CTENO is an ontology describing the anatomy and developmet of ctenophores. A collection of cilia attached to basal cushions and made up of polster cells. A characteristic feature of ctenophores lost in Platyctenida ctene comb plate The move- ment of the ctene plates are controlled by the apical organ, a sensory structure containing a statocyst located at the aboral pole (Tamm, 1982, for review) ctene plate outer epidermis gastrodermis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrodermis A thick jelly-like layer between the epidermis and gastrodermis. The mesoglea is mostly acellular and composed of extracellular matrix, but it also has some muscle and mesenchymal cells. mesoglea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoglea comb plate cilium sensory cell cilium tentacle sheath cilium polar field cilium auricular cilium pharyngeal cilium good groove cilium balancer cilium The statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made of long, immobile cilia. dome cilium aboral groove cilium mesogleal extracellular matrix extracellular matrix of mesoglea polster cell 0 aboral organ apical organ apical sense organ absent in beroids Most ctenophores also bear two muscular tentacles which are used for prey capture, and ultrastruc- tural studies have shown that these structures are distinct from cnidarian tentacles (Hernandez-Nicaise, 1991) tentacle Light-producing cell present in nearly all ctenophores photocyte A specialized adhesive cell found in ctenophores colloblast https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloblast A conspicuous lobed structure used for feeding, characteristic of the Lobata ("sea walnuts") oral lobe Pleurobrachia species maintain cydippid forms as adults, but the others become radically different: M. leidyi greatly reduce their tentacles and form large oral lobes; B. ovata lack tentacles and form large oral lips that they use to engulf or nip at other ctenophores; and platyctenes become compressed in the oral-aboral direction and adopt a sessile or creeping lifestyle, crawling around the substratum rather than locomoting by beating their ctene rows. adult ctenophore Pleurobrachia species maintain cydippid forms as adults, but the others become radically different: M. leidyi greatly reduce their tentacles and form large oral lobes; B. ovata lack tentacles and form large oral lips that they use to engulf or nip at other ctenophores; and platyctenes become compressed in the oral-aboral direction and adopt a sessile or creeping lifestyle, crawling around the substratum rather than locomoting by beating their ctene rows. doi:10.1101/pdb.emo106 A ctenophore larva cydippid larva cydippid stage ctenophore adult stage A canal that is associated with a testis and an ovary meridional canal A canal that is associated with a testis and an ovary doi:10.1101/pdb.emo106 In Bolinopsis microptera each oocyte is associated with as many as 100 nurse cells. connected to the oocyte by cytoplasmic bridges that transport cytoplasm and yolk to the oocyte (Dunlap Pianka 1974) nurse cell ectoplasm endoplasm subcortical plasm periodic acid Schiff positive yolk particles gonadopore anal pore ctenophore anal canal To be ceded to cnidarian anatomy ontology epitheliomuscular cell Ribbon-shaped smooth muscle that resides between the glandular epithelial cells and the basal lamina parietal muscle giant smooth muscle mesogleal muscle longitudinal mesogleal muscle circumferential mesogleal muscle radial mesogleal muscle Within the tentacles themselves are mesogleal muscles that are constantly being produced from cells at the base of the tentacle. We need to distinguish between muscles that are part of the tentacle proper and the mesogleal component (see mesogleal muscles) tentacular muscle A muscle that connects the two tentacle apparatuses trans-tentacular muscle tentilla The only description of striated muscle is in the tentilla of Euplokamis (Chun 1880) striated muscle of tentilla cross the basal lamina and run through the mesoglea mesogleal nerve fiber subepidermal nerve net https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_net subgastrodermal nerve gastrodermal nerve mesoglea of tentacle characterized by a single thin ciliary projection tastborsten cell hoplocyst