental nuclei tegmental nucleus uberon UBERON:0007414 nucleus of midbrain tegmentum A nucleus of brain that spans a midbrain tegmentum. OBOL:automatic tegmental nuclei tegmental nucleus ZFA:0005577 The space within an epithelial sphere. EHDAA2:0003079 AEO:0000079 cavity of vesicle uberon UBERON:0007473 lumen of epithelial sac The space within an epithelial sphere. AEO:JB cavity of vesicle AEO:0000079 A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix which may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified. EHDAA2:0003081 AEO:0000081 EHDAA2:0003081 uberon UBERON:0007475 matrix-based tissue A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix which may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified. AEO:JB Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is chitin. AEO:0000100 EHDAA2:0003100 uberon UBERON:0007491 chitin-based acellular structure Acellular anatomical structure whose predominant constituent is chitin. AEO:JB An epithelial tube that is open at one end only. AEO:0000115 EHDAA2:0003115 uberon UBERON:0007499 epithelial sac AEO An epithelial tube that is open at one end only. AEO:JB UBERONREF:0000001 An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow. AEO_RETIRED:0000116 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0003116 uberon UBERON:0007500 epithelial tube open at both ends AEO An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow. AEO:JB UBERONREF:0000001 A closed epithelium with a lumen. EHDAA2:0003119 AEO:0000119 EHDAA2:0003119 uberon UBERON:0007503 epithelial vesicle AEO A closed epithelium with a lumen. AEO:JB Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix. EHDAA2:0003146 AEO:0000146 EHDAA2:0003146 uberon UBERON:0007524 dense mesenchyme tissue AEO AEO Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix. AEO:JB Mesenchymal cells that are migrating. this class will be an important part of the NC reorganization EHDAA2:0003152 AEO:0000152 EHDAA2:0003152 uberon UBERON:0007530 migrating mesenchyme population Mesenchymal cells that are migrating. AEO:JB A ciliated columnar epithelium that is part of a oviduct. in FMA, epithelium of uterine tube is a subclass of ciliated columnar epithelium. MA introduces subtypes: ciliated columnar and cuboidal. We map the FMA type according to its relationships, not its label FMA:62016 MA:0001719 uberon epithelium of uterine tube uterine tube epithelium UBERON:0007589 ciliated columnar oviduct epithelium MA FMA A ciliated columnar epithelium that is part of a oviduct. OBOL:automatic in FMA, epithelium of uterine tube is a subclass of ciliated columnar epithelium. MA introduces subtypes: ciliated columnar and cuboidal. We map the FMA type according to its relationships, not its label FMA epithelium of uterine tube FMA:62016 uterine tube epithelium FMA:62016 A cuboidal epithelium that is part of a oviduct. MA:0001720 uberon UBERON:0007590 cuboidal oviduct epithelium MA A cuboidal epithelium that is part of a oviduct. OBOL:automatic Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA]. In humans, Ciliated columnar epithelial cells are found mainly in the tracheal and bronchial regions of the pulmonary system and also in the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system Ciliated columnar epithelium in the pulmonary system is interspersed with goblet cells that secrete mucous to form a mucosal layer apical to the epithelial layer. The rowing-like action of epithelial cilia work in tandem with goblet cells to propel mucus away from the lungs, preventing particulate matter from causing infection[http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/berndcv/lab/epithelialinfoweb/ciliated%20columnar%20epithelium.html] FMA:64798 uberon UBERON:0007592 ciliated columnar epithelium FMA Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA]. FMA:64798 Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface. uberon UBERON:0007601 ciliated epithelium Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface. Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ciliated+epithelium A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. BTO:0001338 CALOHA:TS-0998 FMA:66762 synovium stratum synoviale synovial layer synovial membrane uberon synovial tissue UBERON:0007616 layer of synovial tissue BTO A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. BTO:0001338 A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. BTO:0001338 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/578563/synovial-tissue synovium CALOHA:TS-0998 stratum synoviale FMA:TA synovial layer FMA:66762 synovial membrane FMA:66762 synovial tissue BTO:0001338 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a synovial joint. FMA:11356 articular cavity (synovial joint) cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis) cavity of synovial joint uberon joint cavity synovial cavity UBERON:0007617 synovial cavity of joint An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a synovial joint. OBOL:automatic articular cavity (synovial joint) FMA:11356 cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis) FMA:11356 cavity of synovial joint FMA:11356 joint cavity FMA:11356 synovial cavity FMA:11356 Epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules. GAID:907 MESH:D010857 uberon eye pigment epithelium UBERON:0007625 pigment epithelium of eye Epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules. MP:0005200 eye pigment epithelium MESH:A09.371.670 A neural nucleus that is part of a medulla oblongata. FMA:258772 SCTID:304943004 uberon UBERON:0007635 nucleus of medulla oblongata A neural nucleus that is part of a medulla oblongata. OBOL:automatic The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. There is also a distinct trigeminal motor nucleus that is medial to the chief sensory nucleus[WP]. in MA and FMA this is part of the pons / pontime tegmentum. We weaken this to overlaps to avoid inconsistency. In NIF this is a composite structure spanning multiple regions, which is more appropriate. BIRNLEX:4096 BM:V CALOHA:TS-2077 DHBA:266441713 FMA:71248 HBA:9203 UMLS:C0040999 Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve_nuclei http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2021 trigeminal nuclei uberon nuclei trigemini UBERON:0007641 trigeminal nuclear complex http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Gray696.png FMA FMA The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla. There is also a distinct trigeminal motor nucleus that is medial to the chief sensory nucleus[WP]. Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve_nuclei in MA and FMA this is part of the pons / pontime tegmentum. We weaken this to overlaps to avoid inconsistency. In NIF this is a composite structure spanning multiple regions, which is more appropriate. MA UMLS:C0040999 BIRNLEX:4096 trigeminal nuclei FMA:71248 nuclei trigemini Wikipedia:Trigeminal_nerve_nuclei 2 An anatomical structure that connects two structures. junction FMA:5898 SCTID:91833003 anatomical junction uberon UBERON:0007651 anatomical junction FMA An anatomical structure that connects two structures. An anatomical structure that connects two structures. http://code.google.com/p/caro2/issues/detail?id=15 Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue. field AEO:0000170 EFO:0001649 EHDAA2:0003170 FBbt:00005426 Wikipedia:Anlage_(biology) developmental field uberon future organ organ field UBERON:0007688 anlage FBbt AEO FBbt Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue. FBbt:00005426 Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue. FBbt:00005426 JB:DEF http://flybase.org/reports/FBrf0178740.html Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue. FBbt:00005426 http://flybase.org/reports/FBrf0178740.html . EFO:0003626 EHDAA2:0001457 EHDAA:962 EMAPA:32754 FMA:293087 TAO:0001104 ZFA:0001104 early pharyngeal arch endoderm uberon pharyngeal arch endoderm pharyngeal endoderm pharyngeal region endoderm UBERON:0007690 relation conflict: ZFA vs EHDAA2. Note EHDAA2 term renamed to 'early PA endoderm' early pharyngeal endoderm cjm . http://dev.biologists.org/content/128/22/4573.full early pharyngeal arch endoderm EHDAA2:0001457 pharyngeal endoderm ZFA:0001104 pharyngeal region endoderm EHDAA2:0001456 A bone that is part of a reproductive organ. baculum uberon os penis/os clitoris UBERON:0007719 bone of reproductive organ A bone that is part of a reproductive organ. OBOL:automatic A bone that is part of a reproductive organ. OBOL:automatic https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1158 Wikipedia A gland that is part of a epidermis. FMA:59153 epidermal gland gland of epidermis uberon UBERON:0007771 epidermis gland A gland that is part of a epidermis. OBOL:automatic gland of epidermis FMA:59153 Any bodily fluid that has passed through a membrane such as the capillary wall, as a result of unbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces. transudative characteristically low in protein and cellular content (unless there has been secondary concentration) FMA:12276 GAID:1195 MESH:D005122 ncithesaurus:Transudate uberon plasma ultrafiltrate UBERON:0007779 transudate Any bodily fluid that has passed through a membrane such as the capillary wall, as a result of unbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces. Any bodily fluid that has passed through a membrane such as the capillary wall, as a result of unbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/transudate Any fluid produced by a serous gland. serous fluid Wikipedia:Serous_fluid serosal fluid serous gland fluid uberon UBERON:0007794 secretion of serous gland Any fluid produced by a serous gland. UBERON:cjm serosal fluid serosal fluid Wikipedia:Serous_fluid Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels. consider merging with vasculature The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, collectively[ncithesaurus:Vascular_System]. in both MA and BTO, the arterial system and venous sytem are subtypes of the vascular system BTO:0001085 CALOHA:TS-2053 EHDAA2:0004520 EMAPA:35905 MA:0002718 NCIT:C33854 UMLS:C0489903 uberon UBERON:0007798 vascular system MA Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels. Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, collectively[ncithesaurus:Vascular_System]. ncithesaurus:Vascular_System in both MA and BTO, the arterial system and venous sytem are subtypes of the vascular system MA UMLS:C0489903 ncithesaurus:Vascular_System Adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. This includes any subcutaneous fat, visceral fat or encapsulated adipose tissue depots. CALOHA:TS-0002 EFO:0003771 uberon abdominal adipose tissue abdominal fat intra-abdominal fat UBERON:0007808 adipose tissue of abdominal region Adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. This includes any subcutaneous fat, visceral fat or encapsulated adipose tissue depots. CALOHA:paula MGI:csmith Adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. This includes any subcutaneous fat, visceral fat or encapsulated adipose tissue depots. CALOHA:paula MGI:csmith http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/259 abdominal adipose tissue BTO:0004041 abdominal fat BTO:0004041 intra-abdominal fat BTO:0004041 The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head, jaws, pharyngeal region and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae. CALOHA:TS-2356 EV:0100009 FMA:280881 MA:0000006 NCIT:C12418 SCTID:361355005 UMLS:C0460004 WikipediaCategory:Head_and_neck galen:HeadAndNeck uberon cephalic area cephalic part of animal cephalic region head and neck head or neck UBERON:0007811 craniocervical region MA The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head, jaws, pharyngeal region and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae. The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head, jaws, pharyngeal region and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0460004 ncithesaurus:Head_and_Neck cephalic area cephalic area https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/379 cephalic part of animal cephalic part of animal Wikipedia:Head cephalic region cephalic region https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/379 head and neck FMA:280881 An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). this encompasses non-skeletal tissue An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There are only two instances of appendage girdle regions per organism.[VSAO] UBERON:0007824 girdle girdle region EMAPA:37854 FMA:24874 VSAO:0000303 uberon fin girdle fin girdle region limb girdle limb girdle region UBERON:0007823 appendage girdle region An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). UBERONREF:0000003 An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There are only two instances of appendage girdle regions per organism.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000303 VSAO An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). There are only two instances of appendage girdle regions per organism.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000303 VSAO https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37854 MA:th fin girdle fin girdle region limb girdle limb girdle region A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region. EMAPA:35379 MA:0000291 girdle bone uberon UBERON:0007828 girdle bone/zone A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region. OBOL:automatic girdle bone MA:0000291 A bone element or fused bone that is part of pelvic girdle. check sacrum, coccyx (MA does NOT include these) typically the ilium, ischium and pubis. These can alternately be considered individual bones, or zones of a single fused bone EMAPA:18028 MA:0000293 NCIT:C33287 SCTID:426214007 UMLS:C0030786 bone of pelvic girdle pelvic girdle bone uberon UBERON:0007830 pelvic girdle bone/zone MA A bone element or fused bone that is part of pelvic girdle. A bone element or fused bone that is part of pelvic girdle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0030786 ncithesaurus:Pelvic_Bone pelvic girdle bone MA:0000293 Skeletal subdivision consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb zeugopodium and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb and caudal musculature. need to resolve whether this is a paired structure or a single belt (Paired in FMA - implicitly paired in VSAO) Anatomical cluster by which the hind limbs are supported and attached to the vertebral column.[AAO] Anatomical cluster that consists of the paired basipterygia which support the pelvic fin.[TAO] Girdle skeleton consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb/fin skeleton and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb/fin and caudal musculature.[VSAO] The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] Note that the VSAO and many ontologies use the label 'pelvic girdle' to denote the skeletal region specifically. We place the EHDAA2 class here, note that this includes the pre-cartilage condensation as parts AAO:0000426 AAO:0000768 EFO:0000947 EHDAA2:0001426 EHDAA:7149 EHDAA:8324 EMAPA:18028 FMA:87592 MAT:0000182 MIAA:0000182 TAO:0000565 VHOG:0000305 VSAO:0000155 Wikipedia:Pelvis XAO:0003064 ZFA:0000565 galen:PelvicGirdle http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/pectoralgirdles.gif pelvic girdle skeleton skeletal parts of pelvic girdle skeleton of pelvic girdle uberon pelvic girdle UBERON:0007832 pelvic girdle skeleton http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Gray242.png PMID:21455939 Skeletal subdivision consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb zeugopodium and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb and caudal musculature. VSAO:0000155 Skeletal subdivision consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb zeugopodium and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb and caudal musculature. VSAO:0000155 Wikipedia:Pelvis Anatomical cluster by which the hind limbs are supported and attached to the vertebral column.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000426 AAO AAO:LAP Anatomical cluster that consists of the paired basipterygia which support the pelvic fin.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000565 TAO TAO:wd Girdle skeleton consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb/fin skeleton and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb/fin and caudal musculature.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000155 VSAO Girdle skeleton consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb/fin skeleton and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb/fin and caudal musculature.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000155 VSAO https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000305 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333 The pelvic girdle is never joined by contributions of dermal bone. From its first appearance in placoderms, the pelvic girdle is exclusively endoskeletal. It arose from pterygiophores, perhaps several times, in support of the fin.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000305 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.333 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Note that the VSAO and many ontologies use the label 'pelvic girdle' to denote the skeletal region specifically. We place the EHDAA2 class here, note that this includes the pre-cartilage condensation as parts VSAO pelvic girdle skeleton VSAO:0000155 skeletal parts of pelvic girdle skeletal parts of pelvic girdle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 skeleton of pelvic girdle skeleton of pelvic girdle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pelvic girdle VSAO:0000155 Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification. Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification.[VSAO] Intramembranous bone that forms deep in the organism.[TAO] AEO:0000085 EHDAA2:0003085 TAO:0001645 VSAO:0000023 XAO:0004014 ZFA:0001636 uberon membrane bones UBERON:0007842 membrane bone VSAO Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000023 Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000023 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/267 Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000023 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 Intramembranous bone that forms deep in the organism.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001645 TAO TAO:wd membrane bones ZFA:0001636 Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. TAO still mixes tissue and element AAO:0011130 CALOHA:TS-0118 EMAPA:32730 FMA:55107 VSAO:0000000 XAO:0004013 ZFA:0001501 cartilage organ cartilaginous element chondrogenic element uberon cartilage UBERON:0007844 cartilage element VSAO VSAO VSAO Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000000 Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000000 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 TAO still mixes tissue and element TAO cartilage organ FMA:55107 cartilaginous element cartilaginous element https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 chondrogenic element VSAO:0000000 cartilage VSAO:0000000 Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular connective tissue. the connective tissue hierarchy largely follows FMA with definitions from VSAO. Note that in FMA, loose-CT is irregular-CT. This means regular-CT is necessarily equivalent to dense-regular-CT (assuming a JEPD classification). FMA:20103 uberon UBERON:0007845 regular connective tissue FMA Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular connective tissue. FMA:20103 Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts). Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).[VSAO] Regular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which consists predominantly of collagen fiber bundles arranged in parallel arrays.[FMA] FMA:64781 NCIT:C33453 SCTID:22560007 UMLS:C0225333 VSAO:0000050 Wikipedia:Dense_regular_connective_tissue XAO:0004030 dense fibrous connective tissue dense regular collagenous connective tissue dense regular collagenous tissue regular dense connective tissue typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) uberon UBERON:0007846 dense regular connective tissue FMA ncithesaurus Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts). GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000050 Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts). GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000050 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts).[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000050 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 PSPUB:0000170 Regular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which consists predominantly of collagen fiber bundles arranged in parallel arrays.[FMA] 2012-08-29 FMA:64781 FMA UMLS:C0225333 ncithesaurus:Regular_Dense_Connective_Tissue dense fibrous connective tissue FMA:64781 dense regular collagenous connective tissue FMA:64781 dense regular collagenous tissue FMA:64781 typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) FMA:64781 A bone that is part of a craniocervical region. EMAPA:37245 MA:0000569 head or neck bone uberon cranial bone UBERON:0007914 bone of craniocervical region MA MA A bone that is part of a craniocervical region. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37245 MA:th head or neck bone MA:0000569 A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region. MA:0001505 girdle joint uberon UBERON:0008114 joint of girdle MA A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region. OBOL:automatic girdle joint OBOL:automatic An anatomical surface that is part of a cartilage element. FMA:76668 cartilage surface uberon UBERON:0008115 surface of cartilage An anatomical surface that is part of a cartilage element. OBOL:automatic cartilage surface FMA:76668 The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the pelvis. EMAPA:37235 FMA:9738 MA:0003089 SCTID:281903009 Wikipedia:Pelvic_cavity space of pelvic compartment uberon cavitas pelvis UBERON:0008203 pelvic cavity http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the pelvis. UBERON:cjm EMAPA:37235 MA:th space of pelvic compartment FMA:9738 cavitas pelvis cavitas pelvis Wikipedia:Pelvic_cavity Musculature system of the pharyngeal and head regions. in MA this is restricted to skeletal muscles EMAPA:37259 MA:0000571 TAO:0000328 ZFA:0000328 head or neck muscle uberon head muscles head or neck muscle UBERON:0008229 craniocervical region musculature MA MA Musculature system of the pharyngeal and head regions. ZFA:0000328 ZFA:curator in MA this is restricted to skeletal muscles MA EMAPA:37259 MA:th head or neck muscle MA:0000571 head muscles ZFA:0000328 head or neck muscle MA:0000571 Subdivision of thorax, which in humans is the posterior part of the thorax and is demarcated from the chest by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage and the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column; together with the chest, it constitutes the thorax. EMAPA:37234 FMA:24217 MA:0000028 SCTID:362666008 dorsum of thorax posterior part of thorax thoracic back thoracic part of back upper back uberon back of thorax UBERON:0008231 dorsal thoracic segment of trunk FMA MA FMA Subdivision of thorax, which in humans is the posterior part of the thorax and is demarcated from the chest by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage and the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column; together with the chest, it constitutes the thorax. FMA:24217 EMAPA:37234 MA:th dorsum of thorax FMA:24217 posterior part of thorax FMA:24217 thoracic back FMA:24217 thoracic part of back FMA:24217 upper back MA:0000028 back of thorax FMA:24217 A muscle of back that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk. EMAPA:37261 MA:0000508 SCTID:305071003 uberon UBERON:0008243 upper back muscle MA MA A muscle of back that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37261 MA:th An endothelium that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. this class includes any endothelia that are part of the heart. This might include the endocardial epithelia, as well as endothelia of vessels that are considered strictly part of the heart (e.g. outflow tract). As a grouping class, this may lack utility, and pending review this class may be obsoleted. For annotation consider a more specific class. BTO:0004293 uberon cardiac endothelium UBERON:0008307 heart endothelium An endothelium that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic cardiac endothelium BTO:0004293 BTO:0003122 uberon UBERON:0008339 microvascular endothelium https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2186 An embryonic structure that is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast and gives rise to the three primary germ layers. EHDAA2:0000444 EHDAA:42 EHDAA:75 EMAPA:16050 NCIT:C34164 UMLS:C1516906 uberon embryonic epiblast UBERON:0008780 The epiblast cells (appearing on day 8 of human embryonic development) make up a columnar epithelium with dense microvilli on the apical surface. During gastrulation, the epiblast cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and delaminate to become the loose mesenchyme of the primitive streak. The epiblast is present in postimplantation mouse embryos between E5.5-E7.5. inner cell mass derived epiblast Wikipedia An embryonic structure that is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast and gives rise to the three primary germ layers. MP:0003886 UMLS:C1516906 ncithesaurus:Epiblast embryonic epiblast MP:0003886 A transient embryonic complex that comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming, which may include (depending on species) the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear[GO,modified]. Currently defined in a vertebrate specific manner. The arch system has origins in basal deuterostomes, consider generalizing EHDAA2:0000187 FMA:293041 NCIT:C34248 UMLS:C1519038 embryonic pharyngeal complex pharyngeal apparatus pharyngeal system uberon pharyngeal arch complex pharyngeal arch region pharyngeal arches and clefts pharyngeal complex UBERON:0008814 pharyngeal arch system A transient embryonic complex that comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming, which may include (depending on species) the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear[GO,modified]. GO:0060037 GOC:dph UMLS:C1519038 ncithesaurus:Pharyngeal_Apparatus pharyngeal system GO:0060037 pharyngeal arch region EHDAA2:0000187 A head that is part of a embryo. CALOHA:TS-0246 FBbt:00000155 FMA:293011 uberon UBERON:0008816 embryonic head A head that is part of a embryo. OBOL:automatic A brain that develops_from a neural tube. a reasoner should automatically classify all the vertebrate ontology brain classes here vertebrate brain uberon UBERON:0008823 neural tube derived brain https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/338 ZFA FMA A brain that develops_from a neural tube. OBOL:automatic A brain that develops_from a neural tube. OBOL:automatic https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/338 The smooth muscle layer of the stomach wall that functions to churn and mix food and gastric secretions as well as to move food along the digestive tract to the intestines. the muscularis externa in the stomach differs from that of other GI organs in that it has three layers of smooth muscle instead of two FMA:14909 SCTID:362132003 gastric muscularis muscle layer of stomach muscularis externa of stomach tunica muscularis (gaster) tunica muscularis gastris uberon UBERON:0008856 stomach muscularis externa MA-abduced The smooth muscle layer of the stomach wall that functions to churn and mix food and gastric secretions as well as to move food along the digestive tract to the intestines. MP:0010779 the muscularis externa in the stomach differs from that of other GI organs in that it has three layers of smooth muscle instead of two WP gastric muscularis FMA:14909 muscle layer of stomach FMA:14909 muscularis externa of stomach FMA:14909 tunica muscularis (gaster) FMA:14909 Any skeletal muscle organ in the hypodermis / superficial fascia. We follow MP and treat this as part of the hypodermis, although some sources may consider the hypodermis to be superficial to this UBERON:0010934 EMAPA:18188 MA:0003140 hypodermal muscle layer hypodermis muscle layer superficial fascia muscular layer panniculus carnosus uberon UBERON:0008876 hypodermis skeletal muscle layer MP-def Any skeletal muscle organ in the hypodermis / superficial fascia. ISBN:0123813611 MP:0011157 hypodermal muscle layer MP:0011157 hypodermis muscle layer MP:0011157 panniculus carnosus MP:0011157 The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all pulmonary arteries and all pulmonary veins. Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the pulmonary arterial and venous tree organs.[FMA] FMA:45621 Wikipedia:Pulmonary_circulation pulmonary circulatory system pulmonary system uberon UBERON:0008886 pulmonary vascular system Obol The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all pulmonary arteries and all pulmonary veins. ISBN:0073040584 The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all pulmonary arteries and all pulmonary veins. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Pulmonary_circulation Subdivision of cardiovascular system which has as its parts the pulmonary arterial and venous tree organs.