Anatomy, development and life cycle stages - planula, polyp, medusa/jellyfish - of the cnidarian hydrozoan species, Clytia hemiphaerica.
Clytia hemisphaerica Development and Anatomy Ontology (CLYH)
Clytia hemisphaerica Development and Anatomy Ontology
definition
citation
part of
immediately preceded by
develops from
existence starts during
existence ends during
gametogenesis
phase of sexual reproduction in which certain cells of a female or male individual (parent) are transformed into specialized reproductive cells (gametes) that will initiate development of a progeny individual (offspring) upon fertilization.
gametogenesis period
oogenesis period
Entered into meiosis, DNA replicated, no yolk accumulation.
previtellogenic stage
oocyte growth period
Meiotic Prophase I arrest, GV in centre, diameter x
Amiel and Houliston Dev. Biol (2009)
stage I oocyte growth stage
Meiotic Prophase I arrest, GV off centre, diameter x
Amiel and Houliston Dev. Biol (2009)
stage II oocyte growth stage
Meiotic Prophase I arrest, GV off centre, diameter x
Amiel and Houliston Dev. Biol (2009)
stage III oocyte growth stage
oocyte undergoing meiosis completion from prophase I to G0 of first meiotic cycle
Amiel and Houliston Dev. Biol (2009)
oocyte meiotic maturation
spermatogenesis period
spermatogonium stage
spermatid stage
embryonic development
gamete period
matture female germ cell. not yet fertilized. Meiotic divisions complete. Spawned egg with female pronucleus.
Amiel and Houliston Dev. Biol (2009)
unfertilized egg stage
mature male germ cell.
spermatozoid stage
cleavage period
Zygote fertilized egg, zygote nucleus forms at animal pole (about 0-50 min post fertilization at 18 degree celsius).
Y. Kraus et al in preparation?
fertilised egg
zygote
one cell stage
Two cell-stage embryo. First cleaveages unipolar and start at the animal pole (about 50-80 min post fertilization at 18 degree celsius).
Y. Kraus et al in preparation?
2-cell stage
Four cell-stage embryo. Second cleaveages unipolar and start at the animal pole (about 80-110 min post fertilization at 18 degree celsius).
4-cell stage
Eight cell-stage embryo (about 2h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius).
8-cell stage
Sixteen cell-stage embryo (about 2.5h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius).
16-cell stage
thirty two cell-stage embryo (about 3h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius).
32-cell stage
sixty four cell-stage embryo (about 3h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius).
64-cell stage
blastula period
Cells rounded and loosely adhered, Nuclei central (5-6h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius).
early blastula stage
Cell contacts extended, cells polarised, nuclei apical (8h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius).
mid blastula stage
Cell polarized and columnar, nuclei apical (9- 10h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius).
late blastula stage
gastrula period
Visible pointed oral pole but no cell ingression, ciliogenesis starting (12-13h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius).
very early gastrula stage
A few cells ingressed at pointed oral pole, swimming started (14-16h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius).
early gastrula stage
Ingression to fill balastotocoel half completed (17- 18h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius)
mid gastrula stage
Blastocoel full, no epithelisation of internal cells (20h post fertilization at18 degree celsius
late gastrula stage
larval development
planula period
Epithelisation beginning at aboral pole (as seen at 24h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius)
planula P1 stage
Visible central cavity (as seen at 48h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius)
planula P2 stage
Competent to metamorphose as (72h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius)
planula P3 stage
Aged planula (> 3 days post fertilization at 18 degree celsius) but not received metamporphosis signal.
aged planula stage
metamorphosis period
torpedo shape planula that stopped swimming
settled planula stage
irregularly shaped metamorphosing planula attached to substrate, not yet flattened
blob stage
metamorphosing planula attached to the substrate and in shape of a flattened disc
disc stage
metamorphosing planula attached to the substrate and in shape of a flattened disc with sculpted indentations
sculpted disc stage
uniform extension emerging from the sculpted disc
primary polyp stalk extension stage
swollen distal extremity developing into a functional primary polyp head
primary polyp developing head stage
theca of the primary polyp open on the oral side and mouth open
functional primary polyp stage
colony containing mature or developing gonozoids , gastrozoids and stolons.
