Anatomy, development and life cycle stages - planula, polyp, medusa/jellyfish - of the cnidarian hydrozoan species, Clytia hemiphaerica. Clytia hemisphaerica Development and Anatomy Ontology (CLYH) Clytia hemisphaerica Development and Anatomy Ontology definition citation part of immediately preceded by develops from existence starts during existence ends during gametogenesis phase of sexual reproduction in which certain cells of a female or male individual (parent) are transformed into specialized reproductive cells (gametes) that will initiate development of a progeny individual (offspring) upon fertilization. gametogenesis period oogenesis period Entered into meiosis, DNA replicated, no yolk accumulation. previtellogenic stage oocyte growth period Meiotic Prophase I arrest, GV in centre, diameter x Amiel and Houliston Dev. Biol (2009) stage I oocyte growth stage Meiotic Prophase I arrest, GV off centre, diameter x Amiel and Houliston Dev. Biol (2009) stage II oocyte growth stage Meiotic Prophase I arrest, GV off centre, diameter x Amiel and Houliston Dev. Biol (2009) stage III oocyte growth stage oocyte undergoing meiosis completion from prophase I to G0 of first meiotic cycle Amiel and Houliston Dev. Biol (2009) oocyte meiotic maturation spermatogenesis period spermatogonium stage spermatid stage embryonic development gamete period matture female germ cell. not yet fertilized. Meiotic divisions complete. Spawned egg with female pronucleus. Amiel and Houliston Dev. Biol (2009) unfertilized egg stage mature male germ cell. spermatozoid stage cleavage period Zygote fertilized egg, zygote nucleus forms at animal pole (about 0-50 min post fertilization at 18 degree celsius). Y. Kraus et al in preparation? fertilised egg zygote one cell stage Two cell-stage embryo. First cleaveages unipolar and start at the animal pole (about 50-80 min post fertilization at 18 degree celsius). Y. Kraus et al in preparation? 2-cell stage Four cell-stage embryo. Second cleaveages unipolar and start at the animal pole (about 80-110 min post fertilization at 18 degree celsius). 4-cell stage Eight cell-stage embryo (about 2h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius). 8-cell stage Sixteen cell-stage embryo (about 2.5h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius). 16-cell stage thirty two cell-stage embryo (about 3h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius). 32-cell stage sixty four cell-stage embryo (about 3h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius). 64-cell stage blastula period Cells rounded and loosely adhered, Nuclei central (5-6h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius). early blastula stage Cell contacts extended, cells polarised, nuclei apical (8h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius). mid blastula stage Cell polarized and columnar, nuclei apical (9- 10h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius). late blastula stage gastrula period Visible pointed oral pole but no cell ingression, ciliogenesis starting (12-13h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius). very early gastrula stage A few cells ingressed at pointed oral pole, swimming started (14-16h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius). early gastrula stage Ingression to fill balastotocoel half completed (17- 18h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius) mid gastrula stage Blastocoel full, no epithelisation of internal cells (20h post fertilization at18 degree celsius late gastrula stage larval development planula period Epithelisation beginning at aboral pole (as seen at 24h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius) planula P1 stage Visible central cavity (as seen at 48h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius) planula P2 stage Competent to metamorphose as (72h post fertilization at 18 degree celsius) planula P3 stage Aged planula (> 3 days post fertilization at 18 degree celsius) but not received metamporphosis signal. aged planula stage metamorphosis period torpedo shape planula that stopped swimming settled planula stage irregularly shaped metamorphosing planula attached to substrate, not yet flattened blob stage metamorphosing planula attached to the substrate and in shape of a flattened disc disc stage metamorphosing planula attached to the substrate and in shape of a flattened disc with sculpted indentations sculpted disc stage uniform extension emerging from the sculpted disc primary polyp stalk extension stage swollen distal extremity developing into a functional primary polyp head primary polyp developing head stage theca of the primary polyp open on the oral side and mouth open functional primary polyp stage colony containing mature or developing gonozoids , gastrozoids and stolons. colony phase gastrozoid development uniform extension emerging from the stolon as first stage of gastrozoid development stalk extenstion stage swollen distal extremity developing into a complete gastrozoid