[FMA] FMA FMA:45621 pulmonary circulatory system FMA:45621 pulmonary system ISBN:0073040584 Subdivision of endoskeleton derived from pharyngeal arches. Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and consists of the jaws, hyoid and branchial arches.[TAO] Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and consists of the jaws, hyoid, and branchial arches.[AAO] The part of the skull derived from the embryonic pharyngeal arches. [Biology_Online][VHOG] The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1); Each part of the skull arises from a separate phylogenetic source. The most ancient part is the splanchnocranium (visceral cranium), which first arose to support pharyngeal slits in protochordates (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] VSAO labels this term 'pharyngeal arch' (2012-06-01) - however, it clearly means pharyngeal arch skeleton. many sources define this as the part of the endoskeletal that is from pharyngeal arches - this would make it part-disjoint from dermatocranium. However, there are many bones in AOs that have part-paths to both AAO:0010157 TAO:0001216 VHOG:0000315 VSAO:0000149 Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton XAO:0003176 ZFA:0001216 pharyngeal endoskeleton viscerocranium uberon branchial arch skeleton gill arch skeleton pharyngeal arch pharyngeal arch skeleton pharyngeal skeleton visceral cranium visceral skeletal system visceral skeleton UBERON:0008895 splanchnocranium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/83 redundant Grays redundant Grays PMID:11237469 Subdivision of endoskeleton derived from pharyngeal arches. ISBN:0073040584 Subdivision of endoskeleton derived from pharyngeal arches. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and consists of the jaws, hyoid and branchial arches.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001216 TAO ZFIN:curator Anatomical cluster that is part of the cranium and consists of the jaws, hyoid, and branchial arches.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010157 AAO AAO:EJS The part of the skull derived from the embryonic pharyngeal arches. [Biology_Online][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000315 VHOG The part of the skull derived from the embryonic pharyngeal arches. [Biology_Online][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000315 VHOG http://bgee.unil.ch/ The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1); Each part of the skull arises from a separate phylogenetic source. The most ancient part is the splanchnocranium (visceral cranium), which first arose to support pharyngeal slits in protochordates (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000315 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.235 The skull of ancestral tetrapods has the three basic components that we have been considering: (1) chondrocranium, (2) splanchnocranium, and (3) dermatocranium (reference 1); Each part of the skull arises from a separate phylogenetic source. The most ancient part is the splanchnocranium (visceral cranium), which first arose to support pharyngeal slits in protochordates (reference 2).[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000315 VHOG ISBN:978-0030223693 Liem KF, Bemis WE, Walker WF, Grande L, Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective (2001) p.242, ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.235 http://bgee.unil.ch/ VSAO labels this term 'pharyngeal arch' (2012-06-01) - however, it clearly means pharyngeal arch skeleton. VSAO pharyngeal endoskeleton pharyngeal endoskeleton http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 viscerocranium VHOG:0000315 ZFA:0001216 viscerocranium VHOG:0000315 Wikipedia:Viscerocranium ZFA:0001216 pharyngeal arch VSAO:0000149 pharyngeal arch skeleton ZFA:0001216 pharyngeal skeleton ZFA:0001216 visceral cranium visceral cranium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 visceral skeletal system visceral skeletal system http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 visceral skeleton UBERONREF:0000007 Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO]. Intramembranous bone that forms superficially in the organism.[TAO] other AOs are not yet in sync with this classification AAO:0010769 TAO:0001590 VSAO:0000130 Wikipedia:Dermal_bone XAO:0004015 ZFA:0001590 uberon dermal bones UBERON:0008907 dermal bone wd VSAO VSAO Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO]. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000130 Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO]. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000130 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/267 Intramembranous bone that forms superficially in the organism.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001590 TAO TAO:wd dermal bones ZFA:0001590 Bone element that is adjacent to the notochord. We go with the latest VSAO in making this a subtype of bone, and add a logical definition based on the textual definition in VSAO. We also include the subtyping under 'replacement bone', for consistency with ZFA Replacement bone that forms within the connective tissue surrounding the notochord.[TAO] AAO:0010777 TAO:0001639 VSAO:0000307 ZFA:0001629 perichordal bones uberon perichordal bone UBERON:0008909 perichordal bone not in VSAO ZFA Bone element that is adjacent to the notochord. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000307 Bone element that is adjacent to the notochord. GO_REF:0000034 VSAO:0000307 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Replacement bone that forms within the connective tissue surrounding the notochord.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001639 TAO TAO:wd perichordal bones ZFA:0001629 perichordal bone ZFA:0001629 A parenchyma that is part of a lung. EMAPA:35522 FMA:27360 MA:0003168 SCTID:201712001 respiratory portion of lung uberon parenchyma of lung pulmonary parenchyma UBERON:0008946 lung parenchyma FMA FMA A parenchyma that is part of a lung. OBOL:automatic respiratory portion of lung FMA:27360 parenchyma of lung BTO:0000763 pulmonary parenchyma EMAPA:35522 EHDAA2:0004069 NCIT:C34283 UMLS:C1514898 uberon UBERON:0008947 respiratory primordium Obol UMLS:C1514898 ncithesaurus:Respiratory_Primordium One of the racemose glands in the walls of the esophagus that in humans are small and serve principally to lubricate the food but in some birds secrete a milky fluid on which the young are fed. BTO:0003634 FMA:9404 NCIT:C32536 SCTID:322749003 UMLS:C0227178 Wikipedia:Esophageal_glands esophageal gland glandulae oesophageae mucous gland of submucosa of esophagus uberon submocosal esophageal gland UBERON:0008989 submucosal esophageal gland http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Illu_esophageal_layers.jpg One of the racemose glands in the walls of the esophagus that in humans are small and serve principally to lubricate the food but in some birds secrete a milky fluid on which the young are fed. BTO:0003634 Wikipedia:Esophageal_glands UMLS:C0227178 ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Gland esophageal gland FMA:9404 glandulae oesophageae Wikipedia:Esophageal_glands mucous gland of submucosa of esophagus FMA:9404 System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain. UBERON:0005284 BTO:0003840 EFO:0003491 EMAPA:35186 FMA:242007 FMA:61935 SCTID:362029003 TAO:0000099 ZFA:0000099 brain vasculature cerebrovascular system intracerebral vasculature uberon UBERON:0008998 vasculature of brain System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain. BTO:0003840 cerebrovascular system BTO:0003840 intracerebral vasculature FMA:61935 A zone of skin that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk. EMAPA:37280 MA:0000510 SCTID:304890003 uberon UBERON:0009015 upper back skin MA A zone of skin that is part of a dorsal thoracic segment of trunk. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37280 MA:th Vein that drains left lung and returns blood to the heart. A vein that returns oxygenated blood from the left lung to the left atrium of the heart[ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Vein]. EMAPA:37165 MA:0002207 NCIT:C48946 SCTID:304057004 UMLS:C0226670 uberon UBERON:0009030 left pulmonary vein Vein that drains left lung and returns blood to the heart. Vein that drains left lung and returns blood to the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A vein that returns oxygenated blood from the left lung to the left atrium of the heart[ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Vein]. ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Vein EMAPA:37165 MA:th UMLS:C0226670 ncithesaurus:Left_Pulmonary_Vein Vein that drains right lung and returns blood to the heart. A vein that returns oxygenated blood from the right lung to the left atrium of the heart[ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Vein]. EMAPA:37379 MA:0002208 NCIT:C48947 SCTID:304056008 UMLS:C0226669 uberon UBERON:0009032 right pulmonary vein Vein that drains right lung and returns blood to the heart. Vein that drains right lung and returns blood to the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A vein that returns oxygenated blood from the right lung to the left atrium of the heart[ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Vein]. ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Vein EMAPA:37379 MA:th UMLS:C0226669 ncithesaurus:Right_Pulmonary_Vein An organism containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body. BTO:0004733 uberon gravid pregnant adult pregnant adult stage pregnant organism pregnant stage UBERON:0009097 gravid organism An organism containing a developing embryo, fetus, or unborn offspring within the body. BTO:0004733 gravid BTO:0004733 pregnant adult BTO:0004733 pregnant adult stage BTO:0004733 pregnant stage BTO:0004733 The uterus in pregnancy. NCIT:C12406 SCTID:362253003 UMLS:C1514389 ncithesaurus:Gravid_Uterus uberon womb UBERON:0009098 gravid uterus The uterus in pregnancy. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/gravid+uterus UMLS:C1514389 ncithesaurus:Pregnant_Uterus A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary. EHDAA2:0000716 NCIT:C34192 UMLS:C1512703 uberon gonad rudiment UBERON:0009117 typically part of the embryo - however, in male tammar wallabies the gonads are indifferent at the neonatal stage[8827321] indifferent gonad A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary. A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary. http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=8981 UMLS:C1512703 ncithesaurus:Indifferent_Gonad Cranial ganglion which develops from an epibranchial placode. TAO:0001555 ZFA:0001555 epibranchial ganglia uberon UBERON:0009127 Epibranchial ganglia orchestrate the development of the cranial neurogenic crest epibranchial ganglion ZFA NCBIBook:NBK53175 Cranial ganglion which develops from an epibranchial placode. PMID:20133851 ZFIN:curator epibranchial ganglia ZFA:0001555 Endocardium that is part of the right atrium. EHDAA2:0000274 FMA:7281 NCIT:C102339 SCTID:3194006 VHOG:0001228 endocardium of right atrium right atrial endocardium uberon right atrium endocardial tissue UBERON:0009129 right atrium endocardium EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Endocardium that is part of the right atrium. Endocardium that is part of the right atrium. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 endocardium of right atrium FMA:7281 right atrial endocardium FMA:7281 right atrium endocardial tissue VHOG:0001228 A fold of tissue which extends into the peritoneal cavity of the developing embryo and participates in the separation of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] UBERON:0009146 EHDAA2:0001483 EMAPA:17709 NCIT:C34256 SCTID:361429005 UMLS:C1283968 VHOG:0000757 Wikipedia:Pleuroperitoneal pleuroperitoneal fold pleuroperitoneal membranes uberon UBERON:0009133 pleuroperitoneal membrane EHDAA2 A fold of tissue which extends into the peritoneal cavity of the developing embryo and participates in the separation of the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Wikipedia:Pleuroperitoneal http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pleuroperitoneal+membrane In hagfishes a transverse septum extends upward from the ventral body wall posterior to the heart, partly separating an anterior pericardial cavity from a larger peritoneal cavity. (...) These basic relationships have not been modified by urodeles. The small pericardial cavity remains far forward where it is separated by a transverse septum from the principal coelom, which may now be called a pleuroperitoneal cavity because slender lungs are present. (...) The heart [of other tetrapods] is separated from the lungs (and liver if present) by more or less horizontal partitions that have their origin in the embryo as folds on the serous membrane of the right and left lateral body walls. These grow out to join in the midline of the body. They are called lateral mesocardia (birds) or pleuropericardial membranes. Posteriorly they join the transverse septum to form the adult pericardial membrane, or pericardium. (...) In their partitioning of their coelom, embryonic mammals resemble first early fishes (incomplete partition, posterior to heart, consisting of the transverse septum) and then reptiles (pericardium derived from transverse septum and pleuropericardial membranes). Mammals then separate paired pleural cavities from the peritoneal cavity by a diaphragm. The ventral portion of this organ comes from the transverse septum. The dorsal portion is derived from the dorsal mesentery and from still another pair of outgrowths from the lateral body wall, the pleuroperitoneal membranes.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000757 VHOG ISBN:978-0471090588 Hildebrand M, Analysis of vertebrate structure (1983) p.205-206 http://bgee.unil.ch/ UMLS:C1283968 ncithesaurus:Pleuroperitoneal_Membrane pleuroperitoneal fold VHOG:0000757 pleuroperitoneal membranes EHDAA2:0001483 A vein that is part of a craniocervical region. EHDAA2:0004542 SCTID:32945007 craniocervical vein head and neck veins vein of head and neck uberon UBERON:0009141 craniocervical region vein A vein that is part of a craniocervical region. OBOL:automatic head and neck veins EHDAA2:0004542 Sum total of mesenchyme in the embryo. consider adding new class (EMAPA:16097) for mesenchyme of embryo (some mesenchyme is extraembryonic - e.g. amnion mesoderm) UBERON:0003313 EHDAA2:0001113 EHDAA:177 EMAPA:16097 uberon UBERON:0009142 entire embryonic mesenchyme EHDAA2 Sum total of mesenchyme in the embryo. Sum total of mesenchyme in the embryo. https://github.com/obophenotype/human-developmental-anatomy-ontology/issues/7 EMAPA:16549 RETIRED_EHDAA2:0001454 pharyngeal region uberon UBERON:0009145 pharyngeal region of foregut EHDAA2 pharyngeal region EMAPA:16549 EHDAA2:0004021 uberon UBERON:0009196 indifferent external genitalia cjm An ectoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. EHDAA2:0000190 EMAPA:16260 uberon UBERON:0009479 ectoderm of buccopharyngeal membrane An ectoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. OBOL:automatic An endoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. EHDAA2:0000191 EMAPA:16261 uberon UBERON:0009480 endoderm of buccopharyngeal membrane An endoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. EHDAA2:0000570 EMAPA:16364 uberon UBERON:0009482 associated mesenchyme of foregut-midgut junction Mesenchyme that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic A portion of mesenchymal tissue associated with an individual pharyngeal arch. this represents a part of the entire arch mesenchyme (UBERON:0010046), and is therefore a superclass of the individual arch mesenchyme classes. Alternate definition: primordial embryonic connective tissue associated with the branchial arches, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to facial and cranial nerve-associated structures. EMAPA:32755 FMA:295694 branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009494 pharyngeal arch mesenchymal region EHDAA2 cjm A portion of mesenchymal tissue associated with an individual pharyngeal arch. A portion of mesenchymal tissue associated with an individual pharyngeal arch. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 this represents a part of the entire arch mesenchyme (UBERON:0010046), and is therefore a superclass of the individual arch mesenchyme classes. Alternate definition: primordial embryonic connective tissue associated with the branchial arches, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to facial and cranial nerve-associated structures. MP:0011262 branchial arch mesenchyme MP:0011262 pharyngeal arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An epithelium that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. EHDAA2:0000573 EMAPA:16564 uberon UBERON:0009497 epithelium of foregut-midgut junction EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindgut. EHDAA2:0000780 EMAPA:16716 hindgut associated mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009503 mesenchyme of hindgut Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindgut. OBOL:automatic hindgut associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000780 An endoderm that is part of a anal region. EHDAA2:0004020 EMAPA:17177 uberon UBERON:0009521 anal membrane endodermal component An endoderm that is part of a anal region. OBOL:automatic An endoderm that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. EHDAA2:0000572 EMAPA:18403 uberon UBERON:0009550 endoderm of foregut-midgut junction An endoderm that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic A submucosa that is part of a intestine. FMA:15696 submucosa of intestine uberon UBERON:0009566 intestinal submucosa FMA A submucosa that is part of a intestine. OBOL:automatic submucosa of intestine FMA:15696 FMA:25054 SCTID:22943007 region of trunk trunk subdivision uberon UBERON:0009569 subdivision of trunk region of trunk FMA:25054 trunk subdivision FMA:25054 A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future spinal cord. EHDAA2:0001265 EMAPA:17584 VHOG:0001548 spinal cord lateral wall sulcus limitans uberon UBERON:0009570 spinal cord sulcus limitans A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future spinal cord. OBOL:automatic spinal cord lateral wall sulcus limitans EHDAA2:0001265 A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future medulla oblongata. EHDAA2:0001100 EMAPA:17561 uberon UBERON:0009576 medulla oblongata sulcus limitans EHDAA2 A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future medulla oblongata. OBOL:automatic A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future metencephalon. EHDAA2:0001161 EMAPA:17567 uberon UBERON:0009577 metencephalon sulcus limitans A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future metencephalon. OBOL:automatic A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future myelencephalon. EHDAA2:0001945 uberon UBERON:0009578 myelencephalon sulcus limitans A sulcus limitans of neural tube that is part of a future myelencephalon. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0001172 EMAPA:16977 VHOG:0000910 mantle layer lateral wall midbrain midbrain lateral wall mantle layer uberon mantle layer lateral wall mesencephalon UBERON:0009581 midbrain mantle layer mantle layer lateral wall midbrain VHOG:0000910 mantle layer lateral wall mesencephalon VHOG:0000910 EMAPA:17580 VHOG:0000911 mantle layer lateral wall spinal cord spinal cord lateral wall mantle layer uberon UBERON:0009583 spinal cord mantle layer mantle layer lateral wall spinal cord VHOG:0000911 Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch mandibular component. UBERON:0010043 EHDAA2:0000034 EMAPA:16385 mesenchymal region of mandibular component of first pharyngeal arch mesenchyme of mandibular component uberon mandibular component mesenchyme mandibular mesenchyme UBERON:0009584 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme EMAPA Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch mandibular component. OBOL:automatic mesenchymal region of mandibular component of first pharyngeal arch mesenchymal region of mandibular component of first pharyngeal arch https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mesenchyme of mandibular component EMAPA:16385 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing left lung. EHDAA2:0000944 EMAPA:16730 EMAPA:17654 left lung mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009602 left lung associated mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing left lung. OBOL:automatic left lung mesenchyme EMAPA:17654 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing right lung. EHDAA2:0001739 EMAPA:17662 right lung mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009603 right lung associated mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing right lung. OBOL:automatic right lung mesenchyme EMAPA:17662 A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive midbrain. TAO:0007019 ZFA:0007019 uberon UBERON:0009611 midbrain neural plate ZFA ZFA A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive midbrain. OBOL:automatic A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive hindbrain. TAO:0007022 ZFA:0007022 uberon UBERON:0009614 hindbrain neural plate ZFA ZFA A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive hindbrain. OBOL:automatic TODO - developmental relationships for lines TAO:0007044 ZFA:0007044 MHB neural plate midbrain-hindbrain boundary neural plate uberon UBERON:0009615 midbrain hindbrain boundary neural plate ZFA https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/438 Bgee:AN MHB neural plate MHB neural plate https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 midbrain-hindbrain boundary neural plate ZFA:0007044 A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a midbrain. TODO - unify naming conventions BAMS:MES EFO:0003432 EHDAA2:0000615 EMAPA:16140 TAO:0000148 Wikipedia:Mesencephalon ZFA:0000148 presumptive mesencephalon uberon early midbrain future midbrain mesencephalon UBERON:0009616 presumptive midbrain ZFA ZFA A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a midbrain. OBOL:automatic presumptive mesencephalon ZFA:0000148 early midbrain early midbrain https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 future midbrain future midbrain https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mesencephalon EHDAA2:0000615 Bilateral mesenchymal mesoderm parallel and immediately adjacent to the neural tube/notochord; it generates a subset of extra-ocular, and other head, muscles. A major contributor to neurocranium [PMID:16313393] EHDAA2:0000736 EHDAA:364 EMAPA:16171 cephalic paraxial mesenchyme cephalic paraxial mesoderm cranial paraxial mesenchyme cranial paraxial mesoderm head paraxial mesenchyme uberon somitomere somitomeric mesoderm UBERON:0009617 head paraxial mesoderm EHDAA2 Bilateral mesenchymal mesoderm parallel and immediately adjacent to the neural tube/notochord; it generates a subset of extra-ocular, and other head, muscles. Bilateral mesenchymal mesoderm parallel and immediately adjacent to the neural tube/notochord; it generates a subset of extra-ocular, and other head, muscles. PMID:21610022 cephalic paraxial mesenchyme cephalic paraxial mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cephalic paraxial mesoderm cephalic paraxial mesoderm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cranial paraxial mesenchyme cranial paraxial mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cranial paraxial mesoderm cranial paraxial mesoderm https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 head paraxial mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000736 head paraxial mesenchyme EHDAA2:0000736 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/30 EHDAA2:0002094 trunk and cervical paraxial mesenchyme uberon trunk paraxial mesenchyme UBERON:0009618 trunk paraxial mesoderm EHDAA2 trunk and cervical paraxial mesenchyme EHDAA2:0002094 trunk paraxial mesenchyme trunk paraxial mesenchyme https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/30 labial artery EMAPA:37092 MA:0001987 NCIT:C52947 UMLS:C1708633 uberon UBERON:0009657 artery of lip labial artery MA:0001987 EMAPA:37092 MA:th UMLS:C1708633 ncithesaurus:Labial_Artery Nucleus located in the midbrain. SCTID:279285003 TAO:0002209 ZFA:0001665 uberon UBERON:0009661 midbrain nucleus Nucleus located in the midbrain. ZFIN:curator Nucleus located within the hindbrain. TAO:0002177 ZFA:0001658 uberon UBERON:0009662 hindbrain nucleus Nucleus located within the hindbrain. ZFIN:curator An anatomical space that surrounded_by a embryonic cloaca. EHDAA2:0004586 uberon UBERON:0009669 embryonic cloacal lumen An anatomical space that surrounded_by a embryonic cloaca. OBOL:automatic An anatomical space that surrounded_by a rectum. EHDAA2:0004587 EMAPA:18388 FMA:14598 SCTID:259740004 lumen of rectum uberon UBERON:0009670 rectal lumen cjm EHDAA2 An anatomical space that surrounded_by a rectum. OBOL:automatic lumen of rectum FMA:14598 Any endocardium that is part of the right ventricle of the heart. Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve and with the tunica intima of the pulmonary trunk. EHDAA2:0002188 EMAPA:17341 FMA:9536 NCIT:C102343 SCTID:8911002 VHOG:0001235 right ventricle endocardium right ventricular endocardium uberon endocardial lining of right ventricle right ventricle endocardial tissue UBERON:0009712 endocardium of right ventricle EHDAA2 FMA Any endocardium that is part of the right ventricle of the heart. Any endocardium that is part of the right ventricle of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve and with the tunica intima of the pulmonary trunk. FMA:9536 right ventricle endocardium VHOG:0001235 right ventricular endocardium FMA:9536 endocardial lining of right ventricle EMAPA:17341 right ventricle endocardial tissue VHOG:0001235 Any endocardium that is part of the left ventricle of the heart. Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous with mitral valve, aortic valve, atrioventricular septum and the tunica intima of the aorta. EHDAA2:0002182 EMAPA:17338 FMA:9559 SCTID:191004004 VHOG:0001233 left ventricle endocardium left ventricular endocardium uberon endocardial lining of left ventricle left ventricle endocardial tissue UBERON:0009713 endocardium of left ventricle FMA Any endocardium that is part of the left ventricle of the heart. Any endocardium that is part of the left ventricle of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Endocardium of ventricle which is continuous with mitral valve, aortic valve, atrioventricular septum and the tunica intima of the aorta. FMA:9559 left ventricle endocardium VHOG:0001233 left ventricular endocardium FMA:9559 endocardial lining of left ventricle EMAPA:17338 left ventricle endocardial tissue VHOG:0001233 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a stomodeum. lumen of stomatodaeum lumen of stomodeum stomatodeal cavity uberon UBERON:0009715 stomodeal lumen An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a stomodeum. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0004621 EMAPA:32754 FMA:293087 uberon pharyngeal arch endoderm UBERON:0009722 entire pharyngeal arch endoderm EHDAA2 pharyngeal arch endoderm EHDAA2:0004621 The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures. decide whether to merge with cardiac mesoderm. In EHDAA2 this lasts CS12->unbounded, includes mesenchyme of individual components as parts EHDAA2:0004162 EMAPA:36438 heart mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0009751 cardiac mesenchyme The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures. MP:0011264 heart mesenchyme EMAPA:36438 A ganglion that is part of a abdominal segment of trunk. SCTID:280508003 uberon UBERON:0009758 abdominal ganglion A ganglion that is part of a abdominal segment of trunk. OBOL:automatic A serous sac that has the pleura and the pleural cavity as parts. despite its name the class EHDAA2:0004737 is not a true cavity, it corresponds to what we call the sac EHDAA2:0004737 FMA:9690 SCTID:361996004 uberon UBERON:0009778 pleural sac FMA FMA-abduced-lr A serous sac that has the pleura and the pleural cavity as parts. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 despite its name the class EHDAA2:0004737 is not a true cavity, it corresponds to what we call the sac EHDAA2 The many-lobed berry cluster of cells that is the terminous of a gland where the secretion is produced is acinar in form. acinar acinus FMA:55588 Wikipedia:Acinus uberon acini UBERON:0009842 glandular acinus http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Gray1105.png The many-lobed berry cluster of cells that is the terminous of a gland where the secretion is produced is acinar in form. The many-lobed berry cluster of cells that is the terminous of a gland where the secretion is produced is acinar in form. Wikipedia:Acinus acinus FMA:55588 acini acini Wikipedia:Acinus An epithelium that is part of a embryonic cloaca. cloacal epithelium EHDAA2:0004585 uberon UBERON:0009846 embryonic cloacal epithelium EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that is part of a embryonic cloaca. OBOL:automatic cloacal epithelium EHDAA2:0004585 Branch or outpocketing of the digestive tract. FBbt:00100316 uberon diverticulum of gut intestinal pouch UBERON:0009854 digestive tract diverticulum Branch or outpocketing of the digestive tract. Branch or outpocketing of the digestive tract. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 diverticulum of gut FBbt:00100316 galen:Diverticulum pouch uberon diverticulum UBERON:0009856 sac A division of the stomach. The stomach can be divided based on mucosal histology (glandular epithelium and gastric glands) and the relative position and type of gastric gland. We follow Kardong in defining stomach regions by gland, but we also include 'body of stomach'. In future we may want to have different partitions of the stomach UBERON:0009034 EMAPA:35821 FMA:14558 MA:0002561 SCTID:245415005 Wikipedia:Stomach#Sections gastric zone region of stomach section of stomach uberon UBERON:0009870 zone of stomach http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Regions_of_stomach.svg A division of the stomach. The stomach can be divided based on mucosal histology (glandular epithelium and gastric glands) and the relative position and type of gastric gland. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Stomach#Sections gastric zone FMA:14558 EFO:0003704 TAO:0005041 ZFA:0005041 ALPM uberon UBERON:0009881 anterior lateral plate mesoderm ZFA ALPM ZFA:0005041 A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract). extra-cardiac population of mesodermal progenitors that gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract[PMID:17276708]. In general, the two studies in chick concluded that the contribution of the SHF was to the outflow tract, whereas the mouse work suggested that the second lineage contributed more broadly to the heart, including the outflow tract and much or all of the right ventricle [11-14]. These different conclusions may represent differences in the experimental approaches used or may represent bona fide differences in the contribution of the second lineage to the hearts of birds compared to mammals [11]. Alternatively, the secondary/anterior heart fields described in the chick may represent a subset of a broader field that makes a more substantial contribution to the heart, as the mouse studies suggested in mouse has left ventricular identity[PMID:22855565] XAO:0004186 anterior heart field anterior/second heart field second heart field uberon SHF UBERON:0009889 secondary heart field GO:0003129 PMID:17276708 PMID:17276708 A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract). GO:0003139 GOC:mtg_heart GOC:rl extra-cardiac population of mesodermal progenitors that gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract[PMID:17276708]. extra-cardiac population of mesodermal progenitors that gives rise to the right ventricle and outflow tract[PMID:17276708]. PMID:17276708 In general, the two studies in chick concluded that the contribution of the SHF was to the outflow tract, whereas the mouse work suggested that the second lineage contributed more broadly to the heart, including the outflow tract and much or all of the right ventricle [11-14]. These different conclusions may represent differences in the experimental approaches used or may represent bona fide differences in the contribution of the second lineage to the hearts of birds compared to mammals [11]. Alternatively, the secondary/anterior heart fields described in the chick may represent a subset of a broader field that makes a more substantial contribution to the heart, as the mouse studies suggested In general, the two studies in chick concluded that the contribution of the SHF was to the outflow tract, whereas the mouse work suggested that the second lineage contributed more broadly to the heart, including the outflow tract and much or all of the right ventricle [11-14]. These different conclusions may represent differences in the experimental approaches used or may represent bona fide differences in the contribution of the second lineage to the hearts of birds compared to mammals [11]. Alternatively, the secondary/anterior heart fields described in the chick may represent a subset of a broader field that makes a more substantial contribution to the heart, as the mouse studies suggested PMID:17276708 anterior heart field anterior heart field PMID:17276708 anterior/second heart field Geisha:syn NCBITaxon:8782 second heart field XAO:0004186 SHF XAO:0004186 Mesenchyme that is part of a developing face. EMAPA:35337 FMA:302884 face mesenchyme mesenchyme of face uberon UBERON:0009891 facial mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing face. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0001315 EHDAA:1122 uberon UBERON:0009920 optic neural crest EHDAA2 EHDAA2 A multicellular organism that existence_starts_with a post-embryonic stage. MA:0002405 postnatal organism TS28 mouse post-hatching organism post-natal organism postnatal mouse uberon UBERON:0009953 post-embryonic organism https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/667 A multicellular organism that existence_starts_with a post-embryonic stage. OBOL:automatic TS28 mouse MA:0002405 post-hatching organism post-hatching organism https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 post-natal organism post-natal organism https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 postnatal mouse MA:0002405 Cranial ectodermal placode with potential to develop into a component of the nervous system, such as nerves or ganglia. Includes: trigeminal, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes. While some sensory placodes (otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates (Wada et al., 1998), the so-called neurogenenic placodes (trigeminal, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes) appear to have emerged at a later time (Shimeld and Holland, 2000) EFO:0003460 TAO:0001309 Wikipedia:Neurogenic_placodes XAO:0004620 ZFA:0001309 neurogenic placodes uberon placodae neurogenicae UBERON:0009955 neurogenic placode cjm Cranial ectodermal placode with potential to develop into a component of the nervous system, such as nerves or ganglia. PMID:11523831 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 While some sensory placodes (otic and olfactory) may have homologues in basal chordates (Wada et al., 1998), the so-called neurogenenic placodes (trigeminal, otic, lateral line and epibranchial placodes) appear to have emerged at a later time (Shimeld and Holland, 2000) NCBIBook:NBK53171 neurogenic placodes ZFA:0001309 placodae neurogenicae Wikipedia:Neurogenic_placodes An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part. CARO:0010000 FBbt:00100313 multicellular structure uberon UBERON:0010000 multicellular anatomical structure CARO An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part. CARO:0010000 multicellular structure FBbt:00100313 A small cluster of cells of various types which form a discrete structure, largely delimited by a morphological boundary and whose components work together to make the whole structure capable of a specific function. CARO:0010001 FBbt:00007229 uberon UBERON:0010001 Examples include arthropod sensilla. cell cluster organ CARO CARO FBbt A small cluster of cells of various types which form a discrete structure, largely delimited by a morphological boundary and whose components work together to make the whole structure capable of a specific function. CARO:0010001 The vascularized and branched structures arising from the rodent trophoblast-derived epithelium that allow an increase its surface area for the efficient exchange of nutrients and wastes between the maternal and fetal circulation. villous of placental labyrinth uberon placental labyrinth villi UBERON:0010005 placental labyrinth villous MP The vascularized and branched structures arising from the rodent trophoblast-derived epithelium that allow an increase its surface area for the efficient exchange of nutrients and wastes between the maternal and fetal circulation. MP:0011522 placental labyrinth villi Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 6. EHDAA2:0004076 EMAPA:32765 FMA:318209 6th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme uberon 6th branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme UBERON:0010031 6th arch mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 6. OBOL:automatic An organ of the digestive tract that is capable of retaining and storing food. This is a very broad functionally defined grouping class that collects disparate structures from insects to vertebrates BSA:0000123 TADS:0000172 TGMA:0001041 uberon UBERON:0010039 food storage organ An organ of the digestive tract that is capable of retaining and storing food. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 1. EMAPA:16128 mesenchyme of 1st arch uberon UBERON:0010042 1st arch mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 1. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme of 1st arch EMAPA:16128 The sum total of mesenchymal tissue in the pharyngeal arch region. Pharyngeal mesenchyme is undifferentiated, loose connective tissue derived mostly from mesoderm, and also contains ectodermally derived neural crest cells. EHDAA2:0001459 EMAPA:16550 XAO:0004524 associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region entire branchial arch associated mesenchyme pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0010046 entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme EHDAA2 EHDAA2 cjm The sum total of mesenchymal tissue in the pharyngeal arch region. Pharyngeal mesenchyme is undifferentiated, loose connective tissue derived mostly from mesoderm, and also contains ectodermally derived neural crest cells. XAO:0004524 The sum total of mesenchymal tissue in the pharyngeal arch region. Pharyngeal mesenchyme is undifferentiated, loose connective tissue derived mostly from mesoderm, and also contains ectodermally derived neural crest cells. XAO:0004524 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region EMAPA:16550 entire branchial arch associated mesenchyme entire branchial arch associated mesenchyme https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0001459 Gland of the epithelium lining the oral cavity. The most common are the salivary glands. Note that Kardong classifies lacrimal glands here. EHDAA2 includes pituitary primordium, as this develops from oral mucosa UBERON:0003293 EHDAA2:0001327 EHDAA:2181 EMAPA:16572 EMAPA:16723 VHOG:0000652 buccal gland uberon gland of oral opening gland of oral region mouth gland oral cavity gland oral region gland UBERON:0010047 oral gland Gland of the epithelium lining the oral cavity. The most common are the salivary glands. ISBN:0073040584 Note that Kardong classifies lacrimal glands here. EHDAA2 includes pituitary primordium, as this develops from oral mucosa EHDAA2 An epithelium consisting of cuboidal epithelial cells. TODO - coordinate with CL, add cuboidal cell in NCIT this is glandular NCIT:C32415 UMLS:C0682577 Wikipedia:Cuboidal_epithelium uberon UBERON:0010077 cuboidal epithelium An epithelium consisting of cuboidal epithelial cells. An epithelium consisting of cuboidal epithelial cells. Wikipedia:Cuboidal_epithelium in NCIT this is glandular NCIT UMLS:C0682577 ncithesaurus:Cuboidal_Epithelium Mesenchyme that has the potential to develop into a dermis. check development EHDAA2:0000598 uberon UBERON:0010083 future dermis EHDAA2 EHDAA2 XAO Mesenchyme that has the potential to develop into a dermis. OBOL:automatic A structure that will develop into a diaphragm. EHDAA2:0000599 uberon UBERON:0010084 future diaphragm EHDAA2 PMID:23586979 PMID:23586979 A structure that will develop into a diaphragm. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a metencephalon. EHDAA2:0000623 uberon UBERON:0010092 future metencephalon A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a metencephalon. OBOL:automatic A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a myelencephalon. EHDAA2:0000640 uberon UBERON:0010096 future myelencephalon A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a myelencephalon. OBOL:automatic A gray matter that has the potential to develop into a superior salivatory nucleus. EHDAA2:0004644 uberon UBERON:0010125 future superior salivatory nucleus A gray matter that has the potential to develop into a superior salivatory nucleus. OBOL:automatic Any portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of the conducting system of heart or the Purkinje fibers. EHDAA2:0004528 FMA:83378 specialized conducting tissue of heart specialized muscle tissue of heart uberon UBERON:0010131 conducting tissue of heart Any portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of the conducting system of heart or the Purkinje fibers. Any portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of the conducting system of heart or the Purkinje fibers. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 specialized conducting tissue of heart FMA:83378 specialized muscle tissue of heart FMA:83378 Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and that release hormones in response to neural stimuli. MA:0000720 neuroendocrine system gland uberon UBERON:0010133 neuroendocrine gland Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and that release hormones in response to neural stimuli. ISBN:0-683-40008-8 MP:0000631 An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. uberon UBERON:0010136 epithelial sheet An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells. GO:0002011 A mucous secretion that is produced by glands in the epidermis. uberon epidermal mucus skin mucous UBERON:0010152 skin mucus A mucous secretion that is produced by glands in the epidermis. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 epidermal mucus BTO:0005082 An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a blood vessel. FMA:312610 SCTID:91747007 blood vessel lumen uberon UBERON:0010161 lumen of blood vessel An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a blood vessel. OBOL:automatic A roughly circular bulge in a surface. requires review AEO:0000205 EHDAA2:0003250 FMA:82506 uberon UBERON:0010188 protuberance FMA A roughly circular bulge in a surface. EHDAA2:0003250 The paired arterial structures of the embryo that supplies each developing somite via efferent segmental arteries; the dorsal aortae articulate with the umbilical arteries, which return mixed blood to the villi of the chorion for reoxygenation. EHDAA2:0000410 EMAPA:18606 MA:0000476 paired dorsal aortae uberon UBERON:0010190 pair of dorsal aortae EHDAA2 EHDAA2 The paired arterial structures of the embryo that supplies each developing somite via efferent segmental arteries; the dorsal aortae articulate with the umbilical arteries, which return mixed blood to the villi of the chorion for reoxygenation. ISBN:0-914294-08-3 MP:0004787 paired dorsal aortae EHDAA2:0000410 EHDAA2:0004512 uberon UBERON:0010191 aortic system Wikipedia One of the laterally paired arteries that supply the gonads. Wikipedia:Gonadal_artery gonadal artery uberon UBERON:0010192 genital artery One of the laterally paired arteries that supply the gonads. ISBN:0073040584 One of the laterally paired arteries that supply the gonads. ISBN:0073040584 Wikipedia:Gonadal_artery An anatomical boundary that corresponds to some physical discontinuity. CARO:0001004 uberon UBERON:0010199 One might argue that all boundaries are actually fiat in the sense that there must be some fiat element at a fine enough scale of granularity. This ontology choses to ignore this issue as below the level of granularity relevant to anatomy. (DOS121102) bona-fide anatomical boundary CARO An anatomical boundary that corresponds to some physical discontinuity. CARO:0001004 Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac atrium. FMA:71005 TAO:0002228 ZFA:0001718 presumptive atrium heart tube primordial atrium primordial cardiac atrium uberon UBERON:0010227 future cardiac atrium ZFA Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac atrium. ZFA:0001718 presumptive atrium heart tube ZFA:0001718 primordial atrium FMA:71005 primordial cardiac atrium FMA:71005 The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye. See notes for camera-type eye FMA:12513 MIAA:0000283 SCTID:244486005 VHOG:0001616 Wikipedia:Globe_(human_eye) bulbus oculi eye globe eyeball uberon eye globe UBERON:0010230 eyeball of camera-type eye FMA The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye. UBERON:cjm eye globe VHOG:0001616 eyeball FMA:12513 eye globe HP:0100886 MIAA:0000283 An exocrine gland whose secretions are excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and thence onto a bodily surface or into the lumen; the gland releases its product and no part of the gland is lost or damaged. merocrine BTO:0002324 MA:0003041 Wikipedia:Merocrine uberon UBERON:0010243 merocrine gland An exocrine gland whose secretions are excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and thence onto a bodily surface or into the lumen; the gland releases its product and no part of the gland is lost or damaged. MGI:anna MP:0013544 Wikipedia:Merocrine Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000037 uberon UBERON:0010252 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from neural crest inferred EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme. In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EHDAA2:0000098 EMAPA:16772 VHOG:0000580 4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 4th arch neural crest derived arch 4 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 4 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon branchial arch 4 mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010256 4th arch mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic In all vertebrates, the pharyngeal apparatus develops from a series of bulges found on the lateral surface of the head, the pharyngeal arches, which consist of a number of different embryonic cell types. Each arch has an external covering of ectoderm and inner covering of endoderm, and between these a mesenchymal filling of neural crest with a central core of mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0000580 VHOG DOI:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910133.x Graham A. The development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches. J Anat (2001) 4th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme derived from neural crest VHOG:0000580 mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 4th arch EMAPA:16772 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0004077 neural crest derived arch 6 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon branchial arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010257 6th arch mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a rhombencephalon neural crest. EHDAA2:0004423 uberon UBERON:0010258 mesenchyme from rhombencephalic neural crest EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a rhombencephalon neural crest. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. EMAPA:16129 mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 1st arch neural crest derived arch 1 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest uberon branchial arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest UBERON:0010259 1st arch mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 1st arch EMAPA:16129 Portion of tissue that is dorsolateral to the floor plate and part of the midbrain. DHBA:12322 EFO:0003567 EHDAA2:0004375 TAO:0000761 ZFA:0000761 basal plate midbrain basal plate midbrain region uberon UBERON:0010285 midbrain basal plate EHDAA2 EHDAA2 ZFA Portion of tissue that is dorsolateral to the floor plate and part of the midbrain. ZFA:0000761 basal plate midbrain TAO:0000761 basal plate midbrain region ZFA:0000761 Portion of neural tube that gives rise to the midbrain. we follow ZFA in temporally dividing midbrain NT from presumptive midbrain, but in future this may be collapsed TAO:0007039 ZFA:0007039 uberon UBERON:0010286 midbrain neural tube ZFA Portion of neural tube that gives rise to the midbrain. ZFA:0007039 . Wikipedia:Sclera#Histology uberon UBERON:0010291 layer of sclera cjm . Wikipedia:Sclera#Histology An endothelium that is part of a sclera. uberon UBERON:0010294 scleral endothelium Wikipedia An endothelium that is part of a sclera. OBOL:automatic A stroma that is part of a sclera. subsantia propria FMA:58365 NCIT:C33652 SCTID:368851004 UMLS:C1704397 scleral stroma stroma of sclera subsantia propria sclerae substantia propria sclerae uberon UBERON:0010295 substantia propria of sclera Wikipedia A stroma that is part of a sclera. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1704397 ncithesaurus:Substantia_Propria scleral stroma FMA:58365 stroma of sclera FMA:58365 subsantia propria sclerae FMA:58365 substantia propria sclerae FMA:58365 FMA:TA Mesenchyme surrounding the developing optic cup which develops into the sclera. The mesenchyme surrounding the developing optic cup differentiates into the sclera, the dense fibrous coat of the eye.. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16496288 uberon UBERON:0010299 scleral mesenchyme Mesenchyme surrounding the developing optic cup which develops into the sclera. Mesenchyme surrounding the developing optic cup which develops into the sclera. PMID:16496288 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An epithelium that is part of a extraembryonic structure. extra-embryonic epithelium uberon UBERON:0010303 extraembryonic epithelium An epithelium that is part of a extraembryonic structure. OBOL:automatic Developing anatomical structure that develops into the eyeball and associated structures. Multi-tissue structure that consists of the structures that develop into the retina and lens.[TAO] TAO:0002201 ZFA:0001678 future eye uberon UBERON:0010312 immature eye definitional Developing anatomical structure that develops into the eyeball and associated structures. ZFA:0001678 Multi-tissue structure that consists of the structures that develop into the retina and lens.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0002201 TAO ZFIN:curator An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest. Grouping term for query purposes uberon UBERON:0010313 neural crest-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest. An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest. Grouping term for query purposes uberon UBERON:0010314 structure with developmental contribution from neural crest An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest. An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 uberon UBERON:0010316 germ layer / neural crest A skeletal element that is part of a orbital region. uberon eye skeleton ocular skeleton skeletal element of orbital region UBERON:0010321 skeletal element of eye region A skeletal element that is part of a orbital region. OBOL:automatic Skeletal subdivision of the head including skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. we use 'cranial skeletal system', so that we can include the skull, which has joints/sutures as parts (recall, we follow FMA in distinguishing between the skeleton and skeletal system - only the latter includes joints) that the cranial skeleton includes the pharyngeal arch skeleton. It is thus more inclusive that the cranium itself, and extends beyond the head in tetrapods. The AAO class called 'skull' belongs here, as it includes the whole splanchnocranium Bony structure that encases the central nervous system and the primary sense organs of sight, olfaction, hearing, and equilibrium.[AAO] Skeletal system which is part of the skull, including the splanchnocranium, chondrocranium, and dermatocranium.[TAO] AAO:0000109 AAO:0000971 AAO:0010185 TAO:0000737 VSAO:0000049 XAO:0003075 ZFA:0000737 cranial skeleton osteocranium uberon cranium UBERON:0010323 cranial skeletal system Skeletal subdivision of the head including skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000049 Skeletal subdivision of the head including skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000049 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 Bony structure that encases the central nervous system and the primary sense organs of sight, olfaction, hearing, and equilibrium.[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000109 AAO AAO:LAP Skeletal system which is part of the skull, including the splanchnocranium, chondrocranium, and dermatocranium.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0000737 TAO ZFIN:curator cranium ZFA:0000737 Mesenchyme that is part of a limb/fin bud. uberon UBERON:0010329 paired limb/fin bud mesenchyme EHDAA2-abduced Mesenchyme that is part of a limb/fin bud. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that is part of a extraembryonic membrane. uberon UBERON:0010333 extraembryonic membrane mesenchyme EHDAA2-abduced Mesenchyme that is part of a extraembryonic membrane. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0004603 uberon UBERON:0010336 mandibular process mesenchyme from neural crest EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0004604 uberon UBERON:0010337 mandibular process mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000036 uberon UBERON:0010339 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. EMAPA:16130 mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 1st arch uberon UBERON:0010341 1st arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EMAPA Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 1st arch EMAPA:16130 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0000097 EMAPA:16771 head mesenchyme derived arch 4 mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 4th arch pharyngeal arch 4 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme uberon branchial arch 4 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010345 4th arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 4th arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 4th arch EMAPA:16771 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. EHDAA2:0004078 head mesenchyme derived arch 6 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme uberon branchial arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme UBERON:0010347 6th arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. arch mesenchyme from neural crest branchial arch mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived arch mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0010359 Partially implements https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest NC meeting scheme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme branchial arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme head mesenchyme derived arch mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0010360 Partially implements https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest NC meeting scheme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. OBOL:automatic Skeletal subdivision that undergoes indirect development and includes elements that develop as a replacement or substitution of other elements or tissues. An endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue. Endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper body tissues. The vertebrate is basically an endoskeleton made up of two types of tissues (bone and cartilage). During early embryonic development the endoskeleton is composed of notochord and cartilage. The notochord in most vertebrates is replaced by vertebral column and cartilage is replaced by bone in most adults. In three phyla and one subclass of animals, endoskeletons of various complexity are found: Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera, and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton may function purely for support (as in the case of sponges), but often serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The poriferan 'skeleton' consists of microscopic calcareous or siliceous spicules or a spongin network. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusk exoskeleton evolved into several sorts of internal structure, the 'cuttlebone' of cuttlefish being the best-known version. Yet they do have cartilaginous tissue in their body, even if it is not mineralized, especially in the head, where it forms a primitive cranium. The endoskeleton gives shape,support and protection to the body and provides a mean of locomotion.[Wikipedia:Endoskeleton]t VSAO:0000037 Wikipedia:Endoskeleton XAO:0004026 replacement skeleton uberon UBERON:0010362 endoskeleton VSAO Skeletal subdivision that undergoes indirect development and includes elements that develop as a replacement or substitution of other elements or tissues. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000037 Skeletal subdivision that undergoes indirect development and includes elements that develop as a replacement or substitution of other elements or tissues. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000037 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 An endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue. Endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper body tissues. The vertebrate is basically an endoskeleton made up of two types of tissues (bone and cartilage). During early embryonic development the endoskeleton is composed of notochord and cartilage. The notochord in most vertebrates is replaced by vertebral column and cartilage is replaced by bone in most adults. In three phyla and one subclass of animals, endoskeletons of various complexity are found: Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera, and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton may function purely for support (as in the case of sponges), but often serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The poriferan 'skeleton' consists of microscopic calcareous or siliceous spicules or a spongin network. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusk exoskeleton evolved into several sorts of internal structure, the 'cuttlebone' of cuttlefish being the best-known version. Yet they do have cartilaginous tissue in their body, even if it is not mineralized, especially in the head, where it forms a primitive cranium. The endoskeleton gives shape,support and protection to the body and provides a mean of locomotion.[Wikipedia:Endoskeleton]t An endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal, composed of mineralized tissue. Endoskeleton develops within the skin or in the deeper body tissues. The vertebrate is basically an endoskeleton made up of two types of tissues (bone and cartilage). During early embryonic development the endoskeleton is composed of notochord and cartilage. The notochord in most vertebrates is replaced by vertebral column and cartilage is replaced by bone in most adults. In three phyla and one subclass of animals, endoskeletons of various complexity are found: Chordata, Echinodermata, Porifera, and Coleoidea. An endoskeleton may function purely for support (as in the case of sponges), but often serves as an attachment site for muscle and a mechanism for transmitting muscular forces. A true endoskeleton is derived from mesodermal tissue. Such a skeleton is present in echinoderms and chordates. The poriferan 'skeleton' consists of microscopic calcareous or siliceous spicules or a spongin network. The Coleoidae do not have a true endoskeleton in the evolutionary sense; here, a mollusk exoskeleton evolved into several sorts of internal structure, the 'cuttlebone' of cuttlefish being the best-known version. Yet they do have cartilaginous tissue in their body, even if it is not mineralized, especially in the head, where it forms a primitive cranium. The endoskeleton gives shape,support and protection to the body and provides a mean of locomotion.[Wikipedia:Endoskeleton]t Wikipedia:Endoskeleton replacement skeleton VSAO:curator A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification. VSAO:0000139 XAO:0004017 ZFA:0005620 endochondral replacement element uberon UBERON:0010363 endochondral element https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-endochondral-elements-Design-Pattern VSAO A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000139 A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000139 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 endochondral replacement element VSAO:0000139 Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements. exoskeleton VSAO:0000035 XAO:0004025 uberon dermal skeletal system dermoskeleton desmoskeleton UBERON:0010364 This ontology covers metazoa, so we do not use exoskeleton as primary label, as in VSAO dermal skeleton VSAO Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000035 Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000035 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 exoskeleton VSAO:curator dermal skeletal system VSAO:curator dermoskeleton VSAO:curator desmoskeleton VSAO:curator Epithelium composed of cells that develops from the ectoderm[FMA,modified]. FMA:69064 ectoderm-derived epithelium uberon UBERON:0010371 ecto-epithelium Epithelium composed of cells that develops from the ectoderm[FMA,modified]. FMA:69064 Mesenchyme that develops_from a somatopleure. the way this class is defined also includes extraembryonic mesenchyme such as the amniotic mesenchyme; in future this may be restricted to embryonic derivatives EHDAA2:0001120 uberon UBERON:0010377 mesenchyme from somatopleure EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a somatopleure. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from a splanchnopleure. EHDAA2:0001122 uberon UBERON:0010378 mesenchyme from splanchnopleure EHDAA2 EHDAA2 Mesenchyme that develops_from a splanchnopleure. OBOL:automatic The integrated unit (of the eye) that consists of the conjunctiva, the corneal surface, and the ocular mucosal adnexa including the lid margins and the meibomian gland openings, the lacrimal glands and the lacrimal drainage system, all which are critical to maintain ocular surface integrity and provide protection from external antigens and pathogenic microorganisms. EMAPA:35336 MA:0002486 eye surface eye surface region ocular surface uberon UBERON:0010409 ocular surface region The integrated unit (of the eye) that consists of the conjunctiva, the corneal surface, and the ocular mucosal adnexa including the lid margins and the meibomian gland openings, the lacrimal glands and the lacrimal drainage system, all which are critical to maintain ocular surface integrity and provide protection from external antigens and pathogenic microorganisms. MP:0013754 eye surface MA:0002486 The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e. , the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens. FMA:76551 SCTID:280860001 Wikipedia:Ciliary_processes ciliary processes ciliary processes set processus ciliares set of ciliary processes uberon ciliary process processus ciliares UBERON:0010427 ciliary processes http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Gray875.png The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e. , the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens. The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e. , the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens. Wikipedia:Ciliary_processes ciliary processes FMA:76551 ciliary processes set FMA:76551 processus ciliares FMA:TA set of ciliary processes FMA:76551 ciliary process ciliary process Wikipedia:Ciliary_processes processus ciliares processus ciliares Wikipedia:Ciliary_processes A bone that is shaped as a broad flat plate and composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue, which is the location of red bone marrow. In an adult mammal, most red blood cells are formed in flat bones Flat bones are those bones which are found where the principal requirement is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment FMA:7476 NCIT:C32616 SCTID:332907008 UMLS:C0222649 Wikipedia:Flat_bone galen:FlatBone uberon os planum UBERON:0010428 Examples: cranium, the ilium, sternum, rib cage, the sacrum and the scapula; the occipital, parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, scapula, os coxC&, sternum, and ribs flat bone FMA A bone that is shaped as a broad flat plate and composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue, which is the location of red bone marrow. A bone that is shaped as a broad flat plate and composed of two thin layers of compact tissue enclosing between them a variable quantity of cancellous tissue, which is the location of red bone marrow. Wikipedia:Flat_bone UMLS:C0222649 ncithesaurus:Flat_Bone os planum os planum Wikipedia:Flat_bone A simple columnar epithelium that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels. Pseudostratified epithelia function in secretion or absorption. If a specimen looks stratified but has cilia, then it is a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, since stratified epithelia do not have cilia. glandular in NCIT; we consider the two NCIT terms synonymous FMA:45572 NCIT:C33419 NCIT:C49316 UMLS:C0836138 UMLS:C1514590 Wikipedia:Pseudostratified_columnar_epithelium uberon UBERON:0010498 pseudostratified columnar epithelium FMA A simple columnar epithelium that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels. A simple columnar epithelium that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels. Wikipedia:Pseudostratified_columnar_epithelium http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/pseudostratified+epithelium glandular in NCIT; we consider the two NCIT terms synonymous NCIT UMLS:C0836138 ncithesaurus:Pseudostratified_Columnar_Epithelium UMLS:C1514590 ncithesaurus:Pseudostratified_Epithelium Epithelium composed of a single layer of cells, appearing as layered because the column-shaped cells vary in height so the nuclei are at different levels. The basal portions of all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. It lines the respiratory system and the male reproductive tract. The cilia in the respiratory tract are motile, while the stereocilia in the male reproductive tract are immobile. FMA:13146 NCIT:C13181 UMLS:C0506992 epithelium pseudostratificatum columnare ciliatum (trachea et bronchi) uberon UBERON:0010499 pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Epithelium composed of a single layer of cells, appearing as layered because the column-shaped cells vary in height so the nuclei are at different levels. The basal portions of all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. It lines the respiratory system and the male reproductive tract. The cilia in the respiratory tract are motile, while the stereocilia in the male reproductive tract are immobile. NCIT:NCIT UMLS:C0506992 ncithesaurus:Pseudostratified_Columnar_Ciliated_Epithelium epithelium pseudostratificatum columnare ciliatum (trachea et bronchi) FMA:13146 Skeletal element that forms as a replacement or substitution of another element or tissue. VSAO:0000135 XAO:0004016 ZFA:0005624 uberon UBERON:0010522 replacement element VSAO cjm Skeletal element that forms as a replacement or substitution of another element or tissue. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000135 Skeletal element that forms as a replacement or substitution of another element or tissue. GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000135 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 A vessel of the microcirculature, lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries (blood and lymphatic), metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. MESH:A07.231.432 MESH:D055806 TAO:0005251 ZFA:0005251 uberon microcirculatory vessels UBERON:0010523 microcirculatory vessel ZFA A vessel of the microcirculature, lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries (blood and lymphatic), metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. MESH:A07.231.432 ZFA:0005251 A vessel of the microcirculature, lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries (blood and lymphatic), metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. MESH:A07.231.432 ZFA:0005251 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 microcirculatory vessels TAO:0005251 An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its associated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). It is still called a complex when one of the two parts is missing (?) There are fossil fishes with only an outgrowth (no record of a girdle), including thelodonts (which have a suprabranchial fin) as well as some anaspids which have a distinctive 'paired fin' (with differing published assertions on whether it's homologous to a pec fin or pelvic fin or both or neither). There are many fishes and other vertebrates with only a girdle and no outgrowth.[VSAO] Anatomical group that consists of the soft and skeletal tissues of the appendicular region of the body and the appendage proper.[VSAO] It is still called a complex when one of the two parts is missing (?) There are fossil fishes with only an outgrowth (no record of a girdle), including thelodonts (which have a suprabranchial fin) as well as some anaspids which have a distinctive 'paired fin' (with differing published assertions on whether it's homologous to a pec fin or pelvic fin or both or neither). There are many fishes and other vertebrates with only a girdle and no outgrowth.[VSAO] note that the FMA uses the term 'limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region) 2012-04-23T10:46:51Z EMAPA:37858 FMA:7182 VSAO:0000214 appendage complex appendage-girdle complex appendage/girdle complex girdle plus limb or fin uberon limb UBERON:0010707 appendage girdle complex An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its associated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its associated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Appendages-and-the-appendicular-skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical group that consists of the soft and skeletal tissues of the appendicular region of the body and the appendage proper.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000214 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 It is still called a complex when one of the two parts is missing (?) There are fossil fishes with only an outgrowth (no record of a girdle), including thelodonts (which have a suprabranchial fin) as well as some anaspids which have a distinctive 'paired fin' (with differing published assertions on whether it's homologous to a pec fin or pelvic fin or both or neither). There are many fishes and other vertebrates with only a girdle and no outgrowth.[VSAO] 2012-09-06 VSAO:0000214 VSAO Curator note that the FMA uses the term 'limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region) FMA EMAPA:37858 MA:th appendage complex appendage complex https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 appendage-girdle complex appendage-girdle complex https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 appendage/girdle complex VSAO:0000214 girdle plus limb or fin girdle plus limb or fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 limb FMA:7182 Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendicular skeleton and the pelvic girdle. Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendage and the pelvic girdle.[VSAO] note that the FMA uses the terms 'upper limb' and 'lower limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region). Note the MA class 'hindlimb' may also belong here EMAPA:37863 FMA:7184 SCTID:416631005 VSAO:0000215 pelvic appendage/girdle complex pelvic girdle plus pelvic limb or fin pelvic girdle plus posterior limb or fin uberon lower limb lower limb and pelvic girdle lower limb and pelvis UBERON:0010709 pelvic complex Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendicular skeleton and the pelvic girdle. VSAO:0000215 Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendage and the pelvic girdle.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000215 VSAO VSAO:MAH note that the FMA uses the terms 'upper limb' and 'lower limb' to refer to the entire appendage complex (free limb plus girdle region). Note the MA class 'hindlimb' may also belong here FMA EMAPA:37863 MA:th pelvic appendage/girdle complex VSAO:0000215 pelvic girdle plus pelvic limb or fin pelvic girdle plus pelvic limb or fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pelvic girdle plus posterior limb or fin pelvic girdle plus posterior limb or fin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lower limb FMA:7184 lower limb and pelvic girdle lower limb and pelvic girdle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lower limb and pelvis lower limb and pelvis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Skeletal subdivision that is part of the appendage girdle region.[VSAO] relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: part_of subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: proximally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] AAO:0010686 VSAO:0000302 skeleton of girdle uberon UBERON:0010719 girdle skeleton The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle. The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal subdivision that is part of the appendage girdle region.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000302 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: part_of subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000302 VSAO relationship type change: subclass skeletal subdivision (VSAO:0000042) CHANGED TO: proximally_connected_to subdivision of skeleton (UBERON:0010912)[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000302 VSAO A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle). EMAPA:35494 MA:0000688 uberon bone of extended limb/fin region limb bone UBERON:0010740 bone of appendage girdle complex UBERONREF:0000003 A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle). UBERONREF:0000003 A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle). UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 bone of extended limb/fin region UBERONREF:0000003 bone of extended limb/fin region UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 limb bone MA:0000688 UBERONREF:0000003 A bone that is part of a pelvic complex. Examples: pubis, ischium, fot phalanx, any tarsal bone, any bone of the pelvic fin or girdle. the MA class called 'hindlimb bone' belongs here, as it includes bones in the pelvic girdle EMAPA:32633 EMAPA:35934 MA:0000660 uberon hindlimb bone UBERON:0010742 bone of pelvic complex MA A bone that is part of a pelvic complex. Examples: pubis, ischium, fot phalanx, any tarsal bone, any bone of the pelvic fin or girdle. UBERONREF:0000003 A bone that is part of a pelvic complex. Examples: pubis, ischium, fot phalanx, any tarsal bone, any bone of the pelvic fin or girdle. UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 the MA class called 'hindlimb bone' belongs here, as it includes bones in the pelvic girdle MA hindlimb bone MA:0000660 UBERONREF:0000003 Muscles of the pelvic girdle, hindlimb or pelvic fin. Muscles of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg (crus), and foot (pes).[AAO] AAO:0000218 EMAPA:32634 FMA:9622 MA:0000663 pelvic girdle and hind limb muscles pelvic girdle or hind limb muscle pelvic girdle or posterior limb muscle uberon lower limb muscle muscle of lower limb muscle of pelvic girdle and leg UBERON:0010890 pelvic complex muscle prolog Muscles of the pelvic girdle, hindlimb or pelvic fin. Muscles of the pelvic girdle, hindlimb or pelvic fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Muscles of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg (crus), and foot (pes).[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0000218 AAO AAO:EJS pelvic girdle and hind limb muscles AAO:0000218 pelvic girdle or hind limb muscle pelvic girdle or hind limb muscle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 pelvic girdle or posterior limb muscle pelvic girdle or posterior limb muscle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 lower limb muscle FMA:9622 muscle of lower limb FMA:9622 Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints. Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements that are part of the skeleton.[VSAO] FMA:23879 SCTID:129140006 VSAO:0000042 skeletal subdivision uberon subdivision of skeleton (in vivo) UBERON:0010912 subdivision of skeleton cjm UBERONREF:0000003 VSAO Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints. UBERONREF:0000003 Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints. UBERONREF:0000003 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements that are part of the skeleton.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000042 incorrect VSAO VSAO:curator skeletal subdivision VSAO:0000042 subdivision of skeleton (in vivo) FMA:23879 Any muscle organ that is part of either the head or the neck. NCIT:C32716 UMLS:C0448281 muscle of head or neck uberon muscle of head and neck UBERON:0010959 craniocervical muscle prolog Any muscle organ that is part of either the head or the neck. Any muscle organ that is part of either the head or the neck. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0448281 ncithesaurus:Head_and_Neck_Muscle A cartilage element that is part of a splanchnocranium. EFO:0003689 TAO:0001460 ZFA:0001460 pharyngeal arch cartilages splanchnocranium cartilage uberon UBERON:0011004 pharyngeal arch cartilage ZFA ZFA A cartilage element that is part of a splanchnocranium. OBOL:automatic pharyngeal arch cartilages ZFA:0001460 splanchnocranium cartilage ZFA:0001460 A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a right pelvic girdle region. FMA:87593 uberon UBERON:0011090 skeleton of right pelvic girdle A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a right pelvic girdle region. OBOL:automatic A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a left pelvic girdle region. FMA:87594 uberon UBERON:0011091 skeleton of left pelvic girdle A skeleton of pelvic girdle that is part of a left pelvic girdle region. OBOL:automatic A pelvic girdle region that is in the right side of a multicellular organism. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern FMA:16582 right pelvic girdle uberon UBERON:0011092 right pelvic girdle region A pelvic girdle region that is in the right side of a multicellular organism. OBOL:automatic right pelvic girdle FMA:16582 A pelvic girdle region that is in the left side of a multicellular organism. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-paired-structures-Design-Pattern FMA:16583 left pelvic girdle uberon UBERON:0011093 left pelvic girdle region A pelvic girdle region that is in the left side of a multicellular organism. OBOL:automatic left pelvic girdle FMA:16583 A synovial joint that is part of a pelvic girdle region. FMA:35173 NCIT:C32890 UMLS:C0827002 joint of pelvic girdle pelvic girdle joint uberon UBERON:0011107 synovial joint of pelvic girdle A synovial joint that is part of a pelvic girdle region. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0827002 ncithesaurus:Joint_of_the_Pelvic_Girdle pelvic girdle joint FMA:35173 Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis. FMA:7491 solid joint uberon UBERON:0011134 nonsynovial joint FMA Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis. FMA:7491 solid joint FMA:7491 Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints. FMA:7483 uberon UBERON:0011137 axial skeletal system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/The-axial-skeleton FMA Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints. Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the postcranial axial skeleton plus associated joints. axial skeletal system FMA:302077 post-cranial axial skeletal system uberon UBERON:0011138 postcranial axial skeletal system http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/uberon/docs/The-axial-skeleton FMA cjm Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the postcranial axial skeleton plus associated joints. Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the postcranial axial skeleton plus associated joints. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/44 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 axial skeletal system axial skeletal system https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-axial-skeleton Gland of the lamina epithelialis mucosae which perforate the lamina muscularis, with their adenomeres located in the submucosal connective tissue. BTO:0003751 EMAPA:37970 Wikipedia:Submucosal_glands uberon UBERON:0011148 submucosal gland perforates Gland of the lamina epithelialis mucosae which perforate the lamina muscularis, with their adenomeres located in the submucosal connective tissue. BTO:0003751 Wikipedia:Submucosal_glands EMAPA:37970 MA:th Subdivision of skull that consists of the facial bones. EHDAA2:0002206 EHDAA:8361 EMAPA:18022 FMA:53673 MA:0000318 Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton facial skeleton uberon facial bone ossa facialia ossa faciei viscerocranium UBERON:0011156 facial skeleton http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Illu_facial_bones.jpg FMA FMA Subdivision of skull that consists of the facial bones. MP:0005274 Subdivision of skull that consists of the facial bones. MP:0005274 Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton http://www.bartleby.com/107/37.html https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 facial skeleton FMA:53673 facial bone MA:0000318 ossa facialia ossa facialia Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton ossa faciei ossa faciei Wikipedia:Facial_skeleton viscerocranium MA:0000318 The skull can be divided into two: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton. FMA:54964 skull subdivision subdivision of skull uberon UBERON:0011158 primary subdivision of skull FMA The skull can be divided into two: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton. The skull can be divided into two: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 skull subdivision FMA:54964 subdivision of skull FMA:54964 uberon UBERON:0011159 primary subdivision of cranial skeletal system FMA A bone that is part of a neurocranium [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:35238 MA:0001478 SCTID:120229002 chondrocranium bone uberon UBERON:0011164 neurocranium bone A bone that is part of a neurocranium [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic chondrocranium bone MA:0001478 A lamina propria that is part of a large intestine. FMA:15654 NCIT:C49298 UMLS:C1708644 lamina propria of mucosa of large intestine large intestinal lamina propria large intestine lamina propria uberon UBERON:0011189 lamina propria of large intestine FMA A lamina propria that is part of a large intestine. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1708644 ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Lamina_Propria lamina propria of mucosa of large intestine FMA:15654 large intestine lamina propria FMA:15654 A muscle layer that is part of a large intestine. FMA:14971 NCIT:C32927 UMLS:C0734205 muscular coat of large intestine muscular layer of large intestine muscularis externa of large intestine tunica muscularis intestini crassi uberon UBERON:0011198 muscle layer of large intestine FMA A muscle layer that is part of a large intestine. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0734205 ncithesaurus:Large_Intestinal_Muscular_Coat muscular coat of large intestine FMA:14971 muscular layer of large intestine FMA:14971 muscularis externa of large intestine FMA:14971 tunica muscularis intestini crassi FMA:TA A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system. FMA:83143 cell part cluster of neuraxis neuraxis layer uberon UBERON:0011215 central nervous system cell part cluster A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system. OBOL:automatic cell part cluster of neuraxis FMA:83143 neuraxis layer FMA:83143 A subdivision of an anatomical system. FBbt:00007330 FMA:67509 SCTID:91690000 uberon UBERON:0011216 organ system subdivision FBbt FBbt A subdivision of an anatomical system. A subdivision of an anatomical system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Muscles within the eye (bulbus oculi).[AAO] AAO:0010038 EMAPA:18808 FMA:49150 intrinsic muscle of eyeball intrinsic ocular muscle uberon UBERON:0011222 intra-ocular muscle EMAPA Muscles within the eye (bulbus oculi).[AAO] 2012-06-20 AAO:0010038 AAO AAO:EJS intrinsic ocular muscle EMAPA:18808 Synovial sac which surrounds parts of one or more tendons. Examples: synovial tendon sheath of manual digit 2, radial bursa. synovium BTO:0001823 FMA:40878 Wikipedia:Synovial_sheath uberon UBERON:0011233 Alternate def: A synovial sheath is a layer of a tendon sheath containing tendons in the hand and foot. They lie internal to the fibrous tendon sheaths. An example is the common synovial sheath for the flexor tendons. [Wikipedia:Synovial_sheath] synovial membrane of synovial tendon sheath Synovial sac which surrounds parts of one or more tendons. Examples: synovial tendon sheath of manual digit 2, radial bursa. FMA:45087 Synovial sac which surrounds parts of one or more tendons. Examples: synovial tendon sheath of manual digit 2, radial bursa. FMA:45087 Wikipedia:Synovial_sheath synovium BTO:0001823 FMA:40877 uberon UBERON:0011234 fibrous membrane of synovial tendon sheath Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints. Skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints.[VSAO] FMA:7484 VHOG:0001666 VSAO:0000306 uberon UBERON:0011249 appendicular skeletal system https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Appendages-and-the-appendicular-skeleton Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints. Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000306 VSAO Skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000306 VSAO https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The part of the trunk that is in the dorsum[cjm]. In humans, the subdivision of trunk which is demarcated from the trunk proper by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines, the external surface of the posterior abdominal wall; together with the trunk proper, it constitutes the trunk[FMA] EMAPA:35162 FMA:25056 MA:0000020 Wikipedia:Human_back back of trunk dorsal part of trunk dorsum of trunk trunk back uberon UBERON:0011270 dorsal trunk FMA FMA The part of the trunk that is in the dorsum[cjm]. UBERONREF:0000006 The part of the trunk that is in the dorsum[cjm]. UBERONREF:0000006 Wikipedia:Human_back back of trunk FMA:25056 dorsum of trunk FMA:25056 trunk back FMA:25056 compare with 'stratum basale of epidermis'. This class is the source for many adult structures - see WP2062. See also: 'enveloping layer of ectoderm' EHDAA2:0001845 uberon basal cell layer of skin outer epithelium of body UBERON:0011272 embryonic skin basal layer EHDAA2 EHDAA2 EHDAA2 outer epithelium of body Wikipathways:WP2062 The submucous layer of the wall of the uterine tube. BTO:0002116 SCTID:245489008 submucosa of fallopian tube tela submucosa tubae uterinae uberon submucous layer of uterine tube uterine submucosa UBERON:0011298 submucosa of uterine tube The submucous layer of the wall of the uterine tube. BTO:0002116 tela submucosa tubae uterinae BTO:0002116 submucous layer of uterine tube BTO:0002116 A blood vasculature that is part of a head. Blood vessel part of cranial vasculature.