colony phase
gastrozoid development
uniform extension emerging from the stolon as first stage of gastrozoid development
stalk extenstion stage
swollen distal extremity developing into a complete gastrozoid head
developing head stage
complete and functional gastrozoid with open hydrotheca and mouth
functional gastrozoid stage
Non feeding polyp specialized in budding medusae
gonozoid development
growing and developing gonozoid
growing gonozoid stage
mature gonozoid budding medusae
budding gonozoid stage
mature gonozoid not containing any medusa bud only central tube and disc-shaped cap
non-budding gonozoid stage
medusa phase
medusa budding
medusa bud with visible ectoderm, endoderm and entocodon
early medusa bud stage
medusa bud with forming subumbrella cavity
mid medusa bud stage
medusa bud with with folding umbrella
late medusa bud stage
medusa growth
period of medusa growth between release medusa from gonozoid until appearance of secondary tentacles. Only 4 tentacle bulbs present
baby medusa stage
4-bulb medusa stage
period of medusa growth when only 8 tentacles are present
8-bulb medusa stage
period of medusa growth when only 12 tentacles are present
young medusa stage
12-bulb medusa stage
period of medusa growth when only 16 tentacles are present. No mature gametes (eg 5mm diameter)
16-bulb immature medusa stage
period of medusa growth when only 16 tentacles are present. Gonads contain mature gametes. (eg 10mm diameter)
mature adult medusa stage
multicellular organism
organism subdivision
true
mouth
tentacle system
tentacle
tissue layer
ectoderm
true
Outer layer of the gastrula.
gastrula outer layer
Oral part of the outer layer of the gastrula.
oral gastrula outer layer
Aboral part of the outer layer of the gastrula.
aboral gastrula outer layer
Mid part of the outer layer of the gastrula.
lateral gastrula outer layer
Outer layer of the planula.
planula outer layer
planula ectoderm
Oral part of the outer layer of the planula.
oral planula ectoderm
Aboral part of the outer layer of the planula.
aboral planula ectoderm
endoderm
true
Cells ingressing from the outer layer of the gastrula into the blastocoel.
gastrula ingressing cells
Cells ingressing from the outer layer into the blastocoel on the oral side of the gastrula.
oral gastrula ingressing cells
Cells ingressing from the outer layer into the blastocoel on the aboral side of the gastrula.
aboral gastrula ingressing cells
Inner layer of the planula.
planula inner layer
planula endoderm
Inner layer of the planula on the aboral side of the planula.
aboral planula endoderm
Inner layer of the planula on the oral side of the planula.
oral planula endoderm
Cell formed by fusion of a mature female reproductive cell and a mature male reproductive cell at fertilization.
zygote
fertilized egg
Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues.
embryo
Organism at the cleavage stage.
cleaving embryo
Organism at the cleavage stage after the first cell division.
2-cell embryo
Organism at the cleavage stage after two division cycles.
4-cell embryo
Organism at the cleavage stage after three division cycles.
8-cell embryo
Organism at the cleavage stage after four division cycles.
16-cell embryo
Organism at the cleavage stage after five division cycles.
32-cell embryo
Organism at the cleavage stage after six division cycles.
64-cell embryo
Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel.
blastula
Blastula stage embryo before epithelisation.
early blastula
Blastula stage embryo with polarised epithelial cells.
mid blastula
Blastula stage embryo with polarised and columnar epithelial cells.
late blasutla
Organism at the gastrula stage.
gastrula
Visible pointed oral pole but no cell ingression, Ciliogenesis starting.
very early gastrula
Gastrula with a few cells ingressed at pointed oral pole. Swimming.
early gastrula
Gastrula in which blastotocoel is half filled with ingressing cells.
mid gastrula
Gastrula in which Blastocoel is full but no epithelisation of internal cells.
late gastrula
A distinct juvenile form before metamorphosis with elongated shape and cilliated outer layer. Inner and outer tissue layers separated by basement membrane.
planula larva
Planula larva showing epithelisation of gastrodermal cells at aboral pole but not orally.
planula P1
Planula larva with visible central cavity in gastrodermis, incompetent to metamorphose.
planula P2
Planula larva with all cell types diffrerntiated and competent to metamorphose.
planula P3
Elongated planula competent to metamorphose, thinner than P3 planula.
aged planula
Planula larva that has stopped swimming and is transforming into a polyp.
metamorphosing planula
Planula larva that has stopped swimming and fixed to substrate.
settled planula
Metamorphosing larva that has a pear shape.
blob
Transitory form of planula undergoing metamorphosis a flattened circular form attached to the substrate.
disc
Transitory form of planula undergoing metamorphosis a flattened form attached to the substrate showing irregular indentations and with small stalk emerging.
sculpted disc
Region of the cell closely surrounding the mitotoc spindle.
spindle-associated
Region inheriting the peripheral region of the egg around the animal pole.
animal cortex
animal cortex of oocyte
animal cortex of egg cell
Region inheriting the peripheral region of the egg around the vegetal pole.
vegetal cortex
Region of a stage III oocyte cortex close to the oocyte nucleus.