head developing head stage complete and functional gastrozoid with open hydrotheca and mouth functional gastrozoid stage Non feeding polyp specialized in budding medusae gonozoid development growing and developing gonozoid growing gonozoid stage mature gonozoid budding medusae budding gonozoid stage mature gonozoid not containing any medusa bud only central tube and disc-shaped cap non-budding gonozoid stage medusa phase medusa budding medusa bud with visible ectoderm, endoderm and entocodon early medusa bud stage medusa bud with forming subumbrella cavity mid medusa bud stage medusa bud with with folding umbrella late medusa bud stage medusa growth period of medusa growth between release medusa from gonozoid until appearance of secondary tentacles. Only 4 tentacle bulbs present baby medusa stage 4-bulb medusa stage period of medusa growth when only 8 tentacles are present 8-bulb medusa stage period of medusa growth when only 12 tentacles are present young medusa stage 12-bulb medusa stage period of medusa growth when only 16 tentacles are present. No mature gametes (eg 5mm diameter) 16-bulb immature medusa stage period of medusa growth when only 16 tentacles are present. Gonads contain mature gametes. (eg 10mm diameter) mature adult medusa stage multicellular organism organism subdivision true mouth tentacle system tentacle tissue layer ectoderm true Outer layer of the gastrula. gastrula outer layer Oral part of the outer layer of the gastrula. oral gastrula outer layer Aboral part of the outer layer of the gastrula. aboral gastrula outer layer Mid part of the outer layer of the gastrula. lateral gastrula outer layer Outer layer of the planula. planula outer layer planula ectoderm Oral part of the outer layer of the planula. oral planula ectoderm Aboral part of the outer layer of the planula. aboral planula ectoderm endoderm true Cells ingressing from the outer layer of the gastrula into the blastocoel. gastrula ingressing cells Cells ingressing from the outer layer into the blastocoel on the oral side of the gastrula. oral gastrula ingressing cells Cells ingressing from the outer layer into the blastocoel on the aboral side of the gastrula. aboral gastrula ingressing cells Inner layer of the planula. planula inner layer planula endoderm Inner layer of the planula on the aboral side of the planula. aboral planula endoderm Inner layer of the planula on the oral side of the planula. oral planula endoderm Cell formed by fusion of a mature female reproductive cell and a mature male reproductive cell at fertilization. zygote fertilized egg Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues. embryo Organism at the cleavage stage. cleaving embryo Organism at the cleavage stage after the first cell division. 2-cell embryo Organism at the cleavage stage after two division cycles. 4-cell embryo Organism at the cleavage stage after three division cycles. 8-cell embryo Organism at the cleavage stage after four division cycles. 16-cell embryo Organism at the cleavage stage after five division cycles. 32-cell embryo Organism at the cleavage stage after six division cycles. 64-cell embryo Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. blastula Blastula stage embryo before epithelisation. early blastula Blastula stage embryo with polarised epithelial cells. mid blastula Blastula stage embryo with polarised and columnar epithelial cells. late blasutla Organism at the gastrula stage. gastrula Visible pointed oral pole but no cell ingression, Ciliogenesis starting. very early gastrula Gastrula with a few cells ingressed at pointed oral pole. Swimming. early gastrula Gastrula in which blastotocoel is half filled with ingressing cells. mid gastrula Gastrula in which Blastocoel is full but no epithelisation of internal cells. late gastrula A distinct juvenile form before metamorphosis with elongated shape and cilliated outer layer. Inner and outer tissue layers separated by basement membrane. planula larva Planula larva showing epithelisation of gastrodermal cells at aboral pole but not orally. planula P1 Planula larva with visible central cavity in gastrodermis, incompetent to metamorphose. planula P2 Planula larva with all cell types diffrerntiated and competent to metamorphose. planula P3 Elongated planula competent to metamorphose, thinner than P3 planula. aged planula Planula larva that has stopped swimming and is transforming into a polyp. metamorphosing planula Planula larva that has stopped swimming and fixed to substrate. settled planula Metamorphosing larva that has a pear shape. blob Transitory form of planula undergoing metamorphosis a flattened circular form attached to the substrate. disc Transitory form of planula undergoing metamorphosis a flattened form attached to the substrate showing irregular indentations and with small stalk emerging. sculpted disc Region of the cell closely surrounding the mitotoc spindle. spindle-associated Region inheriting the peripheral region of the egg around the