[TAO] TAO:0005297 ZFA:0005297 cranial blood vessel set of blood vessels of head uberon cranial blood vessels UBERON:0011362 cranial blood vasculature A blood vasculature that is part of a head. OBOL:automatic Blood vessel part of cranial vasculature.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0005297 TAO ZFIN:curator cranial blood vessel ZFA:0005297 cranial blood vessels TAO:0005297 FMA:54364 SCTID:432899004 cavity of digestive tract cavity of gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal tract lumen lumen of gastrointestinal tract uberon UBERON:0011565 lumen of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal tract lumen FMA:54364 lumen of gastrointestinal tract FMA:54364 An anatomical cavity that is part of a esophagus. EMAPA:18380 FMA:9398 SCTID:322648002 cavity of eosophagus cavity of esophagus eosophageal cavity eosophageal lumen eosophagus lumen esophageal cavity esophageal lumen esophagus lumen uberon UBERON:0011566 lumen of esophagus FMA An anatomical cavity that is part of a esophagus. OBOL:automatic cavity of esophagus FMA:9398 esophageal cavity FMA:9398 esophageal lumen FMA:9398 esophagus lumen FMA:9398 The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb or fin. Skeletal subdivision that is part of the paired limb/fin.[VSAO] VSAO:0000301 limb/fin skeleton skeletal parts of limb/fin skeleton of limb/fin uberon UBERON:0011582 paired limb/fin skeleton ISBN:9780878932504 The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb or fin. The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb or fin. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Skeletal subdivision that is part of the paired limb/fin.[VSAO] 2012-08-14 VSAO:0000301 VSAO GO_REF:0000034, http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 limb/fin skeleton VSAO:0000301 Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995). consider obsoleting, coordinate with VSAO VSAO:0000006 XAO:0004021 uberon UBERON:0011585 cell condensation VSAO Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995). GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000006 Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995). GO_REF:0000034 PSPUB:0000170 VSAO:0000006 http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051070 A subdivision of the head that corresponds to the jaw skeleton, containing both soft tissue, skeleton and teeth (when present). The jaw region is divided into upper and lower regions. EMAPA:32905 NCIT:C114916 uberon UBERON:0011595 jaw region http://eol.org/collections/11578 EMAPA FMA-abduced ZFA-abduced A subdivision of the head that corresponds to the jaw skeleton, containing both soft tissue, skeleton and teeth (when present). The jaw region is divided into upper and lower regions. A subdivision of the head that corresponds to the jaw skeleton, containing both soft tissue, skeleton and teeth (when present). The jaw region is divided into upper and lower regions. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EHDAA2:0001020 lower jaw future lip uberon UBERON:0011596 future lower lip EHDAA2 Wikipedia:Mandibular_prominence lower jaw future lip EHDAA2:0001020 An epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a oral epithelium. EHDAA2:0004137 uberon UBERON:0011642 oral epithelium from ectoderm EHDAA2 EHDAA2 An epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a oral epithelium. OBOL:automatic AAO:0000247 EFO:0003511 TAO:0000236 XAO:0003269 ZFA:0000236 mandibular muscle mandibular muscles uberon UBERON:0011648 jaw muscle mandibular muscle TAO:0000236 mandibular muscles TAO:0000236 A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column. Ideally this would be disjoint with analagous class for appendicular axes, but currently 'appendages' like antennae, horns cause a problem axial subdivision of organism uberon body segment main body segment UBERON:0011676 subdivision of organism along main body axis A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column. A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus. EHDAA2:0000216 FMA:305965 NCIT:C34148 conceptus cardiovascular system uberon embryonic circulatory system fetal circulatory system UBERON:0011695 embryonic cardiovascular system A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus. OBOL:automatic An anatomical space that is part of a bone of lower jaw. AAO:0000273 uberon UBERON:0011772 lower jaw opening An anatomical space that is part of a bone of lower jaw. OBOL:automatic A neural nucleus that is part of the spinal cord. FMA:77011 spinal cord nucleus uberon UBERON:0011777 nucleus of spinal cord A neural nucleus that is part of the spinal cord. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 spinal cord nucleus FMA:77011 A nerve that is part of a head. uberon cephalic nerve head nerve UBERON:0011779 nerve of head region A nerve that is part of a head. OBOL:automatic Ectodermal placode that does not develop into a component of the nervous system. uberon UBERON:0011814 non-neurogenic ectodermal placode cjm Ectodermal placode that does not develop into a component of the nervous system. Ectodermal placode that does not develop into a component of the nervous system. PMID:11523831 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical junction that divides and overlaps with and atrium and a ventricle in the heart. EHDAA2:0004149 FMA:85125 uberon AV region AV segment atrial ventricular junction atrioventricular junction atrioventricular segment UBERON:0011820 atrioventricular region An anatomical junction that divides and overlaps with and atrium and a ventricle in the heart. An anatomical junction that divides and overlaps with and atrium and a ventricle in the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 AV region AV region PMID:21234997 AV segment AV segment PMID:21234997 atrial ventricular junction GO:0003294 atrioventricular junction FMA:85125 GO:0003294 atrioventricular segment atrioventricular segment PMID:21234997 Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. FMA:20107 uberon UBERON:0011821 irregular connective tissue FMA Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. FMA:20107 Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. Tissue characterized by a thick, random arrangement of collagen and elastin fibers with very few cells. The majority of the cells are fibroblasts, but mast cells and macrophages may also be seen. It is found in the dermis, periosteum, perichondrium, capsules of organs and sheaths of nerves and muscles[NCIT] FMA:20109 NCIT:C32882 UMLS:C0738366 Wikipedia:Dense_irregular_connective_tissue irregular dense connective tissue typus irregularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) uberon UBERON:0011822 dense irregular connective tissue FMA Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. FMA:20109 Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. FMA:20109 Wikipedia:Dense_irregular_connective_tissue Tissue characterized by a thick, random arrangement of collagen and elastin fibers with very few cells. The majority of the cells are fibroblasts, but mast cells and macrophages may also be seen. It is found in the dermis, periosteum, perichondrium, capsules of organs and sheaths of nerves and muscles[NCIT] 2012-08-29 ncithesaurus:Irregular_Dense_Connective_Tissue NCIT UMLS:C0738366 ncithesaurus:Irregular_Dense_Connective_Tissue typus irregularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) FMA:20109 Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets. our OWL definition states that this is differentiated from other connective tissue types by virtue of the fact that the collage fiber component predominates, as opposed to cells and fluid. Connective tissue in which the fibrous component predominates. The cells, ground substance, and tissue fluid represent a minor component[NCIT] AAO:0000121 NCIT:C32450 UMLS:C1511770 Wikipedia:Dense_connective_tissue uberon UBERON:0011823 dense connective tissue Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets. Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets. Wikipedia:Dense_connective_tissue Connective tissue in which the fibrous component predominates. The cells, ground substance, and tissue fluid represent a minor component[NCIT] 2012-08-29 ncithesaurus:Dense_Connective_Tissue NCIT UMLS:C1511770 ncithesaurus:Dense_Connective_Tissue FMA:75634 SCTID:363130003 uberon UBERON:0011824 fibrous connective tissue FMA Irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a sparse irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, neuroglial tissue, mucoid tissue. FMA:19783 NCIT:C33007 UMLS:C1253917 Wikipedia:Loose_connective_tissue textus connectivus collagenosus laxus textus connectivus laxus uberon UBERON:0011825 loose connective tissue FMA Irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a sparse irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, neuroglial tissue, mucoid tissue. FMA:19783 UMLS:C1253917 ncithesaurus:Loose_Connective_Tissue textus connectivus collagenosus laxus FMA:19783 FMA:TA textus connectivus laxus FMA:19783 FMA:TA An acinus that is part of a exocrine gland. exocrine gland acinus uberon UBERON:0011858 acinus of exocrine gland An acinus that is part of a exocrine gland. OBOL:automatic the FMA class specifically refers to ureter FMA:63212 MESH:D024022 NCIT:C32339 NIF_Subcellular:sao7547390221 uberon UBERON:0011860 collection of collagen fibrils ZFA the FMA class specifically refers to ureter FMA The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of aorta tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. uberon UBERON:0011861 aorta collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of aorta tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. MP:0011640 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of pulmonary tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. uberon UBERON:0011862 pulmonary collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of pulmonary tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. MP:0011641 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. uberon UBERON:0011863 bone collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. MP:0011642 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of tendon tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. uberon UBERON:0011864 tendon collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of tendon tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. MP:0011643 The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of corneal stroma that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. uberon UBERON:0011865 corneal stroma collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of corneal stroma that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity. MP:0011650 A muscle layer that is part of a wall of esophagus. In the upper esophagus, part of the externa is skeletal muscle, rather than smooth muscle FMA:62998 muscle coat of esophagus muscular coat of oesophagus muscular layer of oesophagus tela muscularis (oesophagus) tunica muscularis esophagi tunica muscularis oesophageae uberon UBERON:0011878 muscle layer of esophagus upper part Wikipedia:Muscular_layer A muscle layer that is part of a wall of esophagus. OBOL:automatic In the upper esophagus, part of the externa is skeletal muscle, rather than smooth muscle WP muscle coat of esophagus FMA:62998 muscular coat of oesophagus FMA:62998 muscular layer of oesophagus FMA:62998 tela muscularis (oesophagus) FMA:62998 FMA:TA tunica muscularis esophagi tunica muscularis oesophageae FMA:TA Front (ventral) portion of the vascular, pigmentary, or middle coat of the eye, including the ciliary body and the iris. EMAPA:37417 SCTID:280656002 Haller tunica vascula anterior part of uveal tract anterior uveal tract anterior vascular layer of the eyeball anterior vascular tunic of the eye tunica vasculosa bulbosa ventral uveal tract uberon ciliary body and iris vasculosa oculi UBERON:0011892 anterior uvea ZFA MP lexical Front (ventral) portion of the vascular, pigmentary, or middle coat of the eye, including the ciliary body and the iris. MP:0005194 EMAPA:37417 MA:th Haller tunica vascula MP:0005194 tunica vasculosa bulbosa MP:0005194 vasculosa oculi MP:0005194 Epimysium is a layer of connective tissue which ensheaths the entire muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It is continuous with fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle including the endomysium, and perimysium. It is also continuous with tendons where it becomes thicker and collagenous. The Epimysium also protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones FMA:9726 NCIT:C32527 UMLS:C0504096 Wikipedia:Epimysium fascia of muscle organ uberon epimysia UBERON:0011899 epimysium FMA FMA Epimysium is a layer of connective tissue which ensheaths the entire muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It is continuous with fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle including the endomysium, and perimysium. It is also continuous with tendons where it becomes thicker and collagenous. Epimysium is a layer of connective tissue which ensheaths the entire muscle. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue. It is continuous with fascia and other connective tissue wrappings of muscle including the endomysium, and perimysium. It is also continuous with tendons where it becomes thicker and collagenous. Wikipedia:Epimysium UMLS:C0504096 ncithesaurus:Epimysium fascia of muscle organ FMA:9726 epimysia epimysia Wikipedia:Epimysium Masses of developing blood cells attached to endothelium in the yolk sac. EHDAA2:0000177 EMAPA:16115 visceral yolk sac blood island yolk sac blood islands uberon UBERON:0011919 yolk sac blood island EHDAA2 Masses of developing blood cells attached to endothelium in the yolk sac. MP:0011204 visceral yolk sac blood island MP:0011204 yolk sac blood islands EHDAA2:0000177 A region of the stomach that is lined with glandular epithelium. as currently defined, this would include the cardiac antrum; however, the intent may be to exclude the cardiac glands and in mice for this to be part of the region distal to the margo plicatus EMAPA:17623 MA:0001613 NCIT:C77661 SCTID:27633001 UMLS:C0227197 uberon glandular stomach UBERON:0011953 stomach glandular region A region of the stomach that is lined with glandular epithelium. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 UMLS:C0227197 ncithesaurus:Glandular_Stomach The aggregate of the coelemic cavity lumen plus the membranes that line the lumen. EHDAA2 distingsuishes between the lumen, the lining, and the 'coelomic cavity', which despire it's name, is not a space - it is the aggregate of space plus lining. coelomic EHDAA2:0004731 Wikipedia:Coelom enterocoelom haemocoelom schizocoelom uberon coelem coelomic cavity UBERON:0011997 coelom EHDAA2 The aggregate of the coelemic cavity lumen plus the membranes that line the lumen. UBERON:cjm The aggregate of the coelemic cavity lumen plus the membranes that line the lumen. UBERON:cjm Wikipedia:Body_cavity Wikipedia:Coelom Wikipedia:Acoelomorpha enterocoelom NCBITaxon:33511 coelomic cavity EHDAA2:0004731 The cavity within a myotome. The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] EMAPA:31134 VHOG:0001283 uberon UBERON:0012054 myocoele The cavity within a myotome. The cavity within a myotome. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/myocoele The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001283 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6 The central cavity within the mesoderm is the paired primary or embryonic coelom. Parts of the embryonic coelom often become enclosed in the mesoderm, forming a myocoel within the epimere, a nephrocoel within the mesomere, and simple coelom (body cavity) within the lateral plate mesoderm.[well established][VHOG] 2012-09-17 VHOG:0001283 VHOG ISBN:978-0072528305 Kardong KV, Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution (2006) p.166 and Figure 5.6 http://bgee.unil.ch/ Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue. Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue.[TAO] This class was introduced to be consistent with the ZFA hierarchy. The corresponding TAO term was obsoleted, and never introduced into VSAO. Note that VSAO does have replacement element. AAO:0010768 TAO:0001637 ZFA:0001628 replacement bones uberon UBERON:0012075 replacement bone ZFA ZFA Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue. ZFA:0001628 Bone that forms as a replacement of another structural tissue.[TAO] 2012-08-14 TAO:0001637 TAO TAO:wd This class was introduced to be consistent with the ZFA hierarchy. The corresponding TAO term was obsoleted, and never introduced into VSAO. Note that VSAO does have replacement element. ZFA replacement bones ZFA:0001628 Anatomical system that consists of the integumental system plus all mucosae and submucosae. uberon dermatological system UBERON:0012125 dermatological-muscosal system Anatomical system that consists of the integumental system plus all mucosae and submucosae. dermatological system OBI:MC A primordium that has the potential to develop into a stomach. EFO:0002580 NCIT:C34305 UMLS:C1514976 uberon stomach endoderm UBERON:0012172 stomach primordium A primordium that has the potential to develop into a stomach. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C1514976 ncithesaurus:Stomach_Primordium stomach endoderm EFO:0002580 A zone of skin that is part of a craniocervical region. EMAPA:37276 MA:0000574 NCIT:C12294 UMLS:C1522650 uberon UBERON:0012180 head or neck skin A zone of skin that is part of a craniocervical region. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37276 MA:th UMLS:C1522650 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Scalp_and_Neck The veins that run parallel to the phrenic arteries which include the two superior and two inferior phrenic veins. EMAPA:37180 MA:0002194 NCIT:C53062 UMLS:C1709532 uberon UBERON:0012193 phrenic vein The veins that run parallel to the phrenic arteries which include the two superior and two inferior phrenic veins. ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Vein EMAPA:37180 MA:th UMLS:C1709532 ncithesaurus:Phrenic_Vein An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta. SCTID:281470000 abdominal artery artery of abdomen uberon UBERON:0012254 abdominal aorta artery An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta. An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta. Wikipedia:Abdominal_aorta#Branches https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Columnar_epithelium uberon UBERON:0012274 columnar epithelium An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified]. An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified]. Wikipedia:Columnar_epithelium Epithelium that derives from the mesoderm. [Automatically generated definition]. FMA:86452 mesoderm-derived epithelium mesoepithelium uberon UBERON:0012275 meso-epithelium Epithelium that derives from the mesoderm. [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:35308 FMA:86488 MA:0002732 glandular part of endometrium uterine glands uterine glands set uberon UBERON:0012276 endometrium glandular epithelium glandular part of endometrium FMA:86488 One of five swellings formed during the development of the face. FMA:293103 SCTID:89066004 uberon embryonic facial process facial primordium primordium of face UBERON:0012314 embryonic facial prominence One of five swellings formed during the development of the face. One of five swellings formed during the development of the face. http://www.indiana.edu/~anat550/hnanim/face/face.html An artery of the neck. EMAPA:37075 NCIT:C52850 UMLS:C1707349 uberon UBERON:0012320 cervical artery An artery of the neck. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37075 MA:th UMLS:C1707349 ncithesaurus:Cervical_Artery The deep cervical artery (Profunda cervicalis) is an artery of the neck. FMA:10659 SCTID:244223002 Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_artery uberon profunda cervicalis UBERON:0012321 deep cervical artery FMA The deep cervical artery (Profunda cervicalis) is an artery of the neck. Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_artery profunda cervicalis Wikipedia:Deep_cervical_artery A bone element that is part of a jaw region. Do not manually classify under here - bones are automatically classified EMAPA:35453 MA:0003130 SCTID:369003004 jaw bone uberon UBERON:0012360 bone of jaw A bone element that is part of a jaw region. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0004588 uberon UBERON:0012361 internal anal region EHDAA2 A muscle layer that is part of an intestine. FMA:15697 intestinal muscularis propria muscularis externa of intestine uberon smooth muscle of intestine UBERON:0012367 muscle layer of intestine FMA A muscle layer that is part of an intestine. OBOL:automatic intestinal muscularis propria FMA:15697 muscularis externa of intestine FMA:15697 A layer of tissue between the muscularis and serosa. FMA:45636 NCIT:C94494 SCTID:2255006 UMLS:C0225334 Wikipedia:Subserosa uberon UBERON:0012375 Contains nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics and lymph nodes subserosa A layer of tissue between the muscularis and serosa. A layer of tissue between the muscularis and serosa. Wikipedia:Subserosa UMLS:C0225334 ncithesaurus:Subserosa EMAPA:37567 MA:0001802 uberon UBERON:0012416 respiratory system arterial smooth muscle EMAPA:37567 MA:th A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system venous blood vessel. EMAPA:37586 MA:0001812 uberon UBERON:0012418 respiratory system venous smooth muscle A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system venous blood vessel. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37586 MA:th Blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers and cells. Bone marrow in humans, kidney interstitium in Danio, within a stroma of reticuloendothelial tissue CALOHA:TS-2142 FMA:14073 NCIT:C13051 UMLS:C0229619 haemopoietic tissue hematopoietic tissue hemopoietic tissue textus haemopoieticus bone marrow tissue uberon UBERON:0012429 hematopoietic tissue FMA defitional Blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers and cells. Blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers and cells. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/hematopoietic+tissue UMLS:C0229619 ncithesaurus:Hematopoietic_Tissue haemopoietic tissue FMA:14073 hematopoietic tissue FMA:14073 hemopoietic tissue FMA:14073 textus haemopoieticus FMA:14073 bone marrow tissue NCBITaxon:9606 The sclera and cornea form the fibrous tunic of the bulb of the eye; the sclera is opaque, and constitutes the posterior five-sixths of the tunic; the cornea is transparent, and forms the anterior sixth. tunica fibrosa FMA:58102 SCTID:361318005 Wikipedia:Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball fibrous layer of eyeball uberon corneosclera fibrous tunic UBERON:0012430 tunica fibrosa of eyeball FMA The sclera and cornea form the fibrous tunic of the bulb of the eye; the sclera is opaque, and constitutes the posterior five-sixths of the tunic; the cornea is transparent, and forms the anterior sixth. The sclera and cornea form the fibrous tunic of the bulb of the eye; the sclera is opaque, and constitutes the posterior five-sixths of the tunic; the cornea is transparent, and forms the anterior sixth. Wikipedia:Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball DOI:10.1177/0192623311409597 fibrous layer of eyeball FMA:58102 corneosclera corneosclera Wikipedia:Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball fibrous tunic fibrous tunic Wikipedia:Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball An anatomical space that is enclosed by a cloaca. the ZFA class belongs here as it is an anatomical space. See https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/zebrafish-anatomy-zfa-term-requests/102/ TAO:0000330 ZFA:0000330 cloaca lumen cloacal chamber uberon UBERON:0012463 cloacal lumen cjm An anatomical space that is enclosed by a cloaca. OBOL:automatic the ZFA class belongs here as it is an anatomical space. See https://sourceforge.net/p/obo/zebrafish-anatomy-zfa-term-requests/102/ ZFA cloaca lumen ZFA:0000330 cloacal chamber ZFA:0000330 The opening of the cloacal chamber to the outside of the organism. Birds maintain a single cloacal opening throughout their lives. cloacal opening uberon cloacal orifice vent UBERON:0012464 cloacal vent The opening of the cloacal chamber to the outside of the organism. Birds maintain a single cloacal opening throughout their lives. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical space that is enclosed by a terminal part of digestive tract. includes the cloacal lumen, in species where this is present uberon UBERON:0012465 lumen of terminal part of digestive tract An anatomical space that is enclosed by a terminal part of digestive tract. OBOL:automatic EHDAA2:0000472 EMAPA:16054 VHOG:0000767 uberon extraembryonic cavities UBERON:0012466 extraembryonic cavity extraembryonic cavities EHDAA2:0000472 An anatomical space with no opening to another space or to the exterior. AEO:0000222 closed anatomical space uberon UBERON:0012467 enclosed anatomical space An anatomical space with no opening to another space or to the exterior. AEO:0000222 EHDAA2:0004589 uberon UBERON:0012469 external anal region EHDAA2 The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pelvic girdle. FMA:24140 uberon bones of lower limb lower limb skeleton ossa membri inferioris pelvic complex skeleton set of bones of lower limb skeleton of posterior limb/fin and girdle UBERON:0012476 skeleton of pelvic complex FMA The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pelvic girdle. The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pelvic girdle. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 bones of lower limb FMA:24140 lower limb skeleton FMA:24140 ossa membri inferioris FMA:TA pelvic complex skeleton pelvic complex skeleton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 set of bones of lower limb FMA:24140 skeleton of posterior limb/fin and girdle skeleton of posterior limb/fin and girdle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A gland that is part of a cloaca. uberon UBERON:0012478 cloacal gland A gland that is part of a cloaca. OBOL:automatic A mucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. UBERON:0003349 cloaca mucosa cloaca mucosa of organ cloaca mucous membrane cloaca organ mucosa cloacal mucous membrane mucosa of cloaca mucosa of organ of cloaca mucous membrane of cloaca organ mucosa of cloaca uberon UBERON:0012480 cloacal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a cloaca. cloacal epithelium (cle) (syn: cloacal endoderm) (TS17-TS20): the cloacal epithelium is derived from endoderm and lines the cloacal cavity. It is marked by Shh and Cdh1 and lines the cloacal lumen. The cloacal epithelium gives rise to the urogenital sinus epithelium, hindgut epithelium and the urethral plate epithelium. EMAPA:27577 EMAPA:36070 ZFA:0005783 uberon cloacal endoderm UBERON:0012481 cloacal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a cloaca. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cloacal epithelium (cle) (syn: cloacal endoderm) (TS17-TS20): the cloacal epithelium is derived from endoderm and lines the cloacal cavity. It is marked by Shh and Cdh1 and lines the cloacal lumen. The cloacal epithelium gives rise to the urogenital sinus epithelium, hindgut epithelium and the urethral plate epithelium. EMAPA:27577 cloacal endoderm EMAPA:27577 A submucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. cloaca submucosa cloacal submucosa uberon UBERON:0012482 submucosa of cloaca A submucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A serous membrane that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. cloaca serosa cloaca serous membrane cloacal serosa serous membrane of cloaca visceral peritoneum of cloaca uberon UBERON:0012483 serosa of cloaca A serous membrane that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic A muscular coat that is part of a cloaca. muscularis externa of cloaca uberon smooth muscle of cloaca UBERON:0012486 muscle layer of cloaca A muscular coat that is part of a cloaca. OBOL:automatic A muscular coat that is part of a colon. EMAPA:27383 FMA:14986 MA:0003198 SCTID:362158003 colonic muscularis propria muscular coat of colon muscular layer of colon muscularis externa of colon tunica muscularis coli uberon colon muscularis UBERON:0012489 muscle layer of colon A muscular coat that is part of a colon. OBOL:automatic colonic muscularis propria FMA:14986 muscular coat of colon FMA:14986 muscular layer of colon FMA:14986 muscularis externa of colon FMA:14986 tunica muscularis coli FMA:TA colon muscularis MA:0003198 A muscular coat that is part of a anal canal. FMA:15708 SCTID:362171000 anal canal muscularis propria anal muscularis propria muscular coat of anal canal muscular layer of anal canal muscularis externa of anal canal muscularis propria of anal canal uberon UBERON:0012490 muscle layer of anal canal A muscular coat that is part of a anal canal. OBOL:automatic anal muscularis propria FMA:15708 muscularis propria of anal canal FMA:15708 A serous membrane that is part of a fallopian tube. FMA:18316 SCTID:259593000 serosa of fallopian tube serosa of oviduct serous coat of uterine tube tunica serosa (tuba uterina) tunica serosa tubae uterinae uterine tubal serosa uterine tube serosa uberon UBERON:0012499 serosa of uterine tube A serous membrane that is part of a fallopian tube. OBOL:automatic serosa of fallopian tube FMA:18316 serosa of oviduct FMA:18316 serous coat of uterine tube FMA:18316 tunica serosa (tuba uterina) FMA:18316 tunica serosa tubae uterinae FMA:TA uterine tubal serosa FMA:18316 uterine tube serosa FMA:18316 An adventitia that is part of a esophagus. FMA:63006 SCTID:85950006 adventitia of oesophagus adventitious layer of esophagus esophageal adventitia esophagus adventitia tunica adventitia (esophagus) tunica adventitia oesophageae uberon UBERON:0012504 adventitia of esophagus An adventitia that is part of a esophagus. OBOL:automatic adventitia of oesophagus FMA:63006 adventitious layer of esophagus FMA:63006 esophageal adventitia FMA:63006 esophagus adventitia FMA:63006 tunica adventitia (esophagus) FMA:63006 tunica adventitia oesophageae FMA:TA A vein that is part of a abdomen. TODO mirror representation of abdominal aorta this class groups all veins that are in the abdomen. The term 'abdominal vein' may have specific meanings in different contexts. The lateral abdominal veins are present in fishes but usually merged or absent in tetrapods; in amphibians, the L&R abdominal veins merge into the ventral abdominal vein SCTID:281473003 abdominal vein uberon UBERON:0013126 vein of abdomen A vein that is part of a abdomen. OBOL:automatic A vein that drains a lip. SCTID:367664002 labial vein of face lip vein vena labialis uberon labial vein UBERON:0013136 vein of lip FMA A vein that drains a lip. OBOL:automatic lip vein OBOL:automatic vena labialis Any vein within the general circulation that transports blood back to the right atrium of the heart. FMA:66644 NCIT:C33719 SCTID:244389004 UMLS:C0447117 systemic venous tree organ part uberon UBERON:0013140 systemic vein Any vein within the general circulation that transports blood back to the right atrium of the heart. ncithesaurus:Systemic_Vein UMLS:C0447117 ncithesaurus:Systemic_Vein systemic venous tree organ part FMA:66644 A gland that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. EHDAA2:0000574 EMAPA:17065 gland of foregut-midgut junction uberon UBERON:0013158 foregut-midgut junction gland A gland that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. OBOL:automatic gland of foregut-midgut junction EMAPA:17065 The secretory unit of a serous gland. The acinar portion is composed of serous secreting cells. FMA:86279 acinus of serous gland uberon UBERON:0013232 serous acinus The secretory unit of a serous gland. The acinar portion is composed of serous secreting cells. The secretory unit of a serous gland. The acinar portion is composed of serous secreting cells. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm Anatomical cavity that is the lumen of the skull and contains the brain. EMAPA:37497 FMA:9644 MA:0003061 NCIT:C77638 SCTID:264452006 UMLS:C0230041 Wikipedia:Cranial_cavity http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2806 cavitas cranii uberon intracranial cavity intracranial space UBERON:0013411 cranial cavity http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Scheme_body_cavities-en.svg Wikipedia Anatomical cavity that is the lumen of the skull and contains the brain. UBERON:cjm EMAPA:37497 MA:th UMLS:C0230041 ncithesaurus:Cranial_Cavity cavitas cranii FMA:9644 FMA:TA intracranial cavity intracranial cavity Wikipedia:Cranial_cavity intracranial space intracranial space Wikipedia:Cranial_cavity A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. BTO:0004128 CALOHA:TS-0573 uberon respiratory endothelium UBERON:0013479 lung endothelium A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic respiratory endothelium BTO:0004128 The space that surrounds an organism. external to organism outside of body uberon UBERON:0013514 space surrounding organism The space that surrounds an organism. The space that surrounds an organism. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A section through the tube or network of tubes that connects the ovaries to the outside of the body. FMA class may only represent the uterine portion FMA:18302 subdivision of oviduct subdivision of uterine tube uterine tube zone zone of uterine tube subdivision of fallopian tube uberon UBERON:0013515 subdivision of oviduct A section through the tube or network of tubes that connects the ovaries to the outside of the body. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA class may only represent the uterine portion FMA subdivision of oviduct FMA:18302 uterine tube zone FMA:18302 zone of uterine tube FMA:18302 subdivision of fallopian tube FMA:18302 uberon UBERON:0013522 subdivision of tube The anatomical space that is enclosed by a stomach. Organ cavity which is bound by the internal surface of the wall of stomach. Examples: There is only one cavity of stomach[FMA:14585]. EMAPA:18395 FMA:14585 cavity of stomach uberon gastric cavity UBERON:0013525 stomach lumen FMA The anatomical space that is enclosed by a stomach. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Organ cavity which is bound by the internal surface of the wall of stomach. Examples: There is only one cavity of stomach[FMA:14585]. FMA:14585 cavity of stomach FMA:14585 gastric cavity FMA:14585 Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone of the skull. FMA:53165 SCTID:276742007 Wikipedia:Foramina_of_the_skull foramen of skull cranial conduit cranial foramen uberon foramina of the skull UBERON:0013685 foramen of skull Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone of the skull. TAO:curator Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone of the skull. TAO:curator http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 foramen of skull foramen of skull Wikipedia:Foramina_of_the_skull cranial conduit FMA:53165 foramina of the skull foramina of the skull Wikipedia:Foramina_of_the_skull 2 2 2 An anatomical space which is the lumen of some anatomical conduit and connects two or more spaces together[FMA,modified]. FMA:9338 foramen space uberon UBERON:0013686 anatomical conduit space FMA An anatomical space which is the lumen of some anatomical conduit and connects two or more spaces together[FMA,modified]. FMA:9338 An anatomical space which is the lumen of some anatomical conduit and connects two or more spaces together[FMA,modified]. FMA:9338 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Vascular endothelium found in blood vessels of the blood-brain-barrier. BTO:0001852 BTO:0003248 CALOHA:TS-0092 uberon cerebromicrovascular endothelium UBERON:0013694 brain endothelium Vascular endothelium found in blood vessels of the blood-brain-barrier. CALOHA:TS-0092 cerebromicrovascular endothelium CALOHA:TS-0092 Vascular endothelium found in colon blood vessels. CALOHA:TS-0162 uberon colon endothelial cell colon endothelial cells colonic endothelial cell colonic endothelium colorectal endothelial cell colorectal endothelium UBERON:0013695 colon endothelium Vascular endothelium found in colon blood vessels. CALOHA:TS-0162 colon endothelial cell CALOHA:TS-0162 colon endothelial cells CALOHA:TS-0162 colonic endothelial cell CALOHA:TS-0162 colonic endothelium CALOHA:TS-0162 colorectal endothelial cell CALOHA:TS-0162 colorectal endothelium CALOHA:TS-0162 Musculature of the head and neck, spine, and ribs. EHDAA2:0000159 EMAPA:18166 uberon UBERON:0013700 axial musculature Musculature of the head and neck, spine, and ribs. HP:0003327 A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages. uberon UBERON:0013701 main body axis A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages. A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The region of the organism associated with the visceral organs. Cardinal body part, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the vertebral column and ribcage. Examples: There is only one body proper[FMA:231424]. AEO:0000103 BTO:0001489 EMAPA:36031 FMA:231424 uberon body whole body UBERON:0013702 body proper AEO The region of the organism associated with the visceral organs. AEO:0000103 Cardinal body part, which consists of a maximal set of diverse subclasses of organ and organ part spatially associated with the vertebral column and ribcage. Examples: There is only one body proper[FMA:231424]. FMA:231424 body AEO:0000103 whole body BTO:0001489 A tubular passage that extends from the primitive pit into the head process during the early stages of embryonic development in mammals. It perforates the splanchnopleure layer so that the yolk sac and the amnion are connected temporarily. FMA:293127 NCIT:C34230 UMLS:C1518428 uberon chordal canal UBERON:0013704 notochordal canal A tubular passage that extends from the primitive pit into the head process during the early stages of embryonic development in mammals. It perforates the splanchnopleure layer so that the yolk sac and the amnion are connected temporarily. A tubular passage that extends from the primitive pit into the head process during the early stages of embryonic development in mammals. It perforates the splanchnopleure layer so that the yolk sac and the amnion are connected temporarily. http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/notochordal+canal UMLS:C1518428 ncithesaurus:Notochordal_Canal Fluid contained within the notochordal canal. notochord fluid portion of notochordal fluid uberon UBERON:0013727 Distinct feature of coelocanths notochordal fluid Fluid contained within the notochordal canal. Fluid contained within the notochordal canal. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Latimeria_chalumnae/ http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An organ component layer that is part of a integumental system. SCTID:314820002 layer of skin skin layer uberon UBERON:0013754 integumentary system layer An organ component layer that is part of a integumental system. OBOL:automatic A blood that is part of a artery. FMA:83066 arterial blood blood in artery portion of arterial blood uberon UBERON:0013755 arterial blood A blood that is part of a artery. OBOL:automatic arterial blood FMA:83066 blood in artery FMA:83066 portion of arterial blood FMA:83066 A blood that is part of a vein. FMA:83067 blood in vein portion of venous blood venous blood uberon UBERON:0013756 venous blood A blood that is part of a vein. OBOL:automatic blood in vein FMA:83067 portion of venous blood FMA:83067 venous blood FMA:83067 A blood that is part of a capillary. FMA:263901 NCIT:C32212 blood in capillary portion of blood in capillary portion of capillary blood uberon UBERON:0013757 capillary blood A blood that is part of a capillary. OBOL:automatic portion of blood in capillary FMA:263901 Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements. EMAPA:37843 SCTID:272627002 digestive organ digestive system organ uberon UBERON:0013765 digestive system element Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements. Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 EMAPA:37843 MA:th Great vessels is a term used to refer collectively to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart. great vessel EMAPA:36460 SCTID:304066000 Wikipedia:Great_vessels great vessel of thorax uberon UBERON:0013768 Groupings may vary - typically pulmonary vessels and aorta and vena cavae great vessel of heart Great vessels is a term used to refer collectively to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart. Great vessels is a term used to refer collectively to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart. Wikipedia:Great_vessels Mesenchyme that develops_from the neural crest[Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32735 FMA:293883 mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived mesenchyme neural crest mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0014387 mesenchyme derived from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from the neural crest[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic Mesenchyme that develops_from the neural crest[Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/248 Muscle that is part of the respiratory system. this class may be merged with 'respiratory system muscle'; check intercostals MESH:D012132 uberon UBERON:0014398 respiratory muscle Muscle that is part of the respiratory system. Muscle that is part of the respiratory system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An anatomical space that is enclosed by a sinusoid. FMA:63133 lumen of sinusoid sinusoid lumen uberon UBERON:0014399 sinusoidal space An anatomical space that is enclosed by a sinusoid. OBOL:automatic lumen of sinusoid FMA:63133 sinusoid lumen FMA:63133 A part of the body present only in a specific gender. AEO:0000174 WBbt:0005752 gender-specific gender-specific anatomical structure sex-specific uberon UBERON:0014402 sex-specific anatomical structure A part of the body present only in a specific gender. AEO:0000174 AEO:JB gender-specific anatomical structure AEO:0000174 A part of the body present only in females. AEO:0000176 uberon UBERON:0014404 female anatomical structure A part of the body present only in females. AEO:0000176 AEO:JB Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the peritoneal cavity. Adipose tissue located inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between internal organs and torso. An excess of visceral fat is known as central obesity, or belly fat, the pot belly or beer belly effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively[BTO:0004041]. BTO:0004041 CALOHA:TS-2405 uberon abdominal fat intra-abdominal adipose tissue intra-abdominal fat organ fat visceral adipose tissue visceral fat UBERON:0014454 visceral abdominal adipose tissue Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the peritoneal cavity. CALOHA:paula MGI:csmith http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/259 Adipose tissue located inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between internal organs and torso. An excess of visceral fat is known as central obesity, or belly fat, the pot belly or beer belly effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively[BTO:0004041]. BTO:0004041 abdominal fat BTO:0004041 intra-abdominal fat BTO:0004041 organ fat BTO:0004041 visceral adipose tissue BTO:0004041 visceral fat BTO:0004041 Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. CALOHA:TS-2406 abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue subcutaneous abdominal fat subcutaneous fat of abdominal region uberon UBERON:0014455 subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. CALOHA:paula MGI:csmith Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. CALOHA:paula MGI:csmith http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/259 Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all skeletal elements in the thoracic region of the trunk. In most vertebrates this is the rib cage and sternum. EHDAA2:0002013 FMA:77169 Wikipedia:Thoracic_skeleton skeleton of thorax thoracic part of axial skeleton thoracic skeleton uberon UBERON:0014477 thoracic skeleton Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all skeletal elements in the thoracic region of the trunk. In most vertebrates this is the rib cage and sternum. Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all skeletal elements in the thoracic region of the trunk. In most vertebrates this is the rib cage and sternum. Wikipedia:Rib_cage https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 thoracic skeleton EHDAA2:0002013 A ventral horn of spinal cord that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. BIRNLEX:1410 SCTID:367876000 UMLS:C0228632 UMLS:C1288552 thoracic spinal cord ventral horn uberon thoracic spinal cord anterior horn UBERON:0014610 thoracic spinal cord ventral horn A ventral horn of spinal cord that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0228632 BIRNLEX:1410 UMLS:C1288552 BIRNLEX:1410 thoracic spinal cord ventral horn BIRNLEX:1410 thoracic spinal cord anterior horn BIRNLEX:1410 A gray matter of spinal cord that is part of a cervical spinal cord. BIRNLEX:1521 SCTID:362438009 UMLS:C0228610 cervical spinal cord gray matter uberon UBERON:0014613 cervical spinal cord gray matter A gray matter of spinal cord that is part of a cervical spinal cord. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0228610 BIRNLEX:1521 cervical spinal cord gray matter BIRNLEX:1521 A ventral horn of spinal cord that is part of a cervical spinal cord. BIRNLEX:1680 SCTID:174363005 UMLS:C0228615 UMLS:C1278740 cervical spinal cord ventral horn uberon cervical spinal cord anterior horn UBERON:0014621 cervical spinal cord ventral horn A ventral horn of spinal cord that is part of a cervical spinal cord. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0228615 BIRNLEX:1680 UMLS:C1278740 BIRNLEX:1680 cervical spinal cord ventral horn BIRNLEX:1680 cervical spinal cord anterior horn BIRNLEX:1680 A gray matter of spinal cord that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. BIRNLEX:980 SCTID:362441000 UMLS:C0228627 thoracic spinal cord gray matter uberon UBERON:0014636 thoracic spinal cord gray matter A gray matter of spinal cord that is part of a thoracic spinal cord. OBOL:automatic UMLS:C0228627 BIRNLEX:980 thoracic spinal cord gray matter BIRNLEX:980 A unilaminar epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a anal region. EHDAA2:0004019 EMAPA:25040 uberon UBERON:0014703 anal membrane ectodermal component A unilaminar epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a anal region. OBOL:automatic An anatomical space that is enclosed by a pleuroperitoneal canal. EHDAA2:0004736 EMAPA:25034 pleuro-peritoneal canal cavity uberon UBERON:0014704 pleuroperitoneal canal lumen EHDAA2 An anatomical space that is enclosed by a pleuroperitoneal canal. OBOL:automatic pleuro-peritoneal canal cavity EMAPA:25034 The secretory unit of a mucous gland. The acinar portion is composed of mucous secreting cells. FMA:86278 acinus of mucuous gland mucus acinus uberon UBERON:0014717 mucous acinus The secretory unit of a mucous gland. The acinar portion is composed of mucous secreting cells. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 http://www.siumed.edu/~dking2/intro/glands.htm A neuromere that is part of the presumptive midbrain. mesomere midbrain segment segment of midbrain EHDAA2:0004352 FMA:61997 mesomere of nervous system neuromere of mesomere group uberon future mesencephalon mesomere group UBERON:0014776 midbrain neuromere A neuromere that is part of the presumptive midbrain. A neuromere that is part of the presumptive midbrain. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 mesomere group EHDAA2:0004352 A neuromere that is part of the presumptive spinal cord. TAO:0001332 ZFA:0001332 spinal cord metameric segment spinal neuromeres uberon spinal cord segment UBERON:0014777 spinal neuromere A neuromere that is part of the presumptive spinal cord. A neuromere that is part of the presumptive spinal cord. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 spinal neuromeres TAO:0001332 spinal cord segment TAO:0001332 Any muscle organ that is part of a cloaca. uberon UBERON:0014783 cloacal muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a cloaca. OBOL:automatic Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic complex. The pelvic complex comprises the pelvic girdle and the associated limb or fin. currently defined by location rather than attachment EMAPA:37864 FMA:71297 muscles of lower limb musculature of lower limb musculi membri inferioris uberon UBERON:0014792 musculature of pelvic complex Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic complex. The pelvic complex comprises the pelvic girdle and the associated limb or fin. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37864 MA:th muscles of lower limb FMA:71297 musculature of lower limb FMA:71297 musculi membri inferioris FMA:TA Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic appendage (hindlimb or pelvic fin). uberon UBERON:0014795 pelvic appendage muscle prolog Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic appendage (hindlimb or pelvic fin). OBOL:automatic A muscle organ that consists of skeletal muscle tissue ensheathed in epimysium, that develops from myotome and that is innervated by some somatic motor neuron. Skeletal muscles are typically attached (via a tendon) to a bone but there are exceptions (e.g. intrinsic tongue muscles). skeletal muscle AAO:0011099 BTO:0001103 CALOHA:TS-0933 EFO:0000888 EHDAA:5035 EHDAA:5043 EHDAA:5978 EHDAA:5984 EMAPA:35988 EV:0100377 GAID:141 MA:0003148 MAT:0000302 MESH:D018482 MIAA:0000302 OpenCyc:Mx4rv2kf-5wpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA TAO:0005277 VHOG:0000319 XAO:0000174 ZFA:0005277 uberon UBERON:0014892 skeletal muscle organ A muscle organ that consists of skeletal muscle tissue ensheathed in epimysium, that develops from myotome and that is innervated by some somatic motor neuron. Skeletal muscles are typically attached (via a tendon) to a bone but there are exceptions (e.g. intrinsic tongue muscles). GOC:dos A muscle structure of invertebrates whose origin and insertion sites are in basal side of the epidermis or structures derived from it. The simplest somatic muscles consist of a single cell and associated extracellular structures. The muscle that is attached at either end to the cuticle[HAO]. HAO:0001922 uberon skeletal muscle UBERON:0014895 somatic muscle somatic muscle A muscle structure of invertebrates whose origin and insertion sites are in basal side of the epidermis or structures derived from it. The simplest somatic muscles consist of a single cell and associated extracellular structures. GOC:DOS The muscle that is attached at either end to the cuticle[HAO]. HAO:0001922 skeletal muscle FBbt:00005073 A portion of tissue that will develop into vasculature. EFO:0003708 TAO:0005076 ZFA:0005076 uberon UBERON:0014903 primordial vasculature A portion of tissue that will develop into vasculature. ZFA:0005076 ZFA:curator consider merging into myocardial compact layer FMA:83105 perimysial connective tissue of subepicardium subepicardial connective tissue uberon UBERON:0015128 subepicardial layer of epicardium FMA perimysial connective tissue of subepicardium FMA:83105 subepicardial connective tissue FMA:83105 Visceral intrapericardial fat contiguous with the myocardial surface. FMA:9871 SCTID:42267001 epicardial adipose tissue pericardial adipose tissue uberon UBERON:0015129 epicardial fat Visceral intrapericardial fat contiguous with the myocardial surface. Visceral intrapericardial fat contiguous with the myocardial surface. DOI:10.5935/abc.20130138 A gland that is typically found in or near the orbital region, in or around either the medial or lateral canthi, and is typically associated with secretions onto the eyeball or associated ducts. Includes the Harderian, nictitans and lacrimal glands. the only orbital gland found in anuran amphibians is either the Harderian or the lacrimal; if it is a lacrimal, then a progressive lateral migration of the lacrimal glands must occur through the amniotes[PMID:7559104] the only orbital gland found in anuran amphibians is the Harderian[PMID:8843648] ocular gland uberon orbital gland UBERON:0015152 gland of ocular region inferred A gland that is typically found in or near the orbital region, in or around either the medial or lateral canthi, and is typically associated with secretions onto the eyeball or associated ducts. Includes the Harderian, nictitans and lacrimal glands. A gland that is typically found in or near the orbital region, in or around either the medial or lateral canthi, and is typically associated with secretions onto the eyeball or associated ducts. Includes the Harderian, nictitans and lacrimal glands. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/614 An eye consisting of multiple light-sensing organs. uberon UBERON:0015165 multi-unit eye An eye consisting of multiple light-sensing organs. An eye consisting of multiple light-sensing organs. PMID:21062451 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 present on tentacular crown present on tentacular crown PMID:21062451 present on mantle edge in arcacean Bivalvia present on mantle edge in arcacean Bivalvia PMID:21062451 The eyes (optic cushions) on the oral surface of Asteroida (Echinodermata), close to the base of the terminal tentacles, are also composed of a number of simple ocelli - as many as 80-200 in certain species The eyes (optic cushions) on the oral surface of Asteroida (Echinodermata), close to the base of the terminal tentacles, are also composed of a number of simple ocelli - as many as 80-200 in certain species PMID:21062451 A blood vessel that is part of a endometrium. SCTID:254200009 blood vessel of endometrium uberon UBERON:0015172 endometrial blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a endometrium. OBOL:automatic A region of somite adjacent to presomitic mesoderm. TAO:0001462 XAO:0004074 ZFA:0001462 uberon inter-somited border intersomitic boundary intersomitic fissure intersomitic junction segmental border somite boundary UBERON:0015178 somite border A region of somite adjacent to presomitic mesoderm. A region of somite adjacent to presomitic mesoderm. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 intersomitic junction XAO:0004074 somite boundary ZFA:0001462 Epithelium located in the intersomitic region. XAO:0004077 intersomitic epithelium intersomitic membrane uberon UBERON:0015179 somite boundary epithelium Epithelium located in the intersomitic region. XAO:0004077 XAO:EJS intersomitic epithelium XAO:0004077 intersomitic membrane XAO:0004077 Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian. This class is primarily to implement taxon constraints. It may be removed in the future. uberon UBERON:0015212 lateral structure Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian. Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile. heart SPD:0000130 cardiac pump heart or heart like organ circulatory vessel uberon cardiac structure UBERON:0015228 circulatory organ A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile. A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A basement membrane of epithelium that is part of a respiratory system. EMAPA:37570 MA:0001815 uberon UBERON:0015329 respiratory system basement membrane MA A basement membrane of epithelium that is part of a respiratory system. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:37570 MA:th EMAPA:37597 MA:0002449 heart/pericardium uberon UBERON:0015410 heart plus pericardium MA EMAPA:37597 MA:th heart/pericardium MA:0002449 An epithelium that is part of a anal canal. EMAPA:18835 FMA:17511 anal canal epithelium epithelium of anal canal uberon UBERON:0015716 anal canal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a anal canal. OBOL:automatic anal canal epithelium FMA:17511 epithelium of anal canal FMA:17511 FMA:62798 portion of heterogeneous tissue uberon UBERON:0015757 heterogeneous tissue FMA portion of heterogeneous tissue FMA:62798 A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a hypodermis. FMA:77862 muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue stratum musculosum panniculi adiposi telae subcutaneae uberon UBERON:0015783 smooth muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a hypodermis. OBOL:automatic muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue FMA:77862 stratum musculosum panniculi adiposi telae subcutaneae FMA:77862 FMA:TA An epithelium that is part of a camera-type eye. EMAPA:35957 MA:0003162 uberon UBERON:0015808 eye epithelium An epithelium that is part of a camera-type eye. OBOL:automatic An epithelium that is part of a foregut. EMAPA:32922 MA:0003204 uberon UBERON:0015833 foregut epithelium An epithelium that is part of a foregut. OBOL:automatic A capillary that is part of a lung. FMA:14121 capillary of lung uberon UBERON:0016405 pulmonary capillary A capillary that is part of a lung. OBOL:automatic capillary of lung FMA:14121 A hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes. FMA:58289 esophageal hiatus of diaphragm oesophageal aperture oesophageal hiatus uberon UBERON:0016458 esophageal hiatus A hole in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes. HP:0002036 esophageal hiatus of diaphragm FMA:58289 oesophageal aperture FMA:58289 oesophageal hiatus FMA:58289 Is the sensory system for the sense of hearing. Auditory system is general anatomical term in FMA EMAPA:36002 FMA:7192 MA:0002443 NCIT:C12889 NLXANAT:090817 OpenCyc:Mx4rvViwtJwpEbGdrcN5Y29ycA UMLS:C0587901 Wikipedia:Auditory_system http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=2888 uberon UBERON:0016490 auditory system Is the sensory system for the sense of hearing. NLXANAT:090817 Auditory system is general anatomical term in FMA FMA UMLS:C0587901 ncithesaurus:Auditory_System Luminal space of the right ventricle of the heart. EMAPA:26047 FMA:9291 right ventricle lumen right ventricular cavity uberon UBERON:0016509 cavity of right ventricle Luminal space of the right ventricle of the heart. Luminal space of the right ventricle of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 right ventricle lumen EMAPA:26047 right ventricular cavity FMA:FMA Luminal space of the left atrium of the heart. EMAPA:26011 FMA:9465 left atrial cavity left atrium lumen uberon UBERON:0016513 cavity of left atrium Luminal space of the left atrium of the heart. Luminal space of the left atrium of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 left atrial cavity FMA:FMA left atrium lumen EMAPA:26011 Luminal space of the left ventricle of the heart. EMAPA:26038 FMA:9466 left ventricular cavity uberon UBERON:0016514 cavity of left ventricle Luminal space of the left ventricle of the heart. Luminal space of the left ventricle of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 left ventricular cavity FMA:FMA Luminal space of the right atrium of the heart. EMAPA:26020 FMA:11359 right atrial cavity uberon UBERON:0016522 cavity of right atrium Luminal space of the right atrium of the heart. Luminal space of the right atrium of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 right atrial cavity FMA:FMA The external part of the developing pharynx that is made of ectoderm. During vertebrate development, pockets form in pharyngeal ectoderm between the pharyngeal arches. UBERON:2001379 TAO:0001379 ZFA:0001379 uberon UBERON:0016545 pharyngeal ectoderm The external part of the developing pharynx that is made of ectoderm. During vertebrate development, pockets form in pharyngeal ectoderm between the pharyngeal arches. The external part of the developing pharynx that is made of ectoderm. During vertebrate development, pockets form in pharyngeal ectoderm between the pharyngeal arches. PMID:23020903 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A layer of of the central nervous system that is part of gray matter. grey matter layer FMA:83142 CNS gray matter layer CNS grey matter layer gray matter layer of neuraxis grey matter layer of neuraxis uberon UBERON:0016548 central nervous system gray matter layer A layer of of the central nervous system that is part of gray matter. A layer of of the central nervous system that is part of gray matter. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 gray matter layer of neuraxis FMA:83142 uberon UBERON:0016550 spinal cord column Mucus produced in the respiratory tract. NCIT:C93171 UMLS:C0225378 uberon UBERON:0016552 phlegm Mucus produced in the respiratory tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any mucus produced by a mucosae of the respiratory system. This includes the mucus produced in the nasal cavity (nasal mucus) and mucus produced in the respiratory tract (phlegm). uberon UBERON:0016553 respiratory system mucus Any mucus produced by a mucosae of the respiratory system. This includes the mucus produced in the nasal cavity (nasal mucus) and mucus produced in the respiratory tract (phlegm). Wikipedia:Nasal_mucus#Respiratory_system http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An roughly circular indentation in a surface. AEO:0000204 uberon UBERON:0016566 pit An roughly circular indentation in a surface. AEO:0000204 AEO:JB FMA:68861 Wikipedia:Rexed_laminae http://neurolex.org/wiki/Category:Rexed_spinal_cord_parcellation_scheme_region rexed lamina uberon UBERON:0016570 lamina of gray matter of spinal cord rexed lamina FMA:68861 Primordium that develops into the central nervous system. UBERON:3000469 future CNS presumptive central nervous system uberon UBERON:0016879 future central nervous system Primordium that develops into the central nervous system. Primordium that develops into the central nervous system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Primordium that develops into the nervous system. UBERON:3000477 AAO:0000477 presumptive nervous system uberon UBERON:0016880 future nervous system Primordium that develops into the nervous system. Primordium that develops into the nervous system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 presumptive nervous system AAO:0000477 Epithelium lining the distalmost portion of the digestive tract. BTO:0005445 WBbt:0005800 rectum epithelium uberon UBERON:0016885 epithelium of terminal part of digestive tract Epithelium lining the distalmost portion of the digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 rectum epithelium BTO:0005445 Any muscle tissue of the distalmost portion of the digestive tract. rectum muscle rectum muscle structure uberon UBERON:0016886 muscle tissue of terminal part of digestive tract Any muscle tissue of the distalmost portion of the digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The part of the conceptus that may be lost before birth or will be discarded at birth, or when the embryo becomes an independent organism. AEO:0000195 EHDAA2:0000003 EMAPA:16042 extra-embryonic component extraembryonic component uberon UBERON:0016887 entire extraembryonic component AEO AEO The part of the conceptus that may be lost before birth or will be discarded at birth, or when the embryo becomes an independent organism. AEO:0000195 AEO:JB extraembryonic component AEO:0000195 An embryonic anatomical entity that will turn into one or more other anatomical entities, perhaps with other anatomical entities, later in development. AEO:0000132 uberon UBERON:0016888 transitional anatomical structure AEO An embryonic anatomical entity that will turn into one or more other anatomical entities, perhaps with other anatomical entities, later in development. AEO:0000132 AEO:JB A mesenchyme-derived anatomical entity undergoing a transtion to become another structure. AEO:0001016 uberon UBERON:0017650 developing mesenchymal structure A mesenchyme-derived anatomical entity undergoing a transtion to become another structure. AEO:0001016 AEO:JB A viscus that is part of a abdomen. FMA:32413 FMA:67355 abdominal viscera abdominal viscera set set of abdominal viscera uberon UBERON:0017672 abdominal viscera A viscus that is part of a abdomen. OBOL:automatic abdominal viscera FMA:32413 abdominal viscera set FMA:32413 set of abdominal viscera FMA:32413 A muscle layer that is part of the rectum. FMA:15035 muscular coat of rectum muscularis externa of rectum rectal muscularis propria tunica muscularis (rectum) tunica muscularis recti uberon UBERON:0018111 muscle layer of rectum A muscle layer that is part of the rectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 muscular coat of rectum FMA:15035 muscularis externa of rectum FMA:15035 rectal muscularis propria FMA:15035 tunica muscularis (rectum) FMA:15035 tunica muscularis recti FMA:TA Any portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of the rectum. rectal smooth muscle tissue rectum smooth muscle smooth muscle of rectum uberon UBERON:0018112 rectum smooth muscle tissue Any portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of the rectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA:83521 uberon UBERON:0018135 fibrocollagenous connective tissue A zone of skin that is part of a lower lip. FMA:24767 SCTID:281630002 lower lip skin uberon UBERON:0018150 skin of lower lip A zone of skin that is part of a lower lip. OBOL:automatic lower lip skin FMA:24767 A boundary delimiting a rhombomere. rhombomere junction uberon UBERON:0018239 rhombomere boundary A boundary delimiting a rhombomere. GO:0021654 Added for consistency with MA EMAPA and EHDAA2. See https://github.com/obophenotype/mouse-anatomy-ontology/issues/104 EHDAA2:0001842 EMAPA:35578 MA:0000165 uberon UBERON:0018254 skeletal musculature MA Any portion of submucosa that lines the digestive tract. uberon UBERON:0018257 submucosa of digestive tract Any portion of submucosa that lines the digestive tract. Any portion of submucosa that lines the digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any organ component layer that consists of muscle tissue. NCITA class may refer to smooth muscle only FMA:45634 NCIT:C75444 UMLS:C0225358 uberon UBERON:0018260 layer of muscle tissue Any organ component layer that consists of muscle tissue. Any organ component layer that consists of muscle tissue. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 NCITA class may refer to smooth muscle only NCIT A muscular coat that is part of a digestive tract. responsible for gut movement, such as peristalsis tunica muscularis of digestive tract uberon muscular layer of digestive tract muscularis externa of digestive tract tunica externa of digestive tract UBERON:0018261 muscular coat of digestive tract A muscular coat that is part of a digestive tract. OBOL:automatic The anatomical space within the intestine. see notes in inclusivity in class 'intestine' FMA:14586 TADS:0000495 WBbt:0005791 ZFA:0005807 intestinal lumen intestine lumen uberon gut lumen UBERON:0018543 lumen of intestine The anatomical space within the intestine. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 intestinal lumen FMA:14586 intestine lumen ZFA:0005807 gut lumen ZFA:0005807 Muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V). MFMO:0000072 muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve uberon UBERON:0018544 trigeminal nerve muscle Muscle innervated by the trigeminal nerve (Cranial Nerve V). MFMO:0000072 muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve MFMO:0000072 FMA:83450 ventricular cardiac muscle tissue ventricular heart muscle uberon ventricular muscle UBERON:0018649 cardiac muscle tissue of ventricle ventricular cardiac muscle tissue ventricular cardiac muscle tissue http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ventricular heart muscle ventricular heart muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 ventricular muscle ventricular muscle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the heart. FMA:73747 ZFA:0005811 cardiac vasculature uberon UBERON:0018674 heart vasculature An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the heart. ZFA:0005811 ZFA:CVS cardiac vasculature FMA:73747 BTO:0002439 genital mucosa uberon UBERON:0019042 reproductive system mucosa genital mucosa BTO:0002439 Adipose tissue which is located throughout skeletal muscle and is responsible for the marbling seen in certain cuts of beef. In humans, excess accumulation of intramuscular fat is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. BTO:0004043 uberon intramuscular fat UBERON:0019143 intramuscular adipose tissue Adipose tissue which is located throughout skeletal muscle and is responsible for the marbling seen in certain cuts of beef. In humans, excess accumulation of intramuscular fat is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. BTO:0004043 intramuscular fat BTO:0004043 BTO:0004626 uberon carotid endothelium carotid epithelium UBERON:0019189 carotid artery endothelium carotid endothelium BTO:0004626 BTO:0004638 FMA:13119 SCTID:88410004 bronchial gland bronchial mucous gland peribronchial gland uberon UBERON:0019190 mucous gland of lung bronchial gland FMA:13119 bronchial mucous gland FMA:13119 peribronchial gland BTO:0004638 Any region of epithelium that is part of a skin region. BTO:0004382 uberon UBERON:0019204 skin epithelium Any region of epithelium that is part of a skin region. Any region of epithelium that is part of a skin region. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The part of the eye that consists of both the retina and the optic choroid. SCTID:110701000 chorioretina choroid and retina retinachoroid retinachoroidal region uberon UBERON:0019207 chorioretinal region The part of the eye that consists of both the retina and the optic choroid. UBERON:drseb The part of the eye that consists of both the retina and the optic choroid. UBERON:drseb http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 DHBA:10654 FMA:268630 gray matter of the hindbrain uberon UBERON:0019263 gray matter of hindbrain gray matter of the hindbrain DHBA:HGM DHBA:10649 FMA:83913 uberon UBERON:0019267 gray matter of midbrain EMAPA:35952 MA:0003174 uberon UBERON:0019304 sensory organ epithelium An exocrine gland that is part of a integumental system. integumental exocrine gland integumental system exocrine gland uberon UBERON:0019319 exocrine gland of integumental system An exocrine gland that is part of a integumental system. GOC:dos An exocrine gland that is part of a integumental system. GOC:dos http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 integumental exocrine gland integumental exocrine gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 integumental system exocrine gland integumental system exocrine gland http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA:58315 uberon surface of region of wall of eyeball UBERON:0022288 surface of eyeball surface of region of wall of eyeball FMA:58315 A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a reproductive gland. uberon genital fluid genital secretion reproductive system fluid reproductive system fluid/secretion reproductive system secretion UBERON:0022293 reproductive gland secretion A portion of organism substance that is secreted by a reproductive gland. UBERON:cjm Single layer of a laminar structure, identified by different density, arrangement or size of cells and processes arranged in flattened layers or lamina[CUMBO]. this is currently used to group some cellular layers that may not strictly conform to the CARO definition of cell-part layer. Consider genericisizing and introducing subtypes for cellular layer, fibrous layer and cell soma layer lamina layer NLX:149357 uberon UBERON:0022303 nervous system cell part layer Single layer of a laminar structure, identified by different density, arrangement or size of cells and processes arranged in flattened layers or lamina[CUMBO]. NLX:149357 lamina CUMBO:CUMBO layer CUMBO:CUMBO Serous membrane layer that is adjacent to and lines an organ. FMA:15860 visceral wall of serous membrane uberon UBERON:0022350 visceral serous membrane Serous membrane layer that is adjacent to and lines an organ. Serous membrane layer that is adjacent to and lines an organ. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 visceral wall of serous membrane FMA:15860 Serous membrane layer that lines to a body cavity. cavity lining FMA:15859 MA:0002448 parietal wall of serous membrane uberon UBERON:0022351 parietal serous membrane Serous membrane layer that lines to a body cavity. Serous membrane layer that lines to a body cavity. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cavity lining MA:0002448 parietal wall of serous membrane FMA:15859 A blood vessel of the placenta. placental vessel SCTID:280716005 uberon UBERON:0022358 placenta blood vessel A blood vessel of the placenta. GO:0060674 A specific region of the foregut into the area in which the lung will develop. SCTID:34922002 lung field uberon UBERON:0022361 lung field A specific region of the foregut into the area in which the lung will develop. GOC:dph GOC:mtg_lung An embryonic or larval epithelium that is committed to form part of the nervous system. neurepithelium AEO:0001008 BTO:0000314 EHDAA2_RETIRED:0004654 FMA:64807 embryonic neuroepithelium neuroepithelium uberon UBERON:0034705 developing neuroepithelium An embryonic or larval epithelium that is committed to form part of the nervous system. AEO:0001008 AEO:JB neurepithelium BTO:0000314 embryonic neuroepithelium embryonic neuroepithelium http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neuroepithelium AEO:0001008 An epithelium that is undergoing proliferation to provide large numbers of neuronal cells. AEO:0001009 uberon UBERON:0034706 proliferating neuroepithelium AEO An epithelium that is undergoing proliferation to provide large numbers of neuronal cells. AEO:0001009 A neuroepithelium some of whose cells are undergoing terminal differentiation to become neuronal cells. AEO:0001010 uberon UBERON:0034707 differentiating neuroepithelium AEO A neuroepithelium some of whose cells are undergoing terminal differentiation to become neuronal cells. AEO:0001010 DHBA:12694 EMAPA:32916 marginal zone of hindbrain uberon MZH UBERON:0034709 hindbrain marginal layer marginal zone of hindbrain DHBA:12694 MZH DHBA:12694 EHDAA2:0001267 EMAPA:17585 spinal cord lateral wall ventricular layer uberon UBERON:0034710 spinal cord ventricular layer EHDAA2 spinal cord lateral wall ventricular layer EHDAA2:0001267 Any of the cranial nerves, or their central nervous system analogs (the optic tract, the epiphyseal tract). These analogs are not true nerves, and are instead evaginated sensory afferents emanating from the brain. uberon cranial nerve fiber bundle cranial nerve fiber tract cranial nerve or tract neuron projection bundle from brain UBERON:0034713 cranial neuron projection bundle Any of the cranial nerves, or their central nervous system analogs (the optic tract, the epiphyseal tract). These analogs are not true nerves, and are instead evaginated sensory afferents emanating from the brain. ISBN:0471888893 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cranial nerve fiber bundle http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cranial nerve fiber tract http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 cranial nerve or tract http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 neuron projection bundle from brain http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The autonomic nerve is a small nerve which carries postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons from the zygomaticotemporal nerve; a branch of the maxillary nerve, to the lacrimal nerve; a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. These neurons derive from the superior cervical ganglion and the pterygopalatine ganglion respectively. They will travel to the lacrimal gland via the lacrimal nerve. Parasympathetic will induce lacrimation and vice versa. EMAPA:37957 FMA:5866 MESH:D017776 SCTID:276145003 Wikipedia:Autonomic_nerve nervus visceralis visceral nerve uberon UBERON:0034728 autonomic nerve The autonomic nerve is a small nerve which carries postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons from the zygomaticotemporal nerve; a branch of the maxillary nerve, to the lacrimal nerve; a branch of the ophthalmic nerve. These neurons derive from the superior cervical ganglion and the pterygopalatine ganglion respectively. They will travel to the lacrimal gland via the lacrimal nerve. Parasympathetic will induce lacrimation and vice versa. Wikipedia:Autonomic_nerve EMAPA:37957 MA:th nervus visceralis FMA:5866 visceral nerve FMA:5866 EMAPA:37958 SCTID:181098007 uberon UBERON:0034729 sympathetic nerve EMAPA:37958 MA:th FMA:79770 NCIT:C41168 uberon UBERON:0034769 lymphomyeloid tissue FMA Any substance in the body or expelled from the body that is in a gaseous state. FMA:84580 gas in anatomical space portion of gas in anatomical space uberon UBERON:0034873 bodily gas Any substance in the body or expelled from the body that is in a gaseous state. Any substance in the body or expelled from the body that is in a gaseous state. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 portion of gas in anatomical space FMA:84580 Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system that is composed primarily of air. FMA:84581 respiratory air respiratory system air uberon UBERON:0034874 air in respiratory system Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system that is composed primarily of air. Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system that is composed primarily of air. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 respiratory air FMA:84581 The area of axial mesoderm that develops into the prechordal plate. prechordal mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0034878 prechordal mesoderm The area of axial mesoderm that develops into the prechordal plate. MGI:anna Endocardium that is part of the left atrium. Endocardium of atrium which is continuous with the tunica intima of the trunk of pulmonary vein. FMA:7286 SCTID:190064008 VHOG:0001226 endocardium of left atrium left atrial endocardium uberon left atrium endocardial tissue UBERON:0034903 left atrium endocardium Endocardium that is part of the left atrium. Endocardium that is part of the left atrium. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Endocardium of atrium which is continuous with the tunica intima of the trunk of pulmonary vein. FMA:7286 endocardium of left atrium FMA:7286 left atrium endocardial tissue VHOG:0001226 lumen of gland uberon UBERON:0034905 gland lumen An multicellular anatomical structure that has subparts of multiple organs as a part. CARO:0020001 uberon anatomical cluster UBERON:0034921 multi organ part structure CARO An multicellular anatomical structure that has subparts of multiple organs as a part. CARO:0020001 anatomical cluster CARO:0020001 A cluster of cells, largely surrounded by a morphological boundary. CARO:0020002 FMA:62807 uberon UBERON:0034922 cell cluster CARO A cluster of cells, largely surrounded by a morphological boundary. CARO:0020002 A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin. resolve if this should be a subclass of disconnected anatomical group. Some collections (e.g. the skeleton or skull) are arguably connected uberon UBERON:0034925 anatomical collection A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin. A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A region or zone on the surface of an organism that encompasses skin and any adnexa, down through muscles and bounded by underlying skeletal support structures. uberon UBERON:0034929 external soft tissue zone A region or zone on the surface of an organism that encompasses skin and any adnexa, down through muscles and bounded by underlying skeletal support structures. A region or zone on the surface of an organism that encompasses skin and any adnexa, down through muscles and bounded by underlying skeletal support structures. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any organ component layer that consists of smooth muscle tissue. uberon UBERON:0034933 layer of smooth muscle tissue Any organ component layer that consists of smooth muscle tissue. Any organ component layer that consists of smooth muscle tissue. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 FMA:55268 organ sector organ zonal region organ zone uberon organ region with floating fiat boundary UBERON:0034944 zone of organ organ sector FMA:55268 organ zone FMA:55268 organ region with floating fiat boundary FMA:55268 Any gaseous product of an excretory process. uberon UBERON:0034945 excreted gas Any gaseous product of an excretory process. Any gaseous product of an excretory process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any excreted gas that is produced by the digestive tract. FMA:78440 flatulence flatus intestinal gas uberon UBERON:0034946 In mammals, mostly produced as a byproduct of bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, especially the colon, and excreted through the rectum gas excreted from digestive tract Any excreted gas that is produced by the digestive tract. Any excreted gas that is produced by the digestive tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 flatulence FMA:78440 flatus flatus Wikipedia:Flatulence Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system. respiratory gas respiratory system gas uberon UBERON:0034947 gas in respiratory system Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system. Any portion of gas located in a part of the respiratory system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 NCIT:C25787 UMLS:C1512086 uberon duct epithelium ductal epithelium UBERON:0034969 epithelial layer of duct Mesenchyme that is part of a developing jaw [Automatically generated definition]. EMAPA:32907 EMAPA:35454 uberon UBERON:0034995 jaw mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing jaw [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic EMAPA:32904 MA:0003220 uberon UBERON:0035037 jaw epithelium SCTID:277967008 hemorrhoidal artery uberon UBERON:0035039 rectal artery Any material entity that is located in the digestive tract. This includes undigested food and liquid as well as unexcreted waste products. It also includes other entities such as ingested stones used to aid digestion. Any microbial cells or cell populations are also included. Note that we treat any material entity that is ingested as an anatomical structure by defintion, although this may be expanding the CARO usage somewhat digestive tract contents uberon ingested material entity UBERON:0035118 material entity in digestive tract Any material entity that is located in the digestive tract. This includes undigested food and liquid as well as unexcreted waste products. It also includes other entities such as ingested stones used to aid digestion. Any microbial cells or cell populations are also included. Any material entity that is located in the digestive tract. This includes undigested food and liquid as well as unexcreted waste products. It also includes other entities such as ingested stones used to aid digestion. Any microbial cells or cell populations are also included. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/110 digestive tract contents Anatomical surface, which is the external surface of the whole body. Examples: There is only one body surface. FMA:61695 NCIT:C29667 SCTID:261060002 UMLS:C0489451 surface of body uberon UBERON:0035159 entire surface of organism Anatomical surface, which is the external surface of the whole body. Examples: There is only one body surface. FMA:61695 surface of body FMA:61695 FMA:70505 NCIT:C32552 SCTID:244216003 UMLS:C0447038 external carotid arterial subdivision subdivision of external carotid artery uberon UBERON:0035398 branch of external carotid artery external carotid arterial subdivision FMA:70505 subdivision of external carotid artery FMA:70505 Any of several arteries that arise from the aorta and supply blood to the esophagus. FMA:4149 NCIT:C32535 SCTID:56548006 UMLS:C0226294 aortic esophageal artery oesophageal artery uberon UBERON:0035539 esophageal artery FMA human_reference_atlas FMA Any of several arteries that arise from the aorta and supply blood to the esophagus. ncithesaurus:Esophageal_Artery aortic esophageal artery FMA:4149 oesophageal artery FMA:4149 FMA:51797 SCTID:149683007 ciliary vein uberon UBERON:0035546 uveal vein ciliary vein FMA:51797 SCTID:77852007 uberon UBERON:0035548 colic artery The part of the circulatory system that lies within the subcutaneous tissue layers close to the surface of the skin. FMA:225275 superficial part of circulatory system superficial vasculature dermis vasculature hypodermis vasculature uberon skin vasculature subcutaneous vasculature vasculature of skin UBERON:0035549 vasculature of integument The part of the circulatory system that lies within the subcutaneous tissue layers close to the surface of the skin. The part of the circulatory system that lies within the subcutaneous tissue layers close to the surface of the skin. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 vasculature of skin FMA:225275 Any of the veins carrying deoxygenated blood from the subcutaneous tissue layers. FMA:76719 NCIT:C33666 SCTID:341382008 UMLS:C0226513 Wikipedia:Superficial_vein uberon superfical vein superficial veins superficial vessels UBERON:0035550 superficial vein Any of the veins carrying deoxygenated blood from the subcutaneous tissue layers. ncithesaurus:Superficial_Vein superfical vein superfical vein Wikipedia:Superficial_vein superficial veins superficial veins Wikipedia:Superficial_vein superficial vessels superficial vessels Wikipedia:Superficial_vein The part of the circulatory system that lies deep beneath the subcutaneous tissue layers away from the surface of the skin. deep part of circulatory system uberon UBERON:0035551 deep vasculature The part of the circulatory system that lies deep beneath the subcutaneous tissue layers away from the surface of the skin. The part of the circulatory system that lies deep beneath the subcutaneous tissue layers away from the surface of the skin. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 A blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood far beneath the skin usually accompanying an artery. FMA:76718 NCIT:C32444 SCTID:341484008 UMLS:C0226514 Wikipedia:Deep_vein uberon deep veins deep vessels UBERON:0035552 deep vein A blood vessel carrying deoxygenated blood far beneath the skin usually accompanying an artery. ncithesaurus:Deep_Vein deep veins deep veins Wikipedia:Deep_vein deep vessels deep vessels Wikipedia:Deep_vein Any chamber of the left side of the heart. FMA:7166 SCTID:362008007 uberon UBERON:0035553 left cardiac chamber Any chamber of the left side of the heart. Any chamber of the left side of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 Any chamber of the right side of the heart. FMA:7165 SCTID:362007002 uberon UBERON:0035554 right cardiac chamber Any chamber of the right side of the heart. Any chamber of the right side of the heart. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6601-2165 The parts of the orbital region that are outside of the the eyeball, including the lacrimal apparatus, the extraocular muscles and the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and the conjunctiva. FMA:76554 NCIT:C32574 SCTID:120612006 UMLS:C0229243 Wikipedia:Accessory_visual_structures adnexa oculi uberon accessory parts of orbital region accessory visual structures accessory visual structures set adnexal parts of orbital region appendage of eye appendages of the eye eye adnexa set of accessory visual structures structurae oculi accessoriae UBERON:0035639 ocular adnexa The parts of the orbital region that are outside of the the eyeball, including the lacrimal apparatus, the extraocular muscles and the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and the conjunctiva. HPO:pr UBERON:cjm The parts of the orbital region that are outside of the the eyeball, including the lacrimal apparatus, the extraocular muscles and the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and the conjunctiva. HPO:pr UBERON:cjm http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ocular+adnexa https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1132 adnexa oculi adnexa oculi http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ocular+adnexa accessory visual structures accessory visual structures FMA:76554 accessory visual structures Wikipedia:Accessory_visual_structures accessory visual structures set FMA:76554 appendage of eye appendage of eye http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ocular+adnexa appendages of the eye appendages of the eye http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ocular+adnexa set of accessory visual structures FMA:76554 structurae oculi accessoriae structurae oculi accessoriae Wikipedia:Accessory_visual_structures EHDAA2:0004181 FMA:9464 cardiac chamber cavity heart cavity heart lumen uberon UBERON:0035763 cavity of cardiac chamber FMA cardiac chamber cavity FMA:9464 heart cavity FMA:9464 heart lumen EHDAA2:0004181 The primordial mouth region of the developing head. FMA:293105 primitive mouth primordial mouth uberon UBERON:0035804 future mouth The primordial mouth region of the developing head. MP:0003119 primitive mouth FMA:293105 A muscle layer that is part of the sigmoid colon. FMA:15028 muscularis externa of sigmoid colon muscularis propria of sigmoid colon sigmoid colon muscularis propria uberon sigmoideum muscularis tunica muscularis colon sigmoideum UBERON:0035805 muscle layer of sigmoid colon A muscle layer that is part of the sigmoid colon. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1162 muscularis externa of sigmoid colon FMA:15028 FMA:12241 SCTID:304404008 uberon UBERON:0035809 serous cavity The sum of epicardial and paracardial fat deposits. SCTID:42267001 ZFA:0005765 uberon UBERON:0035814 pericardial fat The sum of epicardial and paracardial fat deposits. The sum of epicardial and paracardial fat deposits. DOI:10.5935/abc.20130138 Fat deposits in the mediastinum outside the parietal pericardium . intrathoracic fat uberon UBERON:0035815 paracardial fat Fat deposits in the mediastinum outside the parietal pericardium . Fat deposits in the mediastinum outside the parietal pericardium . DOI:10.5935/abc.20130138 intrathoracic fat intrathoracic fat DOI:10.5935/abc.20130138 Any fat deposit surrounding a visceral organ. uberon UBERON:0035818 visceral fat Any fat deposit surrounding a visceral organ. UBERON:cjm The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the abdominal segment of the trunk, which encompasses the abdomen proper plus pelvic cavity. FMA:12267 Wikipedia:Abdominopelvic_cavity cavitas abdominis et pelvis uberon UBERON:0035819 abdominopelvic cavity The part of the ventral body cavity that is within the abdominal segment of the trunk, which encompasses the abdomen proper plus pelvic cavity. UBERON:cjm cavitas abdominis et pelvis FMA:TA A serous sac that is the aggregate of the peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity, located in the abdominal cavity. EMAPA:16137 FMA:9908 MA:0000054 uberon peritoneal component UBERON:0035820 peritoneal sac A serous sac that is the aggregate of the peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity, located in the abdominal cavity. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/86 peritoneal component EMAPA:16137 BTO:0004378 EMAPA:37987 FMA:67473 blood vessel wall uberon vascular wall UBERON:0035965 wall of blood vessel EMAPA:37987 MA:th blood vessel wall FMA:67473 vascular wall BTO:0004378 EHDAA2:0004070 uberon UBERON:0036072 respiratory primordium epithelium EHDAA2 EHDAA2:0004071 respiratory primordium associated mesenchyme uberon UBERON:0036073 respiratory primordium mesenchyme EHDAA2 respiratory primordium associated mesenchyme EHDAA2:0004071 An region of the mesoderm that includes anterior lateral mesoderm of the first heart field plus contiguous pharyngeal mesoderm that gives rise to second-heart-field-derived regions of the heart and branchiomeric muscles. uberon UBERON:0036146 cardiopharyngeal field An region of the mesoderm that includes anterior lateral mesoderm of the first heart field plus contiguous pharyngeal mesoderm that gives rise to second-heart-field-derived regions of the heart and branchiomeric muscles. BGEE:ann An region of the mesoderm that includes anterior lateral mesoderm of the first heart field plus contiguous pharyngeal mesoderm that gives rise to second-heart-field-derived regions of the heart and branchiomeric muscles. BGEE:ann http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v520/n7548/full/nature14435.html#bx1 FMA:83520 uberon UBERON:0036186 fibroelastic connective tissue An anatomical junction that is between the sigmoid colon and rectum. NCIT:C54188 SCTID:245429006 uberon rectosigmoid region UBERON:0036214 rectosigmoid junction An anatomical junction that is between the sigmoid colon and rectum. NCIT:C54188 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1319 https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/npcr/pdf/abstracting/colon.pdf rectosigmoid region NCIT:C54188 Material anatomical entity that forms the outermost boundary of an anatomical structure. AAO:0010270 AEO:0000154 ZFA:0005594 uberon UBERON:0036215 anatomical surface region Material anatomical entity that forms the outermost boundary of an anatomical structure. Material anatomical entity that forms the outermost boundary of an anatomical structure. https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1324 A bodily fluid that is located in the coelom. he coelomic fluid serves several functions; it acts as a hydroskeleton, it allows free movement and growth of internal organs, it serves for transport of gases, nutrients and waste products between different parts of the body, it allows storage of sperm and eggs during maturation and it acts as a reservoir for waste [Wikipedia:Coelom#Coelomic_fluid] BTO:0001708 uberon UBERON:0036217 coelomic fluid A bodily fluid that is located in the coelom. A bodily fluid that is located in the coelom. PMID:10874572 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1326 Any gland that is part os the respiratory system. uberon UBERON:0036225 respiratory system gland Any gland that is part os the respiratory system. UBERON:cjm A notochord that has persisted beyond the embryonic stage. uberon UBERON:0036242 post-embryonic notochord A notochord that has persisted beyond the embryonic stage. UBERON:cjm A transudate found in the serous sac. serous fluid FMA:20932 serous sac fluid uberon UBERON:0036244 secretion of serous membrane A transudate found in the serous sac. FMA:20932 serous fluid FMA:20932 FMA:53133 cranial orifice skull orifice uberon UBERON:0036253 orifice of skull cranial orifice FMA:53133 skull orifice FMA:53133 The zygomaticotemporal nerve or zygomaticotemporal branch (temporal branch) is derived from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve V). It runs along the lateral wall of the orbit in a groove in the zygomatic bone, receives a branch of communication from the lacrimal, and passes through zygomaticotemporal foramen in the zygomatic bone to enter the temporal fossa. It ascends between the bone, and substance of the Temporalis muscle, pierces the temporal fascia about 2.5 cm. above the zygomatic arch, and is distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead, and communicates with the facial nerve and with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve. As it pierces the temporal fascia, it gives off a slender twig, which runs between the two layers of the fascia to the lateral angle of the orbit. FMA:52972 SCTID:280243001 Wikipedia:Zygomaticotemporal_nerve ramus zygomaticotemporalis (Nervus zygomaticus) ramus zygomaticotemporalis nervus zygomatici zygomaticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve uberon zygomaticotemporal zygomaticotemporal branch UBERON:0036264 zygomaticotemporal nerve The zygomaticotemporal nerve or zygomaticotemporal branch (temporal branch) is derived from the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (Cranial nerve V). It runs along the lateral wall of the orbit in a groove in the zygomatic bone, receives a branch of communication from the lacrimal, and passes through zygomaticotemporal foramen in the zygomatic bone to enter the temporal fossa. It ascends between the bone, and substance of the Temporalis muscle, pierces the temporal fascia about 2.5 cm. above the zygomatic arch, and is distributed to the skin of the side of the forehead, and communicates with the facial nerve and with the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve. As it pierces the temporal fascia, it gives off a slender twig, which runs between the two layers of the fascia to the lateral angle of the orbit. Wikipedia:Zygomaticotemporal_nerve ramus zygomaticotemporalis (Nervus zygomaticus) FMA:52972 ramus zygomaticotemporalis nervus zygomatici FMA:TA zygomaticotemporal branch of zygomatic nerve FMA:52972 zygomaticotemporal Wikipedia:Zygomaticotemporal_nerve zygomaticotemporal branch Wikipedia:Zygomaticotemporal_nerve SCTID:13152008 uberon UBERON:0036268 pelvic vein Wall of ventricle which is continuous with the wall of aorta. FMA:9556 left ventricular wall uberon UBERON:0036285 wall of left ventricle FMA FMA Wall of ventricle which is continuous with the wall of aorta. FMA:9556 left ventricular wall FMA:9556 Wall of ventricle which is continuous with the wall of pulmonary trunk. FMA:9533 right ventricular wall uberon UBERON:0036286 wall of right ventricle FMA FMA Wall of ventricle which is continuous with the wall of pulmonary trunk. FMA:9533 right ventricular wall FMA:9533 FMA:9560 uberon UBERON:0036288 anterior wall of left ventricle FMA Region of wall of right ventricle which is continuous with the lateral and septal walls of right ventricle. FMA:9553 uberon UBERON:0036289 anterior wall of right ventricle Region of wall of right ventricle which is continuous with the lateral and septal walls of right ventricle. FMA:9553 FMA:87177 uberon UBERON:0036290 myocardium of anterior wall of left ventricle FMA:260877 uberon UBERON:0036291 myocardium of anterior wall of right ventricle A mucosa that is part of a lip region [Automatically generated definition]. NCIT:C12226 labial mucosa uberon UBERON:0036294 mucosa of lip A mucosa that is part of a lip region [Automatically generated definition]. OBOL:automatic labial mucosa UBERON:cjm uberon UBERON:0036302 vasculature of central nervous system plus retina FMA:259905 uberon UBERON:0036303 vasculature of central nervous system FMA:15704 anal canal wall uberon UBERON:0036362 wall of anal canal FMA anal canal wall FMA:15704 FMA:18211 pulmonary arterial wall uberon UBERON:0036422 wall of pulmonary artery FMA FMA pulmonary arterial wall FMA:18211 FMA:18303 uterine tube wall wall of fallopian tube wall of oviduct uberon UBERON:0036441 wall of uterine tube FMA FMA uterine tube wall FMA:18303 wall of fallopian tube FMA:18303 wall of oviduct FMA:18303 FMA:231590 uberon UBERON:0036553 wall of synovial tendon sheath FMA FMA FMA:58098 eyeball wall uberon UBERON:0036925 wall of eyeball FMA FMA eyeball wall FMA:58098 FMA:66284 common carotid arterial wall uberon UBERON:0037094 wall of common carotid artery FMA FMA common carotid arterial wall FMA:66284 Wall of organ which has as its parts the endocardium, myocardium , epicardium, and the cardiac septum, surrounded by the pericardial sac proper and is continuous with the walls of the systemic and pulmonary arterial and venous trees. FMA:7274 cardiac wall uberon UBERON:0037144 wall of heart FMA FMA FMA FMA Wall of organ which has as its parts the endocardium, myocardium , epicardium, and the cardiac septum, surrounded by the pericardial sac proper and is continuous with the walls of the systemic and pulmonary arterial and venous trees. FMA:7274 cardiac wall FMA:7274 FMA:15395 uberon UBERON:0039228 sigmoid vein FMA Ovarian vein, each instance of which is a tributary of some inferior vena cava that drains the right pampiniform plexus of some broad ligament. FMA:14342 uberon UBERON:0039856 right ovarian vein FMA FMA Ovarian vein, each instance of which is a tributary of some inferior vena cava that drains the right pampiniform plexus of some broad ligament. FMA:14342 Ovarian vein, each instance of which is a tributary of some left renal vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus of some broad ligament. FMA:14347 uberon UBERON:0039857 left ovarian vein FMA Ovarian vein, each instance of which is a tributary of some left renal vein that drains the left pampiniform plexus of some broad ligament. FMA:14347 A zone of skin that is part of the face. 2012-02-05T05:23:01Z EMAPA:36657 FMA:24758 NCIT:C33561 SCTID:361703006 UMLS:C0222084 face skin uberon facial skin UBERON:1000021 skin of face A zone of skin that is part of the face. UBERON:EJS A zone of skin that is part of the face. UBERON:EJS https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/34 UMLS:C0222084 ncithesaurus:Skin_of_the_Face face skin EMAPA:36657 FMA:24758 An anatomical junction between two parts of the digestive tract. 2021-02-05T11:19:31Z uberon UBERON:1100000 digestive tract junction An anatomical junction between two parts of the digestive tract. An anatomical junction between two parts of the digestive tract. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7073-9172 Cartilage which is part of the axial skeleton. This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon ZFA:0001457 uberon UBERON:2001457 postcranial axial cartilage Cartilage which is part of the axial skeleton. ZFIN:curator This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/tao.owl Capillary that has pores in the endothelial cells (60-80 nm in diameter) that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse. the ZFA class from which this was derived is not explicitly classified as a capillary - need to verify for taxon histology differences Blood vessel endothelium that has pores that allow passage small molecules and proteins[ZFA]. fenestrated blood vessel endothelium FMA:63196 NCIT:C32595 TAO:0005260 UMLS:C1179615 Wikipedia:Capillary#Types ZFA:0005260 fenestrated capillary vessel uberon UBERON:2005260 fenestrated capillary FMA ZFA Capillary that has pores in the endothelial cells (60-80 nm in diameter) that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse. Capillary that has pores in the endothelial cells (60-80 nm in diameter) that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse. Wikipedia:Capillary#Types Wikipedia:Fenestra_(histology) fenestrated blood vessel endothelium ZFA:0005260 UMLS:C1179615 ncithesaurus:Fenestrated_Capillary fenestrated capillary vessel FMA:63196 Non neural ectoderm that surrounds the presumptive neural plate and gives rise to neurogenic placodes. This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon ZFA:0007013 uberon UBERON:2007013 preplacodal ectoderm Non neural ectoderm that surrounds the presumptive neural plate and gives rise to neurogenic placodes. ZFIN:curator This class was sourced from an external ontology (teleost_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/tao.owl Structures of the dermis, epidermis, glands and pigment cells recognizable on the external surfaces of the integument. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3000961 Not clear how this differs from parent class. See https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1305 external integument structure Structures of the dermis, epidermis, glands and pigment cells recognizable on the external surfaces of the integument. AAO:EJS This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the external head integument. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3000972 head external integument structure Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the external head integument. AAO:EJS This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the body integument. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3000977 body external integument structure Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the body integument. AAO:EJS This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Blood vessels in respiratory skin. Modified from the original AAO source This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon uberon UBERON:3010200 vasculature of respiratory integument Blood vessels in respiratory skin. AAO:EJS This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/aao.owl Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction, especially the external genital organs. This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon genitalia reproductive system uberon UBERON:3011048 genital system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction, especially the external genital organs. XAO:0000142 This class was sourced from an external ontology (amphibian_anatomy). Its definitions, naming conventions and relationships may need to be checked for compatibility with uberon An anatomical surface that is part of a bone. bone surface uberon UBERON:4200230 surface of bone An anatomical surface that is part of a bone. PHENOSCAPE One of the main divisions of the whole organism of arthropods formed from groups of segments. FBbt:00000002 uberon UBERON:6000002 Strictly speaking the term "tagma" cam be used for any metameric organism, however we follow the common usage which is to restrict the term to arthropods. arthropod tagma One of the main divisions of the whole organism of arthropods formed from groups of segments. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385026-3.00024-3 FBbt:00000004 uberon UBERON:6000004 panarthropod head Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some embryo (UBERON:6000052). FBbt:00000137 uberon UBERON:6000137 embryonic tagma Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some embryo (UBERON:6000052). FBC:auto_generated_definition Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some adult (UBERON:6003004). FBbt:00003005 uberon UBERON:6003005 insect adult tagma Any tagma (UBERON:6000002) that is part of some adult (UBERON:6003004). FBC:auto_generated_definition Head of the adult organism. FBbt:00003007 uberon UBERON:6003007 insect adult head Head of the adult organism. FBC:SPR A region of cuticle and its underlying epidermis. FBbt:00007284 uberon UBERON:6007284 insect region of integument A region of cuticle and its underlying epidermis. FBC:DOS Region of integument of a tagma. http://flybase.org/cgi-bin/fbcvq.html?query=FBbt:00007289 FBbt:00007289 uberon UBERON:6007289 insect tagmatic subdivision of integument Left part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. uberon UBERON:8000006 left side of back Left part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. Left part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. https://microbiomedb.org/ Right part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. uberon UBERON:8000007 right side of back Right part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. Right part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. https://microbiomedb.org/ A collection of Purkinje fibers that receives signals from the right and left bundle branches and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. The Purkinje fiber network creates synchronized contractions of the heart ventricles. Purkinje fibre network uberon UBERON:8000009 Purkinje fiber network https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1785 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-0064 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1785 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-0064 https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/1785 https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-0064 A collection of Purkinje fibers that receives signals from the right and left bundle branches and innervates the ventricular cardiac muscle. The Purkinje fiber network creates synchronized contractions of the heart ventricles. PMID:26786210 Purkinje fibre network PMID:26786210 A venule that is located in the anorectum. anorectum venule uberon UBERON:8410008 venule of anorectum A venule that is located in the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 An arteriole that is located in the anorectum. anorectum arteriole uberon UBERON:8410009 arteriole of anorectum An arteriole that is located in the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 An arteriole located in the colon. uberon UBERON:8410015 arteriole of colon An arteriole located in the colon. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865/ An anatomical junction between two parts of the intestine. junction of intestine uberon UBERON:8410024 intestinal junction An anatomical junction between two parts of the intestine. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7073-9172 A venule located in the colon. uberon UBERON:8410048 venule of colon A venule located in the colon. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 A subdivision of the digestive tract in humans that includes the rectum, the anal canal and the anus. The anatomy, pathology and medical community considers the anus to be part of the large intestine, and supports the use of 'anorectum' to include rectum, anal canal and anus. Although a few resources seem to only include the distal part of the rectum in 'anorectum', this UBERON grouping term is meant to refer more broadly to the whole of rectum. anorectal anorectal canal uberon UBERON:8410050 anorectum A subdivision of the digestive tract in humans that includes the rectum, the anal canal and the anus. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-26938-2_8 DOI:10.1148/rg.2015150037 PMID:29742860 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6826-8770 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 A capillary that is part of the anorectum. blood vessel capillary of anorectum uberon UBERON:8410056 capillary of anorectum A capillary that is part of the anorectum. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 A capillary that is part of the colon. blood vessel capillary of colon uberon UBERON:8410057 capillary of colon A capillary that is part of the colon. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 A submucosal gland found in a respiratory tract. 2022-03-24T14:21:59Z EFO:0010666 respiratory tract submucosal gland submucosal gland of respiratory tract uberon UBERON:8410077 airway submucosal gland A submucosal gland found in a respiratory tract. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3440-1876 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4183-8865 Any of the smallest blood vessels where blood circulates within organ tissues. Microvessels include terminal arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, and venules (but exclude lymphatic capillaries). Arterioles carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries, and blood flows out of the capillaries through venules into veins. microvascular http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-0621 microvasculature microvessel uberon UBERON:8410081 blood microvessel https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/2186 Any of the smallest blood vessels where blood circulates within organ tissues. Microvessels include terminal arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, and venules (but exclude lymphatic capillaries). Arterioles carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries, and blood flows out of the capillaries through venules into veins. Any of the smallest blood vessels where blood circulates within organ tissues. Microvessels include terminal arterioles, metarterioles, capillaries, and venules (but exclude lymphatic capillaries). Arterioles carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries, and blood flows out of the capillaries through venules into veins. Wikipedia:Microcirculation http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7073-9172 Blood located in the placenta. 2022-04-04T11:06:09Z uberon UBERON:8470000 placental blood Blood located in the placenta. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6595-0902 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53254/ example to be eventually removed example to be eventually removed failed exploratory term The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job Person:Alan Ruttenberg failed exploratory term metadata complete Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete. metadata complete organizational term Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release organizational term ready for release Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release." ready for release metadata incomplete Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors. metadata incomplete uncurated Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term. uncurated pending final vetting All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor. pending final vetting placeholder removed placeholder removed terms merged An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge. terms merged term imported This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use. term imported term split This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created. term split universal Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents. Alan Ruttenberg A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf universal defined class A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal "definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal. Alan Ruttenberg defined class named class expression A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression. named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions Alan Ruttenberg named class expression to be replaced with external ontology term Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology. Alan Ruttenberg group:OBI to be replaced with external ontology term requires discussion A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues. Alan Ruttenberg group:OBI requires discussion joined with coalesced fused with fused quality A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being merged with another entity. merged with PATO:0000642 fused to A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being merged with another entity. PATOC:GVG 2 2 1 2 Should belong in BFO, but lives in caro for now. FMA-abduced-lr definitional https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest only in species that have a stomach Wikipedia:Vitelline_vein https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/The-neural-crest FMA FMA AAO AAO https://github.com/geneontology/go-ontology/issues/16143 teleosts Mammals conservatively place at deuterostome, excluding acoelomates true MF(X)-directly_regulates->MF(Y)-enabled_by->GP(Z) => MF(Y)-has_input->GP(Y) e.g. if 'protein kinase activity'(X) directly_regulates 'protein binding activity (Y)and this is enabled by GP(Z) then X has_input Z infer input from direct reg GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-has_part->MF(Z) => GP(X) enables MF(Z), e.g. if GP X enables ATPase coupled transporter activity' and 'ATPase coupled transporter activity' has_part 'ATPase activity' then GP(X) enables 'ATPase activity' enabling an MF enables its parts true GP(X)-enables->MF(Y)-part_of->BP(Z) => GP(X) involved_in BP(Z) e.g. if X enables 'protein kinase activity' and Y 'part of' 'signal tranduction' then X involved in 'signal transduction' involved in BP This can't be added as a property chain because it causes a circularity violation for 'part of'. This can't be added as a property chain because it causes a circularity violation for 'part of'. This can't be added as a property chain because it causes a circularity violation for 'part of'. This rule is dubious: added as a quick fix for expected inference in GO-CAM. The problem is most acute for transmembrane proteins, such as receptors or cell adhesion molecules, which have some subfunctions inside the cell (e.g. kinase activity) and some subfunctions outside (e.g. ligand binding). Correct annotation of where these functions occurs leads to incorrect inference about the location of the whole protein. This should probably be weakened to "... -> overlaps" If a molecular function (X) has a regulatory subfunction, then any gene product which is an input to that subfunction has an activity that directly_regulates X. Note: this is intended for cases where the regaultory subfunction is protein binding, so it could be tightened with an additional clause to specify this. inferring direct reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction inferring direct neg reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction inferring direct positive reg edge from input to regulatory subfunction effector input is compound function input Input of effector is input of its parent MF if effector directly regulates X, its parent MF directly regulates X if effector directly positively regulates X, its parent MF directly positively regulates X if effector directly negatively regulates X, its parent MF directly negatively regulates X 'causally downstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties). 'causally upstream of' and 'overlaps' should be disjoint properties (a SWRL rule is required because these are non-simple properties).