vegetal cortex of oocyte
Egg cortex region containing the site of polar body formation.
vegetal cortex of egg
cytoplasm
animal cytoplasm
Region of cytoplasm in a stage III oocyte in the same hemishere as the nucleus.
animal cytoplasm of oocyte
Cytoplasm in egg hemisphere containing site of polar body formation.
animal cytoplasm of egg
vegetal cytoplasm
vegetal cytoplasm of oocyte
vegetal cytoplasm of egg
oral territory
oral pole of embryo
oral pole of planula larva
oral pole blastomeres
oral pole of blastula
oral pole of gastrula
aboral territory
aboral pole of embryo
aboral pole of planula larva
aboral pole blastomeres
aboral pole of blastula
aboral pole of gastrula
Single cell of a cleavage cel embryo.
blastomere
germ cell
male germ cell
An undeveloped male germ cell. Spermatogonia develop into primary spermatocytes.
spermatogonium
A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa.
spermatid
A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid.
sperm
spermatozoid
female germ cell
An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes.
oogonium
A female germ cell that has entered meiosis.
oocyte
Oocyte incorporating yolk.
growing oocyte
Oocyte greater than 150 micrometers in diameter competent to undergo meiotic maturation.
fully grown oocyte
A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
gamete
A female gamete where meiosis is complete and is able to participate in fertilization.
female gamete
egg cell
blastocoel roof cell
Specialized cell participating in mucus secretion.
gland cell
Gland cell located on the aboral side of the planula larva, in the outer layer.
planula aboral gland cell
Gland cell located in the inner layer of the planula larva.
planula gland cell
Gland cell of the manubrium.
manubrium gland cell
Gland cell of the gastrozoid.
gastrozoid gland cell
Multipotent stem cell.
interstitial cell
Interstitial cell in the stolon.
stolon interstitial cell
Interstitial cell in the embryo.
embryo interstitial cell
Interstitial cell in the planula.
planula interstitial cell
Interstitial cell in the feeding polyp.
gastrozoid interstitial cell
Interstitial cell within the gonozoid.
gonozoid interstitial cell
Interstital cell of the manubrium.
manubrium interstital cell
Differenciating nematocyte.
nematoblast
Nematoblast in the stolon.
stolon nematoblast
Nematoblast in the planula.
planula nematoblast
Nematoblast of the tentacle bulb.
tentacle bulb nemtoblast
Nematoblast of the manubrium.
manubrium nematoblast
Specialized cell containing one giant explosive secretory organelle called nematocyst used for prey capture and defense from predators.
nematocyte
Nematocyte of the planula.
planula nematocyte
Nematocyte of the medusa tentacle.
medusa tentacle nematocyte
Nematocyte located on the manubrium.
manubrium nematocyte
Nematocyte located on the tentacle.
gastrozoid tentacle nematocyte
A cell that is part of the nervous system.
neural cell
Neural cell in the planula.
planula neural cell
Neural cell in the mid part of the planula.
planula lateral neural cells
Neural cell in the aboral part of the planula.
plaunula aboral ectoderm neural cells
Nerve cells of the radial canal.
nerve cell of the radial canal
Nerve cells of the circular canal.
nerve cell of the circular canal
Nerve cells located in the gonad outer layer.
nerve cells of the gonad ectoderm
Nerve cell of the medusa tentacle bulb.
nerve cell of the tentacle bulb
Nervous cells of the subumbrella.
subumbrella nervous cell
Epithelial cell containing smooth myofibers.
smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle of the velum.
smooth muscle of the velum
Smooth muscle of the subumbrella.
subumbrella smooth muscle
Epithelial cell containing striated myofibers.
striated muscle cell
Striated muscle of the velum.
striated muscle of the velum
Striated muscle of the subumbrella.
subumbrella striated muscle
Connected system of gastrozoid and gonozoid polyps, propagating vegetatively.
polyp colony
Tubular structure adhering to the substrate, connecting the bases of the polyps.
stolon
Growing tip of a stolon.
stolon growth tip
Mesoglea layer between the inner and outer layers of the stolon.
stolon mesoglea
Segments of the stolon between the bases of the polyps, excluding the growing tip.
stolon body
Outer layer within the stolon.
stolon ectoderm
Inner layer within the stolon.
stolon endoderm
Polyp specialised for production of medusa by budding.
gonozoid
Structure that closes the distal end of the gonozoid.
gonozoid cap
Tubular structure comprising inner and outer layers at the centre of the gonozoid.
gonozoid central tube
Outer layer of the gonozoid including central tube and developing buds.
gonozoid ectoderm
Inner layer of the gonozoid including central tube and developing buds.