animal pole. animal cortex animal cortex of oocyte animal cortex of egg cell Region inheriting the peripheral region of the egg around the vegetal pole. vegetal cortex Region of a stage III oocyte cortex close to the oocyte nucleus. vegetal cortex of oocyte Egg cortex region containing the site of polar body formation. vegetal cortex of egg cytoplasm animal cytoplasm Region of cytoplasm in a stage III oocyte in the same hemishere as the nucleus. animal cytoplasm of oocyte Cytoplasm in egg hemisphere containing site of polar body formation. animal cytoplasm of egg vegetal cytoplasm vegetal cytoplasm of oocyte vegetal cytoplasm of egg oral territory oral pole of embryo oral pole of planula larva oral pole blastomeres oral pole of blastula oral pole of gastrula aboral territory aboral pole of embryo aboral pole of planula larva aboral pole blastomeres aboral pole of blastula aboral pole of gastrula Single cell of a cleavage cel embryo. blastomere germ cell male germ cell An undeveloped male germ cell. Spermatogonia develop into primary spermatocytes. spermatogonium A male germ cell that develops from the haploid secondary spermatocytes. Without further division, spermatids undergo structural changes and give rise to spermatozoa. spermatid A mature male germ cell that develops from a spermatid. sperm spermatozoid female germ cell An undifferentiated germ cell that proliferates rapidly and gives rise to oocytes. oogonium A female germ cell that has entered meiosis. oocyte Oocyte incorporating yolk. growing oocyte Oocyte greater than 150 micrometers in diameter competent to undergo meiotic maturation. fully grown oocyte A mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes. gamete A female gamete where meiosis is complete and is able to participate in fertilization. female gamete egg cell blastocoel roof cell Specialized cell participating in mucus secretion. gland cell Gland cell located on the aboral side of the planula larva, in the outer layer. planula aboral gland cell Gland cell located in the inner layer of the planula larva. planula gland cell Gland cell of the manubrium. manubrium gland cell Gland cell of the gastrozoid. gastrozoid gland cell Multipotent stem cell. interstitial cell Interstitial cell in the stolon. stolon interstitial cell Interstitial cell in the embryo. embryo interstitial cell Interstitial cell in the planula. planula interstitial cell Interstitial cell in the feeding polyp. gastrozoid interstitial cell Interstitial cell within the gonozoid. gonozoid interstitial cell Interstital cell of the manubrium. manubrium interstital cell Differenciating nematocyte. nematoblast Nematoblast in the stolon. stolon nematoblast Nematoblast in the planula. planula nematoblast Nematoblast of the tentacle bulb. tentacle bulb nemtoblast Nematoblast of the manubrium. manubrium nematoblast Specialized cell containing one giant explosive secretory organelle called nematocyst used for prey capture and defense from predators. nematocyte Nematocyte of the planula. planula nematocyte Nematocyte of the medusa tentacle. medusa tentacle nematocyte Nematocyte located on the manubrium. manubrium nematocyte Nematocyte located on the tentacle. gastrozoid tentacle nematocyte A cell that is part of the nervous system. neural cell Neural cell in the planula. planula neural cell Neural cell in the mid part of the planula. planula lateral neural cells Neural cell in the aboral part of the planula. plaunula aboral ectoderm neural cells Nerve cells of the radial canal. nerve cell of the radial canal Nerve cells of the circular canal. nerve cell of the circular canal Nerve cells located in the gonad outer layer. nerve cells of the gonad ectoderm Nerve cell of the medusa tentacle bulb. nerve cell of the tentacle bulb Nervous cells of the subumbrella. subumbrella nervous cell Epithelial cell containing smooth myofibers. smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle of the velum. smooth muscle of the velum Smooth muscle of the subumbrella. subumbrella smooth muscle Epithelial cell containing striated myofibers. striated muscle cell Striated muscle of the velum. striated muscle of the velum Striated muscle of the subumbrella. subumbrella striated muscle Connected system of gastrozoid and gonozoid polyps, propagating vegetatively. polyp colony Tubular structure adhering to the substrate, connecting the bases of the polyps. stolon Growing tip of a stolon. stolon growth tip Mesoglea layer between the inner and outer layers of the stolon. stolon mesoglea Segments of the stolon between the bases of the polyps, excluding the growing tip. stolon body Outer layer within the stolon. stolon ectoderm Inner layer within the stolon. stolon endoderm Polyp specialised for production of medusa by budding. gonozoid Structure that closes the distal end of the gonozoid. gonozoid cap Tubular structure comprising inner and outer layers at the centre of the gonozoid. gonozoid central tube Outer layer of the gonozoid including central