possess one or several short pointed pegs taststiften cell nerve network cell nerve fiber of mesoglea of tentacle oral pole Genes: MlIslet apical organ floor A mineralized cell generated and constantly replaced in the floor of the apical organ. They are supported on top of the balancing cilia that make up the gravity-sensing statocyst of the apical organ. control the posture of the animal lithocyte balancer cell covered by a dome of nonmotile cilia apical organ statolith tentacular nerve epithelial papilla mnemiopsin emits light in the presence of calcium ions (Ward and Seliger 1974). photoprotein One of of four nearly identical quadrants organized along the oral-aboral axis. Each of the four quadrants is derived largely from one cell of the four-cell-stage embryo. At the eight-cell stage each quadrant contains a single E ("end") and M ("middle") blastomere. Subsequently, micromeres are formed first at the aboral pole and later at the oral pole. Two orthogonal planes run along the oral–aboral axis which define four quadrants (Fig. quadrant One of of four nearly identical quadrants organized along the oral-aboral axis. Each of the four quadrants is derived largely from one cell of the four-cell-stage embryo. At the eight-cell stage each quadrant contains a single E ("end") and M ("middle") blastomere. Subsequently, micromeres are formed first at the aboral pole and later at the oral pole. PMID:10525332 ctenophore blastomere E macromere, 8 cell stage M blastomere micromere 2M macromere 3E macromere circumpharyngeal muscle cell EM macromere, 4 cell stage EM-slash blastomere EM-backslash blastomere M-slash blastomere M-blackslash blastomere macromere 1M macromere, 16 cell stage 2E macromere, 32 cell stage 3M macromere M macromere, 8 cell stage macromere, 8 cell stage M-backslash macromere M-slash macromere macromere, 16 cell stage 1E macromere, 16 cell stage 32 cell stage refers to time of birth. 2M cells persist macromere, 32 cell stage and above 2M cells persist macromere, 60 cell stage 1M-backslash macromere, 16 cell stage 1M-slash macromere, 16 cell stage 2M-slash macromere 2M-backslash macromere 3M-slash macromere, 60 cell stage 3M-backslash macromere, 30 cell stage micromere, 16 cell stage micromere, 32 cell stage micromere, 60 cell stage e1 micromere m1 micromere m2 micromere m11 micromere m12 micromere e2 micromere e11 and m11 lie closest to sagittal plane e11 micromere e12 micromere m21 micromere m22 micromere m121 micromere m122 micromere e3 micromere e22 micromere e21 micromere m111 micromere m112 micromere ctenophore 16 cell stage ctenophore 32 cell stage ctenophore 60 cell stage micromere, formed during gastulation tentacle epithelium tentacle sheath An ectodermal structure which connects the mouth to the endodermal component of the gut, deep inside the animal ctenophore pharynx tentacle sheath cell longitudinal mesogleal muscle cell radial mesogleal muscle cell A multipolar mesenchymal cell found in the stellate mesenchyme. May be phagocytic. absent in derivatives of 2M? macromeres. stellate mesenchymal cell tentacle muscle cell longitudinal pharyngeal muscle cell trans-tentacular muscle cell apical organ ctene row muscle E-lineage cell M-lineage cell reserve lithocyte lithocyte progenitor esophageal plane sagittal plane plane of first cleavage (Freeman 1977) adesophageal plane The plane of second cleavage includes the tentacular axis tentacular axis A row that is composed of individual ctene plates, which are arranged in longitudinal rows parallel to the oral–aboral axis comb row ctene row a balance sensor consisting of a statolith, a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia, called "balancers", that sense its orientation apical organ statocyst A groove that runs along the surface of the animal to each of the eight ctene rows ciliated furrow ciliated groove tentacular plane slash quadrant backslash quadrant tentacle bulb an ectodermal structure emanating from the apical organ along the esophageal axis. polar field polar field cell esophague-tentacle muscle cell anal canal cell tentacle-apical organ muscle cell oral side of organism aboral part of organism tentacle apparatus endodermal canal mixed E and M lineage structure pharyngeal muscle Genes: MlLhx1/5 ctenophore blastopore