gonozoid endoderm
Epithelial cell layer positioned between the developing medusa buds and the theca of the gonozoid.
epithelium covering buds
Outgrowth of the gonozoid central tube, within which medusa structures develop.
medusa bud
Outgrowth of the gonozoid central tube, comprising entocodon, endoderm and ectoderm tissue layers.
early medusa bud
Bud on the side of the gonozoid central tube, in which all medusa structures are present but not yet expanded to final proportions.
mid medusa bud
Bud on the side of the gonozoid central tube, containing medusa structures with same proportions as newly released medusa.
late medusa bud
Group of cells between the inner and outer layers of the early medusa bud.
entocodon
Developing manubrium within the medusa bud.
developing manubrium
Developing tentacle bud within the medusa bud.
developing tentacle bulbs
Developing radial canal within the medusa bud.
developing radial canal
Developing striated muscle within the medusa bud.
developing striated muscle
Developing circular canal within the medusa bud.
developing circular canal
Polyp specialised for catching prey and digesting.
hydranth
gastrozoid
Tentacle surrounding the gastrozoid mouth.
gastrozoid tentacle
Mouth of the gastrozoid.
gastrozoid mouth
matrix
Chitinous acellular layer surronding and protecting the polyps.
theca
Chitinous acellular layer surronding the gonozoid.
gonotheca
Chitinous acellular layer surronding the stolon.
stolon perisarc
Chitinous acellular layer surronding the gastrozoid.
hydrotheca
Jelly-like layer between epithelial layer. The mesoglea is mostly acellular and composed of extracellular matrix.
mesoglea
Mesoglea layer between the inner and outer tissue layers of the gonozoid central tube.
gonozoid mesoglea
Swimming pelagic stage of the Clytia hemisphaerica life cycle.
medusa
Dome-shaped part of the medusa stage.
umbrella
Outer layer of the umbrella.
exumbrella
Inner layers of the umbrella.
subumbrella
Inner layer of the subumbrella in direct contact with the thick mesoglea layer of the medusa.
subumbrella endodermal plate
Thick mesoglea layer of the umbrella forming the bulk of the umbrella.
thick mesoglea layer of the umbrella
Outer border of the umbrella.
bell margin
Sensory structure of the medusa, located on the bell margin, consisting of a sensory vesicle containing statoliths.
statocyst
Medusa tentacle system comprising tentacles, tentacle bulbs and tentacle buds.
medusa tentacle system
Initial stage of tentacle bulb formation.
medusa tentacle bud
Swollen structure producing the tentacle and connecting the bell margin to the tentacle.
medusa tentacle bulb
Cresent-shaped nematogenic area of the tentacle bulb, located on the oral side of the bulb outer layer.
nematogenic ectoderm of the bulb
V-shaped non-nematogenic ectodermal area of the tentacle bulb, located on the aboral side of the bulb.
non-nematogenic epidermis of the bulb
non-nematogenic ectoderm of the bulb
Inner layer of the medusa tentacle bulb.
tentacle bulb gastrodermis
tentacle bulb endoderm
Tentacle of the medusa not including the tentacle bulb.
medusa tentacle
Four first medusa tentacles of the newly hatched medusa, connected to both radial and circular canals.
primary medusa tentacle
Medusa tentacle generated after medusa hatching and connected to the circular but not to the radial canal.
secondary medusa tentacle
Outer layer of the medusa tentacle.
medusa tentacle epidermis
medusa tentacle ectoderm
Inner layer of the medusa tentacle.
medusa tentacle endoderm
A muscular flap of tissue surrounding the margin of the bell.
velum
Inner layer of the velum.
inner layer of the velum
Outer layer of the velum.
outerlater of the velum
Canal connecting the manubrium with the bell margin.
radial canal
Canal running along the bell margin.
circular canal
Concentration of nerve cell bodies and projections running around the margin of the bell.
nerve ring
Nerve ring located closest to the centre of the medusa.
inner nerve ring
Nerve ring located farest to the centre of the medusa.
outer nerve ring
Central structure of the medusa bearing the mouth and performing extracellular digestion.
manubrium
Medusa mouth as part of the manubrium.
medusa mouth
Inner layer of the manubrium opposite to the mouth and in direct contact with the thick mesoglea layer of the medusa.
manubrium roof
Outer layer of the manubrium.
manubrium epidermis
manubrium ectoderm
Inner digestive layer of the manubrium.
manubrium gastrodermis
manubrium endoderm
Reproductive organ of the medusa.
gonad
Outer layer of the gonad.
gonad epidermis
gonad ectoderm
Inner layer of the gonad.
gonad gastrodermis
gonad endoderm
A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane.
cell
cellular component
cell cortex
anatomical structure
life cycle stage