tube and developing buds. gonozoid ectoderm Inner layer of the gonozoid including central tube and developing buds. gonozoid endoderm Epithelial cell layer positioned between the developing medusa buds and the theca of the gonozoid. epithelium covering buds Outgrowth of the gonozoid central tube, within which medusa structures develop. medusa bud Outgrowth of the gonozoid central tube, comprising entocodon, endoderm and ectoderm tissue layers. early medusa bud Bud on the side of the gonozoid central tube, in which all medusa structures are present but not yet expanded to final proportions. mid medusa bud Bud on the side of the gonozoid central tube, containing medusa structures with same proportions as newly released medusa. late medusa bud Group of cells between the inner and outer layers of the early medusa bud. entocodon Developing manubrium within the medusa bud. developing manubrium Developing tentacle bud within the medusa bud. developing tentacle bulbs Developing radial canal within the medusa bud. developing radial canal Developing striated muscle within the medusa bud. developing striated muscle Developing circular canal within the medusa bud. developing circular canal Polyp specialised for catching prey and digesting. hydranth gastrozoid Tentacle surrounding the gastrozoid mouth. gastrozoid tentacle Mouth of the gastrozoid. gastrozoid mouth matrix Chitinous acellular layer surronding and protecting the polyps. theca Chitinous acellular layer surronding the gonozoid. gonotheca Chitinous acellular layer surronding the stolon. stolon perisarc Chitinous acellular layer surronding the gastrozoid. hydrotheca Jelly-like layer between epithelial layer. The mesoglea is mostly acellular and composed of extracellular matrix. mesoglea Mesoglea layer between the inner and outer tissue layers of the gonozoid central tube. gonozoid mesoglea Swimming pelagic stage of the Clytia hemisphaerica life cycle. medusa Dome-shaped part of the medusa stage. umbrella Outer layer of the umbrella. exumbrella Inner layers of the umbrella. subumbrella Inner layer of the subumbrella in direct contact with the thick mesoglea layer of the medusa. subumbrella endodermal plate Thick mesoglea layer of the umbrella forming the bulk of the umbrella. thick mesoglea layer of the umbrella Outer border of the umbrella. bell margin Sensory structure of the medusa, located on the bell margin, consisting of a sensory vesicle containing statoliths. statocyst Medusa tentacle system comprising tentacles, tentacle bulbs and tentacle buds. medusa tentacle system Initial stage of tentacle bulb formation. medusa tentacle bud Swollen structure producing the tentacle and connecting the bell margin to the tentacle. medusa tentacle bulb Cresent-shaped nematogenic area of the tentacle bulb, located on the oral side of the bulb outer layer. nematogenic ectoderm of the bulb V-shaped non-nematogenic ectodermal area of the tentacle bulb, located on the aboral side of the bulb. non-nematogenic epidermis of the bulb non-nematogenic ectoderm of the bulb Inner layer of the medusa tentacle bulb. tentacle bulb gastrodermis tentacle bulb endoderm Tentacle of the medusa not including the tentacle bulb. medusa tentacle Four first medusa tentacles of the newly hatched medusa, connected to both radial and circular canals. primary medusa tentacle Medusa tentacle generated after medusa hatching and connected to the circular but not to the radial canal. secondary medusa tentacle Outer layer of the medusa tentacle. medusa tentacle epidermis medusa tentacle ectoderm Inner layer of the medusa tentacle. medusa tentacle endoderm A muscular flap of tissue surrounding the margin of the bell. velum Inner layer of the velum. inner layer of the velum Outer layer of the velum. outerlater of the velum Canal connecting the manubrium with the bell margin. radial canal Canal running along the bell margin. circular canal Concentration of nerve cell bodies and projections running around the margin of the bell. nerve ring Nerve ring located closest to the centre of the medusa. inner nerve ring Nerve ring located farest to the centre of the medusa. outer nerve ring Central structure of the medusa bearing the mouth and performing extracellular digestion. manubrium Medusa mouth as part of the manubrium. medusa mouth Inner layer of the manubrium opposite to the mouth and in direct contact with the thick mesoglea layer of the medusa. manubrium roof Outer layer of the manubrium. manubrium epidermis manubrium ectoderm Inner digestive layer of the manubrium. manubrium gastrodermis manubrium endoderm Reproductive organ of the medusa. gonad Outer layer of the gonad. gonad epidermis gonad ectoderm Inner layer of the gonad. gonad gastrodermis gonad endoderm A material entity of anatomical origin (part of or deriving from an organism) that has as its parts a maximally connected cell compartment surrounded by a plasma membrane. cell cellular component cell cortex anatomical structure life cycle stage