ENVO ENVO is an ontology which represents knowledge about environments,environmental processes, ecosystems, habitats, and related entities. It interoperates with other ontologies in the OBO Foundry and Library. New terms or revisions can be requested at https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/ Please see www.environmentontology.org for more information and citations. Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/bfo_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 92 Logical Axioms: 35] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/chebi_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 2434 Logical Axioms: 1036] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/clo_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 34 Logical Axioms: 8] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/fao_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 4 Logical Axioms: 0] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/flopo_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 1536 Logical Axioms: 352] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/foodon_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 63 Logical Axioms: 7] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/go_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 270 Logical Axioms: 76] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/ncbitaxon_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 542 Logical Axioms: 123] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/obi_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 50 Logical Axioms: 12] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/omp_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 47 Logical Axioms: 11] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/pato_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 1362 Logical Axioms: 337] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/pco_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 21 Logical Axioms: 3] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/po_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 151 Logical Axioms: 18] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/ro_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 1192 Logical Axioms: 302] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/imports/uberon_import.owl>))) [Axioms: 24081 Logical Axioms: 4670] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/entity_attribute.owl>))) [Axioms: 79 Logical Axioms: 12] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/entity_attribute_location.owl>))) [Axioms: 131 Logical Axioms: 22] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/entity_quality_location.owl>))) [Axioms: 45 Logical Axioms: 6] Includes Ontology(OntologyID(OntologyIRI(<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/envo/modules/process_attribute.owl>))) [Axioms: 21 Logical Axioms: 2] editor preferred term~editor preferred label example of usage has curation status definition editor note term editor alternative term definition source curator note imported from expand expression to expand assertion to term replaced by temporal interpretation An assertion that holds between an OWL Object Property and a temporal interpretation that elucidates how OWL Class Axioms that use this property are to be interpreted in a temporal context. is a defining property chain axiom If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then it also holds that R -> P o Q. Note that this cannot be expressed directly in OWL is a defining property chain axiom where second argument is reflexive If R <- P o Q is a defining property chain axiom, then (1) R -> P o Q holds and (2) Q is either reflexive or locally reflexive. A corollary of this is that P SubPropertyOf R. EnvO-Lite-GSC plurals disconnected_from A is disconnected_from B if they have no parts in common. Class: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#Nothing> EquivalentTo: (BFO_0000050 some ?X) and (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) ENVO disconnected_from non_overlapping_with true true A is disconnected_from B if they have no parts in common. SO:cjm Disposition slim environmental_hazards Pathology slim Relational slim: types of quality that require an additional entity in order to exist ro-eco Scalar slim Value slim subset_property synonym_type_property consider has_alternative_id has_broad_synonym database_cross_reference has_exact_synonym has_narrow_synonym has_obo_format_version has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym has_synonym_type in_subset shorthand part of Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. a core relation that holds between a part and its whole is part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) part_of this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) has part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. a core relation that holds between a whole and its part has part has_part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) realized in Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) is realized by realized in realized_in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation realizes Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) preceded by An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:preceded_by is preceded by preceded by preceded_by x is preceded by y if and only if the time point at which y ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which x starts. Formally: x preceded by y iff ω(y) <= α(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. precedes precedes x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. occurs in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t occurs in occurs_in unfolds in unfolds_in contains process Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t site of partially_surrounded_by x partially_surrounded_by y if and only if (1) x is adjacent to y and for the region r that is adjacent to x, r partially overlaps y (2) the shared boundary between x and y occupies a non-trivial proportion of the outermost boundary of x Definition modified from 'surrounded by'. A duck swimming in a pond is partially surrounded by air and partially surrounded by water. results in transformation into results in expansion of Afforestation results in the expansion of a forest. A process, p, results in the expansion of a material entity, m, if the spatial extent of m is increased as a result of participating in p. results in proliferation of To be ceded to RO determined by determined by part of inheres in A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists. a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence inheres in inheres_in this fragility inheres in this vase this red color inheres in this apple bearer of A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence bearer of bearer_of is bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility participates in a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates in participates_in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation has participant Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process has participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant has_participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) function of A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence function_of is function of this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme quality of A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists. a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence is quality of quality_of this red color is a quality of this apple role of A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence is role of role_of this investigator role is a role of this person has function A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has_function this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function) has quality A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has_quality this apple has quality this red color has role A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence has_role this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) has disposition a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence disposition of derives from This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'. This relation is taken from the RO2005 version of RO. It may be obsoleted and replaced by relations with different definitions. See also the 'develops from' family of relations. a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity derives_from this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division) this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division) derives into This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'. a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity derives_into this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division) this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division) location of Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location is location of location_of my head is the location of my brain this cage is the location of this rat contained in Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. Containment obtains in each case between material and immaterial continuants, for instance: lung contained_in thoracic cavity; bladder contained_in pelvic cavity. Hence containment is not a transitive relation. If c part_of c1 at t then we have also, by our definition and by the axioms of mereology applied to spatial regions, c located_in c1 at t. Thus, many examples of instance-level location relations for continuants are in fact cases of instance-level parthood. For material continuants location and parthood coincide. Containment is location not involving parthood, and arises only where some immaterial continuant is involved. To understand this relation, we first define overlap for continuants as follows: c1 overlap c2 at t =def for some c, c part_of c1 at t and c part_of c2 at t. The containment relation on the instance level can then be defined (see definition): Intended meaning: domain: material entity range: spatial region or site (immaterial continuant) contained in contained_in contains contains located in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location located in located_in my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage bounding layer of David Osumi-Sutherland A relationship that applies between a continuant and its outer, bounding layer. Examples include the relationship between a multicellular organism and its integument, between an animal cell and its plasma membrane, and between a membrane bound organelle and its outer/bounding membrane. X outer_layer_of Y iff: . X :continuant that bearer_of some PATO:laminar . X part_of Y . exists Z :surface . X has_boundary Z . Z boundary_of Y has_boundary: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002002 boundary_of: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002000 coincident with A relation that holds between two linear structures that are approximately parallel to each other for their entire length and where either the two structures are adjacent to each other or one is part of the other. Example: if we define region of chromosome as any subdivision of a chromosome along its long axis, then we can define a region of chromosome that contains only gene x as 'chromosome region' that coincident_with some 'gene x', where the term gene X corresponds to a genomic sequence. David Osumi-Sutherland Note from NCEAS meeting: consider changing primary label during which ends David Osumi-Sutherland Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002122 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range. encompasses Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002124 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range. di David Osumi-Sutherland ends after David Osumi-Sutherland X ends_after Y iff: end(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X) immediately preceded by starts_at_end_of David Osumi-Sutherland X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) during which starts David Osumi-Sutherland Previously had ID http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/RO_0002123 in test files in sandpit - but this seems to have been dropped from ro-edit.owl at some point. No re-use under this ID AFAIK, but leaving note here in case we run in to clashes down the line. Official ID now chosen from DOS ID range. immediately precedes X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) ends_at_start_of meets David Osumi-Sutherland starts during David Osumi-Sutherland X starts_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (start(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y)) io happens during X happens_during Y iff: (start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with start(X)) AND (end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y)) d during David Osumi-Sutherland ends during David Osumi-Sutherland o overlaps X ends_during Y iff: ((start(Y) before_or_simultaneous_with end(X)) AND end(X) before_or_simultaneous_with end(Y). overlaps http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000051 some (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/BFO_0000050 some ?Y) x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y true continuous with X continuous_with Y if and only if X and Y share a fiat boundary. connected to The label for this relation was previously connected to. I relabeled this to "continuous with". The standard notion of connectedness does not imply shared boundaries - e.g. Glasgow connected_to Edinburgh via M8; my patella connected_to my femur (via patellar-femoral joint) FMA:85972 David Osumi-Sutherland RO:cjm The label for this relation was previously connected to. I relabeled this to "continuous with". The standard notion of connectedness does not imply shared boundaries - e.g. Glasgow connected_to Edinburgh via M8; my patella connected_to my femur (via patellar-femoral joint) partially overlaps (forall (?x ?y) (iff (proper_overlaps ?x ?y) (and (overlaps ?x ?y) (not (part_of ?x ?y)) (not (part_of ?y ?x))))) proper overlaps x partially overlaps y iff there exists some z such that z is part of x and z is part of y, and it is also the case that neither x is part of y or y is part of x We would like to include disjointness axioms with part_of and has_part, however this is not possible in OWL2 as these are non-simple properties and hence cannot appear in a disjointness axiom spatially disjoint from https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Part-disjointness-Design-Pattern Note that it would be possible to use the relation to label the relationship between a near infinite number of structures - between the rings of saturn and my left earlobe. The intent is that this is used for parsiomoniously for disambiguation purposes - for example, between siblings in a jointly exhaustive pairwise disjointness hierarchy BFO_0000051 exactly 0 (BFO_0000050 some ?Y) A is spatially_disjoint_from B if and only if they have no parts in common Chris Mungall There are two ways to encode this as a shortcut relation. The other possibility to use an annotation assertion between two classes, and expand this to a disjointness axiom. connected to https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Connectivity-Design-Pattern https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/wiki/Modeling-articulations-Design-Pattern a is connected to b if and only if a and b are discrete structure, and there exists some connecting structure c, such that c connects a and b a 'toe distal phalanx bone' that is connected to a 'toe medial phalanx bone' (an interphalangeal joint *connects* these two bones). connects attached to part of a is attached to part of b if a is attached to b, or a is attached to some p, where p is part of b. true drains Relation between an collecting structure and another structure, where the collecting structure acts as a conduit channeling fluid, substance or energy away from the other structure. Individual ontologies should provide their own constraints on this abstract relation. For example, in the realm of anatomy this should hold between a vein and an anatomical structure develops from Melissa Haendel x develops from y if and only if either (a) x directly develops from y or (b) there exists some z such that x directly develops from z and z develops from y This is the transitive form of the develops from relation Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland Terry Meehan develops into Chris Mungall David Osumi-Sutherland Terry Meehan regulates (processual) capable of For compatibility with BFO, this relation has a shortcut definition in which the expression "capable of some P" expands to "bearer_of (some realized_by only P)". mechanosensory neuron capable of detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception (GO:0050974) osteoclast SubClassOf 'capable of' some 'bone resorption' Chris Mungall has function realized in A relation between a material entity (such as a cell) and a process, in which the material entity has the ability to carry out the process. RO_0000053 some (RO_0000054 only ?Y) capable of part of RO_0000053 some (RO_0000054 only (BFO_0000050 some ?Y)) has function in c stands in this relationship to p if and only if there exists some p' such that c is capable_of p', and p' is part_of p. Chris Mungall true actively participates in Chris Mungall agent in x actively participates in y if and only if x participates in y and x realizes some active role has active participant 'heart development' has active participant some Shh protein has agent Chris Mungall This may be obsoleted and replaced by the original 'has agent' relation x has participant y if and only if x realizes some active role that inheres in y surrounded by adjacent to x adjacent to y if and only if x and y share a boundary This relation acts as a join point with BSPO Chris Mungall temporally related to https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kBv1ep_9g3sTR-SD3jqzFqhuwo9TPNF-l-9fUDbO6rM/edit?pli=1 Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for relations between occurrents involving the relative timing of their starts and ends. A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. starts Chris Mungall inverse of starts with Allen starts with Every insulin receptor signaling pathway starts with the binding of a ligand to the insulin receptor started by Chris Mungall x starts with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x starts is equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: α(y) = α(x) ∧ ω(y) < ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. ends inverse of ends with Chris Mungall ends with Chris Mungall finished by x ends with y if and only if x has part y and the time point at which x ends is equivalent to the time point at which y ends. Formally: α(y) > α(x) ∧ ω(y) = ω(x), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point. has start location starts with process that occurs in Chris Mungall x 'has starts location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'starts with' z and z 'occurs in' y has end location Chris Mungall ends with process that occurs in x 'has end location' y if and only if there exists some process z such that x 'ends with' z and z 'occurs in' y has input p has direct input c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the start of p, and the state of c is modified during p. Chris Mungall consumes has output Chris Mungall p has output c iff c is a participant in p, c is present at the end of p, and c is not present at the beginning of p. produces has developmental contribution from Chris Mungall Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 3; Mammalian thymus has developmental contribution from some pharyngeal pouch 4 [Kardong] x has developmental contribution from y iff x has some part z such that z develops from y developmentally contributes to Chris Mungall developmentally preceded by false Candidate definition: x developmentally related to y if and only if there exists some developmental process (GO:0032502) p such that x and y both participates in p, and x is the output of p and y is the input of p Chris Mungall In general you should not use this relation to make assertions - use one of the more specific relations below this one This relation groups together various other developmental relations. It is fairly generic, encompassing induction, developmental contribution and direct and transitive develops from developmentally succeeded by Inverse of developmentally preceded by Chris Mungall results in developmental progression of results_in_developmental_progression_of Chris Mungall p results in the developmental progression of s iff p is a developmental process and s is an anatomical structure and p causes s to undergo a change in state at some point along its natural developmental cycle (this cycle starts with its formation, through the mature structure, and ends with its loss). This property and its subproperties are being used primarily for the definition of GO developmental processes. The property hierarchy mirrors the core GO hierarchy. In future we may be able to make do with a more minimal set of properties, but due to the way GO is currently structured we require highly specific relations to avoid incorrect entailments. To avoid this, the corresponding genus terms in GO should be declared mutually disjoint. results in formation of results_in_formation_of an annotation of gene X to anatomical structure formation with results_in_formation_of UBERON:0000007 (pituitary gland) means that at the beginning of the process a pituitary gland does not exist and at the end of the process a pituitary gland exists. GOC:mtg_berkeley_2013 Chris Mungall every "endocardial cushion formation" (GO:0003272) results_in_formation_of some "endocardial cushion" (UBERON:0002062) has habitat inheres in part of q inheres in part of w if and only if there exists some p such that q inheres in p and p part of w. Chris Mungall Because part_of is transitive, inheres in is a sub-relation of inheres in part of true ecologically related to Chris Mungall A relationship that is mediated in some way by the environment or environmental feature (ENVO:00002297) Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving ecological interactions mereotopologically related to A mereological relationship or a topological relationship Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving parthood or connectivity relationships developmentally related to A relationship that holds between entities participating in some developmental process (GO:0032502) Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving organismal development contributes to We would like to say if and only if exists c', p' c part_of c' and c' capable_of p and c capable_of p' and p' part_of p then c contributes_to p However, this is not possible in OWL. We instead make this relation a sub-relation of the two chains, which gives us the inference in the one direction. ATP citrate lyase (ACL) in Arabidopsis: it is a heterooctamer, composed of two types of subunits, ACLA and ACLB in a A(4)B(4) stoichiometry. Neither of the subunits expressed alone give ACL activity, but co-expression results in ACL activity. Both subunits contribute_to the ATP citrate lyase activity. Chris Mungall Subunits of nuclear RNA polymerases: none of the individual subunits have RNA polymerase activity, yet all of these subunits contribute_to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. In the context of the Gene Ontology, contributes_to may be used only with classes from the molecular function ontology. http://www.geneontology.org/GO.annotation.conventions.shtml#contributes_to eIF2: has three subunits (alpha, beta, gamma); one binds GTP; one binds RNA; the whole complex binds the ribosome (all three subunits are required for ribosome binding). So one subunit is annotated to GTP binding and one to RNA binding without qualifiers, and all three stand in the contributes_to relationship to "ribosome binding". And all three are part_of an eIF2 complex functionally related to Chris Mungall This is a grouping relation that collects relations used for the purpose of connecting structure and function part of structure that is capable of false this relation holds between c and p when c is part of some c', and c' is capable of p. Chris Mungall true involved in actively involved in c involved_in p if and only if c enables some process p', and p' is part of p enables part of Chris Mungall member of An organism that is a member of a population of organisms is member of SIO is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. member part of has member SIO has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. input of Chris Mungall output of Chris Mungall formed as result of Chris Mungall attached to a is attached to b if and only if a and b are discrete objects or object parts, and there are physical connections between a and b such that a force pulling a will move b, or a force pulling b will move a Chris Mungall in branching relationship with https://github.com/obophenotype/uberon/issues/170 This relation can be used for geographic features (e.g. rivers) as well as anatomical structures (plant branches and roots, leaf veins, animal veins, arteries, nerves) Chris Mungall tributary of This relation can be used for geographic features (e.g. rivers) as well as anatomical structures (veins, arteries) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary tributary channel of Chris Mungall http://www.medindia.net/glossary/venous_tributary.htm drains to drains into Deschutes River tributary_of Columbia River inferior epigastric vein tributary_of external iliac vein x tributary_of y if and only if x a channel for the flow of a substance into y, where y is larger than x. If x and y are hydrographic features, then y is the main stem of a river, or a lake or bay, but not the sea or ocean. If x and y are anatomical, then y is a vein. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary drains to FMA inferior epigastric vein tributary_of external iliac vein GAZ Deschutes River tributary_of Columbia River distributary of x distributary_of y if and only if x is capable of channeling the flow of a substance to y, where y channels less of the substance than x http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributary Deschutes River distributary_of Little Lava Lake branch of Chris Mungall distributary channel of GAZ Deschutes River distributary_of Little Lava Lake spatially coextensive with x spatially_coextensive_with y if and inly if x and y have the same location This relation is added for formal completeness. It is unlikely to be used in many practical scenarios A lump of clay and a statue Chris Mungall has developmental potential involving Chris Mungall x has developmental potential involving y iff x is capable of a developmental process with output y. y may be the successor of x, or may be a different structure in the vicinity (as for example in the case of developmental induction). has potential to developmentally contribute to Chris Mungall x has potential to developmentrally contribute to y iff x developmentally contributes to y or x is capable of developmentally contributing to y has potential to develop into Chris Mungall x has the potential to develop into y iff x develops into y or if x is capable of developing into y has potential to directly develop into Chris Mungall x has potential to directly develop into y iff x directly develops into y or x is capable of directly developing into y causally downstream of inverse of upstream of Chris Mungall causally related to This relation groups causal relations between material entities and causal relations between processes Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. This branch of the ontology deals with causal relations between entities. It is divided into two branches: causal relations between occurrents/processes, and causal relations between material entities. We take an 'activity flow-centric approach', with the former as primary, and define causal relations between material entities in terms of causal relations between occurrents. To define causal relations in an activity-flow type network, we make use of 3 primitives: * Temporal: how do the intervals of the two occurrents relate? * Is the causal relation regulatory? * Is the influence positive or negative The first of these can be formalized in terms of the Allen Interval Algebra. Informally, the 3 bins we care about are 'direct', 'indirect' or overlapping. Note that all causal relations should be classified under a RO temporal relation (see the branch under 'temporally related to'). Note that all causal relations are temporal, but not all temporal relations are causal. Two occurrents can be related in time without being causally connected. We take causal influence to be primitive, elucidated as being such that has the upstream changed, some qualities of the donwstream would necessarily be modified. For the second, we consider a relationship to be regulatory if the system in which the activities occur is capable of altering the relationship to achieve some objective. This could include changing the rate of production of a molecule. For the third, we consider the effect of the upstream process on the output(s) of the downstream process. If the level of output is increased, or the rate of production of the output is increased, then the direction is increased. Direction can be positive, negative or neutral or capable of either direction. Two positives in succession yield a positive, two negatives in succession yield a positive, otherwise the default assumption is that the net effect is canceled and the influence is neutral. Each of these 3 primitives can be composed to yield a cross-product of different relation types. causally upstream of Chris Mungall p is causally upstream of q if and only if p precedes q and p and q are linked in a causal chain causally upstream of or within influences (processual) Chris Mungall p 'causally upstream or within' q iff (1) the end of p is before the end of q and (2) the execution of p exerts some causal influence over the outputs of q; i.e. if p was abolished or the outputs of p were to be modified, this would necessarily affect q. We would like to make this disjoint with 'preceded by', but this is prohibited in OWL2 causally downstream of or within Chris Mungall involved in or regulates c involved in or regulates p if and only if either (i) c is involved in p or (ii) c is involved in regulation of p involved in or involved in regulation of Chris Mungall interacts with Considering relabeling as 'pairwise interacts with' http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/MI_0914 https://github.com/oborel/obo-relations/wiki/InteractionRelations Chris Mungall in pairwise interaction with This relation and all sub-relations can be applied to either (1) pairs of entities that are interacting at any moment of time (2) populations or species of entity whose members have the disposition to interact (3) classes whose members have the disposition to interact. A relationship that holds between two entities in which the processes executed by the two entities are causally connected. Note that this relationship type, and sub-relationship types may be redundant with process terms from other ontologies. For example, the symbiotic relationship hierarchy parallels GO. The relations are provided as a convenient shortcut. Consider using the more expressive processual form to capture your data. In the future, these relations will be linked to their cognate processes through rules. biotically interacts with http://eol.org/schema/terms/interactsWith interacts with on organism level An interaction relationship in which at least one of the partners is an organism and the other is either an organism or an abiotic entity with which the organism interacts. Chris Mungall trophically interacts with An interaction relationship in which the partners are related via a feeding relationship. Chris Mungall acquires nutrients from Chris Mungall Intended to be used when the target of the relation is not itself consumed, and does not have integral parts consumed, but provided nutrients in some other fashion. provides nutrients for Chris Mungall composed primarily of 'otolith organ' SubClassOf 'composed primarily of' some 'calcium carbonate' x composed_primarily_of y if and only if more than half of the mass of x is made from y or units of the same type as y. Chris Mungall has part that occurs in Chris Mungall p has part that occurs in c if and only if there exists some p1, such that p has_part p1, and p1 occurs in c. true causal agent in A relationship between a material entity and a process where the material entity has some causal role that influences the process causal relation between processes Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. Chris Mungall p is causally related to q if and only if p or any part of p and q or any part of q are linked by a chain of events where each event pair is one of direct activation or direct inhibition. p may be upstream, downstream, part of or a container of q. depends on Chris Mungall towards This relation is provided in order to support the use of relational qualities such as 'concentration of'; for example, the concentration of C in V is a quality that inheres in V, but pertains to C. Chris Mungall q towards e2 if and only if q is a relational quality such that q inheres-in some e, and e != e2 and q is dependent on e2 causal relation between material entities Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. Chris Mungall The intent is that the process branch of the causal property hierarchy is primary (causal relations hold between occurrents/processes), and that the material branch is defined in terms of the process branch determined by A coral reef environment is determined by a particular coral reef Pier Buttigieg Chris Mungall The label for this relation is probably too general for its restricted use, where the domain is a system. It may be relabeled in future s determined by f if and only if s is a type of system, and f is a material entity that is part of s, such that f exerts a strong causal influence on the functioning of s, and the removal of f would cause the collapse of s. Chris Mungall determined by (system to material entity) determines determines (material entity to system) Chris Mungall determined by part of s 'determined by part of' w if and only if there exists some f such that (1) s 'determined by' f and (2) f part_of w, or f=w. Chris Mungall true causally influenced by causally influenced by (material entity to material entity) Chris Mungall causally influences Holds between materal entities a and b if the activity of a is causally upstream of the activity of b, or causally upstream of a an activity that modifies b Chris Mungall causally influences (material entity to material entity) biomechanically related to Chris Mungall Do not use this relation directly. It is ended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving the biomechanical processes. A relation that holds between elements of a musculoskeletal system or its analogs. participates in a biotic-biotic interaction with Chris Mungall has part structure that is capable of Chris Mungall s 'has part structure that is capable of' p if and only if there exists some part x such that s 'has part' x and x 'capable of' p gland SubClassOf 'has part structure that is capable of' some 'secretion by cell' causal relation between material entity and a process Chris Mungall A relationship that holds between a material entity and a process in which causality is involved, with either the material entity or some part of the material entity exerting some influence over the process, or the process influencing some aspect of the material entity. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. has causal agent Inverse of 'causal agent in' related via dependence to A relationship that holds between two entities, where the relationship holds based on the presence or absence of statistical dependence relationship. The entities may be statistical variables, or they may be other kinds of entities such as diseases, chemical entities or processes. Do not use this relation directly. It is intended as a grouping for a diverse set of relations, all involving cause and effect. produces Note that this definition doesn't quite distinguish the output of a transformation process from a production process, which is related to the identity/granularity issue. a produces b if some process that occurs_in a has_output b, where a and b are material entities. Examples: hybridoma cell line produces monoclonal antibody reagent; chondroblast produces avascular GAG-rich matrix. Melissa Haendel produced by a produced_by b iff some process that occurs_in b has_output a. Melissa Haendel has_condition 2013-05-08T07:33:05Z ENVO Experimental relation used in EnvO. A condition defines a restricted range of a given quality or combination of qualities. If an environment class, E, has_condition C, then all qualities listed in C are restricted to the ranges defined in C in E. This is not intended as a logical conditional. has_condition entity continuant An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. occurrent An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. independent continuant A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) spatial region temporal region spatiotemporal region process An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) disposition realizable entity A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. quality specifically dependent continuant A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) role A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. fiat object part object aggregate site object generically dependent continuant A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) function process boundary p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001]) p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001]) one-dimensional temporal region material entity An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. continuant fiat boundary b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001]) b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001]) immaterial entity one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary anatomical structure material anatomical entity C19-steroid dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives metal oxide NAD NAD(P)H volatile organic compound pyrrolopurine electron donor acceptor water hydron dioxygen ATP sarcosine primary alcohol halide anion ammonia hydrogen sulfide methane sulfate urea hydroxide ethanol nitrite pantothenate NADPH naphthalene carbon dioxide carbohydrate peptide nucleoside 5'-phosphate chlorophyllide a NADH dinitrogen oxide fluoride ketone nucleoside 5'-monophosphate carbon monoxide nucleoside triphosphate testosterone hydrogencarbonate nitrate electron acceptor hydrogen chloride donor ribonucleoside triphosphate chloride dinitrogen lipid trimethylamine hydrogen halide polysaccharide chlorophyll a (1->4)-beta-D-glucan iron atom dihydrogen manganese atom alkane phosphate(3-) sulfur dioxide N-methyl-amino acid N-methylglycines acetamides adenosine phosphate alkaline earth metal atom alkali metal atom alkaloid alkyl group alkylamines anion arsenate ion arsenic molecular entity base benzenes benzoates benzopyrrole branched-chain amino acid cadmium atom calcium atom calcium molecular entity carbamate ester carbon oxide carbonates chloride salt chlorine atom chlorine molecular entity chromium molecular entity molecular entity copper molecular entity cyclic peptide drug monoatomic anion monoatomic cation enzyme inhibitor ethanols fluorine atom glycine derivative chemical entity biological role group guanidines halogen molecular entity halogen organic heterocyclic compound heterodetic cyclic peptide hydrocarbon hydroxides hydroxybenzoate indoles oxoacid inorganic anion inorganic molecular entity inorganic oxide inorganic salt salt monoatomic ion ion iron molecular entity lead atom leucine magnesium atom magnesium molecular entity magnesium porphyrin metabolite metal cation metalloporphyrin methyl ester methylamines mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor elemental molecule molecule monocarboxylic acid monohydroxybenzoate monoatomic monocation monoatomic polycation mutagen mycotoxin naphthalenes neurotransmitter NADP NAD(P) nicotinamide nucleotide nitrogen atom nitrous acid nonmetal atom nucleoside phosphate organic heteromonocyclic compound organic anion organic cation ether organic ion organic oxide organic phosphate aliphatic alcohol organophosphorus compound oxide oxygen atom oxygen molecular entity ozone aldopentose phosphate phosphate phosphoric acid derivative phosphorus molecular entity polyester macromolecule porphyrins potassium atom purine nucleoside monophosphate purine nucleoside triphosphate purine nucleotide purine ribonucleoside monophosphate purine ribonucleoside triphosphate purine ribonucleotide purines pyridines quinate radical reactive oxygen species ribonucleoside monophosphate ribonucleotide ribose phosphate saturated fatty acid silicon molecular entity sodium atom sodium chloride sodium molecular entity sodium salt carbohydrate phosphate sulfide sulfur atom sulfur molecular entity tetrapyrrole organic heterotricyclic compound threonine toxin micronutrient Anatoxin a transition element atom monoatomic trication organic heterobicyclic compound vanadium molecular entity very long-chain fatty acid xylene zinc atom zinc molecular entity boron atom arsenic atom silicon atom carbon atom detergent nitrobenzene acetamide lead(0) chromium atom nickel atom phosphorus atom copper atom beta-D-glucan fatty acid anion ammonium chlorophyll carbonic acid carboxylic acid anion mononucleotide arsenate(3-) hydrogen fluoride deuteron deuterium atom azanide monocarboxylic acid amide oxonium methanide hydrosulfide gold(0) copper(0) aluminium oxide isobutyl group sulfur hexafluoride antimony atom caesium atom silicon dioxide salicylate alcohol octacosanoic acid octacosanoate leucinate leucinium tertiary amine amine amide calcium carbonate application monoatomic entity coordination entity oxoacid derivative inorganic hydride organic fundamental parent organic group hydrocarbyl group organyl group atom monoatomic hydrogen atomic nucleus primary amide elemental molecular entity elemental hydrogen elemental oxygen diatomic oxygen triatomic oxygen diatomic nitrogen elemental nitrogen polyatomic anion molecular messenger antimicrobial agent nutrient heteroorganic entity agrochemical fertilizer fuel alkali metal molecular entity alkaline earth molecular entity pnictogen pnictogen molecular entity chalcogen chalcogen molecular entity carbon group element atom carboxylic ester boron group element atom main group element atom strontium atom silicon oxide zinc group element atom chromium group element atom manganese group element atom iron group element atom nickel group element atom copper group element atom platinum(0) hydracid pnictogen oxoacid elemental carbon monoatomic monoanion elemental chlorine monoatomic chlorine monoatomic halogen elemental halogen phospho sugar nitrogen oxoacid nitrogen oxoanion pnictogen oxoanion phosphorus oxoanion elemental pnictogen sulfur oxoanion chalcogen oxoanion transition element molecular entity actinoid molecular entity uranium molecular entity metal atom sulfur hydride alpha-amino-acid anion s-block element atom p-block element atom d-block element atom carboxylic acid main group molecular entity boron group molecular entity carbon group molecular entity noble gas molecular entity lead molecular entity cyclic compound homocyclic compound carbocyclic compound hydrogen molecular entity aluminium molecular entity aluminium oxides monoatomic aluminium elemental aluminium polycyclic compound bicyclic compound ortho-fused compound aliphatic compound aromatic compound arene organic aromatic compound monocyclic compound cyclic hydrocarbon polycyclic hydrocarbon heteromonocyclic compound heteropolycyclic compound heterobicyclic compound zinc group molecular entity s-block molecular entity p-block molecular entity d-block molecular entity f-block molecular entity helium molecular entity elemental helium diatomic helium hydrides oxygen hydride biomacromolecule polyatomic cation amino-acid cation alpha-amino acid amino acid alpha-amino-acid cation chromium group molecular entity iron group molecular entity copper group molecular entity vanadium group molecular entity nickel group molecular entity platinum molecular entity organic hydroxy compound organic cyclic compound heteroarene benzenoid aromatic compound macromolecule monocyclic arene polycyclic arene transition element coordination entity reagent metallotetrapyrrole macronutrient halide salt gold molecular entity elemental gold magnesium coordination entity saxitoxin nitrogen hydride azane aldose phosphate calcium salt vanadium(0) elemental vanadium surfactant nitrogen oxide tracer label alkaline earth coordination entity inhibitor fossil fuel ammonium ion fused compound carbopolycyclic compound homopolycyclic compound ortho-fused polycyclic arene steroid 17beta-hydroxy steroid hydroxy steroid organonitrogen compound fatty acid chromium oxoanion chromium coordination entity chromate(2-) transition element oxoanion oxoanion ortho-fused bicyclic arene ortho-fused polycyclic hydrocarbon ortho-fused bicyclic hydrocarbon antiinfective agent alkali metal salt analgesic heterocyclic organic fundamental parent cardiovascular drug carbon oxoanion carbon oxoacid vasodilator agent ester nitro compound C-nitro compound monocarboxylic acid anion arsenic oxoanion phosphate ion oxo steroid imidazopyrimidine pnictogen hydride hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion inorganic chloride cyclitol carboxylic acid anion dicarboxylic acid monoester cyclic tetrapyrrole subatomic particle nuclear particle polyatomic entity polyatomic ion phosphorus oxoacid derivative phosphorus oxoacids and derivatives alkaline earth salt saturated organic heterocyclic parent saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent polycyclic ether main-group coordination entity carbonyl compound organic oxo compound organochlorine compound organohalogen compound heterotricyclic compound carbobicyclic compound monoanion 17-hydroxy steroid inorganic radical radical cation radical ion inorganic radical ion inorganic radical cation elemental fluorine monoatomic fluorine chalcogen hydride neon molecular entity argon molecular entity krypton molecular entity inorganic ion inorganic cation cation nitrogen-15 atom chalcocarbonic acid organochalcogen compound organooxygen compound nucleotide pyridine nucleotide nicotinamide dinucleotide ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate ribonucleoside 5'-phosphate purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate amino-acid anion purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate adenosine 5'-phosphate glucan homopolysaccharide organic hydride mononuclear parent hydride elemental lead tropane alkaloid elemental copper cyclic ether acid heteroatomic molecular entity halide carboxamide phosphoric ester polypyrrole organonitrogen heterocyclic compound oxacycle organic heteropolycyclic compound polycyclic heteroarene chlorophyllide hydrocarbyl anion magnesium tetrapyrrole phorbines 2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid azabicycloalkane methylindole electron-transport chain inhibitor respiratory-chain inhibitor inorganic sodium salt quinolinemonocarboxylate anaesthetic general anaesthetic inhalation anaesthetic methylbenzene alkylbenzene Bronsted acid Bronsted base Lewis acid Lewis base chloropicrin straight-chain saturated fatty acid cyclic ketone carbonate hydrogenphosphate hydrogensulfate mineral sulfide mineral sulfide salt carbonate salt solvent dioxane dioxanes 1,4-dioxane 3-oxo steroid indicator cyclic polypyrrole dinucleotide 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid microcystin nitric acid nitrobenzenes sulfur oxide antiseptic drug disinfectant polar solvent protic solvent protophilic solvent amphiprotic solvent antagonist elemental platinum aluminium(3+) hydrogen atom uranium(0) zinc dichloride elemental krypton monoatomic krypton monoatomic argon elemental argon argon(.1+) monoatomic neon elemental neon organic amino compound sulfur coordination entity P450 inhibitor onium compound onium cation proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain group androstanoid probe monoatomic uranium elemental uranium alkyl alcohol carbon nanotube nanostructure nanotube carbon nanostructure iron oxide organic molecular entity genotoxin allergen role neurotoxin tertiary amino compound chemical role nitrohydrocarbon nitroarene nitrogen molecular entity organic univalent group enone alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone organic polycyclic compound organic tricyclic compound biochemical role aetiopathogenetic role pharmacological role physiological role ligand pharmaceutical inorganic hydroxy compound epitope poly(hydroxyalkanoate) poly(hydroxybutyrate) heterocyclic compound carbon monoxide(1+) chlorophyll a(1-) kynurenate cyclic tetrapyrrole anion very long-chain fatty acid anion saturated fatty acid anion straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion biomarker straight-chain fatty acid electrophilic reagent nucleophilic reagent chemical substance monovalent inorganic cation aluminium ion NMDA receptor antagonist excitatory amino acid antagonist nucleobase-containing molecular entity brevetoxin A ciguatoxin adenyl nucleotide adenyl ribonucleotide signalling molecule reactive nitrogen species emulsifier aluminium cation oxidising agent carbohydrate derivative monosaccharide derivative pentose derivative branched-chain amino-acid anion 1,1-diol ketone hydrate food additive one-carbon compound organic acid trivalent inorganic cation poison N-alkylglycine organic molecule eukaryotic metabolite animal metabolite mammalian metabolite prokaryotic metabolite iron sulfides iron(2+) sulfides greenhouse gas envoPolar propellant EC 1.* (oxidoreductase) inhibitor EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor EC 1.14.14.1 (unspecific monooxygenase) inhibitor pathway inhibitor fungal metabolite bacterial metabolite human metabolite EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor raising agent food packaging gas food propellant fatty acid anion 28:0 food component environmental contaminant refrigerant carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives olefinic compound trivalent inorganic anion divalent inorganic anion monovalent inorganic anion Nodularin Brevetoxin B pheophytin diatomaceous earth elemental iron iron(0) crustacean metabolite Daphnia magna metabolite Daphnia metabolite chlorophyllide a(2-) N-acylammonia proteinogenic amino acid derivative non-proteinogenic amino acid amino acid derivative non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid pentose phosphate pyrite metal allergen skatole cell line A cultured cell population that represents a genetically stable and homogenous population of cultured cells that shares a common propagation history (i.e. has been successively passaged together in culture). A cultured cell population that represents a genetically stable and homogenous population of cultured cells that shares a common propagation history (i.e. has been successively passaged together in culture). geographic feature May appear on a map. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_feature macroscopic spatial feature envoPolar bedding-plane cave A cavity developed along a bedding-plane and elongate in cross-section as a result. ENVO ENVO:00000001 A cavity developed along a bedding-plane and elongate in cross-section as a result. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html anthropogenic geographic feature An anthropogenic geographic feature is a geographic feature resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. ENVO ENVO:00000002 FTT:78 TGN:50001 man-made feature manmade feature An anthropogenic geographic feature is a geographic feature resulting from the influence of human beings on nature. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 mine tailing ENVO ENVO:00000003 FTT:625 FTT:631 Mine tailings are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of an ore. dumping ground mine dump tailing USGS:SDTS dumping ground ADL:FTT tailing ADL:FTT mine dump Mine tailings are the materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction (gangue) of an ore. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailings administrative region ENVO ENVO:00000004 FTT:1242 FTT:1252 FTT:15 FTT:16 FTT:18 FTT:19 FTT:21 FTT:22 FTT:23 FTT:24 FTT:25 FTT:26 FTT:27 FTT:28 FTT:29 FTT:37 SWEETRealm:AdministrativeRegion TGN:80001 TGN:81099 TGN:81123 administrative area administrative division administrative entity boundary region civil area district free trade zone governed place https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_region leased area (government) leased zone (government) neutral zone (political) prefecture protectorate sheikdom sultanate trade zone Getty:TGN administrative entity ADL:FTT free trade zone ADL:FTT neutral zone (political) ADL:FTT administrative area ADL:FTT district ADL:FTT sheikdom ADL:FTT trade zone ADL:FTT leased zone (government) ADL:FTT sultanate ADL:FTT administrative division ADL:FTT leased area (government) ADL:FTT governed place ADL:FTT prefecture ADL:FTT civil area ADL:FTT boundary region Getty:TGN administrative division ADL:FTT protectorate first-order administrative region A primary administrative division of a country, such as a state in the United States. ENVO ENVO:00000005 FTT:414 FTT:569 Geonames:A.ADM1 TGN:81100 countries, 1st order division first level subdivision first-order administrative division Getty:TGN first level subdivision Geonames:feature first-order administrative division A primary administrative division of a country, such as a state in the United States. Geonames:http://www.geonames.org/export/codes.html ADL:FTT countries, 1st order division second-order administrative region A subdivision of a first-order administrative division. ENVO ENVO:00000006 FTT:286 FTT:576 Geonames:A.ADM2 TGN:81300 countries, 2nd order division second level subdivision second-order administrative division ADL:FTT countries, 2nd order division Getty:TGN second level subdivision A subdivision of a first-order administrative division. Geonames:http://www.geonames.org/export/codes.html Geonames:feature second-order administrative division third-order administrative region A subdivision of a second-order administrative division. ENVO ENVO:00000007 FTT:204 FTT:205 FTT:578 Geonames:A.ADM3 TGN:82401 barrio countries, 3rd order division third level subdivision third-order administrative division ADL:FTT countries, 3rd order division ADL:FTT barrio A subdivision of a second-order administrative division. Geonames:http://www.geonames.org/export/codes.html Getty:TGN third level subdivision Geonames:feature third-order administrative division fourth-order administrative region A subdivision of a third-order administrative division. ENVO ENVO:00000008 FTT:580 FTT:581 Geonames:A.ADM4 TGN:82402 countries, 4th order division fourth level subdivision fourth-order administrative division ADL:FTT countries, 4th order division Getty:TGN fourth level subdivision Geonames:feature fourth-order administrative division A subdivision of a third-order administrative division. Geonames:http://www.geonames.org/export/codes.html national geopolitical entity A political association with effective dominion over a geographic area. ENVO ENVO:00000009 FTT:424 FTT:566 FTT:567 FTT:571 SWEETRealm:Country SWEETRealm:State TGN:80006 TGN:81010 TGN:81011 TGN:81102 country https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation independent nation independent political entity independent sovereign nation nation political entity state ADL:FTT country ADL:FTT political entity ADL:FTT nation A political association with effective dominion over a geographic area. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State Getty:TGN independent political entity Getty:TGN independent nation Getty:TGN independent sovereign nation transport feature A construction which enables the movement of humans, their animals or their vehicles. FTT:83 A construction which enables the movement of humans, their animals or their vehicles. MA:ma garden An enclosure for displaying selected plant or animal life. ENVO ENVO:00000011 FTT:31 FTT:743 Geonames:S.GDN PARK TGN:53010 cropland garden https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden park PARK USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT park USGS:SDTS cropland An enclosure for displaying selected plant or animal life. Geonames:feature Geonames:feature garden hydrographic feature A geographical feature associated with water. ENVO ENVO:00000012 FTT:131 FTT:280 FTT:711 FTT:761 FTT:824 FTT:825 FTT:826 FTT:827 FTT:828 FTT:829 Geonames:H.OVF OVERFALLS eddy fluvial feature overfalls envoPolar ADL:FTT overfalls ADL:FTT eddy OVERFALLS USGS:SDTS A geographical feature associated with water. MA:ma Geonames:feature overfalls ADL:FTT fluvial feature cave system A collection of caves interconnected by enterable passages or linked hydrologically or a cave with an extensive complex of chambers and passages. ENVO ENVO:00000013 A collection of caves interconnected by enterable passages or linked hydrologically or a cave with an extensive complex of chambers and passages. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html canal Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used for navigation, drainage or irrigation. ENVO ENVO:00000014 EcoLexicon:canal FTT:129 FTT:395 FTT:407 FTT:408 Geonames:H.CNL SWEETRealm:Canal TGN:51252 This class refers to the water contained in a canal channel, and not the channel itself. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used for navigation, drainage or irrigation. MA:ma ocean Continuous saline-water bodies that surround the continents and fill the Earth's great depressions. ENVO ENVO:00000015 EcoLexicon:ocean FTT:1019 FTT:943 Geonames:H.OCN LTER:695 Ocean SWEETRealm:Ocean TGN:21102 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean ocean ocean region sea envoPolar ADL:FTT ocean region Geonames:feature ocean ADL:FTT Continuous saline-water bodies that surround the continents and fill the Earth's great depressions. USGS:SDTS sea NASA:earthrealm Ocean sea A large expanse of saline water usually connected with an ocean. ENVO ENVO:00000016 EcoLexicon:sea FTT:233 FTT:830 Geonames:H.SEA Sea TGN:21103 channel closed sea https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea marginal sea open sea open sound open water sea envoPolar USGS:SDTS open sea USGS:SDTS open water Geonames:feature sea USGS:SDTS open sound NASA:earthrealm Sea USGS:SDTS marginal sea ADL:FTT sea USGS:SDTS closed sea A large expanse of saline water usually connected with an ocean. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea saline hydrographic feature A geographical feature associated with water with a halinity above 30 ppt (roughly 35 g/L). ENVO ENVO:00000017 A geographical feature associated with water with a halinity above 30 ppt (roughly 35 g/L). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity obsolete dry river A river that has either permanently or temporally lost its water. ENVO ENVO:00000018 false true A river that has either permanently or temporally lost its water. MA:ma saline lake A lake whose water contains a considerable concentration of dissolved salts. FTT:221 FTT:907 Geonames:H.LKN Geonames:H.LKSN TGN:21116 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_lake salina salt lake soda lake USGS:SDTS salt lake A lake whose water contains a considerable concentration of dissolved salts. MA:ma USGS:SDTS salina lake A body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained on a body of land. EcoLexicon:lake FTT:221 FTT:704 FTT:909 Geonames:H.LK Geonames:H.LKS LTER:278 SPIRE:Lake_or_pond SWEETRealm:Lake TGN:21114 TGN:21115 broad catch basin llyn loch lochan lough mere mortlake open water pasteuer lake tarn envoPolar ADL:FTT lochan USGS:SDTS mortlake USGS:SDTS pasteuer lake A body of water or other liquid of considerable size contained on a body of land. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake USGS:SDTS open water ADL:FTT tarn USGS:SDTS catch basin freshwater lake A lake of whose water contains low concentrations of salts. ENVO ENVO:00000021 FreshwaterLake SWEETRealm:FreshwaterLake envoPolar A lake of whose water contains low concentrations of salts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater FreshwaterLake NASA:earthrealm river A stream which, through permanent or seasonal flow processes, moves from elevated land towards lower elevations through a definite channel and empties either into a sea, lake, or another river or ends on land as bed seepage and evapotranspiration exceed water supply. ENVO ENVO:00000022 EcoLexicon:river FTT:1179 FTT:251 LTER:474 SPIRE:River SWEETRealm:River TGN:21105 braided river rio "There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and "beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague." USGS:SDTS braided river USGS:SDTS rio "There are no official definitions for the generic term river as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream is defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and "beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River A stream which, through permanent or seasonal flow processes, moves from elevated land towards lower elevations through a definite channel and empties either into a sea, lake, or another river or ends on land as bed seepage and evapotranspiration exceed water supply. ADL:FTT https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 ADL:FTT rio stream Creek ENVO ENVO:00000023 EcoLexicon:stream FTT:105 FTT:1221 FTT:1225 FTT:1261 FTT:303 FTT:371 FTT:593 FTT:721 Geonames:H.STM Geonames:H.STMS LTER:562 Linear body of water flowing on the Earth's surface. SWEETRealm:Stream Stream TGN:21106 TGN:21107 TGN:21108 TGN:21109 beck braided stream brook burn (hydrographic) creek fork (hydrographic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream lode millstream rivulet stream stream bend streams watercourse ADL:FTT watercourse USGS:SDTS braided stream USGS:SDTS creek Geonames:feature streams Getty:TGN brook ADL:FTT stream bend ADL:FTT burn (hydrographic) Geonames:feature stream Getty:TGN creek ADL:FTT fork (hydrographic ADL:FTT creek Creek NASA:earthrealm USGS:SDTS lode USGS:SDTS watercourse ADL:FTT brook Linear body of water flowing on the Earth's surface. USGS:http://mapping.usgs.gov/www/ti/GNIS/gnis_users_guide_appendixc.html NASA:earthrealm Stream USGS:SDTS beck USGS:SDTS rivulet obsolete intermittent stream A stream whose flow is not continuous. ENVO ENVO:00000024 FTT:105 FTT:882 Geonames:H.STMI https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_stream intermittent stream stream true Geonames:feature intermittent stream A stream whose flow is not continuous. MA:ma ADL:FTT stream reservoir An artificial body of water, often contained by a dam, constructed for the purpose of water storage. ENVO ENVO:00000025 EcoLexicon:reservoir FTT:587 FTT:588 FTT:882 Geonames:H.RSV SWEETRealm:Reservoir TGN:51259 covered reservoir https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir lake reservoir USGS:SDTS lake ADL:FTT covered reservoir An artificial body of water, often contained by a dam, constructed for the purpose of water storage. MA:ma Geonames:feature reservoir well A cylindrical hole, pit, or tunnel drilled or dug down to a depth from which water, oil, or gas can be pumped or brought to the surface. ENVO ENVO:00000026 EcoLexicon:well FTT:1032 FTT:1237 FTT:833 Geonames:H.WLL Geonames:H.WLLS SWEETRealm:Well TGN:51255 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well A cylindrical hole, pit, or tunnel drilled or dug down to a depth from which water, oil, or gas can be pumped or brought to the surface. Geonames:feature spring A point where groundwater or steam flows out of the ground, and is thus where the aquifer surface meets the ground surface or where there is a fissure. ENVO ENVO:00000027 EcoLexicon:spring FTT:982 Geonames:H.SPNG SPRING SWEETRealm:Spring Spring TGN:21126 seep spring Geonames:feature spring USGS:SDTS seep A point where groundwater or steam flows out of the ground, and is thus where the aquifer surface meets the ground surface or where there is a fissure. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_%28hydrosphere%29#Classification NASA:earthrealm Spring SPRING USGS:SDTS sand pit quarry A quarry from which sand is extracted. ENVO ENVO:00000028 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_pit sand pit A quarry from which sand is extracted. MA:ma watercourse A flowing body of water. ENVO ENVO:00000029 EcoLexicon:brook EcoLexicon:course EcoLexicon:culvert EcoLexicon:gully EcoLexicon:ravine EcoLexicon:spillway EcoLexicon:waterway FTT:105 Geonames:H.NRWS Geonames:H.RCH Geonames:H.WTRC Geonames:S.SPLY TGN:21110 TGN:21131 TGN:21133 TGN:21137 TGN:21163 TGN:21499 awawa barranca beck branch brook course culvert draw dredged channel fork gulch gully gut gutter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercourse kill lode moat narrows narrows narrows (hydrographic) overflow channel passage pup race ravine reach rill rivulet run runnel seachannel seaway spillway stream tideway wash water gap USGS:SDTS branch USGS:SDTS overflow channel ADL:FTT narrows (hydrographic) USGS:SDTS tideway USGS:SDTS narrows Geonames:feature reach ADL:FTT stream USGS:SDTS dredged channel USGS:SDTS seachannel USGS:SDTS run USGS:SDTS draw USGS:SDTS seaway Getty:TGN narrows USGS:SDTS passage USGS:SDTS barranca USGS:SDTS lode USGS:SDTS reach USGS:SDTS brook USGS:SDTS water gap USGS:SDTS culvert Getty:TGN reach USGS:SDTS rivulet USGS:SDTS ravine USGS:SDTS moat USGS:SDTS beck USGS:SDTS kill Geonames:feature spillway USGS:SDTS gut Geonames:feature narrows USGS:SDTS awawa USGS:SDTS runnel USGS:SDTS rill Getty:TGN run A flowing body of water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercourse USGS:SDTS gutter Getty:TGN passage USGS:SDTS pup USGS:SDTS fork USGS:SDTS race USGS:SDTS gulch USGS:SDTS course USGS:SDTS wash USGS:SDTS gully Getty:TGN gut USGS:SDTS spillway dead cave A cave without streams or drips of water. ENVO ENVO:00000030 dry cave A cave without streams or drips of water. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html wadi A valley or ravine, bounded by relatively steep banks, which in the rainy season becomes a watercourse. ENVO ENVO:00000031 EcoLexicon:wadi FTT:157 FTT:158 FTT:159 FTT:160 FTT:161 FTT:163 FTT:164 Geonames:H.WAD Geonames:H.WADB Geonames:H.WADJ Geonames:H.WADS SWEETRealm:Arroyo SWEETRealm:Wash TGN:21167 TGN:21423 TGN:21424 The temporality of wadis is problematic in deciding whether they are watercourses or valleys. arroyo coulee gully https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi nullah wadi wadi bend wadi junction wadi mouth wadis wash watercourse USGS:SDTS watercourse USGS:SDTS nullah ADL:FTT wash A valley or ravine, bounded by relatively steep banks, which in the rainy season becomes a watercourse. Geonames:feature Geonames:feature wadi ADL:FTT arroyo ADL:FTT wadi mouth ADL:FTT wadi junction Geonames:feature wadis ADL:FTT wadi bend Geonames:feature wadi bend ADL:FTT gully ADL:FTT coulee Getty:TGN coulee bay An area of water bordered by land on three sides. ENVO ENVO:00000032 EcoLexicon:bay FTT:190 FTT:232 FTT:235 Geonames:H.BAY Geonames:H.BAYS Geonames:H.BGHT SWEETRealm:Bay TGN:21121 TGN:21123 TGN:21127 bahia embayment firth inlet sea loch sea lough USGS:SDTS inlet An area of water bordered by land on three sides. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay ADL:FTT bahia pond A body of water, usually of smaller size than a lake. ENVO ENVO:00000033 EcoLexicon:pond FTT:221 FTT:902 FTT:904 FTT:905 Geonames:H.PND Geonames:H.PNDS Geonames:H.POOL POOL Pond SPIRE:Lake_or_pond SWEETRealm:Pond TGN:21104 TGN:21119 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond lake millpond pond ponds pool pool (water body) pool (water body) USGS:SDTS pool (water body) USGS:SDTS millpond A body of water, usually of smaller size than a lake. MA:ma NASA:earthrealm Pond Getty:TGN POOL Geonames:feature pool ADL:FTT millpond USGS:SDTS pool USGS:SDTS lake Geonames:feature pond Geonames:feature ponds ADL:FTT pond ADL:FTT pool (water body) ADL:FTT lake rapids An area of broken, fast flowing water in a stream, where the slope of the bed increases (but without a prominent break of slope which might result in a waterfall), or where a gently dipping bar of harder rock outcrops. ENVO ENVO:00000034 EcoLexicon:rapids FTT:212 Geonames:H.RPDS RAPIDS SWEETRealm:Torrent TGN:21162 cataract https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapids rapids torrent USGS:SDTS cataract Geonames:feature rapids RAPIDS USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS torrent An area of broken, fast flowing water in a stream, where the slope of the bed increases (but without a prominent break of slope which might result in a waterfall), or where a gently dipping bar of harder rock outcrops. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT rapids marsh A wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water. ENVO ENVO:00000035 EcoLexicon:marsh FTT:1118 FTT:185 FTT:945 Geonames:H.MRSH LTER:326 Marsh SPIRE:Marsh SWEETRealm:Marsh TGN:21322 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh marsh quagmire wetland ADL:FTT wetland Marsh NASA:earthrealm USGS:SDTS quagmire ADL:FTT quagmire Geonames:feature marsh USGS:SDTS wetland A wetland, featuring grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh irrigation canal Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used irrigation. ENVO ENVO:00000036 FTT:129 FTT:405 Geonames:H.CNLI canal irrigation canal Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used irrigation. MA:ma ADL:FTT irrigation canal Geonames:feature canal Geonames:feature irrigation canal ditch A small, human-made channel which has been dug for draining or irrigating the land. ENVO ENVO:00000037 EcoLexicon:drain FTT:129 FTT:400 FTT:403 Geomames:DTCH SWEETRealm:Drain TGN:51256 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditch A small, human-made channel which has been dug for draining or irrigating the land. Geonames:feature lagoon A sheet of saline water separated from the open sea by sand or shingle banks. The sheet of water between an offshore reef, especially of coral and mainland. The sheet of water within a ring or horseshoe shaped atoll. ENVO ENVO:00000038 EcoLexicon:lagoon FTT:221 FTT:898 FTT:899 Geonames:H.LGN Geonames:H.LGNS LAGOON Lagoon SWEETRealm:Lagoon TGN:21125 barrier lagoon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon lagoon lagoons laguna lake ADL:FTT laguna Geonames:feature lagoons A sheet of saline water separated from the open sea by sand or shingle banks. The sheet of water between an offshore reef, especially of coral and mainland. The sheet of water within a ring or horseshoe shaped atoll. USGS:SDTS Lagoon NASA:earthrealm Geonames:feature lagoon USGS:SDTS laguna ADL:FTT lake LAGOON USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS barrier lagoon fjord A long and narrow sea inlet with high steeply sloped walled sides. A fjord is a landform created during a period of glaciation. EcoLexicon:fiord FTT:231 FTT:690 FTT:704 Geonames:H.FJD Geonames:H.FJDS SWEETRealm:Fiord SWEETRealm:Fjord TGN:21122 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjord envoPolar A long and narrow sea inlet with high steeply sloped walled sides. A fjord is a landform created during a period of glaciation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjord waterfall A sudden descent of water over a step or ledge in the bed of a river. ENVO ENVO:00000040 EcoLexicon:force EcoLexicon:waterfall FTT:435 FTT:436 FTT:439 FTT:680 Geonames:H.FLLS TGN:21161 TGN:21166 WATERFALL cascade cataract fall falls force https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall linn waterfalls Should this be a hydroform? USGS:SDTS falls ADL:FTT fall A sudden descent of water over a step or ledge in the bed of a river. USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS cascade ADL:FTT cataract Getty:TGN cataract ADL:FTT cascade Geonames:feature waterfalls USGS:SDTS WATERFALL tidal creek A tidal water channel. Creeks may often dry to a muddy channel with little or no flow at low tide, but often with significant depth of water at high tide. ENVO ENVO:00000041 FTT:105 FTT:1223 Geonames:H.CRKT https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_creek stream tidal creek ADL:FTT stream A tidal water channel. Creeks may often dry to a muddy channel with little or no flow at low tide, but often with significant depth of water at high tide. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_creek Geonames:feature tidal creek drainage canal Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used drainage. ENVO ENVO:00000042 FTT:129 FTT:401 Geonames:H.CNLD canal drainage canal Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used drainage. MA:ma ADL:FTT drainage canal ADL:FTT canal Geonames:feature drainage canal wetland An area that is inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. EcoLexicon:wetland EstuarineWetland FTT:1001 FTT:1060 FTT:1061 FTT:1118 FTT:1180 FTT:1190 FTT:1206 FTT:1207 FTT:1226 FTT:184 FTT:185 FTT:228 FTT:281 FTT:480 FTT:716 FTT:883 FTT:934 FTT:945 FTT:983 Geonames:H.WTLD LTER:630 LacustrineWetland MarineWetland PalustrineWetland RiparianWetland SPIRE:Bog SWEETRealm:Wetland TGN:21301 TGN:21304 TGN:21305 TerrestialWetland WETLAND Wetland WetlandRegion back marsh backswamp backwater barrier flat blanket bog bog cienaga dismal everglade floating marsh forested wetland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland marsh mire moor morass mud flat muskeg peat cutting area peatland quagmire quaking bog riparian area slash slough slue swamp forest tulelands wetland EstuarineWetland NASA:earthrealm ADL:FTT forested wetland USGS:SDTS swamp forest ADL:FTT peatland ADL:FTT bog Getty:TGN slough USGS:SDTS slough USGS:SDTS quagmire ADL:FTT marsh USGS:SDTS morass ADL:FTT mire LacustrineWetland NASA:earthrealm USGS:SDTS WETLAND USGS:SDTS back marsh USGS:SDTS moor NASA:earthrealm TerrestialWetland NASA:earthrealm RiparianWetland USGS:SDTS quaking bog USGS:SDTS slash USGS:SDTS muskeg ADL:FTT slue USGS:SDTS mire ADL:FTT peat cutting area MarineWetland NASA:earthrealm ADL:FTT backwater ADL:FTT mud flat ADL:FTT riparian area USGS:SDTS floating marsh NASA:earthrealm PalustrineWetland An area that is inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland USGS:SDTS dismal USGS:SDTS backswamp ADL:FTT quagmire Getty:TGN bog ADL:FTT slough USGS:SDTS blanket bog Geonames:feature wetland USGS:SDTS barrier flat NASA:earthrealm WetlandRegion NASA:earthrealm Wetland ADL:FTT cienaga USGS:SDTS tulelands USGS:SDTS everglade peatland A wetland type that accumulates acidic peat, a deposit of dead plant material. ENVO ENVO:00000044 EcoLexicon:peat_bog FTT:1061 FTT:185 FTT:281 FTT:983 Geonames:H.BOG LTER:402 LTER:70 Peatland SPIRE:Bog SWEETRealm:Peatland TGN:21304 bog https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland mire morass muskeg peat bog wetland envoPolar ADL:FTT wetland Geonames:feature bog NASA:earthrealm Peatland USGS:SDTS morass USGS:SDTS muskeg USGS:SDTS peat bog ADL:FTT bog A wetland type that accumulates acidic peat, a deposit of dead plant material. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog USGS:SDTS wetland USGS:SDTS bog estuary A semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. EcoLexicon:estuary Estuary FTT:234 Geonames:H.ESTY LTER:182 SWEETRealm:Estuary TGN:21152 estuary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary inlet mouth A semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary USGS:SDTS inlet USGS:SDTS mouth Estuary NASA:earthrealm Geonames:feature estuary hedge A dense growth of shrubbery planted as a fence or boundary. ENVO ENVO:00000046 HEDGE hedgerow https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge shelter belt USGS:SDTS hedgerow HEDGE USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS shelter belt A dense growth of shrubbery planted as a fence or boundary. USGS:SDTS canopy ENVO ENVO:00000047 EcoLexicon:canopy LTER:82 SWEETRealm:Canopy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy navigation canal Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used navigation. ENVO ENVO:00000048 EcoLexicon:navigation_channel FTT:409 FTT:467 Geonames:H.CHNN Geonames:H.CNLN TGN:51257 navigation canal navigation canal navigation channel navigation channel ship cannal ADL:FTT navigation canal Geonames:feature navigation canal Geonames:feature navigation channel USGS:SDTS ship cannal Artificial watercourse with no flow or a controlled flow used navigation. MA:ma ADL:FTT navigation channel obsolete volcanic hydrographic feature ENVO ENVO:00000049 ENVO:00000052 ENVO:00000215 ENVO:00000407 ENVO:01000265 true geyser A hot spring that erupts periodically, ejecting a column of hot water and steam into the air. ENVO ENVO:00000050 EcoLexicon:geyser FTT:755 GEYSER Geonames:H.GYSR TGN:21171 geyser https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geyser thermal feature A hot spring that erupts periodically, ejecting a column of hot water and steam into the air. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geyser Geonames:feature geyser ADL:FTT thermal feature GEYSER USGS:SDTS hot spring A spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally-heated groundwater from the Earth's crust. ENVO ENVO:00000051 EcoLexicon:thermal_spring FTT:732 FTT:815 Geonames:H.SPNT hot spring hotspring https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring spring thermal feature thermal spring USGS:SDTS spring ADL:FTT thermal feature Geonames:feature hot spring A spring that is produced by the emergence of geothermally-heated groundwater from the Earth's crust. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_spring volcanic crater lake A lake contained within a volcanic crater. FTT:384 FTT:590 Geonames:H.LKC Geonames:H.LKSC TGN:21138 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_lake A lake contained within a volcanic crater. MA:ma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_lake freshwater marsh A marsh associated with water that contains low concentrations of salts. ENVO ENVO:00000053 A marsh associated with water that contains low concentrations of salts. MA:ma saline marsh A marsh whose water contains a considerable quantity of dissolved salts. ENVO ENVO:00000054 EcoLexicon:salt_marsh FTT:1190 FTT:185 Geonames:H.MRSHN LTER:482 TGN:21323 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_marsh salt marsh salt marsh salting tidal marsh wetland It would be more correct to say that this has_quality salty or has_part ((soil and water) and has_increased_levels_of salt. Geonames:feature salt marsh USGS:SDTS salt marsh USGS:SDTS salting USGS:SDTS tidal marsh ADL:FTT wetland A marsh whose water contains a considerable quantity of dissolved salts. MA:ma saline evaporation pond A shallow man-made pond designed to produce salt from sea water. The seawater is fed into large ponds and water is drawn out through natural evaporation which allows the salt to be subsequently harvested. ENVO ENVO:00000055 FTT:221 FTT:906 FTT:908 Geonames:H.MFGN Geonames:H.PNDN Geonames:H.PNDSN https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_evaporation_pond lake salt evaporation pond salt pond salt ponds saltern ADL:FTT salt pond Geonames:feature salt evaporation pond ADL:FTT salt evaporation pond ADL:FTT lake Geonames:feature salt pond A shallow man-made pond designed to produce salt from sea water. The seawater is fed into large ponds and water is drawn out through natural evaporation which allows the salt to be subsequently harvested. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_evaporation_ponds Geonames:feature salt ponds fishpond A pond or lake used for the artificial culture of fish. ENVO ENVO:00000056 FTT:221 FTT:696 FTT:701 Geonames:H.PNDSF https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishpond A pond or lake used for the artificial culture of fish. MA:ma mangrove swamp An swamp formed of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics. EcoLexicon:mangrove_swamp FTT:185 FTT:934 Geonames:H.MGV MangroveForest https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove_swamp mangal mangrove swamp wetland woodland USGS:SDTS wetland An swamp formed of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics. MA:ma Geonames:feature mangrove swamp ADL:FTT wetland MangroveForest NASA:earthrealm USGS:SDTS woodland underground lake A lake which is formed under the surface of the Earth. Such a lake may be associated with caves and aquifers and springs. ENVO ENVO:00000058 FTT:445 FTT:449 Geonames:H.LKSB TGN:21188 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_lake underground lake envoPolar Geonames:feature underground lake A lake which is formed under the surface of the Earth. Such a lake may be associated with caves and aquifers and springs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Types_of_lakes underground river A river that is under the surface of the Earth. ENVO ENVO:00000059 TGN:21187 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_river A river that is under the surface of the Earth. MA:ma underground stream A stream that is under the surface of the Earth. ENVO ENVO:00000060 A stream that is under the surface of the Earth. MA:ma underground water body A geographical feature associated with water that is under the surface of the earth. ENVO ENVO:00000061 This class should probably be replaced with a quality-like entity "underground" which can then be distributed to the subclasses, solving the double inheritance. A geographical feature associated with water that is under the surface of the earth. MA:ma populated place 1 ENVO ENVO:00000062 FTT:1097 FTT:33 Geonames:P.PPL Geonames:P.PPLS Place or area with clustered or scattered buildings and a permanent human population. TGN:22201 TGN:83002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populated_place inhabited place inhabited region place populated locality populated place populated places settlement Geonames:feature populated place USGS:SDTS place USGS:SDTS settlement Place or area with clustered or scattered buildings and a permanent human population. USGS:http://mapping.usgs.gov/www/ti/GNIS/gnis_users_guide_appendixc.html Geonames:feature populated places Getty:TGN inhabited place water body An accumulation of water of varying size. ENVO ENVO:00000063 EcoLexicon:waterbody FTT:131 FTT:280 FTT:827 SWEETRealm:BodyOfWater TGN:21100 TGN:21101 aquatic feature bodies of water body of water https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The term body of water most often refers to large accumulations of water, such as oceans, seas, and lakes, but it includes smaller pools of water such as ponds, wetlands, or more rarely, puddles. A body of water does not have to be still or contained; Rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are also considered bodies of water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_body hydrographic feature waterbody Getty:TGN body of water Getty:TGN bodies of water An accumulation of water of varying size. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_water ADL:FTT body of water ADL:FTT hydrographic feature road An open way for the passage of vehicles, persons, or animals on land. ENVO ENVO:00000064 EcoLexicon:road FTT:1058 FTT:1183 FTT:1185 FTT:1187 FTT:431 FTT:443 FTT:646 FTT:798 FTT:884 Geonames:R Geonames:R.RD Geonames:R.ST LTER:475 ROAD SWEETRealm:Highway TGN:53151 TGN:53153 TGN:53154 TGN:53157 accessway alley avenue board walk boulevard caravan route cart track causeway drive drove farm lane freeway highway https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road intersection lane parkway road road bend road junction roadway street thorofare thoroughfare thruway traffic circle turnpike An open way for the passage of vehicles, persons, or animals on land. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT caravan route ADL:FTT highway ADL:FTT traffic circle USGS:SDTS boulevard USGS:SDTS highway USGS:SDTS thoroughfare Geonames:feature street USGS:SDTS cart track ADL:FTT drive USGS:SDTS avenue USGS:SDTS freeway ADL:FTT street ADL:FTT drove ADL:FTT roadway USGS:SDTS street ROAD USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT parkway USGS:SDTS thruway ADL:FTT road bend USGS:SDTS turnpike USGS:SDTS accessway Getty:TGN parkway ADL:FTT intersection USGS:SDTS thorofare ADL:FTT causeway USGS:SDTS farm lane Getty:TGN street USGS:SDTS alley Geonames:feature road Getty:TGN highway USGS:SDTS board walk ADL:FTT road junction railway A permanent way having one or more rails which provides a track for cars. ENVO ENVO:00000065 FTT:1132 FTT:960 Geonames:R Geonames:R.RR RAILWAY TGN:53155 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway railroad railroad feature USGS:SDTS railroad ADL:FTT railroad feature RAILWAY USGS:SDTS Getty:TGN railroad A permanent way having one or more rails which provides a track for cars. USGS:SDTS Geonames:feature railroad man-made tunnel A tunnel constructed by human means. ENVO ENVO:00000066 FTT:1136 FTT:1184 FTT:396 FTT:397 Geonames:R.TNL Geonames:R.TNLRD Geonames:R.TNLRR Geonames:R.TNLS TGN:51845 canal tunnel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel railroad tunnel road tunnel tunnel tunnels underpass Geonames:feature road tunnel USGS:SDTS underpass ADL:FTT road tunnel Geonames:feature tunnel Geonames:feature tunnels Geonames:feature railroad tunnel A tunnel constructed by human means. MA:ma ADL:FTT canal tunnel ADL:FTT railroad tunnel ADL:FTT tunnel cave ENVO ENVO:00000067 FTT:1071 FTT:443 FTT:445 FTT:446 FTT:447 Geonames:S.CAVE Naturally formed, subterranean open area or chamber. SWEETRealm:Cave TGN:21485 TGN:21486 cavern grotto https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave notch USGS:SDTS notch Naturally formed, subterranean open area or chamber. USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS cavern ADL:FTT cavern USGS:SDTS grotto tunnel An underground or underwater passage. FTT:445 FTT:448 Geonames:R.TNLN SWEETRealm:Tunnel TGN:21447 TUNNEL cave https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel natural tunnel TUNNEL USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT cave Geonames:feature natural tunnel An underground or underwater passage. USGS:SDTS Getty:TGN natural tunnel distributary A stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel. They are a common feature of river deltas. ENVO ENVO:00000069 FTT:636 Geonames:H.STMD distributary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributary stream stream distributary watercourse Getty:TGN stream distributary A stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel. They are a common feature of river deltas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributary Geonames:feature distributary ADL:FTT distributary ADL:FTT stream USGS:SDTS watercourse construction A feature that has been constructed by deliberate human effort. "constructed" should probably be made something like a quality and this class obsoleted or filled only by inference constructed feature A feature that has been constructed by deliberate human effort. MA:ma fault cave A cave developed along a fault or fault zone, either by movement of the fault or by preferential solution along it. ENVO ENVO:00000071 A cave developed along a fault or fault zone, either by movement of the fault or by preferential solution along it. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html aquaduct ENVO ENVO:00000072 FTT:128 Geonames:H.CNLA SWEETRealm:Aqueduct Structure designed to transport water from a remote source, usually by gravity. TGN:51258 WATERCOURSE BRIDGE aqueduct https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaduct ADL:FTT Structure designed to transport water from a remote source, usually by gravity. Geonames:feature aqueduct Getty:TGN aqueduct USGS:SDTS WATERCOURSE BRIDGE USGS:SDTS aqueduct building A permanent walled and roofed construction. BUILDING ENVO ENVO:00000073 FTT:42 Geonames:S.BLDG LTER:76 TGN:51011 building https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building A permanent walled and roofed construction. USGS:SDTS Geonames:feature building BUILDING USGS:SDTS dam A barrier constructed across a watercourse to control the flow or raise the level of water. DAM Dam ENVO ENVO:00000074 EcoLexicon:dam FTT:599 FTT:600 Geonames:S.DAM SWEETRealm:Dam TGN:51253 barrage dam dam site https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam DAM USGS:SDTS Dam NASA:earthrealm ADL:FTT dam site A barrier constructed across a watercourse to control the flow or raise the level of water. USGS:SDTS Geonames:feature dam USGS:SDTS barrage bridge A built structure erected over a depression or obstacle to carry traffic or some facility such as a pipeline. BRIDGE ENVO ENVO:00000075 EcoLexicon:bridge FTT:297 Geonames:S.BDG TGN:51841 bridge covered bridge footbridge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge overpass BRIDGE USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS overpass A built structure erected over a depression or obstacle to carry traffic or some facility such as a pipeline. USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS covered bridge USGS:SDTS footbridge Geonames:feature bridge mine An excavation in the Earth for the purpose of extracting earth materials. EcoLexicon:mine FTT:14 FTT:968 Geonames:L.MNA Geonames:S.MN TGN:54211 TGN:54212 An excavation in the Earth for the purpose of extracting earth materials. USGS:SDTS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine agricultural feature AgriculturalLands As with other classes that are "features", the subclasses of this class are being moved to more informative locations. Their relation to agriculture will be modelled by something more akin to a quality or relation to an agricultural process. ENVO ENVO:00000077 FTT:1246 FTT:1247 FTT:44 FTT:45 FTT:46 FTT:48 FTT:50 FTT:51 FTT:52 FTT:57 FTT:60 FTT:62 FTT:63 FTT:64 FTT:72 FTT:74 Geonames:L.AGRC Geonames:L.RESA Geonames:S.NSY TGN:55001 agricultural colony agricultural facility agricultural land agricultural reserve agricultural site bailing station barn cattle dipping tank corral dairy feedlot grange grazing allotment irrigated field nursery pastoral site sheepfold stockyard ADL:FTT barn ADL:FTT bailing station ADL:FTT nursery Getty:TGN agricultural land ADL:FTT grazing allotment ADL:FTT irrigated field ADL:FTT corral ADL:FTT agricultural site ADL:FTT agricultural reserve ADL:FTT agricultural facility ADL:FTT pastoral site ADL:FTT feedlot Geonames:feature agricultural reserve Geonames:feature nursery ADL:FTT dairy Geonames:feature agricultural colony ADL:FTT grange ADL:FTT stockyard AgriculturalLands NASA:earthrealm ADL:FTT cattle dipping tank ADL:FTT sheepfold farm A tract of crop or grazing land, as well as the group of buildings with and often surrounding a farmhouse, including barns, sheds, and other outbuildings, used for agricultural production. ENVO ENVO:00000078 FARM FTT:45 FTT:58 FTT:59 FTT:69 Geonames:S.FRM Geonames:S.FRMS Geonames:S.RNCH TGN:54011 agricultural site farm farms farmstead https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm nursery ranch USGS:SDTS ranch ADL:FTT agricultural site Geonames:feature ranch USGS:SDTS nursery Geonames:feature farm A tract of crop or grazing land, as well as the group of buildings with and often surrounding a farmhouse, including barns, sheds, and other outbuildings, used for agricultural production. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT farmstead Getty:TGN ranch FARM USGS:SDTS Geonames:feature farms flume An open artificial water channel, that leads water from a diversion dam or weir completely aside a natural flow, often an elevated box structure (typically wood) that follows the natural contours of the land. ENVO ENVO:00000079 EcoLexicon:flume FTT:129 FTT:404 canal flume (manmade) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flume watercourse An open artificial water channel, that leads water from a diversion dam or weir completely aside a natural flow, often an elevated box structure (typically wood) that follows the natural contours of the land. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flume ADL:FTT flume (manmade) USGS:SDTS watercourse ADL:FTT canal mountain range A series of connected and aligned mountains or mountain ridges. ENVO ENVO:00000080 EcoLexicon:mountain_range FTT:548 FTT:995 FTT:997 Geonamaes:MTS MOUNT RANGE SWEETRealm:MountainRange TGN:21431 TGN:21432 cordillera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range mountain chain mountain group mountain range mountain system sierra envoPolar A series of connected and aligned mountains or mountain ridges. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT sierra Geonames:feature mountain range Getty:TGN mountain system MOUNT RANGE USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT cordillera mountain A landform that extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill, but there is no universally accepted standard definition for the height of a mountain or a hill although a mountain usually has an identifiable summit and a local relief of more than 300m. ENVO ENVO:00000081 EcoLexicon:mountain FTT:1000 FTT:118 FTT:460 FTT:548 FTT:713 FTT:896 FTT:993 Geonames:T.MT Geonames:T.MTS Mountain SWEETRealm:Mountain TGN:21430 TGN:21434 cerro cordillera foothill https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain knoll mound mount mountain mountains envoPolar ADL:FTT foothill USGS:SDTS mound Geonames:feature mountain USGS:SDTS foothill USGS:SDTS knoll ADL:FTT cerro USGS:SDTS mount Mountain NASA:earthrealm ADL:FTT cordillera ADL:FTT knoll A landform that extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill, but there is no universally accepted standard definition for the height of a mountain or a hill although a mountain usually has an identifiable summit and a local relief of more than 300m. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain#United_Kingdom Geonames:feature mountains hill range A group of hills bordered by lowlands. ENVO ENVO:00000082 A group of hills bordered by lowlands. MA:ma hill A rounded elevation of limited extent rising above the surrounding land with local relief of less than 300m. ENVO ENVO:00000083 EcoLexicon:hill FTT:118 FTT:468 FTT:713 FTT:799 FTT:896 Geonames:T.HLL Geonames:T.HLLS SWEETRealm:Hill TGN:21437 TGN:21438 cerro foothill hill hillock hills https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill knoll mount mountain Geonames:feature hill USGS:SDTS knoll USGS:SDTS mount ADL:FTT mountain ADL:FTT foothill Geonames:feature hills USGS:SDTS hillock A rounded elevation of limited extent rising above the surrounding land with local relief of less than 300m. Geonames:feature USGS:SDTS foothill mountain pass A lower point that allows easier access through a mountain range. A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains. ENVO ENVO:00000084 EcoLexicon:mountain_pass FTT:510 FTT:612 FTT:738 FTT:739 FTT:740 Geonames:T.GAP Geonames:T.PASS Geonames:T.SDL SWEETRealm:Pass TGN:21433 TGN:21436 TGN:21524 col defile gap https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass notch pass pass saddle saddle (physiographic) sill (physiographic) envoPolar A lower point that allows easier access through a mountain range. A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass Getty:TGN gap USGS:SDTS defile ADL:FTT defile USGS:SDTS notch USGS:SDTS col ADL:FTT pass ADL:FTT sill (physiographic) USGS:SDTS gap Getty:TGN saddle USGS:SDTS saddle Geonames:feature saddle ADL:FTT col Geonames:feature pass ADL:FTT saddle (physiographic) alpine glacier A glacier contained in the site of a mountain valley. ENVO ENVO:00000085 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 We need to added classes such as "valley site" in order to fully axiomatize this class envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A glacier contained in the site of a mountain valley. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier#Types https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1216/text.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_glacier plain A region of general uniform slope, comparatively level, and of considerable extent. ENVO ENVO:00000086 EcoLexicon:plain FTT:707 FTT:874 FTT:926 Geonames:T.PLN PLAIN Plain SWEETRealm:Plain TGN:21461 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain interfluve llanos outwash plain plain USGS:SDTS outwash plain ADL:FTT llanos PLAIN USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT interfluve A region of general uniform slope, comparatively level, and of considerable extent. USGS:SDTS NASA:earthrealm Plain Geonames:feature plain cliff A high, steep, or overhanging face of rock. CLIFF ENVO ENVO:00000087 EcoLexicon:cliff FTT:268 FTT:269 FTT:491 FTT:492 Geonames:T.CLF SWEETRealm:Cliff TGN:21487 TGN:21488 beach scarp bluff ceja cliff https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff ice cliff palisade precipice scar scarp scaw scraps USGS:SDTS scarp USGS:SDTS scar ADL:FTT scraps A high, steep, or overhanging face of rock. USGS:SDTS Geonames:feature cliff USGS:SDTS ice cliff USGS:SDTS palisade ADL:FTT bluff USGS:SDTS beach scarp USGS:SDTS bluff USGS:SDTS ceja USGS:SDTS scaw USGS:SDTS precipice CLIFF USGS:SDTS sea cliff A cliff that is a margin of a sea or ocean. ENVO ENVO:00000088 coastal cliff https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cliff marine cliff envoPolar A cliff that is a margin of a sea or ocean. MA:ma USGS:SDTS marine cliff inland cliff ENVO ENVO:00000089 EcoLexicon:crag FTT:589 crag ADL:FTT crag USGS:SDTS crag coastal plain An area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a coast and separated from the interior by other features. ENVO ENVO:00000090 EcoLexicon:coastal_plain EcoLexicon:coastal_zone FTT:240 FTT:499 FTT:500 FTT:501 FTT:502 FTT:503 FTT:504 SWEETRealm:CoastalPlain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_plain An area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a coast and separated from the interior by other features. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_plain beach A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a body of water. Beach ENVO ENVO:00000091 EcoLexicon:beach EcoLexicon:to_beach FTT:237 FTT:239 Geonames:T.BCH Geonames:T.BCHS SWEETRealm:Beach TGN:21482 beach beach berm beaches foreshore flats https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach lagoon beach rivage strand USGS:SDTS strand Geonames:feature beaches ADL:FTT strand USGS:SDTS foreshore flats Beach NASA:earthrealm USGS:SDTS lagoon beach USGS:SDTS beach berm Geonames:feature beach A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a body of water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach USGS:SDTS rivage sea beach A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a sea. ENVO ENVO:00000092 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand strand A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a sea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach lacustrine beach A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a lake. ENVO ENVO:00000093 A landform consisting of loose rock particles such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles, cobble, or even shell fragments along the shoreline of a lake. MA:ma volcanic feature A feature associated with a volcano, an opening, or rupture, in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface. ENVO ENVO:00000094 FTT:591 TGN:21407 volcanic landform A feature associated with a volcano, an opening, or rupture, in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano Getty:TGN volcanic landform obsolete lava field A feature formed by cooled lava, the molten rock that is expelled by a volcano during an eruption. ENVO ENVO:00000095 ENVO:01000437 EcoLexicon:lava_flow FTT:916 FTT:917 Geonames:T.LAVA TGN:21612 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_field lava area lava flow lava plain true A feature formed by cooled lava, the molten rock that is expelled by a volcano during an eruption. MA:ma Geonames:feature lava area Getty:TGN lava flow ADL:FTT lava area caldera A feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption. FTT:384 Geonames:T.CLDA TGN:21409 caldera crater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera USGS:SDTS crater Geonames:feature caldera A feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera desert A region rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall. DESERT ENVO ENVO:00000097 EcoLexicon:desert FTT:1 FTT:188 Geonames:T.DSRT LTER:147 SWEETRealm:Desert TGN:21201 arid region desert https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert envoPolar Geonames:feature desert A region rendered barren or partially barren by environmental extremes, especially by low rainfall. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT arid region DESERT USGS:SDTS island Area of dry or relatively dry land surrounded by water or low wetland. ENVO ENVO:00000098 EcoLexicon:island FTT:147 FTT:450 FTT:886 FTT:887 FTT:888 FTT:889 Geonames:T.ISL Geonames:T.ISLS SWEETRealm:Island TGN:21468 TGN:21469 TGN:21471 TGN:21475 cay eyot holm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island hummock isle islet key envoPolar USGS:SDTS cay Getty:TGN islet USGS:SDTS islet USGS:SDTS hummock USGS:SDTS key Area of dry or relatively dry land surrounded by water or low wetland. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT isle ADL:FTT islet artificial island An island constructed by human effort. ENVO ENVO:00000099 FTT:1023 FTT:171 Geonames:T.ISLF artificial island https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_island offshore platform An island constructed by human effort. MA:ma ADL:FTT offshore platform Geonames:feature artificial island valley A depression which has been formed as a result of erosion by water or ice and which is low-lying, bordered by higher ground, and especially elongate. EcoLexicon:valley FTT:158 FTT:166 FTT:418 FTT:761 FTT:811 FTT:949 Geonames:T.GRGE Geonames:T.VAL Geonames:T.VALS SWEETRealm:Valley TGN:21425 TGN:21451 TGN:21452 TGN:21453 chasm coulee dale glacial gorge glacial trough glen goe gorge graben gulch gully hollow lavaka median valley moat ravine re-entrant seachannel shelf valley strath trench vale water gap Valleys are typically located between hills our mountains. ADL:FTT median valley USGS:SDTS gully USGS:SDTS gorge USGS:SDTS chasm USGS:SDTS goe Getty:TGN hollow USGS:SDTS coulee USGS:SDTS graben USGS:SDTS hollow A depression which has been formed as a result of erosion by water or ice and which is low-lying, bordered by higher ground, and especially elongate. ADL:FTT https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley USGS:SDTS strath Getty:TGN gully USGS:SDTS ravine USGS:SDTS trench ADL:FTT glen USGS:SDTS glacial gorge ADL:FTT hollow USGS:SDTS moat USGS:SDTS seachannel USGS:SDTS gulch Geonames:feature shelf valley USGS:SDTS dale USGS:SDTS glen USGS:SDTS glacial trough Geonames:feature gorge USGS:SDTS re-entrant USGS:SDTS water gap Geonames:feature median valley delta A tract of alluvium formed at the mouth of a river where the deposition ofsome of its load exceeds its rate of removal, crossed by the divergent channels (distributaries) of the river. DELTA Delta ENVO ENVO:00000101 EcoLexicon:delta FTT:97 Geonames:T.DLTA SWEETRealm:Delta TGN:21164 TGN:21422 alluvial fan bay delta canyon delta delta fan fan delta https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta outwash outwash plain pass (delta) USGS:SDTS outwash Getty:TGN pass (delta) Delta NASA:earthrealm USGS:SDTS fan USGS:SDTS outwash plain Geonames:feature delta USGS:SDTS bay delta USGS:SDTS fan delta A tract of alluvium formed at the mouth of a river where the deposition ofsome of its load exceeds its rate of removal, crossed by the divergent channels (distributaries) of the river. USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS alluvial fan DELTA USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS canyon delta cave entrance Cueva de Altamira ENVO ENVO:00000102 FTT:444 mangrove island An island formed of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics. ENVO ENVO:00000103 FTT:147 FTT:891 Geonames:T.ISLM island mangrove island ADL:FTT island Geonames:feature mangrove island An island formed of trees and shrubs that grow in saline coastal habitats in the tropics and subtropics. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove undersea feature ENVO ENVO:00000104 EcoLexicon:fan EcoLexicon:platform EcoLexicon:ravine FTT:1020 FTT:1137 FTT:1176 FTT:1193 FTT:1194 FTT:1195 FTT:1196 FTT:5 FTT:810 FTT:984 Geonames:FRKU Geonames:FRSU Geonames:MDVU Geonames:PLFU Geonames:RAVU Geonames:RMPU Geonames:U.BSNU Geonames:U.EDGU Geonames:U.ESCU Geonames:U.FANU Geonames:U.FLTU Geonames:U.FURU Geonames:U.GAPU Geonames:U.GLYU Geonames:U.HOLU Geonames:U.LDGU Geonames:U.LEVU Geonames:U.PLNU Geonames:U.PLTU Geonames:U.PNLU Geonames:U.PRVU Geonames:U.RDGU Geonames:U.RDSU Geonames:U.RISU Geonames:U.SDLU Geonames:U.SHVU Geonames:U.SILU Geonames:U.SPRU Geonames:U.TERU Geonames:U.VALU Geonames:U.VLSU TGN:23001 TGN:23116 TGN:23117 TGN:23118 TGN:23135 TGN:23162 TGN:23181 TGN:23182 TGN:23183 TGN:23184 TGN:23188 TGN:23192 TGN:23193 TGN:23194 TGN:23195 TGN:23196 TGN:23211 TGN:23212 TGN:23301 TGN:23411 TGN:23412 TGN:23413 TGN:23415 TGN:23421 TGN:23423 TGN:23424 TGN:23431 TGN:23453 TGN:23461 TGN:23463 TGN:23467 TGN:23550 basin escarpment fan flat fork forks furrow gap gully hole hole (seafloor) ledge levee median valley moat (seafloor) ocean floor feature pinnacle plain plateau platform province ramp ramp (seafloor) ravine ridge ridges rise rise (seafloor) saddle seafloor feature shelf edge sill spur subsea feature terrace tongue (seafloor) undersea bank undersea basin undersea bench undersea cliff undersea fan undersea fork undersea fracture zone undersea furrow undersea gap undersea hole undersea ledge undersea levee undersea median valley undersea moat undersea peak undersea pinnacle undersea plain undersea platform undersea ramp undersea rise undersea saddle undersea shelf undersea shelf edge undersea shelf valley undersea sill undersea slope undersea spur undersea terrace undersea tongue undersea valley underwater feature valley valleys Getty:TGN undersea hole Getty:TGN undersea fracture zone Getty:TGN undersea peak Geonames:feature province Geonames:feature plain ADL:FTT hole (seafloor) Getty:TGN undersea tongue Geonames:feature hole Getty:TGN undersea shelf valley Getty:TGN undersea pinnacle Geonames:feature ridge Getty:TGN undersea plain Geonames:feature platform Geonames:feature levee Getty:TGN undersea slope ADL:FTT underwater feature Geonames:feature furrow Geonames:feature plateau Geonames:feature shelf edge Geonames:feature forks Getty:TGN undersea fork Geonames:feature sill Getty:TGN undersea bank Getty:TGN undersea bench ADL:FTT moat (seafloor) ADL:FTT subsea feature Geonames:feature fan ADL:FTT rise (seafloor) Getty:TGN undersea valley Geonames:feature spur Geonames:feature median valley Getty:TGN undersea shelf edge ADL:FTT tongue (seafloor) Getty:TGN undersea moat Getty:TGN undersea sill Geonames:feature ramp Geonames:feature gap Getty:TGN undersea terrace Getty:TGN undersea median valley Geonames:feature flat Getty:TGN undersea basin Getty:TGN undersea fan Geonames:feature saddle Getty:TGN undersea ledge Geonames:feature terrace Getty:TGN undersea ramp Geonames:feature valleys Geonames:feature valley Getty:TGN undersea levee Geonames:feature fork Geonames:feature gully Geonames:feature ridges Geonames:feature rise Geonames:feature basin Geonames:feature escarpment Geonames:feature ravine ADL:FTT ocean floor feature Getty:TGN undersea platform Getty:TGN undersea furrow ADL:FTT ramp (seafloor) Getty:TGN undersea rise Geonames:feature pinnacle Geonames:feature ledge Getty:TGN undersea shelf Getty:TGN undersea spur Getty:TGN undersea cliff Getty:TGN undersea saddle ADL:FTT seafloor feature Getty:TGN undersea gap lake surface ENVO ENVO:00000105 grassland An area in which grasses (Graminae) are a significant component of the vegetation. EcoLexicon:grassland FTT:259 FTT:760 FTT:766 GRASSLAND Geonames:V.GRSLD Grassland LTER:232 TGN:21604 TGN:54052 down downland downs glade grassland grazing area herbaceous area https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland range GRASSLAND USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS glade USGS:SDTS herbaceous area USGS:SDTS down USGS:SDTS downland USGS:SDTS downs USGS:SDTS range ADL:FTT grazing area Grassland NASA:earthrealm Getty:TGN grazing area An area in which grasses (Graminae) are a significant component of the vegetation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland Geonames:feature grassland ADL:FTT glade heath An upland moor or sandy area dominated by low shrubby vegetation including heather. ENVO ENVO:00000107 FTT:1191 FTT:792 Geonames:V.HTH SPIRE:Heath TGN:21609 heath https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath shrubland wetland woodland USGS:SDTS woodland Geonames:feature heath USGS:SDTS wetland An upland moor or sandy area dominated by low shrubby vegetation including heather. Geonames:feature ADL:FTT shrubland meadow A habitat of rolling or flat terrain where grasses predominate. Typically, what is called a meadow has more biodiversity than a grassland as the former contains not only grasses but a significant variety of annual, biennial and perennial plants. ENVO ENVO:00000108 FTT:259 FTT:767 Geonames:V.MDW LTER:330 TGN:21613 grassland hay meadow https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow meadow USGS:SDTS grassland Geonames:feature meadow USGS:SDTS hay meadow A habitat of rolling or flat terrain where grasses predominate. Typically, what is called a meadow has more biodiversity than a grassland as the former contains not only grasses but a significant variety of annual, biennial and perennial plants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow ADL:FTT grassland woodland FTT:1083 FTT:505 FTT:506 FTT:719 FTT:774 Geonames:V.GRVPN LTER:503 Land having a cover of trees, shrubs, or both. SWEETRealm:Break SWEETRealm:Scrub TGN:21631 TGN:21632 TGN:21641 WOODLAND brigalow caatinga chanaral coniferous forest copse deciduous forest equatorial forest equatorial rain forest garique grove https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland jungle mallee scrub monsoon forest moor mott motte mulga mulga scrub pine grove rain forest reforested area sagebrush scrub shrub silva stand taiga thicket thorn forest tropical rain forest wood wooded area Getty:TGN jungle USGS:SDTS grove Getty:TGN wood USGS:SDTS motte USGS:SDTS tropical rain forest ADL:FTT grove USGS:SDTS silva USGS:SDTS caatinga USGS:SDTS sagebrush USGS:SDTS brigalow USGS:SDTS thorn forest USGS:SDTS copse USGS:SDTS deciduous forest Land having a cover of trees, shrubs, or both. USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS mulga scrub USGS:SDTS stand USGS:SDTS taiga Geonames:feature pine grove ADL:FTT wood ADL:FTT rain forest USGS:SDTS equatorial forest USGS:SDTS wood USGS:SDTS mulga USGS:SDTS thicket Getty:TGN rain forest USGS:SDTS equatorial rain forest USGS:SDTS wooded area USGS:SDTS jungle USGS:SDTS WOODLAND USGS:SDTS chanaral USGS:SDTS scrub USGS:SDTS coniferous forest USGS:SDTS moor USGS:SDTS garique USGS:SDTS reforested area USGS:SDTS shrub USGS:SDTS monsoon forest USGS:SDTS mallee scrub lava tunnel A tunnel formed by the flow of molten lava, which has subsequently drained out. ENVO ENVO:00000110 These are usually classified as a sub-type of volcanic cave, rather than a tunnel. lava tube A tunnel formed by the flow of molten lava, which has subsequently drained out. MA:ma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_tube forest An area with a high density of trees. A small forest may be called a wood. EcoLexicon:forest FTT:258 FTT:506 FTT:715 FTT:717 Geonames:V.FRST LTER:2 SWEETRealm:Forest TGN:21641 TGN:21642 TGN:21645 forest https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest wood The definitions of forest can vary greatly, and different classes will be needed to support the major categories. Tree cover alone is not enough to distinguish between forests and plantations. The international definition proposed by the 2010 FAO Forestry Resource Assessment: "land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 metres and canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ . It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use." - FAO. 2010. Global forest resources assessment 2010, Main report, FAO Forestry Paper 163. Rome. Geonames:feature forest An area with a high density of trees. A small forest may be called a wood. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest Getty:TGN wood tundra Arctic land ENVO ENVO:00000112 EcoLexicon:tundra FTT:151 FTT:152 Geonames:V.TUND LTER:605 SWEETRealm:Tundra TGN:21611 TUNDRA Treeless, level, or gently rolling plains characteristic of arctic or subarctic regions, having a permanently frozen subsoil, and usually supporting low growing vegetation such as lichens, mosses, and stunted shrubs. TundraEcosystem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra tundra envoPolar tundra TUNDRA USGS:SDTS http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/8704 tundra NASA:earthrealm TundraEcosystem Geonames:feature tundra ADL:FTT Arctic land ADL:FTT Treeless, level, or gently rolling plains characteristic of arctic or subarctic regions, having a permanently frozen subsoil, and usually supporting low growing vegetation such as lichens, mosses, and stunted shrubs. obsolete cultivated habitat A geographical feature modified by humans by the preparation of the land, usually for the purposes of growing crops. CROPLAND ENVO ENVO:00000113 ENVO:01000311 EcoLexicon:agriculture FTT:1248 FTT:54 FTT:55 FTT:56 Geonames:V.CULT SPIRE:Agricultural SWEETRealm:Range agricultural region cropland cultivated area cultivated cropland market garden range truck farm truck garden true CROPLAND USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS cultivated area USGS:SDTS truck garden USGS:SDTS truck farm ADL:FTT range USGS:SDTS market garden Geonames:feature cultivated area ADL:FTT cropland ADL:FTT cultivated cropland ADL:FTT cultivated area A geographical feature modified by humans by the preparation of the land, usually for the purposes of growing crops. MA:ma agricultural field An area of land, usually relatively small, enclosed or otherwise and used for agricultural purposes. ENVO ENVO:00000114 EcoLexicon:field FTT:45 FTT:61 Geonames:L.FLD SWEETRealm:Field TGN:21456 agricultural site cropland field grassland USGS:SDTS grassland An area of land, usually relatively small, enclosed or otherwise and used for agricultural purposes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_%28agriculture%29 USGS:SDTS cropland Geonames:feature field ADL:FTT agricultural site orchard An intentional planting of trees or shrubs maintained for food, typically fruit, production. ENVO ENVO:00000115 EcoLexicon:orchard FTT:45 FTT:66 Geonames:V.OCH TGN:54014 agricultural site cropland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard orchard USGS:SDTS cropland ADL:FTT agricultural site An intentional planting of trees or shrubs maintained for food, typically fruit, production. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard Geonames:feature orchard vineyard A place where grapes are grown for making wine, raisins or table grapes. ENVO ENVO:00000116 FTT:45 FTT:77 Geonames:V.VIN Geonames:V.VINS TGN:54015 agricultural site cropland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard vineyard vineyards A place where grapes are grown for making wine, raisins or table grapes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard Geonames:feature vineyards Geonames:feature vineyard USGS:SDTS cropland ADL:FTT agricultural site plantation An intentional planting of a crop, on a large scale, usually for uses other than cereal production or pasture. The term is currently most often used for plantings of trees and shrubs. The term tends also to be used for plantings maintained on economic bases other than that of subsistence farming. ENVO ENVO:00000117 FTT:45 FTT:68 TGN:54041 agricultural site cropland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation plantation field USGS:SDTS cropland ADL:FTT agricultural site An intentional planting of a crop, on a large scale, usually for uses other than cereal production or pasture. The term is currently most often used for plantings of trees and shrubs. The term tends also to be used for plantings maintained on economic bases other than that of subsistence farming. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation USGS:SDTS plantation field coconut plantation ENVO ENVO:00000118 FTT:505 FTT:506 Geonames:V.GRVC coconut grove wood ADL:FTT wood Geonames:feature coconut grove ADL:FTT coconut grove planted forest A forest that has been intentionally established by human intervention. ENVO ENVO:00000119 A forest that has been intentionally established by human intervention. MA:ma oil palm plantation ENVO ENVO:00000120 FTT:45 FTT:65 Geonames:S.ESTO Geonames:V.GRVP agricultural site oil palm plantation palm grove ADL:FTT agricultural site Geonames:feature oil palm plantation Geonames:feature palm grove artificial channel ENVO ENVO:00000121 EcoLexicon:artificial_channel flume improved channel USGS:SDTS improved channel track A small road, generally not paved. EcoLexicon:path EcoLexicon:trail FTT:1057 Geonames:R.TRL SWEETRealm:Path TGN:53158 footpath path trail A small road, generally not paved. MA:ma Getty:TGN trail USGS:SDTS trail USGS:SDTS path USGS:SDTS footpath ADL:FTT trail Geonames:feature trail political entity A geographical region whose affairs and population are administered by an authority. ENVO ENVO:00000123 FTT:1093 Geonames:A.PCL TGN:80002 political entity Geonames:feature political entity A geographical region whose affairs and population are administered by an authority. MA:ma supranational geopolitical entity A political entitity established by more than one state and with at least some influence over the affairs of its member states. ENVO ENVO:00000124 A political entitity established by more than one state and with at least some influence over the affairs of its member states. MA:ma mineral spring A spring whose water contains a significant amount of dissolved minerals, that derive from the rocks through which the water flows. ENVO ENVO:00000125 FTT:981 FTT:982 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_spring spring spring (hydrographic) ADL:FTT spring (hydrographic) USGS:SDTS spring A spring whose water contains a significant amount of dissolved minerals, that derive from the rocks through which the water flows. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_spring sulfur spring A spring whose water contains a significant amount of dissolved derivatives of sulfur. ENVO ENVO:00000126 FTT:1215 FTT:982 Geonames:H.SPNS spring (hydrographic) sulphur spring A spring whose water contains a significant amount of dissolved derivatives of sulfur. MA:ma ADL:FTT spring (hydrographic) Geonames:feature sulphur spring badland An arid terrain with clay-rich soil that has been extensively eroded by wind and water. ENVO ENVO:00000127 FTT:186 FTT:187 Geonames:T.BDLD TGN:21205 badlands barren land https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlands Geonames:feature badlands ADL:FTT barren land An arid terrain with clay-rich soil that has been extensively eroded by wind and water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badland dry valley A valley that no longer has a surface flow of water. Typically found in either Karst (limestone) or chalk terrain. ENVO ENVO:00000128 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_valley A valley that no longer has a surface flow of water. Typically found in either Karst (limestone) or chalk terrain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_valley stream valley A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a stream. ENVO ENVO:00000129 EcoLexicon:gully EcoLexicon:ravine FTT:159 FTT:420 Geonames:H.RVN TGN:21427 gullie ravine Geonames:feature ravine A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a stream. MA:ma USGS:SDTS ravine reef A ridge of rocks, lying near the surface of the sea, which may be visible at low tide, but is usually covered by water. ENVO ENVO:00000130 EcoLexicon:reef FTT:202 FTT:203 FTT:729 Geonames:H.RF Geonames:U.RFSU Geonames:U.RFU REEF SPIRE:Reef TGN:21479 atoll reef bank reef barrier reef fringing reef https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reef ledge reef reef flat reefs shore reef submerged reef Geonames:feature reefs A ridge of rocks, lying near the surface of the sea, which may be visible at low tide, but is usually covered by water. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT barrier reef ADL:FTT fringing reef USGS:SDTS bank reef Geonames:feature reef USGS:SDTS shore reef USGS:SDTS fringing reef USGS:SDTS barrier reef REEF USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS reef flat USGS:SDTS submerged reef USGS:SDTS atoll reef USGS:SDTS ledge glacial feature A hydrographic feature characterized by the dominance of snow or ice. ENVO ENVO:00000131 EcoLexicon:ice FTT:648 Ice LandIce Likely to be depopulated and "glacial" made into a quality or similar. SWEETRealm:LandIce TGN:21410 glacer glacial landform glacier feature envoPolar ADL:FTT glacer Ice NASA:earthrealm LandIce NASA:earthrealm Getty:TGN glacial landform ADL:FTT glacier feature A hydrographic feature characterized by the dominance of snow or ice. MA:ma ice sheet A mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2. Arctic pack ENVO ENVO:00000132 ENVO:00000379 FTT:758 FTT:835 FTT:837 ICE FIELD SWEETRealm:IceSheet TGN:21147 bay ice continental glacier continental ice glacial tongue https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheet ice field ice mass island ice pack ice polar ice polar ice pack rock glacier shelf ice envoPolar ADL:FTT ice mass USGS:SDTS polar ice pack USGS:SDTS bay ice USGS:SDTS polar ice USGS:SDTS island ice USGS:SDTS rock glacier ADL:FTT ice field USGS:SDTS pack ice Arctic pack USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS glacial tongue USGS:SDTS continental glacier ICE FIELD USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS shelf ice USGS:SDTS continental ice A mass of glacier ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than 50,000 km2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheet glacier An ice mass which is of sufficient mass that the action of gravity upon it overcomes the frictional forces holding it in place, causing it to deform and flow towards lower elevation. ENVO ENVO:00000133 EcoLexicon:glacier FTT:648 FTT:756 Geonames:H.GLCR Glacier RockGlacier SWEETRealm:Glacier TGN:21141 glacial feature glacier https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier ice field rock glacier http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar NASA:earthrealm RockGlacier USGS:SDTS rock glacier ADL:FTT glacial feature Glacier NASA:earthrealm USGS:SDTS ice field An ice mass which is of sufficient mass that the action of gravity upon it overcomes the frictional forces holding it in place, causing it to deform and flow towards lower elevation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier Geonames:feature glacier permafrost ENVO ENVO:00000134 EcoLexicon:permafrost LTER:408 Permafrost Soil at or below the freezing point of water (0C or 32F) for two or more years. Ice is not always present, as may be in the case of nonporous bedrock, but it frequently occurs and it may be in amounts exceeding the potential hydraulic saturation of the ground material. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost envoPolar NASA:earthrealm Permafrost Soil at or below the freezing point of water (0C or 32F) for two or more years. Ice is not always present, as may be in the case of nonporous bedrock, but it frequently occurs and it may be in amounts exceeding the potential hydraulic saturation of the ground material. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost buffer zone A geographical region that serves the purpose of keeping two or more other areas (often, but not necessarily, countries) distant from one another, for whatever reason. ENVO ENVO:00000135 FTT:17 Geonames:A.ZNB administrative area buffer zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_zone Geonames:feature buffer zone A geographical region that serves the purpose of keeping two or more other areas (often, but not necessarily, countries) distant from one another, for whatever reason. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_zone ADL:FTT administrative area demilitiarized zone A geographical area, usually the frontier or boundary between two or more military powers (or alliances), where military activity is not permitted, usually by peace treaty, armistice or other bilateral or multilateral agreement. DEMILITIARIZED ZONE DMZ ENVO ENVO:00000136 FTT:1253 FTT:20 adminstrative area boundary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMZ neutral zone USGS:SDTS neutral zone DEMILITIARIZED ZONE USGS:SDTS A geographical area, usually the frontier or boundary between two or more military powers (or alliances), where military activity is not permitted, usually by peace treaty, armistice or other bilateral or multilateral agreement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demilitarized_zone ADL:FTT adminstrative area ADL:FTT neutral zone USGS:SDTS boundary coastal inlet An opening of the sea into the land. ENVO ENVO:00000137 FTT:463 TGN:21128 coastal inlet envoPolar An opening of the sea into the land. USGS:SDTS cove A circular or round inlet with a narrow entrance. EcoLexicon:cove FTT:190 FTT:229 Geonames:H.COVE SWEETRealm:Cove TGN:21120 A circular or round inlet with a narrow entrance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cove irrigation ditch A ditch that supplies water to surrounding land. ENVO ENVO:00000139 FTT:129 FTT:406 Geonames:H.DTCHI canal irrigation ditch ADL:FTT irrigation ditch A ditch that supplies water to surrounding land. MA:ma Geonames:feature irrigation ditch ADL:FTT canal drainage ditch A ditch that collects water from the surrounding land. ENVO ENVO:00000140 EcoLexicon:drainage_ditch FTT:129 FTT:402 Geonames:H.DTCHD canal drainage ditch rhyne ADL:FTT drainage ditch Geonames:feature drainage ditch A ditch that collects water from the surrounding land. MA:ma ADL:FTT canal bank ENVO ENVO:00000141 EcoLexicon:bank FTT:195 SWEETRealm:Bank TGN:21466 The sloping margin of a watercourse, serving to confine it to its natural channel. mount shore USGS:SDTS shore MA:ma The sloping margin of a watercourse, serving to confine it to its natural channel. USGS:SDTS mount stream bank ENVO ENVO:00000142 FTT:195 FTT:196 Geonames:H.BNKR The sloping margin of a stream, serving to confine it to its natural channel. bank (hydrographic) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bank stream bank MA:ma The sloping margin of a stream, serving to confine it to its natural channel. Geonames:feature stream bank ADL:FTT bank (hydrographic) river bank ENVO ENVO:00000143 TGN:21155 The sloping margin of a river, serving to confine it to its natural channel. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_bank riverbank Getty:TGN riverbank MA:ma The sloping margin of a river, serving to confine it to its natural channel. obsolete aquatic habitat A habitat that is in or on water. ENVO ENVO:00000144 ENVO:01000317 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_habitat true A habitat that is in or on water. NM:nm ice cap A dome-shaped ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km2 of land area (usually covering a highland area). ENVO ENVO:00000145 FTT:841 Geonames:H.CAPG SPIRE:Ice_cap SWEETRealm:IceCap TGN:21140 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cap ice field icecap envoPolar USGS:SDTS ice field Getty:TGN icecap Geonames:feature icecap A dome-shaped ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km2 of land area (usually covering a highland area). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cap snow field A region of permanent snow in mountainous areas or high latitudes. ENVO ENVO:00000146 FTT:1208 Geonames:L.SNOW SNOWFIELD SnowField TGN:21146 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_field snowfield snowfield envoPolar A region of permanent snow in mountainous areas or high latitudes. USGS:SDTS SNOWFIELD USGS:SDTS NASA:earthrealm SnowField Geonames:feature snowfield Getty:TGN snowfield ocean current Definition modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current. ENVO ENVO:00000147 EcoLexicon:ocean_current FTT:597 FTT:598 Geonames:H.CRNT LTER:386 SWEETRealm:OceanCurrent TGN:21169 The region occupied by any more or less continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in one of the Earth's oceans. Ocean Currents are rivers of hot or cold water within the ocean. The currents are generated from the forces acting upon the water like the earth's rotation, the wind, the temperature and salinity differences and the gravitation of the moon. The depth contours, the shoreline and other movements influence the direction and strength of the movements of water that forms a given current. current https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current ocean current Geonames:feature current ADL:FTT current BS:bs The region occupied by any more or less continuous, directed movement of ocean water that flows in one of the Earth's oceans. Ocean Currents are rivers of hot or cold water within the ocean. The currents are generated from the forces acting upon the water like the earth's rotation, the wind, the temperature and salinity differences and the gravitation of the moon. The depth contours, the shoreline and other movements influence the direction and strength of the movements of water that forms a given current. Getty:TGN current ADL:FTT ocean current riffle A shallow stretch of a river or stream, where the current is above the average stream velocity and where the water forms small rippled waves as a result. It often consists of a rocky bed of gravels or other small stones. ENVO ENVO:00000148 EcoLexicon:riffle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffle A shallow stretch of a river or stream, where the current is above the average stream velocity and where the water forms small rippled waves as a result. It often consists of a rocky bed of gravels or other small stones. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffle artificial reef Chains of rocks or coral at or near the surface of water constructed by man. ENVO ENVO:00000149 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_reef Chains of rocks or coral at or near the surface of water constructed by man. MA:ma coral reef Aragonite structures produced by living organisms, found in shallow, marine waters with little nutrients in the water. CoralReef EcoLexicon:coral_reef FTT:202 FTT:547 FTT:729 Geonames:H.RFC LTER:127 barrier reef coral reef fringing reef https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef reef ADL:FTT coral reef CoralReef NASA:earthrealm USGS:SDTS fringing reef Aragonite structures produced by living organisms, found in shallow, marine waters with little nutrients in the water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef ADL:FTT fringing reef USGS:SDTS coral reef USGS:SDTS reef Geonames:feature coral reef sabkha An alkaline flat, in the context of a marine environment. ENVO ENVO:00000151 FTT:705 FTT:706 Geonames:H.SBKH SWEETRealm:Sabkha TGN:21368 basin flat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabkha sabkha Geonames:feature sabkha USGS:SDTS basin An alkaline flat, in the context of a marine environment. MA:ma ADL:FTT flat anabranch A section of a river or stream that diverts from the main course and rejoins later. ENVO ENVO:00000152 FTT:104 Geonames:H.STMA TGN:21136 anabranch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabranch stream watercourse ADL:FTT stream Geonames:feature anabranch USGS:SDTS watercourse A section of a river or stream that diverts from the main course and rejoins later. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabranch headwater ENVO ENVO:00000153 FTT:105 FTT:1221 FTT:1259 FTT:220 FTT:644 Geonames:H.STMH HEADWATER TGN:21181 The upper part of a river system, denoting the upper basin and source streams of a river. drainage basin headstream headwaters https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwater source stream Geonames:feature headwaters ADL:FTT stream ADL:FTT drainage basin ADL:FTT headstream HEADWATER USGS:SDTS The upper part of a river system, denoting the upper basin and source streams of a river. USGS:SDTS flood meadow An area of grassland or pasture beside a river, subject to seasonal flooding. ENVO ENVO:00000154 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_meadow water meadow An area of grassland or pasture beside a river, subject to seasonal flooding. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_meadow cirque A depression which is semicircular or crescent-shaped, found towards the crest of a mountain, and formed by the erosional processes caused by the motion of a glacier. CIRQUE Cirque ENVO ENVO:00000155 FTT:218 FTT:481 Geonames:T.CRQ Geonames:T.CRQS TGN:21496 cirque cirques coomb coombe corrie cwm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque cirque basin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar ADL:FTT cwm Geonames:feature cirque A depression which is semicircular or crescent-shaped, found towards the crest of a mountain, and formed by the erosional processes caused by the motion of a glacier. USGS:SDTS web:http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/apc/genericterms.html http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Glacial+cirque Cirque NASA:earthrealm CIRQUE USGS:SDTS Geonames:feature cirques desert oasis A small, isolated, fertile or green area in a desert region, usually having a spring or well. ENVO ENVO:00000156 EcoLexicon:oasis FTT:261 Geonames:L.OAS OASIS TGN:21202 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis oasis A small, isolated, fertile or green area in a desert region, usually having a spring or well. USGS:SDTS OASIS USGS:SDTS Geonames:feature oasis Getty:TGN oasis peat cut An artificial working of peatland to remove the peat. ENVO ENVO:00000157 FTT:1060 Geonames:L.PEAT peat cutting peat cutting area wetland USGS:SDTS wetland An artificial working of peatland to remove the peat. MA:ma ADL:FTT peat cutting area Geonames:feature peat cutting area USGS:SDTS peat cutting causeway A road or railway elevated by a bank, usually across a broad body of water or wetland. ENVO ENVO:00000158 EcoLexicon:causeway FTT:443 Geonames:R.CSWY TGN:53156 causeway https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway road A road or railway elevated by a bank, usually across a broad body of water or wetland. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway USGS:SDTS road Geonames:feature causeway sugar plantation ENVO ENVO:00000159 FTT:45 FTT:75 Geonames:S.ESTSG agricultural site https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plantation sugar plantation ADL:FTT agricultural site Geonames:feature sugar plantation sisal plantation ENVO ENVO:00000160 FTT:45 FTT:73 Geonames:ESTSL agricultural site sisal plantation ADL:FTT agricultural site Geonames:feature sisal plantation banana plantation ENVO ENVO:00000161 FTT:45 FTT:49 Geonames:ESTB agricultural site banana plantation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_plantation ADL:FTT agricultural site Geonames:feature banana plantation tea plantation ENVO ENVO:00000162 FTT:45 FTT:76 Geonames:S.ESTT agricultural site tea estate tea plantation Geonames:feature tea plantation ADL:FTT agricultural site coffee plantation ENVO ENVO:00000163 rubber plantation ENVO ENVO:00000164 FTT:45 FTT:71 Geonames:S.ESTR agricultural site rubber plantation Geonames:feature rubber plantation ADL:FTT agricultural site asphalt lake A lake formed of a natural deposit of alphalt, a black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid composed of fossil hydrocarbons. EcoLexicon:tar_pit FTT:174 FTT:175 Geonames:T.ASPH TGN:21369 asphalt lake basin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_pit tar pit A lake formed of a natural deposit of alphalt, a black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid composed of fossil hydrocarbons. MA:ma Geonames:feature asphalt lake ADL:FTT basin atoll An oceanic island, often having a characteristic ring-like shape surrounding a lagoon. Atolls are formed when coral reef grows around a volcanic island that later subsides into the ocean. ENVO ENVO:00000166 EcoLexicon:atoll FTT:127 FTT:450 Geonames:T.ATOL REEF, ISLAND SWEETRealm:Atoll TGN:21472 atoll atoll coral atoll https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll island reef An oceanic island, often having a characteristic ring-like shape surrounding a lagoon. Atolls are formed when coral reef grows around a volcanic island that later subsides into the ocean. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll USGS:SDTS reef Geonames:feature atoll ADL:FTT island USGS:SDTS atoll USGS:SDTS island REEF, ISLAND USGS:SDTS bar A linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of granular material, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water. Bars can appear in the sea, in a lake, or in a river. They are typically composed of sand, although could be of any granular matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around (for example, soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders). The grain size of the material comprising a bar is related: to the size of the waves or the strength of the currents moving the material, but the availability of material to be worked by waves and currents is also important. ENVO ENVO:00000167 EcoLexicon:bar FTT:1195 FTT:206 FTT:208 FTT:209 FTT:210 FTT:5 Geonames:H.BNK Geonames:H.SHOL Geonames:T.BAR Geonames:U.BKSU Geonames:U.BNKU Geonames:U.SHLU Geonames:U.SHSU Geonames:U.TNGU SWEETRealm:Bar Shoal TGN:21177 TGN:21480 TGN:21531 TGN:23191 ball bank barrier beach barrier island cuspate spit hook hooked spit longshore bar marsh bar offshore bar point recurved spit sand bank sand bar sand hom sand lobe sand spit sandbar seafloor feature shoal shoal patches shoals spit tongue tongue (seafloor) transverse bar undersea shoal USGS:SDTS offshore bar A linear shoaling landform feature within a body of water. Bars tend to be long and narrow (linear) and develop where a current (or waves) promote deposition of granular material, resulting in localized shallowing (shoaling) of the water. Bars can appear in the sea, in a lake, or in a river. They are typically composed of sand, although could be of any granular matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around (for example, soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders). The grain size of the material comprising a bar is related: to the size of the waves or the strength of the currents moving the material, but the availability of material to be worked by waves and currents is also important. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_%28landform%29 ADL:FTT seafloor feature USGS:SDTS point USGS:SDTS shoal patches USGS:SDTS sand hom Geonames:feature ball NASA:earthrealm Shoal USGS:SDTS hook USGS:SDTS cuspate spit USGS:SDTS sand bank USGS:SDTS transverse bar Geonames:feature bank Geonames:feature shoal USGS:SDTS shoal Geonames:feature shoals USGS:SDTS longshore bar USGS:SDTS recurved spit ADL:FTT spit USGS:SDTS sandbar Geonames:feature tongue Getty:TGN undersea shoal USGS:SDTS marsh bar USGS:SDTS hooked spit USGS:SDTS sand spit USGS:SDTS barrier beach ADL:FTT sandbar USGS:SDTS barrier island ADL:FTT shoal Getty:TGN shoal ADL:FTT tongue (seafloor) USGS:SDTS spit Getty:TGN sand bar USGS:SDTS sand lobe USGS:SDTS tongue blowhole A hole in coastal rock through which sea water is forced by a rising tide or waves and spurted through an outlet into the air. ENVO ENVO:00000168 EcoLexicon:blowhole FTT:266 Geonames:T.BLHL TGN:21172 blowhole https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowhole Geonames:feature blowhole A hole in coastal rock through which sea water is forced by a rising tide or waves and spurted through an outlet into the air. Geonames:feature canyon ENVO ENVO:00000169 EcoLexicon:canyon FTT:165 FTT:200 FTT:415 FTT:416 FTT:417 FTT:418 FTT:419 FTT:420 FTT:511 Geonames:T.CNYN Relatively narrow, deep depression with steep sides, the bottom of which generally has a continuous slope. SWEETRealm:Canyon TGN:21424 TGN:21426 TGN:21427 TGN:21429 barranca chasm defile flume (natural) gap gorge gulch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon quebrada ravine valley ADL:FTT quebrada Getty:TGN defile ADL:FTT flume (natural) Getty:TGN gorge Getty:TGN ravine ADL:FTT gorge ADL:FTT gulch ADL:FTT ravine ADL:FTT chasm USGS:SDTS valley ADL:FTT gap ADL:FTT barranca ADL:FTT Relatively narrow, deep depression with steep sides, the bottom of which generally has a continuous slope. dune A hill of sand built by eolian processes. Dune EcoLexicon:dune FTT:238 FTT:241 FTT:652 Geonames:T.DUNE LTER:171 SWEETRealm:Dune TGN:21419 TGN:21505 dune https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune interdune trough mount ridge sand dune sand hill sandy area A hill of sand built by eolian processes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune USGS:SDTS mount Dune NASA:earthrealm Getty:TGN sandy area USGS:SDTS ridge ADL:FTT sandy area USGS:SDTS sand dune Geonames:feature dune USGS:SDTS sand hill ADL:FTT interdune trough Geonames:feature sandy area river valley A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a river. ENVO ENVO:00000171 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_valley A valley that contains, and has been formed by, a river. MA:ma sandy desert A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of sand. ENVO ENVO:00000172 EcoLexicon:sandy_area FTT:188 FTT:238 FTT:616 Geonames:T.ERG Geonames:T.SAND TGN:21203 There should be relation here to ENVO:sand, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer. desert sand desert sandy area sandy desert ADL:FTT sandy area ADL:FTT desert Geonames:feature sandy area Geonames:feature sandy desert Getty:TGN sandy area rocky desert A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of rock. ENVO ENVO:00000173 FTT:188 FTT:615 Geonames:T.HMDA TGN:21204 There should be relation here to ENVO:rock, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer. desert rock desert ADL:FTT desert Geonames:feature rock desert isthmus ENVO ENVO:00000174 EcoLexicon:isthmus FTT:892 Geonames:T.ISTH ISTHMUS Narrow section of land in a body of water connecting two larger land areas. SWEETRealm:Isthmus TGN:21473 TGN:21478 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus isthmus land bridge neck submarine isthmus envoPolar USGS:SDTS neck USGS:SDTS submarine isthmus Narrow section of land in a body of water connecting two larger land areas. USGS:SDTS Geonames:feature isthmus Getty:TGN land bridge ISTHMUS USGS:SDTS karst A feature shaped by the dissolution of a soluble layer or layers of bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. These landscapes display distinctive surface features and underground drainages, and in some examples there may be little or no surface drainage. ENVO ENVO:00000175 EcoLexicon:karst FTT:894 Geonames:T.KRST SWEETRealm:Karst TGN:21509 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst karst karst area Getty:TGN karst area ADL:FTT karst area A feature shaped by the dissolution of a soluble layer or layers of bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite. These landscapes display distinctive surface features and underground drainages, and in some examples there may be little or no surface drainage. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst Geonames:feature karst elevation A landform elevated above the surrounding area. ENVO ENVO:00000176 LTER:177 SWEETRealm:Elevation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation A landform elevated above the surrounding area. MA:ma moraine An accumulation of boulders, stones, or other debris carried and deposited by a glacier. ENVO ENVO:00000177 EcoLexicon:moraine FTT:759 Geonames:T.MRN MORAINE TGN:21414 glacial moraine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine moraine envoPolar Geonames:feature moraine MORAINE USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS glacial moraine An accumulation of boulders, stones, or other debris carried and deposited by a glacier. USGS:SDTS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine levee An artificial slope or wall, usually earthen, which parallels the course of a river, built for the purpose of containing the river. EMBANKMENT ENVO ENVO:00000178 EcoLexicon:levee FTT:197 FTT:21 FTT:252 FTT:619 FTT:670 FTT:921 Geonames:S.DIKE Geonames:T.LEV REVETMENT SWEETRealm:Dike TGN:51251 TGN:51263 berm dike dike (manmade) dyke embankment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee levee revetment Geonames:feature dike Getty:TGN dike ADL:FTT revetment USGS:SDTS dyke EMBANKMENT USGS:SDTS An artificial slope or wall, usually earthen, which parallels the course of a river, built for the purpose of containing the river. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee USGS:SDTS dike ADL:FTT dike (manmade) ADL:FTT embankment REVETMENT USGS:SDTS Geonames:feature levee ADL:FTT berm mesa An elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs. Mesas form in areas where horizontally layered rocks are uplifted by tectonic activity. ENVO ENVO:00000179 FTT:376 FTT:377 Geonames:T.MESA SWEETRealm:Mesa TGN:21422 butte https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa mesa plateau ADL:FTT butte Geonames:feature mesa USGS:SDTS plateau An elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs. Mesas form in areas where horizontally layered rocks are uplifted by tectonic activity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa mound A rounded elevated area. ENVO ENVO:00000180 FTT:118 FTT:993 Geonames:T.MND TGN:21458 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound mound mount Geonames:feature mound USGS:SDTS mount A rounded elevated area. MA:ma nunatak "peak" in the definition is understood as a synonym of mount, rather than of summit. Nunataks may also refer to areas of ridges. The definition and placement of this class may need to be revised. ENVO ENVO:00000181 FTT:648 FTT:757 FTT:80 Geonames:T.NTK Geonames:T.NTKS TGN:21495 The exposed summit of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within an ice field or glacier. The term is typically used in areas where a permanent ice mass is present. glacier feature https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunatak mountain summit nunatak nunataks peak envoPolar ADL:FTT glacier feature Geonames:feature nunataks USGS:SDTS peak Geonames:feature nunatak ADL:FTT mountain summit The exposed summit of a ridge, mountain, or peak not covered with ice or snow within an ice field or glacier. The term is typically used in areas where a permanent ice mass is present. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunatak plateau An elevated and comparatively level expanse of land. ENVO ENVO:00000182 EcoLexicon:plateau FTT:1080 FTT:1090 FTT:1091 FTT:788 Geonames:T.PLAT Geonames:T.UPLD PLATEAU Plateau SWEETRealm:Plateau TGN:21441 TGN:21493 TGN:21494 highland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau intermontane plateau plateau table mountain tableknoll tableland tablemount upland ADL:FTT upland USGS:SDTS tableland ADL:FTT tableland Getty:TGN highland USGS:SDTS intermontane plateau Getty:TGN upland Geonames:feature plateau NASA:earthrealm Plateau ADL:FTT table mountain USGS:SDTS tableknoll An elevated and comparatively level expanse of land. USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS tablemount Geonames:feature upland PLATEAU USGS:SDTS stony desert A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of gravel or stones. ENVO ENVO:00000183 FTT:188 FTT:617 Geonames:T.REG There should be relation here to ENVO:rock and ENVO:gravel, but it's more than "primarily composed of" and must call upon the idea of "ground surface" or layer. desert stony desert Geonames:feature stony desert A desert plain characterized by a surface veneer of gravel or stones. Geonames:feature ADL:FTT desert hanging valley A tributary valley with the floor at a higher relief than the main channel into which it flows. They are most commonly associated with U-shaped valleys when a tributary glacier flows into a glacier of larger volume. ENVO ENVO:00000184 FTT:166 FTT:784 Geonames:T.VALG TGN:21514 hanging valley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_valley valley envoPolar A tributary valley with the floor at a higher relief than the main channel into which it flows. They are most commonly associated with U-shaped valleys when a tributary glacier flows into a glacier of larger volume. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley#Hanging_valleys ADL:FTT valley Geonames:feature hanging valley raised mire ENVO ENVO:00000185 Rain-fed, potentially deep peatlands occurring principally in lowland areas across much of Northern Europe, as well as in the former USSR, North America and parts of the southern hemisphere. SWEETRealm:RaisedBog raised bog wetland USGS:SDTS raised bog Rain-fed, potentially deep peatlands occurring principally in lowland areas across much of Northern Europe, as well as in the former USSR, North America and parts of the southern hemisphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland#Types_of_peatland USGS:SDTS wetland string mire ENVO ENVO:00000186 Flat or concave peatlands with a string-like pattern of hummocks (hence the name), found principally in northern Scandinavia but occurring in the western parts of the former USSR and in North America. A few examples exist in northern Britain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_bog string bog wetland Flat or concave peatlands with a string-like pattern of hummocks (hence the name), found principally in northern Scandinavia but occurring in the western parts of the former USSR and in North America. A few examples exist in northern Britain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland#Types_of_peatland USGS:SDTS string bog USGS:SDTS wetland tundra mire ENVO ENVO:00000187 Peatlands with a shallow peat layer, only about 500 mm thick, dominated by sedges and grasses. They form in permafrost areas, covering around 110,000 to 160,000 km2 in Alaska, Canada, and the former USSR. envoPolar Peatlands with a shallow peat layer, only about 500 mm thick, dominated by sedges and grasses. They form in permafrost areas, covering around 110,000 to 160,000 km2 in Alaska, Canada, and the former USSR. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland#Types_of_peatland paisa mire ENVO ENVO:00000188 Peatland typified by characteristic high mounds, each with a permanently frozen core, with wet depressions between the mounds. These develop where the ground surface is frozen only for part of the year, and are common in the former USSR, Canada and parts of Scandinavia. Peatland typified by characteristic high mounds, each with a permanently frozen core, with wet depressions between the mounds. These develop where the ground surface is frozen only for part of the year, and are common in the former USSR, Canada and parts of Scandinavia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland#Types_of_peatland peat swamp ENVO ENVO:00000189 Forested peatlands including both rain- and groundwater-fed types, commonly recorded in tropical regions with high rainfall. This type of peatland covers around 350,000 km2, primarily in south-east Asia but also occurring in the Everglades in Florida. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_swamp Forested peatlands including both rain- and groundwater-fed types, commonly recorded in tropical regions with high rainfall. This type of peatland covers around 350,000 km2, primarily in south-east Asia but also occurring in the Everglades in Florida. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland#Types_of_peatland abyssal feature Abyssalhill ENVO ENVO:00000190 EcoLexicon:abyssal_hill FTT:1020 FTT:2 FTT:4 Feature on the ocean floor at a depth of 3500 - 6000 meters. abyssal hill ocean floor feature Abyssalhill NASA:earthrealm ADL:FTT abyssal hill ADL:FTT Feature on the ocean floor at a depth of 3500 - 6000 meters. physiographic feature ENVO ENVO:00000191 EcoLexicon:landform EcoLexicon:landforms FTT:754 FTT:96 SWEETRealm:Landform TGN:21400 TGN:21401 geological feature landform ADL:FTT geological feature mudflat A wetland that forms when mud is deposited by the tides, rivers, sea or oceans. ENVO ENVO:00000192 EcoLexicon:mud_flat FTT:1001 FTT:185 Geonames:H.FLTM SPIRE:Mudflat SWEETRealm:MudFlat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat mud flat mud flat wetland ADL:FTT mud flat ADL:FTT wetland A wetland that forms when mud is deposited by the tides, rivers, sea or oceans. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat Geonames:feature mud flat olive grove ENVO ENVO:00000193 FTT:1033 FTT:506 Geonames:V.GRVO https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_grove olive grove wood ADL:FTT wood Geonames:feature olive grove scree Broken rock that appears at the bottom of crags, mountain cliffs or valley shoulders. ENVO ENVO:00000194 EcoLexicon:scree FTT:1078 FTT:96 Geonames:T.TAL SWEETRealm:Talus TALUS TGN:21508 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scree talus slope TALUS USGS:SDTS Getty:TGN talus slope Geonames:feature talus slope Broken rock that appears at the bottom of crags, mountain cliffs or valley shoulders. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scree sinkhole A natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water. Sinkholes may vary in size from less than a meter to several hundred meters both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. ENVO ENVO:00000195 EcoLexicon:sink_hole FTT:1073 FTT:1074 Geonames:T.SINK SWEETRealm:Sink TGN:21371 basin cenote https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole sink A natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water. Sinkholes may vary in size from less than a meter to several hundred meters both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkhole USGS:SDTS sink USGS:SDTS basin Geonames:feature sink alkaline flat A dry lakebed consisting of fine-grained sediments infused with alkali salts. Generally the shore or bed of an endorheic lake. ENVO ENVO:00000196 FTT:223 FTT:477 FTT:706 FTT:895 LTER:434 SWEETRealm:Playa chott kavir playa salina A dry lakebed consisting of fine-grained sediments infused with alkali salts. Generally the shore or bed of an endorheic lake. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabkha ADL:FTT playa USGS:SDTS salina ADL:FTT chott ADL:FTT kavir endorheic lake A lake from which there is no outflow of water, either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material. EcoLexicon:endorheic_lake https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic_lake closed lake A lake from which there is no outflow of water, either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic ice-covered lake A lake permanently covered by ice. ENVO ENVO:00000198 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_lake envoPolar A lake permanently covered by ice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Types_of_lakes meromictic lake A lake which has layers of water which do not intermix. The deepest layer of water in such a lake does not contain any dissolved oxygen. The layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed because there are no living organisms to stir them up. ENVO ENVO:00000199 EcoLexicon:meromictic_lake_ A lake which has layers of water which do not intermix. The deepest layer of water in such a lake does not contain any dissolved oxygen. The layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed because there are no living organisms to stir them up. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Types_of_lakes periglacial lake A lake, part of whose margin is formed by an ice mass, ice cap or glacier, the ice having obstructed the natural drainage of the land. ENVO ENVO:00000200 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periglacial_lake envoPolar A lake, part of whose margin is formed by an ice mass, ice cap or glacier, the ice having obstructed the natural drainage of the land. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Types_of_lakes fjord lake A lake in a glacially eroded valley, which has been eroded below sea level. ENVO ENVO:00000201 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjord_lake envoPolar A lake in a glacially eroded valley, which has been eroded below sea level. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Types_of_lakes oxbow lake A lake which is formed when a wide meander from a stream or a river is cut off to form a lake. They are called oxbow lakes due to the distinctive curved shape that results from this process. ENVO ENVO:00000202 EcoLexicon:ox-bow_lake FTT:221 FTT:903 Geonames:H.LKO TGN:21139 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbow_lake A lake which is formed when a wide meander from a stream or a river is cut off to form a lake. They are called oxbow lakes due to the distinctive curved shape that results from this process. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Types_of_lakes rift lake A lake which fills a depression that has formed as a result of subsidence along a a rift zone, an area of extensional tectonics in the continental crust. A lake which fills a depression that has formed as a result of subsidence along a a rift zone, an area of extensional tectonics in the continental crust. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Types_of_lakes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_lake ephemeral spring A spring whose flow is intermittent. ENVO ENVO:00000204 A spring whose flow is intermittent. MA:ma permanent spring A spring whose flow is continuous. ENVO ENVO:00000205 A spring whose flow is continuous. MA:ma marine neritic zone ENVO ENVO:00000206 EcoLexicon:neritic_zone SWEETRealm:NeriticZone The water mass of an ocean directly above a continental shelf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neritic_zone envoPolar The water mass of an ocean directly above a continental shelf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean oceanic zone ENVO ENVO:00000207 EcoLexicon:oceanic_zone OceanLayer The water mass of an ocean that is not above a continental shelf. envoPolar NASA:earthrealm OceanLayer The water mass of an ocean that is not above a continental shelf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean marine pelagic zone An open ocean region. ENVO ENVO:00000208 EcoLexicon:pelagic_zone SPIRE:Pelagic SWEETRealm:PelagicZone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_zone envoPolar An open ocean region. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean marine photic zone ENVO ENVO:00000209 EcoLexicon:epipelagic_zone PhoticZone SPIRE:Epipelagic_zone SWEETRealm:PhoticZone The zone of an ocean from the surface to where photosynthesis can occur, due to the penetration of light. epipelagic zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photic_zone envoPolar The zone of an ocean from the surface to where photosynthesis can occur, due to the penetration of light. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean NASA:earthrealm PhoticZone marine aphotic zone AphoticZone ENVO ENVO:00000210 EcoLexicon:aphotic_zone SWEETRealm:AphoticZone The zone of an ocean below 200m, in which photosynthesis cannot occur due to the lack of light. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphotic_zone envoPolar AphoticZone NASA:earthrealm The zone of an ocean below 200m, in which photosynthesis cannot occur due to the lack of light. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean marine bathypelagic zone ENVO ENVO:00000211 EcoLexicon:bathypelagic_zone SWEETRealm:BathypelagicZone The one of an ocean below the 10degC thermocline down to a temperature of 4degC. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathypelagic_zone The one of an ocean below the 10degC thermocline down to a temperature of 4degC. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean marine abyssalpelagic zone ENVO ENVO:00000212 The zone of the ocean below the bathypelagic zone, with its lowest boundary at about 6000m. The zone of the ocean below the bathypelagic zone, with its lowest boundary at about 6000m. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean marine mesopelagic zone ENVO ENVO:00000213 EcoLexicon:mesopelagic_zone SPIRE:Mesopelagic_zone SWEETRealm:MesopelagicZone The zone of an ocean immediately below the photic zone down to a depth where the water temperature is 10degC (the thermocline). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone The zone of an ocean immediately below the photic zone down to a depth where the water temperature is 10degC (the thermocline). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean hadalpelagic zone ENVO ENVO:00000214 The zone of an ocean in oceanic trenches, lying between 6000m and 10,000m. The zone of an ocean in oceanic trenches, lying between 6000m and 10,000m. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean hydrothermal vent A fissure in the Earths's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. ENVO ENVO:00000215 EcoLexicon:hydrothermal_vent FTT:834 HydrothermalVents https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent A fissure in the Earths's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vents HydrothermalVents NASA:earthrealm fumarole A hole in the Earth's crust from which steam and gases are emitted. ENVO ENVO:00000216 EcoLexicon:fumarole FTT:731 FTT:732 FUMAROLE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarole thermal feature FUMAROLE USGS:SDTS A hole in the Earth's crust from which steam and gases are emitted. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT thermal feature solfatara A fumarole that emits sulfurous gases. ENVO ENVO:00000217 EcoLexicon:solfatara https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfatara A fumarole that emits sulfurous gases. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarole black smoker A hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor. The vents are formed in fields hundreds of meters wide when superheated water from below the Earth's crust comes through the ocean floor. The superheated water is rich in dissolved minerals from the crust, most notably sulfides, which crystallize to create a chimney-like structure around each vent. When the superheated water in the vent comes in contact with the cold ocean water, many minerals are precipitated, creating the distinctive black color. The metal sulfides that are deposited can become massive sulfide ore deposits in time. ENVO ENVO:00000218 SPIRE:Oceanic_vent active chimney https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_smoker oceanic vent sea vent SPIRE:Oceanic_vent oceanic vent A hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor. The vents are formed in fields hundreds of meters wide when superheated water from below the Earth's crust comes through the ocean floor. The superheated water is rich in dissolved minerals from the crust, most notably sulfides, which crystallize to create a chimney-like structure around each vent. When the superheated water in the vent comes in contact with the cold ocean water, many minerals are precipitated, creating the distinctive black color. The metal sulfides that are deposited can become massive sulfide ore deposits in time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_smoker landlocked sea A sea that is not connected with an ocean. ENVO ENVO:00000219 FTT:221 FTT:871 inland sea lake envoPolar ADL:FTT lake A sea that is not connected with an ocean. MA:ma USGS:SDTS lake USGS:SDTS inland sea archipelago A group of geographically or geologically associated islands. ENVO ENVO:00000220 EcoLexicon:archipelago FTT:146 ISLAND CLUSTER IslandArc TGN:21470 TGN:21474 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago island arc island group IslandArc NASA:earthrealm A group of geographically or geologically associated islands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago USGS:SDTS island arc Getty:TGN island group ISLAND CLUSTER USGS:SDTS continental island An island that lies on a continental shelf. ENVO ENVO:00000221 EcoLexicon:continental_island https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_island An island that lies on a continental shelf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island#Continental_island oceanic island An island that does not sit on a continental shelf, and is of volcanic origin. ENVO ENVO:00000222 EcoLexicon:oceanic_island https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_island volcanic island An island that does not sit on a continental shelf, and is of volcanic origin. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands continental shelf ENVO ENVO:00000223 EcoLexicon:continental_margin EcoLexicon:continental_shelf FTT:283 FTT:284 FTT:535 FTT:537 FTT:538 FTT:539 Geonames:U.BDLU Geonames:U.SHFU SWEETRealm:ContinentalMargin The continental shelf is a gentle slope. This class refers to the geographical continental shelf and not the legal concept of the same name. The extended perimeter of each continent, which is covered during interglacial periods such as the current epoch by relatively shallow sea. borderland borderland (continental margin) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf platform (continental margin) shelf shelf edge (ocean) shelves, continental envoPolar Geonames:feature shelf ADL:FTT shelves, continental ADL:FTT platform (continental margin) ADL:FTT shelf edge (ocean) The extended perimeter of each continent, which is covered during interglacial periods such as the current epoch by relatively shallow sea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf ADL:FTT borderland (continental margin) Geonames:feature borderland slightly stratified estuary An estuary whose river output is less than the marine input. Here, turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column, such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically. ENVO ENVO:00000224 An estuary whose river output is less than the marine input. Here, turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column, such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary highly stratified estuary An estuary whose river output and marine input are more even, with river flow still dominant; turbulence induces more mixing of salt water upward than the reverse. ENVO ENVO:00000225 An estuary whose river output and marine input are more even, with river flow still dominant; turbulence induces more mixing of salt water upward than the reverse. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary saline wedge estuary An estuary whose river output greatly exceeds marine input; there is little mixing, and thus a sharp contrast between fresh surface water and saline bottom water. ENVO ENVO:00000226 EcoLexicon:salt-wedge_estuary salt wedge estuary An estuary whose river output greatly exceeds marine input; there is little mixing, and thus a sharp contrast between fresh surface water and saline bottom water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary vertically mixed estuary An estuary whose river output is less than the marine input. Here, turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column, such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically. ENVO ENVO:00000227 An estuary whose river output is less than the marine input. Here, turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column, such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary inverse estuary An estuary located in regions with high evaporation, there is no freshwater input and in fact salinity increases inland; overall flow is inward at the surface, downwells at the inland terminus, and flows outward subsurface. ENVO ENVO:00000228 An estuary located in regions with high evaporation, there is no freshwater input and in fact salinity increases inland; overall flow is inward at the surface, downwells at the inland terminus, and flows outward subsurface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary intermittent estuary An estuary that varies dramatically depending on freshwater input, and is capable of changing from a wholly marine embayment to any of the other estuary types. ENVO ENVO:00000229 An estuary that varies dramatically depending on freshwater input, and is capable of changing from a wholly marine embayment to any of the other estuary types. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary coastal wetland A wetland associated with the part of the land adjoining or near a sea or ocean. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_wetland A wetland associated with the part of the land adjoining or near a sea or ocean. MA:ma moor A wetland found in upland areas, characterised by acidic soils. EcoLexicon:moor FTT:1191 FTT:991 Geonames:H.MOOR LTER:351 TGN:21608 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moor moor A wetland found in upland areas, characterised by acidic soils. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorland Geonames:feature moor fen A freshwater peat land with chemically basic (which roughly means alkaline) ground water. ENVO ENVO:00000232 FTT:685 TGN:21321 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen wetland ADL:FTT wetland A freshwater peat land with chemically basic (which roughly means alkaline) ground water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland#Wetland_types USGS:SDTS wetland swamp A wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry-land protrusions. ENVO ENVO:00000233 EcoLexicon:swamp FTT:1226 FTT:185 FTT:480 Geonames:H.SWMP SPIRE:Swamp SWEETRealm:Swamp Swamp TGN:21324 cienaga https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp swamp wetland USGS:SDTS wetland A wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummocks, or dry-land protrusions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp NASA:earthrealm Swamp ADL:FTT cienaga ADL:FTT wetland Geonames:feature swamp bayou A small, slow-moving stream or creek; usually located in low-lying areas. ENVO ENVO:00000234 EcoLexicon:embayment_ FTT:1206 FTT:228 FTT:230 TGN:21303 TGN:21305 bahia embayment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayou lake lake slough watercourse USGS:SDTS lake USGS:SDTS lake ADL:FTT bahia USGS:SDTS watercourse ADL:FTT embayment A small, slow-moving stream or creek; usually located in low-lying areas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayous carr A fen which has developed to the point where it supports trees. ENVO ENVO:00000235 A fen which has developed to the point where it supports trees. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland#Wetland_types dambo A class of complex shallow wetlands in central, southern and eastern Africa, particularly in Zambia and Zimbabwe. They are generally found in higher rainfall flat plateau areas, and have river-like branching forms which may be nowhere very large, but common enough to add up to a large area. A class of complex shallow wetlands in central, southern and eastern Africa, particularly in Zambia and Zimbabwe. They are generally found in higher rainfall flat plateau areas, and have river-like branching forms which may be nowhere very large, but common enough to add up to a large area. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambos hydromorphic/phreatic dambo A danbo associated with a headwater. A danbo associated with a headwater. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambos fluvial dambo A dambo associated with a river. A dambo associated with a river. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dambos pocasin A palustrine wetland with deep, acidic, sandy, peat soils. Groundwater saturates the soil except during brief seasonal dry spells and during prolonged droughts. Pocosin soils are nutrient deficient (oligotrophic), especially in phosphorus. A palustrine wetland with deep, acidic, sandy, peat soils. Groundwater saturates the soil except during brief seasonal dry spells and during prolonged droughts. Pocosin soils are nutrient deficient (oligotrophic), especially in phosphorus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocosin saline wetland ENVO ENVO:00000240 It would be more correct to say that this has_quality salty or has_part ((soil and water) and has_increased_levels_of salt. tidal mudflat A level tract lying at a small depth below the surface of water, or alternately covered and left bare by the tide. ENVO ENVO:00000241 EcoLexicon:tidal_flat FLAT FTT:1230 FTT:185 FTT:706 Geonames:H.FLTT https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_flat tidal flat wetland Geonames:feature tidal flat ADL:FTT wetland A level tract lying at a small depth below the surface of water, or alternately covered and left bare by the tide. USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS tidal flat ADL:FTT tidal flat FLAT USGS:SDTS lacustrine mudflat A wetland that forms when mud is deposited by a stream. A wetland that forms when mud is deposited by a stream. MA:ma freshwater wetland A wetland whose water that contains low concentrations of salts. A wetland whose water that contains low concentrations of salts. MA:ma abyssal plain A flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. Abyssalplain ENVO ENVO:00000244 EcoLexicon:abyssal_plain FTT:4 SPIRE:Abyssal TGN:23302 abyssal feature https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssal_plain Abyssalplain NASA:earthrealm ADL:FTT abyssal feature A flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssal_plain maar A broad, low relief crater that results from a phreatic eruption or explosion caused by groundwater contact with hot lava or magma. The maar typically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake. A broad, low relief crater that results from a phreatic eruption or explosion caused by groundwater contact with hot lava or magma. The maar typically fills with water to form a relatively shallow crater lake. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maar volcanic crater A crater formed by a volcano, within which occurs a vent (or vents) from which magma erupts as gases, lava, and ejecta. FTT:219 TGN:21408 crater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_crater A crater formed by a volcano, within which occurs a vent (or vents) from which magma erupts as gases, lava, and ejecta. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_crater volcano An opening, or rupture, in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface. ENVO ENVO:00000247 EcoLexicon:volcano FTT:592 Geonames:T.VLC TGN:21406 Volcano https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano mount volcano NASA:earthrealm Volcano An opening, or rupture, in the Earth's surface or crust, which allows hot, molten rock, ash and gases to escape from deep below the surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano USGS:SDTS mount Geonames:feature volcano glacial valley A valley that contains, or contained, a glacier and was formed by glacial activity. Typically U-shaped in cross-section. ENVO ENVO:00000248 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_valley valley envoPolar A valley that contains, or contained, a glacier and was formed by glacial activity. Typically U-shaped in cross-section. MA:ma USGS:SDTS valley lateral moraine ENVO ENVO:00000249 EcoLexicon:lateral_moraine The parallel ridges of till deposited along the sides of an alglacier. The unconsolidated debris is deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls and from tributary streams flowing into the valley. The till is carried along the glacial margin until the glacier melts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_moraine moraine envoPolar The parallel ridges of till deposited along the sides of an alglacier. The unconsolidated debris is deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls and from tributary streams flowing into the valley. The till is carried along the glacial margin until the glacier melts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine USGS:SDTS moraine medial moraine A moriane formed when the inside lateral moraines of two glaciers merge together. They form a ridge down the center of the combined glaciers. ENVO ENVO:00000250 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_moraine envoPolar A moriane formed when the inside lateral moraines of two glaciers merge together. They form a ridge down the center of the combined glaciers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine ground moraine A till covered area with irregular topography and no ridges, often forming gently rolling hills or plains. Forms by the accumulation of till under the ice by lodgement, but may also be deposited as the glacier retreats. ENVO ENVO:00000251 EcoLexicon:ground_moraine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_moraine envoPolar A till covered area with irregular topography and no ridges, often forming gently rolling hills or plains. Forms by the accumulation of till under the ice by lodgement, but may also be deposited as the glacier retreats. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine terminal moraine ENVO ENVO:00000252 EcoLexicon:terminal_moraine Ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus. delta moraine end moraine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_moraine moraine envoPolar USGS:SDTS end moraine USGS:SDTS moraine USGS:SDTS delta moraine Ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier. They usually reflect the shape of the glacier's terminus. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moraine scroll plane A plain where a stream meanders across an area with a very low gradient, usually with a fairly continuous discharge. In addition to meanders, scroll plains are also characterised by many oxbow lakes. ENVO ENVO:00000253 A plain where a stream meanders across an area with a very low gradient, usually with a fairly continuous discharge. In addition to meanders, scroll plains are also characterised by many oxbow lakes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_plain till plan An extensive flat plain of glacial till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried. ENVO ENVO:00000254 An extensive flat plain of glacial till that forms when a sheet of ice becomes detached from the main body of a glacier and melts in place depositing the sediments it carried. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Till_plain flood plain An area which is subject to periodic flooding. ENVO ENVO:00000255 EcoLexicon:flood_plain FLOOD PLAIN FTT:288 FTT:98 Floodplain LTER:197 SWEETRealm:FloodPlain TGN:21460 bottomland floodplain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_plain An area which is subject to periodic flooding. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT bottomland FLOOD PLAIN USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT floodplain Floodplain NASA:earthrealm floodway ENVO ENVO:00000256 FTT:710 The stream channel and adjacent areas that carry flood flows in a flood plain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodway The stream channel and adjacent areas that carry flood flows in a flood plain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_plain flood fringe Area of a flood plane covered by the flood, but which does not experience a strong current. ENVO ENVO:00000257 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_fringe Area of a flood plane covered by the flood, but which does not experience a strong current. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_plain alluvial plain A relatively flat and gently sloping landform found at the base of a range of hills or mountains, formed by the deposition of alluvial soil over a long period of time by one or more streams coming from the mountains. ENVO ENVO:00000258 EcoLexicon:alluvial_plain SWEETRealm:AlluvialPlain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_plain A relatively flat and gently sloping landform found at the base of a range of hills or mountains, formed by the deposition of alluvial soil over a long period of time by one or more streams coming from the mountains. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_plain lacustrine plain A plain that originally formed in a lacustrine environment, that is, as the bed of a lake, but from which the water has disappeared, by natural drainage, evaporation or other geophysical processes. ENVO ENVO:00000259 SWEETRealm:LacustrinePlain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacustrine_plain A plain that originally formed in a lacustrine environment, that is, as the bed of a lake, but from which the water has disappeared, by natural drainage, evaporation or other geophysical processes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacustrine_plain prairie An area of land of low topographic relief that historically supported grasses and herbs, with few trees, and having generally a mesic (moderate or temperate) climate. Dominated by tall grasses (contrast steppe). ENVO ENVO:00000260 FTT:259 FTT:707 FTT:769 FTT:926 TGN:21605 TGN:21606 grassland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie llanos pampa plain veld ADL:FTT plain Getty:TGN pampa USGS:SDTS veld ADL:FTT grassland An area of land of low topographic relief that historically supported grasses and herbs, with few trees, and having generally a mesic (moderate or temperate) climate. Dominated by tall grasses (contrast steppe). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie USGS:SDTS grassland ADL:FTT llanos savanna A grassland of the tropics or subtropics with scattered trees. ENVO ENVO:00000261 FTT:259 FTT:770 FTT:771 Savanna TGN:21607 grassland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna savannah ADL:FTT grassland A grassland of the tropics or subtropics with scattered trees. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands%2C_savannas%2C_and_shrublands ADL:FTT savannah USGS:SDTS grassland NASA:earthrealm Savanna steppe A plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by tall grasses, while short grasses are said to be normal in the steppe. It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude. ENVO ENVO:00000262 EcoLexicon:steppe FTT:259 grassland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe pampa pampas puszta USGS:SDTS puszta USGS:SDTS pampas USGS:SDTS grassland A plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes); it is similar to a prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as being dominated by tall grasses, while short grasses are said to be normal in the steppe. It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe ADL:FTT grassland fissure cave A narrow, vertical cave passage, often developed along a joint but not necessarily so. Usually due to solution but sometimes to tension. ENVO ENVO:00000263 A narrow, vertical cave passage, often developed along a joint but not necessarily so. Usually due to solution but sometimes to tension. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html seamount A mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island. Typically formed from volcanoes that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from a seafloor of 1,000 - 4,000 meters depth. Independent features that rise to at least 1,000 meters above the seafloor. ENVO ENVO:00000264 EcoLexicon:mountain EcoLexicon:seamount FTT:1241 Geonames:MTSU Geonames:RNGU Geonames:U.HLLU Geonames:U.HLSU Geonames:U.KNLU Geonames:U.KNSU Geonames:U.MESU Geonames:U.MNDU Geonames:U.MTU Geonames:U.PKSU Geonames:U.PKU Geonames:U.SMSU Geonames:U.SMU Seamount TGN:23132 TGN:23133 TGN:23172 TGN:23175 TGN:23176 TGN:23178 hill hills https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamount knoll knolls mesa mound mount mount mountain mountains peak peaks range sea mount sea-mount seaknoll seakpeak seamount submarine volcano undersea hill undersea knoll undersea mound Getty:TGN undersea mound Geonames:feature peak Geonames:feature mountains Geonames:feature mountain USGS:SDTS mount Getty:TGN undersea knoll Getty:TGN undersea hill Geonames:feature seamount Geonames:feature peaks Geonames:feature knoll NASA:earthrealm Seamount Geonames:feature hill A mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface (sea level), and thus is not an island. Typically formed from volcanoes that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from a seafloor of 1,000 - 4,000 meters depth. Independent features that rise to at least 1,000 meters above the seafloor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamount Geonames:feature knolls Geonames:feature range Geonames:feature mound USGS:SDTS seakpeak USGS:SDTS mount Geonames:feature mesa USGS:SDTS seaknoll Geonames:feature hills ADL:FTT seakpeak guyot A flat-topped seamount. ENVO ENVO:00000265 EcoLexicon:tablemount FTT:1197 FTT:777 FTT:778 Geonames:U.TMSU TGN:23171 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyot plateau seamount tablemount tablemount (seafloor) tablemounts Geonames:feature tablemounts Geonames:feature tablemount USGS:SDTS plateau A flat-topped seamount. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyot ADL:FTT tablemount (seafloor) ADL:FTT seamount pasture ENVO ENVO:00000266 FTT:45 FTT:67 Geonames:L.GRAZ Grassland used for grazing of ungulate livestock as part of a farm or ranch. agricultural site cropland grassland grazing area https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture Grassland used for grazing of ungulate livestock as part of a farm or ranch. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture USGS:SDTS grassland USGS:SDTS cropland ADL:FTT agricultural site Geonames:feature grazing area submarine canyon A steep-sided valley on the sea floor of the continental slope. Many submarine canyons are found as extensions to large rivers; however there are many that have no such association. Canyons cutting the continental slopes have been found at depths greater than 2 km below sea level. Many submarine canyons continue as submarine channels across continental rise areas and may extend for hundreds of kilometers. ENVO ENVO:00000267 EcoLexicon:submarine_canyon FTT:421 Geonames:U.CNSU Geonames:U.CNYU SubmarineCanyon TGN:23415 TGN:23416 canyon canyons https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_canyon undersea canyon undersea ravine Getty:TGN undersea canyon A steep-sided valley on the sea floor of the continental slope. Many submarine canyons are found as extensions to large rivers; however there are many that have no such association. Canyons cutting the continental slopes have been found at depths greater than 2 km below sea level. Many submarine canyons continue as submarine channels across continental rise areas and may extend for hundreds of kilometers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_canyon Geonames:feature canyon Getty:TGN undersea ravine NASA:earthrealm SubmarineCanyon Geonames:feature canyons lake bed ENVO ENVO:00000268 FTT:221 FTT:804 The ground surface that lies beneath a lake. lake lake bottom ADL:FTT lake MA:ma The ground surface that lies beneath a lake. land-tied island A continental island connected to its adjacent land by a natural feature, such as a causeway. ENVO ENVO:00000269 FTT:147 FTT:890 Geonames:T.ISLT TGN:21511 island land-tied island ADL:FTT island Geonames:feature land-tied island A continental island connected to its adjacent land by a natural feature, such as a causeway. MA:ma beaver pond A pond that has formed as a consequence of the activities of beavers, building a beaver dam. ENVO ENVO:00000270 FTT:245 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_pond lake A pond that has formed as a consequence of the activities of beavers, building a beaver dam. MA:ma ADL:FTT lake chott A dry (salt) lake in the Saharan area of Africa that stays dry in the summer, but receive some water in the winter. This water may come as a groundwater discharge. ENVO ENVO:00000271 FTT:477 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chott shott A dry (salt) lake in the Saharan area of Africa that stays dry in the summer, but receive some water in the winter. This water may come as a groundwater discharge. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chott confluence ENVO ENVO:00000272 EcoLexicon:confluence FTT:105 FTT:531 Geonames:H.CNFL TGN:21160 TGN:21381 The point where a tributary joins a more major river. confluence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence stream stream junction Geonames:feature confluence Getty:TGN stream junction The point where a tributary joins a more major river. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence Geonames:feature stream ADL:FTT confluence continental slope ENVO ENVO:00000273 EcoLexicon:continental_slope FTT:536 The seabed below the end of the continental shelf (the shelf break). The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf; the average angle is 3, but it can be as low as 1 or as high as 10. The slope is often cut with submarine canyons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_slope envoPolar The seabed below the end of the continental shelf (the shelf break). The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf; the average angle is 3, but it can be as low as 1 or as high as 10. The slope is often cut with submarine canyons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_margin continental rise ENVO ENVO:00000274 FTT:534 Geonames:U.CRSU TGN:23110 The continental rise is below the continental slope, but landward of the abyssal plains. Its gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf, on the order of 0.5-1. Extending as far as 500 km from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope. Sediment cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope, called the continental rise. continental rise https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_rise The continental rise is below the continental slope, but landward of the abyssal plains. Its gradient is intermediate between the slope and the shelf, on the order of 0.5-1. Extending as far as 500 km from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by turbidity currents from the shelf and slope. Sediment cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope, called the continental rise. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_margin Geonames:feature continental rise ocean trench ENVO ENVO:00000275 EcoLexicon:deep_sea_trench FTT:1021 FTT:609 FTT:610 Geonames:U.TRGU Geonames:U.TRNU Hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are the deepest parts of the ocean floor. SWEETRealm:Trench TGN:23462 TGN:23464 Trench deep deep sea trench https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_trench ocean trench undersea trench ADL:FTT ocean trench Getty:TGN undersea trench Hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are the deepest parts of the ocean floor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_trench USGS:SDTS deep NASA:earthrealm Trench drumlin An elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial action. Its long axis is parallel with the movement of the ice, with the blunter end facing into the glacial movement. Drumlins are sometimes compared to kames, but their formation is distinctively different. A drumlin is not originally shaped by meltwater, but by the ice itself and has a quite regular shape. It occurs in fine grained material, such as clay or shale, not in sands and gravels. And drumlins usually have concentric layers of material, as the ice successively plasters new layers in its movement. ENVO ENVO:00000276 EcoLexicon:drumlin FTT:647 TGN:21411 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlin mount ridge An elongated whale-shaped hill formed by glacial action. Its long axis is parallel with the movement of the ice, with the blunter end facing into the glacial movement. Drumlins are sometimes compared to kames, but their formation is distinctively different. A drumlin is not originally shaped by meltwater, but by the ice itself and has a quite regular shape. It occurs in fine grained material, such as clay or shale, not in sands and gravels. And drumlins usually have concentric layers of material, as the ice successively plasters new layers in its movement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlin USGS:SDTS mount USGS:SDTS ridge dry lake A lake that has either permanently or temporally lost its water. ENVO ENVO:00000277 FTT:650 Geonames:H.LBED SWEETRealm:DryLake TGN:21117 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_lake lake lake bed Classes like this pose a logical problem. This probably shouldn't be a lake (water body) but a depression. Lakes which have temporarily lost water should be distinguished from permanently dry lakes. Geonames:feature lake bed A lake that has either permanently or temporally lost its water. MA:ma ADL:FTT lake dry stream A stream channel through which no water flows and which has dried, containing no appreciable accumulations of water. ENVO ENVO:00000278 FTT:105 FTT:651 Geonames:T.SBED dry stream bed A stream channel through which no water flows and which has dried, containing no appreciable accumulations of water. MA:ma http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Geonames:feature dry stream bed ADL:FTT dry stream bed saline pan A flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals, usually shining white under the sun. A salt pan is formed where water pools. A saline pan would be a lake or a pond if it were located in a climate where the rate of water evaporation were not faster than the rate of water precipitation, i.e., if it were not in a desert. If the water is unable to drain into the ground, it remains on the surface until it evaporates, leaving behind whatever minerals were dissolved. Over thousands of years, the minerals (usually salts) accumulate on the surface. ENVO ENVO:00000279 EcoLexicon:salt_pan Geonames:L.SALT SALT PAN SWEETRealm:SaltFlat TGN:21459 TGN:21506 salt area salt flat salt pan Getty:TGN salt flat A flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals, usually shining white under the sun. A salt pan is formed where water pools. A saline pan would be a lake or a pond if it were located in a climate where the rate of water evaporation were not faster than the rate of water precipitation, i.e., if it were not in a desert. If the water is unable to drain into the ground, it remains on the surface until it evaporates, leaving behind whatever minerals were dissolved. Over thousands of years, the minerals (usually salts) accumulate on the surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_pan_%28geology%29 SALT PAN USGS:SDTS Getty:TGN salt area Geonames:feature salt area escarpment A transition zone between different physiogeographic provinces that involves an elevation differential, often involving high cliffs. Most commonly a transition from one series of sedimentary rocks to another series of a different age and composition. In such cases, the escarpment usually represents the line of erosional loss of the newer rock over the older. ENVO ENVO:00000280 EcoLexicon:scarp FTT:490 FTT:596 Geonames:T.CUET Geonames:T.SCRP TGN:21489 TGN:21500 cliff cuesta escarpment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment scarp Getty:TGN cuesta Geonames:feature escarpment USGS:SDTS cliff A transition zone between different physiogeographic provinces that involves an elevation differential, often involving high cliffs. Most commonly a transition from one series of sedimentary rocks to another series of a different age and composition. In such cases, the escarpment usually represents the line of erosional loss of the newer rock over the older. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment Geonames:feature cuesta ADL:FTT cuesta fault escarpment An escarpment resulting from a fault. ENVO ENVO:00000281 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_escarpment An escarpment resulting from a fault. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escarpment esker A long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America. ENVO ENVO:00000282 FTT:673 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esker ridge USGS:SDTS ridge ADL:FTT ridge A long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esker ridge A long and narrow upland with steep sides. ENVO ENVO:00000283 EcoLexicon:beach_cusp EcoLexicon:crest FTT:1176 FTT:1177 FTT:154 FTT:155 FTT:236 FTT:596 FTT:809 FTT:844 Geonames:T.RDGE RIDGE Ridge SWEETRealm:Ridge TGN:21366 TGN:21491 arete beach cusp beach ridge crest cuesta hogback https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge icecap ridge ridge rise (seafloor) spur spur (physiographic) ADL:FTT rise (seafloor) Getty:TGN spur Geonames:feature ridge USGS:SDTS crest A long and narrow upland with steep sides. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT hogback ADL:FTT beach ridge ADL:FTT spur (physiographic) ADL:FTT cuesta USGS:SDTS beach ridge USGS:SDTS beach cusp ADL:FTT arete USGS:SDTS arete USGS:SDTS cuesta RIDGE USGS:SDTS NASA:earthrealm Ridge ADL:FTT icecap ridge quarry An open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted. ENVO ENVO:00000284 EcoLexicon:quarry FTT:14 FTT:974 Geonames:S.MNQR TGN:54217 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry An open-pit mine from which rock or minerals are extracted. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarry quicksand area A bed of loose sand mixed with water forming a soft, shifting mass that yields easily to pressure. ENVO ENVO:00000285 EcoLexicon:quicksand FTT:206 FTT:207 Geonames:L.QCKS QUICKSAND TGN:21503 bar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksand quicksand quicksand Geonames:feature quicksand QUICKSAND USGS:SDTS A bed of loose sand mixed with water forming a soft, shifting mass that yields easily to pressure. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT bar polder An area reclaimed from the sea by diking and draining. ENVO ENVO:00000286 EcoLexicon:polder FTT:1070 FTT:96 Geonames:T.PLDR TGN:21522 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polder physiographic feature polder Geonames:feature polder ADL:FTT physiographic feature An area reclaimed from the sea by diking and draining. Geonames:feature butte An isolated hill with steep sides and a small flat top, smaller than mesas and plateaus. Buttes are formed by erosion when a cap of hard rock, usually of volcanic origin, covers a layer of softer rock that is easily worn away. This hard rock avoids erosion while the rock around it wears down. ENVO ENVO:00000287 FTT:376 Geonames:T.BUTE SWEETRealm:Butte TGN:21443 butte https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte plateau ADL:FTT An isolated hill with steep sides and a small flat top, smaller than mesas and plateaus. Buttes are formed by erosion when a cap of hard rock, usually of volcanic origin, covers a layer of softer rock that is easily worn away. This hard rock avoids erosion while the rock around it wears down. Geonames:feature butte USGS:SDTS plateau cotton plantation ENVO ENVO:00000288 FTT:45 FTT:53 Geonames:ESTC agricultural site cotton plantation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_plantation ADL:FTT agricultural site Geonames:feature cotton plantation horst ENVO ENVO:00000289 The raised fault block bounded by normal faults. The raised block is a portion of the Earth's crust that has remained stationary while the land has sunk on either side of it or has been crushed by a mountain range against it. The raised fault block bounded by normal faults. The raised block is a portion of the Earth's crust that has remained stationary while the land has sunk on either side of it or has been crushed by a mountain range against it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_%28geology%29 graben A depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults. A graben is the result of a block of land being downthrown producing a valley with a distinct scarp on each side. Grabens often occur side-by-side with horsts. Horst and graben structures are indicative of tensional forces and crustal stretching. ENVO ENVO:00000290 FTT:682 SWEETRealm:FaultZone fault zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben A depressed block of land bordered by parallel faults. A graben is the result of a block of land being downthrown producing a valley with a distinct scarp on each side. Grabens often occur side-by-side with horsts. Horst and graben structures are indicative of tensional forces and crustal stretching. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben ADL:FTT fault zone drainage basin An extent or area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point at lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody. Basin CATCHMENT Catchment ENVO ENVO:00000291 EcoLexicon:basin EcoLexicon:drainage_basin FTT:220 FTT:440 Geonames:L.BSND LTER:58 SWEETRealm:DrainageBasin TGN:21455 Watershed catchment drainage basin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin watershed ADL:FTT catchment NASA:earthrealm Watershed CATCHMENT USGS:SDTS Catchment NASA:earthrealm Geonames:feature drainage basin ADL:FTT watershed An extent or area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point at lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin USGS:SDTS catchment Basin NASA:earthrealm watershed ENVO ENVO:00000292 FTT:220 FTT:645 Geonames:T.DVD LTER:626 RIDGE LINE SWEETRealm:Watershed TGN:21440 The separation between neighbouring drainage basins (catchments). In hilly country, the divide lies along topographical peaks and ridges, but in flat country or on a high plateau (especially where the ground is marshy) the divide may be invisible - just a more or less notional line on the ground on either side of which falling raindrops will start a journey to different rivers, and even to different sides of a country or continent. divide divide drainage basin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershed water divide The separation between neighbouring drainage basins (catchments). In hilly country, the divide lies along topographical peaks and ridges, but in flat country or on a high plateau (especially where the ground is marshy) the divide may be invisible - just a more or less notional line on the ground on either side of which falling raindrops will start a journey to different rivers, and even to different sides of a country or continent. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_divide Getty:TGN divide ADL:FTT drainage basin RIDGE LINE USGS:SDTS Geonames:feature divide continental divide A watershed such that water falling on one side of the line eventually travels to one ocean or body of water, and water on the other side travels to another, generally on the opposite side of the continent. ENVO ENVO:00000293 FTT:533 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_divide A watershed such that water falling on one side of the line eventually travels to one ocean or body of water, and water on the other side travels to another, generally on the opposite side of the continent. MA:ma fish farm A facility in which fish are raised commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. ENVO ENVO:00000294 FTT:123 FTT:694 aquacultural site fishery https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_farm A facility in which fish are raised commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_farm ADL:FTT fishery ADL:FTT aquacultural site fish hatchery A facility where eggs of fish are hatched under artificial conditions. ENVO ENVO:00000295 FTT:695 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_hatchery A facility where eggs of fish are hatched under artificial conditions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatchery rice field A paddy field for the cultivation of rice. ENVO ENVO:00000296 FTT:45 FTT:70 agricultural site cropland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_field rice paddy USGS:SDTS cropland A paddy field for the cultivation of rice. MA:ma ADL:FTT agricultural site paddy field A flooded parcel of arable land used for growing rice and other semiaquatic crops. ENVO ENVO:00000297 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field A flooded parcel of arable land used for growing rice and other semiaquatic crops. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_paddy iceberg A large mass of detached land ice in the sea or stranded in shallow water. ENVO ENVO:00000298 EcoLexicon:iceberg FTT:758 FTT:838 ICEBERG IceFloe Iceberg SWEETRealm:Iceberg TGN:21142 arched iceberg barrier iceberg floeberg glacial berg glacial iceberg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg ice mass envoPolar iceberg USGS:SDTS glacial berg A large mass of detached land ice in the sea or stranded in shallow water. USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS arched iceberg IceFloe NASA:earthrealm USGS:SDTS glacial iceberg Iceberg NASA:earthrealm USGS:SDTS barrier iceberg A large mass of detached land ice floating in the sea or stranded in shallow water. (Source: MGH) http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/4132 iceberg ADL:FTT ice mass ICEBERG USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS floeberg ice field A field of ice, formed in regions of perennial frost. ENVO ENVO:00000299 FTT:758 FTT:835 FTT:836 FTT:837 FTT:838 FTT:839 FTT:840 FTT:841 FTT:842 Ice mass may need to be resolved from ice field, the former referring simply to an accumulation of ice. IceSheet SWEETRealm:IceField TGN:21147 ice field ice patch ice sheet iceberg icecap icefall envoPolar ADL:FTT icefall ADL:FTT iceberg ADL:FTT ice patch ADL:FTT ice sheet ADL:FTT ice field IceSheet NASA:earthrealm A field of ice, formed in regions of perennial frost. ADL:FTT ADL:FTT icecap scrubland Area covered with low-growing or stunted perennial vegetation and usually not mixed with trees. FTT:1191 FTT:262 FTT:374 FTT:473 FTT:792 FTT:991 Geonames:V.SCRB SWEETRealm:Scrub TGN:21644 TGN:21652 bush chaparal area heath https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubland scrub scrubland shrubland Getty:TGN bush USGS:SDTS scrub Geonames:feature scrubland USGS:SDTS shrubland ADL:FTT heath ADL:FTT chaparal area ADL:FTT Area covered with low-growing or stunted perennial vegetation and usually not mixed with trees. ADL:FTT shrubland ADL:FTT bush chaparral A shrubland area found primarily in regions with a Mediterranean climate (mid, wet winters and hot dry summers) often shaped by wildfires. ENVO ENVO:00000301 FTT:473 SPIRE:Chaparral chaparal area maquis woodland ADL:FTT chaparal area USGS:SDTS maquis USGS:SDTS woodland A shrubland area found primarily in regions with a Mediterranean climate (mid, wet winters and hot dry summers) often shaped by wildfires. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral rift valley A valley created by the formation of a rift, i.e. place where a planet's lithosphere is being pulled apart by tectonic forces. FTT:684 RiftValley SWEETRealm:RiftValley rift zone ADL:FTT rift zone NASA:earthrealm RiftValley A valley created by the formation of a rift, i.e. place where a planet's lithosphere is being pulled apart by tectonic forces. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_valley sea coast ENVO ENVO:00000303 EcoLexicon:coast EcoLexicon:sea_coast FTT:500 Geonames:L.CST SPIRE:Coastal SPIRE:Littoral SWEETRealm:CoastalRegion TGN:21483 The general region of indefinite width that extends from the sea inland to the first major change in terrain features. coast line coastal area coastline https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast USGS:SDTS coastal area USGS:SDTS coastline The general region of indefinite width that extends from the sea inland to the first major change in terrain features. USGS:SDTS shore ENVO ENVO:00000304 EcoLexicon:shore FTT:240 FTT:503 FTT:504 Geonames:T.SHOR SHORE SWEETRealm:Shore TGN:21481 That part of the land in immediate contact with a body of water including the area between high and low water lines. beach face coastal zone foreshore https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore inshore rivage seashore shore shoreface strand ADL:FTT coastal zone Geonames:feature shore USGS:SDTS inshore USGS:SDTS shoreface USGS:SDTS foreshore SHORE USGS:SDTS That part of the land in immediate contact with a body of water including the area between high and low water lines. USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS strand USGS:SDTS seashore USGS:SDTS beach face USGS:SDTS rivage peninsula A body of land jutting out into and nearly surrounded by water. ENVO ENVO:00000305 EcoLexicon:peninsula FTT:253 FTT:422 FTT:423 FTT:424 FTT:425 Geonames:T.CAPE Geonames:T.HDLD Geonames:T.PEN Geonames:T.PROM Geonames:T.PT Geonames:T.PTS PENINSULA SWEETRealm:Point TGN:21462 TGN:21463 TGN:21464 TGN:21476 TGN:21477 cape foreland head headland hook https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula neck ness peninsula point point (physiographic) points promontgory promontory tongue winged headland USGS:SDTS promontory USGS:SDTS tongue USGS:SDTS headland Geonames:feature cape Getty:TGN point Geonames:feature peninsula PENINSULA USGS:SDTS Geonames:feature promontgory A body of land jutting out into and nearly surrounded by water. USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS winged headland Geonames:feature point Getty:TGN headland Getty:TGN cape USGS:SDTS foreland USGS:SDTS head Getty:TGN promontory ADL:FTT headland Geonames:feature headland ADL:FTT point (physiographic) ADL:FTT cape USGS:SDTS neck Geonames:feature points USGS:SDTS point USGS:SDTS hook spit A deposition landform found off coasts. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at a cove, bay, ria, or river mouth. Spits are formed by the movement of sediment (typically sand) along a shore by a process known as longshore drift. Where the direction of the shore turns inland (reenters) the longshore current spreads out or dissipates. No longer able to carry the full load, much of the sediment is dropped. This causes a bar to build out from the shore, eventually becoming a spit. ENVO ENVO:00000306 EcoLexicon:spit FTT:210 Geonames:T.SPIT SWEETRealm:Spit TGN:21465 bar spit A deposition landform found off coasts. A spit is a type of bar or beach that develops where a re-entrant occurs, such as at a cove, bay, ria, or river mouth. Spits are formed by the movement of sediment (typically sand) along a shore by a process known as longshore drift. Where the direction of the shore turns inland (reenters) the longshore current spreads out or dissipates. No longer able to carry the full load, much of the sediment is dropped. This causes a bar to build out from the shore, eventually becoming a spit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spit_%28landform%29 Geonames:feature spit USGS:SDTS bar icefall A portion of a glacier characterized by rapid flow and a chaotic crevassed surface. ENVO ENVO:00000307 FTT:758 FTT:842 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icefall ice mass envoPolar ADL:FTT ice mass A portion of a glacier characterized by rapid flow and a chaotic crevassed surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icefall dune slack A valley or trough between two dunes. ENVO ENVO:00000308 FTT:652 Geonames:T.TRGD interdune trough A valley or trough between two dunes. MA:ma Geonames:feature interdune trough ADL:FTT interdune trough depression A landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area. EcoLexicon:depression FTT:175 FTT:215 FTT:216 Geonames:T.DPR Geonames:T.PAN Geonames:T.PANS SWEETRealm:Depression TGN:21454 TGN:21497 TGN:21521 barrier basin depression non tidal basin pan pan (geologic) pans tidal basin Clarify that this pertains to the planetary crust and create superclass for general topological depressions. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486 A landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_%28geology%29 USGS:SDTS tidal basin USGS:SDTS non tidal basin Geonames:feature pans Getty:TGN pan Geonames:feature pan USGS:SDTS barrier basin ADL:FTT pan (geologic) Geonames:feature depression meteor impact crater A crater caused by the impact of a meteor. SWEETRealm:ImpactCrater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater For the moment, no distinction is made between meteroids, lithometeors, or meteorites in this class. These can be added if needed. meteoroid impact crater meteorite crater meteorite impact crater A crater caused by the impact of a meteor. MA:ma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater kettle A fluvioglacial landform occurring as the result of blocks of ice calving from the front of a receding glacier and becoming partially to wholly buried by glacial outwash. Glacial outwash is generated when sediment laden streams of meltwater flow away from the glacier and are deposited to form broad outwash plains called sandurs. When the ice blocks melt, holes are left in the sandur. ENVO ENVO:00000311 basin kettle hole USGS:SDTS basin A fluvioglacial landform occurring as the result of blocks of ice calving from the front of a receding glacier and becoming partially to wholly buried by glacial outwash. Glacial outwash is generated when sediment laden streams of meltwater flow away from the glacier and are deposited to form broad outwash plains called sandurs. When the ice blocks melt, holes are left in the sandur. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettle_%28geology%29 sandur ENVO ENVO:00000312 The plain formed by the large amounts of silt and sediment, picked up as a glacier erodes the underlying rocks as it moves slowly downhill, and at the snout of the glacier, meltwater can carry this sediment away from the glacier and deposit it on a broad plain. The material in the outwash plain is often size-sorted by the water runoff of the melting glacier with the finest materials, like silt, being the most distantly re-deposited, whereas larger boulders are the closest to the original terminus of the glacier. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandur outwash plain The plain formed by the large amounts of silt and sediment, picked up as a glacier erodes the underlying rocks as it moves slowly downhill, and at the snout of the glacier, meltwater can carry this sediment away from the glacier and deposit it on a broad plain. The material in the outwash plain is often size-sorted by the water runoff of the melting glacier with the finest materials, like silt, being the most distantly re-deposited, whereas larger boulders are the closest to the original terminus of the glacier. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandur blowout A sandy depression in a sand dune ecosystem (psammosere) caused by the removal of sediments by wind. ENVO ENVO:00000313 EcoLexicon:blowout FTT:267 Geonames:T.BLOW TGN:21448 blowout A sandy depression in a sand dune ecosystem (psammosere) caused by the removal of sediments by wind. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowout_%28geology%29 Geonames:feature blowout alluvial fan A fan-shaped deposit formed where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads typically at the exit of a canyon onto a flatter plain. ENVO ENVO:00000314 EcoLexicon:alluvial_fan FTT:94 FTT:95 Geonames:T.FAN SWEETRealm:AlluvialFan TGN:21421 fan fan (alluvial) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_fan Geonames:feature fan ADL:FTT fan (alluvial) A fan-shaped deposit formed where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads typically at the exit of a canyon onto a flatter plain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_fan bajada A convergence of neighboring alluvial fans into a single apron of deposits against a slope. ENVO ENVO:00000315 FTT:188 FTT:191 SWEETRealm:Bajada desert https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajada ADL:FTT desert A convergence of neighboring alluvial fans into a single apron of deposits against a slope. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_fan intertidal zone EcoLexicon:intertidal_zone FTT:240 FTT:501 IntertidalZone SPIRE:Intertidal SWEETRealm:IntertidalZone The area of the foreshore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide, i.e., the area between tide marks. Very similar to the "marine eulittoral zone" class, but without reference to seasonal tide marks. Some sources make no distinction between these zones, thus, they are currently related synonyms. coastal zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone littoral zone The area of the foreshore and seabed that is exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide, i.e., the area between tide marks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone IntertidalZone NASA:earthrealm tidal pool ENVO ENVO:00000317 EcoLexicon:tidal_pool Pools formed as a high tide comes in over a rocky shore. Water fills depressions in the ground, which turn into isolated pools as the tide retreats. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_pool Pools formed as a high tide comes in over a rocky shore. Water fills depressions in the ground, which turn into isolated pools as the tide retreats. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_pool high tide zone ENVO ENVO:00000318 The tide zone that is flooded during high tide only, and is a highly saline environment. upper littoral The tide zone that is flooded during high tide only, and is a highly saline environment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone low tide zone ENVO ENVO:00000319 The tidal zone that is mostly submerged, only being exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides. lower littoral The tidal zone that is mostly submerged, only being exposed at the point of low tide and for a longer period of time during extremely low tides. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone crevasse A deep fissure in snow or ice. CREVASSE ENVO ENVO:00000320 FTT:489 FTT:594 FTT:702 Geonames:T.FSR TGN:21415 TGN:21416 cleft fissure https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crevasse CREVASSE USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT cleft A deep fissure in snow or ice. USGS:SDTS Getty:TGN fissure Getty:TGN cleft joint-plane cave A cavity developed along a joint and elongate in cross-section. ENVO ENVO:00000321 A cavity developed along a joint and elongate in cross-section. wiki:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html volcanic cave "Lave cave" is differentiated from "volcanic cave": the former is formed in volcanic rock, the latter is formed by volcanic processes. A cave formed in volcanic rock. ENVO ENVO:00000322 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_cave lava cave A cave formed in volcanic rock. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html live cave A cave containing a stream or active speleothems. ENVO ENVO:00000323 A cave containing a stream or active speleothems. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html outflow cave A cave from which a stream flows or formerly did so and which cannot be followed upstream to the surface. ENVO ENVO:00000324 A cave from which a stream flows or formerly did so and which cannot be followed upstream to the surface. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html polje A large closed depression draining underground, witha flat floor across which there may be an intermittent or perennial stream and which may be liable to flood and become a lake. The floor makes a sharp break with parts of surrounding slopes. ENVO ENVO:00000325 EcoLexicon:polje https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polje A large closed depression draining underground, witha flat floor across which there may be an intermittent or perennial stream and which may be liable to flood and become a lake. The floor makes a sharp break with parts of surrounding slopes. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html sea cave A cave in present-day or emerged sea cliffs, formed by wave attack or solution. ENVO ENVO:00000326 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_cave A cave in present-day or emerged sea cliffs, formed by wave attack or solution. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html speleothem A secondary mineral deposit formed in caves, most commonly calcite. ENVO ENVO:00000327 EcoLexicon:speleothem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleothem A secondary mineral deposit formed in caves, most commonly calcite. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleothem vadose zone A zone beneath the land surface and above the level of permanent groundwater or phreatic zone in which water has a hydraulic head less than atmospheric pressure and is retained by a combination of adhesion and capillary action. ENVO ENVO:00000328 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ If the vadose zone envelops soil, the water contained therein is termed soil moisture. In fine grained soils, capillary action can cause the pores of the soil to be fully saturated above the water table at a pressure less than atmospheric. In such soils, therefore, the unsaturated zone is the upper section of the vadose zone and not identical to it. unsaturated zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadose_zone unsaturated zone A zone beneath the land surface and above the level of permanent groundwater or phreatic zone in which water has a hydraulic head less than atmospheric pressure and is retained by a combination of adhesion and capillary action. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadose_zone web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html phreatic zone A zone beneath the land surface in which all interstices are filled with water. Water in the phreatic zone has a hydraulic head greater than atmospheric pressure due to the weight of overlying groundwater. ENVO ENVO:00000329 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatic_zone zone of saturation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatic_zone zone of saturation A zone beneath the land surface in which all interstices are filled with water. Water in the phreatic zone has a hydraulic head greater than atmospheric pressure due to the weight of overlying groundwater. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatic_zone web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html stalagmite A speleothem projecting vertically upwards from a cave floor and formed by precipitation from drips. ENVO ENVO:00000330 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalagmite A speleothem projecting vertically upwards from a cave floor and formed by precipitation from drips. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html stalactite A speleothem hanging downwards from a roof or wall, of cylindrical or conical form, usually with a central hollow tube. ENVO ENVO:00000331 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalactite A speleothem hanging downwards from a roof or wall, of cylindrical or conical form, usually with a central hollow tube. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html doline A closed depression draining underground in karst, of simple but variable form, e.g. cylindrical, conical, bowl- or dish-shaped. From a few to many hundreds of metres in dimensions. ENVO ENVO:00000332 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doline A closed depression draining underground in karst, of simple but variable form, e.g. cylindrical, conical, bowl- or dish-shaped. From a few to many hundreds of metres in dimensions. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html subjacent karst ENVO ENVO:00000333 Karst developed in soluble beds underlying other rock formations; the surface may or may not be affected by the karst development. Karst developed in soluble beds underlying other rock formations; the surface may or may not be affected by the karst development. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html syngenetic karst ENVO ENVO:00000334 Karst developed in eolian calcarenite when the development of karst features has taken place at the same time as the lithification of dune sand. Karst developed in eolian calcarenite when the development of karst features has taken place at the same time as the lithification of dune sand. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html polygonal karst ENVO ENVO:00000335 Karst completely pitted by closed depressions so that divides between them form a crudely polygonal network. Karst completely pitted by closed depressions so that divides between them form a crudely polygonal network. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html doline karst ENVO ENVO:00000336 Karst dominated by closed depressions, chiefly dolines, perforating a simple surface. Karst dominated by closed depressions, chiefly dolines, perforating a simple surface. web:http://wasg.iinet.net.au/terminol.html obsolete orange juice Added for compatibility with GEMINA. ENVO ENVO:00000337 FOODON:00001001 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_juice true vomit ENVO ENVO:00000338 Vomit is a bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach of an organism disgorged through the mouth or nose. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomit ENVOC:nm GEMINA:ls Vomit is a bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach of an organism disgorged through the mouth or nose. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomit piece of rock An abiotic mesoscopic feature made of the mineral material of the crust of the Earth. ENVO ENVO:00000339 FTT:1010 FTT:145 Geonames:T.RK Geonames:T.RKS TGN:21444 An abiotic mesoscopic feature made of the mineral material of the crust of the Earth. MA:ma grain of sand ENVO ENVO:00000340 piece of gravel A piece of rock that is two millimeters (2mm) in its largest dimension (about 1/12 of an inch) and no more than 75 millimeters (about 3 inches). ENVO ENVO:00000341 A piece of rock that is two millimeters (2mm) in its largest dimension (about 1/12 of an inch) and no more than 75 millimeters (about 3 inches). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel ice cap dome A comparatively elevated area on an icecap. ENVO ENVO:00000342 FTT:758 FTT:840 Geonames:H.DOMG TGN:21144 ice mass icecap dome icecap dome envoPolar Geonames:feature icecap dome ADL:FTT ice mass ADL:FTT icecap dome A comparatively elevated area on an icecap. Geonames:feature particle of silt ENVO ENVO:00000343 grain of desert sand ENVO ENVO:00000344 grain of beach sand ENVO ENVO:00000345 grain of acid dune sand ENVO ENVO:00000346 grain of sea sand ENVO ENVO:00000347 grain of rocky sand ENVO ENVO:00000348 terrarium ENVO ENVO:00000349 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrarium A terrarium is a vivarium which simulates a terrestrial environment. A terrarium is a vivarium which simulates a terrestrial environment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivarium somma volcano A volcanic caldera that has been partially filled by a new central cone. ENVO ENVO:00000350 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somma_volcano This may be more a subclass of 'caldera' A volcanic caldera that has been partially filled by a new central cone. wiki:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somma volcanic arc A chain of volcanic islands or mountains formed by plate tectonics as an oceanic tectonic plate subducts under another tectonic plate and produces magma. ENVO ENVO:00000351 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_arc A chain of volcanic islands or mountains formed by plate tectonics as an oceanic tectonic plate subducts under another tectonic plate and produces magma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_arc continental arc A volcanic arc formed by the subduction of oceanic crust below continental crust. ENVO ENVO:00000352 A volcanic arc formed by the subduction of oceanic crust below continental crust. wiki:http\://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_arc island arc A volcanic arc formed by the subduction of oceanic crust other oceanic crust on an adjacent tectonic plate. ENVO ENVO:00000353 EcoLexicon:island_arc SWEETRealm:IslandArc https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_arc A volcanic arc formed by the subduction of oceanic crust other oceanic crust on an adjacent tectonic plate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_arc volcanic field A region of the earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity. ENVO ENVO:00000354 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_field volcanic complex volcanic group volcanic system A region of the earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_field monogenetic volcanic field A volcanic field of small, scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous monogenetic volcanoes, are noted for having only one short eruptive event. Monogenetic fields occur only where the magma supply to the volcano is low or where vents are not close enough or large enough to develop plumbing systems for continuous feeding of magma. ENVO ENVO:00000355 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field A volcanic field of small, scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous monogenetic volcanoes, are noted for having only one short eruptive event. Monogenetic fields occur only where the magma supply to the volcano is low or where vents are not close enough or large enough to develop plumbing systems for continuous feeding of magma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field pyroclastic cone A cone made of material ejected from a volcano. The material can range from finest particles. In comparison, cinder cones are more uniform. They are usually found in or on larger features, such as stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes and can be found inside calderas, however they can also be an independent feature. They can range from a few metres in height and are usually formed by a single eruption. ENVO ENVO:00000356 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_cone pyroclastic dome A cone made of material ejected from a volcano. The material can range from finest particles. In comparison, cinder cones are more uniform. They are usually found in or on larger features, such as stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes and can be found inside calderas, however they can also be an independent feature. They can range from a few metres in height and are usually formed by a single eruption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_cone lock A device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways. The distinguishing feature of a lock is a fixed chamber whose water level can be varied. ENVO ENVO:00000357 EcoLexicon:lock A device for raising and lowering boats between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways. The distinguishing feature of a lock is a fixed chamber whose water level can be varied. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_%28water_transport%29 protected area An area of land and/or a body of water especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means. ENVO ENVO:00000358 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area An area of land and/or a body of water especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_area natural monument A natural/cultural feature of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative of aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. ENVO ENVO:00000359 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_monument A natural/cultural feature of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative of aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Monument national forest A protected forest or woodland area in the United States. National forests are controlled by the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, under the direction of the United States Department of Agriculture. ENVO ENVO:00000360 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_forest A protected forest or woodland area in the United States. National forests are controlled by the federal government and managed by the United States Forest Service, under the direction of the United States Department of Agriculture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Forest site of special scientific interest A conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom. SSSIs are the basic 'building block' of nature conservation legislation and most other legal nature/geological conservation designations are based upon them, including National Nature Reserves, Ramsar Sites, Special Protection Areas, and Special Areas of Conservation. Area of Special Scientific Interest ENVO ENVO:00000361 SSSI https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_special_scientific_interest A conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom. SSSIs are the basic 'building block' of nature conservation legislation and most other legal nature/geological conservation designations are based upon them, including National Nature Reserves, Ramsar Sites, Special Protection Areas, and Special Areas of Conservation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSSI marine park A protected area of the sea usually established to preserve a specific habitat and ensure the ecosystem is sustained for the organisms that exist there. Most marine parks are designated by governments, and organized like watery national parks. ENVO ENVO:00000362 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_park A protected area of the sea usually established to preserve a specific habitat and ensure the ecosystem is sustained for the organisms that exist there. Most marine parks are designated by governments, and organized like watery national parks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_park nature reserve A protected area of importance for wildlife, flora, fauna or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research. Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, or by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality. ENVO ENVO:00000363 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve natural preserve natural reserve nature preserve A protected area of importance for wildlife, flora, fauna or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research. Nature reserves may be designated by government institutions in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, or by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve national wildlife refuge A designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The National Wildlife Refuge system is a network of lands and waters managed to protect wildlife and wildlife habitat. ENVO ENVO:00000364 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_wildlife_refuge A designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The National Wildlife Refuge system is a network of lands and waters managed to protect wildlife and wildlife habitat. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge Ramsar site A wetland protected by the terms of the Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat). ENVO ENVO:00000365 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_site A wetland protected by the terms of the Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention national nature reserve A United Kingdom government conservation designation for a nature reserve of national significance for biological or earth science interest. ENVO ENVO:00000366 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_nature_reserve A United Kingdom government conservation designation for a nature reserve of national significance for biological or earth science interest. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Nature_Reserve national park A reserve of land, usually, but not always declared and owned by a national government, protected from most human development and pollution. National parks are a protected area of IUCN category II. ENVO ENVO:00000367 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park A reserve of land, usually, but not always declared and owned by a national government, protected from most human development and pollution. National parks are a protected area of IUCN category II. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_park ephemeral island An island, usually the consequence of the activity of a submarine volcano, that only exists for a short period or short periods of time after its formation, then being eroded or otherwise disappearing beneath the surface of a body of water. ENVO ENVO:00000368 An island, usually the consequence of the activity of a submarine volcano, that only exists for a short period or short periods of time after its formation, then being eroded or otherwise disappearing beneath the surface of a body of water. MA:ma brine pool ENVO ENVO:00000369 ENVO:01000060 MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: A large area of brine on the ocean basin near cold seep vents which release methane into the water. These pools are concentrations of water having an extremely high salinity as compared to the surrounding ocean, caused by the motion of large salt deposits through salt tectonics. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: Marine brine pools are large areas of brine on the ocean basin. These pools are bodies of water that have a salinity three to five times greater than the surrounding ocean. For deep-sea brine pools the source of the salt is the dissolution of large salt deposits through salt tectonics. The brine often contains high concentrations of methane, providing energy to chemosynthetic animals that live near the pool. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_pool marine brine pool envoPolar MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: A large area of brine on the ocean basin near cold seep vents which release methane into the water. These pools are concentrations of water having an extremely high salinity as compared to the surrounding ocean, caused by the motion of large salt deposits through salt tectonics. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: Marine brine pools are large areas of brine on the ocean basin. These pools are bodies of water that have a salinity three to five times greater than the surrounding ocean. For deep-sea brine pools the source of the salt is the dissolution of large salt deposits through salt tectonics. The brine often contains high concentrations of methane, providing energy to chemosynthetic animals that live near the pool. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_pool tuya A distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. ENVO ENVO:00000370 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuya A distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuya complex volcano A volcano with more than one feature. They form because changes of their eruptive characteristics or the location of multiple vents in an area. Stratovolcanoes may form complex volcanoes, because they may overlap another from explosive eruptions, lava flows, pyroclastic flows and by repeated eruptions, to make multiple summits and vents. Stratovolcanoes could also form a large caldera that gets filled in by multiple small cinder cones, lava domes and craters may also develop on the caldera's rim. ENVO ENVO:00000371 compound volcano https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_volcano A volcano with more than one feature. They form because changes of their eruptive characteristics or the location of multiple vents in an area. Stratovolcanoes may form complex volcanoes, because they may overlap another from explosive eruptions, lava flows, pyroclastic flows and by repeated eruptions, to make multiple summits and vents. Stratovolcanoes could also form a large caldera that gets filled in by multiple small cinder cones, lava domes and craters may also develop on the caldera's rim. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_volcano pyroclastic shield volcano A shield volcano that is formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruptions rather than relatively fluid basaltic lava issuing from vents or fissures on the surface of the volcano. They typically display low-angle flank slopes and have little or no central collapse, although a shallow sag in the shield is commonly observed. Lava is commonly extruded after the cessation of explosive activity commonly superposes the vent region. ENVO ENVO:00000372 terrestrial ignimbrite shield ignimbrite shield volcano A shield volcano that is formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruptions rather than relatively fluid basaltic lava issuing from vents or fissures on the surface of the volcano. They typically display low-angle flank slopes and have little or no central collapse, although a shallow sag in the shield is commonly observed. Lava is commonly extruded after the cessation of explosive activity commonly superposes the vent region. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_shield geothermal field An area where wells can be drilled to obtain elements contained in solution in hot brines or to tap heat energy. ENVO ENVO:00000373 An area where wells can be drilled to obtain elements contained in solution in hot brines or to tap heat energy. wiki:http://www.webref.org/geology/g/geothermal_field.htm wildlife management area A protected area with the purpose of protecting and managing wild life. ENVO ENVO:00000374 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_management_area A protected area with the purpose of protecting and managing wild life. MA:ma world heritage site A protected area that is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. ENVO ENVO:00000375 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_heritage_site A protected area that is a specific site (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that has been nominated and confirmed for inclusion on the list maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_heritage_site biosphere reserve An international conservation designation given by UNESCO under its Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB). ENVO ENVO:00000376 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserve An international conservation designation given by UNESCO under its Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserve artificial lake A lake purposefully constructed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_lake A lake purposefully constructed. MA:ma canal head reservoir A reservoir constructed for the purpose of maintaining water levels in a canal or canals. ENVO ENVO:00000378 A reservoir constructed for the purpose of maintaining water levels in a canal or canals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir ice shelf A thick, floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice mass flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface. ENVO ENVO:00000380 SWEETRealm:IceShelf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_shelf envoPolar A thick, floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice mass flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_shelf massif A section of the Earths's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its internal structure while being displaced as a whole. ENVO ENVO:00000381 EcoLexicon:massif FTT:946 TGN:21435 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif A section of the Earths's crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its internal structure while being displaced as a whole. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massif lake shore ENVO ENVO:00000382 TGN:21484 That part of the land in immediate contact with a lake. lakeshore Getty:TGN lakeshore MA:ma That part of the land in immediate contact with a lake. stream bed ENVO ENVO:00000383 FTT:651 Geonames:H.STMB TGN:21165 The channel bottom of a stream; the physical confine of the normal water flow. dry stream bed https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed stream bed stream bottom stream channel USGS:SDTS stream channel The channel bottom of a stream; the physical confine of the normal water flow. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed ADL:FTT dry stream bed Geonames:feature stream bed Getty:TGN stream channel river bed ENVO ENVO:00000384 EcoLexicon:river_bed_structure SWEETRealm:RiverBed TGN:21154 The channel bottom of a river; the physical confine of the normal water flow. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_bed river bottom watercourse The channel bottom of a river; the physical confine of the normal water flow. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed USGS:SDTS watercourse stream mouth ENVO ENVO:00000385 FTT:105 FTT:1222 Geonames:H.STMM The place where a stream discharges into a lagoon, lake, or the sea. stream stream mouth Geonames:feature The place where a stream discharges into a lagoon, lake, or the sea. ADL:FTT stream Geonames:feature stream mouth river mouth ENVO ENVO:00000386 TGN:21156 The end of a stream where it enters a standing water body such as a lake, sea or ocean. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_mouth MA:ma The end of a stream where it enters a standing water body such as a lake, sea or ocean. container of an intermittent lake A depression which intermittently contains a lake. ENVO ENVO:00000387 FTT:221 FTT:875 Geonames:H.LKI Geonames:H.LKSI TGN:21118 This has been moved from the lake hierarchy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_lake intermittent lake intermittent lakes lake A depression which intermittently contains a lake. MA:ma http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 ADL:FTT lake Geonames:feature intermittent lakes Geonames:feature intermittent lake obsolete intermittent watercourse A watercourse whose flow is not continuous. ENVO ENVO:00000388 TGN:21111 true A watercourse whose flow is not continuous. MA:ma intermittent wetland An area that is sometimes inundated or saturated by surface or ground water sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. FTT:85 FTT:883 Geonames:H.WTLDI TGN:21306 intermittent wetland In a strict sense, this class cannot always satisfy the subclass axiom of wetland, requiring soil to always have a wet quality. Perhaps this should be treated more like channel of an intermittent stream. Geonames:feature intermittent wetland An area that is sometimes inundated or saturated by surface or ground water sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. MA:ma mountain spur ENVO ENVO:00000390 FTT:1177 Geonames:T.SPUR TGN:21366 spur spurs (physiographic Geonames:feature spur ADL:FTT spurs (physiographic land bridge An isthmus or other land connection between what at other times are separate land masses which allows animals and plants to cross and colonise new lands. Land bridges are commonly created by regression, in which sea levels fall exposing previously submerged sections of continental shelf. Land bridges are also formed by: (a) upthrust at the edge of continental plates; and (b) glacial retreat alleviating pressure on shallow marine formations. ENVO ENVO:00000391 TGN:21478 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_bridge An isthmus or other land connection between what at other times are separate land masses which allows animals and plants to cross and colonise new lands. Land bridges are commonly created by regression, in which sea levels fall exposing previously submerged sections of continental shelf. Land bridges are also formed by: (a) upthrust at the edge of continental plates; and (b) glacial retreat alleviating pressure on shallow marine formations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_bridge ice tongue A long and narrow sheet of ice projecting out from the coastline. An ice tongue forms when a valley glacier moves very rapidly out into the ocean or a lake. ENVO ENVO:00000392 TGN:21143 glacial tongue glacier tongue https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_tongue envoPolar USGS:SDTS glacial tongue A long and narrow sheet of ice projecting out from the coastline. An ice tongue forms when a valley glacier moves very rapidly out into the ocean or a lake. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_tongue sound A large sea or ocean inlet larger than a bay, deeper than a bight, wider than a fjord, or it may identify a narrow sea or ocean channel between two bodies of land. EcoLexicon:sound FTT:233 FTT:469 Geonames:H.SD SWEETRealm:Sound TGN:21129 envoPolar A large sea or ocean inlet larger than a bay, deeper than a bight, wider than a fjord, or it may identify a narrow sea or ocean channel between two bodies of land. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_%28geography%29 strait A narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses. ENVO ENVO:00000394 EcoLexicon:strait FTT:233 FTT:470 Geonames:H.STRT SWEETRealm:Strait TGN:21132 channel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait strait watercourse ADL:FTT channel A narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water, and thus lies between two land masses. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait USGS:SDTS watercourse Geonames:feature strait channel of a watercourse ENVO ENVO:00000395 EcoLexicon:channel EcoLexicon:sea_channel FTT:1192 FTT:233 FTT:461 FTT:462 FTT:463 FTT:464 FTT:465 FTT:466 FTT:468 FTT:469 FTT:470 Geonames:H.CHN Geonames:U.SCNU Geonames:U.SCSU SWEETRealm:Channel TGN:21137 TGN:23451 The physical confine of a river, slough or ocean strait consisting of a bed and banks. We need a more general channel definition, the current is only for water course channels. We need to refactor the semantics of channels, tunnels and conduits, in a similar way to uberon anatomical channels http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0004111. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/147 The physical confine of a river, slough or ocean strait consisting of a bed and banks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_%28geography%29 marine channel ENVO ENVO:00000396 FTT:233 FTT:465 Geonames:H.CHNM TGN:21186 envoPolar lake channel ENVO ENVO:00000397 FTT:233 FTT:464 Geonames:H.CHNL TGN:21185 envoPolar volcanic cone Built by fragments (called ejecta) thrown up (ejected) from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater. ENVO ENVO:00000398 FTT:530 Geonames:T.CONE SWEETRealm:VolcanicCone TGN:21418 cone cone (geological) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_cone lava cone USGS:SDTS lava cone Getty:TGN cone Built by fragments (called ejecta) thrown up (ejected) from a volcanic vent, piling up around the vent in the shape of a cone with a central crater. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_cone Geonames:feature cone ADL:FTT cone (geological) ash cone A cone that is composed of particles of silt to sand size. Explosive eruptions from a vent where the magma is interacting with groundwater or the sea (as in an eruption off the coast) produce steam and are called phreatic. The interaction between the magma, expanding steam, and volcanic gases results in the ejection of mostly small particles called ash. Fallen ash has the consistency of flour. The unconsolidated ash forms an ash cone which becomes a tuff cone or tuff ring once the ash consolidates. ENVO ENVO:00000399 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_cone A cone that is composed of particles of silt to sand size. Explosive eruptions from a vent where the magma is interacting with groundwater or the sea (as in an eruption off the coast) produce steam and are called phreatic. The interaction between the magma, expanding steam, and volcanic gases results in the ejection of mostly small particles called ash. Fallen ash has the consistency of flour. The unconsolidated ash forms an ash cone which becomes a tuff cone or tuff ring once the ash consolidates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_cone cinder cone A cone built almost entirely of loose volcanic fragments called cinders (pumice, pyroclastics, or tephra). They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. ENVO ENVO:00000400 SWEETRealm:CinderCone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinder_cone mount USGS:SDTS mount A cone built almost entirely of loose volcanic fragments called cinders (pumice, pyroclastics, or tephra). They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_cone spatter cone A volcanic cone formed of molten lava ejected from a vent somewhat like taffy. Expanding gases in the lava fountains tear the liquid rock into irregular gobs that fall back to earth, forming a heap around the vent. The still partly liquid rock splashed down and over the sides of the developing mound is called spatter. Because spatter is not fully solid when it lands, the individual deposits are very irregular in shape and weld together as they cool, and in this way particularly differ from cinder and ash. ENVO ENVO:00000401 SWEETRealm:SpatterCone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatter_cone A volcanic cone formed of molten lava ejected from a vent somewhat like taffy. Expanding gases in the lava fountains tear the liquid rock into irregular gobs that fall back to earth, forming a heap around the vent. The still partly liquid rock splashed down and over the sides of the developing mound is called spatter. Because spatter is not fully solid when it lands, the individual deposits are very irregular in shape and weld together as they cool, and in this way particularly differ from cinder and ash. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_cone mud volcano A volcano created by geologically excreted liquids and gases, although there are several different processes which may cause such activity. Temperatures are much cooler than igneous processes. ENVO ENVO:00000402 EcoLexicon:mud_volcano https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_volcano A volcano created by geologically excreted liquids and gases, although there are several different processes which may cause such activity. Temperatures are much cooler than igneous processes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_volcano shield volcano A large volcano with shallowly-sloping sides. ENVO ENVO:00000403 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcano mount USGS:SDTS mount A large volcano with shallowly-sloping sides. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_volcano stratovolcano A tall, conical volcano composed of many layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash. These volcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions. The lava that flows from them is viscous, and cools and hardens before spreading very far. The source magma of this rock is classified as acidic, or high in silica to intermediate (rhyolite, dacite, or andesite). ENVO ENVO:00000404 composite volcano https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano A tall, conical volcano composed of many layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash. These volcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions. The lava that flows from them is viscous, and cools and hardens before spreading very far. The source magma of this rock is classified as acidic, or high in silica to intermediate (rhyolite, dacite, or andesite). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano obsolete submarine volcano An underwater fissures in the earth's surface from which magma can erupt. ENVO ENVO:00000264 ENVO:00000405 true An underwater fissures in the earth's surface from which magma can erupt. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_volcano mid-ocean ridge An underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. This uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary. The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean. EcoLexicon:oceanic_ridge OceanRidge TGN:23151 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge NASA:earthrealm OceanRidge An underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. This uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary. The mid-ocean ridges of the world are connected and form a single global mid-oceanic ridge system that is part of every ocean. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge subglacial volcano A volcano produced by subglacial eruptions or eruptions beneath the surface of a lake melted into a glacier or ice mass by the rising lava. ENVO ENVO:00000407 Something more specific than an adjacent_to relation would be better, especially considering the volcano in question may have melted nearby glacial mass. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_volcano tuya A volcano produced by subglacial eruptions or eruptions beneath the surface of a lake melted into a glacier or ice mass by the rising lava. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_volcano volcanic fissure A linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is usually a few meters wide and may be many kilometers long. Fissure vents can cause large flood basalts and hannels. The volcano can usually be seen as a crack in the ground or on the ocean floor. Narrow fissures can be filled in with lava that hardens. ENVO ENVO:00000408 FTT:702 SWEETRealm:Fissure fissure fissure vent https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_fissure A linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts, usually without any explosive activity. The vent is usually a few meters wide and may be many kilometers long. Fissure vents can cause large flood basalts and hannels. The volcano can usually be seen as a crack in the ground or on the ocean floor. Narrow fissures can be filled in with lava that hardens. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissure_vent whirlpool A large, swirling body of water produced by ocean tides. ENVO ENVO:00000409 FTT:131 FTT:829 TGN:21183 WHRL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool hydrographic feature ADL:FTT hydrographic feature A large, swirling body of water produced by ocean tides. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool Geonames:feature WHRL kipuka An elevated area such as a hill, ridge or old lava dome inside or downslope from an area of active volcanism. New lava flows will cover the surrounding land, isolating the kipuka so that it appears as a (usually) forested island in a barren lava flow. ENVO ENVO:00000410 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipuka An elevated area such as a hill, ridge or old lava dome inside or downslope from an area of active volcanism. New lava flows will cover the surrounding land, isolating the kipuka so that it appears as a (usually) forested island in a barren lava flow. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava#K.C4.ABpukas ford ENVO ENVO:00000411 EcoLexicon:ford FORD FTT:714 FTT:83 Geonames:T.FORD TGN:21170 The shallow part of a stream which can be easily crossed. ford ford (crossing) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford transportation feature FORD Geonames:feature ADL:FTT transportation feature USGS:SDTS ford The shallow part of a stream which can be easily crossed. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT ford (crossing) tidal watercourse ENVO ENVO:00000412 TGN:21130 pingo A mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic, subarctic, and Antarctica that can reach up to 70 metres in height and up to 2 kilometres in diameter. ENVO ENVO:00000413 Pingos may occur in cold-climate wetland areas, but are not necessarily wetlands themselves. bugor bulginniakh https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo hydrolaccolith mount pingos envoPolar pingos https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo hydrolaccolith USGS:SDTS mount A mound of earth-covered ice found in the Arctic, subarctic, and Antarctica that can reach up to 70 metres in height and up to 2 kilometres in diameter. DOI:10.1016/0033-5894(76)90039-9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo natural arch A natural formation where a rock arch forms, with a natural passageway through underneath. ENVO ENVO:00000414 FTT:142 FTT:143 FTT:144 TGN:21445 arches (natural formation) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_arch natural bridge sea arch ADL:FTT sea arch ADL:FTT arches (natural formation) ADL:FTT natural bridge A natural formation where a rock arch forms, with a natural passageway through underneath. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_arch raised beach A beach or wave cut platform raised above the shore line by a relative fall in the sea level. ENVO ENVO:00000415 EcoLexicon:raised_beach https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_beach terrace A beach or wave cut platform raised above the shore line by a relative fall in the sea level. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_beach USGS:SDTS terrace coastal dune ENVO ENVO:00000416 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_dune machair A fertile low-lying raised beach found on the some of the coastlines of Ireland and Scotland, in particular in the Outer Hebrides. ENVO ENVO:00000417 A fertile low-lying raised beach found on the some of the coastlines of Ireland and Scotland, in particular in the Outer Hebrides. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machair_%28geography%29 ria A submergent coastal landform that forms where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change; where the global sea levels rise or isostatic sea level change; where the land sinks. When this happens valleys which were previously at sea level become submerged. ENVO ENVO:00000418 drowned river valley drowned valley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ria valley USGS:SDTS valley A submergent coastal landform that forms where sea levels rise relative to the land either as a result of eustatic sea level change; where the global sea levels rise or isostatic sea level change; where the land sinks. When this happens valleys which were previously at sea level become submerged. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ria stack A geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast. ENVO ENVO:00000419 EcoLexicon:stack island A geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock in the sea near a coast. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_%28geology%29 USGS:SDTS island tombolo A deposition landform such as a spit or bar which forms a narrow piece of land between an island or offshore rock and a mainland shore, or between two islands or offshore rocks. They usually form because the island causes wave refraction, depositing sand and shingle moved by longshore drift in each direction around the island where the waves meet. Eustatic sea level rise may also contribute to accretion as material is pushed up with rising sea levels. ENVO ENVO:00000420 EcoLexicon:tombolo SWEETRealm:Tombolo bar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombolo island A deposition landform such as a spit or bar which forms a narrow piece of land between an island or offshore rock and a mainland shore, or between two islands or offshore rocks. They usually form because the island causes wave refraction, depositing sand and shingle moved by longshore drift in each direction around the island where the waves meet. Eustatic sea level rise may also contribute to accretion as material is pushed up with rising sea levels. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombolo USGS:SDTS island USGS:SDTS bar wave-cut platform ENVO ENVO:00000421 SWEETRealm:WaveCutPlatform The narrow flat area often seen at the base of a sea cliff caused by the action of the waves. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave-cut_platform marine terrace The narrow flat area often seen at the base of a sea cliff caused by the action of the waves. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave_cut_platform limestone pavement A natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone that resembles artificial pavement. ENVO ENVO:00000422 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_pavement A natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone that resembles artificial pavement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_pavement river island An island that lies in a river. ENVO ENVO:00000423 EcoLexicon:fluvial_island TGN:21428 ait eyot fluvial island An island that lies in a river. MA:ma Getty:TGN fluvial island lake island An island that lies in a lake. ENVO ENVO:00000424 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_island An island that lies in a lake. MA:ma ocean floor ENVO ENVO:00000426 FTT:1020 The surface that underlies an ocean. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_floor ocean bed ocean floor feature MA:ma The surface that underlies an ocean. ADL:FTT ocean floor feature meander A bend in a stream. A stream flowing through a wide valley or flat plain will tend to form a meanders as it alternatively erodes and deposits sediments along its course. ENVO ENVO:00000427 EcoLexicon:meander FTT:105 FTT:948 SWEETRealm:Meandering TGN:21153 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander oxbow loop stream watercourse ADL:FTT stream A bend in a stream. A stream flowing through a wide valley or flat plain will tend to form a meanders as it alternatively erodes and deposits sediments along its course. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander USGS:SDTS watercourse biome A biome is an environmental system to which resident ecological communities have evolved adaptations. EcoLexicon:biome EcosytemType LTER:173 There has been some concern raised (see Issue #143) about the usefulness of the assertion that organisms have evolved within a given biome. They may have evolved adaptations elsewhere and demonstrating one or the other is often not feasible. Consider relabelling to "environmental system determined by an ecological community" or similar. ecosystem major habitat type WWF:Biome major habitat type EcosytemType NASA:earthrealm A biome is an environmental system to which resident ecological communities have evolved adaptations. DOI:10.1186/2041-1480-4-43 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome arete A thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock which is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. The arte is a thin ridge of rock that is left separating the two valleys. Artes can also form when two glacial cirques erode towards one another, although frequently this results in a saddle-shaped pass, called a col. ENVO ENVO:00000429 FTT:154 ridge ADL:FTT ridge USGS:SDTS ridge A thin, almost knife-like, ridge of rock which is typically formed when two glaciers erode parallel U-shaped valleys. The arte is a thin ridge of rock that is left separating the two valleys. Artes can also form when two glacial cirques erode towards one another, although frequently this results in a saddle-shaped pass, called a col. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arete_%28landform%29 dirt cone A feature of a glacier, in which dirt, which has fallen into a hollow in the ice, forms a coating which insulates the ice below. The surrounding ice melts away, leaving the dirt cone. ENVO ENVO:00000430 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_cone envoPolar A feature of a glacier, in which dirt, which has fallen into a hollow in the ice, forms a coating which insulates the ice below. The surrounding ice melts away, leaving the dirt cone. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirt_cone drumlin field A cluster of dozens to hundreds of similarly shaped, sized and oriented drumlins. ENVO ENVO:00000431 drumlin swarm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlin_field A cluster of dozens to hundreds of similarly shaped, sized and oriented drumlins. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumlin_field monadnock An isolated hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain. ENVO ENVO:00000432 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monadnock inselberg kopje mount An isolated hill, knob, ridge, or small mountain that rises abruptly from a gently sloping or virtually level surrounding plain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inselberg USGS:SDTS mount kame terrace A terrace associated with a kame. ENVO ENVO:00000433 A terrace associated with a kame. MA:ma outwash fan A fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier. ENVO ENVO:00000434 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwash_fan A fan-shaped body of sediments deposited by braided streams from a melting glacier. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwash_fan proglacial lake A lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or one formed by meltwater trapped against an ice mass due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice. ENVO ENVO:00000435 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proglacial_lake lake envoPolar USGS:SDTS lake A lake formed either by the damming action of a moraine or ice dam during the retreat of a melting glacier, or one formed by meltwater trapped against an ice mass due to isostatic depression of the crust around the ice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proglacial_lake tunnel valley A deep but narrow valley with a 'U' shaped cross-section and frequently a 'U' shaped plan which is usually found filled with glacial till. It is formed when the edge of an ice mass advances up a slope. Its length may be appropriately measured in centimetres or kilometres, depending on the circumstances of formation. ENVO ENVO:00000436 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_valley rinnental tunnel-vale envoPolar A deep but narrow valley with a 'U' shaped cross-section and frequently a 'U' shaped plan which is usually found filled with glacial till. It is formed when the edge of an ice mass advances up a slope. Its length may be appropriately measured in centimetres or kilometres, depending on the circumstances of formation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_valley Nye channel A small tunnel valley. ENVO ENVO:00000437 A small tunnel valley. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_valley alas A steep-sided depression formed by the melting of permafrost; it may contain a lake. ENVO ENVO:00000438 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas A steep-sided depression formed by the melting of permafrost; it may contain a lake. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alas dell A small wooded valley, either U- or V-shaped. ENVO ENVO:00000439 valley A small wooded valley, either U- or V-shaped. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_%28landform%29 USGS:SDTS valley rock shelter A shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff. ENVO ENVO:00000440 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_shelter rockhouse A shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_shelter terracette A ridge on a hillside formed when saturated soil particles expand, then contract as they dry, causing them to move slowly downhill. ENVO ENVO:00000441 SWEETRealm:Terracette https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracette A ridge on a hillside formed when saturated soil particles expand, then contract as they dry, causing them to move slowly downhill. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracette maelstrom A very powerful whirlpool. ENVO ENVO:00000442 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelstrom A very powerful whirlpool. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool flood control reservoir A reservoir constructed for the purpose of containing a flood, an overflow of water from a body of water that sumerges land. ENVO ENVO:00000443 EcoLexicon:flood_control_reservoir FTT:1175 FTT:217 FTT:709 TGN:51261 flood control basin retention basin storage basin ADL:FTT storage basin A reservoir constructed for the purpose of containing a flood, an overflow of water from a body of water that sumerges land. MA:ma ADL:FTT retention basin clearing A tract of land with few or no trees in the middle of a wooded area. CLEARING ENVO ENVO:00000444 FTT:259 FTT:488 Geonames:L.CLG LTER:79 SWEETRealm:Burning TGN:21651 There should be a better superclass than "field" which should indicate that there are no woody plants in growth form "tree" around. burn burnt over area clearing clearing cut line fire break forest clearing glade grassland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearing logged area opening USGS:SDTS fire break USGS:SDTS burnt over area USGS:SDTS burn A tract of land with few or no trees in the middle of a wooded area. USGS:SDTS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glade_(geography) CLEARING USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS cut line USGS:SDTS logged area USGS:SDTS glade Geonames:feature clearing ADL:FTT clearing ADL:FTT grassland transvasement An aquaduct to transport water from one river basin to another one, to solve problems of hydrographic imbalance. It can decrease floods, moving the water to lands with droughts. ENVO ENVO:00000445 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvasement An aquaduct to transport water from one river basin to another one, to solve problems of hydrographic imbalance. It can decrease floods, moving the water to lands with droughts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvasement terrestrial biome A biome that applies to the terrestrial realm. ENVO ENVO:00000446 SPIRE:Terrestrial terrestrial realm LTER:798 A biome that applies to the terrestrial realm. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biome#Terrestrial_biomes marine biome An aquatic biome that comprises systems of open-ocean and unprotected coastal habitats, characterized by exposure to wave action, tidal fluctuation, and ocean currents as well as systems that largely resemble these. Water in the marine biome is generally within the salinity range of seawater: 30 to 38 ppt. ENVO ENVO:00000447 SPIRE:Marine marine realm envoPolar An aquatic biome that comprises systems of open-ocean and unprotected coastal habitats, characterized by exposure to wave action, tidal fluctuation, and ocean currents as well as systems that largely resemble these. Water in the marine biome is generally within the salinity range of seawater: 30 to 38 ppt. ISBN-10:0618455043 MA:ma ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean hydroelectric reservoir A reservoir constructed for the purpose of generating electricity. ENVO ENVO:00000448 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_reservoir A reservoir constructed for the purpose of generating electricity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir drinking water reservoir A reservoir constructed for the purpose of providing drinking water. ENVO ENVO:00000449 A reservoir constructed for the purpose of providing drinking water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir irrigation reservoir A reservoir constructed for the purpose of providing water for irrigation. ENVO ENVO:00000450 A reservoir constructed for the purpose of providing water for irrigation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir amenity lake A lake constructed, or modified, for the chief purpose of providing an amenity. ENVO ENVO:00000451 A lake constructed, or modified, for the chief purpose of providing an amenity. MA:ma ribbon lake A lake that is long, narrow, and finger-shaped, usually found in a glacial trough. Its formation begins when a glacier moves over an area containing alternate bands of hard and soft bedrock. The sharp-edged boulders carried at the bottom of the glacier erode the softer rock more quickly by abrasion, thus creating a hollow called a rock basin. On either side of the rock basin, the more resistant rock is eroded less and these outcrops of harder rock are known as rock bars, which act as dams between which rainwater may accumulate after the retreat of the ice age, filling up the rock basin and creating a ribbon lake. A ribbon lake may also form behind a terminal or recessional moraine, both of which also act as dams, enabling water to accumulate behind them. A ribbon lake may also occur if a tributary glacier joins a main glacier. The increase in power can create a trough, which is filled with water from a river/meltwater to create a ribbon lake. ENVO ENVO:00000452 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_lake A lake that is long, narrow, and finger-shaped, usually found in a glacial trough. Its formation begins when a glacier moves over an area containing alternate bands of hard and soft bedrock. The sharp-edged boulders carried at the bottom of the glacier erode the softer rock more quickly by abrasion, thus creating a hollow called a rock basin. On either side of the rock basin, the more resistant rock is eroded less and these outcrops of harder rock are known as rock bars, which act as dams between which rainwater may accumulate after the retreat of the ice age, filling up the rock basin and creating a ribbon lake. A ribbon lake may also form behind a terminal or recessional moraine, both of which also act as dams, enabling water to accumulate behind them. A ribbon lake may also occur if a tributary glacier joins a main glacier. The increase in power can create a trough, which is filled with water from a river/meltwater to create a ribbon lake. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon_lake liman A lake or estuary that is formed at the mouth of a river where flow is blocked by a bar of sediments. It can be maritime (the bar being created by the current of a sea) or fluvial (the bar being created by the flow of a bigger river at the confluence). ENVO ENVO:00000453 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liman A lake or estuary that is formed at the mouth of a river where flow is blocked by a bar of sediments. It can be maritime (the bar being created by the current of a sea) or fluvial (the bar being created by the flow of a bigger river at the confluence). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liman_(landform) turlough A container of an intermittent lake unique to the limestone areas of Ireland, mostly west of the River Shannon. Most turloughs flood in the autumn, usually some time in October, and then dry up some time between April and July. ENVO ENVO:00000454 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turlough A container of an intermittent lake unique to the limestone areas of Ireland, mostly west of the River Shannon. Most turloughs flood in the autumn, usually some time in October, and then dry up some time between April and July. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turlough_(lake) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 tarn A mountain lake that is formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier. A moraine may form a natural dam below a tarn. ENVO ENVO:00000455 corrie loch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn envoPolar A mountain lake that is formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier. A moraine may form a natural dam below a tarn. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarn_(lake) tidewater glacier A glacier that flows into the sea. ENVO ENVO:00000456 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_glacier envoPolar A glacier that flows into the sea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_glacier#Types_of_glaciers plateau glacier A glacier on a plateau or high area, smaller than an ice sheet. ENVO ENVO:00000457 envoPolar A glacier on a plateau or high area, smaller than an ice sheet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_glacier#Types_of_glaciers obsolete valley glacier A glacier that forms in a mountain valley. ENVO ENVO:00000085 ENVO:00000458 EcoLexicon:glacier_valley https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_glacier true A glacier that forms in a mountain valley. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_glacier#Types_of_glaciers outlet glacier A glacier fed by an ice sheet. ENVO ENVO:00000459 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlet_glacier envoPolar A glacier fed by an ice sheet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidewater_glacier#Types_of_glaciers penplain A region of low topographic relief as a consequence of erosion by streams. ENVO ENVO:00000460 A region of low topographic relief as a consequence of erosion by streams. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peneplain pseudocrater A volcanic landform which resembles a true volcanic crater, but differs in that it is not an actual vent from which lava has erupted. A pseudocrater is characterised by the absence of any magma conduit which connects below the surface of the earth. Pseudocraters are formed by steam explosions as flowing hot lava crosses over a wet surface, such as a swamp, a lake, or a pond. The explosive gases break through the lava surface in a manner similar to a phreatic eruption, and the tephra builds up crater-like forms which can appear very similar to real volcanic craters. ENVO ENVO:00000461 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocrater rootless vent A volcanic landform which resembles a true volcanic crater, but differs in that it is not an actual vent from which lava has erupted. A pseudocrater is characterised by the absence of any magma conduit which connects below the surface of the earth. Pseudocraters are formed by steam explosions as flowing hot lava crosses over a wet surface, such as a swamp, a lake, or a pond. The explosive gases break through the lava surface in a manner similar to a phreatic eruption, and the tephra builds up crater-like forms which can appear very similar to real volcanic craters. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootless_vent polygenetic volcanic field A volcanic field of scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous polygenetic volcanoes, are noted for having more than one eruptive event from the same vent(s), rather than the more common monogenetic volcanic field. Polygenetic volcanic fields generally occur where there is a high-level magma chamber. These volcanic fields may show lithological discontinuities due to major changes in magma chemistry, volcanotectonic events, or long erosional intervals, and may last >10 million year period. ENVO ENVO:00000462 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygenetic_volcanic_field A volcanic field of scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous polygenetic volcanoes, are noted for having more than one eruptive event from the same vent(s), rather than the more common monogenetic volcanic field. Polygenetic volcanic fields generally occur where there is a high-level magma chamber. These volcanic fields may show lithological discontinuities due to major changes in magma chemistry, volcanotectonic events, or long erosional intervals, and may last >10 million year period. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygenetic_volcanic_field harbor A place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. ENVO ENVO:00000463 SWEETRealm:Harbor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor envoPolar A place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor artificial harbor A harbor constructed by human agency. ENVO ENVO:00000464 artificial harbour https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_harbour envoPolar A harbor constructed by human agency. MA:ma natural harbor A harbor which is formed by a natural landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish anchorage. ENVO ENVO:00000465 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_harbor natural harbour envoPolar A harbor which is formed by a natural landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish anchorage. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor obsolete marine hydrographic feature ENVO ENVO:00000466 true university campus An area of land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated. ENVO ENVO:00000467 campus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_campus An area of land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus hydroelectric dam A dam constructed for the purpose of generating electricity from the water stored behind it. ENVO ENVO:00000468 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_dam A dam constructed for the purpose of generating electricity from the water stored behind it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#By_purpose research facility A facility, permanent or temporary, on land, in air, space or water, where scientific research or measurements can be undertaken. ENVO ENVO:00000469 A facility, permanent or temporary, on land, in air, space or water, where scientific research or measurements can be undertaken. MA:ma irrigation dam A dam constructed for the purpose of holding water in a reservoir for irrigation. ENVO ENVO:00000470 A dam constructed for the purpose of holding water in a reservoir for irrigation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#By_purpose flood control dam A dam constructed for the purpose of controlling flooding. ENVO ENVO:00000471 A dam constructed for the purpose of controlling flooding. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#By_purpose backwater An area of calm water unaffected by the current of a stream. BACKWATER ENVO ENVO:00000472 FTT:184 TGN:21302 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backwater wetland ADL:FTT wetland BACKWATER USGS:SDTS An area of calm water unaffected by the current of a stream. USGS:SDTS gravel pit A quarry from which gravel is extracted. ENVO ENVO:00000473 FTT:772 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel_pit mine site ADL:FTT mine site A quarry from which gravel is extracted. MA:ma cut An excavation of the Earth's surface to provide passage for a road, railway, canal, etc. CUT ENVO ENVO:00000474 FTT:1182 cutting https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut CUT USGS:SDTS An excavation of the Earth's surface to provide passage for a road, railway, canal, etc. USGS:SDTS inlet An opening of the sea into the land, or of a lake into its shore. EcoLexicon:inlet FTT:233 FTT:463 Geonames:H.GULF Geonames:H.INLT SWEETRealm:Inlet TGN:21128 anse arm firth ria envoPolar USGS:SDTS firth USGS:SDTS arm USGS:SDTS anse USGS:SDTS ria An opening of the sea into the land, or of a lake into its shore. USGS:SDTS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlet lake inlet An opening of a lake into its shore. ENVO ENVO:00000476 envoPolar An opening of a lake into its shore. USGS:SDTS mount A mountain or a hill. ENVO ENVO:00000477 EcoLexicon:dome FTT:118 FTT:460 MOUNT SWEETRealm:Dome TGN:21439 cerrito cerro dome hill hillock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount hummock inselberg knob knoll koppje monadnock mountain rise USGS:SDTS knoll MOUNT USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS hummock USGS:SDTS koppje USGS:SDTS cerro USGS:SDTS dome A mountain or a hill. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT mountain USGS:SDTS rise USGS:SDTS hillock USGS:SDTS knob USGS:SDTS monadnock USGS:SDTS hill ADL:FTT cerro USGS:SDTS cerrito Getty:TGN hummock USGS:SDTS inselberg range of mounts ENVO ENVO:00000478 FTT:996 range (physiographic) envoPolar ADL:FTT range (physiographic) mouth ENVO ENVO:00000479 EcoLexicon:outlet MOUTH SWEETRealm:Mouth The exit or point of discharge of a stream into another stream, lake or sea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth outlet USGS:SDTS outlet The exit or point of discharge of a stream into another stream, lake or sea. USGS:SDTS MOUTH USGS:SDTS peak ENVO ENVO:00000480 EcoLexicon:summit FTT:757 FTT:79 FTT:80 FTT:994 FTT:998 FTT:999 Geonames:T.PK Geonames:T.PKS PEAK SWEETRealm:Peak TGN:21490 The summit of a mount. ahu https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak ice peak mountain crest mountain summit nunatak peak peaks summit The summit of a mount. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT ahu USGS:SDTS summit ADL:FTT nunatak Geonames:feature peaks ADL:FTT summit ADL:FTT mountain crest PEAK USGS:SDTS Geonames:feature peak ADL:FTT mountain summit USGS:SDTS ice peak pinnacle A tall, slender, spire-shaped rock projecting from a level or more gently sloping surface. ENVO ENVO:00000481 EcoLexicon:crag FTT:1008 FTT:145 PINNACLE chapeirao coral head crag https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle natural rock formation pillar pinnacle (natural formation) scar PINNACLE USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS chapeirao ADL:FTT natural rock formation ADL:FTT pinnacle (natural formation) USGS:SDTS coral head USGS:SDTS crag A tall, slender, spire-shaped rock projecting from a level or more gently sloping surface. USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS pillar USGS:SDTS scar sea floor ENVO ENVO:00000482 EcoLexicon:sea_floor SeaFloor The ground surface that lies beneath a sea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_floor sea bed sea bottom MA:ma The ground surface that lies beneath a sea. NASA:earthrealm SeaFloor plunge pool A hollow eroded by the force of the falling water at the base of a waterfall, particularly by the eddying effect. ENVO ENVO:00000483 PLUNGE POOL https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunge_pool Problematic. Does this refer to the depression or the accumulated water? A hollow eroded by the force of the falling water at the base of a waterfall, particularly by the eddying effect. USGS:SDTS PLUNGE POOL USGS:SDTS polynya Any enclosed water area in pack ice other than a lead, not large enough to be called open water. When frozen over, a polyna becomes an ice skylight from the point of view of the submariner. Could be a subclass of a class that describes holes in solid material covering water or other liquids. Perhaps a class like "clearing". Logical def can include surrounded_by "ice mass". ENVO ENVO:00000484 EcoLexicon:polynya POLYNA Polynya SWEETRealm:Polynya big clearing clearing glade https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynya ice clearing polynia regional clearing envoPolar NASA:earthrealm Polynya USGS:SDTS ice clearing USGS:SDTS big clearing USGS:SDTS glade Any enclosed water area in pack ice other than a lead, not large enough to be called open water. When frozen over, a polyna becomes an ice skylight from the point of view of the submariner. USGS:SDTS POLYNA USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS clearing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polynia polynia USGS:SDTS regional clearing sea shore ENVO ENVO:00000485 EcoLexicon:seashore FTT:504 That part of the land in immediate contact with a sea, including the intertidal zone. shore MA:ma That part of the land in immediate contact with a sea, including the intertidal zone. shoreline ENVO ENVO:00000486 EcoLexicon:shoreline FTT:240 FTT:503 SHOR Shoreline TGN:21481 The line of contact between a body of water and the land. coastal shoreline coastal zone coastline https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreline USGS:SDTS coastal shoreline The line of contact between a body of water and the land. USGS:SDTS NASA:earthrealm Shoreline USGS:SDTS coastline ADL:FTT coastal zone Geonames:feature SHOR paternoster lake ENVO ENVO:00000487 One of a series of glacial lakes connected by a single stream or a braided stream system. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternoster_lake lake envoPolar USGS:SDTS lake One of a series of glacial lakes connected by a single stream or a braided stream system. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternoster_lake glacial lake A lake which is primarily composed of glacial meltwater and which fills a depression formed as a result of a glacial erosion process. ENVO ENVO:00000488 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_lake http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A lake which is primarily composed of glacial meltwater and which fills a depression formed as a result of a glacial erosion process. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_lake palsa A low oval elevation in areas with permafrost, frequently peat bogs, where a perennial ice lens has developed within the soil. A palsa consists, similarly to a pingo, of an ice core and overlying soil materials, in case of a palsa usually boggy soil. Palsas are characteristically found in areas with discontinuous permafrost and in such areas bay be the only reliable surface evidence of permafrost. A palsa needs large quantities of water for the formation of its ice core (i.e. ice lens), which is why they frequently emerge from and are bound by boggy soils, which can store enormous quantities of water in their pores. Palsas develop particularly in moorlands and are therefore also named palsamoors. ENVO ENVO:00000489 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palsa palsa bog wetland USGS:SDTS wetland A low oval elevation in areas with permafrost, frequently peat bogs, where a perennial ice lens has developed within the soil. A palsa consists, similarly to a pingo, of an ice core and overlying soil materials, in case of a palsa usually boggy soil. Palsas are characteristically found in areas with discontinuous permafrost and in such areas bay be the only reliable surface evidence of permafrost. A palsa needs large quantities of water for the formation of its ice core (i.e. ice lens), which is why they frequently emerge from and are bound by boggy soils, which can store enormous quantities of water in their pores. Palsas develop particularly in moorlands and are therefore also named palsamoors. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palsa consequent stream A stream whose course is a direct consequence of the original slope of the surface upon which it developed, i.e., a stream that follows the slope of the original land. ENVO ENVO:00000490 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequent_stream A stream whose course is a direct consequence of the original slope of the surface upon which it developed, i.e., a stream that follows the slope of the original land. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsequent_stream subsequent stream A stream whose course has been determined by selective headward erosion along weak strata. These streams have generally developed after the original stream. Subsequent streams developed independently of the original relief of the land and generally follow paths determined by the weak rock belts. ENVO ENVO:00000491 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsequent_stream A stream whose course has been determined by selective headward erosion along weak strata. These streams have generally developed after the original stream. Subsequent streams developed independently of the original relief of the land and generally follow paths determined by the weak rock belts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsequent_stream resequent stream A stream whose course follows the original relief, but at a lower level than the original slope (e.g., flows down a course determined by the underlying strata in the same direction). These streams develop later and are generally a tributary to a subsequent stream. ENVO ENVO:00000492 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resequent_stream A stream whose course follows the original relief, but at a lower level than the original slope (e.g., flows down a course determined by the underlying strata in the same direction). These streams develop later and are generally a tributary to a subsequent stream. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsequent_stream obsequent stream A stream flowing in the opposite direction of the consequent drainage. ENVO ENVO:00000493 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsequent_stream watercourse USGS:SDTS watercourse A stream flowing in the opposite direction of the consequent drainage. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsequent_stream insequent stream A stream that has an almost random drainage often forming dendritic patterns. These are typically tributaries and have developed by a headward erosion on a horizontally stratified belt or on homogeneous rocks. These streams follow courses that apparently were not controlled by the original slope of the surface, its structure or the type of rock. ENVO ENVO:00000494 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insequent_stream A stream that has an almost random drainage often forming dendritic patterns. These are typically tributaries and have developed by a headward erosion on a horizontally stratified belt or on homogeneous rocks. These streams follow courses that apparently were not controlled by the original slope of the surface, its structure or the type of rock. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsequent_stream tributary A stream or river which flows into another river (a parent river) or body of water but which may not flow directly into the sea. ENVO ENVO:00000495 EcoLexicon:affluent FTT:105 FTT:1261 SWEETRealm:Tributary TGN:21157 affluent affluent stream confluent stream https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary river tributary stream watercourse Getty:TGN river tributary USGS:SDTS watercourse ADL:FTT stream ADL:FTT affluent A stream or river which flows into another river (a parent river) or body of water but which may not flow directly into the sea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary rill A narrow and shallow incision into soil resulting from erosion by overland flow that has been focused into a thin thread by soil surface roughness. Rilling, the process of rill formation, is common on agricultural land and unvegetated ground. ENVO ENVO:00000496 EcoLexicon:rill https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rill A narrow and shallow incision into soil resulting from erosion by overland flow that has been focused into a thin thread by soil surface roughness. Rilling, the process of rill formation, is common on agricultural land and unvegetated ground. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rill rincon An incised meander on a river. ENVO ENVO:00000497 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rincon inlet USGS:SDTS inlet An incised meander on a river. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rincon volcanic dike An intrusive igneous body. Its thickness is usually much smaller than its other two dimensions. Thickness can vary from sub-centimeter scale to many meters in thickness and the lateral dimensions can extend over many kilometers. A dike is an intrusion into a cross-cutting fissure, meaning a dike cuts across other pre-existing layers or bodies of rock, this means that a dike is always younger than the rocks that contain it. Dikes are usually high angle to near vertical in orientation, but subsequent tectonic deformation may rotate the sequence of strata through which the dike lies so that the latter becomes horizontal. ENVO ENVO:00000498 FTT:654 dyke (geologic) ridge volcanic dyke igneous dike An intrusive igneous body. Its thickness is usually much smaller than its other two dimensions. Thickness can vary from sub-centimeter scale to many meters in thickness and the lateral dimensions can extend over many kilometers. A dike is an intrusion into a cross-cutting fissure, meaning a dike cuts across other pre-existing layers or bodies of rock, this means that a dike is always younger than the rocks that contain it. Dikes are usually high angle to near vertical in orientation, but subsequent tectonic deformation may rotate the sequence of strata through which the dike lies so that the latter becomes horizontal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_%28geology%29 ADL:FTT dyke (geologic) USGS:SDTS ridge trough A linear structural depression that extends laterally over a distance, while being less steep than a trench. A trough can be a narrow basin or a geologic rift. There are various oceanic troughs, troughs found under oceans; examples include the rift along the mid-oceanic ridge and the Cayman Trough. ENVO ENVO:00000499 SWEETRealm:Trough TGN:21512 swale A linear structural depression that extends laterally over a distance, while being less steep than a trench. A trough can be a narrow basin or a geologic rift. There are various oceanic troughs, troughs found under oceans; examples include the rift along the mid-oceanic ridge and the Cayman Trough. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_%28geology%29 USGS:SDTS swale beaver dam An obstruction in a stream constructed by a beaver. ENVO ENVO:00000500 FTT:243 dam https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_dam An obstruction in a stream constructed by a beaver. MA:ma USGS:SDTS dam bed BOTTOM ENVO ENVO:00000501 EcoLexicon:bed FTT:804 SWEETRealm:Bottom The portion of the ground surface which lies below water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed The portion of the ground surface which lies below water. USGS:SDTS BOTTOM USGS:SDTS container of an intermittent saline lake A depression that is periodically filled with saline water, forming a saline lake. ENVO ENVO:00000502 FTT:221 FTT:880 Geonames:H.LKN Geonames:H.LKSNI intermittent salt lake intermittent salt lakes lake intermittent saline lake Geonames:feature intermittent salt lakes ADL:FTT lake Geonames:feature intermittent salt lake A depression that is periodically filled with saline water, forming a saline lake. MA:ma http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 container of an intermittent oxbow lake A depression which is continous with one or more abandoned meander loops of a river channel. ENVO ENVO:00000503 FTT:221 FTT:876 Geonames:H.LKOI intermittent oxbow lake A depression which is continous with one or more abandoned meander loops of a river channel. MA:ma https://www.britannica.com/science/oxbow-lake http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 container of an intermittent pond A container of an intermittent water body which, when filled with water, has a well-illuminated surface layer, is subject to complete mixing of the water it holds, and is smaller than the container of a lake. ENVO ENVO:00000504 FTT:221 FTT:877 FTT:878 Geonames:H.PNDI Geonames:H.PNDSI Geonames:H.POOLI intermittent pond intermittent ponds intermittent pool intermittent pool intermittent pool ADL:FTT intermittent pool A container of an intermittent water body which, when filled with water, has a well-illuminated surface layer, is subject to complete mixing of the water it holds, and is smaller than the container of a lake. MA:ma https://www.britannica.com/science/lacustrine-ecosystem#ref6888 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Geonames:feature intermittent pond Geonames:feature intermittent ponds Geonames:feature intermittent pool ADL:FTT intermittent pool underground irrigation canal A gently inclined underground tunnel bringing water for irrigation from an aquifer. ENVO ENVO:00000505 FTT:129 FTT:410 Geonames:H.CNLSB underground irrigation canal ADL:FTT underground irrigation canal A gently inclined underground tunnel bringing water for irrigation from an aquifer. Geonames:feature Geonames:feature underground irrigation canal intermittently filled reservoir A reservoir that is not permanently filled with water, at times being dry. ENVO ENVO:00000506 FTT:221 FTT:588 FTT:879 Geonames:H.RSVI intermittent reservoir A reservoir that is not permanently filled with water, at times being dry. MA:ma Geonames:feature intermittent reservoir wadi mouth ENVO ENVO:00000507 FTT:157 FTT:162 Geonames:H.WADM The lower terminus of a wadi where it widens into an adjoining floodplain, depression, or water body. wadi mouth Geonames:feature wadi mouth Geonames:feature The lower terminus of a wadi where it widens into an adjoining floodplain, depression, or water body. terrace A step-like feature between higher and lower ground: a relatively flat or gently inclined shelf of earth, backed and fronted by steep slopes or manmade detaining walls. ENVO ENVO:00000508 EcoLexicon:terrace FTT:247 FTT:248 Geonames:T.BNCH Geonames:T.TRR TERRACE TGN:21498 TGN:21513 bench bench bench (natural) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace ledge rock terrace terrace Geonames:feature bench ADL:FTT bench (natural) Getty:TGN bench Geonames:feature terrace TERRACE USGS:SDTS USGS:SDTS bench A step-like feature between higher and lower ground: a relatively flat or gently inclined shelf of earth, backed and fronted by steep slopes or manmade detaining walls. USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT ledge USGS:SDTS rock terrace marine terrace ENVO ENVO:00000509 EcoLexicon:bench FTT:249 Geonames:BNCU bench bench (seafloor) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_terrace marine bench USGS:SDTS marine bench ADL:FTT bench (seafloor) Geonames:feature bench meander neck ENVO ENVO:00000510 FTT:947 FTT:96 Geonames:T.NKM meander neck physiographic feature Geonames:feature meander neck ADL:FTT physiographic feature blanket bog A peatland whose development is mostly independent of basins or topographical features where water collects; it simply covers the landscape like a blanket. Peat develops due to a continuous supply of water from rainfall, maintaining waterlogged conditions on the ground. Blanket bogs are ombrotrophic or rain fed, and as a result their pH lies between 3.5 and 4.2. ENVO ENVO:00000511 SWEETRealm:BlanketBog https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanket_bog wetland USGS:SDTS wetland A peatland whose development is mostly independent of basins or topographical features where water collects; it simply covers the landscape like a blanket. Peat develops due to a continuous supply of water from rainfall, maintaining waterlogged conditions on the ground. Blanket bogs are ombrotrophic or rain fed, and as a result their pH lies between 3.5 and 4.2. IPCC:http://www.ipcc.ie/infoblanketbogfs.html pond bed ENVO ENVO:00000512 The ground surface that lies beneath a pond. pond bottom MA:ma The ground surface that lies beneath a pond. reservoir bed ENVO ENVO:00000513 The ground surface that lies beneath a reservoir. reservoir bottom MA:ma The ground surface that lies beneath a reservoir. crater A generally circular saucer or bowl-shaped depression caused by volcanic or meteorite explosive action. CRATER FTT:219 Geonames:T.CRTR SWEETRealm:Crater TGN:21408 caldera https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater A generally circular saucer or bowl-shaped depression caused by volcanic or meteorite explosive action. Geonames:feature USGS:SDTS caldera CRATER USGS:SDTS road cut A cut to provide passage for a road. ENVO ENVO:00000515 Geonames:R.RDCUT road cut A cut to provide passage for a road. MA:ma Geonames:feature road cut hammock A patch of ground, distinct from and slightly above the surrounding plain or wetland. Often occurs in groups. ENVO ENVO:00000516 FTT:783 Geonames:T.HMCK SWEETRealm:Hummock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammock hummock A patch of ground, distinct from and slightly above the surrounding plain or wetland. Often occurs in groups. Geonames:feature Geonames:feature hummock lost stream A surface stream that disappears into an underground channel, or dries up in an arid area. ENVO ENVO:00000517 FTT:105 FTT:931 Geonames:H.STMSB TGN:21112 lost river lost river lost watercourse stream Getty:TGN lost watercourse ADL:FTT stream A surface stream that disappears into an underground channel, or dries up in an arid area. Geonames:feature Geonames:feature lost river Geonames:feature lost river ADL:FTT lost river Geonames:feature lost watercourse ditch mouth ENVO ENVO:00000518 FTT:129 FTT:399 Geonames:H.DTCHM The exit or point of discharge of a ditch. ditch mouth MA:ma The exit or point of discharge of a ditch. Geonames:feature ditch mouth ADL:FTT ditch mouth agricultural terrace ENVO ENVO:00000519 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_terrace landslide A mound of earth material, at the base of a slope and the associated scoured area. EcoLexicon:landslide FTT:1076 FTT:914 FTT:96 Geonames:T.SLID SWEETRealm:Landslide TGN:21507 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide landslip physiographic feature slide slide (natural) ADL:FTT slide (natural) ADL:FTT physiographic feature Getty:TGN slide Geonames:feature slide rockfall An irregular mass of fallen rock at the base of a cliff or steep slope. EcoLexicon:rockfall FTT:1072 FTT:96 Geonames:T.RKFL TGN:21504 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockfall rockfall Geonames:feature rockfall canal tunnel A tunnel through which a canal passes. ENVO ENVO:00000522 FTT:396 FTT:397 Geonames:H.TNLC canal tunnel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_tunnel tunnel A tunnel through which a canal passes. Geonames:feature Geonames:feature canal tunnel ADL:FTT tunnel cutoff A channel formed as a result of a stream cutting through a meander neck. ENVO ENVO:00000523 FTT:462 Geomames:CUTF TGN:21134 cut off cutoff (hydrographic) cuttoff https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutoff ADL:FTT cutoff (hydrographic) USGS:SDTS cut off Geonames:feature cuttoff A channel formed as a result of a stream cutting through a meander neck. Geonames:feature abandoned watercourse A former stream or distributary no longer carrying flowing water, but still evident due to lakes, wetland, topographic or vegetation patterns. ENVO ENVO:00000524 Geonames:H.STMQ TGN:21113 abandoned watercourse Geonames:feature abandoned watercourse A former stream or distributary no longer carrying flowing water, but still evident due to lakes, wetland, topographic or vegetation patterns. Geonames:feature canalized stream A stream that has been substantially ditched, diked, or straightened. ENVO ENVO:00000525 FTT:129 FTT:398 Geonames:H.STMC canal canalised stream canalized stream Geonames:feature canalized stream A stream that has been substantially ditched, diked, or straightened. Geonames:feature ADL:FTT canal cleft A deep narrow slot, notch, or groove in a cliff. ENVO ENVO:00000526 Geonames:T.CFT cleft https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleft A deep narrow slot, notch, or groove in a cliff. Geonames:feature Geonames:feature cleft interfluve A relatively undissected upland between adjacent stream valleys. ENVO ENVO:00000527 FTT:707 FTT:874 Geonames:T.INTF TGN:21450 interfluve plain A relatively undissected upland between adjacent stream valleys. Geonames:feature Geonames:feature interfluve ADL:FTT plain ice cap ridge A linear elevation on an icecap. ENVO ENVO:00000528 FTT:155 FTT:844 Geonames:H.RDGG icecap reach ridge envoPolar ADL:FTT ridge A linear elevation on an icecap. Geonames:feature Geonames:feature icecap reach beach ridge A ridge of sand just inland and parallel to the beach, usually in series. ENVO ENVO:00000529 FTT:236 Geonames:T.RDGB beach ridge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_ridge A ridge of sand just inland and parallel to the beach, usually in series. Geonames:feature Geonames:feature beach ridge apron A gentle slope, with a generally smooth surface, particularly found around groups of islands and seamounts. ENVO ENVO:00000530 EcoLexicon:apron FTT:122 Geonames:U.APNU TGN:23187 apron apron (geological) archipelago apron https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apron undersea apron USGS:SDTS archipelago apron A gentle slope, with a generally smooth surface, particularly found around groups of islands and seamounts. Geonames:feature Geonames:feature apron ADL:FTT apron (geological) Getty:TGN undersea apron ice cap depression A depression which is part of an ice cap. ENVO ENVO:00000531 FTT:839 Geonames:H.DPRG TGN:21145 icecap depression icecap depression envoPolar ADL:FTT icecap depression Geonames:feature icecap depression intermittent saline evaporation pond ENVO ENVO:00000532 FTT:881 Geonames:H.PNDNI intermittent salt pond lake Geonames:feature intermittent salt pond ADL:FTT intermittent salt pond ADL:FTT lake landfill A site at which refuse is dumped, normally filling a natural or artificial depression. ENVO ENVO:00000533 FTT:621 FTT:624 disposal site https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill garbage dump rubbish dump ADL:FTT disposal site A site at which refuse is dumped, normally filling a natural or artificial depression. MA:ma pothole ENVO ENVO:00000534 FTT:1071 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothole weir A low obstruction built across the path of s stream to raise its level. ENVO ENVO:00000535 FTT:603 Geonames:S.WEIR TGN:51265 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir weir A low obstruction built across the path of s stream to raise its level. MA:ma Geonames:feature weir moatan An annular depression that may not be continuous, located at the base of many seamounts, islands, and other isolated elevations. ENVO ENVO:00000536 Geonames:U.MOTU moatan Geonames:feature moatan An annular depression that may not be continuous, located at the base of many seamounts, islands, and other isolated elevations. Geonames:feature boulder field A high altitude or high latitude bare, flat area covered with large angular rocks. ENVO ENVO:00000537 FTT:289 Geonames:T.BLDR TGN:21501 boulder field A high altitude or high latitude bare, flat area covered with large angular rocks. Geonames:feature Geonames:feature boulder field arrugado An undersea area of subdued corrugations off Baja California. ENVO ENVO:00000538 FTT:167 Geonames:U.ARRU arrugado Add partially surrounded by marine water or similar An undersea area of subdued corrugations off Baja California. Geonames:feature ADL:FTT arrugado Geonames:feature arrugado sill ENVO ENVO:00000539 EcoLexicon:sill FTT:740 Geonames:H.SILL SWEETRealm:Sill TGN:21367 The low part of a gap or saddle separating basins. gap https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill sill sill (physiographic) ADL:FTT sill (physiographic) Geonames:feature The low part of a gap or saddle separating basins. Geonames:feature sill USGS:SDTS sill ADL:FTT gap brackish lake A lake which is primarily composed of brackish water, having a higher salinity than fresh water but a lower salinity than marine water. brackish pond ENVO ENVO:00000541 kame An irregularly shaped hill or mound composed of sorted or stratified sand and gravel that is deposited in contact with the glacial ice. It can have an irregular shape. Kames are often associated with kettles, and this is referred to as kame and kettle topography. When the ice retreats further, the delta kame often collapses. Kame terraces are frequently found along the side of a glacial valley and are the deposits of meltwater streams flowing between the ice and the adjacent valley side. ENVO ENVO:00000542 EcoLexicon:kame https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kame mount ridge USGS:SDTS ridge An irregularly shaped hill or mound composed of sorted or stratified sand and gravel that is deposited in contact with the glacial ice. It can have an irregular shape. Kames are often associated with kettles, and this is referred to as kame and kettle topography. When the ice retreats further, the delta kame often collapses. Kame terraces are frequently found along the side of a glacial valley and are the deposits of meltwater streams flowing between the ice and the adjacent valley side. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kame USGS:SDTS mount swale A low tract of land, especially when moist or marshy. The term can refer to a natural landscape feature or a human-created one. When created by humans, this open drain system is designed to manage water runoff. ENVO ENVO:00000543 EcoLexicon:swale trough A low tract of land, especially when moist or marshy. The term can refer to a natural landscape feature or a human-created one. When created by humans, this open drain system is designed to manage water runoff. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swale_%28geographical_feature%29 USGS:SDTS trough leat A man-made watercourse, or makeshift aqueduct, often an artificial channel which supplies water to a watermill or its mill pond, collecting water from upstream of the mill so that the natural level of the driving water is above the level of the stream at the mill. Alternatively to may deliver water for mineral washing and concentration, irrigation or to a dye works. ENVO ENVO:00000544 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leat lete A man-made watercourse, or makeshift aqueduct, often an artificial channel which supplies water to a watermill or its mill pond, collecting water from upstream of the mill so that the natural level of the driving water is above the level of the stream at the mill. Alternatively to may deliver water for mineral washing and concentration, irrigation or to a dye works. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leat shingle beach A beach which is armoured with pebbles or small to medium sized cobbles. ENVO ENVO:00000545 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_beach pebble beach A beach which is armoured with pebbles or small to medium sized cobbles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingle_beach lake sediment Lake sediment is sediment which covers the bottom of a lake. Lake sediments are comprised mainly of clastic material (sediment of clay, silt, and sand sizes), organic debris, chemical precipitates, or combinations of these. SedimentLayer Lake sediment is sediment which covers the bottom of a lake. Lake sediments are comprised mainly of clastic material (sediment of clay, silt, and sand sizes), organic debris, chemical precipitates, or combinations of these. URL:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/328083/lake/59070/Sediments-and-sedimentation NASA:earthrealm SedimentLayer waterhole A pond, often temporary or seasonal, used as a drinking place by mammals and birds. ENVO ENVO:00000547 FTT:828 Geonames:H.WTRH TGN:21184 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhole water hole water hole waterhole USGS:SDTS water hole Geonames:feature waterhole A pond, often temporary or seasonal, used as a drinking place by mammals and birds. MA:ma gravel field ENVO ENVO:00000548 Geonames:L.GVL TGN:21502 gravel field area Geonames:feature gravel field area container of an intermittent water body A depression which is is periodically filled with water when water supply exceeds evapotranspiration and bed seepage. ENVO ENVO:00000549 TGN:21198 intermittent body of water intermittent water body Despite the relocation from its position under 'water body' and the rewording of the definition, the class was not obsoleted as the entity being referenced is effectively the same. This was formerly represented as a water body, which would not be valid during dry periods. This class more properly refers to the container of the water body, thusfar always some depression, which periodically contains a water body. A depression which is is periodically filled with water when water supply exceeds evapotranspiration and bed seepage. MA:ma http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Getty:TGN intermittent body of water range of seamounts ENVO ENVO:00000550 Geonames:U.CDAU TGN:23131 TGN:23145 TGN:23344 cordillera seamount chain seamount group seamount range undersea cordillera undersea mountain chain undersea range USGS:SDTS seamount range Getty:TGN undersea cordillera Getty:TGN undersea range Getty:TGN undersea mountain chain USGS:SDTS seamount group Geonames:feature cordillera USGS:SDTS seamount chain endorheic basin A drainage basin from which there is no outflow of water, either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material. ENVO ENVO:00000551 EcoLexicon:endorheic_basin closed basin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic_basin terminal basin A drainage basin from which there is no outflow of water, either on the surface as rivers, or underground by flow or diffusion through rock or permeable material. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic_basin talik An area of unfrozen ground surrounded by permafrost. ENVO ENVO:00000552 Talik https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talik NASA:earthrealm Talik An area of unfrozen ground surrounded by permafrost. MA:ma multipurpose dam A dam constructed for more than one purpose. ENVO ENVO:00000553 A dam constructed for more than one purpose. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#By_purpose saddle dam An auxiliary dam constructed to confine the reservoir created by a primary dam either to permit a higher water elevation and storage or to limit the extent of a reservoir for increased efficiency. ENVO ENVO:00000554 An auxiliary dam constructed to confine the reservoir created by a primary dam either to permit a higher water elevation and storage or to limit the extent of a reservoir for increased efficiency. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#By_purpose check dam A dam designed to reduce flow velocity and control soil erosion. ENVO ENVO:00000555 SWEETRealm:CheckDam A dam designed to reduce flow velocity and control soil erosion. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#By_purpose wing dam A dam that only partly restricts a waterway, creating a faster channel that resists the accumulation of sediment. ENVO ENVO:00000556 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_dam A dam that only partly restricts a waterway, creating a faster channel that resists the accumulation of sediment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#By_purpose dry dam A dam designed to control flooding. It normally holds back no water and allows the channel to flow freely, except during periods of intense flow that would otherwise cause flooding downstream. ENVO ENVO:00000557 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dam A dam designed to control flooding. It normally holds back no water and allows the channel to flow freely, except during periods of intense flow that would otherwise cause flooding downstream. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#By_purpose diversionary dam A dam designed to divert all or a portion of the flow of a river from its natural course. ENVO ENVO:00000558 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversionary_dam A dam designed to divert all or a portion of the flow of a river from its natural course. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam#By_purpose weapons test site A region at which weapons, typically military, are tested. ENVO ENVO:00000559 A region at which weapons, typically military, are tested. MA:ma nuclear weapons test site A weapons test site at which nuclear weapons are, or have been, tested. ENVO ENVO:00000560 A weapons test site at which nuclear weapons are, or have been, tested. MA:ma military training area A region in which military personnel train. ENVO ENVO:00000561 A region in which military personnel train. MA:ma park A bounded area of land, or water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped) state and set aside for some purpose, usually to do with recreation or conservation. ENVO ENVO:00000562 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park A bounded area of land, or water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped) state and set aside for some purpose, usually to do with recreation or conservation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park pier A raised walkway over water, supported by piles or pillars. EcoLexicon:pier A raised walkway over water, supported by piles or pillars. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier archeological site A place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which is, has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology. ENVO ENVO:00000564 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeological_site A place (or group of physical sites) in which evidence of past activity is preserved (either prehistoric or historic or contemporary), and which is, has been, or may be, investigated using the discipline of archaeology. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeological_site sports facility A building or region where sports activities can be carried out. The inclusion of "region" in this definition is problematic. A building or region where sports activities can be carried out. MA:ma winter sports facility A sports facility constructed for skiing and allied sports that require snow and/or ice. ENVO ENVO:00000566 A sports facility constructed for skiing and allied sports that require snow and/or ice. MA:ma calanque A deep valley with steep sides, typically of limestone, in part submerged by the sea. A deep valley with steep sides, typically of limestone, in part submerged by the sea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calanque obsolete aerial habitat A habitat that is solely in the air. ENVO ENVO:00000568 ENVO:00002005 true A habitat that is solely in the air. NM:nm obsolete marine habitat A habitat that is in or on a sea or ocean containing high concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids (typically >35 grams dissolved salts per litre). ENVO ENVO:00000569 ENVO:01000321 true A habitat that is in or on a sea or ocean containing high concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids (typically >35 grams dissolved salts per litre). NM:nm obsolete brackish water habitat A habitat that is in or on a body of water (as in estuaries) containing medium concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids (typically 0.5 to 35 grams dissolved salts per litre). ENVO ENVO:00000570 ENVO:01000322 true A habitat that is in or on a body of water (as in estuaries) containing medium concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids (typically 0.5 to 35 grams dissolved salts per litre). NM:nm obsolete arboreal habitat A habitat in or on trees. ENVO ENVO:00000571 true A habitat in or on trees. NM:nm obsolete subterrestrial habitat A habitat that is below the surface of the earth. ENVO ENVO:00000572 hypogeal habitat subterranean habitat true underground habitat A habitat that is below the surface of the earth. NM:nm city ENVO ENVO:00000856 EcoLexicon:city FTT:430 FTT:483 FTT:484 FTT:485 Incorporated populated place. SWEETRealm:City TGN:83020 TGN:83040 TGN:83043 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City urban area ADL:FTT Incorporated populated place. ADL:FTT urban area freshwater biome A biome that applies to the freshwater realm. ENVO ENVO:00000873 SPIRE:Freshwater freshwater realm envoPolar A biome that applies to the freshwater realm. MA:ma obsolete Tundra biome ENVO ENVO:00000874 ENVO:01000180 true obsolete Temperate coniferous forest biome ENVO ENVO:00000875 ENVO:01000211 true obsolete Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome ENVO ENVO:00000876 ENVO:01000202 ENVO:01000212 true obsolete Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrubland biome ENVO ENVO:00000877 ENVO:01000189 ENVO:01000193 ENVO:01000215 true obsolete Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub biome ENVO ENVO:00000878 ENVO:01000199 ENVO:01000208 ENVO:01000217 true obsolete Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome ENVO ENVO:00000879 ENVO:01000226 ENVO:01000228 true obsolete Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forest biome ENVO ENVO:00000880 ENVO:01000225 ENVO:01000227 true obsolete Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrubland biome ENVO ENVO:00000881 ENVO:01000187 ENVO:01000188 ENVO:01000191 ENVO:01000192 ENVO:01000213 ENVO:01000214 true obsolete Montane grasslands and shrubland biome ENVO ENVO:00000882 ENVO:01000194 ENVO:01000216 true obsolete Deserts and xeric shrubland biome ENVO ENVO:00000883 ENVO:01000179 ENVO:01000218 true obsolete Mangrove biome ENVO ENVO:00000884 ENVO:01000181 true obsolete Flooded grasslands and savanna biome ENVO ENVO:00000885 ENVO:01000190 ENVO:01000195 true obsolete endolithic habitat A habitat consisting of the spaces within rocks, such as pores between aggregate grains. Inhabited by endolithic organisms. ENVO ENVO:00000886 ENVO:01000303 true A habitat consisting of the spaces within rocks, such as pores between aggregate grains. Inhabited by endolithic organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile#Types_of_extremophiles large river biome "Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large rivers" (e.g. the Mekong river) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class. ENVO ENVO:00000887 wwfBiome large river headwater biome "Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large river headwaters" (e.g. the Upper Amazon headwaters) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-headwater-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class. ENVO ENVO:00000888 wwfBiome large river delta biome "Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large river deltas" (e.g. the Niger river delta) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-river-delta-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class. ENVO ENVO:00000889 wwfBiome small river biome "Small" is ambiguous. For details on "Small rivers" (e.g. the Salween river) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/small-river-ecosystems. This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class. ENVO ENVO:00000890 wwfBiome large lake biome "Large" is ambiguous. For details on "Large lakes" (e.g. African rift lakes) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/large-lake-ecosystems This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class. ENVO ENVO:00000891 wwfBiome small lake biome "Small" is ambiguous. For details on "Small lakes" (e.g. Cameroon crater lakes) see http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/small-lake-ecosystems. This class will be replaced with a less ambiguous class. ENVO ENVO:00000892 wwfBiome xeric basin biome ENVO ENVO:00000893 wwfBiome The WWF definition is somewhat ambiguous, but workable. A biome which has little permanent surface water and a low relative abundance of springs. A biome which has little permanent surface water and a low relative abundance of springs. https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes/xeric-basin-ecosystems obsolete polar biome ENVO ENVO:00000894 ENVO:01000186 true obsolete temperate shelf and sea biome ENVO ENVO:00000895 Please refer to the terms in the neritic pelagic zone and neritic benthic zone branches (PLB: 2010-03-15) true obsolete temperate upwelling biome ENVO ENVO:00000896 Please use the appropriate terms in the marine biome branch in combination with the marine upwelling feature to specify an environment characterised by a marine upwelling (2010-03-15, PLB) true obsolete tropical upwelling biome ENVO ENVO:00000897 Please use the appropriate terms in the marine biome branch in combination with the marine upwelling feature to specify an environment characterised by a marine upwelling (2010-03-15, PLB) true obsolete tropical coral biome ENVO ENVO:00000898 ENVO:01000049 Please use terms in the marine coral reef branch of the Biome hierarchy (2010-03-15, PLB) to describe marine coral reefs. true rock A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids. ENVO ENVO:00001995 EcoLexicon:rock FTT:1010 FTT:145 From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [A mineral] is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure. Geonames:T.RK Geonames:T.RKS SWEETRealm:Rock TGN:21444 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock A rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids. MA:ma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology) mine drainage ENVO ENVO:00001996 The outflow of water from a mine. acid rock drainage acid and metalliferous drainage MA:ma The outflow of water from a mine. acid rock drainage acid and metalliferous drainage acid mine drainage A mine drainage with an acidic pH. ENVO ENVO:00001997 acid rock drainage https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage acid rock drainage https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage A mine drainage with an acidic pH. MA:ma soil ENVO ENVO:00001998 LTER:535 SPIRE:Soil SWEETRealm:Soil Soil is an environmental material which is primarily composed of minerals, varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil The various 'has part' and 'has quality' relations may not hold true for all soils; however, I have yet to find counter examples. Require input from a pedologist or similar. [pbuttigieg] regolith 'In engineering terms, soil is referred to as regolith, or loose rock material that lies above the 'solid geology'. Soil is commonly referred to as "earth" or "dirt"; technically, the term "dirt" should be restricted to displaced soil.' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil " The upper limit of soil is the boundary between soil and air, shallow water, live plants, or plant materials that have not begun to decompose. Areas are not considered to have soil if the surface is permanently covered by water too deep (typically more than 2.5 meters) for the growth of rooted plants. The lower boundary that separates soil from the nonsoil underneath is most difficult to define. Soil consists of horizons near the Earth's surface that, in contrast to the underlying parent material, have been altered by the interactions of climate, relief, and living organisms over time. Commonly, soil grades at its lower boundary to hard rock or to earthy materials virtually devoid of animals, roots, or other marks of biological activity. For purposes of classification, the lower boundary of soil is arbitrarily set at 200 cm." Soil taxonomy, 2nd Ed., quoted in http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054280 Soil is an environmental material which is primarily composed of minerals, varying proportions of sand, silt, and clay, organic material such as humus, gases, liquids, and a broad range of resident micro- and macroorganisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil marine water body A significant accumulation of water which is part of a marine biome. ENVO ENVO:00001999 Ideas like "significant" are fuzzy and need to be modelled more accurately. The definition is a candidate for review. body of marine water marine waterbody slope ENVO ENVO:00002000 EcoLexicon:slope SWEETRealm:Slope The part of an elevation or depression between the relatively flat surrounding area and the peak of a mount or the bottom of a depression. flank https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope side MA:ma The part of an elevation or depression between the relatively flat surrounding area and the peak of a mount or the bottom of a depression. waste water ENVO ENVO:00002001 EcoLexicon:waste_water SWEETRealm:Wastewater Water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_water Water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater obsolete food product ENVO ENVO:00002002 FOODON:00001002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food true The FAO has the following definition for "food": "Any substance, whether processed, semi-processed, or raw, which is intended for human consumption, and includes drink, chewing gum and any substance which has been used in the manufacture, preparation or treatment of "food" but does not include cosmetics or tobacco or substances used only as drugs." (Nutrition Division/Meeting Programming and Documentation Service, FAO, 2013 (MI198) adopted from Codex Alimentarius Commission, Procedural Manual, Twentieth edition, 2011 (ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/Publications/ProcManuals/Manual_20e.pdf). ) feces ENVO ENVO:00002003 EcoLexicon:drop Feces is an excreta consisting of waste products expelled from an animal's digestive tract through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. SPIRE:Dung SWEETRealm:Drop This is distinct from classes such as http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/UBERON_0001988 in that it refers to the environmental material composed primarily of feces rather than 'just' feces. droppings faeces frass https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces pellet Feces is an excreta consisting of waste products expelled from an animal's digestive tract through the anus (or cloaca) during defecation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces mesoscopic physical object An environmental feature that is, or can be, contained and is predominantly composed of one or a few types of stuff. discrete solid movable (transportable). An environmental feature that is, or can be, contained and is predominantly composed of one or a few types of stuff. MA:ma air ENVO ENVO:00002005 EcoLexicon:air LTER:18 SWEETRealm:Air The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air envoPolar The mixture of gases (roughly (by molar content/volume: 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other gases, and a variable amount (average around 1%) of water vapor) that surrounds the planet Earth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air water An environmental material primarily composed of dihydrogen oxide in its liquid form. EcoLexicon:water LTER:617 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water An environmental material primarily composed of dihydrogen oxide in its liquid form. MA:ma sediment EcoLexicon:sediment EcoLexicon:sedimentation LTER:492 LTER:493 SWEETRealm:Sediment Sediment is an environmental substance comprised of any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bedor bottom of a body of water or other liquid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment It is recommended to use a combination of sediment terms to describe a more specific sediment type. envoPolar Sediment is an environmental substance comprised of any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bedor bottom of a body of water or other liquid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment dust ENVO ENVO:00002008 EcoLexicon:dust Minute solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Occurs in and may be deposited from, the atmosphere. SWEETRealm:Dust https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust envoPolar Minute solid particles with diameters less than 500 micrometers. Occurs in and may be deposited from, the atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust obsolete terrestrial habitat A habitat that is on or at the boundary of the surface of the Earth. ENVO ENVO:00002009 true A habitat that is on or at the boundary of the surface of the Earth. NM:nm saline water EcoLexicon:saltwater SWEETRealm:SalineWater SWEETRealm:SaltWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water salt water The threshold salt concentration for classifying water as saline varies, but typically begins at about 1,000 to 3,000 parts salt per million parts water or 0.1–0.3% salt by weight. Water which contains a significant concentration of dissolved salts. fresh water EcoLexicon:fresh_water LTER:216 SWEETRealm:FreshWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water The lower bound of solute concentration required for water to be considered freshwater is variable, but is always less than that of seawater, and often cited as less than 1 gram of solutes per 1 litre of water. Water which has a low concentration of dissolved solutes, particularly that of sodium chloride. freshwater envoEmpo envoPolar sweet water hypersaline water envoPolar We make no commitment to a particular threshold; this should be described on the data/information layer according to the norms of a discipline, accepted standard, or similar reference. The average salinity of sea water is assumed to be around 35,000 ppm, equivalent to 35 grams of salt per one liter (or kilogram) of water. Water which contains a highly increased concentration of dissolved salts, surpassing the average salinity of seawater. igneous rock ENVO ENVO:00002013 EcoLexicon:igneous_rock Rock formed from molten magma. SWEETRealm:IgneousRock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock Rock formed from molten magma. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%28geology%29 plutonic rock An igneous rock that results from the crystallization of a magma below the surface of the Earth. ENVO ENVO:00002014 SWEETRealm:IntrusiveRock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonic_rock intrusive rock An igneous rock that results from the crystallization of a magma below the surface of the Earth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonic_rock volcanic rock An igneous rock that results from magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta. Due to the general suggestion that volcanic rock simply comes from a volcanic process, it's not immediately clear whether this is interchangeable with igneous rock. ENVO ENVO:00002015 EcoLexicon:volcanic_rock SWEETRealm:VolcanicRock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_rock An igneous rock that results from magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%28geology%29 sedimentary rock A rock formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis. ENVO ENVO:00002016 EcoLexicon:sedimentary_rock SWEETRealm:SedimentaryRock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock A rock formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%28geology%29 metamorphic rock A rock formed by subjecting any rock type (including previously-formed metamorphic rock) to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. These temperatures and pressures are always higher than those at the Earth's surface and must be sufficiently high so as to change the original minerals into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals (e.g. by recrystallisation). ENVO ENVO:00002017 EcoLexicon:metamorphic_rock SWEETRealm:MetamorphicRock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphic_rock A rock formed by subjecting any rock type (including previously-formed metamorphic rock) to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. These temperatures and pressures are always higher than those at the Earth's surface and must be sufficiently high so as to change the original minerals into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals (e.g. by recrystallisation). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%28geology%29 sewage ENVO ENVO:00002018 SWEETRealm:Sewage Wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage Wastewater that is contaminated with feces or urine, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater brackish water EcoLexicon:brackish_water LTER:702 SPIRE:Brackish_water SWEETRealm:BrackishWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_water Water which has a higher salinity than fresh water but a lower salinity than marine water. envoPolar obsolete extreme habitat A habitat having at least one environmental quality that tends towards either the largest or smallest element of the set. The physical or geochemical extreme conditions found in an extreme habitat are often detrimental to the majority of life on Earth. ENVO ENVO:00002020 true A habitat having at least one environmental quality that tends towards either the largest or smallest element of the set. The physical or geochemical extreme conditions found in an extreme habitat are often detrimental to the majority of life on Earth. NM:nm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile#Types_of_extremophiles obsolete acid habitat A habitat in which the pH is <pH3. Inhabited by acidophilic organisms. ENVO ENVO:00002021 ENVO:01000315 true A habitat in which the pH is <pH3. Inhabited by acidophilic organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile#Types_of_extremophiles obsolete alkaline habitat A habitat in which the pH is >pH9. Inhabited by alkaliphilic organisms. ENVO ENVO:00002022 ENVO:01000316 true A habitat in which the pH is >pH9. Inhabited by alkaliphilic organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile#Types_of_extremophiles obsolete high pressure habitat A habitat characterized by high gas or liquid pressure, inhabited by barophilic (piezophilic) organisms. ENVO ENVO:00002023 ENVO:01000304 true A habitat characterized by high gas or liquid pressure, inhabited by barophilic (piezophilic) organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile#Types_of_extremophiles obsolete haline habitat A habitat characterized by a concentration of salt at least 2M. Inhabited by halophilic organisms. ENVO ENVO:00002024 ENVO:01000310 true A habitat characterized by a concentration of salt at least 2M. Inhabited by halophilic organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile#Types_of_extremophiles obsolete high temperature habitat A habitat characterized by an average temperature of at least 60deg C. Inhabited by thermophilic organisms. ENVO ENVO:00002025 ENVO:01000305 true A habitat characterized by an average temperature of at least 60deg C. Inhabited by thermophilic organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile#Types_of_extremophiles obsolete cold temperature habitat A habitat characterized by an average temperature of 15deg C or lower. Inhabited by psychrophilic (cryophilic) organisms. ENVO ENVO:00002026 ENVO:01000309 true A habitat characterized by an average temperature of 15deg C or lower. Inhabited by psychrophilic (cryophilic) organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile#Types_of_extremophiles obsolete extreme high temperature habitat A habitat characterized by an average temperature of at least 80deg C. Inhabited by hyperthermophilic organisms. ENVO ENVO:00002027 ENVO:01000318 true A habitat characterized by an average temperature of at least 80deg C. Inhabited by hyperthermophilic organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile#Types_of_extremophiles obsolete high osmolarity habitat A habitat characterized by a high osmolarity, typically the result of a high concentration of sugars. Inhabited by osmophilic organisms. ENVO ENVO:00002028 ENVO:01000314 true A habitat characterized by a high osmolarity, typically the result of a high concentration of sugars. Inhabited by osmophilic organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophile#Types_of_extremophiles obsolete extraterrestial habitat ENVO ENVO:00002029 ENVO:01000308 true aquatic biome ENVO ENVO:00002030 LTER:41 obsolete anthropogenic habitat A habitat that is in or on an environmental feature or material derived from human activity. ENVO ENVO:00002031 true A habitat that is in or on an environmental feature or material derived from human activity. NM:nm obsolete organism-associated habitat A habitat that is in or on a living thing. ENVO ENVO:00002032 true ENVO:01001000 A habitat that is in or on a living thing. NM:nm carcass The dead body of an animal. corpse https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcass MA:ma The dead body of an animal. biofilm A complex aggregation of microorganisms marked by the excretion of a protective and adhesive matrix; usually adhering to a substratum. ENVO ENVO:00002034 EcoLexicon:biofilm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm A complex aggregation of microorganisms marked by the excretion of a protective and adhesive matrix; usually adhering to a substratum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm meteorite A natural object originating in outer space that survives an impact with a planetary surface without being destroyed. ENVO ENVO:00002035 SWEETRealm:Meteorite https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite A natural object originating in outer space that survives an impact with a planetary surface without being destroyed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite obsolete habitat A spatial region having environmental qualities which may sustain an organism or a community of organisms. ENVO ENVO:00002036 EcoLexicon:habitat LTER:238 SWEETRealm:Habitat This class is under development and its definition will be revised and its subclasses may be made obsolete. A habitat's specificity to a species or population will differentiate it from other environment classes. biotope https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat true ENVO:01000739 A spatial region having environmental qualities which may sustain an organism or a community of organisms. EnvO:EnvO obsolete freshwater habitat A habitat that is in or on a body of water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids (<0.5 grams dissolved salts per litre). ENVO ENVO:00002037 ENVO:01000306 true A habitat that is in or on a body of water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids (<0.5 grams dissolved salts per litre). NM:nm obsolete WWF biome ENVO ENVO:00000446 ENVO:00002038 WWF major habitat type true This grouping class is now obsolete. A subset for wwfBiome classes now gathers all WWF biome classes. obsolete bone ENVO ENVO:00002039 The rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. UBERON:0001474 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone true The rigid organs that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone wood ENVO ENVO:00002040 EcoLexicon:wood LTER:637 SWEETRealm:Wood https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood ground water ENVO ENVO:00002041 EcoLexicon:groundwater LTER:235 SWEETRealm:Groundwater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_water surface water ENVO ENVO:00002042 EcoLexicon:surface_water SWEETRealm:SurfaceWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_water wastewater treatment plant ENVO ENVO:00002043 EcoLexicon:wastewater_treatment_plant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant sludge ENVO ENVO:00002044 EcoLexicon:sludge The residual semi-solid material left from domestic or industrial processes, or wastewater treatment processes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludge The residual semi-solid material left from domestic or industrial processes, or wastewater treatment processes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludge anaerobic sediment ENVO ENVO:00002045 Sediment characterised by the absence of oxygen. anoxic sediment envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by the absence of oxygen. activated sludge ENVO ENVO:00002046 EcoLexicon:active_sludge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_sludge urine ENVO ENVO:00002047 Urine is a liquid excreta containing water and waste products made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine MA:ma URL:http://www.stjude.org/stjude/hospital/med_terms.jsp Urine is a liquid excreta containing water and waste products made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. chondrite A stony meteorite that have not been modified due to melting or differentiation of the parent body. ENVO ENVO:00002048 SWEETRealm:Chondrite https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrite A stony meteorite that have not been modified due to melting or differentiation of the parent body. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrite stony meteorite ENVO ENVO:00002049 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_meteorite achondrite A stony meteorite that is made of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks. ENVO ENVO:00002050 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achondrite A stony meteorite that is made of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achondrite stony-iron meteorite A meteorite that consists of a mixture of iron-nickel metal and silicate minerals. ENVO ENVO:00002051 A meteorite that consists of a mixture of iron-nickel metal and silicate minerals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite#Meteorite_types iron meteorite A meteorite that overwhelmingly of nickel-iron alloys. ENVO ENVO:00002052 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_meteorite A meteorite that overwhelmingly of nickel-iron alloys. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_meteorite limestone A sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite. ENVO ENVO:00002053 EcoLexicon:limestone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone A sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone chalk A soft, white, porous limestone. ENVO ENVO:00002054 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk A soft, white, porous limestone. MA:ma sandstone A sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. ENVO ENVO:00002055 EcoLexicon:sandstone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone A sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone shale A fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. It is characterized by thin laminae breaking with an irregular curving fracture, often splintery and usually parallel to the often-indistinguishable bedding plane. ENVO ENVO:00002056 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale A fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. It is characterized by thin laminae breaking with an irregular curving fracture, often splintery and usually parallel to the often-indistinguishable bedding plane. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale raw primary sludge ENVO ENVO:00002057 secondary sludge ENVO ENVO:00002058 biosolids A treated form of sludge, sometimes used as a fertilizer in agriculture. ENVO ENVO:00002059 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosolids A treated form of sludge, sometimes used as a fertilizer in agriculture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sludge oil sludge A solid or gel in motor oil caused by the oil gelling or solidifying, usually at temperatures lower than 100deg C. ENVO ENVO:00002060 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_sludge A solid or gel in motor oil caused by the oil gelling or solidifying, usually at temperatures lower than 100deg C. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_sludge oil spill ENVO ENVO:00002061 SWEETRealm:OilSpill The result of the unintentional release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment as a result of human activity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill The result of the unintentional release of liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment as a result of human activity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill obsolete oil Deleted due to multiple occurence of the same term. ENVO ENVO:00002062 ENVO:00002985 MA:ma OBSOLETE. true MA:ma OBSOLETE. oil seep ENVO ENVO:00002063 The result of the release of natural hydrocarbons to the surface of the earth, including beneath the sea, by natural geological processes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_seep methane seep petroleam seep MA:ma The result of the release of natural hydrocarbons to the surface of the earth, including beneath the sea, by natural geological processes. gold mine drainage ENVO ENVO:00002112 deep marine sediment ENVO ENVO:00002113 EcoLexicon:marine_sediment EcoLexicon:marine_sedimentation SWEETRealm:MarineSediment Sediment that accumulates in the flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. The three main types of deep marine sediment, also known as pelagic sediment, are siliceous oozes, calcareous oozes, and red clays. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sediment pelagic sediment {alternative name} deep marine sediments envoPolar Sediment that accumulates in the flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor. The three main types of deep marine sediment, also known as pelagic sediment, are siliceous oozes, calcareous oozes, and red clays. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sediment#_note-8 contaminated sediment ENVO ENVO:00002114 petroleum contaminated sediment ENVO ENVO:00002115 contaminated soil "contaminant" is more of a disposition - any material entity can be a contaminant in particular circumstances. A portion of contaminated soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of some contaminant. ENVO ENVO:00002116 creosote contaminated soil ENVO ENVO:00002117 sea sand ENVO ENVO:00002118 alkaline hot spring A hot spring whose water has an alkaline pH. ENVO ENVO:00002119 A hot spring whose water has an alkaline pH. MA:ma acid hot spring A hot spring whose water has an acidic pH. ENVO ENVO:00002120 acidic hot spring A hot spring whose water has an acidic pH. MA:ma alkaline salt lake ENVO ENVO:00002121 soda lake arsenic-rich mud Mud which has elevated concentrations of arsenic. bioreactor ENVO ENVO:00002123 EcoLexicon:bioreactor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor anaerobic bioreactor ENVO ENVO:00002124 anaerobic dechlorinating bioreactor A device or system that supports a biologically active environment. A vessel in which is carried out a chemical process which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic. ENVO ENVO:00002125 A device or system that supports a biologically active environment. A vessel in which is carried out a chemical process which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms. This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioreactor aerobic bioreactor ENVO ENVO:00002126 stream sediment ENVO ENVO:00002127 Revise adjacent to. Consider sampled stream sediment. Dry stream sediment. mesophilic sulfur spring ENVO ENVO:00002128 anaerobic sludge ENVO ENVO:00002129 hypolimnion EcoLexicon:hypolimnion The dense, bottom layer of water in a thermally-stratified lake. It is the layer that lies below the thermocline. The dense, bottom layer of water in a thermally-stratified lake. It is the layer that lies below the thermocline. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypolimnion epilimnion EcoLexicon:epilimnion_ The top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake, occurring above the deeper hypolimnion. It is warmer and typically has a higher pH and dissolved oxygen concentration than the hypolimnion. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilimnion The top-most layer in a thermally stratified lake, occurring above the deeper hypolimnion. It is warmer and typically has a higher pH and dissolved oxygen concentration than the hypolimnion. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilimnion metalimnion ENVO ENVO:00002132 Especially used in connection with lakes. The layer within a body of water or air where the temperature changes rapidly with depth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalimnion The layer within a body of water or air where the temperature changes rapidly with depth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalimnion anaerobic mud anoxic mud Mud which has no or neglible concentrations of dissolved oxygen. anaerobic stream sediment ENVO ENVO:00002134 treated wood ENVO ENVO:00002135 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treated_wood arsenate treated wood ENVO ENVO:00002136 brackish estuary ENVO ENVO:00002137 beach sand ENVO ENVO:00002138 pebble A clastic rock with a particle size of 4 to 64 millimeters based on the Krumbein phi scale of sedimentology. ENVO ENVO:00002139 EcoLexicon:pebble SWEETRealm:Pebble https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble A clastic rock with a particle size of 4 to 64 millimeters based on the Krumbein phi scale of sedimentology. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebble cobble A rock or rock fragment with a particle size between 64 and 256 mm. EcoLexicon:cobble SWEETRealm:Cobble A rock or rock fragment with a particle size between 64 and 256 mm. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobble leachate ENVO ENVO:00002141 The liquid produced when water percolates through any permeable material. It can contain either dissolved or suspended material, or usually both. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachate The liquid produced when water percolates through any permeable material. It can contain either dissolved or suspended material, or usually both. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leachate borax leachate ENVO ENVO:00002142 calcite hot spring ENVO ENVO:00002143 cave wall ENVO ENVO:00002144 chromate contaminated soil ENVO ENVO:00002145 xylene contaminated soil ENVO ENVO:00002146 coal mine lake sediment Coal mine lake sediment is lake sediment which covers the bottom of a coal mine lake. coarse beach sand ENVO ENVO:00002148 sea water ENVO ENVO:00002149 EcoLexicon:sea_water LTER:701 SWEETRealm:SeaWater This definition refers to water that is actually in a sea or ocean. This water may have a wide range of salinity levels. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_water seawater When we have more classes representing the various processes which make seawater seawater, we can further axiomatise this class. ocean water Water which has physicochemical properties that have been determined by the processes occuring in a sea or ocean. coastal sea water Coastal sea water is sea water that is adjacent to a coast. ENVO ENVO:00002150 The limits of what qualifies as "adjacent to" vary greatly. This should be defined on a data level and is left intentionally fuzzy here. The label is "coastal sea water" rather than "coastal water" as some large lakes are often said to have coasts. coastal ocean water coastal oceanic water coastal seawater coastal water envoPolar obsolete ocean water ENVO ENVO:00002149 ENVO:00002151 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_water true biofilter ENVO ENVO:00002152 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilter compost biofilter ENVO ENVO:00002153 radioactive sediment ENVO ENVO:00002154 high-level radioactive sediment ENVO ENVO:00002155 Superfund site A highly contaminated site designated by the United States of America's Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. ENVO ENVO:00002156 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund_Site A highly contaminated site designated by the United States of America's Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund_site stromatolite mat ENVO ENVO:00002157 ditch water ENVO ENVO:00002158 drilling bore water ENVO ENVO:00002159 estuarine mud Mud which is part of an estuary. obsolete fermented agave juice ENVO ENVO:00002161 FOODON:00001003 true obsolete fermenting sugar cane juice ENVO ENVO:00002162 FOODON:00001004 true obsolete fermenting Elaeis Palm sap ENVO ENVO:00002163 FOODON:00001005 true fossil ENVO SWEETRealm:Fossil The mineralized or otherwise preserved remains or traces (such as footprints) of animals, plants, and other organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil The mineralized or otherwise preserved remains or traces (such as footprints) of animals, plants, and other organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil obsolete meat food product ENVO ENVO:00002165 FOODON:00001006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat true obsolete sausage ENVO ENVO:00002166 FOODON:00001007 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sausage true platinum mine ENVO ENVO:00002167 gold mine ENVO ENVO:00002168 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_mine coal mine ENVO ENVO:00002169 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mine compost ENVO ENVO:00002170 The aerobically decomposed remnants of organic materials. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost The aerobically decomposed remnants of organic materials. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost hay compost ENVO ENVO:00002171 obsolete liver paste ENVO ENVO:00002172 FOODON:00001008 true hospital ENVO ENVO:00002173 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital A hospital is a building in which health care services are provided by specialized staff and equipment. A hospital is a building in which health care services are provided by specialized staff and equipment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital obsolete hot dog ENVO ENVO:00002174 FOODON:00001009 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_dog true obsolete processed meat product ENVO ENVO:00002175 FOODON:00001010 prepared meat product true contaminated sludge ENVO ENVO:00002176 1,4-dioxane contaminated sludge ENVO ENVO:00002177 iron-reducing zone of petroleum contaminated sediment A zone within a portion of petroleum contaminated sediment within which iron-reducing processes occur. ENVO ENVO:00002178 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 intertidal sediment ENVO ENVO:00002179 naphthalene contaminated sediment ENVO ENVO:00002180 neutral hot spring A hot spring whose water has a neutral pH. ENVO ENVO:00002181 A hot spring whose water has a neutral pH. MA:ma nitrobenzene contaminated sediment ENVO ENVO:00002182 oil tank ENVO ENVO:00002183 A manufactured container within which oil or other petrochemical products are stored and which these products are usually transported to end users or further storage facilities. Consider using http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000967 as a super-class https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_terminal A manufactured container within which oil or other petrochemical products are stored and which these products are usually transported to end users or further storage facilities. underground physiographic feature ENVO ENVO:00002184 oil reservoir ENVO ENVO:00002185 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reservoir contaminated water ENVO ENVO:00002186 EcoLexicon:water_pollution https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminated_water polluted water obsolete milk formula ENVO ENVO:00002187 FOODON:00001011 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_formula true obsolete powdered milk formula ENVO ENVO:00002188 FOODON:00001012 true obsolete cheese product ENVO ENVO:00002189 FOODON:00001013 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheese true obsolete yogurt ENVO ENVO:00002190 FOODON:00001014 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogurt true yoghourt yoghurt yougert animal litter Straw or other material strewn in an animal's enclosure (e.g. a stable) for it to sleep on and to absorb its faeces and urine. Straw or other material strewn in an animal's enclosure (e.g. a stable) for it to sleep on and to absorb its faeces and urine. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter_%28disambiguation%29 poultry litter ENVO ENVO:00002192 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_litter pulp-bleaching waste water ENVO ENVO:00002193 oil field production water ENVO ENVO:00002194 pyritic acid mine drainage ENVO ENVO:00002195 aquarium ENVO ENVO:00002196 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium An aquarium is a vivarium which simulates the submerged portions of an aquatic environment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivarium An aquarium is a vivarium which simulates the submerged portions of an aquatic environment saline water aquarium ENVO ENVO:00002197 salt water aquarium A saline water aquarium is an aquarium which contains saline water as its primary ecological medium. fresh water aquarium ENVO ENVO:00002198 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water_aquarium A fresh water aquarium is an aquarium which contains fresh water as its primary ecological medium. sandy beach ENVO ENVO:00002199 sea ice ENVO ENVO:00002200 SWEETRealm:SeaIce https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice envoPolar A frozen portion of sea water. cis-dichloroethane contaminated sediment ENVO ENVO:00002201 organically contaminated sediment ENVO ENVO:00002202 inorganically contaminated sediment ENVO ENVO:00002203 anthropogenic contamination feature ENVO ENVO:00002204 unexploded-ordnance dump ENVO ENVO:00002205 coal mine waste material ENVO ENVO:00002206 coal refuse coal mine waste self-heating coal mine waste material ENVO ENVO:00002207 self-heating coal mine waste saline lake sediment Saline lake sediment is sediment which covers the bottom of a saline lake. soda lake sediment sulfide-oxidizing bioreactor ENVO ENVO:00002210 thermophilic anaerobic methanogenic reactor ENVO ENVO:00002211 thermophilic granular sludge ENVO ENVO:00002212 anaerobic sludge blanket reactor ENVO ENVO:00002213 power plant ENVO ENVO:00002214 SWEETRealm:PowerPlant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant generating station power station A power plant is a building which contains one or more generators which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through the relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. powerhouse generating plant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station A power plant is a building which contains one or more generators which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through the relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. geothermal power plant ENVO ENVO:00002215 SWEETRealm:GeothermalPowerPlant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_plant A geothermal power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by the decay of radioactive isotopes in the Earth's mantle and crust as well as primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth to drive its generators. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy A geothermal power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by the decay of radioactive isotopes in the Earth's mantle and crust as well as primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth to drive its generators. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_internal_heat_budget obsolete plant food product ENVO ENVO:00002216 FOODON:00001015 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable true Currently, this is limited to the Viridiplantae. This may be changed. obsolete cabbage product ENVO ENVO:00002217 FOODON:00001016 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage true obsolete commercial yogurt ENVO ENVO:00002218 FOODON:00001017 true obsolete cheese starter culture ENVO ENVO:00002219 FOODON:00001018 true obsolete cheese spoilage ENVO ENVO:00002220 true shop ENVO ENVO:00002221 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping A building in which a business presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to customers for money or other goods. retail store retailer retail shop https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping A building in which a business presents a selection of goods and offers to trade or sell them to customers for money or other goods. food shop ENVO ENVO:00002222 Whether food is the primary product offered by the business or simply one of the products it offers is not specified in this class. A shop in which a business offers food products for sale or trade. oligotrophic water ENVO ENVO:00002223 Water with a very low nutrient level. MA:ma Water with a very low nutrient level. eutrophic water Water with a high nutrient level. MA:ma Water with a high nutrient level. mesotrophic water ENVO ENVO:00002225 Water with a nutrient level intermediate between eutrophic and oligotrophic. MA:ma Water with a nutrient level intermediate between eutrophic and oligotrophic. borehole SWEETRealm:Borehole https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehole obsolete saline water habitat A habitat that is in or on a body of water containing medium to high concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids (>=0.5 grams dissolved salts per litre). ENVO ENVO:00002227 ENVO:01000307 salt water habitat true A habitat that is in or on a body of water containing medium to high concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids (>=0.5 grams dissolved salts per litre). NM:nm pond water ENVO ENVO:00002228 arenosol Arenosols are sandy soils, including both soils developed in residual sands after in situ weathering of usually quartz-rich sediments or rock, and soils developed in recently deposited sands such as dunes in deserts and beach lands. ENVO ENVO:00002229 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arenosol psamment sandy soil Arenosols are sandy soils, including both soils developed in residual sands after in situ weathering of usually quartz-rich sediments or rock, and soils developed in recently deposited sands such as dunes in deserts and beach lands. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf ORCID:0000-0001-8743-9574 sandy soil anthrosol Anthrosols comprise soils that have been modified profoundly through human activities, such as addition of organic materials or household wastes, irrigation and cultivation. ENVO ENVO:00002230 Anthrosols comprise soils that have been modified profoundly through human activities, such as addition of organic materials or household wastes, irrigation and cultivation. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf alisol Alisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Alisols have a low base saturation at certain depths and high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon. They lack the albeluvic tonguing as in Albeluvisols. They occur predominantly in humid tropical, humid subtropical and warm temperate regions. ENVO ENVO:00002231 Alisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Alisols have a low base saturation at certain depths and high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon. They lack the albeluvic tonguing as in Albeluvisols. They occur predominantly in humid tropical, humid subtropical and warm temperate regions. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf andosol Andosols are soils that develop in volcanic ejecta or glasses under almost any climate (except under hyperarid climate conditions). However, Andosols may also develop in other silicate-rich materials under acid weathering in humid and perhumid climates. ENVO ENVO:00002232 Andosols are soils that develop in volcanic ejecta or glasses under almost any climate (except under hyperarid climate conditions). However, Andosols may also develop in other silicate-rich materials under acid weathering in humid and perhumid climates. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf albeluvisol Albeluvisols are soils that have, beginning within 1 m of the soil surface, a clay illuviation horizon with an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting in tonguing of bleached soil material into the illuviation horizon. ENVO ENVO:00002233 Albeluvisols are soils that have, beginning within 1 m of the soil surface, a clay illuviation horizon with an irregular or broken upper boundary resulting in tonguing of bleached soil material into the illuviation horizon. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf acrisol Acrisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Acrisols have in certain depths a low base saturation and low-activity clays. ENVO ENVO:00002234 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrisol Acrisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Acrisols have in certain depths a low base saturation and low-activity clays. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf cambisol Cambisols combine soils with at least an incipient subsurface soil formation. Transformation of parent material is evident from structure formation and mostly brownish discoloration, increasing clay percentage, and/or carbonate removal. ENVO ENVO:00002235 Cambisols combine soils with at least an incipient subsurface soil formation. Transformation of parent material is evident from structure formation and mostly brownish discoloration, increasing clay percentage, and/or carbonate removal. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf cryosol Cryosols comprise mineral soils formed in a permafrost environment. Where water is present, it occurs primarily in the form of ice. Cryogenic processes are the dominant soil-forming processes. ENVO ENVO:00002236 gelisol https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryosol envoPolar Cryosols comprise mineral soils formed in a permafrost environment. Where water is present, it occurs primarily in the form of ice. Cryogenic processes are the dominant soil-forming processes. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf chernozem Chernozems are soils with a thick black surface layer that is rich in organic matter. ENVO ENVO:00002237 black earth boroll https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernozem Chernozems are soils with a thick black surface layer that is rich in organic matter. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf durisol Durisols are associated mainly with old surfaces in arid and semi-arid environments and accommodate very shallow to moderately deep, moderately well- to well-drained soils that contain cemented secondary silica (SiO2) within 100 cm of the soil surface. ENVO ENVO:00002238 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durisol Durisols are associated mainly with old surfaces in arid and semi-arid environments and accommodate very shallow to moderately deep, moderately well- to well-drained soils that contain cemented secondary silica (SiO2) within 100 cm of the soil surface. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf calcisol Calcisols are soils in which there is substantial secondary accumulation of lime. Calcisols are common in highly calcareous parent materials and widespread in arid and semi-arid environments. ENVO ENVO:00002239 Calcisols are soils in which there is substantial secondary accumulation of lime. Calcisols are common in highly calcareous parent materials and widespread in arid and semi-arid environments. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf kastanozem ENVO ENVO:00002240 Kastanozems are dry grassland soils, among them the zonal soils of the short-grass steppe belt, south of the Eurasian tall-grass steppe belt with Chernozems. Kastanozems have a similar profile to that of Chernozems but the humus-rich surface horizon is thinner and not as dark as that of the Chernozems and they show more prominent accumulation of secondary carbonates. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Kastanozems are dry grassland soils, among them the zonal soils of the short-grass steppe belt, south of the Eurasian tall-grass steppe belt with Chernozems. Kastanozems have a similar profile to that of Chernozems but the humus-rich surface horizon is thinner and not as dark as that of the Chernozems and they show more prominent accumulation of secondary carbonates. leptosol Leptosols are very shallow soils over continuous rock and soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. Leptosols are azonal soils and particularly common in mountainous regions. gravelly soil stony soil FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Leptosols are very shallow soils over continuous rock and soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. Leptosols are azonal soils and particularly common in mountainous regions. lixisol ENVO ENVO:00002242 Lixisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Lixisols have a high base saturation and low-activity clays at certain depths. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixisol FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Lixisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Lixisols have a high base saturation and low-activity clays at certain depths. histosol ENVO ENVO:00002243 Histosols comprise soils formed in organic material. These vary from soils developed in predominantly moss peat in boreal, arctic and subarctic regions, via moss peat, reeds/ sedge peat (fen) and forest peat in temperate regions to mangrove peat and swamp forest peat in the humid tropics. Histosols are found at all altitudes, but the vast majority occurs in lowlands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histosol FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Histosols comprise soils formed in organic material. These vary from soils developed in predominantly moss peat in boreal, arctic and subarctic regions, via moss peat, reeds/ sedge peat (fen) and forest peat in temperate regions to mangrove peat and swamp forest peat in the humid tropics. Histosols are found at all altitudes, but the vast majority occurs in lowlands. gleysol ENVO ENVO:00002244 Gleysols are wetland soils that, unless drained, are saturated with groundwater for long enough periods to develop a characteristic gleyic colour pattern. This pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish or yellowish colours at ped surfaces and/or in the upper soil layer or layers, in combination with greyish/bluish colours inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil. gley soil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleysol FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Gleysols are wetland soils that, unless drained, are saturated with groundwater for long enough periods to develop a characteristic gleyic colour pattern. This pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish or yellowish colours at ped surfaces and/or in the upper soil layer or layers, in combination with greyish/bluish colours inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil. gypsisol ENVO ENVO:00002245 Gypsisols are soils with substantial secondary accumulation of gypsum (calcium sulfate). These soils are found in the driest parts of the arid climate zone. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsisol FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Gypsisols are soils with substantial secondary accumulation of gypsum (calcium sulfate). These soils are found in the driest parts of the arid climate zone. ferralsol ENVO ENVO:00002246 Ferralsols represent the classical, deeply weathered, red or yellow soils of the humid tropics. These soils have diffuse horizon boundaries, a clay assemblage dominated by low-activity clays (mainly kaolinite) and a high content of sesquioxides. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferralsol oxisol FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Ferralsols represent the classical, deeply weathered, red or yellow soils of the humid tropics. These soils have diffuse horizon boundaries, a clay assemblage dominated by low-activity clays (mainly kaolinite) and a high content of sesquioxides. nitisol ENVO ENVO:00002247 Nitisols are deep, well-drained, red, tropical soils with diffuse horizon boundaries and a subsurface horizon with more than 30 percent clay and moderate to strong angular blocky structure elements that easily fall apart into characteristic shiny, polyhedric (nutty) elements. Weathering is relatively advanced but Nitisols are far more productive than most other red, tropical soils. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Nitisols are deep, well-drained, red, tropical soils with diffuse horizon boundaries and a subsurface horizon with more than 30 percent clay and moderate to strong angular blocky structure elements that easily fall apart into characteristic shiny, polyhedric (nutty) elements. Weathering is relatively advanced but Nitisols are far more productive than most other red, tropical soils. luvisol ENVO ENVO:00002248 Luvisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Luvisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a high base saturation at certain depths. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Luvisols are soils that have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Luvisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a high base saturation at certain depths. phaeozem ENVO ENVO:00002249 Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in moderately continental climates. Phaeozems are much like Chernozems and Kastanozems but are leached more intensively. Consequently, they have dark, humus rich surface horizons that, in comparison with Chernozems and Kastanozems, are less rich in bases. Phaeozems may or may not have secondary carbonates but have a high base saturation in the upper metre of the soil. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in moderately continental climates. Phaeozems are much like Chernozems and Kastanozems but are leached more intensively. Consequently, they have dark, humus rich surface horizons that, in comparison with Chernozems and Kastanozems, are less rich in bases. Phaeozems may or may not have secondary carbonates but have a high base saturation in the upper metre of the soil. plinthosol ENVO ENVO:00002250 Plinthosols are soils with plinthite, petroplinthite or pisoliths. Plinthite is an Fe-rich (in some cases also Mn-rich), humus-poor mixture of kaolinitic clay (and other products of strong weathering such as gibbsite) with quartz and other constituents that changes irreversibly to a layer with hard nodules, a hardpan or irregular aggregates on exposure to repeated wetting and drying. Petroplinthite is a continuous, fractured or broken sheet of connected, strongly cemented to indurated nodules or mottles. Pisoliths are discrete strongly cemented to indurated nodules. Both petroplinthite and pisoliths develop from plinthite by hardening. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Plinthosols are soils with plinthite, petroplinthite or pisoliths. Plinthite is an Fe-rich (in some cases also Mn-rich), humus-poor mixture of kaolinitic clay (and other products of strong weathering such as gibbsite) with quartz and other constituents that changes irreversibly to a layer with hard nodules, a hardpan or irregular aggregates on exposure to repeated wetting and drying. Petroplinthite is a continuous, fractured or broken sheet of connected, strongly cemented to indurated nodules or mottles. Pisoliths are discrete strongly cemented to indurated nodules. Both petroplinthite and pisoliths develop from plinthite by hardening. planosol ENVO ENVO:00002251 Planosols are soils with a light-coloured, surface horizon that shows signs of periodic water stagnation and abruptly overlies a dense, slowly permeable subsoil with significantly more clay than the surface horizon. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Planosols are soils with a light-coloured, surface horizon that shows signs of periodic water stagnation and abruptly overlies a dense, slowly permeable subsoil with significantly more clay than the surface horizon. solonchak ENVO ENVO:00002252 Solonchaks are soils that have a high concentration of soluble salts at some time in the year. Solonchaks are largely confined to the arid and semi-arid climate zones and to coastal regions in all climates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solonchak FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Solonchaks are soils that have a high concentration of soluble salts at some time in the year. Solonchaks are largely confined to the arid and semi-arid climate zones and to coastal regions in all climates. umbrisol ENVO ENVO:00002253 Umbrisols are soils in which organic matter has accumulated within the mineral surface soil (in most cases with low base saturation) to the extent that it significantly affects the behaviour and utilization of the soil. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrisol FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Umbrisols are soils in which organic matter has accumulated within the mineral surface soil (in most cases with low base saturation) to the extent that it significantly affects the behaviour and utilization of the soil. vertisol A soil in which there is a high content of expansive clay known as montmorillonite that forms deep cracks in drier seasons or years. Alternate shrinking and swelling causes self-mulching, where the soil material consistently mixes itself, causing vertisols to have an extremely deep A horizon and no B horizon. ENVO ENVO:00002254 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertisol A soil in which there is a high content of expansive clay known as montmorillonite that forms deep cracks in drier seasons or years. Alternate shrinking and swelling causes self-mulching, where the soil material consistently mixes itself, causing vertisols to have an extremely deep A horizon and no B horizon. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertisol solonetz ENVO ENVO:00002255 Solonetz are soils with a dense, strongly structured, clayey subsurface horizon that has a high proportion of adsorbed Na and/or Mg ions. Solonetz that contain free soda (Na2CO3) are strongly alkaline (field pH > 8.5). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solonetz FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Solonetz are soils with a dense, strongly structured, clayey subsurface horizon that has a high proportion of adsorbed Na and/or Mg ions. Solonetz that contain free soda (Na2CO3) are strongly alkaline (field pH > 8.5). regosol ENVO ENVO:00002256 Regosols form a taxonomic remnant group containing all soils that could not be accommodated in any of the other RSGs. In practice, Regosols are very weakly developed mineral soils in unconsolidated materials that do not have a mollic or umbric horizon, are not very shallow or very rich in gravels (Leptosols), sandy (Arenosols) or with fluvic materials (Fluvisols). Regosols are extensive in eroding lands, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas and in mountainous terrain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regosol FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Regosols form a taxonomic remnant group containing all soils that could not be accommodated in any of the other RSGs. In practice, Regosols are very weakly developed mineral soils in unconsolidated materials that do not have a mollic or umbric horizon, are not very shallow or very rich in gravels (Leptosols), sandy (Arenosols) or with fluvic materials (Fluvisols). Regosols are extensive in eroding lands, particularly in arid and semi-arid areas and in mountainous terrain. podzol ENVO ENVO:00002257 Podzols are soils with a typically ash-grey upper subsurface horizon, bleached by loss of organic matter and iron oxides, on top of a dark accumulation horizon with brown, reddish or black illuviated humus and/or reddish Fe compounds. Podzols occur in humid areas in the boreal and temperate zones and locally also in the tropics. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podzol podosolic soil podsol FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Podzols are soils with a typically ash-grey upper subsurface horizon, bleached by loss of organic matter and iron oxides, on top of a dark accumulation horizon with brown, reddish or black illuviated humus and/or reddish Fe compounds. Podzols occur in humid areas in the boreal and temperate zones and locally also in the tropics. loam A soil composed of sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively). ENVO ENVO:00002258 EcoLexicon:loam SWEETRealm:Loam https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loam A soil composed of sand, silt, and clay in relatively even concentration (about 40-40-20% concentration respectively). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loam agricultural soil ENVO ENVO:00002259 dune soil ENVO ENVO:00002260 forest soil ENVO ENVO:00002261 clay soil ENVO ENVO:00002262 garden soil ENVO ENVO:00002263 waste material ENVO ENVO:00002264 EcoLexicon:waste SWEETRealm:Waste This seems more like a role than a material. Anything can be waste. Thus, a "waste" role or disposition will be created and this class can then be populated by inference: any environmental material which has [role,disposition] waste will be considered a waste material. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste A material which is not the desired output of a process and which is typically the input of a process which removes it from its producer (e.g. a disposal process). obsolete agricultural waste ENVO ENVO:00002265 ENVO:01000371 Wastewater produced in the course of agricultural activities https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_waste true Wastewater produced in the course of agricultural activities https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment chicken breeding waste material ENVO ENVO:00002266 chicken yard waste chicken breeding waste industrial waste material ENVO ENVO:00002267 Industrial wastes are liquid, solid and gaseous wastes originating from the manufacture of specific products. industrial waste This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with industrial entities. Industrial wastes are liquid, solid and gaseous wastes originating from the manufacture of specific products. Glossary of Environment Statistics, Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United Nations, New York, 1997. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1340 sphagnum bog A peatland dominated by species of the Bryophyte Sphagnum. ENVO ENVO:00002268 A peatland dominated by species of the Bryophyte Sphagnum. MA:ma thermocline A layer within a fluid where the temperature changes rapidly with depth. ENVO ENVO:00002269 EcoLexicon:thermocline SWEETRealm:Thermocline https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocline A layer within a fluid where the temperature changes rapidly with depth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermocline chemocline A layer within a fluid where the chemical composition changes rapidly with depth. ENVO ENVO:00002270 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemocline envoPolar A layer within a fluid where the chemical composition changes rapidly with depth. MA:ma nuclear power plant ENVO ENVO:00002271 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant A nuclear power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by a radioactive decay in a nuclear reactor to convert water into steam in order to drive turbines in electrical generators through pressure. A nuclear power plant is a power plant which uses heat generated by a radioactive decay in a nuclear reactor to convert water into steam in order to drive turbines in electrical generators through pressure. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant waste treatment plant WWTP fluvisol ENVO ENVO:00002273 Fluvisols accommodate genetically young, azonal soils in alluvial deposits. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvisols FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Fluvisols accommodate genetically young, azonal soils in alluvial deposits. stagnosol ENVO ENVO:00002274 Stagnosols are soils with a perched water table showing redoximorphic features caused by surface water. Stagnosols are periodically wet and mottled in the topsoil and subsoil, with or without concretions and/or bleaching. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Stagnosols are soils with a perched water table showing redoximorphic features caused by surface water. Stagnosols are periodically wet and mottled in the topsoil and subsoil, with or without concretions and/or bleaching. technosol ENVO ENVO:00002275 Technosols are soils whose properties and pedogenesis are dominated by their technical origin. They contain a significant amount of artefacts (something in the soil recognizably made or extracted from the earth by humans), or are sealed by technic hard rock (material created by humans, having properties unlike natural rock). They include soils from wastes (landfills, sludge, cinders, mine spoils and ashes), pavements with their underlying unconsolidated materials, soils with geomembranes and constructed soils in human-made materials. FAO:http://fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/doc/wrb2006final.pdf Technosols are soils whose properties and pedogenesis are dominated by their technical origin. They contain a significant amount of artefacts (something in the soil recognizably made or extracted from the earth by humans), or are sealed by technic hard rock (material created by humans, having properties unlike natural rock). They include soils from wastes (landfills, sludge, cinders, mine spoils and ashes), pavements with their underlying unconsolidated materials, soils with geomembranes and constructed soils in human-made materials. animal waste material ENVO ENVO:00002276 SWEETRealm:AnimalWaste https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_waste This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with animal metabolism. animal waste back-arc basin A depression in the sea floor that results from the collision of continental plates; the weight of the sinking plate causes the overlying plate to stretch and thin, causing a basin in the overlying plate. Sometimes, the Earth's crust in these basins stretches so much it cracks, allowing magma through from the mantle beneath. Hence, basins often contain active volcanoes and hydrothermal vents. ENVO ENVO:00002277 EcoLexicon:basin SWEETRealm:BackArcBasin SWEETRealm:Basin backarc basin basin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc_basin A depression in the sea floor that results from the collision of continental plates; the weight of the sinking plate causes the overlying plate to stretch and thin, causing a basin in the overlying plate. Sometimes, the Earth's crust in these basins stretches so much it cracks, allowing magma through from the mantle beneath. Hence, basins often contain active volcanoes and hydrothermal vents. webpage:http://www.venturedeepocean.org/vents/stretching.html environmental feature A material entity determines an environmental system when its removal would cause the collapse of that system. For example, a seamount determines a seamount environment, acting as its 'hub'. This class is currently being aligned to the Basic Formal Ontology. Following this alignment, its definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised. A material entity which determines an environmental system. ENVO ENVO:00002297 A material entity which determines an environmental system. DOI:10.1186/2041-1480-4-43 NM:nm ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 ocean basin A structural basin that is below sea level. ENVO ENVO:00002450 EcoLexicon:ocean_basin This class is defined in its geological sense: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hydrologically, an oceanic basin may be anywhere on Earth that is covered by seawater, but geologically ocean basins are large geologic basins that are below sea level. Geologically, there are other undersea geomorphological features such as the continental shelves, the deep ocean trenches, and the undersea mountain ranges (for example, the mid-Atlantic ridge) which are not considered to be part of the ocean basins; while hydrologically, oceanic basins include the flanking continental shelves and shallow, epeiric seas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_basin envoPolar A structural basin that is below sea level. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_basin hay ENVO ENVO:00002869 Hay is grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried, and stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for grazing livestock such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay Hay is grass, legumes or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried, and stored for use as animal fodder, particularly for grazing livestock such as cattle, horses, goats, and sheep. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay adobe A natural building material mode from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material (sticks, straw, and/or manure). ENVO ENVO:00002870 A natural building material mode from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material (sticks, straw, and/or manure). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe alluvial soil ENVO ENVO:00002871 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvial_soil bagasse ENVO ENVO:00002872 The biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagasse sugarcane bagasse The biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagasse organic waste material ENVO ENVO:00002873 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_waste This should probably be merged with biological waste material. organic waste air conditioning unit ENVO ENVO:00002874 oil contaminated soil ENVO ENVO:00002875 warm seep ENVO ENVO:00002926 clay A group of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate (phyllosilicates being a subgroup of silicate minerals) minerals (see clay minerals), that are typically less than 2 micrometres in diameter. Clay consists of a variety of phyllosilicate minerals rich in silicon and aluminium oxides and hydroxides which include variable amounts of structural water. EcoLexicon:clay SWEETRealm:Clay https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay A group of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate (phyllosilicates being a subgroup of silicate minerals) minerals (see clay minerals), that are typically less than 2 micrometres in diameter. Clay consists of a variety of phyllosilicate minerals rich in silicon and aluminium oxides and hydroxides which include variable amounts of structural water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay fuel oil ENVO ENVO:00002983 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil petroleum ENVO ENVO:00002984 a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. crude oil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum oil A viscous liquid state at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer, and is both hydrophobic and lipophilic. ENVO ENVO:00002985 EcoLexicon:oil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil A viscous liquid state at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer, and is both hydrophobic and lipophilic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil obsolete Udvardy biome ENVO ENVO:00000446 ENVO:00002986 true obsolete Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrub, or woodlands ENVO ENVO:00002987 ENVO:01000196 ENVO:01000215 ENVO:01000216 ENVO:01000221 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen_sclerophyllous_forests,_scrub,_or_woodlands true obsolete Temperate grasslands ENVO ENVO:00002988 ENVO:01000193 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_grasslands true obsolete Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands and subpolar deciduous thickets ENVO ENVO:00002989 ENVO:01000202 ENVO:01000221 true obsolete Tropical dry or deciduous forests (including Monsoon forests) or woodlands ENVO ENVO:00002990 ENVO:01000227 true obsolete Subtropical and temperate rainforests or woodlands ENVO ENVO:00002991 ENVO:01000202 ENVO:01000221 ENVO:01000222 ENVO:01000226 true obsolete Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands ENVO ENVO:00002992 ENVO:01000211 ENVO:01000221 true obsolete Tropical humid forests ENVO ENVO:00002993 ENVO:01000228 true obsolete Mixed island systems ENVO ENVO:00002994 true obsolete Tundra communities and barren Arctic deserts ENVO ENVO:00002995 ENVO:01000180 true obsolete Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation ENVO ENVO:00002996 true obsolete Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts ENVO ENVO:00002997 ENVO:01000182 ENVO:01000186 true obsolete Warm deserts and semideserts ENVO ENVO:00002998 ENVO:01000182 ENVO:01000183 ENVO:01000184 ENVO:01000218 true obsolete Bailey biome ENVO ENVO:00000446 ENVO:00002999 true obsolete Polar Domain (100) ENVO ENVO:00003000 ENVO:01000186 true obsolete Humid Temperate Domain (200) ENVO ENVO:00003001 true obsolete Dry Domain (300) ENVO ENVO:00003002 ENVO:01000179 true obsolete Humid Tropical Domain (400) ENVO ENVO:00003003 ENVO:01000228 true obsolete Tundra Divsion (120) ENVO ENVO:00003004 ENVO:01000180 true obsolete Subarctic Division - Mountain Provinces (M130) ENVO ENVO:00003005 true obsolete Subarctic Division (130) ENVO ENVO:00003006 ENVO:01000180 true obsolete Tundra Division - Mountain Provinces (M120) ENVO ENVO:00003007 ENVO:01000180 true obsolete Hot Continental Division (220) ENVO ENVO:00003008 true obsolete Subtropical Division (230) ENVO ENVO:00003009 ENVO:01000184 ENVO:01000187 ENVO:01000191 ENVO:01000201 ENVO:01000209 ENVO:01000213 ENVO:01000222 true obsolete Warm Continental Division (210) ENVO ENVO:00003010 true obsolete Warm Continental Division - Mountain Provinces (M210) ENVO ENVO:00003011 true obsolete Subtropical Division - Mountain Provinces (M230) ENVO ENVO:00003012 true obsolete Hot Continental Division - Mountain Provinces (M220) ENVO ENVO:00003013 true obsolete Marine Division (240) ENVO ENVO:00003014 true obsolete Marine Division - Mountain Provinces (M240) ENVO ENVO:00003015 true obsolete Prairie Division (250) ENVO ENVO:00003016 ENVO:01000189 ENVO:01000193 ENVO:01000215 true obsolete Mediterranean Division (260) ENVO ENVO:00003017 ENVO:01000199 ENVO:01000208 ENVO:01000217 ENVO:01000224 ENVO:01000229 true obsolete Mediterranean Division - Mountain Provinces (M260) ENVO ENVO:00003018 true obsolete Tropical/Subtropical Desert Division (320) ENVO ENVO:00003019 ENVO:01000183 ENVO:01000184 true obsolete Rainforest Division (420) ENVO ENVO:00003020 ENVO:01000228 true obsolete Temperate Desert Division (340) ENVO ENVO:00003021 ENVO:01000182 true obsolete Temperate Desert Division - Mountain Provinces (M340) ENVO ENVO:00003022 true obsolete Temperate Steppe Division (330) ENVO ENVO:00003023 ENVO:01000189 ENVO:01000193 ENVO:01000215 true obsolete Temperate Steppe Division - Mountain Provinces (M330) ENVO ENVO:00003024 true obsolete Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division - Mountain Provinces (M310) ENVO ENVO:00003025 true obsolete Tropical/Subtropical Steppe Division (310) ENVO ENVO:00003026 ENVO:01000187 ENVO:01000188 ENVO:01000191 ENVO:01000192 ENVO:01000213 ENVO:01000214 ENVO:01000218 true obsolete Rainforest Division - Mountain Provinces (M420) ENVO ENVO:00003027 ENVO:01000228 true obsolete Savanna Division (410) ENVO ENVO:00003028 ENVO:01000178 true obsolete Savanna Division - Mountain Provinces (M410) ENVO ENVO:00003029 ENVO:01000223 true silage A fermented, high-moisture forage that can be fed to ruminants. ENVO ENVO:00003030 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silage A fermented, high-moisture forage that can be fed to ruminants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silage animal manure ENVO ENVO:00003031 This is interesting in that the "role" aspect of "waste" is (or can be) replaced by another role "fertilizer". Thus, the positioning of "manure" under waste may not be totally correct. fresh animal manure ENVO ENVO:00003032 mushroom compost ENVO ENVO:00003033 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_compost A compost which generally consists of a combination of wheat straw, dried blood, horse manure and ground chalk, composted together and is the residual compost waste generated by industrial mushroom production. obsolete wort ENVO ENVO:00003037 FOODON:00001019 true obsolete beer wort ENVO ENVO:00003038 FOODON:00001020 true obsolete acifified beer wort ENVO ENVO:00003039 FOODON:00001021 true animal house ENVO ENVO:00003040 While humans are animals, this class does not refer to human houses. A house used for sheltering non-human animals. cow shed ENVO ENVO:00003041 piggery ENVO ENVO:00003042 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggery sewage plant ENVO ENVO:00003043 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_plant brine EcoLexicon:brine SWEETRealm:Brine Water saturated or nearly saturated with salt (NaCl). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine It is used (now less popular than historically) to preserve vegetables, fish, and meat. envoPolar Water saturated or nearly saturated with salt (NaCl). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine bacon curing brine ENVO ENVO:00003045 obsolete Bleu de Bresse Bresse Blue ENVO ENVO:00003046 FOODON:00001022 true obsolete butter ENVO ENVO:00003047 FOODON:00001023 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter true obsolete pickled cabbage ENVO ENVO:00003048 FOODON:00001024 true obsolete Camembert ENVO ENVO:00003049 FOODON:00001025 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camembert true obsolete cane sugar ENVO ENVO:00003050 FOODON:00001026 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_sugar true obsolete Cheddar cheese ENVO ENVO:00003051 FOODON:00001027 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheddar true obsolete Brie ENVO ENVO:00003052 FOODON:00001028 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brie true obsolete Gouda ENVO ENVO:00003053 FOODON:00001029 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouda true obsolete halloumi ENVO ENVO:00003054 FOODON:00001030 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloumi true obsolete Gorgonzola ENVO ENVO:00003055 FOODON:00001031 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonzola true obsolete Swiss cheese ENVO ENVO:00003056 FOODON:00001032 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss true obsolete Emmenthal ENVO ENVO:00003057 FOODON:00001033 true obsolete Harzer ENVO ENVO:00003058 FOODON:00001034 Harzerkaese true obsolete New Zealand Cheddar ENVO ENVO:00003059 FOODON:00001035 true obsolete Pont l'Eveque ENVO ENVO:00003060 FOODON:00001036 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_l'Eveque true obsolete Vacherin Mont d'Or ENVO ENVO:00003061 FOODON:00001037 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacherin_Mont_d'Or true obsolete pork ENVO ENVO:00003062 FOODON:00001038 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork true obsolete cured meat ENVO ENVO:00003063 FOODON:00001039 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cured_meat true drinking water ENVO ENVO:00003064 EcoLexicon:drinking_water SWEETRealm:DrinkingWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water Drinking water is water which may be consumed by humans with no adverse effects on their health. potable water distilled water ENVO ENVO:00003065 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_water obsolete chicken meat product ENVO ENVO:00003066 FOODON:00001040 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken true obsolete beef ENVO ENVO:00003067 FOODON:00001041 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef true obsolete bovine milk ENVO ENVO:00003068 FOODON:00001042 true obsolete ovine milk ENVO ENVO:00003069 FOODON:00001043 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_milk sheep milk true obsolete caprine milk ENVO ENVO:00003070 FOODON:00001044 true grass silage ENVO ENVO:00003071 obsolete ice cream ENVO ENVO:00003072 FOODON:00001045 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cream ice-cream true obsolete seafood product ENVO ENVO:00003073 FOODON:00001046 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood true manufactured product A material entity that has been processed by humans or their technology in any way, including intermediate products as well as final products. manufactured good A material entity that has been processed by humans or their technology in any way, including intermediate products as well as final products. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufactured_product anthropogenic abiotic mesoscopic feature ENVO ENVO:00003075 glue ENVO ENVO:00003076 Glue is any substance applied to the surfaces of materials that binds them together and resists separation. This sounds more like a role than a material, per se. adhesive https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue mucilage paste Glue is any substance applied to the surfaces of materials that binds them together and resists separation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glue ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This sounds more like a role than a material, per se. obsolete jeotgal ENVO ENVO:00003077 FOODON:00001047 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeotgal true obsolete Meshanger cheese ENVO ENVO:00003078 FOODON:00001048 true obsolete pork chop ENVO ENVO:00003079 FOODON:00001049 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_chop true obsolete salad ENVO ENVO:00003080 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad true metal contaminated soil ENVO ENVO:00003081 enriched soil A portion of enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of some material entity. ENVO ENVO:00003082 This could be demoted to an inferred class if issues with double inheritance arise. sarcosine enriched soil A portion of sarcosine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of sarcosine. ENVO ENVO:00003083 trimethylamine enriched soil A portion of trimethylamine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of trimethylamine. ENVO ENVO:00003084 skatole enriched soil A portion of skatole enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of skatole. ENVO ENVO:00003085 ethanol enriched soil A portion of ethanol enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of ethanol. ENVO ENVO:00003086 acetamide enriched soil A portion of acetamide enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of acetamide. ENVO ENVO:00003087 pantothenate enriched soil A portion of pantothenate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of pantothenate. ENVO ENVO:00003088 testosterone enriched soil A portion of testosterone enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of testosterone. ENVO ENVO:00003089 kynurenate enriched soil A portion of kynurenate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of kynurenate. ENVO ENVO:00003090 threonine enriched soil A portion of threonine enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of threonine. ENVO ENVO:00003091 salicylate enriched soil A portion of salicylate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of salicylate. ENVO ENVO:00003092 poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate enriched soil A portion of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. ENVO ENVO:00003093 L-(+)-tartrate enriched soil A portion of L-(+)-tartrate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of L-(+)-tartrate. ENVO ENVO:00003094 quinate enriched soil A portion of quinate enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of quinate. ENVO ENVO:00003095 tap water ENVO ENVO:00003096 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_water bore hole water ENVO ENVO:00003097 tannery ENVO ENVO:00003323 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannery A tannery is a building in which the skins of animals are treated with chemicals to alter the structure of their constituent proteins, creating leather. A tannery is a building in which the skins of animals are treated with chemicals to alter the structure of their constituent proteins, creating leather. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannery obsolete tempeh ENVO ENVO:00003779 FOODON:00001050 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempeh true horse manure ENVO ENVO:00003859 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_manure pig manure Manure which is primarily composed of pig feces. industrial building ENVO ENVO:00003861 An industrial building is a building within which goods are produced and, optionally, stored or within which services are rendered. It's possible that this will become an inferred class in the future. The United Nations' International Standard Industrial Classification should be referred to when expanding this branch. ISIC can also be used to identify processes. See http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=27&Lg=1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry An industrial building is a building within which goods are produced and, optionally, stored or within which services are rendered. dairy ENVO ENVO:00003862 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy 'Terminology differs between countries. For example, in the United States, the entire dairy farm is commonly called a "dairy." The building or farm area where milk is harvested from the cow is often called a "milking parlor" or "parlor." The farm area where milk is stored in bulk tanks is known as the farm's "milk house." Milk is then hauled (usually by truck) to a "dairy plant," also referred to as a "dairy", where raw milk is further processed and prepared for commercial sale of dairy products. In New Zealand, farm areas for milk harvesting are also called "milking parlours", and are historically known as "milking sheds."' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy A dairy is a building in which animal milk is harvested and, optionally, processed for human consumption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy A dairy is a building in which animal milk is harvested and, optionally, processed for human consumption. food processing building ENVO ENVO:00003863 The semantics of food are being handled by FOODON http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/foodon.owl A food processing building is a building in which materials that contain or consist of essential body nutrients - such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals - and may be ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life are converted alternative forms. bakery ENVO ENVO:00003864 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakery A bakery is a building in which raw flour-based food is baked in an oven to produce food products such as bread, cakes, pastries, and pies. These products are often sold from the bakery itself. bakeshop A bakery is a food processing building and a 'food shop' at the same time. This needs to be resolved. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakery A bakery is a building in which raw flour-based food is baked in an oven to produce food products such as bread, cakes, pastries, and pies. These products are often sold from the bakery itself. straw An agricultural byproduct, the dry stalk of a cereal plant, after the nutrient grain or seed has been removed. ENVO ENVO:00003869 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw An agricultural byproduct, the dry stalk of a cereal plant, after the nutrient grain or seed has been removed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw rice straw ENVO ENVO:00003870 obsolete fermented rice beverage ENVO ENVO:00003871 FOODON:00001051 true obsolete amasake ENVO ENVO:00003872 FOODON:00001052 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amasake true obsolete fermented dairy product ENVO ENVO:00003873 FOODON:00001053 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermented_dairy_product true obsolete fermented fish product ENVO ENVO:00003874 FOODON:00001054 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermented_fish true obsolete sea water fish product ENVO ENVO:00003875 FOODON:00001055 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish true obsolete flour ENVO ENVO:00003876 FOODON:00001056 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour true obsolete plant fruit food product ENVO ENVO:00003877 FOODON:00001057 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit true obsolete fruit extract product ENVO ENVO:00003878 FOODON:00001058 true obsolete apple juice ENVO ENVO:00003879 FOODON:00001059 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_juice true obsolete awamori ENVO ENVO:00003880 FOODON:00001060 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awamori true obsolete bacon ENVO ENVO:00003881 FOODON:00001061 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon true obsolete fermented millet food product ENVO ENVO:00003882 FOODON:00001062 true obsolete millet beer ENVO ENVO:00003883 FOODON:00001063 bantu beer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet_beer true farmyard manure ENVO ENVO:00003884 brewery A brewery is a building in which alcoholic beverages are produced by brewing, that is, steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast. At times, the products are also sold from the brewery. ENVO ENVO:00003885 A brewery is a building in which alcoholic beverages are produced by brewing, that is, steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast. At times, the products are also sold from the brewery. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery obsolete bottled beer ENVO ENVO:00003886 FOODON:00001064 true obsolete blue cheese ENVO ENVO:00003887 FOODON:00001065 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_cheese true obsolete bottled fruit product ENVO ENVO:00003888 FOODON:00001066 true obsolete buttermilk ENVO ENVO:00003889 FOODON:00001067 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttermilk true obsolete canned fruit product ENVO ENVO:00003890 FOODON:00001068 true obsolete fermented fruit product ENVO ENVO:00003891 FOODON:00001069 true cosmetic product ENVO ENVO:00003893 face cream product ENVO ENVO:00003894 paper product ENVO ENVO:00003895 currency note ENVO ENVO:00003896 obsolete miso ENVO ENVO:00003898 FOODON:00001070 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miso true obsolete must ENVO ENVO:00003899 FOODON:00001071 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must true rye grass silage ENVO ENVO:00003900 aviation fuel ENVO ENVO:00003903 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_fuel jet fuel obsolete yeast cake ENVO ENVO:00003904 FOODON:00001072 true obsolete vinegar ENVO ENVO:00003905 FOODON:00001073 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar true obsolete malt vinegar ENVO ENVO:00003906 FOODON:00001074 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt_vinegar true obsolete nonfat dry milk ENVO ENVO:00003907 FOODON:00001075 true poultry deep litter ENVO ENVO:00003908 sake brewery ENVO ENVO:00003911 A sake brewery is a brewery which produces rice wine by fermenting rice which has been polished to remove the bran. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake A sake brewery is a brewery which produces rice wine by fermenting rice which has been polished to remove the bran. obsolete sake ENVO ENVO:00003912 FOODON:00001076 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sake true obsolete salt pork ENVO ENVO:00003913 FOODON:00001077 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_pork true chalk soil ENVO ENVO:00003914 obsolete fermented soybean product ENVO ENVO:00003915 FOODON:00001078 true research station A building or collection of co-located buildings constructed for the purpose of undertaking scientific research. A building or collection of co-located buildings constructed for the purpose of undertaking scientific research. MA:ma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_station stable manure ENVO ENVO:00003927 obsolete pickled food product ENVO ENVO:00003928 FOODON:00001079 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickle true obsolete tape kefan ENVO ENVO:00003929 FOODON:00001080 true scum A layer of impurities that accumulates at the surface of a liquid (especially water or molten metal). ENVO ENVO:00003930 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scum A layer of impurities that accumulates at the surface of a liquid (especially water or molten metal). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scum warehouse ENVO ENVO:00003963 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse A warehouse is a building which is used for the storage of goods. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse A warehouse is a building which is used for the storage of goods. tobacco warehouse ENVO ENVO:00003964 A tobacco warehouse is a warehouse used to store cured leaves of plants from the genus Nicotiana, primarily N. tabacum and N. rustica. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco A tobacco warehouse is a warehouse used to store cured leaves of plants from the genus Nicotiana, primarily N. tabacum and N. rustica. anaerobic digester sludge ENVO ENVO:00003965 obsolete Bondon cheese ENVO ENVO:00003966 FOODON:00001081 true creamery ENVO ENVO:00003967 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creamery A creamery is a part of a dairy where cream is separated from whole milk. air filter An air filter is a device that removes some substance from air. ENVO ENVO:00003968 This is a general definition derived from the definitions for particulate, chemical, and other air filters. Subclasses should be created if needed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_filter An air filter is a device that removes some substance from air. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_filter obsolete bitter cheese ENVO ENVO:00003969 FOODON:00001082 true obsolete sugar ENVO ENVO:00003970 FOODON:00001083 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar true obsolete brown sugar ENVO ENVO:00003971 FOODON:00001084 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_sugar true obsolete evaporated milk product ENVO ENVO:00003972 FOODON:00001085 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporated_milk true obsolete kefir ENVO ENVO:00003973 FOODON:00001086 true obsolete vegetable oil ENVO ENVO:00003975 ENVO:0010145 FOODON:00001087 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil true obsolete linseed oil ENVO ENVO:00003976 FOODON:00001088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linseed_oil true obsolete maize flour ENVO ENVO:00003977 FOODON:00001089 true potato silage ENVO ENVO:00003978 obsolete sour milk ENVO ENVO:00003979 FOODON:00001090 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_milk true obsolete dried milk product ENVO ENVO:00003980 FOODON:00001091 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_milk true travertine A natural chemical precipitate of carbonate minerals; typically aragonite, but often recrystallized to or primarily calcite; which is deposited from the water of mineral springs (especially hot springs) or streams saturated with calcium carbonate. ENVO ENVO:00003982 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertine A natural chemical precipitate of carbonate minerals; typically aragonite, but often recrystallized to or primarily calcite; which is deposited from the water of mineral springs (especially hot springs) or streams saturated with calcium carbonate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertine sawmill ENVO ENVO:00004638 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill karst field A large flat plain in karst territory with areas usually 5 to 400 sqaure kilometres. ENVO ENVO:00004683 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_field karst polje A large flat plain in karst territory with areas usually 5 to 400 sqaure kilometres. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_field https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polje karst polje foam ENVO ENVO:00005738 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foam This is a state more than a material. sea foam ENVO ENVO:00005739 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_foam paddy field soil ENVO ENVO:00005740 rice paddy soil alpine soil ENVO ENVO:00005741 envoPolar arable soil ENVO ENVO:00005742 roadside soil A portion of soil that is part of a roadside area. ENVO ENVO:00005743 allotment garden soil ENVO ENVO:00005744 allotment garden ENVO ENVO:00005745 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotment_garden savanna soil ENVO ENVO:00005746 compost soil ENVO ENVO:00005747 dry soil ENVO ENVO:00005748 farm soil ENVO ENVO:00005749 grassland soil ENVO ENVO:00005750 jungle soil ENVO ENVO:00005751 sawah soil ENVO ENVO:00005752 urea enriched soil A portion of urea enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of urea. ENVO ENVO:00005753 fertilized soil ENVO ENVO:00005754 field soil ENVO ENVO:00005755 lawn soil ENVO ENVO:00005756 bacteria enriched soil A portion of bacteria enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated bacterial abundance. ENVO ENVO:00005757 alluvial swamp soil ENVO ENVO:00005758 alluvial paddy field soil ENVO ENVO:00005759 burned soil ENVO ENVO:00005760 burnt soil meadow soil ENVO ENVO:00005761 chloropicrin enriched soil A portion of chloropicrin enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of chloropicrin. ENVO ENVO:00005762 humus-rich acidic ash soil ENVO ENVO:00005763 pond soil ENVO ENVO:00005764 frozen compost soil ENVO ENVO:00005765 limed soil ENVO ENVO:00005766 manured soil ENVO ENVO:00005767 orchid soil ENVO ENVO:00005768 mountain forest soil ENVO ENVO:00005769 beech forest soil ENVO ENVO:00005770 muddy soil ENVO ENVO:00005771 orchard soil ENVO ENVO:00005772 pasture soil ENVO ENVO:00005773 peat soil ENVO ENVO:00005774 EcoLexicon:peat SWEETRealm:Peat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat_soil peat ENVO:cjm peat salt contaminated soil ENVO ENVO:00005775 salty soil peaty paddy field soil ENVO ENVO:00005776 steppe soil ENVO ENVO:00005777 tropical soil ENVO ENVO:00005778 vegetable garden soil ENVO ENVO:00005779 greenhouse soil ENVO ENVO:00005780 heat stressed soil ENVO ENVO:00005781 ornithogenic soil ENVO ENVO:00005782 leafy wood soil ENVO ENVO:00005783 spruce forest soil ENVO ENVO:00005784 volcanic soil ENVO ENVO:00005785 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_soil upland soil ENVO ENVO:00005786 eucalyptus forest soil ENVO ENVO:00005787 rubber plantation soil ENVO ENVO:00005788 bluegrass field soil Bluegrass field soil is a soil which is found in a field of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis). ENVO ENVO:00005789 red soil ENVO ENVO:00005790 sterile water Sterile water is water which does not contain lliving organisms. underground water SWEETRealm:UndergroundWater subterranean water Water which has physicochemical properties determined by processes which occur beneath the planetary crust. This class references any water that's under a planetary surface. For water that is in an aquifer, see "groundwater" (ENVO:01001004). Previously, this class included both. envoPolar muddy water ENVO ENVO:00005793 water scum ENVO ENVO:00005794 marine mud Mud which is part of a marine ecosystem. envoPolar marine sludge ENVO ENVO:00005796 lake bottom mud Mud which constitutes the bed of a lake. acid dune sand ENVO ENVO:00005798 rocky sand ENVO ENVO:00005799 desert sand ENVO ENVO:00005800 rhizosphere ENVO ENVO:00005801 LTER:472 The narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms. The narrow region of soil that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizosphere_%28ecology%29 bulk soil ENVO ENVO:00005802 Soil that is not penetrated by the root systems of plants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_soil Soil that is not penetrated by the root systems of plants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_soil animal habitation ENVO ENVO:00005803 The dwelling of an animal or group of similar animals. den nest MA:ma The dwelling of an animal or group of similar animals. nest of ant A pile of earth, sand, pine needles, or clay or a composite of these and other materials that build up at the entrances of the subterranean dwellings of ant colonies as they are excavated. A colony is built and maintained by legions of worker ants, who carry tiny bits of dirt and pebbles in their mandibles and deposit them near the exit of the colony. They normally deposit the dirt or vegetation at the top of the hill to prevent it from sliding back into the colony, but in some species they actively sculpt the materials into specific shapes, and may create nest chambers within the mound. ENVO ENVO:00005804 ant hill ant's nest A pile of earth, sand, pine needles, or clay or a composite of these and other materials that build up at the entrances of the subterranean dwellings of ant colonies as they are excavated. A colony is built and maintained by legions of worker ants, who carry tiny bits of dirt and pebbles in their mandibles and deposit them near the exit of the colony. They normally deposit the dirt or vegetation at the top of the hill to prevent it from sliding back into the colony, but in some species they actively sculpt the materials into specific shapes, and may create nest chambers within the mound. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_colony#Ant-hills nest of bird A bird nest is the spot in which a bird lays and incubates its eggs and raises its young. ENVO ENVO:00005805 bird nest bird's nest eyrie A bird nest is the spot in which a bird lays and incubates its eggs and raises its young. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_nest obsolete Tropical and subtropical coniferous forest biome ENVO ENVO:00005806 ENVO:01000209 ENVO:01000210 true obsolete animal-associated habitat A habitat that is in or on a living animal. Here "animal" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:33208. ENVO ENVO:00006776 metazoan-associated habitat true A habitat that is in or on a living animal. Here "animal" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:33208. PATOC:cjm obsolete plant-associated habitat A habitat that is in or on a living plant. Here "plant" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:33090 (viridiplantae). ENVO ENVO:00009001 true A habitat that is in or on a living plant. Here "plant" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:33090 (viridiplantae). PATOC:cjm obsolete mammalia-associated habitat A habitat that is in or on a living mammal. Here "mammal" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:40674. ENVO ENVO:00009002 true A habitat that is in or on a living mammal. Here "mammal" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:40674. PATOC:cjm obsolete human-associated habitat A habitat that is in or on a living animal. Here "animal" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:9606. ENVO ENVO:00009003 Used for armpits and other nasty places. true A habitat that is in or on a living animal. Here "animal" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:9606. PATOC:cjm obsolete insecta-associated habitat A habitat that is in or on a living insect. Here "insect" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:50557. ENVO ENVO:00009004 true A habitat that is in or on a living insect. Here "insect" denotes an individual of a species that is a sub-taxon of NCBITaxon:50557. PATOC:cjm ice rise An ice rise is an elevation which is part of an ice shelf, typically dome shared, and formed by the ice shelf overriding an obstruction in the seabed. An ice rise may be adjacent only to an ice shelf, or to an ice shelf and a sea. For some features, properly ice rises, the term island has become established through usage. ENVO ENVO:00009686 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rise envoPolar An ice rise is an elevation which is part of an ice shelf, typically dome shared, and formed by the ice shelf overriding an obstruction in the seabed. An ice rise may be adjacent only to an ice shelf, or to an ice shelf and a sea. For some features, properly ice rises, the term island has become established through usage. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rise web:http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/apc/genericterms.html ice piedmont A glacier covering a coastal strip of low-lying land backed by mountains, and sloping gently seaward over a distance up to 30km or more to terminate in ice cliffs or to merge with an ice shelf. ENVO ENVO:00009725 envoPolar A glacier covering a coastal strip of low-lying land backed by mountains, and sloping gently seaward over a distance up to 30km or more to terminate in ice cliffs or to merge with an ice shelf. web:http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/apc/genericterms.html strand crack ENVO ENVO:00009726 Fissure at the junction between an inland ice sheet, ice piedmont or ice rise and an ice shelf, the latter being subject to the rise and fall of the tide. envoPolar Fissure at the junction between an inland ice sheet, ice piedmont or ice rise and an ice shelf, the latter being subject to the rise and fall of the tide. web:http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/apc/genericterms.html fomite A fomite is any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms (such as germs or parasites) and hence transferring them from one individual to another. A fomite can be anything such as a cloth or mop heads so when cleaning this is important to remember that this could aid when spreading pathogenic organisms. ENVO ENVO:00010358 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomite A fomite is any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms (such as germs or parasites) and hence transferring them from one individual to another. A fomite can be anything such as a cloth or mop heads so when cleaning this is important to remember that this could aid when spreading pathogenic organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomite midden A dump for domestic waste. A term used to describe any kind of feature containing waste products relating to day-to-day human life. ENVO ENVO:00010442 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midden A dump for domestic waste. A term used to describe any kind of feature containing waste products relating to day-to-day human life. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midden environmental material A portion of environmental material is a fiat object which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system. Everything under this parent must be a mass noun. All subclasses are to be understood as being composed primarily of the named entity, rather than restricted to that entity. For example, "ENVO:water" is to be understood as "environmental material composed primarly of some CHEBI:water". This class is currently being aligned to the Basic Formal Ontology. Following this alignment, its definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised. portion of environmental material A portion of environmental material is a fiat object which forms the medium or part of the medium of an environmental system. DOI:10.1186/2041-1480-4-43 MA:ma ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 URL:http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/niches.html surface layer A surface layer is the uppermost layer of some material entity. ENVO ENVO:00010504 EcoLexicon:surface SWEETRealm:Surface This class is distinct from a geometric surface, which is two-dimensional. The idea of "uppermost" may be problematic. Further, the definition of layer (the superclass of surface in rev 133) references surface. This may be another issue. Perhaps this can be made into an inferred class using 'bounding layer of' some material entity, note that 'bounding layer' implies containment, which may not be valid here. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface A surface layer is the uppermost layer of some material entity. URL:http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/surface aerosol Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets. EcoLexicon:aerosol SWEETRealm:Aerosol Should connect to PATO as "quality of an aerosol" Airborne solid particles (also called dust or particulate matter (PM)) or liquid droplets. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol emulsion A mixture of two immiscible (unblendable) substances. One substance (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase). ENVO ENVO:00010506 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion A mixture of two immiscible (unblendable) substances. One substance (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other (the continuous phase). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsion medical instrument ENVO ENVO:00010621 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_instrument vivarium https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivarium A vivarium is an enclosure for keeping and raising organisms for observation or research. Often, a portion of the ecosystem for a particular species is simulated on a smaller scale, with controls for environmental conditions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivarium A vivarium is an enclosure for keeping and raising organisms for observation or research. Often, a portion of the ecosystem for a particular species is simulated on a smaller scale, with controls for environmental conditions. dolomite A sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2 found in crystals. ENVO ENVO:00010623 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite A sedimentary carbonate rock and a mineral, both composed of calcium magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2 found in crystals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite botanical garden A place where a wide variety of plants primarily categorized and documented for scientific purposes. ENVO ENVO:00010624 botanic garden https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden A place where a wide variety of plants primarily categorized and documented for scientific purposes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden zoological garden A facility in which animals are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred. ENVO ENVO:00010625 zoo zoological park A facility in which animals are confined within enclosures and displayed to the public, and in which they may also be bred. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo ocean time series station A research facility consisting of instruments that measure the properties of the oceans over time. Usually of at least approximately fixed location. A research facility consisting of instruments that measure the properties of the oceans over time. Usually of at least approximately fixed location. MA:ma aquifer An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. EcoLexicon:aquifer SWEETRealm:Aquifer https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer envoPolar An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer karst cave ENVO ENVO:00012411 obsolete animal food product ENVO ENVO:0010000 FOODON:00001092 true anthropogenic environmental material Anthropogenic material in or on which organisms may live. ENVO ENVO:0010001 Anthropogenic material in or on which organisms may live. MA:ma obsolete cereal food product ENVO ENVO:0010002 FOODON:00001093 true agricultural environmental material ENVO ENVO:0010003 This is quite odd and it probably should be obsoleted. Any material that is a participant in an agricultural process can be seen as an agricultural material. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This is quite odd and it probably should be obsoleted. Any material that is a participant in an agricultural process can be seen as an agricultural material. obsolete beverage product A liquid which is specifically prepared for human consumption. ENVO ENVO:0010004 true A liquid which is specifically prepared for human consumption. web:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverage obsolete fermented beverage ENVO ENVO:0010005 FOODON:00001094 alcoholic beverage true obsolete fermented grape beverage ENVO ENVO:0010006 FOODON:00001095 true obsolete fermented Elaeis Palm beverage ENVO ENVO:0010007 FOODON:00001096 true obsolete fermented sugar cane beverage ENVO ENVO:0010008 FOODON:00001097 true obsolete fermented apple beverage ENVO ENVO:00003892 ENVO:0010009 FOODON:00001098 fermented apple true obsolete apple beverage ENVO ENVO:0010010 FOODON:00001099 true obsolete orange fruit beverage ENVO ENVO:0010011 FOODON:00001100 true obsolete grape beverage ENVO ENVO:0010012 FOODON:00001101 true obsolete fermented cereal beverage ENVO ENVO:0010013 FOODON:00001102 true obsolete fermented agave beverage ENVO ENVO:0010014 FOODON:00001103 true obsolete fermented soya product ENVO ENVO:0010015 true obsolete sea water fish egg product ENVO ENVO:0010016 FOODON:00001104 true obsolete avian egg product ENVO ENVO:0010017 FOODON:00001105 true obsolete camelid dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010018 FOODON:00001106 true obsolete bovine dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010019 FOODON:00001107 true obsolete buffalo dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010020 FOODON:00001108 true obsolete caprine dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010021 FOODON:00001109 true obsolete donkey dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010022 FOODON:00001110 true obsolete equine dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010023 FOODON:00001111 true obsolete ovine dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010024 FOODON:00001112 true obsolete yak dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010025 FOODON:00001113 true obsolete zebra dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010026 FOODON:00001114 true obsolete reindeer dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010027 FOODON:00001115 true obsolete water buffalo dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010028 FOODON:00001116 true obsolete horse dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010029 FOODON:00001117 true obsolete domestic cattle dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010030 FOODON:00001118 true obsolete cervid dairy product ENVO ENVO:0010031 FOODON:00001119 true obsolete camelid milk ENVO ENVO:0010032 FOODON:00001120 true obsolete equine milk ENVO ENVO:0010033 FOODON:00001121 true obsolete cervid milk ENVO ENVO:0010034 FOODON:00001122 true obsolete cow's milk ENVO ENVO:0010035 FOODON:00001123 true obsolete caprine cheese product ENVO ENVO:0010036 FOODON:00001124 true obsolete ovine cheese product ENVO ENVO:0010037 FOODON:00001125 true obsolete bovine cheese product ENVO ENVO:0010038 FOODON:00001126 true obsolete cow's milk cheese ENVO ENVO:0010039 FOODON:00001127 true obsolete Limburger ENVO ENVO:0010040 FOODON:00001128 true obsolete goat's milk cheese ENVO ENVO:0010041 FOODON:00001129 true obsolete sheep's milk cheese ENVO ENVO:0010042 FOODON:00001130 true obsolete poultry meat product ENVO ENVO:0010043 FOODON:00001131 true obsolete porcine meat product ENVO ENVO:0010044 FOODON:00001132 true obsolete condiment ENVO ENVO:0010045 FOODON:00001133 true obsolete bovine meat product ENVO ENVO:0010046 FOODON:00001134 true obsolete distilled fermented grain beverage ENVO ENVO:0010047 FOODON:00001135 true obsolete distilled fermented beverage ENVO ENVO:0010048 FOODON:00001136 true obsolete soya food product 2010-02-25T08:45:50Z ENVO ENVO:0010049 FOODON:00001137 michaelashburner true obsolete tea-based beverage ENVO ENVO:0010050 FOODON:00001138 true obsolete coffee-based beverage ENVO ENVO:0010051 FOODON:00001139 true obsolete fruit juice beverage ENVO ENVO:0010052 FOODON:00001140 true obsolete wheat product ENVO ENVO:0010053 FOODON:00001141 true obsolete maize product ENVO ENVO:0010054 FOODON:00001142 true obsolete fungal product ENVO ENVO:0010055 FOODON:00001143 true obsolete yeast product ENVO ENVO:0010056 FOODON:00001144 true obsolete microbial food product ENVO ENVO:0010057 FOODON:00001145 true obsolete solanaceous root product ENVO ENVO:0010058 FOODON:00001146 true obsolete plant root food product ENVO ENVO:0010059 FOODON:00001147 true obsolete potato product ENVO ENVO:0010060 FOODON:00001148 true obsolete confectionery product ENVO ENVO:0010061 FOODON:00001149 true obsolete cucurbit fruit product ENVO ENVO:0010062 FOODON:00001150 true obsolete citrus fruit product ENVO ENVO:0010063 FOODON:00001151 true obsolete melon fruit product ENVO ENVO:0010064 FOODON:00001152 true obsolete Cucumis melo fruit ENVO ENVO:0010065 FOODON:00001153 true obsolete Citrullus lanatus fruit ENVO ENVO:0010066 FOODON:00001154 true obsolete watermelon ENVO ENVO:0010067 FOODON:00001155 true obsolete citrus fruit beverage ENVO ENVO:0010068 FOODON:00001156 true obsolete pomaceous fruit beverage ENVO ENVO:0010069 FOODON:00001157 true obsolete pomaceous fruit product ENVO ENVO:0010070 FOODON:00001158 true obsolete fermented pomaceous fruit beverage ENVO ENVO:0010071 FOODON:00001159 true obsolete pomaceous fruit extract ENVO ENVO:0010072 FOODON:00001160 true obsolete citrus fruit extract ENVO ENVO:0010073 FOODON:00001161 true obsolete grape extract ENVO ENVO:0010074 FOODON:00001162 true obsolete solanaceous fruit product ENVO ENVO:0010075 FOODON:00001163 true obsolete tomato product ENVO ENVO:0010076 FOODON:00001164 true obsolete solanaceous food product ENVO ENVO:0010077 FOODON:00001165 true obsolete plant inflorescence food product ENVO ENVO:0010078 FOODON:00001166 true obsolete amaranthaceous food product ENVO ENVO:0010079 FOODON:00001167 true obsolete leguminous food product Definitions and types from http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoinfo/economic/faodef/fdef04e.htm. ENVO ENVO:0010080 FOODON:00001168 pulse true obsolete cruciferous food product ENVO ENVO:0010081 FOODON:00001169 true obsolete grape fruit product ENVO ENVO:0010082 FOODON:00001170 true obsolete cruciferous inflorescence food product ENVO ENVO:0010083 FOODON:00001171 true obsolete nut food product ENVO ENVO:0010084 FOODON:00001172 true obsolete plant seed food product ENVO ENVO:0010085 FOODON:00001173 true obsolete plant lipid food product ENVO ENVO:0010086 FOODON:00001174 true obsolete plant stem food product ENVO ENVO:0010087 FOODON:00001175 true obsolete invertebrate food product ENVO ENVO:0010088 FOODON:00001176 true obsolete insect food product ENVO ENVO:0010089 FOODON:00001177 true obsolete honey product ENVO ENVO:0010090 FOODON:00001178 true obsolete amaranthaceous inflorescence food product ENVO ENVO:0010091 FOODON:00001179 true obsolete processed food product ENVO ENVO:0010092 FOODON:00001180 true obsolete cooked food product ENVO ENVO:0010093 FOODON:00001181 true obsolete pickled cruciferous food product ENVO ENVO:0010094 FOODON:00001182 true obsolete bread ENVO ENVO:0010095 FOODON:00001183 true obsolete algal food product ENVO ENVO:0010096 FOODON:00001184 true obsolete rice product ENVO ENVO:0010097 FOODON:00001185 true obsolete buckewheat product ENVO ENVO:0010098 FOODON:00001186 true obsolete sorghum product ENVO ENVO:0010099 FOODON:00001187 true obsolete milet product ENVO ENVO:0010100 FOODON:00001188 true obsolete oats product ENVO ENVO:0010101 FOODON:00001189 true obsolete rye product ENVO ENVO:0010102 FOODON:00001190 true obsolete barley product ENVO ENVO:0010103 FOODON:00001191 true obsolete quinoa product ENVO ENVO:0010104 FOODON:00001192 true obsolete fonio product ENVO ENVO:0010105 FOODON:00001193 true obsolete dry peas product ENVO ENVO:0010106 FOODON:00001194 true obsolete lentil product ENVO ENVO:0010107 FOODON:00001195 true obsolete pigeon pea product ENVO ENVO:0010108 FOODON:00001196 true obsolete bambara groundnut product ENVO ENVO:0010109 FOODON:00001197 true obsolete dry broad beans product ENVO ENVO:0010110 FOODON:00001198 true obsolete chickpea product ENVO ENVO:0010111 FOODON:00001199 true obsolete cowpea product ENVO ENVO:0010112 FOODON:00001200 true obsolete dry beans product ENVO ENVO:0010113 FOODON:00001201 true obsolete winged bean product ENVO ENVO:0010114 FOODON:00001202 true obsolete vetch seed product ENVO ENVO:0010115 FOODON:00001203 true obsolete yam bean product ENVO ENVO:0010116 FOODON:00001204 true obsolete velvet bean product ENVO ENVO:0010117 FOODON:00001205 true obsolete lupin seed product ENVO ENVO:0010118 FOODON:00001206 true obsolete jack bean product ENVO ENVO:0010119 FOODON:00001207 true obsolete hyacinth bean product ENVO ENVO:0010120 FOODON:00001208 true obsolete pulse ENVO ENVO:0010121 FOODON:00001209 true This has to be reconciled with "legume". Seems to be a subclass. According to the FAO: 'The term "pulses" is limited to crops harvested solely for dry grain, thereby excludingcrops harvested green for food (green peas, green beans, etc.) which are classified as vegetable crops. Also excluded are those crops used mainly for oil extraction (e.g.soybeand and groundnuts) and leguminous crops (e.g. seeds of clover and alfalfa) that are used exclusively for sowing purposes.' http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/faoinfo/economic/faodef/fdef04e.htm#4.02 According to the FAO: 'The term "pulses" is limited to crops harvested solely for dry grain, thereby excludingcrops harvested green for food (green peas, green beans, etc.) which are classified as vegetable crops. Also excluded are those crops used mainly for oil extraction (e.g.soybeand and groundnuts) and leguminous crops (e.g. seeds of clover and alfalfa) that are used exclusively for sowing purposes.' obsolete wheat flour ENVO ENVO:0010122 FOODON:00001210 true obsolete pasta ENVO ENVO:0010123 FOODON:00001211 true obsolete pastry ENVO ENVO:0010124 FOODON:00001212 true obsolete baked food product ENVO ENVO:0010125 FOODON:00001213 true obsolete candy ENVO ENVO:0010126 FOODON:00001214 true obsolete cacao food product ENVO ENVO:0010127 FOODON:00001215 true obsolete cream ENVO ENVO:0010128 FOODON:00001216 true obsolete milk ENVO ENVO:0010129 FOODON:00001217 true obsolete bee food product ENVO ENVO:0010130 FOODON:00001218 true obsolete cooked smoked sausage ENVO ENVO:0010131 FOODON:00001219 true obsolete smoked sausage ENVO ENVO:0010132 FOODON:00001220 true obsolete fresh smoked sausage ENVO ENVO:0010133 FOODON:00001221 true obsolete fresh sausage ENVO ENVO:0010134 FOODON:00001222 true obsolete dry sausage ENVO ENVO:0010135 FOODON:00001223 true obsolete cooked sausage ENVO ENVO:0010136 FOODON:00001224 true obsolete smoked meat ENVO ENVO:0010137 FOODON:00001225 true obsolete fruit preserve ENVO ENVO:0010138 FOODON:00001226 true obsolete jam ENVO ENVO:0010139 FOODON:00001227 true obsolete rennet product ENVO ENVO:0010140 FOODON:00001228 true obsolete processed cheese product ENVO ENVO:0010141 FOODON:00001229 true obsolete mustard ENVO ENVO:0010142 FOODON:00001230 true obsolete creamy salad dressing ENVO ENVO:0010143 FOODON:00001231 true obsolete vinaigrette ENVO ENVO:0010144 FOODON:00001232 true obsolete nut oil ENVO ENVO:0010146 FOODON:00001233 true obsolete mayonnaise ENVO ENVO:0010147 FOODON:00001234 true obsolete soy sauce ENVO ENVO:00003916 ENVO:0010148 FOODON:00001235 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce true obsolete fresh sea water fish ENVO ENVO:0010149 FOODON:00001236 true obsolete natural rennet ENVO ENVO:0010150 FOODON:00001237 true obsolete microbial rennet ENVO ENVO:0010151 FOODON:00001238 true obsolete vegetable rennet ENVO ENVO:0010152 FOODON:00001239 true obsolete genetically engineered rennet ENVO ENVO:0010153 FOODON:00001240 true obsolete processed pork ENVO ENVO:0010154 FOODON:00001241 true obsolete spice product ENVO ENVO:0010155 FOODON:00001242 true obsolete animal lipid food product ENVO ENVO:0010156 FOODON:00001243 true obsolete coffee ENVO ENVO:0010157 FOODON:00001244 true obsolete tea ENVO ENVO:0010158 FOODON:00001245 true obsolete hot chocolate ENVO ENVO:0010159 FOODON:00001246 true obsolete mate ENVO ENVO:0010160 EcoLexicon:mating FOODON:00001247 true obsolete naturally occuring environmental material ENVO ENVO:0010161 ENVO:01000155 true dry stream valley ENVO ENVO:0010162 Requires some relation like "formed by" erosion process with participant stream. dry river valley ENVO ENVO:0010163 Requires some relation like "formed by" erosion process with participant river. obsolete fish food product ENVO ENVO:0010164 FOODON:00001248 true obsolete freshwater fish product ENVO ENVO:0010165 FOODON:00001249 true obsolete fish egg product ENVO ENVO:0010166 FOODON:00001250 true obsolete avian food product ENVO ENVO:0010167 FOODON:00001251 true obsolete animal derived beverage 2010-02-25T08:36:43Z ENVO ENVO:0010168 FOODON:00001252 michaelashburner true obsolete plant derived beverage 2010-02-25T08:37:10Z ENVO ENVO:0010169 FOODON:00001253 michaelashburner true obsolete fermented plant derived beverage 2010-02-25T08:37:36Z ENVO ENVO:0010170 FOODON:00001254 michaelashburner true obsolete non-fermented plant derived beverage 2010-02-25T08:38:17Z ENVO ENVO:0010171 FOODON:00001255 michaelashburner true humus ENVO ENVO:01000000 EcoLexicon:humus Organic matter in soil which has reached a point of stability, where it will break down no further and might, if conditions do not change, remain essentially as it is for centuries, or millennia. SWEETRealm:Humus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humus Organic matter in soil which has reached a point of stability, where it will break down no further and might, if conditions do not change, remain essentially as it is for centuries, or millennia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humus mud A liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and some combination of soil, silt, and clay. EcoLexicon:mud LTER:356 SWEETRealm:Mud https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud A liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and some combination of soil, silt, and clay. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud water well ENVO ENVO:01000002 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well oil well ENVO ENVO:01000003 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well concentration basin mediterranean sea biome 2010-03-19T09:32:59Z ENVO ENVO:01000004 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The concentration basin mediterranean sea biome comprises expressions of the mediterranean sea biome that have higher salinity than bordering oceans due to evaporation. Water exchange consists of inflow of the fresher oceanic water in the upper layer and outflow of the saltier mediterranean water in the lower layer of the connecting channel. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The concentration basin mediterranean sea biome comprises expressions of the mediterranean sea biome that have higher salinity than bordering oceans due to evaporation. Water exchange consists of inflow of the fresher oceanic water in the upper layer and outflow of the saltier mediterranean water in the lower layer of the connecting channel. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_sea upwelling ENVO ENVO:01000005 ENVO:01000063 EcoLexicon:upwell EcoLexicon:upwelling MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: An oceanographic feature that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-deplete surface water. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: A marine upwelling is a net flow of marine water to the surface of the water column from deeper regions. This is often a result of surface water displacement off continental coasts by wind action. Localised upwellings may also occur along divergent fronts around eddies and along some of the major oceanographic features. Deeper waters often have higher nutrient content; consequently blooms of primary producers, such as planktonic algae, are generally observed around upwelling zones. SWEETRealm:Upwelling This term is specific to marine upwellings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwelling marine upwelling MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: An oceanographic feature that involves wind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-deplete surface water. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: A marine upwelling is a net flow of marine water to the surface of the water column from deeper regions. This is often a result of surface water displacement off continental coasts by wind action. Localised upwellings may also occur along divergent fronts around eddies and along some of the major oceanographic features. Deeper waters often have higher nutrient content; consequently blooms of primary producers, such as planktonic algae, are generally observed around upwelling zones. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwelling coastal upwelling An upwelling that is near a coast. ENVO ENVO:01000006 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_upwelling An upwelling that is near a coast. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 microbial feature ENVO ENVO:01000007 envoPolar microbial mat A multi-layered sheet of micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces but a few survive in deserts. ENVO ENVO:01000008 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat A multi-layered sheet of micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces but a few survive in deserts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat biotic mesoscopic physical object organic material feature abiotic mesoscopic physical object ENVO ENVO:01000010 obsolete dairy product ENVO ENVO:01000011 FOODON:00001256 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_product true obsolete milk product ENVO ENVO:01000012 FOODON:00001257 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk true obsolete fermented food product ENVO ENVO:01000013 FOODON:00001258 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermented_food true obsolete wine ENVO ENVO:01000014 FOODON:00001259 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine true obsolete beer ENVO ENVO:01000015 FOODON:00001260 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer true silt EcoLexicon:silt SWEETRealm:Silt Silt is granular material of a size somewhere between sand and clay whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ In the Udden-Wentworth scale (due to Krumbein), silt particles range between 0.0039 to 0.0625 mm, larger than clay but smaller than sand particles. ISO 14688 grades silts between 0.002 mm and 0.063 mm. In actuality, silt is chemically distinct from clay, and unlike clay, grains of silt are approximately the same size in all dimensions; furthermore, their size ranges overlap. Clays are formed from thin plate-shaped particles held together by electrostatic forces, so present a cohesion. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Texture Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.05 mm particle size. The USDA system has been adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) and the AASHTO Soil Classification system, the sand-silt distinction is made at the 0.075 mm particle size (i.e., material passing the #200 sieve). Silts and clays are distinguished mechanically by their plasticity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt Silt is granular material of a size somewhere between sand and clay whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silt sand A naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. ENVO ENVO:01000017 EcoLexicon:sand LTER:484 SWEETRealm:Sand https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand A naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand gravel ENVO ENVO:01000018 EcoLexicon:gravel Gravel is an environmental material which is composed of pieces of rock that are at least two millimeters (2mm) in its largest dimension and no more than 75 millimeters. SWEETRealm:Gravel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel The logical def is a little off here - it should really suggest that a gravel is composed of many "pieces" of gravel. Gravel is an environmental material which is composed of pieces of rock that are at least two millimeters (2mm) in its largest dimension and no more than 75 millimeters. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravel cave floor ENVO ENVO:01000019 surface layer with role "walking substrate" or similar. Indicate it is some sort of "bottom" estuarine biome 2010-03-15T11:17:06Z ENVO ENVO:01000020 Expressions of the estuarine biome occur at wide lower courses of a rivers where they flow into a sea. Estuaries experience tidal flows and their water is a changing mixture of fresh and salt. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SPIRE:Estuarine Expressions of the estuarine biome occur at wide lower courses of a rivers where they flow into a sea. Estuaries experience tidal flows and their water is a changing mixture of fresh and salt. ISBN-10:0618455043 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 obsolete mangrove biome 2010-03-15T11:17:06Z ENVO ENVO:01000021 ENVO:01000181 Expressions of the mangrove biome are typically found in tropical and sub-tropical tidal areas, in depositional coastal environments where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high energy wave action. A variety of characteristic trees and shrubs occur here and are able to withstand a high degree of salinity as well as regions of anoxia and frequent tidal inundation. These areas include estuaries and marine shorelines. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 true Expressions of the mangrove biome are typically found in tropical and sub-tropical tidal areas, in depositional coastal environments where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high energy wave action. A variety of characteristic trees and shrubs occur here and are able to withstand a high degree of salinity as well as regions of anoxia and frequent tidal inundation. These areas include estuaries and marine shorelines. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove marine salt marsh biome 2010-03-15T11:17:06Z ENVO ENVO:01000022 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine salt marsh biome comprises marshes that are transitional intertidals between land and salty or brackish marine water (e.g.: sloughs, bays, estuaries). It is dominated by halophytic (salt tolerant) herbaceous plants. The daily tidal surges bring in nutrients, which tend to settle in roots of the plants within the salt marsh. The natural chemical activity of salty (or brackish) water and the tendency of algae to bloom in the shallow unshaded water also allow for great biodiversity. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine salt marsh biome comprises marshes that are transitional intertidals between land and salty or brackish marine water (e.g.: sloughs, bays, estuaries). It is dominated by halophytic (salt tolerant) herbaceous plants. The daily tidal surges bring in nutrients, which tend to settle in roots of the plants within the salt marsh. The natural chemical activity of salty (or brackish) water and the tendency of algae to bloom in the shallow unshaded water also allow for great biodiversity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh marine pelagic biome 2010-03-15T11:17:06Z ENVO ENVO:01000023 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine pelagic biome (pelagic meaning open sea) is that of the marine water column, from the surface to the greatest depths. envoPolar ISBN:0750633840 The marine pelagic biome (pelagic meaning open sea) is that of the marine water column, from the surface to the greatest depths. marine benthic biome 2010-03-15T11:17:06Z ENVO ENVO:01000024 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SPIRE:Benthic The marine benthic biome (benthic meaning 'bottom') encompasses the seafloor and includes such areas as shores, littoral or intertidal areas, marine coral reefs, and the deep seabed. envoPolar ISBN:0750633840 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine benthic biome (benthic meaning 'bottom') encompasses the seafloor and includes such areas as shores, littoral or intertidal areas, marine coral reefs, and the deep seabed. marine neritic benthic zone biome 2010-03-15T11:18:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000025 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine neritic zone biome comprises sea floor from the high tide mark to a continental shelf break. This zone generally extends to 200 m below average sea level. envoPolar ISBN:044482619X ISBN:0750633840 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine neritic zone biome comprises sea floor from the high tide mark to a continental shelf break. This zone generally extends to 200 m below average sea level. marine bathyal zone biome 2010-03-15T11:18:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000026 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The mariine bathyal zone biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome between approximately 200 m and 3000 m depth. This zone generally coincides with the continental slope. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The mariine bathyal zone biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome between approximately 200 m and 3000 m depth. This zone generally coincides with the continental slope. marine abyssal zone biome 2010-03-15T11:18:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000027 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine abyssal zone biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome between approximately 2500 m and 6000 m depth. This zone generally coincides with the continental rise and the abyssal plain. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine abyssal zone biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome between approximately 2500 m and 6000 m depth. This zone generally coincides with the continental rise and the abyssal plain. marine hadal zone biome 2010-03-15T11:18:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000028 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine hadal zone biome describes sea floor deeper than 6000 m such as that of the oceanic trenches. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine hadal zone biome describes sea floor deeper than 6000 m such as that of the oceanic trenches. marine reef biome 2010-03-15T11:18:40Z A biome expressed by strips or ridges of rocks, sand, or coral that rises to or near the surface of a body of marine water. ENVO ENVO:01000029 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A biome expressed by strips or ridges of rocks, sand, or coral that rises to or near the surface of a body of marine water. ISBN-10:0618455043 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine hydrothermal vent biome 2010-03-15T11:18:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000030 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals. obsolete marine feature 2010-03-16T12:04:50Z A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of a marine biome. ENVO ENVO:00001999 ENVO:01000031 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 true A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of a marine biome. ISBN-10:0618455043 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 neritic pelagic zone biome 2010-03-15T11:19:19Z ENVO ENVO:01000032 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The neritic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column above a continental shelf. ISBN:044482619X ISBN:0750633840 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The neritic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column above a continental shelf. oceanic pelagic zone biome 2010-03-15T11:19:19Z ENVO ENVO:01000033 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The oceanic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column offshore, beyond a continental shelf. ISBN:044482619X ISBN:0750633840 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The oceanic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column offshore, beyond a continental shelf. oceanic sea surface microlayer biome 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000034 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The oceanic sea surface microlayer (SML) biome comprises the top 1000 micrometers of the marine surface waters occurring offshore, away from a continental shelf. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The oceanic sea surface microlayer (SML) biome comprises the top 1000 micrometers of the marine surface waters occurring offshore, away from a continental shelf. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer oceanic epipelagic zone biome 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000035 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The oceanic epipelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column that occur offshore, beyond a continental shelf. This biome extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of ca. 200-250m. Throughout the zone the light field tends to be asymmetrical vertically, so that the direction and elevation of the sun can still be detected. The oceanic epipelagic zone biome encompasses the euphotic zone and, where and when it occurs, the seasonal thermocline. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The oceanic epipelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column that occur offshore, beyond a continental shelf. This biome extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of ca. 200-250m. Throughout the zone the light field tends to be asymmetrical vertically, so that the direction and elevation of the sun can still be detected. The oceanic epipelagic zone biome encompasses the euphotic zone and, where and when it occurs, the seasonal thermocline. oceanic mesopelagic zone biome 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000036 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The oceanic mesopelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column that occur offshore, beyond a continental shelf. This biome extends through the water column from approximately 200-1000 m depth - the maximal depth of light penetration in all but the clearest oligotrophic ocean regions. In comparison to the epipelagic zone, dominant forms of pelagic organisms do not change very much; however, there are marked changes in species composition and the proportion of smaller-sized individuals decreases. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The oceanic mesopelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column that occur offshore, beyond a continental shelf. This biome extends through the water column from approximately 200-1000 m depth - the maximal depth of light penetration in all but the clearest oligotrophic ocean regions. In comparison to the epipelagic zone, dominant forms of pelagic organisms do not change very much; however, there are marked changes in species composition and the proportion of smaller-sized individuals decreases. oceanic bathypelagic zone biome 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000037 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The bathypelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column below approximately 1000 m water depth - the maximum depth to which detectable daylight penetrates in all but the clearest oligotrophic waters - and extends to about 2500 - 2700 m water depth. In the temperate Atlantic, the beginning of the bathypelagic zone biome approximates to the deep oxygen minimum and the base of the permanent thermocline. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The bathypelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column below approximately 1000 m water depth - the maximum depth to which detectable daylight penetrates in all but the clearest oligotrophic waters - and extends to about 2500 - 2700 m water depth. In the temperate Atlantic, the beginning of the bathypelagic zone biome approximates to the deep oxygen minimum and the base of the permanent thermocline. oceanic abyssopelagic zone biome 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000038 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The abyssopelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column below the bathypelagic zone biome at approximately 2500 -2700 m and extends either to the hadal pelagic zone biome (at approximately 6000 m) or to the benthopelagic zone biome within ca. 100 m of the seafloor. The depth of 2700 m may be critical for physiological reasons as the change in hydrostatic pressure across this depth may preclude organism migration. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The abyssopelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column below the bathypelagic zone biome at approximately 2500 -2700 m and extends either to the hadal pelagic zone biome (at approximately 6000 m) or to the benthopelagic zone biome within ca. 100 m of the seafloor. The depth of 2700 m may be critical for physiological reasons as the change in hydrostatic pressure across this depth may preclude organism migration. oceanic hadal pelagic zone biome 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000039 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The oceanic hadal pelagic zone biome comprises the water column in oceanic trenches occurring at depths between 6000m and 10,000m. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The oceanic hadal pelagic zone biome comprises the water column in oceanic trenches occurring at depths between 6000m and 10,000m. oceanic benthopelagic zone biome 2010-03-15T11:21:03Z ENVO ENVO:01000040 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The benthopelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column which usually coincide with the benthic boundary layer (BBL) - the layer of isothermal and isohaline water contiguous to the sea floor. A general reversal in the declining gradient of pelagic biomass may be observed here, perhaps explained by viable nutrition on the sea floor being resuspended by bottom currents. This zone typically extends 100 m above the seafloor, but may reach upto1000 m during benthic storms. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The benthopelagic zone biome comprises regions of the marine water column which usually coincide with the benthic boundary layer (BBL) - the layer of isothermal and isohaline water contiguous to the sea floor. A general reversal in the declining gradient of pelagic biomass may be observed here, perhaps explained by viable nutrition on the sea floor being resuspended by bottom currents. This zone typically extends 100 m above the seafloor, but may reach upto1000 m during benthic storms. neritic sea surface microlayer biome 2010-03-15T11:22:09Z ENVO ENVO:01000041 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The neritic sea surface microlayer (SML) biome comprises the top 1000 micrometers of marine surface waters occurring above a continental shelf. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The neritic sea surface microlayer (SML) biome comprises the top 1000 micrometers of marine surface waters occurring above a continental shelf. It is the boundary layer where all exchange occurs between the atmosphere and the ocean. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of the SML differ greatly from the sub-surface water just a few centimeters beneath. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer neritic epipelagic zone biome 2010-03-15T11:22:09Z ENVO ENVO:01000042 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The neritic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column that occurs above a continental shelf and extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of ca. 200-250m. Throughout the zone the light field tends to be asymmetrical vertically, so that the direction and elevation of the sun can still be detected. The epipelagic zone encompasses the euphotic zone and, where and when it occurs, the seasonal thermocline. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The neritic epipelagic zone biome comprises the marine water column that occurs above a continental shelf and extends from the surface of the ocean to a depth of ca. 200-250m. Throughout the zone the light field tends to be asymmetrical vertically, so that the direction and elevation of the sun can still be detected. The epipelagic zone encompasses the euphotic zone and, where and when it occurs, the seasonal thermocline. neritic mesopelagic zone biome 2010-03-15T11:22:09Z ENVO ENVO:01000043 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The neritic mesopelagic zone biome comprises the marine column that occurs above a continental shelf and extends from approximately 200 to 1000 m depth - the maximal depth of light penetration in all but the clearest oligotrophic ocean regions. In comparison to the epipelagic zone, dominant forms of pelagic organisms do not change very much; however, there are marked changes in species composition and the proportion of smaller-sized individuals decreases. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The neritic mesopelagic zone biome comprises the marine column that occurs above a continental shelf and extends from approximately 200 to 1000 m depth - the maximal depth of light penetration in all but the clearest oligotrophic ocean regions. In comparison to the epipelagic zone, dominant forms of pelagic organisms do not change very much; however, there are marked changes in species composition and the proportion of smaller-sized individuals decreases. marine pelagic feature 2010-03-16T12:10:50Z A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of environments occurring within the marine water column. ENVO ENVO:01000044 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of environments occurring within the marine water column. ISBN-10:0618455043 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 epeiric sea biome 2010-03-15T11:23:23Z ENVO ENVO:01000045 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The epeiric sea (also known as an epicontinental sea) biome comprises a shallow seas that extend over part of a continent. Epeiric seas are usually associated with the marine transgressions of the geologic past, which have variously been due to either global eustatic sea level changes, local tectonic deformation, or both, and are occasionally semi-cyclic. epicontinental sea biome epicontinental sea biome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epeiric_sea ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The epeiric sea (also known as an epicontinental sea) biome comprises a shallow seas that extend over part of a continent. Epeiric seas are usually associated with the marine transgressions of the geologic past, which have variously been due to either global eustatic sea level changes, local tectonic deformation, or both, and are occasionally semi-cyclic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epeiric_sea marginal sea biome 2010-03-15T11:23:23Z ENVO ENVO:01000046 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marginal sea biome comprises parts of an ocean partially enclosed by land such as islands, archipelagos, or peninsulas. Unlike mediterranean seas, marginal seas have ocean currents caused by ocean winds. Many marginal seas are enclosed by island arcs that were formed from the subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marginal sea biome comprises parts of an ocean partially enclosed by land such as islands, archipelagos, or peninsulas. Unlike mediterranean seas, marginal seas have ocean currents caused by ocean winds. Many marginal seas are enclosed by island arcs that were formed from the subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_sea mediterranean sea biome 2010-03-15T11:23:23Z ENVO ENVO:01000047 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The mediterranean sea biome comprises mostly enclosed seas that have limited exchange of deep water with outer oceans and where the water circulation is dominated by salinity and temperature differences rather than winds. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The mediterranean sea biome comprises mostly enclosed seas that have limited exchange of deep water with outer oceans and where the water circulation is dominated by salinity and temperature differences rather than winds. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_sea ocean biome 2010-03-15T11:23:23Z ENVO ENVO:01000048 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The ocean biome comprises major bodies of saline water, principal components of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The ocean biome comprises major bodies of saline water, principal components of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean, a continuous body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller seas. More than half of this area is over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic salinity is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean marine coral reef biome 2010-03-15T11:27:06Z ENVO ENVO:01000049 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine coral reef biome comprises constructional wave-resistant entities which are primarily built by corals and are often cemented together. The growth of these structures is aided by zooxanthellae, algae that are symbiotic with the reef-building corals. ISBN:0750633840 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine coral reef biome comprises constructional wave-resistant entities which are primarily built by corals and are often cemented together. The growth of these structures is aided by zooxanthellae, algae that are symbiotic with the reef-building corals. marine subtidal rocky reef biome 2010-03-15T11:27:06Z ENVO ENVO:01000050 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine rocky subtidal reef biome comprises regions of the marine reef biome composed mainly of rock and which harbour abundant communities of algae and invertebrates. These reefs are often very patchy, with alterations of rocks dominated by rich invertebrate assemblages and turf-forming calcareous red algae. ISBN:0750633840 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine rocky subtidal reef biome comprises regions of the marine reef biome composed mainly of rock and which harbour abundant communities of algae and invertebrates. These reefs are often very patchy, with alterations of rocks dominated by rich invertebrate assemblages and turf-forming calcareous red algae. marine black smoker biome 2010-03-15T11:29:37Z A marine black smoker biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome characterised by a black vent plume. This black plume is a consequence of dissolved metals and minerals forming complexes with sulphide and indicates polymetallic sulphide mineral deposits beneath the surface. ENVO ENVO:01000051 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A marine black smoker biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome characterised by a black vent plume. This black plume is a consequence of dissolved metals and minerals forming complexes with sulphide and indicates polymetallic sulphide mineral deposits beneath the surface. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine white smoker biome 2010-03-15T11:29:37Z A marine white smoker biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome characterised by lightly hued plumes, typically containing barium, calcium, and silicon. These vents tend to have lower temperature plumes when compared to black smoker environments. ENVO ENVO:01000052 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A marine white smoker biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome characterised by lightly hued plumes, typically containing barium, calcium, and silicon. These vents tend to have lower temperature plumes when compared to black smoker environments. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent marine ultramafic hydrothermal vent biome 2010-03-15T11:29:37Z A marine ultramafic hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of themarine hydrothermal vent biome hosted on ultramafic (also referred to as ultrabasic) rocks. Ultramafic rocks are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content). The Earth's mantle is composed of ultramafic rocks. ENVO ENVO:01000053 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A marine ultramafic hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of themarine hydrothermal vent biome hosted on ultramafic (also referred to as ultrabasic) rocks. Ultramafic rocks are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content). The Earth's mantle is composed of ultramafic rocks. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramafic marine basaltic hydrothermal vent biome 2010-03-15T11:29:37Z A marine basaltic hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome hosted on basaltic rocks. Basalt generally has a composition of 45 to 55 wt % SiO2, 2 to 6 wt % total alkalis, 0.5 to 2.0 wt % TiO2, 5 to 14 wt % FeO and 14 wt % or more Al2O3. Contents of CaO are commonly near 10 wt %, those of MgO commonly in the range 5 to 12 wt %. ENVO ENVO:01000054 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A marine basaltic hydrothermal vent biome comprises regions of the marine hydrothermal vent biome hosted on basaltic rocks. Basalt generally has a composition of 45 to 55 wt % SiO2, 2 to 6 wt % total alkalis, 0.5 to 2.0 wt % TiO2, 5 to 14 wt % FeO and 14 wt % or more Al2O3. Contents of CaO are commonly near 10 wt %, those of MgO commonly in the range 5 to 12 wt %. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt obsolete marine bulk water 2010-03-16T12:12:30Z ENVO ENVO:00002149 ENVO:01000055 ENVO:01000061 ENVO:01000295 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 true obsolete estuarine bulk water 2010-03-16T12:12:30Z ENVO ENVO:01000056 ENVO:01000301 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 true marine algal bloom 2010-03-16T12:12:30Z A marine algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in a marine system. Typically, only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved. Although there is no officially recognized threshold level, algae can be considered to be blooming at concentrations of hundreds to thousands of cells per milliliter, depending on the severity. ENVO ENVO:01000057 EcoLexicon:red_tide ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 red tide envoPolar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_tide red tide A marine algal bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in a marine system. Typically, only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved. Although there is no officially recognized threshold level, algae can be considered to be blooming at concentrations of hundreds to thousands of cells per milliliter, depending on the severity. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom kelp forest 2010-03-16T12:12:30Z ENVO ENVO:01000058 Kelp forests and beds may extend many meters above the sea floor, thus should not be considered a type of "bed". Kelp forests are underwater areas with a high density of kelp. They are recognized as one of the most productive and dynamic ecosystems on Earth. Smaller areas of anchored kelp are called kelp beds. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 kelp bed https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp_forest kelp bed Kelp forests are underwater areas with a high density of kelp. They are recognized as one of the most productive and dynamic ecosystems on Earth. Smaller areas of anchored kelp are called kelp beds. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp_Forest sea grass bed 2010-03-16T12:12:30Z A bed of a marine, saline water body which is covered by one or more speices of seagrass typically belonging to the families Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, or Cymodoceaceae. ENVO ENVO:01000059 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 "Seagrass beds are highly diverse and productive ecosystems, and can harbor hundreds of associated species from all phyla, for example juvenile and adult fish, epiphytic and free-living macroalgae and microalgae, mollusks, bristle worms, and nematodes. Few species were originally considered to feed directly on seagrass leaves (partly because of their low nutritional content), but scientific reviews and improved working methods have shown that seagrass herbivory is a highly important link in the food chain, with hundreds of species feeding on seagrasses worldwide, including green turtles, dugongs, manatees, fish, geese, swans, sea urchins and crabs." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass 2016-01-18 seagrass bed seagrass meadow A bed of a marine, saline water body which is covered by one or more speices of seagrass typically belonging to the families Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, or Cymodoceaceae. ISBN:0195141725 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass particulate matter Subclasses should be assigned by inference. envoPolar Particulate material is an environmental material which is composed of microscopic portions of solid or liquid material suspended in another environmental material. marine wind mixed layer 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000061 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The upper part of the marine water column with generally uniform properties resulting from wind-driven mixing. envoPolar epipelagic mixed layer ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The upper part of the marine water column with generally uniform properties resulting from wind-driven mixing. marine benthic storm 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z Benthic storms are strong benthic (near bottom) currents transporting sediment, created by the input of energy (largely kinetic) to the seabed. In regions with high mesoscale eddy activity, benthic storms are frequent and can create isohaline and isothermal conditions extending as much as 1000m above the seafloor. ENVO ENVO:01000062 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Benthic storms are strong benthic (near bottom) currents transporting sediment, created by the input of energy (largely kinetic) to the seabed. In regions with high mesoscale eddy activity, benthic storms are frequent and can create isohaline and isothermal conditions extending as much as 1000m above the seafloor. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 planktonic material envoPolar See Issue #251. Awaiting class creation in PCO to attempt logical definitions. A portion of planktonic material is a portion of environmental material primarily composed of plankton. marine downwelling 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z A marine downwelling describes a net current of marine surface water towards deeper regions of the water column. Marine downwellings are usually caused by differences in the density (and hence, temperature and salinity) of seawater. ENVO ENVO:01000064 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A marine downwelling describes a net current of marine surface water towards deeper regions of the water column. Marine downwellings are usually caused by differences in the density (and hence, temperature and salinity) of seawater. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine oxygen minimum zone 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000065 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar marine anoxic zone 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000066 Marine anoxic zones are areas of marine water that are depleted of dissolved oxygen. This condition is generally found in areas that have restricted water exchange. In most cases, oxygen is prevented from reaching the deeper levels by a physical barrier (sill) as well as by a pronounced density stratification. Anoxic conditions will occur if the rate of oxidation of organic matter by bacteria is greater than the supply of dissolved oxygen. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SWEETRealm:DeadZone dead zone envoPolar Marine anoxic zones are areas of marine water that are depleted of dissolved oxygen. This condition is generally found in areas that have restricted water exchange. In most cases, oxygen is prevented from reaching the deeper levels by a physical barrier (sill) as well as by a pronounced density stratification. Anoxic conditions will occur if the rate of oxidation of organic matter by bacteria is greater than the supply of dissolved oxygen. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_waters marine current 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z A marine current is a continuous, directed movement of marine water generated by the forces acting upon this mean flow, such as breaking waves, wind, Coriolis force, temperature and salinity differences and tides caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun. Depth contours, shoreline configurations and interaction with other currents influence a current's direction and strength. ENVO ENVO:01000067 EcoLexicon:marine_current ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar A marine current is a continuous, directed movement of marine water generated by the forces acting upon this mean flow, such as breaking waves, wind, Coriolis force, temperature and salinity differences and tides caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun. Depth contours, shoreline configurations and interaction with other currents influence a current's direction and strength. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current marine streamer 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000068 Marine streamers are tongues of cold water that extend > 100 km offshore from upwelling regions. Enhanced primary productivity may occur in these waters as they are typically more nutrient rich than marine surface waters. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 ISBN:044482619X Marine streamers are tongues of cold water that extend > 100 km offshore from upwelling regions. Enhanced primary productivity may occur in these waters as they are typically more nutrient rich than marine surface waters. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 mesoscale marine eddy 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000069 Mesoscale marine eddies are characterized by currents which flow in a roughly circular motion around the center of the eddy. The sense of rotation of these currents may either be cyclonic or anticyclonic. Ocean eddies are also usually made of water masses that are different to those outside of the eddy. Marine mesoscale eddies are between about 10 and 500 km in diameter, and persist for periods of days to months. They may be formed when an ocean current develops an instability. This instability grows, causing the current to meander, and eventually an eddy is pinched off from the meander. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 ISBN:044482619X Mesoscale marine eddies are characterized by currents which flow in a roughly circular motion around the center of the eddy. The sense of rotation of these currents may either be cyclonic or anticyclonic. Ocean eddies are also usually made of water masses that are different to those outside of the eddy. Marine mesoscale eddies are between about 10 and 500 km in diameter, and persist for periods of days to months. They may be formed when an ocean current develops an instability. This instability grows, causing the current to meander, and eventually an eddy is pinched off from the meander. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics) terrigenous sediment 2010-03-17T01:14:02Z ENVO ENVO:01000070 EcoLexicon:terrigenous_sediment ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SWEETRealm:TerrigenousSediment Sediment comprised of weathered continental rocks, wind blown dust, volcanic ash or other terrestrial material. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment comprised of weathered continental rocks, wind blown dust, volcanic ash or other terrestrial material. oceanic front 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z An oceanic front is a narrow zone of enhanced horizontal gradients of water properties (temperature, salinity, nutrients, etc.) that separates broader areas with different water masses or different vertical structure (stratification). ENVO ENVO:01000071 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 An oceanic front is a narrow zone of enhanced horizontal gradients of water properties (temperature, salinity, nutrients, etc.) that separates broader areas with different water masses or different vertical structure (stratification). DOI:10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.015 ISBN10::0717259463 marine Taylor column 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z A marine Taylor column is a Taylor column that is formed in a marine body of water. Currents flowing over shoaling topography such as seamounts are accelerated and destabilised, resulting in Taylor columns. Eddies and internal waves are generated downstream of the topological feature and may extend 1000 m or so above them. This may result in a localised increase in primary production where the Taylor column reaches surface waters. ENVO ENVO:01000072 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A marine Taylor column is a Taylor column that is formed in a marine body of water. Currents flowing over shoaling topography such as seamounts are accelerated and destabilised, resulting in Taylor columns. Eddies and internal waves are generated downstream of the topological feature and may extend 1000 m or so above them. This may result in a localised increase in primary production where the Taylor column reaches surface waters. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_column marine oligotrophic desert 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z An expanse of marine water characterised by low concentrations of nutrients such as phosphate, nitrate as well as organic matter and, hence, low primary productivity. These regions tend to have high dissolved oxygen levels due to a lack of respiration. ENVO ENVO:01000073 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 An expanse of marine water characterised by low concentrations of nutrients such as phosphate, nitrate as well as organic matter and, hence, low primary productivity. These regions tend to have high dissolved oxygen levels due to a lack of respiration. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 oceanic gyre 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z A gyre in oceanography is any large system of rotating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis Effect; planetary vorticity along with horizontal and vertical friction, which determine the circulation patterns from the wind curl (torque). ENVO ENVO:01000074 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SWEETRealm:OceanGyre A gyre in oceanography is any large system of rotating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis Effect; planetary vorticity along with horizontal and vertical friction, which determine the circulation patterns from the wind curl (torque). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_gyre marine thermocline 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000075 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine thermocline describes a sharp change in the temperature of seawater (in relation to the temperature gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column, which is usually associated with rapid changes in water density and salinity. envoPolar ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine thermocline describes a sharp change in the temperature of seawater (in relation to the temperature gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column, which is usually associated with rapid changes in water density and salinity. marine chemocline 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z A marine chemocline is a marine cline caused by a strong, vertical chemistry gradient within a body of marine water. Chemoclines most commonly occur where local conditions favor the formations of anoxic bottom water. ENVO ENVO:01000076 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar A marine chemocline is a marine cline caused by a strong, vertical chemistry gradient within a body of marine water. Chemoclines most commonly occur where local conditions favor the formations of anoxic bottom water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemocline marine pycnocline 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000077 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine pycnocline describes a sharp change in the density of seawater (in relation to the gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column. Pycnoclines are usually associated with thermo- and haloclines. envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine pycnocline describes a sharp change in the density of seawater (in relation to the gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column. Pycnoclines are usually associated with thermo- and haloclines. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_layer marine nutricline 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000078 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine nutricline describes a sharp change in the nutrient content of seawater (in relation to the gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column. envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine nutricline describes a sharp change in the nutrient content of seawater (in relation to the gradients of the water mass surrounding it) in the marine water column. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_layer marine lysocline 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z ENVO ENVO:01000079 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine lysocline denotes the depth in the ocean below which the rate of dissolution of calcite increases dramatically. As water column depth and therefore pressure increases, the corresponding calcite saturation of seawater decreases and the calcite begins dissolve. envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine lysocline denotes the depth in the ocean below which the rate of dissolution of calcite increases dramatically. As water column depth and therefore pressure increases, the corresponding calcite saturation of seawater decreases and the calcite begins dissolve. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysocline pelagic isothermal surface 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal water temperature. ENVO ENVO:01000080 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal water temperature. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 pelagic isohaline surface 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal salinity. ENVO ENVO:01000081 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal salinity. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 biogenous sediment 2010-03-17T01:14:02Z Biogenous sediment is derived from living organisms, typically planktonic organisms possessing shells, frustules or coccoliths. ENVO ENVO:01000082 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Biogenous sediment is derived from living organisms, typically planktonic organisms possessing shells, frustules or coccoliths. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 pelagic isopycnal surface 2010-03-16T12:16:11Z A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal water density. ENVO ENVO:01000083 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar A roughly planar, pelagic region characterised by equal water density. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 estuarine front 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000084 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 plume front 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000085 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 coastal buoyancy current front 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000086 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 tidal mixing front 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000087 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 mid-shelf fronts 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000088 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 shelf-slope/shelf-break front 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000089 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 coastal upwelling front 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000090 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 topographic upwelling front 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000091 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 equatorial upwelling front 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000092 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 boundary current front 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000093 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 subtropical convergence front 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000094 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marginal ice zone front 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000095 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 water mass front 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000096 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 surface convergence 2010-03-16T12:23:26Z ENVO ENVO:01000097 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 deep ocean current 2010-03-16T12:24:56Z A marine current that generally occurs below the permanent thermocline (where it occurs) or below 400 m depth and that is driven by density and temperature gradients. ENVO ENVO:01000098 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A marine current that generally occurs below the permanent thermocline (where it occurs) or below 400 m depth and that is driven by density and temperature gradients. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current marine surface current 2010-03-16T12:24:56Z A marine current bordered by the surface of the water column and the permanent thermocline, where it occurs. Surface currents are mostly wind driven and mostly limited to the top 400 m of the water column. Ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to move in the direction of the wind. Large ocean currents are a response of the atmosphere and ocean to the flow of energy from the tropics to polar regions. In some cases, currents are transient features and affect only a small area. Other ocean currents are essentially permanent and extend over large horizontal distances. ENVO ENVO:01000099 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A marine current bordered by the surface of the water column and the permanent thermocline, where it occurs. Surface currents are mostly wind driven and mostly limited to the top 400 m of the water column. Ocean currents are driven by the circulation of wind above surface waters. Frictional stress at the interface between the ocean and the wind causes the water to move in the direction of the wind. Large ocean currents are a response of the atmosphere and ocean to the flow of energy from the tropics to polar regions. In some cases, currents are transient features and affect only a small area. Other ocean currents are essentially permanent and extend over large horizontal distances. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 URL:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8q.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_current along-front current 2010-03-16T12:26:13Z A marine surface current that flows along an oceanic front. ENVO ENVO:01000100 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A marine surface current that flows along an oceanic front. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 warm surface current 2010-03-16T12:26:13Z ENVO ENVO:01000101 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 cold surface current 2010-03-16T12:26:13Z ENVO ENVO:01000102 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 western boundary current 2010-03-16T12:26:13Z A warm water, narrow marine surface current flowing from the equator to high latitudes at speeds between 40 and 120 kilometers per day. Western boundary currents are the deepest ocean surface flows, usually extending 1000 meters below the ocean surface. ENVO ENVO:01000103 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SWEETRealm:WesternBoundaryCurrent A warm water, narrow marine surface current flowing from the equator to high latitudes at speeds between 40 and 120 kilometers per day. Western boundary currents are the deepest ocean surface flows, usually extending 1000 meters below the ocean surface. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 URL:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8q.html eastern boundary current 2010-03-16T12:26:13Z A cold water, broad marine surface current flowing from high latitudes to the equator at speeds between 3 and 7 kilometers per day. ENVO ENVO:01000104 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SWEETRealm:EasternBoundaryCurrent A cold water, broad marine surface current flowing from high latitudes to the equator at speeds between 3 and 7 kilometers per day. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 URL:http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8q.html marine benthic feature 2010-03-16T12:27:00Z A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of environments occurring on or along marine benthic environments. ENVO ENVO:01000105 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic of environments occurring on or along marine benthic environments. ISBN-10:0618455043 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 permanent marine thermocline 2010-03-16T02:31:24Z ENVO ENVO:01000106 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The permanent marine thermocline describes a marine thermocline found in temperate to tropical latitudes, which marks the transition between warm waters and cold deep waters. The permanent thermocline separates the marine cold-water sphere and the marine warm-water sphere envoPolar ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The permanent marine thermocline describes a marine thermocline found in temperate to tropical latitudes, which marks the transition between warm waters and cold deep waters. The permanent thermocline separates the marine cold-water sphere and the marine warm-water sphere seasonal marine thermocline 2010-03-16T02:31:24Z ENVO ENVO:01000107 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The seasonal marine thermocline is a marine thermocline, which generally occurs below the marine wind mixed layer. envoPolar ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The seasonal marine thermocline is a marine thermocline, which generally occurs below the marine wind mixed layer. marine cold-water sphere 2010-03-16T02:39:37Z ENVO ENVO:01000108 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine cold-water sphere describes a water mass extending from the polar seas and across low latitudes at depths of ca. 800 to 1000 m, which is separated from the marine warm-water sphere by the permanent marine thermocline envoPolar ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine cold-water sphere describes a water mass extending from the polar seas and across low latitudes at depths of ca. 800 to 1000 m, which is separated from the marine warm-water sphere by the permanent marine thermocline marine warm-water sphere 2010-03-16T02:42:39Z ENVO ENVO:01000109 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine warm-water sphere describes a water mass extending to depths of ca. 800 to 1000 m in low and middle latitudes. It is separated from the marine cold-water sphere by the permanent marine thermocline ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine warm-water sphere describes a water mass extending to depths of ca. 800 to 1000 m in low and middle latitudes. It is separated from the marine cold-water sphere by the permanent marine thermocline hydrogenous sediment 2010-03-17T01:14:02Z Hydrogenous sediment is derived from solutes that precipitate out of sea water by a variety of chemical reactions. These are typically less abundant than other sediment types. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SWEETRealm:HydrogenousSediment Hydrogenous sediment is derived from solutes that precipitate out of sea water by a variety of chemical reactions. These are typically less abundant than other sediment types. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 cosmogenous sediment 2010-03-17T01:14:02Z Cosmogenous sediment is derived from extraterrestrial dust and debris in the form of meteorites and similar entities. ENVO ENVO:01000111 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Cosmogenous sediment is derived from extraterrestrial dust and debris in the form of meteorites and similar entities. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 polymetallic nodule 2010-03-17T01:14:02Z ENVO ENVO:01000112 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. Nodules vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets more than 20 centimetres (8 in) across. However, most nodules are between 5 and 10 cm in diameter. manganese nodule https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_nodule manganese nodule Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are rock concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. Nodules vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets more than 20 centimetres (8 in) across. However, most nodules are between 5 and 10 cm in diameter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_nodule suspended sediment 2010-03-17T01:17:02Z ENVO ENVO:01000113 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Suspended sediment, or suspended load, is the term for the particles settle slowly enough to be carried in flowing water (such as a stream or coastal area) either without touching the bed or while only intermittently touching it. These particles are generally of the fine sand, silt and clay size, although larger particles may be carried as well depending on the intensity of the flow. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Suspended sediment, or suspended load, is the term for the particles settle slowly enough to be carried in flowing water (such as a stream or coastal area) either without touching the bed or while only intermittently touching it. These particles are generally of the fine sand, silt and clay size, although larger particles may be carried as well depending on the intensity of the flow. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_load boulder sediment 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z ENVO ENVO:01000114 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter greater than 256 mm. Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter greater than 256 mm. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size cobble sediment 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 64 and 256 mm. Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 64 and 256 mm. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size pebble sediment 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z ENVO ENVO:01000116 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 4 and 32 mm. Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 4 and 32 mm. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size granular sediment 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 2 and 4 mm. Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 2 and 4 mm. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size sandy sediment 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z ENVO ENVO:01000118 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 62.5 micrometers and 2 mm. Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 62.5 micrometers and 2 mm. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size silty sediment 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 3.9 and 62.5 micrometers. Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 3.9 and 62.5 micrometers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size clay sediment 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 1 and 3.9 micrometers. Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter between 1 and 3.9 micrometers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size colloidal sediment 2010-03-17T01:58:08Z ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter below 1 micrometer. Sediment characterised by an average particle diameter below 1 micrometer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_size marine hydrothermal vent 2010-03-17T02:13:33Z A marine hydrothermal vent is a marine benthic feature where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals. ENVO ENVO:01000122 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A marine hydrothermal vent is a marine benthic feature where heat generated due to tectonic activity, either at divergent plate boundaries or convergent ocean plates where back-arc spreading occurs, is released or 'vented' to the surface. The resultant high temperature water jets are laden with dissolved metals and minerals. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine sponge reef biome 2010-03-17T04:43:05Z ENVO ENVO:01000123 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine sponge reef biome comprises marine reefs primarily built by marine sponges. The primary frame-building sponges are all members of the order Hexactinosa. They are found only in glacier-scoured troughs of low-angle continental shelf. The seafloor is stable and consists of rock, coarse gravel, and large boulders. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine sponge reef biome comprises marine reefs primarily built by marine sponges. The primary frame-building sponges are all members of the order Hexactinosa. They are found only in glacier-scoured troughs of low-angle continental shelf. The seafloor is stable and consists of rock, coarse gravel, and large boulders. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_reef marine supra-littoral zone 2010-03-17T09:01:45Z ENVO ENVO:01000124 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The supralittoral zone is the area above the spring high tide line that is regularly splashed, but not submerged by ocean water. Seawater penetrates these elevated areas only during storms with high tides. marine supralittoral zone splash zone spray zone supralittoral zone supratidal zone supralittoral zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone spray zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone splash zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone The supralittoral zone is the area above the spring high tide line that is regularly splashed, but not submerged by ocean water. Seawater penetrates these elevated areas only during storms with high tides. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone supratidal zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone marine littoral zone 2010-03-17T09:01:45Z ENVO ENVO:01000125 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine littoral zone is a littoral zone which extends, approximately, from the spray region above the high tide mark to the edge of the coninental shelf. The marine littoral zone is a littoral zone which extends, approximately, from the spray region above the high tide mark to the edge of the coninental shelf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone marine sub-littoral zone 2010-03-17T09:01:45Z ENVO ENVO:01000126 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine sublittoral zone is part of the marine littoral zone which is permanently covered by seawater. In physical oceanography, the sublittoral zone refers to coastal regions with significant tidal flows and energy dissipation, including non-linear flows, internal waves, river outflows and oceanic fronts. In practice, this typically extends to the edge of the continental shelf, with depths around 200 meters. In marine biology, the sublittoral refers to the areas where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the photic zone. marine sublittoral zone sublittoral zone The marine sublittoral zone is part of the marine littoral zone which is permanently covered by seawater. In physical oceanography, the sublittoral zone refers to coastal regions with significant tidal flows and energy dissipation, including non-linear flows, internal waves, river outflows and oceanic fronts. In practice, this typically extends to the edge of the continental shelf, with depths around 200 meters. In marine biology, the sublittoral refers to the areas where sunlight reaches the ocean floor, that is, where the water is never so deep as to take it out of the photic zone. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone marine cold seep biome 2010-03-19T08:33:56Z ENVO ENVO:01000127 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine cold seep biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome where seepage of methane, hydrogen sulphide, hydrocarbon rich fluids and other fluids occurs. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The marine cold seep biome comprises regions of the marine benthic biome where seepage of methane, hydrogen sulphide, hydrocarbon rich fluids and other fluids occurs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_seep dilution basin mediterranean sea biome 2010-03-19T09:32:59Z ENVO ENVO:01000128 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The dilution basin mediterranean sea biome comprises expressions of the mediterranean sea biome with lower salinity than the surrounding ocean due to freshwater gains such as rainfall and rivers. Water exchange consists of outflow of the fresher mediterranean water in the upper layer and inflow of the saltier oceanic water in the lower layer of the channel. Renewal of deep water may not be sufficient to supply oxygen to the bottom. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The dilution basin mediterranean sea biome comprises expressions of the mediterranean sea biome with lower salinity than the surrounding ocean due to freshwater gains such as rainfall and rivers. Water exchange consists of outflow of the fresher mediterranean water in the upper layer and inflow of the saltier oceanic water in the lower layer of the channel. Renewal of deep water may not be sufficient to supply oxygen to the bottom. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_sea marine hydrothermal vent chimney 2010-03-20T06:23:38Z ENVO ENVO:01000129 marine hydrothermal plume 2010-03-20T06:23:38Z A marine hydrothermal vent plume, part of a marine hydrothermal vent, is a high temperature water jet laden with dissolved metals and minerals that is driven by heat generated due to tectonic activity below the vent. ENVO ENVO:01000130 A marine hydrothermal vent plume, part of a marine hydrothermal vent, is a high temperature water jet laden with dissolved metals and minerals that is driven by heat generated due to tectonic activity below the vent. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 mesophilic sediment 2010-03-20T07:15:20Z ENVO ENVO:01000131 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by a temperature of 15-45 degrees Celsius and high-to-low oxygenation. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by a temperature of 15-45 degrees Celsius and high-to-low oxygenation. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows. thermophilic sediment 2010-03-20T07:18:16Z ENVO ENVO:01000132 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by a temperature of 45-75 degrees Celsius and low to no oxygen content. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by a temperature of 45-75 degrees Celsius and low to no oxygen content. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows. hyperthermophilic sediment 2010-03-20T07:18:16Z ENVO ENVO:01000133 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by a temperature of 80-125 degrees Celsius and no oxygen content. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment characterised by a temperature of 80-125 degrees Celsius and no oxygen content. Often impacted by hydrothermal fluid flows. hydrothermal fluid 2010-03-20T08:19:19Z ENVO ENVO:01000134 High temperature water ejected from hydrothermal vents and laden with dissolved metals and minerals as a result of percolation through crustal rocks. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 High temperature water ejected from hydrothermal vents and laden with dissolved metals and minerals as a result of percolation through crustal rocks. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 nitrate-reducing sediment 2010-03-20T08:33:33Z ENVO ENVO:01000135 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment hosting and characterised by active nitrate reducing microbial communities. envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment hosting and characterised by active nitrate reducing microbial communities. drop stone 2010-03-20T06:25:06Z An isolated fragment of rock, which fell vertically through the water column into finer-grained water-deposited sedimentary rocks. Drop stones range in size from small pebbles to boulders. Dropstone ENVO ENVO:01000136 Dropstone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropstone An isolated fragment of rock, which fell vertically through the water column into finer-grained water-deposited sedimentary rocks. Drop stones range in size from small pebbles to boulders. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropstone organic matter fall 2010-03-20T06:25:30Z An accumulation of organic matter that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water. ENVO ENVO:01000137 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 An accumulation of organic matter that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 plant matter fall 2010-03-20T06:26:07Z A accumulation of plant matter that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A accumulation of plant matter that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 animal carcass fall 2010-03-20T06:26:07Z ENVO ENVO:01000139 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The carcass of an animal that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The carcass of an animal that has fallen to the bottom of a body of water. whale fall 2010-03-20T06:26:13Z ENVO ENVO:01000140 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Whale fall is the term used for a whale carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor. When a whale dies in shallow water, its carcass is typically devoured by scavengers over a relatively short period of time: within several months. However, in deeper water (depths of 2,000 m/6,600 ft or greater), fewer scavenger species exist, and the carcass can provide sustenance for a complex localized ecosystem over periods of decades. Whale fall is the term used for a whale carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor. When a whale dies in shallow water, its carcass is typically devoured by scavengers over a relatively short period of time: within several months. However, in deeper water (depths of 2,000 m/6,600 ft or greater), fewer scavenger species exist, and the carcass can provide sustenance for a complex localized ecosystem over periods of decades. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_fall seal fall 2010-03-20T06:26:44Z ENVO ENVO:01000141 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Seal fall is the term used for a seal carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Seal fall is the term used for a seal carcass that has fallen to the ocean floor. wood fall 2010-03-20T06:27:01Z A wood fall describes an accumulation of woody plant material that has fallen to the ocean floor. ENVO ENVO:01000142 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A wood fall describes an accumulation of woody plant material that has fallen to the ocean floor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine reef 2010-03-20T06:43:45Z ENVO ENVO:01000143 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine coral reef flat zone 2010-03-20T06:52:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000144 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine coral reef back reef 2010-03-20T06:52:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000145 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine coral reef crest 2010-03-20T06:52:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000146 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine coral reef fore reef 2010-03-20T06:52:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000147 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine coral reef buttress zone 2010-03-20T06:52:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000148 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine coral reef deep fore reef 2010-03-20T06:52:40Z ENVO ENVO:01000149 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine subtidal rocky reef 2010-03-20T06:55:18Z ENVO ENVO:01000150 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 manganese-reducing sediment 2010-03-20T08:33:33Z ENVO ENVO:01000151 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment hosting and characterised by active manganese reducing microbial communities. envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment hosting and characterised by active manganese reducing microbial communities. iron-reducing sediment 2010-03-20T08:33:33Z ENVO ENVO:01000152 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment hosting and characterised by active iron reducing microbial communities. envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment hosting and characterised by active iron reducing microbial communities. sulphate-reducing sediment 2010-03-20T08:33:33Z ENVO ENVO:01000153 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment hosting and characterised by active sulphate reducing microbial communities. envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment hosting and characterised by active sulphate reducing microbial communities. carbon dioxide-reducing sediment 2010-03-20T08:33:33Z ENVO ENVO:01000154 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment hosting and characterised by active carbon dioxide reducing microbial communities. envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Sediment hosting and characterised by active carbon dioxide reducing microbial communities. organic material 2010-03-20T08:40:04Z EcoLexicon:organic_material Environmental material derived from living organisms. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 biomass Environmental material derived from living organisms. ISBN-10:0618455043 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 biofilm material 2010-03-20T08:51:49Z ENVO ENVO:01000156 Material derived from a biofilm, an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other and/or to a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Biofilm EPS, which is also referred to as slime, is a polymeric conglomeration generally composed of extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides in various configurations. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Material derived from a biofilm, an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other and/or to a surface. These adherent cells are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Biofilm EPS, which is also referred to as slime, is a polymeric conglomeration generally composed of extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides in various configurations. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm microbial mat material 2010-03-20T08:51:49Z ENVO ENVO:01000157 Material derived from a microbial mat, a multi-layered sheet of micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats create a wide range of internal chemical environments. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Material derived from a microbial mat, a multi-layered sheet of micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and archaea. Microbial mats create a wide range of internal chemical environments. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat marine snow 2010-03-20T08:51:49Z EcoLexicon:marine_snow Marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. Its origin lies in activities within the productive photic zone. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. Its origin lies in activities within the productive photic zone. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_snow organic feature 2010-03-20T09:00:40Z A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic pertaining to or derived from living organisms. ENVO ENVO:01000159 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A prominent or distinctive aspect, quality, or characteristic pertaining to or derived from living organisms. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marine pockmark 2010-03-20T09:14:38Z ENVO ENVO:01000160 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Pockmarks are craters in the seabed resulting from the release of gas or liquid. Generally, they are formed in soft, fine-grained seabed sediments by the escape of fluids (gas or water, but mainly methane) into the water column. envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Pockmarks are craters in the seabed resulting from the release of gas or liquid. Generally, they are formed in soft, fine-grained seabed sediments by the escape of fluids (gas or water, but mainly methane) into the water column. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pockmark marine sponge reef 2010-03-20T09:18:54Z A marine sponge reef is marine reefs primarily built by marine sponges. The primary frame-building sponges are all members of the order Hexactinosa. They are found only in glacier-scoured troughs of low-angle continental shelf. The seafloor is stable and consists of rock, coarse gravel, and large boulders. ENVO ENVO:01000161 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A marine sponge reef is marine reefs primarily built by marine sponges. The primary frame-building sponges are all members of the order Hexactinosa. They are found only in glacier-scoured troughs of low-angle continental shelf. The seafloor is stable and consists of rock, coarse gravel, and large boulders. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_reef organ 2010-03-20T09:21:27Z A collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function. ENVO ENVO:01000162 LTER:395 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ photophore 2010-03-20T09:23:50Z A photophore is a light-emitting organ which appears as luminous spots on various marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye; equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters and reflectors. The light can be produced from compounds during the digestion of prey, from specialized mitochondrial cells in the organism, called photocytes ("light producing" cells) , or, similarly, associated with symbiotic bacteria in the organism. ENVO ENVO:01000163 EcoLexicon:photophore ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A photophore is a light-emitting organ which appears as luminous spots on various marine animals, including fish and cephalopods. The organ can be simple, or as complex as the human eye; equipped with lenses, shutters, color filters and reflectors. The light can be produced from compounds during the digestion of prey, from specialized mitochondrial cells in the organism, called photocytes ("light producing" cells) , or, similarly, associated with symbiotic bacteria in the organism. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophore root nodule 2010-03-20T09:23:50Z ENVO ENVO:01000164 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule trophosome 2010-03-20T09:23:50Z A specialised organ found in deep-sea tube worms populating hydrothermal vent environments that is colonised by chemosynthetic bacteria which supply the host worm with organic compounds. The term may be applied to similar organs in other worms. ENVO ENVO:01000165 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A specialised organ found in deep-sea tube worms populating hydrothermal vent environments that is colonised by chemosynthetic bacteria which supply the host worm with organic compounds. The term may be applied to similar organs in other worms. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_tube_worm mycetome 2010-03-20T09:23:50Z A specialized organ that is linked to the gut in beetles and host to a symbiotic yeast. The yeast cells assist in the digestion of less nutritious foods, supply needed B-vitamins and sterols, and provide resistance to certain toxins. ENVO ENVO:01000166 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A specialized organ that is linked to the gut in beetles and host to a symbiotic yeast. The yeast cells assist in the digestion of less nutritious foods, supply needed B-vitamins and sterols, and provide resistance to certain toxins. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasioderma_serricorne determinate root nodule 2010-03-20T09:34:55Z Determinate nodules are root nodules found on tropical (sub)legumes, such as those of the genera Glycine (soybean), Phaseolus (common bean), Lotus, and Vigna. Determinate nodules lose meristematic activity shortly after initiation, thus growth is due to cell expansion resulting in mature nodules which are spherical in shape. ENVO ENVO:01000167 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Determinate nodules are root nodules found on tropical (sub)legumes, such as those of the genera Glycine (soybean), Phaseolus (common bean), Lotus, and Vigna. Determinate nodules lose meristematic activity shortly after initiation, thus growth is due to cell expansion resulting in mature nodules which are spherical in shape. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule indeterminate root nodule 2010-03-20T09:34:55Z ENVO ENVO:01000168 Indeterminate nodules are found on temperate legumes like Pisum (pea), Medicago (alfalfa), Trifolium (clover), and Vicia (vetch). They earned the moniker "indeterminate" because they maintain an active apical meristem that produces new cells for growth over the life of the nodule. Because they are actively growing, indeterminate nodules manifest zones which demarcate different stages of development/symbiosis. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Indeterminate nodules are found on temperate legumes like Pisum (pea), Medicago (alfalfa), Trifolium (clover), and Vicia (vetch). They earned the moniker "indeterminate" because they maintain an active apical meristem that produces new cells for growth over the life of the nodule. Because they are actively growing, indeterminate nodules manifest zones which demarcate different stages of development/symbiosis. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule indeterminate root nodule active meristem 2010-03-20T09:38:56Z A part of an indeterminate root nodule where new nodule tissue is formed which will later differentiate into the other zones of the nodule. ENVO ENVO:01000169 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A part of an indeterminate root nodule where new nodule tissue is formed which will later differentiate into the other zones of the nodule. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule indeterminate root nodule infection zone 2010-03-20T09:38:56Z A part of an indeterminate root nodule permeated with infection threads full of bacteria. The plant cells are larger than in the previous zone and cell division is halted. ENVO ENVO:01000170 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A part of an indeterminate root nodule permeated with infection threads full of bacteria. The plant cells are larger than in the previous zone and cell division is halted. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule indeterminate root nodule nitrogen fixation zone 2010-03-20T09:38:56Z A part of an indeterminate root nodule where each cell contains a large, central vacuole and the cytoplasm is filled with fully differentiated bacteroids which are actively fixing nitrogen. Typically, the plant provides these cells with leghemoglobin, resulting in a distinct pink color. ENVO ENVO:01000171 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A part of an indeterminate root nodule where each cell contains a large, central vacuole and the cytoplasm is filled with fully differentiated bacteroids which are actively fixing nitrogen. Typically, the plant provides these cells with leghemoglobin, resulting in a distinct pink color. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule indeterminate root nodule senescent zone 2010-03-20T09:38:56Z A part of an indeterminate root nodule where plant cells and their bacteroid contents are being degraded. The breakdown of the heme component of leghemoglobin results in a visible greening at the base of the nodule. ENVO ENVO:01000172 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A part of an indeterminate root nodule where plant cells and their bacteroid contents are being degraded. The breakdown of the heme component of leghemoglobin results in a visible greening at the base of the nodule. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_nodule anoxic water 2010-03-21T06:05:53Z ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Water depleted of dissolved oxygen. anaerobic water reducing water ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Water depleted of dissolved oxygen. forest biome 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z A forest biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, densely packed vegetation which strongly limits light penetration to the forest floor. ENVO ENVO:01000174 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. SPIRE:Forest LTER:212 woodland biome 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z A woodland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, woody plants spaced sufficiently far apart to allow light penetration to support communities of herbaceous plants or shrubs living closer to the woodland floor. ENVO ENVO:01000175 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. shrubland biome 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z A shrubland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, dense groups of shrubs. ENVO ENVO:01000176 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. grassland biome 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z A grassland biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its entire spatial extent, an unbroken layer of grasses (Gramineae), sedges (Cyperaceae) or rushes (Juncaceae). ENVO ENVO:01000177 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SPIRE:Savannah_or_grassland savanna biome 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z A savanna biome is a woodland biome which has seasonal water availability and includes, across its entire spatial extent, trees spaced sufficiently far apart to allow an unbroken layer of grass, sedge (Cyperaceae) or rush (Juncaceae) communities to live. ENVO ENVO:01000178 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition SPIRE:Savannah_or_grassland desert biome 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z A desert biome is a terrestrial biome which loses more liquid water by evapotranspiration than is supplied by precipitation and includes communities adapted to these conditions. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. SPIRE:Desert_or_dune wwfBiome tundra biome 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z A tundra is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, only low-growing vegetation such as dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens. Tundra biomes rarely have monthly average temperatures above 10 degrees Celsius and have low evapotranspiration ratios. ENVO ENVO:01000180 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. SPIRE:Tundra envoPolar wwfBiome mangrove biome 2013-04-07T14:26:46Z A mangrove biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, mangrove plants (Rhizophoraceae). Mangrove plants are able to withstand high levels of salinity as well as regions of anoxia and frequent tidal inundation. Mangrove biomes often occur near tropical and sub-tropical estuaries and depositional marine coastal environments where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high energy wave action. ENVO ENVO:01000181 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. Depending on whether mangrove trees or shrubs are present, this class could be a child of shrubland biome or woodland biome. Consider creating the appropriate classes. LTER:322 wwfBiome A mangrove biome is a terrestrial biome which includes, across its spatial extent, mangrove plants (Rhizophoraceae). Mangrove plants are able to withstand high levels of salinity as well as regions of anoxia and frequent tidal inundation. Mangrove biomes often occur near tropical and sub-tropical estuaries and depositional marine coastal environments where fine sediments (often with high organic content) collect in areas protected from high energy wave action. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove temperate desert biome 2013-04-07T14:28:08Z A temperate desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to intermediate insolation, low rainfall, and large temperature variations between winter and summer. Winter temperatures may fall below 0 degrees Celsius. Some precipitation in this biome may fall as snow. ENVO ENVO:01000182 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. A temperate desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to intermediate insolation, low rainfall, and large temperature variations between winter and summer. Winter temperatures may fall below 0 degrees Celsius. Some precipitation in this biome may fall as snow. WWW:http://www.fs.fed.us/land/ecosysmgmt/colorimagemap/images/340.html tropical desert biome 2013-04-07T14:28:08Z A tropical desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to temperatures above a monthly average of 18 degrees Celsius, high daily temperature ranges of approximately 20 degrees Celsius, very high insolation due to inhibited cloud formation, and very low precipitation. Tropical desert biomes located near coasts with cold upwellings may have cooler temperatures and reduced insolution due to fog. ENVO ENVO:01000183 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. A tropical desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to temperatures above a monthly average of 18 degrees Celsius, high daily temperature ranges of approximately 20 degrees Celsius, very high insolation due to inhibited cloud formation, and very low precipitation. Tropical desert biomes located near coasts with cold upwellings may have cooler temperatures and reduced insolution due to fog. WWW:http://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/title_page.html subtropical desert biome 2013-04-07T14:28:08Z A subtropical desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to temperatures above a monthly average of 18 degrees Celsius, high daily temperature ranges of approximately 20 degrees Celsius, high insolation (but lower than that of a tropical desert biome), inhibited cloud formation, and very low precipitation. Subtropical desert biomes located near coasts with cold upwellings may have cooler temperatures and reduced insolution due to fog. ENVO ENVO:01000184 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. A subtropical desert biome is a desert biome which has communities adapted to temperatures above a monthly average of 18 degrees Celsius, high daily temperature ranges of approximately 20 degrees Celsius, high insolation (but lower than that of a tropical desert biome), inhibited cloud formation, and very low precipitation. Subtropical desert biomes located near coasts with cold upwellings may have cooler temperatures and reduced insolution due to fog. WWW:http://www.earthonlinemedia.com/ebooks/tpe_3e/title_page.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical#Semi-desert.2Fdesert_climate montane desert biome 2013-04-07T14:28:08Z A montane desert biome is a desert biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions. ENVO ENVO:01000185 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. polar desert biome 2013-04-07T14:28:08Z A polar desert biome is a desert biome which is subject to low levels of insolation, annual precipitation less than 250 millimeters, and a mean temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius during its warmest month. Temperature changes in polar deserts frequently cross the freezing point of water. ENVO ENVO:01000186 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. envoPolar A polar desert biome is a desert biome which is subject to low levels of insolation, annual precipitation less than 250 millimeters, and a mean temperature less than 10 degrees Celsius during its warmest month. Temperature changes in polar deserts frequently cross the freezing point of water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_desert subtropical savanna biome 2013-04-07T14:28:51Z ENVO ENVO:01000187 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome tropical savanna biome 2013-04-07T14:28:51Z ENVO ENVO:01000188 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome temperate savanna biome 2013-04-07T14:28:51Z ENVO ENVO:01000189 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. prairie biome flooded savanna biome 2013-04-07T14:28:51Z A flooded savanna biome is a savanna biome which has very wet to saturated soil moisture content. ENVO ENVO:01000190 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 marsh swamp wwfBiome A flooded savanna biome is a savanna biome which has very wet to saturated soil moisture content. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas subtropical grassland biome 2013-04-07T14:29:48Z ENVO ENVO:01000191 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome tropical grassland biome 2013-04-07T14:29:48Z ENVO ENVO:01000192 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome temperate grassland biome 2013-04-07T14:29:48Z ENVO ENVO:01000193 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. prairie biome montane grassland biome 2013-04-07T14:29:48Z A montane grassland biome is a grassland biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions. ENVO ENVO:01000194 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. wwfBiome flooded grassland biome 2013-04-07T14:29:48Z ENVO ENVO:01000195 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 wwfBiome coniferous forest biome 2013-04-07T14:31:01Z A coniferous forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of coniferous trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor. ENVO ENVO:01000196 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. broadleaf forest biome 2013-04-07T14:31:01Z A broadleaf forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of broadleaf trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. mixed forest biome 2013-04-07T14:31:01Z A mixed forest biome is a forest biome which contains densely packed populations or communities of broadleaf and coniferous trees, strongly limiting light penetration to the forest floor. ENVO ENVO:01000198 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. mediterranean forest biome 2013-04-07T14:31:01Z A mediterranean forest biome is a forest biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water. ENVO ENVO:01000199 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome tropical broadleaf forest biome 2013-04-07T14:32:28Z ENVO ENVO:01000200 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. subtropical broadleaf forest biome 2013-04-07T14:32:28Z ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. temperate broadleaf forest biome 2013-04-07T14:32:28Z ENVO ENVO:01000202 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome environmental condition 2013-04-07T14:35:18Z A condition defines a restricted range of a given quality or combination of qualities. If an environment class, E, has_condition C, then all qualities listed in C are restricted to the ranges defined in C in E. This is not intended as a logical conditional. An environmental condition is a range of a determinate quality or combination of qualities that are present in an environmental system. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar An environmental condition is a range of a determinate quality or combination of qualities that are present in an environmental system. DOI:10.1186/2041-1480-4-43 tropical 2013-04-07T14:36:47Z A tropical condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives high yearly solar irradiance per unit area and, on Earth, the Sun reaches a subsolar point at least once during the solar year. This results in a hot and moist year-round climate at low elevations, which have a monthly average temperature above 18 degrees Celsius. EcoLexicon:the_tropics ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SPIRE:Tropical A tropical condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives high yearly solar irradiance per unit area and, on Earth, the Sun reaches a subsolar point at least once during the solar year. This results in a hot and moist year-round climate at low elevations, which have a monthly average temperature above 18 degrees Celsius. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical subtropical 2013-04-07T14:36:47Z A subtropical condition is an environmental condition in which an envrionmental system receives more solar irradiance than those with temperate conditions, but less than those with tropical conditions. At low elevations, this typically results in eight months of the year having average temperatures greater than or equal to 10 degrees Celsius with the coldest monthly temperature averaging between 2 and 13 degrees Celsius. As with most other climatic zones and conditions, multiple classification schemes have somehat different definitions and criteria. To quote from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ "Several methods have been used to define the subtropical climate. In the Trewartha climate classification, a subtropical region should have at least eight months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50.0 °F) or above. German climatologists Carl Troll and Karlheinz Paffen defined Warm temperate zones as plain and hilly lands having an average temperature of the coldest month between 2 °C (35.6 °F) and 13 °C (55.4 °F) in the Northern Hemisphere and between 6 °C (42.8 °F) and 13 °C (55.4 °F) in the Southern Hemisphere, excluding oceanic and continental climates. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification, there generally exists one large subtropical zone named the warm-temperate subtropical zone,[4] which is subdivided into seven smaller areas.[5] According to the E. Neef climate classification, the subtropical zone is divided into two parts: Rainy winters of the west sides and Eastern subtropical climate.[6] According to the Wilhelm Lauer & Peter Frankenberg climate classification, the subtropical zone is divided into three parts: high-continental, continental, and maritime.[7] According to the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, subtropical is one of six climate zones in the world.[8]" ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 temperate 2013-04-07T14:36:47Z A temperate condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives less solar irradiance than those with subpolar conditions, but greater than those with subtropical conditions. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SPIRE:Temperate This class' definition is less satisfactory than the other latitudinal conditoins. tepid climate A temperate condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives less solar irradiance than those with subpolar conditions, but greater than those with subtropical conditions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climate tepid climate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climate mediterranean 2013-04-07T14:36:47Z A mediterranean condition is a subtropical condition in which hot dry summers and winters with moderate to high rainfall. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 These regions are under the constant influence of the subtropical ridge. A mediterranean condition is a subtropical condition in which hot dry summers and winters with moderate to high rainfall. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics mediterranean woodland biome 2013-04-07T15:01:04Z A mediterranean woodland biome is a subtropical woodland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water. ENVO ENVO:01000208 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. subtropical coniferous forest biome 2013-04-07T14:39:14Z ENVO ENVO:01000209 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome tropical coniferous forest biome 2013-04-07T14:39:14Z ENVO ENVO:01000210 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome temperate coniferous forest biome 2013-04-07T14:39:14Z ENVO ENVO:01000211 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome temperate mixed forest biome 2013-04-07T14:39:30Z ENVO ENVO:01000212 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 wwfBiome subtropical shrubland biome 2013-04-07T14:40:32Z ENVO ENVO:01000213 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome tropical shrubland biome 2013-04-07T14:40:32Z ENVO ENVO:01000214 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome temperate shrubland biome 2013-04-07T14:40:32Z ENVO ENVO:01000215 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. prairie biome montane shrubland biome 2013-04-07T14:40:32Z A montane shrubland biome is a shrubland biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions. ENVO ENVO:01000216 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. wwfBiome mediterranean shrubland biome 2013-04-07T14:40:32Z A mediterranean shrubland biome is a subtropical shrubland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water. ENVO ENVO:01000217 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome xeric shrubland biome 2013-04-07T14:40:32Z ENVO ENVO:01000218 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. wwfBiome anthropogenic terrestrial biome 2013-04-07T14:45:22Z An anthropogenic terrestrial biome is a terrestrial biome which has community structures determined by human activity. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. human biome anthrome An anthropogenic terrestrial biome is a terrestrial biome which has community structures determined by human activity. http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/150128/ tropical woodland biome 2013-04-07T15:01:04Z ENVO ENVO:01000220 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. temperate woodland biome 2013-04-07T15:01:04Z ENVO ENVO:01000221 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. subtropical woodland biome 2013-04-07T15:01:04Z ENVO ENVO:01000222 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. montane savanna biome 2013-04-07T16:50:01Z A montane savanna biome is a savanna biome which occurs in regions elevated above sea level and which has community structure determined by elevation-dependent environmental conditions. ENVO ENVO:01000223 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. mediterranean grassland biome 2013-04-19T11:42:48Z A mediterranean grassland biome is a subtropical grassland biome which includes communities adapted to hot to warm, dry summers, mild to cold, rainy winters, and the influence of large, usually marine, bodies of water. ENVO ENVO:01000224 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. The semantics and definitions of "mediterranean", "subtropical", "tropical", "temperate", "polar", and similar climate types may be transferred to an "environmental condition" class once the semantics of this class have been established. subtropical dry broadleaf forest biome 2013-04-24T12:04:53Z ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 wwfBiome subtropical moist broadleaf forest biome 2013-04-24T12:04:53Z ENVO ENVO:01000226 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 wwfBiome tropical dry broadleaf forest biome 2013-04-24T12:05:25Z ENVO ENVO:01000227 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 wwfBiome tropical moist broadleaf forest biome 2013-04-24T12:05:25Z ENVO ENVO:01000228 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SPIRE:Rainforest rainforest biome wwfBiome mediterranean savanna biome 2013-04-24T12:20:42Z ENVO ENVO:01000229 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 wwfBiome arid 2013-04-24T13:28:18Z An environmental condition in which annual precipitation is less than half of annual potential evapotranspiration. EcoLexicon:aridity ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar lava 2013-05-05T16:52:47Z ENVO ENVO:01000231 EcoLexicon:lava Lava is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids which has extruded beyond a planetary crust. PLB SWEETRealm:Lava Some use 'lava' to refer to rock that is formed when lava cools. This is not the intended meaning of this class. See 'igneous rock' or similar. Lava is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids which has extruded beyond a planetary crust. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava felsic lava 2013-05-05T16:56:29Z ENVO ENVO:01000232 Felsic lava is lava which is high in silica (> 69 percent by weight), aluminium, potassium, sodium, and calcium, forming a polymerized liquid rich in feldspar and quartz. Felsic lava has a higher viscosity than other magma types. Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 650 to 750 °C. Unusually hot (>950 °C) rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres PLB silicic lava https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava silicic lava Felsic lava is lava which is high in silica (> 69 percent by weight), aluminium, potassium, sodium, and calcium, forming a polymerized liquid rich in feldspar and quartz. Felsic lava has a higher viscosity than other magma types. Felsic magmas can erupt at temperatures as low as 650 to 750 °C. Unusually hot (>950 °C) rhyolite lavas, however, may flow for distances of many tens of kilometres https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock intermediate lava 2013-05-05T16:56:29Z ENVO ENVO:01000233 Intermediate lava is lava which, relative to felsic lava, is lower in aluminium and silica (between 52 and 63 percent by weight), and usually somewhat richer in magnesium and iron. The temperature of intermediate lava ranges from 750 to 950 degrees Celsius, destroying polymerized bonds and promoting more fluid behaviour relative to felsic lavas and also a greater tendency to form phenocrysts. Higher iron and magnesium tends to manifest as a darker groundmass, and also occasionally amphibole or pyroxene phenocrysts. PLB andesitic lava Intermediate lava is lava which, relative to felsic lava, is lower in aluminium and silica (between 52 and 63 percent by weight), and usually somewhat richer in magnesium and iron. The temperature of intermediate lava ranges from 750 to 950 degrees Celsius, destroying polymerized bonds and promoting more fluid behaviour relative to felsic lavas and also a greater tendency to form phenocrysts. Higher iron and magnesium tends to manifest as a darker groundmass, and also occasionally amphibole or pyroxene phenocrysts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_composition andesitic lava https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava mafic lava 2013-05-05T16:56:29Z ENVO ENVO:01000234 Mafic lava is lava which, relative to other lava types other than ultramafic lava, has a high ferromagnesian content and low aluminium and silica content, with silca making up between 45 and 52 percent of its weight. Mafic lava generally erupts at temperatures in excess of 950 degrees Celsius. The high temperature and low polymerisation in mafic lava favors low viscosity and chemical diffusion, promoting the formation of large, well-formed phenocrysts. PLB basaltic lava basaltic lava https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava Mafic lava is lava which, relative to other lava types other than ultramafic lava, has a high ferromagnesian content and low aluminium and silica content, with silca making up between 45 and 52 percent of its weight. Mafic lava generally erupts at temperatures in excess of 950 degrees Celsius. The high temperature and low polymerisation in mafic lava favors low viscosity and chemical diffusion, promoting the formation of large, well-formed phenocrysts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock ultramafic lava 2013-05-05T16:56:29Z ENVO ENVO:01000235 PLB Ultramafic lava is lava which, relative to other lava types, has very high magnesium oxide content and less than 45 percent silica by weight is thought to have erupted at temperatures of 1600 degrees Celsius. Due to its high temperature and composition, the viscosity of ultramafic lava is very low. Ultramafic lava is lava which, relative to other lava types, has very high magnesium oxide content and less than 45 percent silica by weight is thought to have erupted at temperatures of 1600 degrees Celsius. Due to its high temperature and composition, the viscosity of ultramafic lava is very low. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous_rock basalt 2013-05-05T17:07:15Z Basalt is a volcanic rock which is formed by the rapid cooling of basaltic lava. ENVO ENVO:01000236 EcoLexicon:basalt PLB SWEETRealm:Basalt Basalt is a volcanic rock which is formed by the rapid cooling of basaltic lava. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt coastal scrubland 2013-05-06T09:47:07Z A coastal scrubland is a scrubland which is part of a coast. ENVO ENVO:01000237 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 coastal chaparral A coastal scrubland is a scrubland which is part of a coast. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_coastal_sage_and_chaparral_ecoregion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_sage_scrub coastal chaparral https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_chaparral_and_woodlands polar 2013-05-08T07:49:36Z A polar condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives low, yearly solar irradiance per unit area, resulting in colder climatic conditions. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 On Earth, polar conditions are such that every month has average temperature lower than 10 degrees Celsius. Note that this class refers to a climatic rather than a positional condition. SPIRE:Polar SWEETRealm:Polarization frigid envoPolar A polar condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives low, yearly solar irradiance per unit area, resulting in colder climatic conditions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate frigid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate oak woodland 2013-06-04T22:33:52Z An oak woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of oak trees. An oak woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of oak trees. ORCID:0000-0001-8743-9574 conifer woodland 2013-06-06T14:39:17Z A conifer woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of coniferous trees, from the Division Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae. A conifer woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of coniferous trees, from the Division Pinophyta, also known as Coniferophyta or Coniferae. ORCID:0000-0001-8743-9574 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer juniper woodland 2013-06-06T14:44:52Z A juniper woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of trees of the genus Juniperus. ENVO ENVO:01000241 PLB A juniper woodland is a woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of trees of the genus Juniperus. ORCID:0000-0001-8743-9574 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper desert scrubland 2013-06-06T15:02:30Z A scrubland which is located in a desert. ENVO ENVO:01000242 PLB desert scrub A scrubland which is located in a desert. ORCID:0000-0001-8743-9574 ORCID:0000-0001-8743-9574 desert scrub boulder 2013-06-06T15:10:50Z A piece of rock with a grain size above 300 millimetres in diameter. Smaller boulders are, at times, referred to as rocks or stones. ENVO ENVO:01000243 EcoLexicon:boulder PLB SWEETRealm:Boulder A piece of rock with a grain size above 300 millimetres in diameter. Smaller boulders are, at times, referred to as rocks or stones. ORCID:0000-0001-8743-9574 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder pinyon juniper woodland 2013-06-06T15:22:52Z A pinyon juniper woodland is a conifer woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of trees of the subsection Cembroides of the genus Pinus and the genus Juniperus. ENVO ENVO:01000244 PLB A pinyon juniper woodland is a conifer woodland which has a tree community primarily composed of trees of the subsection Cembroides of the genus Pinus and the genus Juniperus. ORCID:0000-0001-8743-9574 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyon_pine cropland biome 2013-06-14T11:45:47Z A cropland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for agricultural activity and which contains no village or larger human settlement. ENVO ENVO:01000245 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A cropland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for agricultural activity and which contains no village or larger human settlement. DOI:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00540.x DOI:10.1890/070062 village biome 2013-06-14T11:45:47Z A village biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which contains settlements such as villages, towns, and/or small cities and which is primarily used for agricultural activity. ENVO ENVO:01000246 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Villages are also described as agricultural settlements with greater than 100 persons per square kilometre; however, no upper limit is defined. A village biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which contains settlements such as villages, towns, and/or small cities and which is primarily used for agricultural activity. DOI:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00540.x DOI:10.1890/070062 rangeland biome 2013-06-14T11:45:47Z A rangeland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for the rearing and grazing of livestock. ENVO ENVO:01000247 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A rangeland biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for the rearing and grazing of livestock. DOI:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00540.x DOI:10.1890/070062 dense settlement biome 2013-06-14T11:45:47Z A dense settlement biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for human habitation, recreation, and industry within built structures with little other land use. ENVO ENVO:01000248 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A dense settlement biome is an anthropogenic terrestrial biome which is primarily used for human habitation, recreation, and industry within built structures with little other land use. DOI:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00540.x DOI:10.1890/070062 urban biome 2013-06-14T11:45:47Z An urban biome is a dense settlement biome which has been urbanised. ENVO ENVO:01000249 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SPIRE:Urban An urban biome is a dense settlement biome which has been urbanised. DOI:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00540.x DOI:10.1890/070062 subpolar coniferous forest biome 2013-09-04T06:41:53Z A subpolar coniferous forest biome is a coniferous forest biome which includes communities adapted to subpolar conditions. ENVO ENVO:01000250 EcoLexicon:taiga LTER:72 SPIRE:Taiga boreal forest taiga wwfBiome subpolar 2013-09-04T07:08:34Z A subpolar condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives low, yearly solar irradiance per unit area and is surrounded by large land masses. This results in very cold winters with temperatures potentially falling to around -40 degrees Celsius and summers which last no more than 3 months of the year with a 24-hour average temperature of at least 10 degrees Celsius. Note that this class refers to a climatic rather than a positional condition. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 boreal subarctic envoPolar A subpolar condition is an environmental condition in which an environmental system receives low, yearly solar irradiance per unit area and is surrounded by large land masses. This results in very cold winters with temperatures potentially falling to around -40 degrees Celsius and summers which last no more than 3 months of the year with a 24-hour average temperature of at least 10 degrees Celsius. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate subarctic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate boreal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate freshwater lake biome 2013-09-19T11:11:01Z ENVO ENVO:01000252 freshwater river biome 2013-09-19T11:11:01Z ENVO ENVO:01000253 environmental system 2013-09-23T16:04:08Z A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities. EcoLexicon:environment In ENVO's alignment with the Basic Formal Ontology, this class is being considered as a subclass of a proposed BFO class "system". The relation "environed_by" is also under development. Roughly, a system which includes a material entity (at least partially) within its site and causally influences that entity may be considered to environ it. Following the completion of this alignment, this class' definition and the definitions of its subclasses will be revised. environment A system which has the disposition to environ one or more material entities. DOI:10.1186/2041-1480-4-43 mineral deposit 2013-10-05T12:23:32Z A mineral deposit is a physiographic feature which has unusually high concentrations of one or more minerals. ENVO ENVO:01000255 Note that the definition of the term mineral is debatable; however, a mineral generally must be naturally occuring, stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula (unlike rocks, which may include a wide variety of components), are usually formed by geophysical processes (i.e. are abiogenic), and have an ordered atomic arrangement. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 ore deposit URL:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/383726/mineral-deposit?anchor=ref624175 ore deposit A mineral deposit is a physiographic feature which has unusually high concentrations of one or more minerals. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 URL:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/383726/mineral-deposit?anchor=ref624175 mineral material 2013-10-05T12:37:41Z A mineral material is an environmental material which is primarily composed of some substance that is naturally occurring, solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and that has an ordered atomic structure. LTER:341 Look for "mineral" in a chemical or geochemical ontology to formalise the composed primarily of link. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ [A mineral] is different from a rock, which can be an aggregate of minerals or non-minerals and does not have a specific chemical composition. The exact definition of a mineral is under debate, especially with respect to the requirement a valid species be abiogenic, and to a lesser extent with regards to it having an ordered atomic structure. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A mineral material is an environmental material which is primarily composed of some substance that is naturally occurring, solid and stable at room temperature, representable by a chemical formula, usually abiogenic, and that has an ordered atomic structure. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral white smoker 2013-10-06T19:57:22Z A hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor which emits lighter-hued minerals, such as those containing barium, calcium and silicon. These alkaline hydrothermal vents also continuously generate acetyl thioesters, providing both the starting point for more complex organic molecules and the energy needed to produce them. ENVO ENVO:01000257 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor which emits lighter-hued minerals, such as those containing barium, calcium and silicon. These alkaline hydrothermal vents also continuously generate acetyl thioesters, providing both the starting point for more complex organic molecules and the energy needed to produce them. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent cline 2013-10-06T20:10:13Z A cline is a comparatively thin, typically horizontal layer within a fluid, in which a property of the fluid varies greatly over a relatively short vertical distance. A similar term exists in linguistics and mathematics. An ecocline, or biological cline, is a related concept; however, may be better placed as a child of a class like "ecotone". Further, some definitions of "layer" require a layer's constiuent materials to have consistent properties, thus "cline" would not qualify as a subclass. The term "gradient" has been proposed as a more suitable superclass. Discussion in Issue #286) ENVO ENVO:01000258 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar A cline is a comparatively thin, typically horizontal layer within a fluid, in which a property of the fluid varies greatly over a relatively short vertical distance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline_(hydrology) pycnocline 2013-10-06T20:16:10Z A layer within a fluid where the density gradient changes rapidly with depth. ENVO ENVO:01000259 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 stable density gradient https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnocline stable density gradient A layer within a fluid where the density gradient changes rapidly with depth. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnocline nutricline 2013-10-06T20:16:10Z A layer within a water body where the nutrient content changes rapidly with depth. ENVO ENVO:01000260 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A layer within a water body where the nutrient content changes rapidly with depth. CMECS:1345 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_layer lysocline 2013-10-06T20:16:10Z A layer within a marine water body where the rate of calcite dissolution changes rapidly with depth. The increase in the rate of calcite dissolution with depth is largely due to the concomitant fall in calcite saturation. ENVO ENVO:01000261 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A layer within a marine water body where the rate of calcite dissolution changes rapidly with depth. The increase in the rate of calcite dissolution with depth is largely due to the concomitant fall in calcite saturation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysocline seep 2013-10-06T21:13:21Z A seep is a spring in which water has filtered through permeable earth to the surface. ENVO ENVO:01000262 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A seep is a spring in which water has filtered through permeable earth to the surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrology) cold seep 2013-10-06T21:16:39Z ENVO ENVO:00000425 ENVO:01000263 MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: A cold seep is a seep in which methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluids rise to the sea floor. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: An area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs. Cold seeps are distinct from hydrothermal vents: the former's emissions are of the same temperature as the surrounding seawater, whereas the latter's emissions are super-heated. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 hydrocarbon seep methane seep MERGED DEFINITION: TARGET DEFINITION: A cold seep is a seep in which methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluids rise to the sea floor. -------------------- SOURCE DEFINITION: An area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs. Cold seeps are distinct from hydrothermal vents: the former's emissions are of the same temperature as the surrounding seawater, whereas the latter's emissions are super-heated. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_seep obsolete vapour 2013-10-10T07:55:56Z A vapour is an environmental material in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point. ENVO ENVO:01000264 true vapor Obsoleted. Not really a material. Use PATO's "quality of a gas" on a material to express vapour forms. A vapour is an environmental material in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor hydrothermal seep 2013-10-06T21:19:00Z A hydrothermal seep is a seep in which diffuse flow of geothermally heated fluids with high methane concentrations. This seep has been proposed as an intermediate between cold seeps and hydrothermal vents. ENVO ENVO:01000265 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 hot seep A hydrothermal seep is a seep in which diffuse flow of geothermally heated fluids with high methane concentrations. This seep has been proposed as an intermediate between cold seeps and hydrothermal vents. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2012.0205 water vapour 2013-10-10T07:58:18Z ENVO ENVO:01000266 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Perhaps a better relation between water vapour and water can be found in or added to RO? Water vapour is a vapour which is the gas phase of water. aqueous vapor aqueous vapour water vapor aqueous vapor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor Water vapour is a vapour which is the gas phase of water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor water vapor aqueous vapour https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor atmosphere 2013-10-10T08:14:50Z An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body. ENVO ENVO:01000267 LTER:48 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass that is held in place by the gravity of the body. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography atmospheric water vapour 2013-10-10T08:22:07Z Atmospheric water vapour is water vapour that is part of an atmosphere. ENVO ENVO:01000268 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 atmospheric water vapor envoPolar atmospheric water vapor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor Atmospheric water vapour is water vapour that is part of an atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor siltstone 2013-10-12T14:51:19Z A sedimentary rock which is composed mainly of silt. This rock has a grainsize in the silt range, finer than sandstone and coarser than claystones. ENVO ENVO:01000269 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A sedimentary rock which is composed mainly of silt. This rock has a grainsize in the silt range, finer than sandstone and coarser than claystones. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltstone claystone 2013-10-12T14:51:19Z A clastic sedimentary rock which is composed primarily of clay sized particles. ENVO ENVO:01000270 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A clastic sedimentary rock which is composed primarily of clay sized particles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claystone clastic sedimentary rock 2013-10-12T14:51:19Z Clastic sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks that are composed of silicate minerals and rock fragments that were transported by moving fluids. Clastic rocks are composed largely of quartz, feldspar, rock (lithic) fragments, clay minerals, and mica; numerous other minerals may be present as accessories and may be important locally. ENVO ENVO:01000271 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Clastic sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks that are composed of silicate minerals and rock fragments that were transported by moving fluids. Clastic rocks are composed largely of quartz, feldspar, rock (lithic) fragments, clay minerals, and mica; numerous other minerals may be present as accessories and may be important locally. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock#Clastic_sedimentary_rocks mudstone 2013-10-12T14:51:19Z A mudstone is a clastic sedimentary rock which contains a mixture of at least one third of silt- and one third of clay-sized particles. ENVO ENVO:01000272 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 There is debate on the usage of mudstone and mudrock, and some ambiguity is to be expected. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The terminology of "mudstone" is not to be confused with the Dunham classification scheme for limestones. In Dunham's classification, a mudstone is any limestone containing less than ten percent carbonate grains. Note, a siliciclastic mudstone does not deal with carbonate grains. Friedman, Sanders, and Kopaska-Merkel (1992) suggest the use of "lime mudstone" to avoid confusion with siliciclastic rocks. A mudstone is a clastic sedimentary rock which contains a mixture of at least one third of silt- and one third of clay-sized particles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrock#Nomenclature https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstone lime mudstone 2013-10-12T14:51:19Z ENVO ENVO:01000273 Lime mudstone is a limestone which is primarily composed of either clay-size or both silt-size and clay-size detrital (transported) carbonate grains. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 calcilutite cementstone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The terminology of "mudstone" is not to be confused with the Dunham classification scheme for limestones. In Dunham's classification, a mudstone is any limestone containing less than ten percent carbonate grains. Note, a siliciclastic mudstone does not deal with carbonate grains. Friedman, Sanders, and Kopaska-Merkel (1992) suggest the use of "lime mudstone" to avoid confusion with siliciclastic rocks. calcilutite https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcilutite Lime mudstone is a limestone which is primarily composed of either clay-size or both silt-size and clay-size detrital (transported) carbonate grains. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcilutite https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstone cementstone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcilutite slate 2013-10-12T14:51:19Z ENVO ENVO:01000274 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Slate is a metamorphic rock which is fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous, Slates are derived from clastic sedimentary rocks. Slate is a metamorphic rock which is fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous, Slates are derived from clastic sedimentary rocks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate structural basin 2013-10-12T16:30:32Z A structural basin is a geological depression formed by tectonic warping of previously flat lying rock strata. ENVO ENVO:01000275 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A structural basin is a geological depression formed by tectonic warping of previously flat lying rock strata. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_basin ecoregion 2013-10-12T17:21:09Z A large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Unlike biomes, ecoregions are geographically defined entities. ENVO's sister project, GAZ, contains terms for instances of ecoregions (e.g. Beringia lowland tundra). Requests for new terms should be directed to GAZ. ENVO will only contain this top-level class. The class' definition is preliminary and will be aligned to BFO. envoPolar A large unit of land or water containing a geographically distinct assemblage of species, natural communities, and environmental conditions. DOI:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2 URL:http://worldwildlife.org/biomes water ice 2013-10-13T12:01:28Z Ice is water frozen into a solid state. It can appear transparent or opaque bluish-white color, depending on the presence of impurities or air inclusions. The addition of other materials such as soil may further alter its appearance. LTER:262 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 ice envoPolar Ice is water frozen into a solid state. It can appear transparent or opaque bluish-white color, depending on the presence of impurities or air inclusions. The addition of other materials such as soil may further alter its appearance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/4131 ice pingo scar 2013-10-13T12:15:55Z A depression caused by the collapse of a pingo. ENVO ENVO:01000278 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A depression caused by the collapse of a pingo. DOI:10.1016/0033-5894(76)90039-9 ice lens 2013-10-13T12:20:34Z A mass which is formed when moisture, diffused within soil or rock, accumulates and freezes in a localized zone, wedging soil or rock apart. ENVO ENVO:01000279 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 ice lenses envoPolar ice lenses A mass which is formed when moisture, diffused within soil or rock, accumulates and freezes in a localized zone, wedging soil or rock apart. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Lens ecozone 2013-10-13T18:32:46Z ENVO contains this top-level class, but all instances will be in GAZ. The definition is preliminary and will be aligned to BFO. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Ecozones correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of zoology. Ecozones are characterized by the evolutionary history of the organisms they contain. They are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the Earth's surface based on life form, or the adaptation of plants and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions. Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation. Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes. A tropical moist broadleaf forest in Central America, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type and structure, climate, soils, etc., but these forests are inhabited by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories. Ecozones delineate large areas of a planetary surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Ecozones delineate large areas of a planetary surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from one another by geographic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that constitute barriers to migration. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ecozone layer 2013-10-15T16:42:02Z A layer is a quantity of some material which has comparable thickness and usually covers some surface. ENVO ENVO:01000281 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. envoPolar A layer is a quantity of some material which has comparable thickness and usually covers some surface. Wiktionary:layer sedimentary stratum 2013-10-15T16:49:04Z A stratum is a layer which is composed of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers. ENVO ENVO:01000282 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. Concepts such as "characteristic" may be problematic. stratum A stratum is a layer which is composed of sedimentary rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum lake layer 2013-10-15T16:57:43Z A layer which is part of a lake. ENVO ENVO:01000283 Note that this class does not contain metalimnion as a subclass. The metaliminon is classified as a thermocline. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar amictic lake 2013-10-15T17:08:47Z A lake which is permanently covered by ice, does not mix, and exhibit inverse cold water stratification whereby water temperature increases with depth below the ice surface. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A lake which is permanently covered by ice, does not mix, and exhibit inverse cold water stratification whereby water temperature increases with depth below the ice surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amictic_lake holomictic lake 2013-10-15T17:08:47Z A holomictic lake is a lake which mixes at least once per year. Mixing is caused by a uniform temperature distribution from the upper to lower layers of the lake. ENVO ENVO:01000285 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 non-meromictic lake A holomictic lake is a lake which mixes at least once per year. Mixing is caused by a uniform temperature distribution from the upper to lower layers of the lake. DOI:10.1139/f83-207 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomictic DOI:10.1139/f83-207 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomictic non-meromictic lake dimictic lake 2013-10-15T17:08:47Z A dimitic lake is a holomictic lake which mixes from top to bottom during two mixing periods each year. Mixing typically occurs during the spring and autumn, when the lake is "isothermal" (i.e., at the same temperature from the top to the bottom). At this time the water throughout the lake is about 4°C, and, in the absence of any temperature or density differences, the lake readily mixes from top to bottom. These lakes are common in regions with temperate climates. ENVO ENVO:01000286 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A dimitic lake is a holomictic lake which mixes from top to bottom during two mixing periods each year. Mixing typically occurs during the spring and autumn, when the lake is "isothermal" (i.e., at the same temperature from the top to the bottom). At this time the water throughout the lake is about 4°C, and, in the absence of any temperature or density differences, the lake readily mixes from top to bottom. These lakes are common in regions with temperate climates. DOI:10.1139/f83-207 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimictic_lake polymictic lake 2013-10-15T17:08:47Z A polymictic lake is a holomictic lake which is too shallow to allow thermal stratification and which can mix from top to bottom through the ice-free period of the year. ENVO ENVO:01000287 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A polymictic lake is a holomictic lake which is too shallow to allow thermal stratification and which can mix from top to bottom through the ice-free period of the year. DOI:10.1139/f83-207 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymictic monomictic lake 2013-10-15T17:08:47Z A monomictic lake is a holomictic lake which mixes from top to bottom during one mixing period each year. ENVO ENVO:01000288 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A monomictic lake is a holomictic lake which mixes from top to bottom during one mixing period each year. DOI:10.1139/f83-207 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomictic cold monomictic lake 2013-10-15T17:23:51Z A monomictic lake which is covered by ice throughout much of the year and only mixes when its surface ice melts and the lake lacks thermal stratification. ENVO ENVO:01000289 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A monomictic lake which is covered by ice throughout much of the year and only mixes when its surface ice melts and the lake lacks thermal stratification. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomictic warm monomictic lake 2013-10-15T17:26:42Z A monomictic lake which does not freeze and is thermally stratified throughout most of the year, only mixing in winter when cooler temperatures ease stratification. ENVO ENVO:01000290 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A monomictic lake which does not freeze and is thermally stratified throughout most of the year, only mixing in winter when cooler temperatures ease stratification. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomictic cold polymictic lake 2013-10-15T17:31:50Z A cold polymictic lake is a polymictic lake which is covered by ice in winter. ENVO ENVO:01000291 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A cold polymictic lake is a polymictic lake which is covered by ice in winter. DOI:10.1139/f83-207 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymictic warm polymictic lake 2013-10-15T17:32:26Z A warm polymictic lake is a polymictic lake which is not covered by ice at any point during the year. ENVO ENVO:01000292 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A warm polymictic lake is a polymictic lake which is not covered by ice at any point during the year. DOI:10.1139/f83-207 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymictic ice mass 2013-10-15T19:49:11Z A mass of ice. ENVO ENVO:01000293 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Class should be populated by inference and asserted subclasses redistributed. crevice 2013-10-16T00:42:47Z A deep fissure in rock. ENVO ENVO:01000294 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 crevice A deep fissure in rock. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture USGS:SDTS crevice marine layer 2013-10-16T11:55:20Z A layer that is part of a marine water body. ENVO ENVO:01000295 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar A layer that is part of a marine water body. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 dry lake bed 2013-10-16T12:12:53Z A lake bed which is dry. That is, the bed of a dry lake. ENVO ENVO:01000296 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 freshwater river 2013-10-16T12:56:48Z A river where fresh water flows. ENVO ENVO:01000297 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Preliminary definition. A river where fresh water flows. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 continental margin 2013-10-18T00:04:57Z ENVO ENVO:01000298 EcoLexicon:continental_margin ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 SWEETRealm:ContinentalMargin The continental margin is the zone of the ocean floor that separates the thin oceanic crust from thick continental crust. Together, the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise are called continental margin. Continental margins constitute about 28% of the oceanic area. envoPolar The continental margin is the zone of the ocean floor that separates the thin oceanic crust from thick continental crust. Together, the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise are called continental margin. Continental margins constitute about 28% of the oceanic area. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_margin Taylor column 2013-10-19T11:11:28Z A Taylor column is a column of deflected fluid flow which is formed in a perturbed, rotating fluid, is parallel to the axis of rotation, and extends above the obstacle perturbing the fluid in a rigid manner. ENVO ENVO:01000299 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This is an interesting class. It's not really a column in the sense of a water column, nor is it a current, exactly. It may also occur in any fluid, gaseous or liquid. A Taylor column is a column of deflected fluid flow which is formed in a perturbed, rotating fluid, is parallel to the axis of rotation, and extends above the obstacle perturbing the fluid in a rigid manner. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_column atmospheric Taylor column 2013-10-19T11:12:43Z An atmospheric Taylor column is a Taylor column that is formed in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Taylor columns often form above islands resulting in vortex streets in the atmosphere. ENVO ENVO:01000300 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 vortex street An atmospheric Taylor column is a Taylor column that is formed in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Taylor columns often form above islands resulting in vortex streets in the atmosphere. ISBN:044482619X ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_column https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kármán_vortex_street vortex street estuarine water 2013-10-19T11:30:46Z Brackish water which is part of an estuary. ENVO ENVO:01000301 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Brackish water which is part of an estuary. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary outcrop 2014-04-24T13:12:49Z A portion of environmental material which protrudes through a surface layer. ENVO ENVO:01000302 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This is kept as a general class. One can specify subclasses by identifying the protruding material (e.g. rock outcroup, mineral outcrop, etc ) and the material(s) the protrusion emerges from. Possible logical definition: A portion of ENVO:environmental material which has_quality PATO:"protruding out of" a ENVO:surface layer of an ENVO:environmental material. endolithic environment An endolithic environment is an environment that exists within solid rock. high pressure environment A high pressure environment is an environment in which all material entities are exposed to a high ratio of force per unit area. high temperature environment A high temperature environment is an environment in which material entities are exposed to increased levels of heat radiation or which have molecules or atoms moving randomly with increased levels of average kinietic energy. freshwater environment Water (non-saline) envoOmics envoPolar An aquatic environment which is determined by freshwater. fresh water environment envoEmpo Water (non-saline) http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ saline water environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by saline water. envoPolar envoEmpo Water (saline) envoOmics http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Water (saline) extraterrestrial environment This would need an instance of planet (i.e. Earth) to be fully expressed. Note that this is not necessarily outer space, as it can include planetary environments that are not of Earth. An environmental system which is located beyond the Earth's exosphere and away from the Earth's core. cold environment envoPolar The definition of the deprecated 'cold temperature habitat' class, which this class was derived from, quotes an upper threshold of 15 degrees Celsius for 'coldness'. An environment which has a lower temperature than some local or global average. haline environment A haline environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high concentrations of salt, typically above 2 molar. cultivated environment A cultivated environment is an environment that has been modified by humans by the preparation of the land, usually for the purposes of growing crops. CROPLAND ENVO EcoLexicon:agriculture FTT:1248 FTT:54 FTT:55 FTT:56 Geonames:V.CULT LTER:17 SPIRE:Agricultural SWEETRealm:Range agricultural region cropland cultivated area cultivated cropland market garden range truck farm truck garden CROPLAND USGS:SDTS ADL:FTT cultivated cropland USGS:SDTS truck garden A cultivated environment is an environment that has been modified by humans by the preparation of the land, usually for the purposes of growing crops. MA:ma USGS:SDTS truck farm USGS:SDTS market garden Geonames:feature cultivated area ADL:FTT cropland ADL:FTT range culturing environment A culturing environment is an environment which is maintained by humans for the purposes of preparing cell, organ, tissue and plant tissue cultures. ENVO A culturing environment is an environment which is maintained by humans for the purposes of preparing cell, organ, tissue and plant tissue cultures. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture anthropogenic environment An anthropogenic environment is an environmental system which is the product of human activity. Unsatisfactory definition here. Must consider the threshold that makes an environmental system anthropogenic. high osmolarity environment A high osmolarity environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high concentrations of solutes. acidic environment An acidic environment is an environment in which material entities are exposed to a low pH. alkaline environment An alkaline environment is an environment in which entities are exposed to high pH, typically greater than a pH of 9. aquatic environment An environment whose dynamics are strongly influenced by water. extreme high temperature environment The lower threshold, 80 degrees Celsius, is derived from the definition of the obsolete class "extreme high temperature habitat" which this class replaces. An extreme high temperature environment is a high temperature environment in which entities are exposed to temperatures above 80 degrees Celsius. rocky slope A rocky slope is a slope which has a surface primarily composed of rock. marine environment A marine environment and enviroment which is determined by a marine water body. ENVO envoPolar A marine environment and enviroment which is determined by a marine water body. NM:nm sea water environment ocean water environment envoPolar An environmental system determined by seawater. brackish water environment envoPolar This may refer to environments submerged in brackish water or those that are determined by its presence, such as a brackish water pond environment. An environment determined by the presence of brackish water. atmospheric boundary layer The atmospheric boundary layer is the lowest layer of an atmosphere which is strongly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface with strong vertical mixing and in which physical quantities such as flow velocity, temperature, and moisture display rapid fluctuations (turbulence). planetary boundary layer envoPolar planetary surface a useful class: this can be used to define sub-terrestrial and sub-marine A planetary surface is a surface layer where the solid or liquid material of a planet comes into contact with atmosphere or outer space. aquatic layer A layer in a water mass, itself composed primarily of water. This class will eventually be populated by inference, and its asserted subclasses removed. envoPolar deep chlorophyll maximum layer Logical def is incomplete. Need to express the idea of maximum chlorophyll. This could follow a pattern like: X has_maximum_levels_of Y relative_to Z, i.e. DCM has_maximum_levels_of chlorophyll relative_to subsurface_aquatic_layer May also be useful to include has_decreased_levels_of light intensity relative_to surface aquatic layer Further discussion in Issue #126. A subsurface layer in a water body, typically an ocean or lake, in which chlorophyll concentrations reach their maximum. envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 DCM subsurface chlorophyll maximum layer The DCM may or may not indicate greater abundance of photosynthetic, chlorophyll-bearing cells, as shade-adapted cells may have a greater chlorophyll to biomass ration than surface variants. Further, some DCMs may be formed by the sinking of cells from surface zones or the subduction of surface waters, rather than through biotic, community-level processess. The DCM may or may not indicate greater abundance of photosynthetic, chlorophyll-bearing cells, as shade-adapted cells may have a greater chlorophyll to biomass ration than surface variants. Further, some DCMs may be formed by the sinking of cells from surface zones or the subduction of surface waters, rather than through biotic, community-level processess. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_chlorophyll_maximum https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_chlorophyll_maximum A subsurface layer in a water body, typically an ocean or lake, in which chlorophyll concentrations reach their maximum. strand swamp A strand swamp is a swamp that forms linear drainage channels on flatlands. dome swamp A dome swamp is a swamp which occurs in a depression where deeper waters at the centre of the swamp allow trees to grow taller relative to those in shallower regions of the depression. This creates a dome-like shape. The logical def should be improved with the idea of a vegetation unit growing in a depression expressed. cypress dome cypress dome swamp A cypress dome swamp is a dome swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis. Requires import of some taxonomy for differentia cypress strand swamp A cypress strand swamp is a strand swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis. cypress strand Requires import of some taxonomy for differentia cypress swamp A cypress swamp is a swamp which has a plant community dominated by Cupressaceae, often swamp cypresses. Swamp cypresses typically belong to the genus Taxodium or the species Glyptostrobus pensilis and Actinostrobus pyramidalis. Requires import of some taxonomy for differentia gravelly slope A gravelly slope is a slope which has a surface primarily composed of gravel. hillside A hillside is a slope that is part of a hill. brae talus slope A talus slope is a slope which has a surface layer composed of scree. scree slope understory An understory is a layer of plant life which grows below the canopy without penetrating it. under story understorey An understory is a layer of plant life which grows below the canopy without penetrating it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory shrub layer A shrub layer is a layer of vegetation in a woodland or forest consisting of low, woody vegetation of frutescent form. A shrub layer is a layer of vegetation in a woodland or forest consisting of low, woody vegetation of frutescent form. http://www.treeterms.co.uk/definitions/shrub-layer herb and fern layer A herb and fern layer is a layer of a forest or woodland which is composed of all vascular plant life that are one metre or less in height. This definition is inclusive of non-herbaceous plants that may be transiently present in the "herb layer". See Gilliam FS (2007) The Ecological Significance of the Herbaceous Layer in Temperate Forest Ecosystems. BioScience. 57(10):845-858. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/B571007) for rationale and a review of definitional and terminological variation. fern layer ground cover ground vegetation herb layer herb stratum herbaceous layer herbaceous stratum herbaceous understory regeneration layer A herb and fern layer is a layer of a forest or woodland which is composed of all vascular plant life that are one metre or less in height. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/B571007 litter layer Refers to the ground layer of a forest or woodland where leaf litter or other plant matter accumulates ground layer polar biome A biome which has the environmental condition polar This class is primarily for inference and, in general, should not be used directly by annotators. If you're an annotator, please consider using a more informative term such as 'tundra biome'. envoPolar alpine An alpine condition is an environmental condition in which the monthly mean temperature is less than 10 degrees Celsius and which occurs at altitudes above the tree line and below the snowline. LTER:26 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Requested term with preliminary def. See Issue 29 on the envo tracker. envoPolar An alpine condition is an environmental condition in which the monthly mean temperature is less than 10 degrees Celsius and which occurs at altitudes above the tree line and below the snowline. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation subalpline A subalpine condition is an environmental condition in which an altitude range falls immediately below the tree line. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Requested in Issue 33 of our tracker. The lower boundry of this condition's range, that is, the lower altitudinal limit of an elevation that is considuered subalpine, is not clear in this definition. envoPolar montane A montane condition is an environmental condition in which an altitude range falls between mid-altitude forests and the tree line. LTER:350 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The exact level of the tree line varies with local climate, but typically the tree line is found where mean monthly soil temperatures never exceed 10.0 degrees C and the mean annual soil temperatures are around 6.7 degrees C. In the tropics, this region is typified by montane rain forest (above 3,000 ft) while at higher latitudes coniferous forests often dominate. envoPolar The exact level of the tree line varies with local climate, but typically the tree line is found where mean monthly soil temperatures never exceed 10.0 degrees C and the mean annual soil temperatures are around 6.7 degrees C. In the tropics, this region is typified by montane rain forest (above 3,000 ft) while at higher latitudes coniferous forests often dominate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation A montane condition is an environmental condition in which an altitude range falls between mid-altitude forests and the tree line. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation altitudinal condition An altitudinal condition is an environmental condition in which ranges of factors such as temperature, humidity, soil composition, solar irradiation, and tree density vary with ranges in altitude. Depending on the latitude (and, to a lesser extent, other factors), the actual location of the zones where these conditions are in effect will change. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar An altitudinal condition is an environmental condition in which ranges of factors such as temperature, humidity, soil composition, solar irradiation, and tree density vary with ranges in altitude. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation nival A nival condition is an environmental condition in which vegetation is extremely limited, soils are silica enriched, and ground cover is dominated by snow and ice at altitudes above the snowline. envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A nival condition is an environmental condition in which vegetation is extremely limited, soils are silica enriched, and ground cover is dominated by snow and ice at altitudes above the snowline. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitudinal_zonation upper montane An upper montane condition is a montane condition in which an altitude range falls immediately below the tree line. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This definition is somewhat odd in that it doesn't clearly define a lower boundary. envoPolar lower montane A lower montane condition is a montane condition in which an altitude range falls immediately above mid-altitude forests. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This definition does not define an upper boundary. envoPolar montane conifer woodland A montane conifer woodland is a conifer woodland which is located within an altitude range that falls between mid-altitude forests and the tree line. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Requested in Issue 56. maize field Requested in Issue 112 as part of the curation of metagenome submissions in the European Nucleotide Archive. A field used for the cultivation of corn or related crop plants. root matter Requested in Issue 115 as part of the annotation of metagenomic submissions present in the European Nucleotide Archive. An organic material primarily composed of a portion of plant root. autoclaved sand Autoclaved sand is sand that has been sterlised by exposure to high pressure saturated steam at at least 121 degrees Celsius. Requested in Issue 116 as part of the annotation of metagenomic submissions present in the European Nucleotide Archive. obsolete marine mesoscale eddy A marine mesoscale eddy is a current of marine water which has a typical horizontal diameter of less than 100 km and persists for approximately one month. ENVO:01000069 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 true A marine mesoscale eddy is a current of marine water which has a typical horizontal diameter of less than 100 km and persists for approximately one month. http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ocean-mesoscale-eddies field An unbroken expanse (as of ice) ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This class was created to accommodate "fields" from agricultural fields to marine mesoscale eddy fields. Thus, it has a very broad definition which makes it less than informative when annotating. Please consider using or requesting an appropriate subclass. envoPolar An unbroken expanse (as of ice) http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/field marine mesoscale eddy field A mesoscale eddy field is an expanse of marine water which includes coherent vortices, as well as a rich cascade of other structures such as filaments, squirts and spirals and is characterized by temperature and salinity anomalies with associated flow anomalies that are nearly in geostrophic balance. Although only the surface expression of mesoscale eddies is visible in satellite images of sea surface height or temperature, they are in fact three dimensional structures that reach down into the pycnocline. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A mesoscale eddy field is an expanse of marine water which includes coherent vortices, as well as a rich cascade of other structures such as filaments, squirts and spirals and is characterized by temperature and salinity anomalies with associated flow anomalies that are nearly in geostrophic balance. Although only the surface expression of mesoscale eddies is visible in satellite images of sea surface height or temperature, they are in fact three dimensional structures that reach down into the pycnocline. http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ocean-mesoscale-eddies ice cap climatic condition An ice cap climatic condition is a polar condition in which the montly average temperature does not exceed 0 degrees Celsius. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar An ice cap climatic condition is a polar condition in which the montly average temperature does not exceed 0 degrees Celsius. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate vegetation layer A layer which is determined by a form of vegetation. Usually found in woodlands and forests. forest layer forest stratum woodland layer woodland stratum granite A portion of granite is a portion of igneous rock which is intrusive, felsic, granular, and phaneritic. Requested in issue 45. Some relations to PATO and SWEET classes suggested. A portion of granite is a portion of igneous rock which is intrusive, felsic, granular, and phaneritic. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite alkaline water A portion of alkaline water is a portion of water with a pH greater than 7. Here, we commit to a threshold of pH as this is almost universally accepted. acidic water A portion of acidic water is a portion of water with a pH less than 7. limestone cave A cave formed in limestone, usually by dissolution of limestone by acidic groundwater. Can be linked to a solutional environmental process and acidic groundwater. solutional cave A cave formed by the dissolution of soluble rock or other solid material such as limestone, chalk, dolomite, gypsum, salt or marble. Can be linked to a solutional environmental process and acidic groundwater. A cave formed by the dissolution of soluble rock or other solid material such as limestone, chalk, dolomite, gypsum, salt or marble. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave primary cave A cave formed at the same time as the surrounding rock. A cave formed at the same time as the surrounding rock. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave inflationary cave A cave that is formed by the action of pressurised lava pushing against surrounding rock and then draining away. A cave that is formed by the action of pressurised lava pushing against surrounding rock and then draining away. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_cave erosional cave A cave formed by erosion caused by flowing streams carrying rocks or sediments. A cave formed by erosion caused by flowing streams carrying rocks or sediments. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave glacier cave A glacier cave is a cave formed within or under a glacier. A glacier cave is a cave formed within or under a glacier. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave ice cave An ice cave is a bedrock cave which contains year-round ice formations. talus cave A talus cave is a cave formed by the openings between large boulders which have fallen into a random heap. A talus cave is a cave formed by the openings between large boulders which have fallen into a random heap. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave anchialine cave An anchialine cave is a cave which contains an anchialine pool. An anchialine cave is a cave which contains an anchialine pool. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave anchialine pool An anchialine pool is a landlocked water body with a subterranean connection to the ocean and which has fresh water towards its surface with saline water in its deeper layers. anchialine pond An anchialine pool is a landlocked water body with a subterranean connection to the ocean and which has fresh water towards its surface with saline water in its deeper layers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchialine_pool vadose cave A cave that is part of a vadose zone. A cave that is part of a vadose zone. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordloch tundra climatic condition An tundra climatic condition is a polar condition in which at least one month's average temperature exceeds 0 degrees Celsius. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar An tundra climatic condition is a polar condition in which at least one month's average temperature exceeds 0 degrees Celsius. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_climate agricultural waste material Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields. As with other wastes, this is more a role than a material in itself. This should be revised. agricultural waste Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses; harvest waste; fertilizer run- off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils; and salt and silt drained from fields. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=77 Glossary of Environment Statistics, Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United Nations, New York, 1997. household waste material Household waste refers to waste material usually generated in the residential environment. Waste with similar characteristics may be generated in other economic activities and can thus be treated and disposed of together with household waste. household waste This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being associated with domestic entities. Household waste refers to waste material usually generated in the residential environment. Waste with similar characteristics may be generated in other economic activities and can thus be treated and disposed of together with household waste. Glossary of Environment Statistics, Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United Nations, New York, 1997. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1261 biological waste material Biological waste is waste containing mostly natural organic materials (remains of plants, animal excrement, biological sludge from waste-water treatment plants and so forth). This will become a defined class, with subclasses added through inference based on material having a 'waste role' and being composed primarily of some organic or biological matter. biological waste Biological waste is waste containing mostly natural organic materials (remains of plants, animal excrement, biological sludge from waste-water treatment plants and so forth). http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=3097 Glossary of Environment Statistics, Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United Nations, New York, 1997. dry woodland A dry woodland is a woodland which occurs in areas of rain shadow in a tropical marine climate, receives very little rainfall, typically has rapidly draining soils and trees which have adaptations to dry climates such as thick bark, small leaves, and the disposition to shed their leaves. xerophytic ecosystem A dry woodland is a woodland which occurs in areas of rain shadow in a tropical marine climate, receives very little rainfall, typically has rapidly draining soils and trees which have adaptations to dry climates such as thick bark, small leaves, and the disposition to shed their leaves. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_marine_climate tropical marine condition A tropical marine condition is a tropical condition in which the ocean strongly influences the climate and a wet and dry season occur. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A tropical marine condition is a tropical condition in which the ocean strongly influences the climate and a wet and dry season occur. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_marine_climate tropical marine semi-evergreen forest A semi-evergreen forest is a forest which undergoes a long dry season and, as a consequence, has a two-storey layer structure, a dry canopy, a leaf litter layer that only decays during moist periods trees with very small leaves or which shed their leaves to conserve water and which flower during the dry season and grow during the wet season. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 mesophytic ecosystem semi-evergreen forest mesophytic ecosystem https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_marine_climate A semi-evergreen forest is a forest which undergoes a long dry season and, as a consequence, has a two-storey layer structure, a dry canopy, a leaf litter layer that only decays during moist periods trees with very small leaves or which shed their leaves to conserve water and which flower during the dry season and grow during the wet season. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_marine_climate humid subtropical A humid subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which an environmental system has hot, humid summers, warm to cool dry winters, and average annual precipitation either evenly distributed throughout the year or marked by a dry season or drying trend during winter In cases where rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, this condition falls into the Cfa category of the Köppen climate classification. In cases marked by a dry season or drying trend during winter, this condition falls into the Cwa category of the Köppen climate classification. Environmental systems with this condition usually occur on the eastern side of continents. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A humid subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which an environmental system has hot, humid summers, warm to cool dry winters, and average annual precipitation either evenly distributed throughout the year or marked by a dry season or drying trend during winter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics In cases where rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, this condition falls into the Cfa category of the Köppen climate classification. In cases marked by a dry season or drying trend during winter, this condition falls into the Cwa category of the Köppen climate classification. Environmental systems with this condition usually occur on the eastern side of continents. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics arid subtropical An arid subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which an environmental system has an annual average temperature near 18.2 degrees Celsius with their coldest month averaging between 2 and 13 degrees Celsius, the absence of regular rainfall, and high humidity. Mild variants are generally located in areas adjacent to powerful cold ocean currents. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 desert climate semi-arid climate semi-desert climate desert climate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics An arid subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which an environmental system has an annual average temperature near 18.2 degrees Celsius with their coldest month averaging between 2 and 13 degrees Celsius, the absence of regular rainfall, and high humidity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics semi-desert climate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics Mild variants are generally located in areas adjacent to powerful cold ocean currents. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics semi-arid climate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics highland subtropical A highland subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which increased elevation results in mild summers, cooler winters, and, in some instances, snowfall associated with montly temperature averages below 22 but above -3 degrees Celsius. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This is an interesting overlap of a latitudinal and altitudinal condition. Some link between this condition and the altitudinal conditions should be considered. This condition corresponds to the Cfb and Cwb categories of Köppen climate classification. A highland subtropical condition is a subtropical condition in which increased elevation results in mild summers, cooler winters, and, in some instances, snowfall associated with montly temperature averages below 22 but above -3 degrees Celsius. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropics oceanic temperate An oceanic temperate condition is a temperate condition which is strongly influenced by oceans and oceanic winds. Summers are cool and winters are cool, but not cold, and there is little frozen precipitation at lower elevations. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This condition is typically present on the western coasts of large continental landmasses. An oceanic temperate condition is a temperate condition which is strongly influenced by oceans and oceanic winds. Summers are cool and winters are cool, but not cold, and there is little frozen precipitation at lower elevations. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_zone continental temperate A continental temperate condition is a temperate condition which is influenced by large land masses. Summers are warm to hot and winters are often long, cold, and snowy. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A continental temperate condition is a temperate condition which is influenced by large land masses. Summers are warm to hot and winters are often long, cold, and snowy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_zone cold desert A cold desert is a desert which has hot summers and cold, dry winters with temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius This variant of the desert climate is somewhat rare outside of Asia. A cold desert climate is typically found in temperate zones, almost always in the rain shadow of high mountains which restrict precipitation from the westerly winds, or in the case of Central Asia, from the monsoon. The Gobi desert in Mongolia is a classic example of a region with a cold desert climate. Though hot in summer, it shares the very cold winters of the rest of Central Asia. The Kyzyl Kum and Taklamakan deserts of Central Asia and the drier portions of the Great Basin Desert of the western United States are other major examples of BWk climates. The Ladakh region, lying in the Great Himalayas in India also has a cold desert climate. envoPolar A cold desert is a desert which has hot summers and cold, dry winters with temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_climate#Cold_desert_climates temperate evergreen needleleaf forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). coniferous forest tropical lowland evergreen broadleaf rain forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). rain forest rain forest http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/6949 temperate deciduous broadleaf forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). temperate deciduous needleleaf forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). coniferous forest tropical deciduous broadleaf forest This class corresponds to the "Tropical Deciduous / semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" class can be made. rain forest rain forest http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/6949 tropical semi-deciduous broadleaf forest This class corresponds to the "Tropical Deciduous / semi-deciduous broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical deciduous broadleaf forest" class can be made. rain forest rain forest http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/6949 temperate mixed broadleaf forest This class corresponds to the "Temperate Mixed broadleaf / needleleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "temperate mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made. temperate mixed needleleaf forest This class corresponds to the "Temperate Mixed broadleaf / needleleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "temperate mixed broadleaf forest" class can be made. coniferous forest tropical semi-evergreen moist broadleaf forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). rain forest http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/6949 rain forest tropical upper montane forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). tropical lower montane forest tropical freshwater swamp forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). temperate sclerophyllous dry forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). tropical sclerophyllous dry forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). temperate broadleaf evergreen forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). temperate freshwater swamp forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). It is currently unclear how to relate forests and swamps. tropical needleleaf forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). coniferous forest tropical thorn forest This class is one of the forest types as identified by the updated Global Forest Map (GFM 2000). tropical mixed needleleaf forest This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed broadleaf forest" class can be made. coniferous forest tropical mixed broadleaf forest This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made. tropical mangrove This class corresponds to the "Tropical Mixed needleleaf / broadleaf forest" category of the updated Global Forest Map classification (GFM 2000). To reconstruct the original class, an aggregate class with this and the "tropical mixed needleleaf forest" class can be made. The relationship between this "forest" class and the mangrove swamp must be clarified. tropical mangrove forest plastic A (portion of) plastic is an (portion of) anthropogenic environmental material including any of numerous organic synthetic or processed materials which are primarily composed of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers of high molecular weight. URL:http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_5998 URL:http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1837 envoPolar A (portion of) plastic is an (portion of) anthropogenic environmental material including any of numerous organic synthetic or processed materials which are primarily composed of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers of high molecular weight. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plastic respirable suspended particulate matter A portion of respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less. PM10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates A portion of respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less. snow Snow is an environmental material which is primarily composed of flakes of crystalline water ice. snow envoPolar http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/7769 snow Snow is an environmental material which is primarily composed of flakes of crystalline water ice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow littoral zone The littoral zone is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. The adjacency of water has many consequences including the generation of microclimates and impacts on the biology. This class is intended to capture littoral zones that are associated with marine, freshwater, and any other aquatic environments. Note that there is no single definition of the extent of the "littoral zone", associated with any water body. Here, we use definitions that will be more familiar to marine biologists rather than military organisations, although the latter can be added on request. The littoral zone is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. The adjacency of water has many consequences including the generation of microclimates and impacts on the biology. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone environmental zone An environmental zone is an environmental feature whose extent is determined by the presence or influence of one or more material entities or processes. An environmental zone may, itself, assume the role of an environmental feature. For example, a intertidal zone is that part of a coast which is exposed to air and water due to tidal processes. It determines the intertidal zone environment. This class is experimental and not suitable for annotation! "Zone" is likely to become some form of BFO:site. It is intended to capture entities from both physiography and human geography. environmental area envoPolar freshwater littoral zone A freshwater littoral zone is a littoral zone which extends offshore from the shore of a freshwater body of water to the limit of occupancy of rooted plants. The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths. Typically, four zones are recognized, from higher to lower on the shore: wooded wetland, wet meadow, marsh and aquatic vegetation. Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2. fringing wetland The littoral zone may form a narrow or broad fringing wetland, with extensive areas of aquatic plants sorted by their tolerance to different water depths. Typically, four zones are recognized, from higher to lower on the shore: wooded wetland, wet meadow, marsh and aquatic vegetation. Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone A freshwater littoral zone is a littoral zone which extends offshore from the shore of a freshwater body of water to the limit of occupancy of rooted plants. URL:http://www.epa.gov/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone marine eulittoral zone The eulittoral zone extends from the spring high tide line, which is rarely inundated, to the spring low tide line, which is rarely not inundated. The wave action and turbulence of recurring tides shapes and reforms cliffs, gaps, and caves, offering a huge range of habitats for sedentary organisms. foreshore intertidal zone mediolittoral zone midlittoral zone mediolittoral zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone foreshore https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone The eulittoral zone extends from the spring high tide line, which is rarely inundated, to the spring low tide line, which is rarely not inundated. The wave action and turbulence of recurring tides shapes and reforms cliffs, gaps, and caves, offering a huge range of habitats for sedentary organisms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone midlittoral zone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone infralittoral zone A zone which is part of the sublittoral zone and is dominated by algae. This zone usually extends up to five metres below the low water mark. A zone which is part of the sublittoral zone and is dominated by algae. This zone usually extends up to five metres below the low water mark. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_zone circalittoral zone A zone which is part of the sublittoral zone and is dominated by sessile animals such as oysters. This zone usually begins at a depth greater than the infralittoral zone. old plant A whole plant which is relatively old young plant A whole plant which is relatively young. fine respirable suspended particulate matter A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less. PM2.5 A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates ultrafine respirable suspended particulate matter Regulations do not exist for this size class of ambient air pollution particles, which are far smaller than the regulated PM10 and PM2.5 particle classes and are believed to have several more aggressive health implications than those classes of larger particulates. A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 100 nanometers or less. A portion of fine respirable suspended particulate matter is a form of particulate matter composed primarily of solid particles each with a diameter of 100 nanometers or less. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafine_particle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates house A house is a building that provides a dwelling-place for a living entity. The provisioning of a dwelling-place can perhaps be modelled as a role. A house is a building that provides a dwelling-place for a living entity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home human house A human house is a house which provides a dwelling-place for humans. domestic garden A garden that is associated with a human house. This association is generally one of spatial proximity or parthood. building part A building part is a construction which is part of a building. Not recommended for annotation. This class is likely to be made into an inferred class as its subclasses are distributed among more meaningful superclasses (i.e. ceiling is_a surface layer). See for example, "building floor". The boundaries between building parts may be bona fide or fiat. indoor kitchen An indoor kitchen is a room or part of a room primarily used for cooking or food preparation, but which may have other funcitons such as dining, food storage, dishwashing, or laundry. Not a sublcass of room as this may just be part of some room. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 An indoor kitchen is a room or part of a room primarily used for cooking or food preparation, but which may have other funcitons such as dining, food storage, dishwashing, or laundry. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen bathroom A bathroom is a room which contains a washbasin or other fixture, such as a shower or bath, used for bathing by humans. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 bathing room toilet washroom living room A living room is a room in a human house which is used for social and domestic leisure activities. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The logical definitions must state which social and leisure activities are included here. Jet-skiing and mass rallies are probably not the range. living-room A living room is a room in a human house which is used for social and domestic leisure activities. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_room patio A patio is a paved outdoor area, adjacent to a human house, and used for dining or recreation. A patio is a paved outdoor area, adjacent to a human house, and used for dining or recreation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio indoor toilet An indoor toilet is a room which contains a sanitation fixture used primarily for the disposal of human urine and faeces. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 bathroom indoor lavatory lavatory restroom toilet toilet room An indoor toilet is a room which contains a sanitation fixture used primarily for the disposal of human urine and faeces. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet room A room is a building part which is separated from other building parts by one or more interior walls and, optionally, outdoor areas by one or more exterior walls. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A room is a building part which is separated from other building parts by one or more interior walls and, optionally, outdoor areas by one or more exterior walls. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room carbon nanotube enriched soil A portion of carbon nanotube enriched soil is a portion of soil with elevated levels of carbon nanotubes. Logical definition will be created pending import of "carbon nanotube" from CHEBI rocky shore A rocky shore is an intertidal area of a seacoast where solid rock is the predominant substrate. This label is usually used to refer to 'rocky intertidal shores', i.e. a marine environment. Other types of rocky shore should be requested explicitly. Additionally, "rocky" could be a quality, this would link this with rocky deserts etc. rocky intertidal shore A rocky shore is an intertidal area of a seacoast where solid rock is the predominant substrate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_shore burrow A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to create a space suitable for habitation, temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion Should be better defined logically aggregating 'hole' or 'tunnel' with some sort of relation to 'habitation' etc. A burrow is a hole or tunnel excavated into the ground by an animal to create a space suitable for habitation, temporary refuge, or as a byproduct of locomotion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrow broadleaf forest A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. mixed forest A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. The subclasses of this class need to be checked: are they properly placed under other classes or is this corrected and the dominant form of mixed vegetation noted in the label? swamp forest A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. needleleaf forest A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. coniferous forest sclerophyllous forest A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. montane forest A class created to group GFM 2000 terms by the dominant vegetation type. Definitions pending. waterborne particulate matter This class should be populated by inference, relying on 'composed primarily of', many 'pieces of solid material' and 'surrounded by' some 'water'. Waterborne particulate matter is a form of particulate matter in which small, solid portions of solid material are surrounded by water. lava field A lava field is an expanse of flat-lying lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain. lava area lava bed lava plain lava plain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_field A lava field is an expanse of flat-lying lava flows. Such features are generally composed of highly fluid basalt lava, and can extend for tens or even hundreds of miles across the underlying terrain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_field lava bed https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_field lava flow A lava flow is a moving outpouring of lava, which is created during a non-explosive effusive eruption. environmental_hazards A lava flow is a moving outpouring of lava, which is created during a non-explosive effusive eruption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava andesitic volcano dacitic volcano andesite Andesite is an extrusive igneous, volcanic rock, of intermediate composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between basalt and dacite, and ranges from 57 to 63 percent silicon dioxide as illustrated in TAS diagrams. The mineral assemblage is typically dominated by plagioclase plus pyroxene and/or hornblende. Magnetite, zircon, apatite, ilmenite, biotite, and garnet are common accessory minerals. Alkali feldspar may be present in minor amounts. Andesite is an extrusive igneous, volcanic rock, of intermediate composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between basalt and dacite, and ranges from 57 to 63 percent silicon dioxide as illustrated in TAS diagrams. The mineral assemblage is typically dominated by plagioclase plus pyroxene and/or hornblende. Magnetite, zircon, apatite, ilmenite, biotite, and garnet are common accessory minerals. Alkali feldspar may be present in minor amounts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesite dacite Dacite is an igneous, volcanic rock. It has an aphanitic to porphyritic texture and is intermediate in composition between andesite and rhyolite. Dacite consists mostly of plagioclase feldspar with biotite, hornblende, and pyroxene (augite and/or enstatite). It has quartz as rounded, corroded phenocrysts, or as an element of the ground-mass. The plagioclase ranges from oligoclase to andesine and labradorite. Sanidine occurs, although in small proportions, in some dacites, and when abundant gives rise to rocks that form transitions to the rhyolites. Dacite is an igneous, volcanic rock. It has an aphanitic to porphyritic texture and is intermediate in composition between andesite and rhyolite. Dacite consists mostly of plagioclase feldspar with biotite, hornblende, and pyroxene (augite and/or enstatite). It has quartz as rounded, corroded phenocrysts, or as an element of the ground-mass. The plagioclase ranges from oligoclase to andesine and labradorite. Sanidine occurs, although in small proportions, in some dacites, and when abundant gives rise to rocks that form transitions to the rhyolites. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dacite salt mass An accumulation of a salt, typically sodium chloride. dacitic lava disturbed area A disturbed area is an environmental zone which includes an ecosystem which was subject to an ecological disturbance. That is, the ecosystem in the area has undergone a pronounced change in response to a change in environmental conditions or other perturbation. This is often used by plant collectors when early successional species are observed in an area. envoPolar A disturbed area is an environmental zone which includes an ecosystem which was subject to an ecological disturbance. That is, the ecosystem in the area has undergone a pronounced change in response to a change in environmental conditions or other perturbation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology) ravine A ravine is a small, narrow, steep-sided valley that is larger than a gully and smaller than a canyon and that is usually worn by running water. A ravine is a small, narrow, steep-sided valley that is larger than a gully and smaller than a canyon and that is usually worn by running water. url:http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ravine roadside An environmental zone of varying area which is adjacent to a road. mixed grassland A mixed grassland is a grassland which contains a mixture of tall and short grasses. A mixed grassland is a grassland which contains a mixture of tall and short grasses. url:http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0810 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_and_Southern_mixed_grasslands https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_mixed_grasslands wet meadow A wet meadow is a type of wetland with soils that are saturated with water for part or all of the growing season. Debate exists whether a wet meadow is a type of marsh or a completely separate type of wetland. Wet prairies and wet savannas are hydrologically similar. Wet meadows may occur because of restricted drainage or the receipt of large amounts of water from rain or melted snow. They may also occur in riparian zones and around the shores of large lakes. Unlike a marsh or swamp, a wet meadow does not have standing water present except for brief to moderate periods during the growing season. Instead, the ground in a wet meadow fluctuates between brief periods of inundation and longer periods of saturation. Wet meadows often have large numbers of wetland plant species, which frequently survive as buried seeds during dry periods, and then regenerate after flooding. Wet meadows therefore do not usually support aquatic life such as fish. They typically have a high diversity of plant species, and may attract large numbers of birds, small mammals and insects including butterflies. Debate exists whether a wet meadow is a type of marsh or a completely separate type of wetland. Wet prairies and wet savannas are hydrologically similar. Wet meadows may occur because of restricted drainage or the receipt of large amounts of water from rain or melted snow. They may also occur in riparian zones and around the shores of large lakes. Unlike a marsh or swamp, a wet meadow does not have standing water present except for brief to moderate periods during the growing season. Instead, the ground in a wet meadow fluctuates between brief periods of inundation and longer periods of saturation. Wet meadows often have large numbers of wetland plant species, which frequently survive as buried seeds during dry periods, and then regenerate after flooding. Wet meadows therefore do not usually support aquatic life such as fish. They typically have a high diversity of plant species, and may attract large numbers of birds, small mammals and insects including butterflies. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_meadow A wet meadow is a type of wetland with soils that are saturated with water for part or all of the growing season. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_meadow salt glacier namakier salt fountain A mass of salt which has erupted onto a planetary surface, usually through sedimentary rock. Adapted from URL:http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86861 A mass of salt which has erupted onto a planetary surface, usually through sedimentary rock. atmospheric carbon dioxide ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This could also be considered a part of an environmental material like air. Atmospheric carbon dioxide is an environmental material composed of carbon dioxide in its gaseous form present in the atmosphere. envoPolar environmental disposition A disposition which is realised by an environmental system or system parts thereof. This class and its subclasses are experimental and are being developed with NCEAS use cases in mind. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 carbon pooling disposition ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The disposition of an environmental system to sequester and store carbon. carbon dioxide pooling disposition The disposition of an environment to sequester carbon dioxide, subsequently storing the carbon component thereof. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 material pooling disposition ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The disposition of an environmental system to sequester and store some material entity. concrete masonry unit A concrete masonry unit is a large, rectangular masonry unit primarily composed of concrete. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A concrete masonry unit is a large, rectangular masonry unit primarily composed of concrete. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_masonry_unit masonry unit A masonry unit is a solid piece of material, usually with a regular shape, used as a component in the construction of buildings. Masonry units are usually composed of brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco, tile, or cob. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A masonry unit is a solid piece of material, usually with a regular shape, used as a component in the construction of buildings. Masonry units are usually composed of brick, stone, marble, granite, travertine, limestone, cast stone, concrete block, glass block, stucco, tile, or cob. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry concrete Concrete is a composite material composed of an aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over time. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Missing the class for "aggregate" - tricky to define what it is, exactly. Again, seems more like some sort of material/disposition hybrid. Concrete is a composite material composed of an aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete asphalt concrete Asphaltic concrete is a concrete which uses refined asphalt as a cement. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 asphaltic concrete road pavement Asphaltic concrete is a concrete which uses refined asphalt as a cement. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete asphalt Asphalt also known as bitumen is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. This class refers to naturally-occuring asphalt or bitumen. asphaltum bitumen crude bitumen pitch tar Asphalt also known as bitumen is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt refined asphalt ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Refined asphalt is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid with a boiling point above 500 degrees Celsius, obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil. refined bitumen Refined asphalt is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid with a boiling point above 500 degrees Celsius, obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt masonry cement "Cement" refers more to a disposition than a specific material. Masonry cement is a substance used in construction that has the disposition to set and harden and thus may be used to bind materials together. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 cement Masonry cement is a substance used in construction that has the disposition to set and harden and thus may be used to bind materials together. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement hydraulic cement Hydraulic cement is a masonry cement which contains activated aluminium silicates or pozzolans, such as fly ash, allowing it to set in wet conditions or underwater. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Hydraulic cement is a masonry cement which contains activated aluminium silicates or pozzolans, such as fly ash, allowing it to set in wet conditions or underwater. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement non-hydraulic cement Non-hydraulic cement is a cement which sets by reacting with carbon dioxide in the air and will not set in wet conditions or underwater. It is susceptible to attack by aggresive chemicals after setting. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Non-hydraulic cement is a cement which sets by reacting with carbon dioxide in the air and will not set in wet conditions or underwater. It is susceptible to attack by aggresive chemicals after setting. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement building wall Building walls are bulding parts which serve to support roofs, floors and ceilings; enclose a space as part of the building envelope; give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security. This is a building part and not the same as a standalone wall, which is a building in its own right. Building walls are bulding parts which serve to support roofs, floors and ceilings; enclose a space as part of the building envelope; give buildings form; and to provide shelter and security. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall boundary wall A boundary wall is a constructed barrier which is usually opaque, constructed from masonry, and of greater structural strength than a fence. This is not the same as a wall that is part of a building. use ENVO:01000420 for the latter. defensive wall A boundary wall is a constructed barrier which is usually opaque, constructed from masonry, and of greater structural strength than a fence. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall#Boundary_wall constructed barrier A constructed barrier is a freestanding wall, berm, or fence built to limit movement of entities across a boundary. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 barrier A constructed barrier is a freestanding wall, berm, or fence built to limit movement of entities across a boundary. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_barrier fence A fence is a constructed barrier which is generally of lighter construction than a wall and used to provide visual sectioning of spaces. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A fence is a constructed barrier which is generally of lighter construction than a wall and used to provide visual sectioning of spaces. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fence exterior wall An exterior wall is a building wall which separates the interior of a building from the buildings surrounding environment. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 building envelope A building envelope is a building part composed of those building parts which physically separate the interior of a building from its surrounding environment. The building envelope provides resistance to air, water, heat, light, and noise transfer. The three basic elements of a building envelope are a weather barrier, air barrier, and thermal barrier. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 building enclosure A building envelope is a building part composed of those building parts which physically separate the interior of a building from its surrounding environment. The building envelope provides resistance to air, water, heat, light, and noise transfer. The three basic elements of a building envelope are a weather barrier, air barrier, and thermal barrier. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_envelope ceiling A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the floor or roof structure above. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A ceiling is an overhead interior surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface concealing the underside of the floor or roof structure above. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiling building roof A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain, but also heat, wind and sunlight. A roof is also the framing or structure which supports the covering ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This class is meant to represent roofs which are parts of buildings, rather than a roofs of cave and other natural formations. roof A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building which provides protection from animals and weather, notably rain, but also heat, wind and sunlight. A roof is also the framing or structure which supports the covering https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof thatch Some sort of logical definition towards: composed_primarily_of some ((straw or 'water reed' or rushes or sedge or heather) and has_quality dry) should be considered, where "rushes", "sedge", etc are represented as materials rather than some sort of taxon. Thatch is material composed of dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, or heather. Thatch is material composed of dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, or heather. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatching brick material A portion of brick material is a material derived from a brick which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete that has been fire-hardened or air-dried. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A portion of brick material is a material derived from a brick which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete that has been fire-hardened or air-dried. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick brick Generally used to refer to the masonry unit rather than a material. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A brick is a masonry unit which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick A brick is a masonry unit which is composed of kneaded clay-bearing soil, expanded clay aggregate, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried. plaster ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Plaster is a building material which has the disposition to harden when it reacts with water, liberating heat through crystallization. Plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a paste when used. render stucco Plaster is a building material which has the disposition to harden when it reacts with water, liberating heat through crystallization. Plaster is manufactured as a dry powder and is mixed with water to form a paste when used. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster gypsum plaster Gypsum plaster is a plaster which is formed by partially dehydrating gypsum by heating it to approximately 150 degrees Celsius and grinding the product into a powder. Gypsum anhydride - formed by heating gypsum above 200 degrees Celsius - may also be used as plaster. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 plaster of Paris Gypsum plaster is a plaster which is formed by partially dehydrating gypsum by heating it to approximately 150 degrees Celsius and grinding the product into a powder. Gypsum anhydride - formed by heating gypsum above 200 degrees Celsius - may also be used as plaster. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster cement plaster ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 cement render cement stucco lime plaster Lime plaster is a plaster which is primarily composed of calcium hydroxide and an inert filler (such as sand). Coversion of the calcium hydroxide to calcium carbonate through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the air causes the plaster to set. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 lime render lime stucco slaked lime plaster Lime plaster is a plaster which is primarily composed of calcium hydroxide and an inert filler (such as sand). Coversion of the calcium hydroxide to calcium carbonate through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the air causes the plaster to set. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster glass This class refers to all forms of glass. For the familiar form present in window panes and drinking glasses, consider silica-based glass. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid which is often transparent. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass Glass is an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid which is often transparent. silica-based glass Silica-based glass is a glass composed primarily of silicon dioxide, the primary constituent of sand. glass Silica-based glasses are the most common manufactured variety of glass. soda-lime glass This type of glass constitutes 90% of manufactured glass. Soda-lime glass is a silica-based glass which is composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide, with sodium oxide and calcium oxide consituting most of its remaining composition. soda-lime-silica glass ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 glass https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass This type of glass constitutes 90% of manufactured glass. Soda-lime glass is a silica-based glass which is composed of approximately 75% silicon dioxide, with sodium oxide and calcium oxide consituting most of its remaining composition. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda-lime_glass flat glass Flat glass is a soda-lime glass which is composed of approximately 73% silicon dioxide (silica), 14% sodium oxide, 9% calcium oxide, 4% magnesium oxide, 0.15% aluminium oxide, 0.03% potassium oxide, 0.02% titanum dioxide, and 0.01% iron III oxide. Most flat glass is soda-lime glass produced by the float glass process. It is more water soluble than container glass. plate glass sheet glass ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Flat glass is a soda-lime glass which is composed of approximately 73% silicon dioxide (silica), 14% sodium oxide, 9% calcium oxide, 4% magnesium oxide, 0.15% aluminium oxide, 0.03% potassium oxide, 0.02% titanum dioxide, and 0.01% iron III oxide. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda-lime_glass container glass Container glass is less water soluble than flat glass. Container glass is a soda-lime glass which is composed of approximately 74% silicon dioxide (silica), 13% sodium oxide, 10.5% calcium oxide, 1.3% aluminium oxide, 0.3% potassium oxide, 0.2% sulphur trioxide, 0.2% magnesium oxide, 0.04% iron III oxide, and 0.01% titanum dioxide. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda-lime_glass Container glass is a soda-lime glass which is composed of approximately 74% silicon dioxide (silica), 13% sodium oxide, 10.5% calcium oxide, 1.3% aluminium oxide, 0.3% potassium oxide, 0.2% sulphur trioxide, 0.2% magnesium oxide, 0.04% iron III oxide, and 0.01% titanum dioxide. quartz glass fused quartz fused silica ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This is "pure" silica glass. As an ENVO:"environmental material" this class assumes that there remains some possibility that 'contaminants' being present. Quartz glass is a glass which is composed of silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fused_quartz Quartz glass is a glass which is composed of silica in amorphous (non-crystalline) form. building floor A building floor is a surface layer which is part of a building and used for walking. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 To be more precise, a subfloor and a floor covering may be specified. Please request these classes and propose definitions if they are needed. brick building floor A brick building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of brick material or is built from bricks. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 brick floor wooden building floor A wooden building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of wood. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 wooden floor wooden parquet floor concrete building floor A concrete building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of concrete At times, this is called a cement floor, although that is probably not accurate. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 cement building floor cement floor concrete floor sandy building floor A sandy building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of sand. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 sand floor sandy floor glass building floor A glass building floor is a building floor which is composed primarily of glass. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 glass floor dung building floor A dung building floor is a building floor which is composed primarily of dried animal feces. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 dung floor stone building floor A stone building floor is a building floor that is composed primarily of rock. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 rock floor stone floor thatched exterior wall A thatched exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of thatch. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 thatch exterior wall thatch wall thatched wall stone exterior wall A stone exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of rock. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 stone wall straw exterior wall A straw exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of straw. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 straw wall mud exterior wall A mud exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of mud. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 mud wall pole A solid, cylindrical object or column with its length greater than its diameter. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This was created in response to a user request, but it is an odd class in that it specifies a shape rather than a particular material entity. It may, therefore, be deprecated when more meaningful or sensible alternatives become apparent. A solid, cylindrical object or column with its length greater than its diameter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole pole-reinforced mud exterior wall A pole-reinforced mud exterior wall is a mud exterior wall which is supported and reinforced by poles. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 mud and poles exterior wall mud and poles wall brick exterior wall A brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from bricks. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 brick wall burnt brick A burnt brick is a brick which has been dried at an elvated temperature in a kiln, furnace, or with similar technology . ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 unburnt brick An unburnt brick is a brick which has been air dried rather than dried at an elvated temperature in a kiln, furnace, or with similar technology . ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 burnt-brick exterior wall A burnt brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from burnt bricks. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 burnt brick exterior wall burnt-brick wall unburnt-brick exterior wall An unburnt brick exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from unburnt bricks. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 brick wall unburnt brick exterior wall salt dome A dome-shaped mass of salt formed when a thick bed of evaporite minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata, forming a diapir. A dome-shaped mass of salt formed when a thick bed of evaporite minerals (mainly salt, or halite) found at depth intrudes vertically into surrounding rock strata, forming a diapir. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_dome concrete exterior wall A stone exterior wall is an exterior wall that is composed primarily of rock. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 concrete wall iron sheet An iron sheet is a mass of iron which has been forged into a roughly planar form of less than 6 millimetres in thickness. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 An iron sheet is a mass of iron which has been forged into a roughly planar form of less than 6 millimetres in thickness. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_metal salt material sheet-iron exterior wall A sheet-iron exterior wall is an exterior wall that is built from sheets of iron. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 iron sheet wall sheet iron wall sheet-iron wall sheet-iron building roof A sheet-iron building roof is a building roof that is built from sheets of iron. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 iron sheet building roof sheet iron roof sheet-iron roof thatched building roof A thatched building roof is a building roof that is built by thatching (or out of thatch). ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 thatch roof thatched roof wooden building roof A wooden building roof is a building roof that is built from wood. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 wood roof wooden roof asbestos building roof An asbestos building roof is a building roof that is built from asbestos. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 asbestos exists in CHEBI and will be imported to complete this class' logical def. asbestos roof tile A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile tiled building roof A tile building roof is a building roof that is built using tiles. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 tile building roof tile roof tiled roof toilet fixture "disposal" may not be the most precise way to describe fill-in latrines. Note that no assertion is made on whether these fixtures are in- or outdoors. A fixture which is used primarily for the collection and, in some cases, disposal of human urine and feces. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 toilet A fixture which is used primarily for the collection and, in some cases, disposal of human urine and feces. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet pit latrine A pit latrine is a latrine which is constructed by digging a hole in the ground. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This class refers to human latrines. Note that some pit latrines can use pour-flush mechanisms. "Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days.[4][5] Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.[3]" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine pit toilet A pit latrine is a latrine which is constructed by digging a hole in the ground. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine diapir Unclear whether this should be a subclass of intrusion, as diapirism can actually cause fracturing. A diapir is a type of geologic intrusion in which a more mobile and ductily deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks due to its higher buoyancy. latrine A latrine is a toilet which is of simple construction (relative to a flush or chemical toilet) and typically intended for communal use. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This class refers to human latrines. A latrine is a toilet which is of simple construction (relative to a flush or chemical toilet) and typically intended for communal use. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrine latrine slab A latrine slab is a broad, flat, thick piece of solid material (typically stone or concrete) used as the floor of a latrine and which includes a hole through which excreta are deposited into a latrine pit. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This could be moved to "surface layer" like other floors, although more thought has to be given to "floor": a role of a surface layer? "The hole in the slab should not be larger than 25 centimeters (9.8 inches) to prevent children falling in." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine A latrine slab is a broad, flat, thick piece of solid material (typically stone or concrete) used as the floor of a latrine and which includes a hole through which excreta are deposited into a latrine pit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine batholith The form of erosion should be further specified. A batholith is an area of mostly continuous plutonic (igneous intrusive) rock that covers an area larger than 100 square kilometers, formed in the planetary crust, and exposed by erosion. On Earth, Batholiths are almost always made mostly of felsic or intermediate rock-types, such as granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batholith A batholith is an area of mostly continuous plutonic (igneous intrusive) rock that covers an area larger than 100 square kilometers, formed in the planetary crust, and exposed by erosion. On Earth, Batholiths are almost always made mostly of felsic or intermediate rock-types, such as granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite. latrine pit A latrine pit is an artificial hole or cavity in the ground used to collect human excreta. A latrine pit is typically at least 3 metres (10 feet) deep and 1 metre (3.2 feet) across. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A latrine pit is an artificial hole or cavity in the ground used to collect human excreta. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine pit latrine with slab floor A pit latrine with a slab floor is a pit latrine which has a latrine slab as a floor. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This class refers to human latrines. "Infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old in 2011 and 250 million lost school days.[4][5] Pit latrines are the lowest cost method of separating feces from people.[3]" - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine pit toilet A pit latrine with a slab floor is a pit latrine which has a latrine slab as a floor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine outhouse "Outside North America, the term "outhouse" refers not to a toilet but to outbuildings in a general sense." An outhouse is a small structure, separate from a main building, which covers a pit latrine or a dry toilet. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 dunny earth closet latrine covering latrine shelter privy An outhouse is a small structure, separate from a main building, which covers a pit latrine or a dry toilet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outhouse "Outside North America, the term "outhouse" refers not to a toilet but to outbuildings in a general sense." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outhouse intrusion An intrusion is a mass of rock which has been formed within a pre-existing fracture in a larger mass of rock. While some intrusions are still located in the fracture where they formed, others may be (partially) exposed by erosional processes. sedimentary intrusion Subclasses of this class will be created by inference. flush toilet fixture A toilet fixture which uses water to flush liquid and solid excreta into a sewage containment or processing facility through a drainpipe. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 bog comfort room dunny flush toilet head john lavatory loo pot the heads toilet water closet A toilet fixture which uses water to flush liquid and solid excreta into a sewage containment or processing facility through a drainpipe. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet dry toilet fixture A toilet fixture which uses little to no water; excreta is removed manually or composted in situ. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Subclasses will probably be filled in by inference. dry toilet A toilet fixture which uses little to no water; excreta is removed manually or composted in situ. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet chemical toilet fixture "In the past, disinfection was generally carried out by mixing formaldehyde, bleach or similar chemicals with the toilet water when flushed...[F]ormaldehyde is very irritating to the eyes, ears, skin, nose, and throat, it is being replaced by other proprietary blends such as glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds, with non-staining dyes and nature-identical perfume oils. Additionally, enzyme hybrids are sometimes used." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_toilet A chemical toilet fixture is a toilet fixture which uses chemicals to deodorise and treat excreta which is stored in the fixture. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 chemical toilet A chemical toilet fixture is a toilet fixture which uses chemicals to deodorise and treat excreta which is stored in the fixture. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_toilet ventilated improved pit latrine A ventilated improved pit latrine is a pit latrine which includes a vent pipe fitted to the pit with a flyscreen covering the pipe's outlet. Air currents moving across the outlet of the vent pipe create a vaccum which draws odors out of the latrine's superstructure. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 VIP latrine ventilated pit latrine A ventilated improved pit latrine is a pit latrine which includes a vent pipe fitted to the pit with a flyscreen covering the pipe's outlet. Air currents moving across the outlet of the vent pipe create a vaccum which draws odors out of the latrine's superstructure. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine covered latrine A covered latrine is a building which comprises a latrine sheltered by an outhouse. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A covered latrine is a building which comprises a latrine sheltered by an outhouse. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrine covered pit latrine A covered pit latrine is a building which comprises a pit latrine sheltered by an outhouse. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A covered pit latrine is a building which comprises a pit latrine sheltered by an outhouse. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrine covered pit latrine with slab floor A covered pit latrine with slab is a building which comprises a pit latrine with a slab floor sheltered by an outhouse. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A covered pit latrine with slab is a building which comprises a pit latrine with a slab floor sheltered by an outhouse. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrine pour-flush toilet fixture A flush toilet fixture into which water is manually poured to dispose of excreta. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 bog comfort room dunny flush toilet head john lavatory loo pot pour flush toilet fixture the heads toilet water closet A flush toilet fixture into which water is manually poured to dispose of excreta. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet pour-flush pit latrine A pit latrine which includes a water seal (U-trap or siphon) used over one or two offset pits instead of a plain hole or seat. Water is manually poured through the trap to flush excreta into the latrine pit. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 bog dunny head pour-flush toilet fixture toilet A pit latrine which includes a water seal (U-trap or siphon) used over one or two offset pits instead of a plain hole or seat. Water is manually poured through the trap to flush excreta into the latrine pit. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine factory ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another. atmospheric ozone atmospheric ozone Atmospheric ozone is an environmental material primarily composed of ozone in its gaseous form and present in the atmosphere. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/632 atmospheric ozone stratosphere ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Definition from GEMET - will be refined. The layer of the atmosphere which is sandwiched between the troposphere and mesosphere. Of the energy that reaches the Earth from the sun, only 3% is absorbed in the stratosphere, but that includes the vitally important process of absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the stratospheric ozone layer. The stratosphere is cloudless and dust free, and almost unaffected by the turbulent conditions of the underlying level of the atmosphere. (Source: WRIGHT) The layer of the atmosphere which is sandwiched between the troposphere and mesosphere. Of the energy that reaches the Earth from the sun, only 3% is absorbed in the stratosphere, but that includes the vitally important process of absorption of ultraviolet radiation by the stratospheric ozone layer. The stratosphere is cloudless and dust free, and almost unaffected by the turbulent conditions of the underlying level of the atmosphere. (Source: WRIGHT) GEMET:http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/8128 mesosphere ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The mesosphere is part of the earth's atmosphere which is between the stratosphere and the thermosphere in which temperature decreases with altitude to the atmosphere's absolute minimum The mesosphere is part of the earth's atmosphere which is between the stratosphere and the thermosphere in which temperature decreases with altitude to the atmosphere's absolute minimum http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mesosphere troposphere ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Definition from GEMET - will be refined. The lowest of the concentric layers of the atmosphere, occurring between the Earth's surface and the tropopause. It is the zone where atmospheric turbulence is at its greatest and where the bulk of the Earth's weather is generated. It contains almost all the water vapour and aerosols and three-quarters of the total gaseous mass of the atmosphere. Throughout the troposphere temperature decreases with height at a mean rate of 6.5°C/km and the whole zone is capped by either an inversion of temperature or an isothermal layer at the tropopause. (Source: WHIT) The lowest of the concentric layers of the atmosphere, occurring between the Earth's surface and the tropopause. It is the zone where atmospheric turbulence is at its greatest and where the bulk of the Earth's weather is generated. It contains almost all the water vapour and aerosols and three-quarters of the total gaseous mass of the atmosphere. Throughout the troposphere temperature decreases with height at a mean rate of 6.5°C/km and the whole zone is capped by either an inversion of temperature or an isothermal layer at the tropopause. (Source: WHIT) GEMET:http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/8695 thermosphere The thermosphere is a part of the earth's atmosphere that begins at about 50 miles (80 kilometers) above the earth's surface, extends to outer space, and is characterized by steadily increasing temperature with height http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thermosphere The thermosphere is a part of the earth's atmosphere that begins at about 50 miles (80 kilometers) above the earth's surface, extends to outer space, and is characterized by steadily increasing temperature with height ozone layer "The ozone layer contains less than 10 parts per million of ozone, while the average ozone concentration in Earth's atmosphere as a whole is only about 0.3 parts per million. The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, from approximately 20 to 30 kilometres (12 to 19 mi) above Earth, though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically"- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer The ozone layer is a layer of gases in the stratosphere which contains high concentrations of ozone gas relative to other parts of the atmosphere. ozone shield ozone layer ozone layer http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/5993 The ozone layer is a layer of gases in the stratosphere which contains high concentrations of ozone gas relative to other parts of the atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer ozone shield https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer atmospheric layer atmospheric layering This could be made into an inferred class, rather than having asserted subclasses. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A layer that is part of the atmosphere. envoPolar atmospheric layering GEMET:http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/627 boundary layer boundary layer A boundary layer is a layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant enough to distort the surrounding non-viscous flow. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A boundary layer is a layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant enough to distort the surrounding non-viscous flow. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_layer boundary layer http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/976 ionosphere ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The ionosphere is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere which extends from about 60 to 1,000 kilometers above the planetary surface and is ionised by solar radiation. It includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. ionosphere The ionosphere is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere which extends from about 60 to 1,000 kilometers above the planetary surface and is ionised by solar radiation. It includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere ionosphere GEMET:http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/4492 exosphere The exosphere is an atmospheric layer where molecules are gravitationally bound to a planetary body, but where their density is too low for them to behave as a gas by colliding with each other. In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere is the uppermost layer, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with interplanetary space. It is located directly above the thermosphere. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 The exosphere is an atmospheric layer where molecules are gravitationally bound to a planetary body, but where their density is too low for them to behave as a gas by colliding with each other. In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere is the uppermost layer, where the atmosphere thins out and merges with interplanetary space. It is located directly above the thermosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere glaze ice layer ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 glaze ice glaze glaze A glaze ice layer is a smooth, transparent and homogeneous ice layer which coats some surface and which is formed when freezing rain or drizzle hits that surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaze_ice A glaze ice layer is a smooth, transparent and homogeneous ice layer which coats some surface and which is formed when freezing rain or drizzle hits that surface. glaze ice http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/12091 eutrophic lake A lake which has nutrient-rich water. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 mass of biological material composting toilet A composting toilet fixture is a dry toilet fixture in which managed, aerobic decomposition converts human excreta into organic matter suitable for the fertilisation or amendment of soils. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composting_toilet A composting toilet fixture is a dry toilet fixture in which managed, aerobic decomposition converts human excreta into organic matter suitable for the fertilisation or amendment of soils. paraffin kerosene Paraffin is a thin, clear liquid composed of hydrocarbons that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. Paraffin is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 and 275 degrees Celsius, resulting in a mixture with a density of 0.78–0.81 grams per cubic centimetre. It is miscible in petroleum solvents but immiscible in water. Regardless of crude oil source or processing history, kerosene's major components are branched and straight chain alkanes and naphthenes (cycloalkanes), which normally account for at least 70% by volume. Aromatic hydrocarbons in this boiling range, such as alkylbenzenes (single ring) and alkylnaphthalenes (double ring), do not normally exceed 25% by volume of kerosene streams. Olefins are usually not present at more than 5% by volume. kerosine Paraffin is a thin, clear liquid composed of hydrocarbons that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. Paraffin is obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 and 275 degrees Celsius, resulting in a mixture with a density of 0.78–0.81 grams per cubic centimetre. It is miscible in petroleum solvents but immiscible in water. Regardless of crude oil source or processing history, kerosene's major components are branched and straight chain alkanes and naphthenes (cycloalkanes), which normally account for at least 70% by volume. Aromatic hydrocarbons in this boiling range, such as alkylbenzenes (single ring) and alkylnaphthalenes (double ring), do not normally exceed 25% by volume of kerosene streams. Olefins are usually not present at more than 5% by volume. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene natural gas Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes and sometimes a usually lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and/or hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and gases are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years. Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes and sometimes a usually lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and/or hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas is a fossil fuel formed when layers of buried plants and gases are exposed to intense heat and pressure over thousands of years. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas liquefied petroleum gas liquid petroleum gas Liquified petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. LPG LP gas liquified natural gas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas Liquified petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as simply propane or butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles. hydrocarbon gas A gas that is primarily composed of hydrocarbon molecules. envoPolar compressed natural gas Compressed natural gas is a natural gas stored at high pressures, typically 20–25 Megapascals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas Compressed natural gas is a natural gas stored at high pressures, typically 20–25 Megapascals. biogas This is distinct from natural gas which is a fossil fuel product. Biogas is a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide, and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, water, and siloxanes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Biogas is a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, is primarily composed of methane and carbon dioxide, and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide, water, and siloxanes. liquefied natural gas Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the (volumetric) energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG or 60 percent of that of diesel fuel. liquified natural gas LNG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the (volumetric) energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG or 60 percent of that of diesel fuel. liquefied hydrocarbon gas envoPolar compressed biogas Compressed biogas is biogas stored at increased pressures. This is distinct from compressed natural gas, which refers to the compressed form of a fossil fuel. charcoal Charcoal is a light, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal Charcoal is a light, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen. paraffin lamp A paraffin lamp is a type of lighting device which burns paraffin to generate light and heat. kerosene lamp https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_lantern A paraffin lamp is a type of lighting device which burns paraffin to generate light and heat. flat-wick lamp flat wick lamp A flat-wick lamp is a simple type of paraffin lamp, which burns paraffin drawn up through a wick by capillary action. A flat-wick lamp is a simple type of paraffin lamp, which burns paraffin drawn up through a wick by capillary action. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_lantern central-draught lamp A central-draught lamp is a paraffin lamp which burns a parrafin saturated, tubular wick contained between two structural tubes and supplied with oxygen by a central draught of air through the innermost of these tube. central draught lamp tubular round wick lamp Argand lamp A central-draught lamp is a paraffin lamp which burns a parrafin saturated, tubular wick contained between two structural tubes and supplied with oxygen by a central draught of air through the innermost of these tube. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_lantern mantle lamp A mantle lamp is a central-draught lamp which includes a pear-shaped, fabric mesh containing thorium or other rare-earth salts placed over the burner. On first use the fabric burns away and the rare-earth salts are converted to oxides, leaving a very fragile structure which incandesces (glows brightly) upon exposure to the heat of the burner flame. A mantle lamp is a central-draught lamp which includes a pear-shaped, fabric mesh containing thorium or other rare-earth salts placed over the burner. On first use the fabric burns away and the rare-earth salts are converted to oxides, leaving a very fragile structure which incandesces (glows brightly) upon exposure to the heat of the burner flame. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_lantern lantern A lantern is a portable device or mounted fixture comprising a light source protected by a translucent case. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantern A lantern is a portable device or mounted fixture comprising a light source protected by a translucent case. lamp A lamp is an object which generates heat, light, or any other form of radiation. A lamp is an object which generates heat, light, or any other form of radiation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamp paraffin lantern A paraffin lantern is a lantern which houses a parrafin lamp in a structure of soldered or crimped-together sheet metal stampings and glass or other translucent material. kerosene lantern barn lantern hurricane lantern https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_lantern A paraffin lantern is a lantern which houses a parrafin lamp in a structure of soldered or crimped-together sheet metal stampings and glass or other translucent material. tubular paraffin lantern A tubular paraffin lantern is a paraffin lantern which includes metal tubes in its casing that direct air to the burning wick. A tubular paraffin lantern is a paraffin lantern which includes metal tubes in its casing that direct air to the burning wick. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_lantern dead flame paraffin lantern A dead-flame paraffin lantern is a paraffin lantern which has a wick housed in a glass globe with airflow channelled upwards by vents below the burning wick and an open chimney above it. glass globe lantern A dead-flame paraffin lantern is a paraffin lantern which has a wick housed in a glass globe with airflow channelled upwards by vents below the burning wick and an open chimney above it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_lantern hot-blast paraffin lantern A hot-blast paraffin lantern is a tubular paraffin lantern which collects hot air from the top of the lantern globe and circulates it, through metal tubes, to the burning wick. A hot-blast paraffin lantern is a tubular paraffin lantern which collects hot air from the top of the lantern globe and circulates it, through metal tubes, to the burning wick. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_lantern cold-blast paraffin lantern A cold-blast paraffin lantern is a tubular paraffin lantern which collects cool air from around the top of the lantern globe and circulates it, through metal tubes, to the burning wick. A cold-blast paraffin lantern is a tubular paraffin lantern which collects cool air from around the top of the lantern globe and circulates it, through metal tubes, to the burning wick. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene_lantern electric lamp An electric lamp is a lamp which produces light from electricity. battery-powered electric lamp A battery-powered electric lamp is an electric lamp which draws its power from a device composed of two or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamp_(electrical_component) A battery-powered electric lamp is an electric lamp which draws its power from a device composed of two or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) candle A candle is a lamp composed of a wax within which an ignitable wick is embedded. wax A wax is an environmental material which is primarily composed of lipids or other organic compounds that consist of long alkyl chains. Waxes are are malleable near ambient temperatures and melt at approximately 45 degrees Celsius. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax A wax is an environmental material which is primarily composed of lipids or other organic compounds that consist of long alkyl chains. Waxes are are malleable near ambient temperatures and melt at approximately 45 degrees Celsius. apiary An apiary is a place where beehives of honey bees are kept and maintained by beekeepers. An apiary is a place where beehives of honey bees are kept and maintained by beekeepers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apiary radio device radio receiver radio A device capable of receiving and/or transmitting information encoded in electromagnetic radiation through wave modulation. radio transmitter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio A device capable of receiving and/or transmitting information encoded in electromagnetic radiation through wave modulation. cassette player A cassette deck is a device capable of playing and recording audio compact cassettes. cassette deck cassette recorder https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette A cassette deck is a device capable of playing and recording audio compact cassettes. television set television telly A television set is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of converting digital or analog information signals into moving images and sound. TV tube https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_set A television set is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of converting digital or analog information signals into moving images and sound. telephone A telephone is a telecommunications device which converts sound into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media, and reconverts such signals into sound waves. phone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone A telephone is a telecommunications device which converts sound into electronic signals suitable for transmission via cables or other transmission media, and reconverts such signals into sound waves. mobile phone cellular phone A mobile phone is a telephone which transmits sound information to a mobile phone network via radio transmissions. cell phone hand phone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone A mobile phone is a telephone which transmits sound information to a mobile phone network via radio transmissions. landline telephone A landline telephone is a telephone which is connected to a telephone network with wires through which electronic signals are carried. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone A landline telephone is a telephone which is connected to a telephone network with wires through which electronic signals are carried. refrigerator A refrigerator is a device which consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a mechanical, chemical, or electronic heat pump that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment such that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room fridge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator A refrigerator is a device which consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a mechanical, chemical, or electronic heat pump that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment such that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room table A table is a form of furniture with a flat horizontal upper surface used to support objects, for storage, show, and/or manipulation. A table is a form of furniture with a flat horizontal upper surface used to support objects, for storage, show, and/or manipulation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(furniture) desk The intentional nature of this definition is problematic, but the restricted range of activities visited upon a desk is of interest. A desk is a table which is intended for information-manipulation tasks, including writing and use of interactive electronics. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(furniture) A desk is a table which is intended for information-manipulation tasks, including writing and use of interactive electronics. chair A chair is a piece of furniture with a raised surface commonly used to seat a single person. This class, along with benches, stools, and the like, can be grouped under "seating furniture" or similar. However, this is probably better as an inferred class using some sort of BFO:function in the subclass annotation. piece of furniture The assumption is that furniture is manufactured, which is arguable. Further, according to Black's Law Dictionary (http://thelawdictionary.org/furniture/) many classes can be subclasses of 'piece of furntiure': "This term includes that which furnishes, or with which anything is furnished or supplied; whatever must be supplied to a house, a room, or the like, to make it habitable, convenient, or agreeable; goods, vessels, utensils, and other appendages necessary or convenient for housekeeping; whatever is added to the interior of a house or apartment, for use or convenience. Bell v. Holding, 27 Ind. 173.The term “furnitureâ€� embraces everything about the house that has been usually enjoyed there, including plate, linen, china, and pictures. 1 Endicott v. Endicott, 41N. J. Eq. 96, 3 Atl. 157.The word “furnitureâ€� made use of in the disposition of the law. or in the conventions or acts of persons, comprehends only such furniture as is intended for use and ornament of apartments, but not libraries which happen to be there, nor plate. Civ.Code La. art. 477." However, this would eventually be absurd and limit other groupings. Perhaps some sort of 'furnishing' BFO:function would be a better way to handle this. A piece of furniture is a movable object intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., chairs, stools and sofas) and sleeping (e.g., beds). A piece of furniture is a movable object intended to support various human activities such as seating (e.g., chairs, stools and sofas) and sleeping (e.g., beds). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture sofa couch settee A sofa is a bench which is partially or entirely upholstered, and often fitted with springs and tailored cushions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couch A sofa is a bench which is partially or entirely upholstered, and often fitted with springs and tailored cushions. bench A bench is a piece of furniture, on which several people may sit at the same time. A bench is a piece of furniture, on which several people may sit at the same time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bench mattress A mattress is a mass of material which is able to cushion and support a reclining body and is used as or on a bed. A mattress is a mass of material which is able to cushion and support a reclining body and is used as or on a bed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattress bed frame A bed frame is a piece of furniture which is used to position a mattress and bed base and may include a means of supporting a canopy. bedstead https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_frame A bed frame is a piece of furniture which is used to position a mattress and bed base and may include a means of supporting a canopy. bed base A bed base is a piece of furniture which supports a mattress. bed foundation framed bed A framed bed is a piece of furniture which is composed of a mattress supported by a bed base and held in place by a bed frame. A framed bed is a piece of furniture which is composed of a mattress supported by a bed base and held in place by a bed frame. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed cabinet A cabinet is a roughly cuboidal piece of furniture which is used to store miscellaneous items in compartments accessible through doors or drawers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinetry A cabinet is a roughly cuboidal piece of furniture which is used to store miscellaneous items in compartments accessible through doors or drawers. cupboard closet A cupboard is a cabinet which is used indoors to store household objects such as food, crockery, textiles and liquor, and to protect them from dust and dirt A cupboard is a cabinet which is used indoors to store household objects such as food, crockery, textiles and liquor, and to protect them from dust and dirt https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupboard clock A clock is an instrument which may indicate, keep, and/or co-ordinate time. timepiece https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock A clock is an instrument which may indicate, keep, and/or co-ordinate time. pressure lamp A pressure lamp is a portable paraffin or oil lamp in which fuel is forced up into the mantle or burner by air pressure in the reservoir, which can be increased by pumping with a plunger. This may be a paraffin or an oil lamp. It can potentially be filled by inference if we can express that any lamp with pressurised fuel in the lamp reservoir is a pressure lamp. See Issue #228. freshwater spring A spring which emits fresh water. river water rainwater Rainwater is liquid water which has precipitated in the form of droplets through the condensation of atmospheric water vapour. Rainwater is liquid water which has precipitated in the form of droplets through the condensation of atmospheric water vapour. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain motor vehicle A motor vehicle is a vehicle which is propelled by an engine or motor and that does not operate on rails. Subclasses will be added by inference. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle A motor vehicle is a vehicle which is propelled by an engine or motor and that does not operate on rails. truck lorry A truck is a motor vehicle which, as its primary funcion, transports cargo rather than human passangers. A truck is a motor vehicle which, as its primary funcion, transports cargo rather than human passangers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck water truck A water truck is a truck which transports water. vehicle A vehicle is a mobile machine which transports people or cargo. A vehicle is a mobile machine which transports people or cargo. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle car A car is a wheeled motor vehicle used primarily for the transportation of human passengers. Most definitions of the term specify that cars are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car A car is a wheeled motor vehicle used primarily for the transportation of human passengers. Most definitions of the term specify that cars are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods. cart A cart is a vehicle which has two wheels and is designed to transport human passengers or cargo. NB: "[A cart]...is different from a dray or wagon, which is a heavy transport vehicle with four wheels and typically two or more horses, or a carriage, which is used exclusively for transporting humans...Over time, the term "cart" has come to mean nearly any small conveyance, from shopping carts to golf carts, without regard to number of wheels, load carried, or means of propulsion." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart A cart is a vehicle which has two wheels and is designed to transport human passengers or cargo. animal-drawn cart An animal-drawn cart is a cart which is attached to one or more working or draught animals. An animal-drawn cart is a cart which is attached to one or more working or draught animals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart boat A boat is a watercraft of any size which is able to float or plane on water. Difficult to distinguish from "ships". Similar to mountains and hills. " In naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel (a ship). Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water. Some definitions do not make a distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet (300 m) long on the Great Lakes are called oreboats. For reasons of naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as 'boats' rather than 'ships', regardless of their size and shape." - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat motor boat motorized boat motorised boat A motor boat is a boat which is propelled by a motor. motor engine A motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy. A motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor bus A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus A bus is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers. taxicab cab Depth can be added with specifications of BFO:role for both the car and the human operator. taxi A taxicab is a car which may be hired, along with its operator, to transport passengers between locations of their choosing. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab A taxicab is a car which may be hired, along with its operator, to transport passengers between locations of their choosing. watercraft Ships, boats, hovercraft and submarines are all considered watercraft. The term would normally imply some propulsive capability (whether by sail, oar or engine) and hence is distinct from a simple device that merely floats, such as a log raft. - Wikipedia A watercraft is a vehicle which is able to travel on or through water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraft A watercraft is a vehicle which is able to travel on or through water. bicycle cycle bike A bicycle is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle is a human-powered, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, having two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle motorcycle A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle. motorbike bike moto cycle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle. motorscooter A scooter or motor scooter is a motorcycle with step-through frame and a platform for the rider's feet. scooter motor scooter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle) A scooter or motor scooter is a motorcycle with step-through frame and a platform for the rider's feet. lentic water body A lentic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, has very little to no directed flow. lotic water body A lotic water body is a water body in which the accumulated water, in its totality, is flowing. closed ecological system A closed ecological system is a vivarium which does not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system. This class refers to strictly sealed enclosures such as Biosphere 2 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_2), rather than vivaria which allow matter exchange with external environmental systems. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_ecological_system A closed ecological system is a vivarium which does not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system. mesocosm A mesocosm is a vivarium that is embedded within a natural environment and is used to place a relatively small part of that environment under experimental control for the purposes of scientific investigation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesocosm A mesocosm is a vivarium that is embedded within a natural environment and is used to place a relatively small part of that environment under experimental control for the purposes of scientific investigation. microcosm A microcosm is a vivarium within which a simple ecosystem is artificially established and used to simulate and predict the behaviour of natural ecosystems under controlled conditions. A microcosm is a vivarium within which a simple ecosystem is artificially established and used to simulate and predict the behaviour of natural ecosystems under controlled conditions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcosm vaporisation Note that a vapor describes an element or compound in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point, Vaporisation of an element or compound is process whereby that element or compound undergoes a phase transition from the liquid to vapor. vaporization boiling Boiling is a form of vaporisation which occurs when a liquid is heated to a temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding environmental pressure. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling Boiling is a form of vaporisation which occurs when a liquid is heated to a temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding environmental pressure. hydrological condensation process condensation Hydrological condensation is a process in which atmospheric water vapour undergoes a phase transition from the gas phase to the liquid phase. "process" is included in the label to make it clear that we are not referring to the condensed material (e.g. water droplets, window fog) envoPolar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation Hydrological condensation is a process in which atmospheric water vapour undergoes a phase transition from the gas phase to the liquid phase. manufactured cage cage A manufactured structure made of interspaced structural elements such as metal or wooden bars or wires held together such that they may be used to confine, contain, or protect something. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_(enclosure) A manufactured structure made of interspaced structural elements such as metal or wooden bars or wires held together such that they may be used to confine, contain, or protect something. drylot A drylot is an enclosure of limited size usually bare of vegetation and used for fattening livestock. A drylot is an enclosure of limited size usually bare of vegetation and used for fattening livestock. URL:http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/drylot feedlot A feedlot is a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market URL:http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feedlot A feedlot is a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market plant litter tree litter leaf litter Leaf litter is dead plant material, such as leaves, bark, needles, and twigs, that has fallen to the ground. litterfall soil litter duff https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_litter Leaf litter is dead plant material, such as leaves, bark, needles, and twigs, that has fallen to the ground. climate change The long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate. External processes, such as solar-irradiance variations, variations of the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, precession, and inclination), lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors in climatic variation. Internal variations of the climate system, e.g., changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases, also may produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain observed climate change through the feedback processes interrelating the components of the climate system. Definition vebatim from GEMET. Will need to be refined. Further, distinction between "climate change" and (one or many) "climate change process" will need to be discussed. Fluctuations are not processes, per se. envoPolar GEMET:http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/1471 The long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all other aspects of the Earth's climate. External processes, such as solar-irradiance variations, variations of the Earth's orbital parameters (eccentricity, precession, and inclination), lithosphere motions, and volcanic activity, are factors in climatic variation. Internal variations of the climate system, e.g., changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases, also may produce fluctuations of sufficient magnitude and variability to explain observed climate change through the feedback processes interrelating the components of the climate system. acidification of an aquatic environment Acidification of an aquatic environment is a process whereby the pH of an aquatic environment, biome, or water body is lowered. ocean acidification Ocean acidification is a process whereby the pH of a sea or ocean is lowered. On Earth, the major cause of ocean acidification is the update of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. envoPolar chonolith A chonolith is an igneous rock intrusion of irregular shape with a demonstrable base, absent in other types of irregularly-shaped intrusions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chonolith A chonolith is an igneous rock intrusion of irregular shape with a demonstrable base, absent in other types of irregularly-shaped intrusions. ecosystem-wide aerobic respiration See issue #275 envoPolar A process which consists of all aerobic respiration processes instantiated in an ecosystem. volcanic eruption environmental_hazards A volcanic process is a process during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions A volcanic process is a process during which lava, tephra (ash, lapilli, volcanic bombs and blocks), and assorted gases are expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure. land Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid. Land may more properly be represented as part of a planetary surface rather than a sublcass. ground Land is a planetary surface that is not covered by liquid. Adpated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface liquid planetary surface A liquid planetary surface is a planetary surface layer where a liquid material of a planet comes into contact with atmosphere or outer space. A liquid planetary surface is a planetary surface layer where a liquid material of a planet comes into contact with atmosphere or outer space. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface outer space envoAstro Outer space is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust and cosmic rays that exists between celestial bodies. space Outer space is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium as well as electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust and cosmic rays that exists between celestial bodies. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space planetary crust A planetary crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle. This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's crust would be an instance. crust https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology) A planetary crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite, which is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle. planetary structural layer Label should be improved to match definition. A planetary structural layer is laminar part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density. Planetary layers have differing physicochemical properties and composition. planetary mantle A planetary mantle is a planetary layer which is an interior part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density. mantle This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's mantle would be an instance. A planetary mantle is a planetary layer which is an interior part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have differentiation by density. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(geology) planetary core core "Not to be confused with planetary core in the core accretion theory, referring to a central accretionary body surrounded by a halo of dust and gas which serves to trap debris and increase the rate of accretion.." WIkipedia:Planetary_core. This class is meant to be applicable accross planets. Earth's core would be an instance. The "layer" aspect of cores may be problematic. A planetary core is the innermost structural layer or layers of a planet. The core may be entirely liquid, entirely solid, or have both liquid and solid parts. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_core A planetary core is the innermost structural layer or layers of a planet. The core may be entirely liquid, entirely solid, or have both liquid and solid parts. outer planetary core Needs a general definition that holds for Earth as well as other planets. inner planetary core Needs a general definition that holds for Earth as well as other planets. liquid planetary core A liquid planetary core is a planetary core which is primarily composed of liquid material. solid planetary core A solid planetary core is a planetary core which is primarily composed of solid material. lithosphere Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and uppermost mantle. A lithosphere is the outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. A lithosphere is the outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithosphere asthenosphere envoPolar An asthenosphere is a layer of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite which is highly viscous, mechanically weak, and ductilely deforming. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenosphere An asthenosphere is a layer of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite which is highly viscous, mechanically weak, and ductilely deforming. magma Magma is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids that is found beneath the uppermost solid layer of a planetary body. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals, dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma Magma is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles, and solids that is found beneath the uppermost solid layer of a planetary body. Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals, dissolved gas and sometimes gas bubbles. trench SWEETRealm:Trench A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully or ditch), and narrow compared to its length (as opposed to a simple hole). EcoLexicon:trench https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully or ditch), and narrow compared to its length (as opposed to a simple hole). stream channel ocean strait An ocean strait is a strait which connects two oceans. envoPolar river channel slum A slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement with substandard housing in which households lack any one of the following: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient-living area, durability of housing, or security of tenure. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum A slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement with substandard housing in which households lack any one of the following: access to improved water, access to improved sanitation, sufficient-living area, durability of housing, or security of tenure. URL:http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Metadata.aspx?IndicatorId=0&SeriesId=711 Definition linked to a UN Habitat report entitled "What are slums and why do they exist?" as well as sources from the MDGs and Communitas. URL:http://www.communitascoalition.org/pdf/Communitas_SDSN_Indicators.pdf undersea trough An undersea trough is a trough which is below a marine water body. ENVO FTT:1022 FTT:611 Geonames:U.DEPU SWEETRealm:Trough TGN:21512 deep foredeep swale USGS:SDTS foredeep An undersea trough is a trough which is below a marine water body. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_%28geology%29 USGS:SDTS swale USGS:SDTS deep Geonames:feature deep ADL:FTT deep explosive eruption An explosive eruption is a volcanic process in which pressurised magma is violently expelled and froths into volcanic ash. Explosive eruptions can eject a cloud of rocks, dust, gas, and pyroclastic material which may then collapse, creating a pyroclastic flow of hot volcanic matter. environmental_hazards https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_eruption An explosive eruption is a volcanic process in which pressurised magma is violently expelled and froths into volcanic ash. Explosive eruptions can eject a cloud of rocks, dust, gas, and pyroclastic material which may then collapse, creating a pyroclastic flow of hot volcanic matter. effusive eruption environmental_hazards An effusive eruption is a volcanic eruption during which lava flows onto the ground. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effusive_eruption An effusive eruption is a volcanic eruption during which lava flows onto the ground. igneous intrusion process A process whereby rising magma cools and solidifies without reaching the surface. Instead, the cooled and solidified igneous mass crystallises within the crust to form an igneous intrusion. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism A process whereby rising magma cools and solidifies without reaching the surface. Instead, the cooled and solidified igneous mass crystallises within the crust to form an igneous intrusion. dense settlement A settlement with a high density of buildings and inhabitants. The thresholds for what makes a settlment "dense" can be determined as needed. If there is a specific threshold that should be added to ENVO, please make a new class request. See also: http://www.ecotope.org/anthromes/v1/guide/urban/12_dense_settlements/default.aspx igneous intrusion "Intrusion" can refer to the solidified mass or the molten rock. An igneous intrusion is a mass of rock and minerals formed when magma cools, solidifies, and undergoes fractional crystallisation without reaching the surface. Subclasses of this class will be created by inference. An igneous intrusion is a mass of rock and minerals formed when magma cools, solidifies, and undergoes fractional crystallisation without reaching the surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanism tephra Tephra is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size or emplacement mechanism. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephra Tephra is fragmental material produced by a volcanic eruption regardless of composition, fragment size or emplacement mechanism. tuff Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption. scoria Scoria is a highly vesicular, dark colored volcanic rock that may or may not contain crystals. cinder Scoria differs from pumice in having larger vesicles, thicker vesicle walls and being dark colored and denser. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoria Scoria is a highly vesicular, dark colored volcanic rock that may or may not contain crystals. pumice Pumice is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals. Scoria differs from pumice in having larger vesicles, thicker vesicle walls and being dark colored and denser. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumice Pumice is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals. tuff cone A cone that is composed of consolidated volcanic ash. waste role This definition is preliminary. A role that is realized in some process wherein the bearer is discarded or not utilized further. area of open water According to the NLCD 2011, areas of open water generally have less than 25% cover of vegetation or soil. A specific threshold is not asserted in this definition. nlcd2011 An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of water in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. NLCD:11 envoPolar open water https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of water in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere geological fracture A geological fracture is any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides a mass of rock into two or more pieces. fissure SWEETRealm:Fissure fracture https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_(geology) A geological fracture is any separation in a geologic formation, such as a joint or a fault that divides a mass of rock into two or more pieces. Genomes:fissure fissure geological fault A geological fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock mass movement. fault The relationship between faults and active plate boundaries must be further developed, as there is some overlap. active geological fault environmental_hazards An active fault is a fault that is likely to become the source of another earthquake sometime in the future. Geologists commonly consider faults to be active if there has been movement observed or evidence of seismic activity during the last 10,000 years. active fault vein A vein is a geological fracture which is filled with minerals precipitated out of an aqueous solution. dike dyke A sheet of rock that formed in a fracture in a pre-existing rock body. Adpated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dike_(geology) A sheet of rock that formed in a fracture in a pre-existing rock body. geological joint joint A joint is a geological fracture which has no measureable shear displacement shear fracture A geological fracture across which shear displacement has occurred Sounds like this should be populated by inference. microfracture A microfracture is a small fracture which is found in a portion of solid material along which further fracturing tends to occur. Microfractures are considered imperfections which to pre-exist any fractures formed by the application of stress to a material. Griffith crack atmospheric column This should be relocated under "fiat object part" of the BFO during next refactoring. Also, the "part of" relation to atomosphere should be updated to express that this is a fiat part of the atmosphere. A vertical pillar defined by a unit area on a planetary surface and bounded by the top of the atmosphere that is used to quantify an atmospheric parameter such as pressure, ozone or precipitable water. envoPolar https://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/glossary/atmospheric-column-2/ A vertical pillar defined by a unit area on a planetary surface and bounded by the top of the atmosphere that is used to quantify an atmospheric parameter such as pressure, ozone or precipitable water. contaminated air Contaminated air is air which has sufficient concentrations of environmental pollutants such that it may adversely affect a given ecosystem. earthquake An earthquake is a process whereby part of the surface of a planet shakes due to the passage of seismic waves through rocks. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in a planet's crust is suddenly released. Elastic strain, gravity, chemical reactions, or even the motion of massive bodies can produce earthquakes. environmental_hazards Adapted from URL:http://www.britannica.com/science/earthquake-geology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake An earthquake is a process whereby part of the surface of a planet shakes due to the passage of seismic waves through rocks. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in a planet's crust is suddenly released. Elastic strain, gravity, chemical reactions, or even the motion of massive bodies can produce earthquakes. tectonic earthquake A tectonic earthquake is an earthquake caused by the release of elastic strain. A tectonic earthquake occurs when strains in rock masses have accumulated to a point where the resulting stresses exceed the strength of the rocks, and sudden fracturing results. environmental_hazards URL:http://www.britannica.com/science/earthquake-geology A tectonic earthquake is an earthquake caused by the release of elastic strain. A tectonic earthquake occurs when strains in rock masses have accumulated to a point where the resulting stresses exceed the strength of the rocks, and sudden fracturing results. megathrust earthquake A megathrust earthquake is a tectonic earthquake which occurs at subduction zones at destructive plate boundaries (convergent boundaries). These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes that can exceed 9.0. environmental_hazards Adapted from URL:http://www.britannica.com/science/earthquake-geology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake A megathrust earthquake is a tectonic earthquake which occurs at subduction zones at destructive plate boundaries (convergent boundaries). These interplate earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes that can exceed 9.0. polluted lake environmental_hazards A lake which has concentrations of environmental contaminants high enough to harm the ecosystems associated with it. sodium chloride salt A mineral material composed primarily of sodium chloride. salt envoPolar This class is for material primarily composed of sodium chloride. For other pure chemical salts, consider a CHEBI class. Request new ENVO terms for environmental samples of other chemical salts. glacial abrasion A glacial abrasion process is an erosional process during which debris in the basal ice scrapes along the bed, polishing and gouging the underlying rocks, similar to sandpaper on wood. abrasion envoPolar scouring glacial scouring https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion A glacial abrasion process is an erosional process during which debris in the basal ice scrapes along the bed, polishing and gouging the underlying rocks, similar to sandpaper on wood. glacial plucking Glacial plucking is an erosional process during which pieces of bedrock are cracked off due to the mechanical force of a moving glacier. glacial quarrying quarrying envoPolar Glacial plucking is an erosional process during which pieces of bedrock are cracked off due to the mechanical force of a moving glacier. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion glacial ice thrusting Glacial ice thrusting is an erosional process during which a moving glacier which has frozen to its bed surges forward and moves large sheets of sediment frozen to the glacial mass. ice thrusting envoPolar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion Glacial ice thrusting is an erosional process during which a moving glacier which has frozen to its bed surges forward and moves large sheets of sediment frozen to the glacial mass. water mass A mass of water. marine water mass envoPolar A mass of marine water. coast A coast is the area where land meets the sea, ocean, or lake. Used for both marine and lake coasts. The boundary of the coast is fuzzy and it overlaps both the water body and land in quesiton. Compared to 'shore' A coast is the area where land meets the sea, ocean, or lake. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast lake coast Usually reserved for large lakes. The general region of indefinite width that extends from a lake inland to the first major change in terrain features. Adapted from USGS:SDTS The general region of indefinite width that extends from a lake inland to the first major change in terrain features. tsunami environmental_hazards tidal wave A tsunami is a process during which a series of waves is generated in a water body, typically an ocean or large lake, by the displacement of a large volume of water. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. seismic sea wave https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami A tsunami is a process during which a series of waves is generated in a water body, typically an ocean or large lake, by the displacement of a large volume of water. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. mass wasting slope movement environmental_hazards Of interest for future development: Some causes of mass wasting earthquakes, increased overburden from structures, increased soil moisture, reduction of roots holding the soil to bedrock, undercutting of the slope by excavation or erosion, weathering by frost heave, bioturbation, volcanic edifice over-steepening. Some processes that reduce mass wasting: Afforestation, Reforestation, Terracing steps on slopes (reduce angle of slope). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wasting. mass movement envoPolar Mass wasting is the geomorphic process by which solid environmental material such as soil, sand, regolith, and/or rock move downslope typically as a mass, largely under the force of gravity, but frequently affected by water and water content as in submarine environments and mudslides. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wasting Mass wasting is the geomorphic process by which solid environmental material such as soil, sand, regolith, and/or rock move downslope typically as a mass, largely under the force of gravity, but frequently affected by water and water content as in submarine environments and mudslides. avalanche snowslip envoPolar environmental_hazards An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface. snowslide https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wasting An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface. landslide process landslip GEMET:http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/4668 A landslide is a process whereby a large mass of earth and rocks moves down a hill or a mountainside. environmental_hazards A landslide is a process whereby a large mass of earth and rocks moves down a hill or a mountainside. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wasting rockfall environmental_hazards geological subsidence A subsidence process is a geomorphologic process in which a surface shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level. subsidence environmental_hazards https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidence A subsidence process is a geomorphologic process in which a surface shifts downward relative to a datum such as sea-level. mudslide environmental_hazards mass wasting flow envoPolar A mass wasting flow is a form of mass wasting during which the moving materials behave similarly to a flowing fluid. Water, air and ice are often involved in enabling fluidlike motion of the material. environmental_hazards flow https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wasting A mass wasting flow is a form of mass wasting during which the moving materials behave similarly to a flowing fluid. Water, air and ice are often involved in enabling fluidlike motion of the material. mudflow environmental_hazards "Mudflows are often called mudslides, a term applied indiscriminately by the mass media to a variety of mass wasting events. Mudflows often start as slides, becoming flows as water is entrained along the flow path; such events are often called flow slides." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflow A mudflow is a form of mass wasting which involves very rapid to extremely rapid surging flow of debris that has become partially or fully liquified by the addition of significant amounts of water to clay-rich source material. mud flow A mudflow is a form of mass wasting which involves very rapid to extremely rapid surging flow of debris that has become partially or fully liquified by the addition of significant amounts of water to clay-rich source material. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflow debris flow environmental_hazards lahar A lahar is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. environmental_hazards https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar A lahar is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. sturzstrom A sturzstrom is a landslide consisting which has a great amount of kinetic energy resulting in greater horizontal movement when compared to its initial vertical drop — as much as 20 or 30 times the vertical distance. By contrast a normal landslide will typically travel a horizontal distance that is less than twice the distance that the material has fallen. A sturzstrom is a landslide consisting which has a great amount of kinetic energy resulting in greater horizontal movement when compared to its initial vertical drop — as much as 20 or 30 times the vertical distance. By contrast a normal landslide will typically travel a horizontal distance that is less than twice the distance that the material has fallen. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturtzstrom volcanic ash Volcanic ash is an environmental material which consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 millimetres in diameter. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions and during transport in pyroclastic density currents. Volcanic ash is an environmental material which consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 millimetres in diameter. Volcanic ash is formed during explosive volcanic eruptions, phreatomagmatic eruptions and during transport in pyroclastic density currents. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash ash fall process environmental_hazards An ash fall process is a process in which volcanic ash formed during an explosive volcanic eruption, phreatomagmatic eruption, or during material transport in pyroclastic density currents is pulled towards the planetary surface by gravity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash An ash fall process is a process in which volcanic ash formed during an explosive volcanic eruption, phreatomagmatic eruption, or during material transport in pyroclastic density currents is pulled towards the planetary surface by gravity. hydrological precipitation process precipitation Hydrological precipitation is a process during which any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour is pulled to the planetary surface by gravity. "process" is included in the label to make it clear that we are not referring to the precipitated material (e.g. snow, rain, sleet) Hydrological precipitation is a process during which any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapour is pulled to the planetary surface by gravity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation hydrological evaporation Hydrological evaporation is the evaporation of water, generally as part of a planetary water cycle. soil degradation Soil degradation is a process which results in a change in soil health status resulting in a diminished capacity of the ecosystem in which the soil occurs to provide goods and services for its beneficiaries. Soil degradation is a process which results in a change in soil health status resulting in a diminished capacity of the ecosystem in which the soil occurs to provide goods and services for its beneficiaries. FAO:http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-degradation-restoration/en/ soil erosion Soil erosion is a process in which exogenic processes remove soil from one location on the Earth's crust and transport it to another location where it is deposited. "Soil Erosion is a common term that is often confused with soil degradation as a whole, but in fact refers only to absolute soil losses in terms of topsoil and nutrients. This is indeed the most visible effect of soil degradation, but does not cover all of its aspects. Soil erosion is a natural process in mountainous areas, but is often made much worse by poor management practices." http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-degradation-restoration/en/ envoPolar coastal flooding environmental_hazards Coastal flooding is a process in which normally dry, low-lying land near a coast is flooded by sea water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_flood Coastal flooding is a process in which normally dry, low-lying land near a coast is flooded by sea water. riverine flooding A disposition class such as 'flooding disposition' may be interesting, especially when attached to things like meanders and bends. Riverine flooding is a process in which the flow rate of river water exceeds the capacity of its channel, thus flooding neighbouring land. Bends and meanders in a river channel are particularly disposed to such flooding. environmental_hazards Riverine flooding is a process in which the flow rate of river water exceeds the capacity of its channel, thus flooding neighbouring land. Bends and meanders in a river channel are particularly disposed to such flooding. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood#Riverine flash flooding environmental_hazards Flash flooding is a process in which low-lying land is inundated with water for a short period of time and are usually the result of precipitation or a breach in the container of a water body. Flash floods generally last no more than six hours. http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mrx/hydro/flooddef.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_flood Flash flooding is a process in which low-lying land is inundated with water for a short period of time and are usually the result of precipitation or a breach in the container of a water body. flood environmental_hazards An unusual accumulation of water above the ground caused by high tide, heavy rain, melting snow or rapid runoff from paved areas. GEMET:http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/3298 An unusual accumulation of water above the ground caused by high tide, heavy rain, melting snow or rapid runoff from paved areas. coastal flood A coastal flood is a flood which is formed as a result of large amounts of water from marine water bodies or large lakes being transported to usually dry land by displacement processes such as high winds or seismic activity. environmental_hazards https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood#Estuarine_and_coastal A coastal flood is a flood which is formed as a result of large amounts of water from marine water bodies or large lakes being transported to usually dry land by displacement processes such as high winds or seismic activity. riverine flood environmental_hazards A riverine flood is a flood which is formed as a result of a river's flow rate exceeding the capacity of its channel. flash flood environmental_hazards A flash flood is a flood formed by the rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields. Flash floods may also occur after the collapse of a natural ice or debris dam, or a human structure such as a man-made dam. Flash floods are distinguished from a regular flood by a timescale of less than six hours. A flash flood is a flood formed by the rapid flooding of geomorphic low-lying areas. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, hurricane, tropical storm, or meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields. Flash floods may also occur after the collapse of a natural ice or debris dam, or a human structure such as a man-made dam. Flash floods are distinguished from a regular flood by a timescale of less than six hours. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_flood storm surge A storm surge is a coastal flood which is caused by low-pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides. Needs links to weather when these phenomena are added. environmental_hazards https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surge A storm surge is a coastal flood which is caused by low-pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides. metotsunami Ambiguity as to whether this label refers to the process or the material entities (the waves). The material entities are a type of severe storm surge. environmental_hazards A meteotsunami is a tsunami caused by atmospheric processes and differences in air pressure. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteotsunami A meteotsunami is a tsunami caused by atmospheric processes and differences in air pressure. storm surge process A storm surge process is a coastal flooding process which is caused by low pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides. Should be linked to the relevant weather classes when these are created. environmental_hazards https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surge A storm surge process is a coastal flooding process which is caused by low pressure weather systems such as tropical cyclones and strong extratropical cyclones, the severity of which is affected by the shallowness and orientation of the water body relative to storm path, and the timing of tides. areal flooding environmental_hazards Areal flooding is a flooding process in which flat or low-lying areas become inundated with water due to water input exceeding infiltration, evaporation, or run off. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood#Areal Areal flooding is a flooding process in which flat or low-lying areas become inundated with water due to water input exceeding infiltration, evaporation, or run off. urban flooding environmental_hazards Relevant to built environments and can be linked to urban flows. Also relevant to water and sanitation SDGs. Urban flooding is a flooding process in which land or property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, is inundated due to the rate of water input exceeding that of water drainage provided by the environment's drainage systems. Urban flooding is a flooding process in which land or property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, is inundated due to the rate of water input exceeding that of water drainage provided by the environment's drainage systems. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood#Urban_flooding snowmelt Snowmelt is a hydrological process in which water is produced by the melting of snow and becomes part of the hydrological surface runoff. The assertion that the output is freshwater seems reasonable; however, this can certianly be changed if a counter example is provided. envoPolar Snowmelt is a hydrological process in which water is produced by the melting of snow and becomes part of the hydrological surface runoff. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmelt hydrological melting process envoPolar icemelt Icemelt is a hydrological process in which water is produced by the melting of ice and becomes part of the hydrological surface runoff. The assertion that the output is freshwater seems reasonable; however, this can certianly be changed if a counter example is provided. envoPolar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltwater Icemelt is a hydrological process in which water is produced by the melting of ice and becomes part of the hydrological surface runoff. meltwater Meltwater is the water released by the melting of snow or ice, including glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans. Meltwater is the water released by the melting of snow or ice, including glacial ice, tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltwater melting Melting is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. could replace with http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/REX_0000177 melting process fusion envoPolar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting Melting is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid. condensation process Condensation is a process during which a gas undergoes a phase transition into a liquid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation Condensation is a process during which a gas undergoes a phase transition into a liquid. chemical precipitation process Chemical precipitation is a process in which a portion of some solid substance segregates from a material in which that substance or its precursors were dissolved in and settles due to a force such as gravity or centrifugal force. Segregation may occur due to the solubility limits of the precipitating substance being exceeded or due to a chemical reaction that forms a solid product from aqueous reagents. Chemical precipitation is a process in which a portion of some solid substance segregates from a material in which that substance or its precursors were dissolved in and settles due to a force such as gravity or centrifugal force. Segregation may occur due to the solubility limits of the precipitating substance being exceeded or due to a chemical reaction that forms a solid product from aqueous reagents. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry) desublimation process deposition Desublimation is a process in which a portion of some gas undergoes a phase transition into a portion of some solid. Desublimation is a process in which a portion of some gas undergoes a phase transition into a portion of some solid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition) sublimation process Sublimation is a process during which a portion of some solid undergoes a phase transition into a portion of some gas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition) Sublimation is a process during which a portion of some solid undergoes a phase transition into a portion of some gas. tectonic uplift process A tectonic uplift process is a geomorphologic process in which a geological surface shifts upward relative to a datum such as sea-level due to forces other than isostatic responses to unloading. A tectonic uplift process is a geomorphologic process in which a geological surface shifts upward relative to a datum such as sea-level due to forces other than isostatic responses to unloading. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_uplift atmospheric subsidence Atmospheric subsidence is a process in which a mass of air moves through an atmosphere towards a planetary surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidence_(atmosphere) Atmospheric subsidence is a process in which a mass of air moves through an atmosphere towards a planetary surface. lava flow process environmental_hazards A process in which a volume of lava emitted during an effusive eruption moves along a solid surface. A process in which a volume of lava emitted during an effusive eruption moves along a solid surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava igneous extrusion A mass of igneous rock formed when hot magma flows out (extrudes) onto a planetary surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrusive A mass of igneous rock formed when hot magma flows out (extrudes) onto a planetary surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff. clastic dike A dike formed when sediment fills a pre-existing fracture in a mass of rock. clastic dyke stock Some assertion to indicate that stocks are smaller than batholiths should be made. A stock is a discordant igneous intrusion having a surface exposure of less than 100 square kilometres. Stocks differ from batholiths only in being smaller. laccolith A sheet intrusion (or concordant pluton) that has been injected between two layers of sedimentary rock. The pressure of the magma is high enough that the overlying strata are forced upward, giving the laccolith a dome or mushroom-like form with a generally planar base. Adapated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccolith A sheet intrusion (or concordant pluton) that has been injected between two layers of sedimentary rock. The pressure of the magma is high enough that the overlying strata are forced upward, giving the laccolith a dome or mushroom-like form with a generally planar base. lopolith A large igneous intrusion which is lenticular in shape with a depressed central region. A large igneous intrusion which is lenticular in shape with a depressed central region. Adapated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopolith phacolith A phacolith is an intrusion parallel to the bedding plane or foliation of folded country rock. More specifically, it is a typically lens-shaped intrusion that occupies either the crest of an anticline or the trough of a syncline. Adapated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phacolith A phacolith is an intrusion parallel to the bedding plane or foliation of folded country rock. More specifically, it is a typically lens-shaped intrusion that occupies either the crest of an anticline or the trough of a syncline. sill concordant intrusive sheet A tabular sheet intrusion that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill_(geology) A tabular sheet intrusion that has intruded between older layers of sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or along the direction of foliation in metamorphic rock. intrusion process A process whereby the precursors of rock, such as magma or sedimentary particles, fill a fracture in a mass of rock. habitat A habitat's specificity to an ecological population differentiates it from other environment classes. An environmental system which can sustain and allow the growth of an ecological population. ENVO EcoLexicon:habitat LTER:238 SWEETRealm:Habitat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat An environmental system which can sustain and allow the growth of an ecological population. EnvO:EnvO area of perennial water ice An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of water ice, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. nlcd2011 This class covers part of the NLCD "Perennial Ice/Snow" class. envoPolar https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of water ice, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. recycling process This has been created for SDGIO. Revision is likely, but the general meaning should be stable. The frame of reference for determining what is 'waste' and what is a 'resource' is unclear. A process in which some input bearing a waste role is consumed to produce an output which bears a resource role. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=2260 A process in which some input bearing a waste role is consumed to produce an output which bears a resource role. carbon-bearing gas emission process A carbon emission process is any environmental process which outputs a carbon-bearing gas. envoPolar Requested for SDGIO. Likely to be revised. carbon emission process land consumption process These anthropogenic ecosystems may include urban or other built-up settlements or anthropogenic ecosystems used for activities such as forestry or agriculture. A process in which natural ecosystems present over an expanse of land are removed and replaced with anthropogenic ecosystems. An SDGIO request. Likely to be refined and revised. This looks like an aggregate class, subsuming a range of processes which can lead to degradation. A process in which natural ecosystems present over an expanse of land are removed and replaced with anthropogenic ecosystems. Adapted from EEA (1997) The concept of environmental space, Copenhagen, URL: http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-9167-078-2/at_download/file human dwelling A self-contained constructed feature used by one or more households as a home, such as a house, apartment, mobile home, houseboat or other 'substantial' structure. A dwelling typically includes nearby outbuildings, sheds etc. within the curtilage of the property, excluding any 'open fields beyond'. It has significance in relation to search and seizure, conveyancing of real property, burglary, trespass, and land use planning. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/264 for discussion. This definition needs a lot of clean up and links to household and related classes must be made to form logical definitions for inference to work. Subclasses will be added by inference. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwelling accessed 11/25/2015 A self-contained constructed feature used by one or more households as a home, such as a house, apartment, mobile home, houseboat or other 'substantial' structure. A dwelling typically includes nearby outbuildings, sheds etc. within the curtilage of the property, excluding any 'open fields beyond'. It has significance in relation to search and seizure, conveyancing of real property, burglary, trespass, and land use planning. area of perennial snow An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of snow, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. envoPolar nlcd2011 This class covers part of the NLCD "Perennial Ice/Snow" class. https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of snow, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. area of perennial ice or snow According to the NLCD 2011, these areas are characterised by ice and/or snow cover generally greater than 25% of total cover. The definition of perennial needs clarification. perennial ice/snow NLCD:12 An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of snow or water ice, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. nlcd2011 envoPolar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of snow or water ice, present throughout multiple years, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. regolith A layer of loose, heterogeneous, superficial material covering solid rock. It includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other related materials. The various parts of the regolith are highly variable. Perhaps some sort of "unconsolidated" quality should be used here with "environmental material" to cover this scope. Note that organisms, their parts, or their derivatives are also included. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regolith A layer of loose, heterogeneous, superficial material covering solid rock. It includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other related materials. continental crust This is an Earth-centred class, but can be generalised to include other planetary bodies. envoPolar A layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves. On Earth, all continental crust ultimately derives from the fractional differentiation of oceanic crust over many eons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology) A layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves. On Earth, all continental crust ultimately derives from the fractional differentiation of oceanic crust over many eons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_crust oceanic crust envoPolar Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate. Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology) Mohorovicic discontinuity This is and Earth-centred definition, but can likely be applied to other differentiated planetary bodies. The Mohorovicic discontinuity, usually referred to as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle, indicating a change in composition. Moho MohoroviÄ�ić discontinuity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity The Mohorovicic discontinuity, usually referred to as the Moho, is the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle, indicating a change in composition. bedrock A lithified mass of rock that lies under the loose softer material (regolith) at the surface of the Earth or other terrestrial planet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedrock A lithified mass of rock that lies under the loose softer material (regolith) at the surface of the Earth or other terrestrial planet. area of barren land nlcd2011 An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of bedrock, desert pavement, scarp rock, talus, material exposed by slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, sand, material exposed during strip mining, gravel, and other accumulations of earthen material in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. envoPolar NLCD:31 Barren Land (Rock/Sand/Clay) According to the NLCD 2011, areas of barren land generally have less than 15% cover of vegetation. A specific threshold is not asserted in this definition. The range of entities that are considered "barren land" are not exhaustive, making axiomatisation risky at this stage. https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface An area of a planet's surface which is primarily composed of bedrock, desert pavement, scarp rock, talus, material exposed by slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, sand, material exposed during strip mining, gravel, and other accumulations of earthen material in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere obsolete air temperature ENVO:09200001 true Draft class. In discussion in Issue #278. A temperature that inheres in some portion of air. URL:https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/278 A temperature that inheres in some portion of air. fumarole-derived ice tower ice tower envoPolar ice chimney A hollow tower of ice formed by the freezing of steam escaping a fumarole. aeroform This may not need to be in the atmosphere, also note that "meteor" will do much of the same work. An aeroform is a geographic feature which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of gaseous or aerosolised material held in shape by one or more environmental processes. Similar, in spirit, to landform. This class may need to be split into aerosols and 'pure' volumes of gas. obsolete vegetable FOODON:00001261 true According to the FAO definition, vegetables grown principally for animal feed or seed should be separated from those grown for human consumption. They both, however, fall under the label "vegetable". This class represents a somewhat arbitrary grouping of plant products which varies along various axes (socio-political, economic, cultural, etc). It's likely we'll need to create more informative subclasses and use synonomy to tie them together. obsolete fruit FOODON:00001262 true This class represents a somewhat arbitrary grouping of plant products which varies along various axes (socio-political, economic, cultural, etc). It's likely we'll need to create more informative subclasses and use synonomy to tie them together. obsolete nut FOODON:00001263 true This class represents a somewhat arbitrary grouping of plant products which varies along various axes (socio-political, economic, cultural, etc). It's likely we'll need to create more informative subclasses and use synonomy to tie them together. The definition, too, requires greater refinement. obsolete legume FOODON:00001264 true cloud A cloud is a visible mass of aerosolised liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in an atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body. On Earth clouds are formed by the saturation of air in the homosphere when air cools or gains water vapor. Note that this class describes clouds as countable objects, rather than 'cloud material'. It also refers to water-based clouds. cloud mass https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud A cloud is a visible mass of aerosolised liquid droplets or frozen crystals suspended in an atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body. On Earth clouds are formed by the saturation of air in the homosphere when air cools or gains water vapor. polar stratospheric cloud envoPolar Polar stratospheric clouds are clouds which form in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000–25,000 metres and which support chemical reactions that produce active chlorine and remove gaseous nitric acid, catalysing ozone destruction. PSC This class should be linked to ozone layer depletion processes. nacreous cloud https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud Polar stratospheric clouds are clouds which form in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000–25,000 metres and which support chemical reactions that produce active chlorine and remove gaseous nitric acid, catalysing ozone destruction. sparsely populated settlement A settlement with a low density of buildings and inhabitants. The thresholds for what makes a settlment "sparsely populated" can be determined as needed. These are usually "sparse" in relation to urban environments. If there is a specific threshold that should be added to ENVO, please make a new class request. rural settlement A settlement which has lower population density than a town, city, or other urban environment and is primarily used for agricultural or pastoral activity. A class created fro SDGIO. The definition of rural is highly varied, dealing with areas, settlements, and populations interchangeably. The 'rural' classes in ENVO aim to clarify these differing definitions. See issue #272. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_area A settlement which has lower population density than a town, city, or other urban environment and is primarily used for agricultural or pastoral activity. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/am085e/am085e.pdf formal settlement A settlement which has been established and is managed through officially sanctioned processes and is recognised as legal by a competent authority. This is merely a defined class and should not have too many subclasses. informal settlement Informal settlements need not be illegal. This is merely a defined class and should not have too many subclasses. Can a formerly formal settlement become an informal settlement? A settlement which is not associated with or directed by official planning processes and which typically lacks municipal services and infrastructure such as sanitation, water services, and waste management services. legal settlement A settlement on land that the inhabitants have a legal claim to. This is merely a defined class and should not have too many subclasses. illegal settlement A settlement on land that the inhabitants have no legal claim to or occupy illegally. This is merely a defined class and should not have too many subclasses. http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1351 A settlement on land that the inhabitants have no legal claim to or occupy illegally. primary forest Forest which originally covered a region before changes in the environment brought about by people. (Source: PHC) http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept?cp=6622 Forest which originally covered a region before changes in the environment brought about by people. (Source: PHC) carbon dioxide emission process A carbon emission process is any environmental process which releases carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere. envoPolar Requested for SDGIO. This class may be revised in future once the offical definitions become more clear. carbon dioxide emission A volume of carbon dioxide gas emitted by a carbon dioxide emission process. This is a working definition for #280. Which processes will ultimately be included in the axioms is still open. all season road permanent road A road which is usable across all seasons. Created for SDGIO, indicator 9.1.1. See #272. all-season road http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/WorldStats/ADI-access-season-road-definition.html A road which is usable across all seasons. rural area A class created fro SDGIO. The definition of rural is highly varied, dealing with areas, settlements, and populations interchangeably. The 'rural' classes in ENVO aim to clarify these differing definitions. See issue #272. An area which is outside of a town, city, or urban area. Rural areas are primarily used for agriculture or pastoralism and may contain rural settlements. http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/am085e/am085e.pdf An area which is outside of a town, city, or urban area. Rural areas are primarily used for agriculture or pastoralism and may contain rural settlements. village A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings; however, transient villages can occur. Further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement. This class may be split. "urban village" doesn't sit well and prevents relations to village biomes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet but smaller than a town, with a population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand. Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings; however, transient villages can occur. Further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, not scattered broadly over the landscape, as a dispersed settlement. oligotrophic lake A lake which has nutrient-poor water. See issue #282 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_state_index A lake which has nutrient-poor water. mesotrophic lake A lake with medium nutrient levels, which allow moderate productivity. What constitutes a "medium" nutrient level is subject to debate. The thresholds should be set either on a data level or through new subclasses. See Issue #281. piece of plastic An abiotic mesoscopic physical object which is primarily composed of plastic. nurdle A cylindrical shaped pre-production plastic pellet used in manufacturing and packaging. See Issue #289. A cylindrical shaped pre-production plastic pellet used in manufacturing and packaging. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nurdle important site Ramsar Sites The selection process which determines the whether an area is an important site must follow the best practice specifications and guidelines developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), using globally standardised criteria and thresholds. Note that the label 'important site' is chosen to align with SDGIO. The definition is that of "key biodiversity area". Important Mammal Area Prime Butterfly Area Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area Alliance for Zero Extinction Sites IUCN Important Site for Freshwater Biodiversity envoPolar key biodiversity area Important Bird Area Important Plant Area The narrow synonyms will be made into subclasses in their own right. Important Site for Freshwater Biodiversity An environmental zone which contains, as determined by an officially mandated selection process, one or more ecosystems which include, as parts, ecological communities of global significance for conservation due to their vulnerability and irreplaceability. http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/iucnmed/iucn_med_programme/species/key_biodiversity_areas/ An environmental zone which contains, as determined by an officially mandated selection process, one or more ecosystems which include, as parts, ecological communities of global significance for conservation due to their vulnerability and irreplaceability. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Biodiversity_Area public infrastructure infrastructure We label this as 'public infrastructure', as the OECD definition refers specifically to public constructed features. The parts of public infrastructure are not exhaustive and should be extended as needed. The system of public works in a country, state or region, including roads, utility lines and public buildings. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=4511 The system of public works in a country, state or region, including roads, utility lines and public buildings. public road This class is created for the SDGIO and the 'public infrastructure' class. The publically accessible attribute could be axiomatised. A road which is publically accessible. public building A building which is publically accessible. Created for SDGIO, we treat "public" as "publically accessible" where the semantics of access are dealt with in SDGIO. utility line A cable used to trasmit electricity from its point of production to its point of consumption. public utility line A utility line which services the public power grid. Created for SDGIO, we treat "public" as "publically accessible" where the semantics of access are dealt with in SDGIO. illegal informal settlement A populated place where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to, or occupy illegally, or where dwellings are not in compliance with current planning and building regulations. Informal settlements may be urban or rural. informal settlement A populated place where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to, or occupy illegally, or where dwellings are not in compliance with current planning and building regulations. unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/SeriesF/SeriesF_67E.pdf material extraction process A planned process during which a portion of environmental material is removed from a material entity. Created for SDGIO and intended to be a more general form of resource extraction process. This should be an OBI planned process. Pending import. fire A fire is a process whereby rapid and exothermic oxidation of a material through a combustion process releases heat, light, and other products. Not to be confused with a flame - the visible portion of gas released by a fire . Oxidation processes such as rusting or biological digestion are not subsumed here. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept?cp=3212 A fire is a process whereby rapid and exothermic oxidation of a material through a combustion process releases heat, light, and other products. wildfire A conflagration which is uncontrolled and combusts material in a vegetated area, be it rural or wild. wildland fire The definition of "wildland" or "wild" is ambiguous. environmental_hazards conflagration A fire which occurs in a large spatial area poses a risk to human life, animal life, health, and/or property. large fire blaze A fire which occurs in a large spatial area poses a risk to human life, animal life, health, and/or property. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflagration flame A portion of gas which is emitted by a fire or other exothermic reaction, is of increased temperature, and typically emits light in the visible range. A portion of gas which is emitted by a fire or other exothermic reaction, is of increased temperature, and typically emits light in the visible range. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame hydrocarbon flame A flame which is produced by the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel. forest fire A wildfire which occurs in a forest, primarily consuming vegetation as fuel. mass gaseous flow wind This class refers to all forms of "wind": from the familiar movement of air in the Earth's atmosphere to the solar wind. Use a subclass to be more precise. envoPolar A process whereby a large volume of gas moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind A process whereby a large volume of gas moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces. atmospheric wind envoPolar A mass gaseous flow which occurrs in a planet's atmosphere due to internal pressure disequilibria. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind A mass gaseous flow which occurrs in a planet's atmosphere due to internal pressure disequilibria. stellar wind Solar wind A stream of plasma primarily composed of electrons, protons, and alpha particles ejected from the upper atmosphere of a star. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind A stream of plasma primarily composed of electrons, protons, and alpha particles ejected from the upper atmosphere of a star. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind planetary wind A mass gaseous flow in which planetary atmospheric gases flow into outer space. atmospheric escape envoPolar mass plasma flow A process whereby a large volume of plasma moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces. gaseous environmental material This class is to be populated by inference. gas A material entity which is composed of one or more chemical entities and has neither independent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely. A material entity which is composed of one or more chemical entities and has neither independent shape nor volume but tends to expand indefinitely. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gas plasma A material entity which is composed of a volume of unbound positive and negative particles in roughly equal numbers, conducts electricity, and possesses internal magnetic fields. An NTR for `quality of a plasma` has been posted on the PATO tracker: https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/88 A material entity which is composed of a volume of unbound positive and negative particles in roughly equal numbers, conducts electricity, and possesses internal magnetic fields. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_%28physics%29 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plasma astronomical body celestial body Astronomical bodies are usually cohesive, thus the use of the term 'object' sensu BFO 'object'. An object which is naturally occuring, bound together by gravitational or electromagnetic forces, and surrounded by space. envoAstro An object which is naturally occuring, bound together by gravitational or electromagnetic forces, and surrounded by space. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_object planet envoPolar envoAstro A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals. Considerable debate on the definition of planet exists. A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity, is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/whatisaplanet star envoAstro An astronomical object which is composed primarily of luminous plasma held in a spherical form by gravitational forces. envoPolar Add qualities such as spherical. Request NTRs if not available in PATO. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star An astronomical object which is composed primarily of luminous plasma held in a spherical form by gravitational forces. planetary moon At times, a moon is equated to a natural satellite, however, the latter class includes a broader range of entities. Here, we currently separate moons from other satellites. We can create a logical definition of satellite using an orbital process class. natural satellite An astronomical body which orbits a planet of comparatively greater mass. envoAstro moon An astronomical body which orbits a planet of comparatively greater mass. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/solarsystem/sats https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_satellite asteroid envoAstro This class is hard to define and is sometimes treated as equivalent to 'minor planet'. astronomical object 1 celestial object If there is only one astronomical body involved, this class is equivalent to ENVO:01000799. This may be problematic with reasoning, but it seems to be true to the rather fuzzy definitions found thus far. envoAstro An object which is composed of one or more gravitationally bound structures that are associated with a position in space. An object which is composed of one or more gravitationally bound structures that are associated with a position in space. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_object globular star cluster envoAstro There is a need to account for open star clusters which are not gravitationally bound. This would need a superclass other than 'astronomical object', as currently defined. A group of gravitationally bound stars. A group of gravitationally bound stars. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_cluster nebula An interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases envoAstro https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula An interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases galaxy envoAstro A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy dwarf planet Considerable debate on this definition exists. envoAstro An astronomical body which is in direct orbit of a star and is massive enough for its own gravity to compress it into a shape preserved by hydrostatic equilibrium (usually a spheroid), but which shares its orbit with other bodies, such as asteroids or comets. An astronomical body which is in direct orbit of a star and is massive enough for its own gravity to compress it into a shape preserved by hydrostatic equilibrium (usually a spheroid), but which shares its orbit with other bodies, such as asteroids or comets. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/Dwarf minor planet This definition is in need of revision - it relies on negation and seems to straddle class and instance level. The definitional space here is contested and quite inhomogeneous. A minor planet is an astronomical object in direct orbit around the Sun that is neither a planet nor exclusively classified as a comet. Minor planets can be dwarf planets, asteroids, trojans, centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and other trans-Neptunian objects. "Before 2006, the IAU had officially used the term minor planet. During its 2006 meeting, the IAU reclassified minor planets and comets into dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies (SSSB). Objects are called dwarf planets if their self-gravity is sufficient to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium and form an ellipsoidal shape. All other minor planets and comets are called small Solar System bodies. The IAU stated that the term minor planet may still be used, but the term small Solar System body will be preferred. However, for purposes of numbering and naming, the traditional distinction between minor planet and comet is still used." envoAstro "Before 2006, the IAU had officially used the term minor planet. During its 2006 meeting, the IAU reclassified minor planets and comets into dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies (SSSB). Objects are called dwarf planets if their self-gravity is sufficient to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium and form an ellipsoidal shape. All other minor planets and comets are called small Solar System bodies. The IAU stated that the term minor planet may still be used, but the term small Solar System body will be preferred. However, for purposes of numbering and naming, the traditional distinction between minor planet and comet is still used." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet A minor planet is an astronomical object in direct orbit around the Sun that is neither a planet nor exclusively classified as a comet. Minor planets can be dwarf planets, asteroids, trojans, centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and other trans-Neptunian objects. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet planetary atmosphere An atmosphere which surrounds a planet. envoPolar nitrogen-oxygen planetary atmosphere A planetary atmosphere which is composted primarily of dinitrogen and dioxygen gas. envoPolar An instance of this class would be Earth's atmosphere. desert pavement serir reg saï gibber A desert surface covered with closely packed, interlocking angular or rounded rock fragments of pebble and cobble size. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_pavement A desert surface covered with closely packed, interlocking angular or rounded rock fragments of pebble and cobble size. astronomical body part A material part of an astronomical body. envoPolar envoAstro solid environmental material An environmental material which is in a solid state. This is a defined class: its subclasses will not be asserted, but filled by inference. liquid environmental material An environmental material which is in a liquid state. This is a defined class: its subclasses will not be asserted, but filled by inference. envoPolar area of deciduous forest deciduous forest nlcd2011 NLCD:41 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of deciduous forest are dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and making up more than 20% of total vegetation cover. The NLCD 2011 continues to state that more than 75% of these trees should shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition. An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees shed foliage simultaneously in response to seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. biosphere Whether this class should be grouped with classes such as "hydrosphere" and "cryosphere" requires some discussion. The gravitational sphere of influence referenced in this class' definition is the Hill sphere: a region in which an object dominates the attraction of satellites despite gravitational perturbations. A biosphere is an environmental system which includes, as parts, all the living entities within the gravitational sphere of influence of an astronomical body, and the non-living and dead entities which they interact with. envoPolar envoAstro A biosphere is an environmental system which includes, as parts, all the living entities within the gravitational sphere of influence of an astronomical body, and the non-living and dead entities which they interact with. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Biosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere cryosphere envoPolar envoAstro A cryosphere is that part of a planet which is primarily composed of water is in solid form. This is a very broad and, in practice, poorly defined term. Please consider using or requesting a more specific class. A cryosphere is that part of a planet which is primarily composed of water is in solid form. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryosphere hydrosphere This is a very broad and, in practice, poorly defined term. Please consider using or requesting a more specific class. envoAstro An astronomical body part which is composed of the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. envoPolar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosphere An astronomical body part which is composed of the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet. pedosphere envoAstro This is a very broad and, in practice, poorly defined term. Please consider using or requesting a more specific class. An astronomical body part which is composed of soil, subject to soil formation processes, and found on the surface of a lithosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedosphere An astronomical body part which is composed of soil, subject to soil formation processes, and found on the surface of a lithosphere. photosphere An astronomical body part which is composed of those parts of a star, distal from the star's core, from which light is radiated into space. envoAstro https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosphere An astronomical body part which is composed of those parts of a star, distal from the star's core, from which light is radiated into space. planetary photic zone envoPolar photosphere A planetary part which is exposed, at least periodically, to light. In some literature, the term photosphere is used; however, this is more correctly reserved for a part of a star. A planetary part which is exposed, at least periodically, to light. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1155495 illuminated biosphere part An astronomical body part which includes those parts of a biosphere that are, at least periodically, illuminated and in which photosynthesis may occur. envoPolar Somewhat awkward at the moment, see #314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1155495 An astronomical body part which includes those parts of a biosphere that are, at least periodically, illuminated and in which photosynthesis may occur. exorheic lake open lake A lake from which water constantly flows out of under almost all climatic circumstances, maintaining low concentrations of dissolved solid relative to endorheic lakes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_and_closed_lakes A lake from which water constantly flows out of under almost all climatic circumstances, maintaining low concentrations of dissolved solid relative to endorheic lakes. eaves A part of a building roof which overhangs the face of a wall and, normally, projects beyond the side of a building. A part of a building roof which overhangs the face of a wall and, normally, projects beyond the side of a building. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaves open eaves Overhanging eaves where the rafters and underside of the roof are visible from below. Open eaves. (n.d.) McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. (2003). Retrieved May 16 2016 from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Open+eaves Overhanging eaves where the rafters and underside of the roof are visible from below. closed eaves Eaves in which projecting roof members are not visible, being closed from view by boarding. closed eaves. (n.d.) McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. (2003). Retrieved May 16 2016 from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/closed+eaves Eaves in which projecting roof members are not visible, being closed from view by boarding. humid air Air which has increased levels of water vapour. water vapour saturated air "Near equal" is meant to reflect that there will be fluctuations around the equilibrium point. Air which has a partial pressure of water vapour equal or near equal to its equilibrium vapor pressure at a given temperature. wet air water-vapour-saturated air water-based rainfall rainfall rain fall A hydrological precipitation process in which atmospheric water vapour condenses to form droplets of liquid water massive enough to fall to a planetary surface due to the planet's gravity. This is the process which typically happens on Earth. Other planets may have different liquids involved in the process. envoPolar rain A hydrological precipitation process in which atmospheric water vapour condenses to form droplets of liquid water massive enough to fall to a planetary surface due to the planet's gravity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain droplet drop No attempt is made to differentiate between drops and droplets. This may be added, if requested. A droplet is a small column of liquid, bounded completely or almost completely by free surfaces which maintains its shape due to the surface tension of the liquid. A droplet is a small column of liquid, bounded completely or almost completely by free surfaces which maintains its shape due to the surface tension of the liquid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_%28liquid%29 raindrop A droplet formed by condensation of vapour in an atmosphere and which is sufficiently massive to overcome atmospheric resistance and fall to a planetary surface due to gravity. water droplet A droplet of water A defined class which should be filled by inference. water raindrop raindrop This is the class intended for use when describing raindrops on Earth. These typically have a diamter of 0.1 to 9 millimetres. cloud droplet A droplet which is spherical in shape and suspended in an atmosphere, being of too small a mass to be pulled to a planetary surface by gravity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain A droplet which is spherical in shape and suspended in an atmosphere, being of too small a mass to be pulled to a planetary surface by gravity. water-based cloud droplet water based cloud droplet cloud droplet cloud drop A cloud droplet composed primarily of water. virga A process in which precipitation falls from a cloud but evaporates or sublimes before making contact with a planetary surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain A process in which precipitation falls from a cloud but evaporates or sublimes before making contact with a planetary surface. smoke Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of gas that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes combustion or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of gas that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke combustion process Combustion or burning is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. Unlike the "combustion" class in the Chemical Methods Ontology, this class is not necessarily a planned process. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/CHMO_0001473 This class may be surrendered to REX. Combustion or burning is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion thermolysis pyrolysis A thermolysis process in which organic material is decomposed in the absence of oxygen. smog A fog which is intermixed with smoke or other combustion products and their derivatives. area of evergreen forest An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees maintain their foliage despite seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. nlcd2011 NLCD:42 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of evergreen forest are dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and making up more than 20% of total vegetation cover. The NLCD 2011 continues to state that more than 75% of these trees should maintain their foliage despite seasonal change - the canopy is never without green foliage. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition. evergreen forest An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees maintain their foliage despite seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface fog A visible mass of cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near a planetary surface. haar This class refers only to fog formed by materials primarily composed of water. "Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog has affected many human activities, such as shipping, travel, and warfare." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog A visible mass of cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near a planetary surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog crystal This class refers to a portion of crystal and not an individual crystal. A solid material whose constituents, such as atoms, molecules or ions, are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. A solid material whose constituents, such as atoms, molecules or ions, are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal water ice crystal A crystal which is primarily composed of water ice. ice crystal envoPolar hair ice A type of water ice that forms on dead wood with the assistance of the fungus Exidiopsis effusa and takes the shape of fine, silky hair. envoPolar ice wool frost beard A type of water ice that forms on dead wood with the assistance of the fungus Exidiopsis effusa and takes the shape of fine, silky hair. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_ice flower strip A vegetated area which includes a community of flowering plants that provide food for local pollinators. Flower strips are often the last refuge organsims whose habitats have been replaced by croplands, urban areas, and othe anthropogenic environments. This has considerable consequences for pollination and other ecosystem services. This may or may not be an anthropogenic environment, but its boundaries are maintained by human activity. A vegetated area which includes a community of flowering plants that provide food for local pollinators. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12605 https://jappliedecologyblog.wordpress.com/2016/02/09/flower-strips-support-ecosystem-services-only-when-they-have-the-right-flowers/?platform=hootsuite Flower strips are often the last refuge organsims whose habitats have been replaced by croplands, urban areas, and othe anthropogenic environments. This has considerable consequences for pollination and other ecosystem services. flower-rich field margin strip Flower strips are often the last refuge organsims whose habitats have been replaced by croplands, urban areas, and othe anthropogenic environments. This has considerable consequences for pollination and other ecosystem services. A flower strip which is present at the margins of cultivated fields. A flower strip which is present at the margins of cultivated fields. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12605 Flower strips are often the last refuge organsims whose habitats have been replaced by croplands, urban areas, and othe anthropogenic environments. This has considerable consequences for pollination and other ecosystem services. https://jappliedecologyblog.wordpress.com/2016/02/09/flower-strips-support-ecosystem-services-only-when-they-have-the-right-flowers/?platform=hootsuite clathrate material clathrate compound material This class is not to be confused with CHEBI's "clathrate". The latter refers to the pure substance, while this class refers to clathrates found in nature. "Traditionally, clathrate compounds are polymeric and completely envelop the guest molecule, but in modern usage clathrates also include host-guest complexes and inclusion compounds." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_compound Not sure if this should be a subclass of crystal. If it is removed, remember to assert that it is a solid. A material which is primarily composed of a substance arranged as a lattice which can trap or contain other molecules. clathrate crystal material envoPolar A material which is primarily composed of a substance arranged as a lattice which can trap or contain other molecules. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_compound methane clathrate A clathrate material in which a large amount of methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice. envoPolar methane ice hydromethane fire ice methane hydrate natural gas hydrate gas hydrate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate A clathrate material in which a large amount of methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice. coral bleaching process orcid.org/0000-0001-8369-8114 Add relations to coral organisms in NCBI taxonomy. coral bleaching An environmental process in which coral expels the symbiotic algae living in its tissue as a result of stress, causing the coral to turn white. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral_bleach.html An environmental process in which coral expels the symbiotic algae living in its tissue as a result of stress, causing the coral to turn white. marl A request from the Agronomy Ontology in Issue #345. Marl is a mass of calcium carbonate derived from mollusk shells and mixed with silt and clay. http://corn.agronomy.wisc.edu/Management/pdfs/a3671.pdf Marl is a mass of calcium carbonate derived from mollusk shells and mixed with silt and clay. tropical marine coral reef biome A marine coral reef biome which is occurs in a region with a tropical climate. wwfBiome area of mixed forest NLCD:43 nlcd2011 mixed forest An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees maintain their foliage despite seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. According to the NLCD 2011, areas of mixed forest are dominated by trees generally greater than 5 meters tall, and making up more than 20% of total vegetation cover. The NLCD 2011 continues to state that neither deciduous or evergreen trees make up more than 75% of the total tree cover. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by a forest in which the majority of trees maintain their foliage despite seasonal change. The surfaces of this area (including the surface of the forest canopy) are in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php temperate marginal sea biome wwfBiome A component of the WWF Temperate Shelf and seas ecoregions grouping temperate mediterranean sea biome wwfBiome marine upwelling biome A marine biome which contains communities adapted to living in an environment determined by an upwelling process. tropical marine upwelling biome wwfBiome temperate marine upwelling biome wwfBiome area of dwarf scrub dwarf scrub According to the NLCD 2011, areas of dwarf scrub are dominated by shrubs less than 20 centimeters tall with shrub canopy typically greater than 20% of total vegetation. This type is often co-associated with grasses, sedges, herbs, and non-vascular vegetation. The NLCD 2011 notes that this is intended as an Alaska only land cover. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition. An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by shrubs with ground-hugging stems or low growth habit, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. area of subshrub NLCD:51 nlcd2011 As noted in Wikipedia: "Because the criteria are matters of degree rather than of kind, the definition of a subshrub is not sharply distinguishable from that of a shrub" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subshrub As noted in Wikipedia: "Because the criteria are matters of degree rather than of kind, the definition of a subshrub is not sharply distinguishable from that of a shrub" https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subshrub An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by shrubs with ground-hugging stems or low growth habit, in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. turbulent aquatic surface layer overfall A turbulent surface layer of a water body maintained by strong currents setting over submerged ridges or shoals or by winds opposing a current. This should likely be a part of the surface layer rather than a subclass. A turbulent surface layer of a water body maintained by strong currents setting over submerged ridges or shoals or by winds opposing a current. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/overfall overflow structure A structure which is built into the container of a water body which allows water to flow out of the container when the volume of the water contained exceeds that of its cavity. overfall http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/overfall A structure which is built into the container of a water body which allows water to flow out of the container when the volume of the water contained exceeds that of its cavity. mouth of liquid discharge conduit overfall A site at the terminus of a liquid conveyance conduit where the liquid carried is discharged into the sea or a river. http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/overfall A site at the terminus of a liquid conveyance conduit where the liquid carried is discharged into the sea or a river. electric power system An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transfer and use electric power. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_system An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transfer and use electric power. photovoltaic system A photovoltaic system is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling and other electrical accessories to set up a working system. A photovoltaic system is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling and other electrical accessories to set up a working system. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system solar panel array photovoltaic panel array A group of solar panels, typically belonging to the same photovoltaic system, arranged to maximise interception of solar radiation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system A group of solar panels, typically belonging to the same photovoltaic system, arranged to maximise interception of solar radiation. domestic solar panel array domestic photovoltaic panel array A solar panel array that is integrated into the power system of a human dwelling. area of scrub NLCD:52 As noted in Wikipedia: "Because the criteria are matters of degree rather than of kind, the definition of a subshrub is not sharply distinguishable from that of a shrub" According to the NLCD 2011, areas of scrub or shrub are dominated by shrubs; less than 5 meters tall with shrub canopy typically greater than 20% of total vegetation. This class includes true shrubs, young trees in an early successional stage or trees stunted from environmental conditions. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition. nlcd2011 shrub/scrub area of shrub https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subshrub As noted in Wikipedia: "Because the criteria are matters of degree rather than of kind, the definition of a subshrub is not sharply distinguishable from that of a shrub" https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.07.014 https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subshrub ground deformation process This is a class to be filled by inference. A process in which a solid planetary surface is deformed. puddle of water This class refers only to puddles of water, see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/337 A puddle is a small accumulation of water, on a surface. It can form either by pooling in a depression on the surface, or by surface tension upon a flat surface. A puddle is a small accumulation of water, on a surface. It can form either by pooling in a depression on the surface, or by surface tension upon a flat surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddle balast water This definition could be improved, as ballast water is often used in more general ways, beyond the water contained in a ballast tank at any given time. For example, water which has just been released from a ballast tank is often still refered to as ballast water. Ballast water is water contained in the ballast tanks of sea-going vessels. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_ballast#Water_ballast https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_water_discharge_and_the_environment http://www.nature.com/news/four-routes-to-better-maritime-governance-1.21051?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews Ballast water is water contained in the ballast tanks of sea-going vessels. ballast tank Consider using http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OBI_0000967 as a super-class A ballast tank is a compartment within a boat, ship or other floating structure that holds water, which is used as ballast to provide stability for a vessel. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_tank A ballast tank is a compartment within a boat, ship or other floating structure that holds water, which is used as ballast to provide stability for a vessel. hailfall environmental_hazards hail fall envoPolar Hailfall is a hydrological process in which balls or irregular lumps of water ice formed in thunderstorm or cumulonimbus clouds fall to a planetary surface. Hailfall is a hydrological process in which balls or irregular lumps of water ice formed in thunderstorm or cumulonimbus clouds fall to a planetary surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail precipitation process A precipitation process is a process in which a portion of some substance segregates from a material in which that substance or its precursors were dissolved or suspended in and settles due to a force such as gravity or centrifugal force. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation A precipitation process is a process in which a portion of some substance segregates from a material in which that substance or its precursors were dissolved or suspended in and settles due to a force such as gravity or centrifugal force. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_%28chemistry%29 storm The threshold of what constitutes "strong" perturbation is not defined here due to considerable semantic variation. If a specific threshold is required, please request a new term. A storm is an environmental process in which an environmental system and the processes it participates in are strongly perturbed by external forcings. These forcings typically increase the rates of processes unfolding in the system, relative to their normal rates. environmental_hazards atmospheric storm environmental_hazards An atmospheric storm is a process in which a portion of an astronomical body's atmosphere is strongly perturbed from its prevaling weather. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm An atmospheric storm is a process in which a portion of an astronomical body's atmosphere is strongly perturbed from its prevaling weather. thunderstorm lightning storm An atmospheric storm which occurs in cumulonimbus clouds and during which lightning and thunder occur. electrical storm environmental_hazards Thunderstorms may or may not involve processes which result in strong winds, heavy rain, snow, sleet, hail, or other forms of precipitation. rainstorm environmental_hazards An atmospheric storm during which intense rainfall occurs. hailstorm An atmospheric storm which intense hailfall occurs. environmental_hazards envoPolar snowstorm envoPolar environmental_hazards An atmospheric storm during which intense snowfall occurs. icestorm envoPolar glaze event silver thaw An atmospheric storm during which freezing rain falls and accumulates as ice on exposed surfaces. environmental_hazards The U.S. National Weather Service defines an ice storm as a storm which results in the accumulation of at least 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) of ice on exposed surfaces. The U.S. National Weather Service defines an ice storm as a storm which results in the accumulation of at least 0.25-inch (6.4 mm) of ice on exposed surfaces. Hauer RJ, Dawson JO, Werner LP (2006) Trees and Ice Storms - The Development of Ice Storm-Resistant Urban Tree Populations (2 ed.). College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, and the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences and the Office of Continuing Education, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. http://web.extension.uiuc.edu/forestry/publications/pdf/urban_community_forestry/trees_and_ice_storms_2006.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_storm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_storm An atmospheric storm during which freezing rain falls and accumulates as ice on exposed surfaces. area of developed open space According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed open space are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include large-lot single-family housing units, parks, golf courses. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover less than 20% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not asserted in this definition. developed, open space nlcd2011 This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. This would be helped by more clear listings of entities included in this classification. However, the class is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. NLCD:21 An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation planted for recreation, erosion control, or aesthetic purposes interspersed by constructed or manufactured objects and materials. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation planted for recreation, erosion control, or aesthetic purposes interspersed by constructed or manufactured objects and materials. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php area of developed space with low usage intensity developed, low intensity An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation and by constructed or manufactured objects and materials covering up to approximately half its extent. Such areas are used for low intensity purposes such as accommodating collections of single-family residential units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. NLCD:22 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed space under low intensity usage are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include collections of single-family housing units. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover between than 20 - 49% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. This would be helped by more clear listings of entities included in this classification. However, the class is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. nlcd2011 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation and by constructed or manufactured objects and materials covering up to approximately half its extent. Such areas are used for low intensity purposes such as accommodating collections of single-family residential units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface area of developed space with medium usage intensity nlcd2011 This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. This would be helped by more clear listings of entities included in this classification. However, the class is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. developed, medium intensity NLCD:23 According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed space under medium intensity usage are dominated by vegetation such as lawn grasses and include collections of single-family housing units. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover between than 50 - 79% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by constructed or manufactured objects and materials covering from half to three-forths of its extent and by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation. Such areas are used for medium intensity purposes such as accommodating dense collections of single-family residential units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by constructed or manufactured objects and materials covering from half to three-forths of its extent and by cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation. Such areas are used for medium intensity purposes such as accommodating dense collections of single-family residential units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface area of developed space with high usage intensity According to the NLCD 2011, areas of developed space under high intensity usage are dominated by constructed features where humans reside and work. Examples include apartment complexes, row houses and commercial/industrial facilities. Further, it is asserted that "impervious surfaces", most likely referring to concrete and related substances, cover between than 80 - 100% of the area. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. This would be helped by more clear listings of entities included in this classification. However, the class is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. nlcd2011 NLCD:24 An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by constructed or manufactured objects and materials, possibly interspersed with cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation. Such areas are used for hgih intensity purposes such as accommodating dense and multi-occupant residential, commercial, and industrial units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. developed, high intensity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by constructed or manufactured objects and materials, possibly interspersed with cultivated or anthropically maintained vegetation. Such areas are used for hgih intensity purposes such as accommodating dense and multi-occupant residential, commercial, and industrial units. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface area of sedge- and forb-dominated herbaceious vegetation nlcd2011 sedge/herbaceous This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by sedge or forbs. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD description also notes that land covered by sedge tundra and sedge tussock tundra are subsumed in this category. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category. NLCD:72 An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by sedges or forbs, possibly interpersed with grasses or grass-like plants. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by sedges or forbs, possibly interpersed with grasses or grass-like plants. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php area of gramanoid or herbaceous vegetation NLCD:71 An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by gramanoid or herbaceous vegetation and which is not subject to intensive management by humans. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. grassland/herbaceous According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by grasslands or non-woody, herbaceous plants. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD description also notes that, while no "intensive" management such as tilling is performed in these areas, they may be used for grazing. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. nlcd2011 An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by gramanoid or herbaceous vegetation and which is not subject to intensive management by humans. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere area of lichen-dominated vegetation lichens According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by lichens. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category. NLCD:73 This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by fruticose or foliose lichens and which is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. nlcd2011 envoPolar An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by fruticose or foliose lichens and which is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere area of moss-dominated vegetation NLCD:74 moss An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by mosses and which is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by mosses. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The original definition notes that this is intended as an "Alaska only" category. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. nlcd2011 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by mosses and which is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere area of pastureland or hayfields This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. nlcd2011 pasture/hay NLCD:81 An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by planted grasses, legumes, or mixtures of grass and legumes and used for livestock grazing or the production of seed or hay crops. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. According to the NLCD 2011, at least 20% of these areas are covered by pasturelands or hayfields. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD also notes that the crops are grown on a perennial cycle in these areas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by planted grasses, legumes, or mixtures of grass and legumes and used for livestock grazing or the production of seed or hay crops. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php area of cropland NLCD:82 nlcd2011 An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered either by annual crops and perennial woody crops or by actively tilled land. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. According to the NLCD 2011, at least 20% of these areas are covered by croplands or actively tilled land. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. The NLCD provides corn, soybeans, vegetables, tobacco, and cotton as examples of annual crops and the trees and vines in orchards and vineyards as examples of perennial woody crops. cultivated crops https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered either by annual crops and perennial woody crops or by actively tilled land. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere area of woody wetland This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. nlcd2011 An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by forest or shrubland vegetation and where the underlying soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered by water. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. According to the NLCD 2011, at least 20% of these areas are covered by forest or shrubland vegetation. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. woody wetlands NLCD:90 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php An area of a planet's surface which is partly covered by forest or shrubland vegetation and where the underlying soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered by water. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. area of emergent herbaceous wetland nlcd2011 NLCD:95 This class is in need of refinement, particularly in linking to other entities in the ontology. However, it is suitable for use in annotating remotely sensed land types. An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by perennial herbaceous vegetation and where the underlying soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered by water. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. emergent herbaceous wetlands According to the NLCD 2011, at least 80% of these areas are covered by herbaceous vegetation. Such thresholds - which are themselves fuzzy - are not strictly asserted in this definition. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_surface https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exosphere https://www.mrlc.gov/nlcd11_leg.php An area of a planet's surface which is primarily covered by perennial herbaceous vegetation and where the underlying soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered by water. This area is in contact with an atmospheric column extending from the planetary boundary layer to the planet's exosphere with little to no physical obstruction. snowfall A hydrological process in which irregular aggregates of snow fall to a planetary surface. envoPolar snow fall environmental_hazards freezing rainfall environmental_hazards freezing rain METAR:FZRA Rainfall which occurs when the temperature of a planetary surface and its surrounding atmosphere are below the freezing point of water, resulting in supercooled raindrops which freeze upon impact with solid surfaces. envoPolar freezing rain fall Rainfall which occurs when the temperature of a planetary surface and its surrounding atmosphere are below the freezing point of water, resulting in supercooled raindrops which freeze upon impact with solid surfaces. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_rain electrostatic discharge process This should probably be moved to an ontology of physical processes when one is created, and be imported back into ENVO. A process during which a sudden flow of electricity occurs, often accompanied by a visible release of photons, between two electrically charged objects due to contact, an electrical short, or dielectric breakdown. A process during which a sudden flow of electricity occurs, often accompanied by a visible release of photons, between two electrically charged objects due to contact, an electrical short, or dielectric breakdown. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge atmospheric lightning 1 A sudden electrostatic discharge which occurs during an electrical storm as differentially charged atmospheric entities equalise their charge. lightning environmental_hazards A sudden electrostatic discharge which occurs during an electrical storm as differentially charged atmospheric entities equalise their charge. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning intercloud lightning 2 environmental_hazards A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs between at least two clouds. CC lightning cloud-cloud lightning intracloud lightning 1 A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs within a single cloud. IC lightning environmental_hazards lightning strike cloud-ground lightning environmental_hazards CG lightning A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs between a cloud and an object on a planetary surface, or a planetary surface itself. lightning flash 1 A lightning process during which electrostatic discharge occurs within a single cloud or between multiple clouds. environmental_hazards blizzard environmental_hazards To qualify a snowstorm as a blizzard, some sources require the windspeed to be at least 56 km/h and the duration of the storm to be at least three hours. We set no such hard boundaries in this definition, as this should be done with reference to local standards. A blizzard is a severe snowstorm during which snowfall is transported by strong winds, sustained for several hours. envoPolar To qualify a snowstorm as a blizzard, some sources require the windspeed to be at least 56 km/h and the duration of the storm to be at least three hours. We set no such hard boundaries in this definition, as this should be done with reference to local standards. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard A blizzard is a severe snowstorm during which snowfall is transported by strong winds, sustained for several hours. ground blizzard This form of blizzard does not involve snowfall as the snow which is blown by the winds is already present on the ground. To qualify a snowstorm as a blizzard, some sources require the windspeed to be at least 56 km/h and the duration of the storm to be at least three hours. We set no such hard boundaries in this definition, as this should be done with reference to local standards. environmental_hazards A ground blizzard is a storm during which snow which has settled on a planetary surface is resuspended in and transported through its atmosphere by strong winds, sustained for several hours. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard This form of blizzard does not involve snowfall as the snow which is blown by the winds is already present on the ground. To qualify a snowstorm as a blizzard, some sources require the windspeed to be at least 56 km/h and the duration of the storm to be at least three hours. We set no such hard boundaries in this definition, as this should be done with reference to local standards. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard A ground blizzard is a storm during which snow which has settled on a planetary surface is resuspended in and transported through its atmosphere by strong winds, sustained for several hours. shrimp pond "Shrimp" is a common language term that may refer to multiple crustacean species, typically in the groups Caridea or Dendrobranchiatamarine. These may be marine or freshwater organisms. There are multiple subclasses possible for this term, including ponds managed by the traditional (extensive), improved traditional (semi-intensive), and intensive methods of cultivation. A pond or lake used for the artificial culture of shrimp. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp_farming A pond or lake used for the artificial culture of shrimp. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6941e/x6941e04.htm#bm04 http://www.fao.org/3/contents/76b2641d-29e4-51b0-b9e5-6ca46beb0d9f/AC210E02.htm http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8260-7097 aquaculture process A process in which humans rear animals or plants in bodies of water for harvest and consumption. In 1988, the FAO introduced a definition of aquaculture which reduces its confusion with capture fisheries: Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans and aquatic plants. Farming implies some form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance production, such as regular stocking, feeding, protection from predators, etc. Farming also implies individual or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated. For statistical purposes, aquatic organisms which are harvested by an individual or corporate body which has owned them throughout their rearing period contribute to aquaculture, while aquatic organisms which are exploitable by the public as a common property resources, with or without appropriate licences, are the harvest of fisheries. Expand the sites of occurrence listed as axioms as new terms emerge. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6941e/x6941e04.htm#bm04 A process in which humans rear animals or plants in bodies of water for harvest and consumption. feasting pit site An archeological site which contains holes humans had dug in the ground, or their remnants, for the purpose of storing and distributing food, drink, and both functional or ritualistic implements during communal eating and drinking. Feasting pits had a wide variety of social functions throughout time, which extended in scope from the single family group to multiple tribes or villages. Romero, D., & Lauzon, A. (2015). The Art of Feasting: Style and Identity in a Ritual Area at the Harris Site. In. In L. Ludeman (Ed.), Collected Papers from the 18th Biennial Mogollon Archaeology Conference (pp. 43-50). Las Cruces, New Mexico: Privately published by Lonnie Ludeman. An archeological site which contains holes humans had dug in the ground, or their remnants, for the purpose of storing and distributing food, drink, and both functional or ritualistic implements during communal eating and drinking. Pappa, M., Halstead, P., Kotsakis, K., & Urem-Kotsou, D. (2004). Evidence for large-scale feasting at Late Neolithic Makriyalos, N Greece. Food, cuisine and society in prehistoric Greece, 5, 16. geothermally heated river A river which is heated by geothermal processes such as heat exchange with lava or hydrothermal percolation. boiling river A key example is the Boiling River, or Shanay-timpishka, of the Peruvian Amazon. This river is of high cultural significance and is protected by the shaman of the small town Mayantuyacu, a secluded healing center. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-boiling-river-of-the-amazon A key example is the Boiling River, or Shanay-timpishka, of the Peruvian Amazon. This river is of high cultural significance and is protected by the shaman of the small town Mayantuyacu, a secluded healing center. A river which is heated by geothermal processes such as heat exchange with lava or hydrothermal percolation. http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-boiling-river-of-the-amazon biocrust A surface layer of a solid environmental material which is formed by the presence and activity of photosynthetic microbial assemblages colonising it. biological crust A surface layer of a solid environmental material which is formed by the presence and activity of photosynthetic microbial assemblages colonising it. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10373 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_soil_crust soil biocrust soil biological crust biological soil crust Couradeau et al. (2016) assert that any albedo reductions associated with biocrust development are due largely to the accumulation of the microbial sunscreen, scytonemin. A biocrust which is formed by photosynthetic microbial assemblages colonising the surface layer of a portion of arid soil. Through their successional dynamics, these communities reduce the soil surface's albedo, impart it with stability against erosion, modify its hydrology, and promote its fertility. microbiotic soil cryptobiotic soil microphytic soil cryptogamic soil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_soil_crust A biocrust which is formed by photosynthetic microbial assemblages colonising the surface layer of a portion of arid soil. Through their successional dynamics, these communities reduce the soil surface's albedo, impart it with stability against erosion, modify its hydrology, and promote its fertility. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10373 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms10373 Couradeau et al. (2016) assert that any albedo reductions associated with biocrust development are due largely to the accumulation of the microbial sunscreen, scytonemin. automated teller machine cashpoint automatic telling machine bankomat cash machine automatic teller machine cashline automated banking machine An electronic telecommunications device that enables the customers of a financial institution to perform financial transactions, particularly cash withdrawal, without the need for a human cashier, clerk or bank teller. minibank An electronic telecommunications device that enables the customers of a financial institution to perform financial transactions, particularly cash withdrawal, without the need for a human cashier, clerk or bank teller. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_teller_machine http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00226-16 cloud condensation nucleus CCN A solid or liquid particle, usually 0.2 micrometers in diameter, on which water vapour condenses, seeding cloud formation. envoPolar cloud seed A solid or liquid particle, usually 0.2 micrometers in diameter, on which water vapour condenses, seeding cloud formation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei nucleation of cloud condensation cloud seeding process A process during which a solid particle or liquid droplet catalyses the condensation of water vapour in an atmosphere. A process during which a solid particle or liquid droplet catalyses the condensation of water vapour in an atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei ablation zone http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 An environmental zone which is primarily composed of water ice, present as a glacier or an ice sheet, and in which ice loss exceeds ice gain. envoPolar An environmental zone which is primarily composed of water ice, present as a glacier or an ice sheet, and in which ice loss exceeds ice gain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation_zone ice loss process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar Ice loss could likely become a defined class with some equivalence axioms linking it to processes, along the lines of: 'has part' some (icemelt or 'ice calving process' or 'water ice sublimation process'). ice loss A material decumulation process during which the mass of an existing ice mass decreases in size. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A material decumulation process during which the mass of an existing ice mass decreases in size. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3522 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation_zone rubbish landslide Of interest to sustainable development goals, linking production and consumption to human health and environmental impacts. refuse landslide trash landslide A mass wasting process during which refuse from human activities, usually accumulated at a dumping site, falls down a slope under the force of gravity. garbage landslide "At least 48 people have been killed in a landslide at a vast rubbish dump on the outskirts of Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa, officials say...Hundreds of people attempt to make a living by scavenging at the landfill site, sifting through the rubbish for items they can sell, the BBC's Emmanuel Igunza in Addis Ababa reports" BBC Africa reports environmental_hazards http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39247381 A mass wasting process during which refuse from human activities, usually accumulated at a dumping site, falls down a slope under the force of gravity. ice calving process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar A process during which a part of an ice mass breaks away from the main mass. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3522 A process during which a part of an ice mass breaks away from the main mass. open animal house An animal house which is only partially surrounded by a building envelope. ice ablation process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar An ice loss process which occurs in the low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below the firn layer. An ice loss process which occurs in the low-altitude area of a glacier or ice sheet below the firn layer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3522 water ice sublimation process A sublimation process during which water ice transitions into a gaseous state. envoPolar closed animal house An animal house which has a complete building envelope. animal cage A manufactured cage which may be used to confine, contain, or protect an animal. cage https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cage_(enclosure) A manufactured cage which may be used to confine, contain, or protect an animal. petting zoo Petting zoos are often nested within a zoological garden featuring wild non-human animals, not docile enough for humans to touch. A petting zoo is a zoological garden which contains domesticated non-human animals and some wild non-human animals that are docile enough for humans to touch and feed. children's zoo petting farm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petting_zoo A petting zoo is a zoological garden which contains domesticated non-human animals and some wild non-human animals that are docile enough for humans to touch and feed. plumbing drain An artificial channel which transports unwanted water or waste liquids away from their source, either to a more useful area, a receptacle, or into sewers or stormwater mains as waste discharge to be released or processed. drain drainage channel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drain_(plumbing) An artificial channel which transports unwanted water or waste liquids away from their source, either to a more useful area, a receptacle, or into sewers or stormwater mains as waste discharge to be released or processed. abattoir meat processing building A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption. slaughterhouse A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed for human consumption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse knackery A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed, but not for human consumption. knacker's yard Animals killed in knacker's yards are not fit for human consumption or can no longer be used to perform work. A facility in which non-human animals are slaughtered and processed, but not for human consumption. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaughterhouse day care building This is a kind of day care facility. A facility need not be a building. A building which is used to care for a human child during the working day by a person, outside the child's immediate family, other than that child's legal guardians. child care building https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_care A building which is used to care for a human child during the working day by a person, outside the child's immediate family, other than that child's legal guardians. fish processing building fish factory A building in which fish are subject to a series of operations to prepare them for human consumption. This is a kind of fish processing facility. Facilities need not be buildings, factory ships may be considered fish processing facilities. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_factory A building in which fish are subject to a series of operations to prepare them for human consumption. mushroom environment An environment determined by the presence of a mushroom. ecological corridor animal corridor wildlife corridor An ecosystem which bridges two or more adjoing ecosystems and through which organisms may move or propagate. Ecological corridors may or may not provide habitats for the organisms which move through them. They serve to mitigate the effects of habitat fragmentation by allowing genetic exchange between populations that would otherwise be separated by, e.g., human activity. habitat corridor green corridor An ecosystem which bridges two or more adjoing ecosystems and through which organisms may move or propagate. https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/3756 http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/10510 migration path This term refers to the ecosystem(s) the organisms traverse, rather than the spatial track they cover. The latter is better placed in a geospatial ontology. Should be axiomatised with PCO's migration process once it is released. migratory route migration corridor envoPolar An ecological corridor through which organisms move during a migration process. nursing home skilled nursing facility rest home intermediate care facility A building in which nursing aides and skilled nurses provide care and treatment to residents who have significant difficulty coping with the required activities of daily living. long-term care facility care home This class should be linked to SDGIO. convalescent home https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_home_care A building in which nursing aides and skilled nurses provide care and treatment to residents who have significant difficulty coping with the required activities of daily living. residential building This is under "human house" due to the broad definition of "house". A human house which serves as a long-term shelter for its inhabitants and within which they store personal property. This term is not to be used for hotels, hostels, inns and the like, which provides shorter-term stays. restaurant A building within which food and drink are prepared and served to customers in exchange for money or other goods and/or services. eatery https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant A building within which food and drink are prepared and served to customers in exchange for money or other goods and/or services. campground camping ground A part of an ecosystem which may be or has been used for one or more overnight stays by humans sheltering in tents, camper vans, caravans, or improvised shelters. This is a very ambiguous term with wide-ranging usage patterns across cultural groups and regions. camping site campsite camping pitch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campsite A part of an ecosystem which may be or has been used for one or more overnight stays by humans sheltering in tents, camper vans, caravans, or improvised shelters. dedicated campground A campground which has been modified by humans to provide and maintain facilities for camping such as fire pits, road access, latrines, and garbage bins. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campsite A campground which has been modified by humans to provide and maintain facilities for camping such as fire pits, road access, latrines, and garbage bins. impromptu campground A campground which has no pre-existing facilities installed or maintained by humans, usually found outside of anthropised ecosystems. A campground which has no pre-existing facilities installed or maintained by humans, usually found outside of anthropised ecosystems. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campsite hot tub A manufactured product which may hold a volume of heated water suitable for one or more humans to bathe in, usually for the purposes of hydrotherapy or pleasure. spa Jacuzzi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_tub A manufactured product which may hold a volume of heated water suitable for one or more humans to bathe in, usually for the purposes of hydrotherapy or pleasure. time crystal space-time crystal An open system in non-equilibrium with its environment that exhibits time translation symmetry breaking. While the usage of the term is still debated, the general idea is that time crystals (which have been made using ytterbium ions and defect-bearing diamonds) break temporal symmetry analogously to how mineral crystal break spatial symmetry. While spatial crystals are inhomogeneous in space (vs a gas, which is distributed evenly) due to the ordering of their atoms, the properties of atoms in a time crystal are inhomogeneous in the time dimension. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/543164a An open system in non-equilibrium with its environment that exhibits time translation symmetry breaking. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_crystal fissure water The axiomatisation should be more tuned to the site within the fissure. While containment is often enough to classify this subtype of water, it is expected that the water's composition is altered by contact with the solid material bounding the fissure's site. Water which is partially contained within a fissure or a geological fracture. fracture water Water which is partially contained within a fissure or a geological fracture. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/466 planetary subsurface zone 1 Regions of a planet which are not exposed to the planet's atmosphere or space, often comprising parts of one or more planetary structural layers. continental subsurface zone We may have to soften dependence on planetary structural layers as some planets haven't differentiated by density. A region which overlaps parts of one or more planetary structural layers which are located below a continental landmass. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/466 A region which overlaps parts of one or more planetary structural layers which are located below a continental landmass. vegetated hill This class will be axiomatised to coordinate with the 'vegetated area' class. A hill which has a surface that is partially or wholly covered by plant communities. microplastic particle microplastic A piece of plastic which has a diameter less than five millimetres. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/file/2192/download?token=5dvqb-YY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microplastics A piece of plastic which has a diameter less than five millimetres. primary microplastic particle A microplastic particle which is the direct output of a manufacturing process. microplastic https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/file/2192/download?token=5dvqb-YY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microplastics A microplastic particle which is the direct output of a manufacturing process. secondary microplastic particle microplastic The debris that make up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch constantly release microplastics as they break down. A microplastic particle which is derived from the breakdown of larger plastic debris. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microplastics A microplastic particle which is derived from the breakdown of larger plastic debris. https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/file/2192/download?token=5dvqb-YY ecotone 2 An envirommental system which bridges two or more biomes and which includes ecological communities which blend these biomes' phylogenetic and phenotypic compositions. There are many subtypes of ecotone, some with sharp transitions and others with gradual, patchy transitions between communities. From Wikipedia:Ecotone - The word ecotone was coined from a combination of eco(logy) plus -tone, from the Greek tonos or tension – in other words, a place where ecologies are in tension. An envirommental system which bridges two or more biomes and which includes ecological communities which blend these biomes' phylogenetic and phenotypic compositions. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/501 ISBN:0030584140 9780030584145 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ecotone https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotone polar tree-line ecotone An ecotone which bridges a subpolar coniferous forest biome and a tundra biome. Arctic tree-line ecotone This assumes, of course, that the planet's or planetoid's poles receive less stellar radiation and/or thermal energy than equatorial regions. Major vegetational ecotones such as that between the northern edge of the Boreal Forest in North America (or taiga in Russia) and the arctic tundra, known as the arctic tree-line ecotone, are controlled largely by large-scale airmass contrasts and are sensitive to climatic change, as noted by R. A. Bryson (1966). Harvey Nichols, Ph.D. , April 23, 2017 Emeritus Professor of Biology. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/501 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line An ecotone which bridges a subpolar coniferous forest biome and a tundra biome. lichen woodland A woodland which has an understory partially covered by lichen mats and tundra-like vegetation. https://www.britannica.com/science/taiga#ref589262 A woodland which has an understory partially covered by lichen mats and tundra-like vegetation. water ice formation process A material transformation process during which water ice is formed. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Re-St/Sea-Water-Freezing-of.html A material transformation process during which water ice is formed. natural environment An environmental system in which minimal to no anthropisation has occurred and non-human agents are the primary determinants of the system's dynamics and composition. non-anthropised environment In most contexts, 'natural' is defined by the lack of intervention or influence by humans and their activities. On Earth, most environments fall on a scale between completely natural and anthropised. non-anthropized environment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment An environmental system in which minimal to no anthropisation has occurred and non-human agents are the primary determinants of the system's dynamics and composition. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropization anthropisation anthropization An area may be classified as anthropized even though it looks natural, such as grasslands that have been deforested by humans. It can be difficult to determine how much a site has been anthropized in the case of urbanization because one must be able to estimate the state of the landscape before significant human action. A process during which a natural environmental system is altered by human action. An area may be classified as anthropized even though it looks natural, such as grasslands that have been deforested by humans. It can be difficult to determine how much a site has been anthropized in the case of urbanization because one must be able to estimate the state of the landscape before significant human action. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropization A process during which a natural environmental system is altered by human action. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropization tree line ecotone tree-line An ecotone which overlaps at least one biome which supports the growth and persistence of trees and at least one that does not. Before ceasing altogether, tree growth becomes sparse and trees appear stunted as conditions become less favourable along this ecotone. tree line treeline https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line An ecotone which overlaps at least one biome which supports the growth and persistence of trees and at least one that does not. Before ceasing altogether, tree growth becomes sparse and trees appear stunted as conditions become less favourable along this ecotone. alpine tree line ecotone alpine tree-line alpine treeline alpine tree line A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to the low temperatures or duration of snow cover that occur at increased elevations above mean sea level. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to the low temperatures or duration of snow cover that occur at increased elevations above mean sea level. desert tree line ecotone desert tree-line A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to insufficient water availability due to a lack of water-based precipitation. desert tree line desert treeline A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to insufficient water availability due to a lack of water-based precipitation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line desert-alpine tree line ecotone desert-alpine treeline A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to insufficient water availability caused by exposure to increased solar radiation and a lack of rainfall. desert-alpine tree-line desert-alpine tree line The lack of rainfall in these ecotones is often due to their elevation above the condensation line of atmospheric water vapour. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line A tree line ecotone across which trees cease to grow due to insufficient water availability caused by exposure to increased solar radiation and a lack of rainfall. double tree line ecotone double treeline A tree line ecotone which contains gaps in tree coverage due to decreased biodiversity in tree-forming plant species: gaps are above the alpine tree line for some species yet below the desert tree line for others, and no species with intermediate tolerances are present. double tree-line Mountain ranges isolated by oceans or deserts may have restricted repertoires of tree species and contain double tree lines. double tree line Mountain ranges isolated by oceans or deserts may have restricted repertoires of tree species and contain double tree lines. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line#Double_tree_line A tree line ecotone which contains gaps in tree coverage due to decreased biodiversity in tree-forming plant species: gaps are above the alpine tree line for some species yet below the desert tree line for others, and no species with intermediate tolerances are present. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_line terrestrial planet telluric planet A planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. rocky planet envoAstro Earth-like planet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_planet A planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. primary atmosphere A planetary atmosphere which is formed as a result of the accretion of gaseous matter from the accretion disc of the planet's star. Planets such as Jupiter and Saturn have primary atmospheres. Primary atmospheres are very thick compared to secondary atmospheres like the one found on Earth. The primary atmosphere was lost on the terrestrial planets due to a combination of surface temperature, mass of the atoms and escape velocity of the planet. Planets such as Jupiter and Saturn have primary atmospheres. Primary atmospheres are very thick compared to secondary atmospheres like the one found on Earth. The primary atmosphere was lost on the terrestrial planets due to a combination of surface temperature, mass of the atoms and escape velocity of the planet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_atmosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_atmosphere A planetary atmosphere which is formed as a result of the accretion of gaseous matter from the accretion disc of the planet's star. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec14.html secondary atmosphere A planetary atmosphere which has formed as a result of its planet's volcanic activity, or by accumulation of material from comet impacts. A secondary atmosphere is found on many terrestrial planets such as Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Secondary atmospheres are relatively thin compared to primary atmospheres like Jupiter's. Earth has a tertiary atmosphere due to biotic processes. A planetary atmosphere which has formed as a result of its planet's volcanic activity, or by accumulation of material from comet impacts. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec14.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_atmosphere http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec14.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_atmosphere A secondary atmosphere is found on many terrestrial planets such as Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Secondary atmospheres are relatively thin compared to primary atmospheres like Jupiter's. Earth has a tertiary atmosphere due to biotic processes. tertiary atmosphere Further processing of a secondary atmosphere, for example by the processes of biological life, can produce a tertiary atmosphere, such as that of Earth. A planetary atmosphere which has formed as a result of biotic processes modifying a secondary atmosphere. This definition cites biotic processes; however, the source indicated that other processes may cause a secondary atmosphere to transition into a tertiary one. More input is needed. A planetary atmosphere which has formed as a result of biotic processes modifying a secondary atmosphere. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec14.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_atmosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_atmosphere Further processing of a secondary atmosphere, for example by the processes of biological life, can produce a tertiary atmosphere, such as that of Earth. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/ast121/lectures/lec14.html diatomite kieselguhr This material is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. The powder has a particle size ranging from less than 3 micrometres to more than 1 millimetre, but typically 10 to 200 micrometres. The diatoms in each deposit contain different amounts of silica, depending on the age of the deposit. The species of diatom may differ among deposits. The species of diatom is dependent upon the age and paleo-environment of the deposit. In turn, the shape of a diatom is determined by its species. The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth is 80 to 90% silica, with 2 to 4% alumina (attributed mostly to clay minerals) and 0.5 to 2% iron oxide. D.E. A sedimentary rock which is primarily composed of the fossilized, siliceous remains of diatoms mixed with varying amounts of other clays and minerals. diatomaceous earth kieselgur This material is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. The powder has a particle size ranging from less than 3 micrometres to more than 1 millimetre, but typically 10 to 200 micrometres. The diatoms in each deposit contain different amounts of silica, depending on the age of the deposit. The species of diatom may differ among deposits. The species of diatom is dependent upon the age and paleo-environment of the deposit. In turn, the shape of a diatom is determined by its species. The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth is 80 to 90% silica, with 2 to 4% alumina (attributed mostly to clay minerals) and 0.5 to 2% iron oxide. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth#Geology_and_occurrence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth A sedimentary rock which is primarily composed of the fossilized, siliceous remains of diatoms mixed with varying amounts of other clays and minerals. diatomite particle Diatomite is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. The powder has a particle size ranging from less than 3 micrometres to more than 1 millimetre, but typically 10 to 200 micrometres. The diatoms in each deposit contain different amounts of silica, depending on the age of the deposit. The species of diatom may differ among deposits. The species of diatom is dependent upon the age and paleo-environment of the deposit. In turn, the shape of a diatom is determined by its species. The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth is 80 to 90% silica, with 2 to 4% alumina (attributed mostly to clay minerals) and 0.5 to 2% iron oxide. piece of diatomaceous earth particle of diatomaceous earth piece of diatomite A piece of rock which is primarily composed of diatomite: the fossilized, siliceous remains of diatoms mixed with varying amounts of other clays and minerals. particle of diatomite kieselgur particle D.E. kieselguhr particle diatomaceous earth Diatomite is easily crumbled into a fine white to off-white powder. The powder has a particle size ranging from less than 3 micrometres to more than 1 millimetre, but typically 10 to 200 micrometres. The diatoms in each deposit contain different amounts of silica, depending on the age of the deposit. The species of diatom may differ among deposits. The species of diatom is dependent upon the age and paleo-environment of the deposit. In turn, the shape of a diatom is determined by its species. The typical chemical composition of oven-dried diatomaceous earth is 80 to 90% silica, with 2 to 4% alumina (attributed mostly to clay minerals) and 0.5 to 2% iron oxide. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth#Geology_and_occurrence A piece of rock which is primarily composed of diatomite: the fossilized, siliceous remains of diatoms mixed with varying amounts of other clays and minerals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth industrial wastewater Wastewater which is produced by industrial activity and which contains chemical contaminants other than those associated with urine and fecal matter. constructed swimming pool A construction which is designed to hold water in which humans may swim or perform other leisure activities. paddling pool wading pool swimming bath swimming pool pool https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool A construction which is designed to hold water in which humans may swim or perform other leisure activities. private swimming pool swimming pool pool A constructed swimming pool which is owned by a non-governmental legal entity or a collective of such entities. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_ownership A constructed swimming pool which is owned by a non-governmental legal entity or a collective of such entities. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool public swimming pool A constructed swimming pool which is owned by a governmental or state entity. pool swimming pool https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_ownership https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool A constructed swimming pool which is owned by a governmental or state entity. water intake Sources of water include rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other water bodies. Conduits include canals, pipelines, and tunnels. Water intakes typically transport water for purposes of hydroelectric power engineering, water supply, or irrigation. A hydraulic-engineering installation which transports water - in specified amounts, of a specified quality, and in accordance with a water-consumption plan - from a source of supply into a conduit. A hydraulic-engineering installation which transports water - in specified amounts, of a specified quality, and in accordance with a water-consumption plan - from a source of supply into a conduit. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Water+Intake+Works cafeteria A building which provides the site for food services with little or no waiting staff furnishing table service. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafeteria A building which provides the site for food services with little or no waiting staff furnishing table service. delicatessen A food shop which sells a selection of food products that are not typical dietary components of the human population it is co-located with. The food products sold in a delicatessen are often considered unusual by the majority of its customers and may come from foreign food supplies which are not widely imported into its region of operation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicatessen A food shop which sells a selection of food products that are not typical dietary components of the human population it is co-located with. food truck Due to the facilities on board, food trucks are often larger than other trucks with comparable mechanics. A truck which is equipped to cook and sell food. A truck which is equipped to cook and sell food. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_truck take-out restaurant take-away A restaurant which provides prepared meals or other food products that the purchaser must eat off its premises. take out restaurant http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant A restaurant which provides prepared meals or other food products that the purchaser must eat off its premises. kiosk The relation between booths and buildings needs to be clarified. Booth should be its own class. A booth with an open window on one side. This definition of kiosk is characteristic of the Western hemisphere and used in English-speaking countries. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiosk A booth with an open window on one side. food kiosk This definition of kiosk is characteristic of the Western hemisphere and used in English-speaking countries. The relation between booths and buildings needs to be clarified. Booth should be its own class. A kiosk from which food products are sold. A kiosk from which food products are sold. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiosk animal trap envoCesab A manufactured product which is designed to catch and hold animals. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/trap A manufactured product which is designed to catch and hold animals. pitfall trap envoCesab An animal trap which consists of a container set flush with the ground such that animals moving along the ground may fall in and be available for examination or collection. An animal trap which consists of a container set flush with the ground such that animals moving along the ground may fall in and be available for examination or collection. Barber H (1931) Traps for cave-inhabiting insects. J Elisha Mitchell Sci Soc. 46:259–266. Mitchell B (1963) Ecology of two carabid beetles, Bembidion lampros (Herbst) and Trechus quadristriatus (Shrank). J Animal Ecol. 32(3): 377-392. Hertz M (1927) Huomioita petokuoriaisten olinpaikoista. Luonnon Ystava. 31:218–222. dry pitfall trap envoCesab A pitfall trap in which a glass, plastic, or metal container devoid of accumulations of any liquid is used to contain any animal that falls inside. Upton MS (1991) Methods for collecting, preserving, and studying insects and allied forms. The Aust Entomological Soc. Miscellaneous Publication No. 3, 4th edition. http://www.animalethics.org.au/policies-and-guidelines/wildlife-research/pitfall-traps Southwood TRE (1978) Ecological Methods : With Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Population. Chapman and Hall. London. 524pp. A pitfall trap in which a glass, plastic, or metal container devoid of accumulations of any liquid is used to contain any animal that falls inside. wet pitfall trap A pitfall trap in which the container used to hold trapped animals is filled with a liquid solution formulated to hold, kill, and preserve any animal or animals which falls within it. envoCesab Aqueous solutions used in these traps include: formalin (10% formaldehyde), alcohol, methylated spirits, trisodium phosphate and picric acid. A pitfall trap in which the container used to hold trapped animals is filled with a liquid solution formulated to hold, kill, and preserve any animal or animals which falls within it. Upton MS (1991) Methods for collecting, preserving, and studying insects and allied forms. The Aust Entomological Soc. Miscellaneous Publication No. 3, 4th edition. http://www.animalethics.org.au/policies-and-guidelines/wildlife-research/pitfall-traps Southwood TRE (1978) Ecological Methods : With Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Population. Chapman and Hall. London. 524pp. channel of an intermittent river A channel of an intermittent stream which contains a river when water supply exceeds evapotranspiration and bed seepage. intermittent river ephemeral river temporary river envoCesab https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_river A channel of an intermittent stream which contains a river when water supply exceeds evapotranspiration and bed seepage. IRBAS working group (CESAB) channel of an intermittent stream intermittent stream A channel through which a directional flow of water periodically occurs, ceasing when bed seepage and evapotranspiration exceed the available water supply. A channel through which a directional flow of water periodically occurs, ceasing when bed seepage and evapotranspiration exceed the available water supply. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Intermittent+stream mass liquid flow A process whereby a volume of liquid moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces. envoPolar This class can refer to the flow of any material in a liquid phase. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind A process whereby a volume of liquid moves due to a disequilibrium of physical forces. water flow process A process during which a volume of water is transported due to a disequilibria in physical forces. environmental_hazards A process during which a volume of water is transported due to a disequilibria in physical forces. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava technosphere The gravitational sphere of influence referenced in this class' definition is the Hill sphere: a region in which an object dominates the attraction of satellites despite gravitational perturbations. An environmental system which includes, as parts, all the entities which have been constructed or manufactured by humans or their technology within the gravitational sphere of influence of an astronomical body. envoAstro http://www.yourdictionary.com/technosphere http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053019616677743 An environmental system which includes, as parts, all the entities which have been constructed or manufactured by humans or their technology within the gravitational sphere of influence of an astronomical body. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/11/161130085021.htm grocery store A food shop in which food products are the primary offer for sale or trade. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 A food shop in which food products are the primary offer for sale or trade. fairground Fairgrounds, or parts thereof, may be constructed (e.g. concreted over) or be natural (e.g. clearings or heaths), thus land use is the key differentia. A part of an ecosystem which has been allocated to host a gathering of people for multiple entertainment or commercial activities. A good candidate to draft land use semantics around https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair A part of an ecosystem which has been allocated to host a gathering of people for multiple entertainment or commercial activities. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairground agricultural fairground A fairground which is used to exhibit agricultural technology, livestock, and farm-related activity. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairground A fairground which is used to exhibit agricultural technology, livestock, and farm-related activity. market palengke marketplace mercado Hierarchies based on land use should replace the anthropogenic feature class once we have a stable rationale. tianguis As with campgrounds and fairgrounds, land use is the key differentia here. The regularity of marketplace activities may provide a differentia for further growth of this branch. bazaar souk A part of an ecosystem where people gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_(place) A part of an ecosystem where people gather for the purchase and sale of provisions, livestock, and other goods. ethnic food shop ethnic speciality shop ethnic food store A food shop in which the food products on offer are restricted to those produced in a region and cultural setting other than that of the shop's locality. ethnic speciality store plumbing fixture An exchangeable device which can be connected to a plumbing system to deliver and drain water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing_fixture An exchangeable device which can be connected to a plumbing system to deliver and drain water. sink fixture A plumbing fixture which is bowl-shaped and used for washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes. sink sinker wash basin hand basin washbowl https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sink A plumbing fixture which is bowl-shaped and used for washing hands, dishwashing, and other purposes. bathtub fixture bath bathtub Of course, there are other uses for bathtubs. tub A plumbing fixture which may serve as a container for water in which humans or other animals may bathe. shower fixture Indoors, there is a drain in the floor. Most showers have temperature, spray pressure and adjustable showerhead nozzle. Showering is common in Western culture due to the efficiency of using it compared with a bathtub. Its use in hygiene is, therefore, common practice. A shower uses less water on average than a bath: 80 litres for a shower compared with 150 litres for a bath. shower As some showers have no drain, this may cause issues with the definition of plumbing fixture. A plumbing fixture within which a human or other animal may bathe under a spray of water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower A plumbing fixture within which a human or other animal may bathe under a spray of water. Indoors, there is a drain in the floor. Most showers have temperature, spray pressure and adjustable showerhead nozzle. Showering is common in Western culture due to the efficiency of using it compared with a bathtub. Its use in hygiene is, therefore, common practice. A shower uses less water on average than a bath: 80 litres for a shower compared with 150 litres for a bath. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shower manufacturing process The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. A planned process during which raw or recycled materials are transformed into products for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing A planned process during which raw or recycled materials are transformed into products for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. planetary manufacturing process A manufacturing process which occurs on a planet. Whether this is within the planet's Hill sphere, the region which extends from its exosphere to its core, or some other planetary region is not clear. See https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/513 for discussion. dry river A dry stream channel through which a river had flowed, but now contains no appreciable accumulations of water. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_01000979 for the channel of an intermittent river. A dry stream channel through which a river had flowed, but now contains no appreciable accumulations of water. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 construction process The nature of "structures" must be further specified. An process during which natural or manufactured materials and products are processed and arranged by humans or their technology into structures. environmental system determined by a quality Organisational class. Not intended for annotation. An environmental system which is determined by materials bearing roughly homogeneous qualities. environmental system determined by a material An environmental system within which an environmental material strongly influences the system's composition and properties. Organisational class. Not intended for annotation. Subclasses describe environments which are usually permeated by an environmental material. They may also describe environments which are sufficiently close to a material, that their dynamics are strongly influenced by it (e.g. a patch of forest ecosystem neighbouring a uranium dump). rhizosphere environment An environmental system determined by the presence of a plant rhizosphere. envoOmics envoEmpo Plant rhizosphere http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Plant rhizosphere environmental system determined by an organism An environmental system which is determined by a living organism. envoEmpo envoOmics host-associated environment plant-associated environment Plant An environmental system determined by a green plant. plant environment envoEmpo envoOmics Viridiplantae-associated environment Plant http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ animal-associated environment An environmental system determined by an animal. envoOmics envoEmpo animal environment Metazoan-associated environment Animal http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Animal non-saline environment This class (term) is defined by the lack of a quality (i.e. the lack of salinity or increased osmolarity), which is not best-practice ontologically. Use for annotation is generally discouraged and users should use classes which positively describe the material or environment sampled (i.e. stating the qualities the entity has, rather than those it does not). envoEmpo Non-saline Non-saline http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ groundwater ground water Underground water which is located in pore spaces found in rock or unconsolidated deposits such as soil, clay, or gravel. The definition of aquifer is quite permissive, referencing any water bearing rock or unconsolidated material. Underground water which is located in pore spaces found in rock or unconsolidated deposits such as soil, clay, or gravel. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater lunar rainbow A lunar rainbow is a rainbow produced by the refraction of light, which has been reflected from a moon's surface, by water droplets in an astronomical body's atmosphere. moonbow white rainbow https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow A lunar rainbow is a rainbow produced by the refraction of light, which has been reflected from a moon's surface, by water droplets in an astronomical body's atmosphere. rainbow A rainbow is a photometeor which consists of a spectral separation of light, formed as a result of the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in water droplets suspended in an astronomical body's atmosphere. The term 'rainbow' is usually used to refer to solar rainbows, but greater specificity should be used when possible. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow A rainbow is a photometeor which consists of a spectral separation of light, formed as a result of the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light in water droplets suspended in an astronomical body's atmosphere. solar rainbow The astronomical body where the rainbow occurs is understood to orbit the star which produces the light which forms the rainbow. stellar rainbow A solar rainbow is a rainbow produced by the refraction of light. which has been emitted by a star, by water droplets in the atmosphere of an astronomical body. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow A solar rainbow is a rainbow produced by the refraction of light. which has been emitted by a star, by water droplets in the atmosphere of an astronomical body. meteor A meteor is any matter- or energy-based entity which is located in the atmosphere of an astronomical body. photometeor Requires radiative phenomena to be added for axiomatisation. A meteor that is primarily composed of light. hydrometeor A meteor which is primarily composed of water. light emitted by lightning This phenomenon is often treated as interchangeable with the process of electrostatic discharge that causes it. A photometeor which is formed as a result of sudden electrostatic discharge in the atmosphere. lightning lightning flash lithometeor A meteor which is primarily composed of rock. reflection rainbow A rainbow which forms from sunlight which has been reflected off a body of water prior to its interaction with water droplets in an atmosphere. Not to be confused with a reflected rainbow, which is not a photometeor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow A rainbow which forms from sunlight which has been reflected off a body of water prior to its interaction with water droplets in an atmosphere. monochrome solar rainbow monochrome rainbow red rainbow A solar rainbow which is formed by a narrow band of wavelengths, the rest of the spectrum having been scattered away by an atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow A solar rainbow which is formed by a narrow band of wavelengths, the rest of the spectrum having been scattered away by an atmosphere. fogbow Often, fogbows are treated as separate from rainbows; however, as the formation processes are much the same, we currently classify these as a subclass of rainbow pending input from domain experts. fog bow A rainbow which forms through the interaction of sunlight with the water droplets which constitute fog or clouds; light is diffracted by these droplets such that the photometeor appears almost white with faint reds on the sky-facing side and faint blues on the planet-facing side of the bow. A rainbow which forms through the interaction of sunlight with the water droplets which constitute fog or clouds; light is diffracted by these droplets such that the photometeor appears almost white with faint reds on the sky-facing side and faint blues on the planet-facing side of the bow. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow glory A photometeor which is formed by wave interference of light refracted within water droplets which constitute mist or clouds and consists of one or more concentric, successively dimmer rings, each of which has red wavelengths distant to the glory's centre and blue wavelengths towards the centre. This is not to be confused with a circular rainbow, which is formed through different processes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_(optical_phenomenon) A photometeor which is formed by wave interference of light refracted within water droplets which constitute mist or clouds and consists of one or more concentric, successively dimmer rings, each of which has red wavelengths distant to the glory's centre and blue wavelengths towards the centre. halo A photometeor which is produced by light that is relected, refracted, and dispersed by ice crystals, capable of acting as prisms and mirrors, suspended in an astronomical body's atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_(optical_phenomenon) A photometeor which is produced by light that is relected, refracted, and dispersed by ice crystals, capable of acting as prisms and mirrors, suspended in an astronomical body's atmosphere. hypereutrophic water The thresholds of eutrophy are fluid and often locally defined. Water which has a very high concentration of nutrients. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/528 Water which has a very high concentration of nutrients. hypereutrophic lake A lake which is composed primarily of water with very high nutrient concentrations. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/529 A lake which is composed primarily of water with very high nutrient concentrations. hypersaline lake A lake which is primarily composed of water with a concentration of dissolved salts greater than that of ocean water. A lake which is primarily composed of water with a concentration of dissolved salts greater than that of ocean water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersaline_lake humic lake In response to historical misuse of the term in literature, these lakes are better referred to as "humic lakes". Although dystrophic lakes are often considered acidic and nutrient-poor (oligotrophic), these lakes actually vary greatly in terms of both pH and productivity. Due to the low pH associated with dystrophic lakes, few bacterial species and other aquatic life are able to survive. They are common in the taiga of North America and Eurasia. dystrophic lake A lake which is composed primarily water with high concentrations of humic substances and organic acids, resulting in brown- or tea-coloured colouration. In response to historical misuse of the term in literature, these lakes are better referred to as "humic lakes". Although dystrophic lakes are often considered acidic and nutrient-poor (oligotrophic), these lakes actually vary greatly in terms of both pH and productivity. Due to the low pH associated with dystrophic lakes, few bacterial species and other aquatic life are able to survive. They are common in the taiga of North America and Eurasia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophic_lake A lake which is composed primarily water with high concentrations of humic substances and organic acids, resulting in brown- or tea-coloured colouration. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystrophic_lake natural lake A lake which has formed as the result of processes that are not or are only minimally driven by human activity. This class is to be filled by inference. radiation Requires addition of waves for full axiomatisation. This should be linked to "subatomic particle" with an "or". Note that ENVO represents space as an environmental material (a hard vacuum with sparse material inclusions). A process during which energy is emitted or transmitted in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium. envoAstro A process during which energy is emitted or transmitted in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation particle radiation envoAstro A radiation process during which energy is transmitted or emitted by means of fast-moving subatomic particles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_radiation A radiation process during which energy is transmitted or emitted by means of fast-moving subatomic particles. particle beam radiation A particle radiation process during which subatomic particles move in the same direction. envoAstro A particle radiation process during which subatomic particles move in the same direction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_radiation electromagnetic radiation A radiation process during which waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field propagate (radiate) through space carrying electromagnetic energy. envoAstro https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation A radiation process during which waves (or their quanta, photons) of the electromagnetic field propagate (radiate) through space carrying electromagnetic energy. acoustic radiation A radiation process during which mechanical waves generated by oscillations radiate through an environmental material. The mechanical waves generated by this process are also referred to as pressure waves. envoAstro https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_wave A radiation process during which mechanical waves generated by oscillations radiate through an environmental material. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics sediment permeated by freshwater envoEmpo Sediment which is permeated by freshwater. envoOmics fecal environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by feces. envoOmics Animal distal gut envoEmpo http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ The label of this EMPO class is ambiguous, but pers. comm. with L Thompson (http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3911-1280) reveals that this is essentially limited to fecal samples. Animal distal gut environment determined by a metazoan secretion envoOmics envoEmpo Animal secretion An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a bodily secretion of a metazoan. http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Animal secretion environment determined by a plant substance Plant secretion envoOmics An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a substance produced by a plant. envoEmpo Plant secretion http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ environment determined by a biofilm on a plant surface Plant surface envoEmpo An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on the surface of a plant. envoOmics Plant surface http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ digestive tract environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a digestive tract. envoOmics envoEmpo Animal proximal gut This EMPO class includes examples of microbial environments determined by the "gut intestine, gizzard, crop, lumen, [and] mucosa". http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Animal proximal gut environment determined by a biofilm on an animal surface Animal surface envoEmpo envoOmics An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on the surface of a animal. Animal surface http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ environment determined by a biofilm on a fungal surface envoOmics An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on the surface of a fungus. Fungus surface envoEmpo Fungus surface http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ sediment permeated by saline water envoEmpo envoOmics Sediment which is permeated by saline water. slightly saline water EcoLexicon:saltwater SWEETRealm:SalineWater SWEETRealm:SaltWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water slightly salty water The United States Geological Survey classifies slightly saline water as having around 1,000 to 3,000 ppm (0.1–0.3%) of dissolved salts. Water which contains a slightly increased concentration of dissolved salts, relative to their concentration in freshwater. moderately saline water EcoLexicon:saltwater SWEETRealm:SalineWater SWEETRealm:SaltWater https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water moderately salty water Water which contains a moderately increased concentration of dissolved salts, relative to their concentration in freshwater. The United States Geological Survey classifies moderately saline water as having around 3,000 to 10,000 ppm (0.3–1%) of dissolved salts. highly saline water EcoLexicon:saltwater SWEETRealm:SalineWater SWEETRealm:SaltWater highly salty water https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water Water which contains a highly increased concentration of dissolved salts, relative to their concentration in freshwater. The United States Geological Survey classifies highly saline water as having around 10,000 to 35,000 ppm (1–3.5%) of dissolved salts. saline environment envoEmpo An environment which is determined by materials which bear significant concentrations of salts. The thresholds for "significant" concentrations of salts vary widely and thus no committment is made in this class. Subclasses with more explicit thresholds can be made upon request. Saline Saline http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ fungi-associated environment fungus environment An environmental system determined by a fungal structure. Fungus envoOmics envoEmpo fungus-associated environment http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Fungus sterile water environment envoOmics This term can be understood as a negative experimental control primarily composed of sterile water. The quantity of sterile water used may be contaminated; to express pure sterile water, please use http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ENVO_00005791 An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sterile water. envoEmpo Negative Negative http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ hypersaline water environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by hypersaline water. envoEmpo envoPolar Hypersaline (saline) envoOmics Hypersaline (saline) http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Examples inlcude water from hypersaline samples or brines (>50 psu) soil environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by soil. envoOmics Soil (non-saline) envoEmpo http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Soil (non-saline) oceanic subsurface zone We may have to soften dependence on planetary structural layers as some planets haven't differentiated by density. A region which overlaps parts of one or more planetary structural layers which are located below an oceanic plate. https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/466 A region which overlaps parts of one or more planetary structural layers which are located below an oceanic plate. planetary subsurface environment envoOmics envoEmpo An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by the subsurface zone of a planet. non-saline planetary subsurface environment envoEmpo envoOmics Subsurface (non-saline) An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by those parts of a planetary subsurface zone which are not saline. Subsurface (non-saline) http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ sediment environment envoOmics An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment. envoEmpo non-saline sediment environment An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment permeated by non-saline water. envoEmpo Sediment (non-saline) envoOmics http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Sediment (non-saline) saline sediment environment envoOmics envoEmpo An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by sediment permeated by saline water. Sediment (saline) Sediment (saline) http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ environment determined by a biofilm on a non-saline surface Surface (non-saline) envoEmpo An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on a surface which is exposed to non-saline materials. envoOmics http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Surface (non-saline) aerosol environment envoOmics envoEmpo An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by an aerosol. Aerosol (saline) http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Aerosol (saline) saline aerosol environment envoOmics Aerosol (saline) envoEmpo An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a saline aerosol. Aerosol (saline) seaspray or other aerosolized saline material (>5 psu) http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ non-saline aerosol environment envoEmpo Aerosol (non-saline) envoOmics An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by an aerosol with a low concentration of dissolved solutes. Aerosol (non-saline) http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ aerosolized dust or liquid environment associated with an animal part or small animal envoOmics An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead animal, or a whole small animal. Animal corpus envoEmpo Animal corpus http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ environment determined by a biofilm on a saline surface envoEmpo An environmental system which has its properties and dynamics determined by a biofilm on a surface which is exposed to saline materials. Surface (saline) envoOmics http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Surface (saline) environment associated with a plant part or small plant Plant corpus envoOmics An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead plant, or a whole small plant. envoEmpo Plant corpus http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ environment associated with a fungal tissue envoEmpo Fungus corpus An environmental system determined by part of a living or dead fungus. envoOmics Fungus corpus http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ mock community Mock community envoOmics Axiomatise with PCO:'microbial community' once released. Mock communities are typically used as positive controls in experiments. A cell culture which is composed of a microbial community of known composition. envoEmpo http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ Mock community single strain cell culture envoEmpo Single strain A cell culture which is composed of a single population of bacterial or archaeal cells. envoOmics Single strain http://press.igsb.anl.gov/earthmicrobiome/protocols-and-standards/emp-ontology-empo/ caldera lake A lake which is contained within a caldera. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_lake A lake which is contained within a caldera. crater lake A lake contained within a crater. Note that this class does not commit to what kind of crater contains the lake in question. Please see the subclasses for more specificity. A lake contained within a crater. MA:ma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crater_lake oxic water 2010-03-21T06:05:53Z ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Water which has an appreciable concentration of dissolved oxygen. The threshold dissolved oxygen concentration past which water is considered oxic is variable. Typically, this is understood as the concentration at and beyond which organisms inhabiting that water can sustain aerobic metabolism and good health. For most systems, this is above 80% oxygen saturation. Input is welcome here https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/536 ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Water which has an appreciable concentration of dissolved oxygen. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental) hypoxic water 2010-03-21T06:05:53Z ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Water depleted of dissolved oxygen. As with oxic and anoxic water, the thresholds for hypoxia are variable. Typically, a hypoxic state is asserted when dissolved oxygen levels decrease to a level where they have detrimental effects on aerobic aquatic organisms, typically below 30% oxygen saturation. ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Water depleted of dissolved oxygen. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental) meteorite lake A lake which is contained in a crater formed by a meteorite impact. meteorite crater lake meteorite impact crater lake A lake which is contained in a crater formed by a meteorite impact. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Meteorite_.28extraterrestrial_impact.2F_crater.29_lakes impact event 2 An impact event is a collision between astronomical objects resulting in changes in one or both of those objects. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_event An impact event is a collision between astronomical objects resulting in changes in one or both of those objects. meterorite impact An impact event during which a meteoroid collides with another astronomical body. An impact event during which a meteoroid collides with another astronomical body. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_event meteoroid An astronomical body which is composed of rocky or metallic materials and is considerably smaller than asteroids. envoAstro An astronomical body which is composed of rocky or metallic materials and is considerably smaller than asteroids. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoroid metallic material A material which is composed primarily of one or more pure metals and which shows their properties. metal Far more axiomatisation can be done should the qualities of metals be added to PATO or a similar quality ontology. However, note that there are many exceptions to the typical qualities of the majority of metals. While this class allows for some degree of contamination by non-metal substances, the material represented should show at least some of the typical features of a pure metal: hardness (except for liquid metals), opacity, lustre, malleability, fusibility, ductile and good electrical and thermal conductivity. A material which is composed primarily of one or more pure metals and which shows their properties. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal impact crater lake A lake which is contained in a crater formed by an impact event. A lake which is contained in a crater formed by an impact event. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Meteorite_.28extraterrestrial_impact.2F_crater.29_lakes impact crater A crater which was formed as a result of the impact of one astronomical body on another. SWEETRealm:ImpactCrater A crater which was formed as a result of the impact of one astronomical body on another. MA:ma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater anoxic lake anaerobic lake A lake which is primarily composed of anoxic water. lake with an anoxic hypolimnion A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of anoxic water. anoxic lake http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1984.29.1.0111 A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of anoxic water. lake with a hypoxic hypolimnion anoxic lake A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of anoxic water. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1984.29.1.0111 A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of anoxic water. hypoxic lake oxygen-depleted lake oxygen-poor lake A lake which is primarily composed of anoxic water. oxic lake oxygenated lake aerobic lake A lake which is primarily composed of oxic water. lake with an oxic hypolimnion oxic lake A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of oxic water. aerobic lake http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1984.29.1.0111 A lake which has a hypolimnion composed primarily of oxic water. weather This class refers to all weather, including atmospheric and space weather. Please use a subclass for more specificity. Environmental variability which inheres in an astronomical body part or in outer space. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_weather Environmental variability which inheres in an astronomical body part or in outer space. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather atmospheric weather This class refers to the common usage of "weather", referencing the state of a (part of) an astronomical body's atmosphere. Weather which inheres in an atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather Weather which inheres in an atmosphere. space weather Weather which inheres in outer space. Weather which inheres in outer space. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_weather environmental variability A condition which inheres in an environmental system by virtue of that system undergoing variation in its composition, the distribution of the qualities its components bear, and/or in the processes which occur within it and which it participates in. This class is very general, but the nature of environmental variability is indeed quite variable. This class may be refined once we have more subclasses to consider. climate The disposition of an environmental system, particularly those influencing atmospheres, to manifest a cyclic pattern of weather over time. Climate is commonly defined as the weather averaged, or otherwise summarised, over a period of time much longer than the duration of any phenomenon that constitutes weather. The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. The current alignment of "climate" under BFO:disposition is drawing from its very useful etymology (Ancient Greek klima, meaning inclination). The climatic conditions currently used to axiomatise biomes (polar, tropical, etc) may be better placed under this class. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate Climate is commonly defined as the weather averaged, or otherwise summarised, over a period of time much longer than the duration of any phenomenon that constitutes weather. The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. The disposition of an environmental system, particularly those influencing atmospheres, to manifest a cyclic pattern of weather over time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate cloud formation process cloud formation A process during which water vapour condensing in the atmosphere aggregates into clouds. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei A process during which water vapour condensing in the atmosphere aggregates into clouds. particle formation process A process during which microscopic solid or liquid objects are formed. particle formation A process during which microscopic solid or liquid objects are formed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates formation of particles in an atmosphere atmospheric particle formation A process during which microscopic solid or liquid objects are formed in an atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates A process during which microscopic solid or liquid objects are formed in an atmosphere. formation of solid particles in an atmosphere A process during which microscopic solid particulates are formed in an atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates A process during which microscopic solid particulates are formed in an atmosphere. formation of liquid droplets in an atmosphere formation of liquid particles in an atmosphere A process during which microscopic droplets of liquid are formed in an atmosphere. A process during which microscopic droplets of liquid are formed in an atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates liquid aerosol An aerosol which is primarily composed of liquid droplets. SWEETRealm:Aerosol An aerosol which is primarily composed of liquid droplets. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol solid aerosol An aerosol which is primarily composed of solid particles. SWEETRealm:Aerosol An aerosol which is primarily composed of solid particles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol formation of solid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere atmospheric formation of a solid aerosol A process during which microscopic solid particulates are formed from gaseous materials in an atmosphere. formation of a solid aerosol in an atmosphere formation of a solid aerosol in the atmosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates A process during which microscopic solid particulates are formed from gaseous materials in an atmosphere. formation of liquid droplets from gaseous material in an atmosphere formation of a liquid aerosol in an atmosphere A process during which microscopic liquid droplets are formed from gaseous materials in an atmosphere. formation of a liquid aerosol in the atmosphere atmospheric formation of a liquid aerosol formation of liquid particles from gaseous material in an atmosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates A process during which microscopic liquid droplets are formed from gaseous materials in an atmosphere. tectonic lake A lake which is contained in a depression formed by the deformation and resulting lateral and vertical movements of a lithosphere. A lake which is contained in a depression formed by the deformation and resulting lateral and vertical movements of a lithosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Tectonic_lakes tectonic movement A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move. convergent tectonic movement 2 A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move towards one another. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move towards one another. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates divergent tectonic movement 2 A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move away from one another. constructive tectonic movement extensional tectonic movement A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move away from one another. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_boundary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics transform tectonic movement 2 A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move along each other in a predominantly horizontal manner, either in a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) direction. conservative tectonic movement https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics A process during which pieces of a planetary crust and uppermost mantle move along each other in a predominantly horizontal manner, either in a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) direction. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_fault https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates tectonic plate A part of a lithosphere which is separated by other such parts by geographic faults or similar geomorphological discontinuities. A part of a lithosphere which is separated by other such parts by geographic faults or similar geomorphological discontinuities. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates tectonic plate boundary 2 A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates move towards, away from, or along one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates move towards, away from, or along one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere. divergent plate boundary constructive plate boundary A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving away from one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere that forms rifts or ridges. extensional plate boundary divergent boundary extensional boundary constructive boundary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving away from one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere that forms rifts or ridges. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary convergent plate boundary convergent boundary destructive plate boundary destructive boundary A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving towards one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere that forces one plate below the other where it melts in the mantle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving towards one another, resulting in deformation of the lithosphere that forces one plate below the other where it melts in the mantle. transform plate boundary This class overlaps with the semantics of geographic faults and further work needs to be done to disentangle them. transform fault A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving along one another in either a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) horizontal direction. transform boundary https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary A geomorphological feature which is formed where two or more tectonic plates are actively moving along one another in either a sinistral (left lateral) or dextral (right lateral) horizontal direction. tectonic plate subduction A convergent tectonic movement process during which one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into a mantle. subduction https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_tectonics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction A convergent tectonic movement process during which one plate moves under another and is forced or sinks due to gravity into a mantle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary detritus An organic material which is primarily composed of dead particulate matter. An organic material which is primarily composed of dead particulate matter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritus rift zone rift envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 An environmental zone in which extensional tectonic processes occur and where the lithosphere is being pulled apart. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift An environmental zone in which extensional tectonic processes occur and where the lithosphere is being pulled apart. aeolian lake A lake which fills a basin that has been dammed by wind-blown sand, formed between sand dunes oriented by winds; or formed by wind action under previously arid paleoenvironments. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Aeolian_lakes A lake which fills a basin that has been dammed by wind-blown sand, formed between sand dunes oriented by winds; or formed by wind action under previously arid paleoenvironments. landslide lake A lake which fills a depression where drainage is blocked by solid material transported by a landslide. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Landslide_lakes A lake which fills a depression where drainage is blocked by solid material transported by a landslide. rockslide lake A lake which fills a depression where drainage is blocked by solid material transported by a rockslide. A lake which fills a depression where drainage is blocked by solid material transported by a rockslide. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake#Landslide_lakes rockslide process A rockslide is a process whereby a large mass of rock moves down a hill or a mountainside. environmental_hazards rockslip A rockslide is a process whereby a large mass of rock moves down a hill or a mountainside. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_wasting Karman vortex street Kármán vortex street A succession of swirling vortices caused by the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid around one or more blunt bodies. von Kármán vortex street These vortices are responsible for such phenomena as the "singing" of suspended telephone or power lines, and the vibration of a car antenna at certain speeds. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_vortex_street A succession of swirling vortices caused by the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid around one or more blunt bodies. ecosystem This class will be primarily filled by inference, any environmental system which necessarily includes living parts should be autoclassified here. An environmental system which includes both living and non-living components. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem An environmental system which includes both living and non-living components. fossil worm burrow A channel which was formed as a result of an annelid burrowing through soil, where organic residues lining the burrow have subsequently initiated fossilization. A channel which was formed as a result of an annelid burrowing through soil, where organic residues lining the burrow have subsequently initiated fossilization. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070920 fossilization of organic material fossilization A process during which organic substances are replaced with mineral substrances, maintaining part of their anatomical organisation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil#Fossilization_processes A process during which organic substances are replaced with mineral substrances, maintaining part of their anatomical organisation. forage material forage Material which is primarily conposed of the vegetation present in tended pastures: mainly grasses, with an interspersion of legumes and other forbs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasture Material which is primarily conposed of the vegetation present in tended pastures: mainly grasses, with an interspersion of legumes and other forbs. feed storage space feed storage A physical space, which may or may not be in a construction, which is used to store animal feed for agricultural purposes. This should be moved to "zone", and inference should be used to link to agricultural feature. A physical space, which may or may not be in a construction, which is used to store animal feed for agricultural purposes. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 manure storage space A physical space, which may or may not be in a construction, which is used to store animal manure for agricultural purposes. This should be moved to "zone", and inference should be used to link to agricultural feature. manure storage A physical space, which may or may not be in a construction, which is used to store animal manure for agricultural purposes. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 bovine dairy liquid manure Manure which has been collected directly or indirectly from dairy cattle, as from flushing of manure from concrete feed lanes, free stalls, and milking facilities. Manure which has been collected directly or indirectly from dairy cattle, as from flushing of manure from concrete feed lanes, free stalls, and milking facilities. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 http://manuremanagement.ucdavis.edu/files/134369.pdf poultry manure Manure which is composed primarily of the feces of poultry. Manure which is composed primarily of the feces of poultry. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 heat-treated animal manure Manure which has been subjected to heat treatment for solidification and/or sterilization purposes. Manure which has been subjected to heat treatment for solidification and/or sterilization purposes. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 composted animal manure Manure which has been subjected to a natural process of 'rotting' or decomposition of its organic matter content by microorganisms under controlled conditions. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 Manure which has been subjected to a natural process of 'rotting' or decomposition of its organic matter content by microorganisms under controlled conditions. animal manure product A product which is composed primarily of animal manure that has been heat treated and packaged as a product for commercial or consumer use. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8844-9165 A product which is composed primarily of animal manure that has been heat treated and packaged as a product for commercial or consumer use. plant matter Organic material which is primarily composed of plant structures, living or dead. gas planet Gas giants are composed of about 90% hydrogen and helium. Jupiter and Saturn are examples of gas giants. envoAstro A planet which is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planet_types A planet which is primarily composed of hydrogen and helium. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/whatisaplanet dwarf gas planet The physical make-up of gas dwarfs limit their size, which gravitate towards a total radius between 1.7 and 3.9 Earth-radii. A gas planet which 1) is considerably smaller than a gas giant and 2) has a rocky core around which a thick envelope primarily composed of hydrogen, helium, and smaller proportions of volatiles. envoAstro https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_dwarf The physical make-up of gas dwarfs limit their size, which gravitate towards a total radius between 1.7 and 3.9 Earth-radii. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planet_types http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/whatisaplanet A gas planet which 1) is considerably smaller than a gas giant and 2) has a rocky core around which a thick envelope primarily composed of hydrogen, helium, and smaller proportions of volatiles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_dwarf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet giant gas planet A gas planet which has mass and size comparable to Jupiter and Saturn. gas giant envoAstro The definition should be revised to avoid relativisation to instances. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet A gas planet which has mass and size comparable to Jupiter and Saturn. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/whatisaplanet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_giant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planet_types ice An ice is an environmental material which is either frozen or which is maintained in a solid state by gravitational forces or pressure. This class is defined logically - any material that is frozen is considered a subclass. Note that ice may be formed at very high temperatures, due to gravitational effects and/or pressure. astrogeological ice ice envoAstro This is a term native to the fields of planetary science and astrophysics. Water, ammonia, and methane are considered "ices" with freezing points of 273 K, 195 K, and 91 K, respectively. An astrogeological volatile which is composed primarily of chemical compounds with freezing points above an approximate threshold of 100 Kelvin. An astrogeological volatile which is composed primarily of chemical compounds with freezing points above an approximate threshold of 100 Kelvin. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_giant ice giant A giant planet which is primarily composed of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, volatile chemical compounds with freezing points above about 100 Kelvin. Uranus and Neptune are considered ice giants, a separate class relative to the gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. Ice giants consist of only about 20% hydrogen and helium in mass. A large portion of the mass in an ice giant was incorporated by the capture of ice (as defined in planetary science) or as gas trapped in water ice. envoAstro A giant planet which is primarily composed of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, volatile chemical compounds with freezing points above about 100 Kelvin. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_planet_types https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_giant http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/whatisaplanet mini-Neptune envoAstro transitional planet These planets have a mass up to 10 Earth masses, notably smaller than Uranus or Neptune, which are about 14.5 and 17 Earth masses, respectively. A gas planet which has an atmosphere composed of hydrogen and helium - probably with deep layers of ice, rock or liquid oceans (made of water, ammonia, a mixture of both, or heavier volatiles) - and a small core made of low-density volatiles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_dwarf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-Neptune A gas planet which has an atmosphere composed of hydrogen and helium - probably with deep layers of ice, rock or liquid oceans (made of water, ammonia, a mixture of both, or heavier volatiles) - and a small core made of low-density volatiles. super-Jupiter Due to their immense size, super-Jupiter class objects straddle the space between planets and other objects such as brown dwarfs. While they may be more massive than Jupiter, super-Jupiters tend to be the same approximate size, with increasing density as their mass increases up to about 80 Jupiter masses. envoAstro An astronomical object which is more massive than the planet Jupiter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Jupiter An astronomical object which is more massive than the planet Jupiter. gravitational motion envoAstro A process during which one or more entities move along geodesics in a region of spacetime that has been sufficiently curved towards an entity with sufficient mass and/or energy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity A process during which one or more entities move along geodesics in a region of spacetime that has been sufficiently curved towards an entity with sufficient mass and/or energy. hot Jupiter A giant gas planet which has a jovian-scale mass (0.36–11.8 Jupiter masses), a short orbital period (1.3–111 Earth days), and which is close to the star it orbits, resulting in extreme and exotic atmospheric properties. pegasid It is assumed that the mass of a hot Jupiter cannot be greater than approximately 13.6 Jupiter masses, beyond which the planet would start burning deuterium and become a brown dwarf. pegasean planet roaster planet envoAstro epistellar jovian It is assumed that the mass of a hot Jupiter cannot be greater than approximately 13.6 Jupiter masses, beyond which the planet would start burning deuterium and become a brown dwarf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Jupiter hot Neptune hoptune envoAstro A gas planet which has a mass similar to that of Neptune or Uranus and which closely orbits its star (normally at a distance less than 1 Astronomical Unit). Whether this should be classified as a gas planet or an ice giant must be explored. A gas planet which has a mass similar to that of Neptune or Uranus and which closely orbits its star (normally at a distance less than 1 Astronomical Unit). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Neptune mega-Earth A terrestrial exoplanet which is at least ten times the mass of Earth. envoAstro https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega-Earth A terrestrial exoplanet which is at least ten times the mass of Earth. super-Earth A terrestrial planet which has a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below the masses of Uranus and Neptune (15 and 17 Earth masses, respectively). envoAstro The upper bound of a super-Earth's mass is generally agreed on as 10 Earth masses. In general, super-Earths are defined exclusively by their masses, and the term does not imply temperatures, compositions, orbital properties, habitability, or environments. A terrestrial planet which has a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below the masses of Uranus and Neptune (15 and 17 Earth masses, respectively). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Earth desert planet A terrestrial planet which has a surface dominated by hot deserts. This class of planet is still mostly theoretical. envoAstro dry planet ocean planet While this planetary form is still mostly theoretical, strong candidates exist such as the extrasolar planet GJ 1214 b and ocean planet candidate Kepler-22b. A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by water, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of water. panthalassic planet aquaplanet envoAstro water world An axiom to express that the planet has a 'substantial' proportion of its mass in the form of water wound enhance this class. A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by water, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_planet ice planet envoAstro cryoplanet While this planetary form is still mostly theoretical, strong candidates exist such as OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, OGLE-2013-BLG-0341L b and MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb. Pluto was considered an ice planet until its reclassification in 2006 CE. Surface temperatures of ice planets would have to be below 260 K (−13°C) if composed primarily of water, below 180 K (−93°C) if primarily composed of CO2 and ammonia, and below 80 K (−193°C) if composed primarily of methane. A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by ice, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of ice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_planet A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by ice, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of ice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_planet While this planetary form is still mostly theoretical, strong candidates exist such as OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb, OGLE-2013-BLG-0341L b and MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb. Pluto was considered an ice planet until its reclassification in 2006 CE. Surface temperatures of ice planets would have to be below 260 K (−13°C) if composed primarily of water, below 180 K (−93°C) if primarily composed of CO2 and ammonia, and below 80 K (−193°C) if composed primarily of methane. carbon dioxide ice Ice which is primarily composed of carbon dioxide. dry ice envoAstro Ice which is primarily composed of carbon dioxide. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice methane ice Ice which is primarily composed of methane. envoAstro Ice which is primarily composed of methane. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice ammonia ice Ice which is primarily composed of ammonia. envoAstro Ice which is primarily composed of ammonia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice carbon monoxide ice Ice which is primarily composed of carbon monoxide. envoAstro Ice which is primarily composed of carbon monoxide. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice iron planet cannonball planet Mercury is the largest iron planet in the Solar System, the other terrestrial planets being composed of silicate rocks. Some extrasolar planet candidates that may be composed mainly of iron are KOI-1843 b,[5] Kepler-70b and Kepler-10b. A planet which in primarily composed of an iron-rich core with little to no mantle envoAstro https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_planet Mercury is the largest iron planet in the Solar System, the other terrestrial planets being composed of silicate rocks. Some extrasolar planet candidates that may be composed mainly of iron are KOI-1843 b,[5] Kepler-70b and Kepler-10b. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_planet A planet which in primarily composed of an iron-rich core with little to no mantle lava planet envoAstro A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by lava, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of lava. This class of planets is still mostly theoretical, however, lava planets are thought plausible shortly after a terrestrial planet is formed, soon after a terrestrial planet has suffered a large collision event, or if a terrestrial planet is orbiting very close to its star, causing intense irradiation and tidal forces. Likely lava exoplanets include COROT-7b, Kepler-10b, Alpha Centauri Bb, and Kepler-78b. This class of planets is still mostly theoretical, however, lava planets are thought plausible shortly after a terrestrial planet is formed, soon after a terrestrial planet has suffered a large collision event, or if a terrestrial planet is orbiting very close to its star, causing intense irradiation and tidal forces. Likely lava exoplanets include COROT-7b, Kepler-10b, Alpha Centauri Bb, and Kepler-78b. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_planet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_planet A planet which has a surface layer that nearly completely or completely covered by lava, and which has a substantial portion of its mass composed of lava. sub-Earth The first sub-Earths were discovered by the Kepler Orbiting Observatory space telescope on 2012-01-10, orbiting the star Kepler-42. As of June 2014, Kepler has 45 confirmed planets that are smaller than Earth, with 17 of them being smaller than 0.8 Earth radii. In addition, there are over 310 planet candidates with an estimated radius of less than 1 Earth radius, with 135 of them being smaller than 0.8 Earth radii. A terrestrial planet which has a mass smaller than Earth's, such that 1) it lacks a magnetic field strong enough to shield its atmosphere from erosion by stellar wind and 2) it has comparatively short periods of geological activity unless it is subject to gravitational tidal forces from a much more massive object. envoAstro https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Earth A terrestrial planet which has a mass smaller than Earth's, such that 1) it lacks a magnetic field strong enough to shield its atmosphere from erosion by stellar wind and 2) it has comparatively short periods of geological activity unless it is subject to gravitational tidal forces from a much more massive object. The first sub-Earths were discovered by the Kepler Orbiting Observatory space telescope on 2012-01-10, orbiting the star Kepler-42. As of June 2014, Kepler has 45 confirmed planets that are smaller than Earth, with 17 of them being smaller than 0.8 Earth radii. In addition, there are over 310 planet candidates with an estimated radius of less than 1 Earth radius, with 135 of them being smaller than 0.8 Earth radii. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Earth chthonian planet A planet which is formed as a result of a gas giant's hydrogen and helium atmosphere, as well as its outer layers, being stripped away by a stellar wind through hydrodynamic escape. envoAstro cthonian planet This class is largely theoretical, however, some likely candidates exist. HD 209458 b and Gliese 436b are examples of a gas giants that are in the process of having their atmospheres stripped away. COROT-7b is the first exoplanet found that might be chthonian. This class is largely theoretical, however, some likely candidates exist. HD 209458 b and Gliese 436b are examples of a gas giants that are in the process of having their atmospheres stripped away. COROT-7b is the first exoplanet found that might be chthonian. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonian_planet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonian_planet A planet which is formed as a result of a gas giant's hydrogen and helium atmosphere, as well as its outer layers, being stripped away by a stellar wind through hydrodynamic escape. photoevaporation envoAstro This process is responsible for the stripping away of gases from the atmosphere of planets and related bodies by acceleration on interaction with high energy photons and other electromagnetic radiation. A process during which energetic radiation ionises gas and causes it to disperse away from the ionising source. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonian_planet#cite_note-4 A process during which energetic radiation ionises gas and causes it to disperse away from the ionising source. arXiv:1604.05220 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoevaporation helium planet The placement of this class assumes that some traces of hydrogen are left in the atmosphere. If this is not the case, the axiom on gas planet must be updated. A gas planet which has an atmosphere composed primarily of helium. A helium planet might form via hydrogen evaporation from a gaseous planet orbiting close to a star. Low-mass white dwarfs may transition into objects which are essentially helium planets by hydrogen depletion through mass transfer to a massive object such as a neutron star. Gliese 436 b is a candidate helium planet. envoAstro https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_planet A helium planet might form via hydrogen evaporation from a gaseous planet orbiting close to a star. Low-mass white dwarfs may transition into objects which are essentially helium planets by hydrogen depletion through mass transfer to a massive object such as a neutron star. Gliese 436 b is a candidate helium planet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium_planet A gas planet which has an atmosphere composed primarily of helium. planetesimal envoAstro An astronomical body which 1) is held together by its own gravity, 2) can attract other, similar bodies through mutual gravitational influence, and 3) has orbital dynamics that are not significantly affected by gas drag. In the Solar nebula, planetesimals are usually larger than approximately 1 kilometer. In the Solar nebula, planetesimals are usually larger than approximately 1 kilometer. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetesimal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetesimal An astronomical body which 1) is held together by its own gravity, 2) can attract other, similar bodies through mutual gravitational influence, and 3) has orbital dynamics that are not significantly affected by gas drag. protoplanet planetary embryo State that this is derived from a collection of planetesimals. An astronomical object that forms within a protoplanetary disc when planetesimals and other solid debris aggregate and, due to gravitational forces, fuse and initiate internal melting to produce a differentiated interior. Protoplanets are thought to form out of kilometer-sized planetesimals that gravitationally perturb each other's orbits and collide, gradually coalescing into the dominant planets. The exact sequence of events which lead to planetary formation from protoplanets is not fully understood. envoAstro https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet An astronomical object that forms within a protoplanetary disc when planetesimals and other solid debris aggregate and, due to gravitational forces, fuse and initiate internal melting to produce a differentiated interior. Protoplanets are thought to form out of kilometer-sized planetesimals that gravitationally perturb each other's orbits and collide, gradually coalescing into the dominant planets. The exact sequence of events which lead to planetary formation from protoplanets is not fully understood. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet protoplanetary disk 1 envoAstro An astronomical object which is composed of dense gas and dust rotating around a young newly formed star, a T Tauri star, or a Herbig Ae/Be star in a disk-shaped configuration. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk An astronomical object which is composed of dense gas and dust rotating around a young newly formed star, a T Tauri star, or a Herbig Ae/Be star in a disk-shaped configuration. proplyd 1 A protoplanetary disk which is externally illuminated and undergoing photoevaporation. envoAstro ionized protoplanetary disk A protoplanetary disk which is externally illuminated and undergoing photoevaporation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proplyd https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk mesoplanet envoAstro A planet which is smaller than Mercury but larger than Ceres. A planet which is smaller than Mercury but larger than Ceres. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoplanet circumbinary planet A planet which orbits two stars. Because of the short orbits of some binary stars, the only way for planets to form is by forming outside the orbit of the two stars. envoAstro A planet which orbits two stars. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumbinary_planet Because of the short orbits of some binary stars, the only way for planets to form is by forming outside the orbit of the two stars. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumbinary_planet volatile astrogeological material A material which is composed primarily of chemical elements and compounds with relatively low boiling points, equilibrium condensation temperatures below 1300 Kelvin, and which are part of the crust or atmosphere of a moon or planet. envoAstro Examples include nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, methane and sulfur dioxide. In astrogeology, these compounds, in their solid state, often comprise large proportions of the crusts of moons and dwarf planets. Add and axiomatise with moon and lunar crust volatile https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatiles A material which is composed primarily of chemical elements and compounds with relatively low boiling points, equilibrium condensation temperatures below 1300 Kelvin, and which are part of the crust or atmosphere of a moon or planet. Examples include nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, methane and sulfur dioxide. In astrogeology, these compounds, in their solid state, often comprise large proportions of the crusts of moons and dwarf planets. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatiles astrogeological gas This is a term native to the fields of planetary science and astrophysics. Hydrogen has a boiling point of 20.271 Kelvin and a melting point of 13.99 Kelvin. Helium has a boiling point of 4.222 Kelvin and a melting point of 0.95 Kelvin. gas An astrogeological volatile which is composed primarily of chemical compounds with boiling points around those of hydrogen and helium. envoAstro An astrogeological volatile which is composed primarily of chemical compounds with boiling points around those of hydrogen and helium. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatiles refractory astrogeological material Add and axiomatise with moon and lunar crust envoAstro The refractory group includes elements and compounds like metals and silicates (commonly termed rocks) which make up the bulk of the mass of the terrestrial planets and asteroids in the inner belt. A material which is composed primarily of chemical elements and compounds which have equilibrium condensation temperatures above approximately 1300 Kelvin and which are part of the crust or atmosphere of a moon or planet. refractory material The refractory group includes elements and compounds like metals and silicates (commonly termed rocks) which make up the bulk of the mass of the terrestrial planets and asteroids in the inner belt. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory_(planetary_science) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractory_(planetary_science) A material which is composed primarily of chemical elements and compounds which have equilibrium condensation temperatures above approximately 1300 Kelvin and which are part of the crust or atmosphere of a moon or planet. atmospheric escape A process during which gases that constitute a planetary atmosphere escape that planet's gravitational field and move away into outer space. envoAstro A process during which gases that constitute a planetary atmosphere escape that planet's gravitational field and move away into outer space. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_escape hydrodynamic escape An atmospheric escape process during which atoms that are parts of a planetary atmosphere escape into outer space through numerous collisions with lighter atoms in that atmosphere. envoAstro An atmospheric escape process during which atoms that are parts of a planetary atmosphere escape into outer space through numerous collisions with lighter atoms in that atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_escape environmental role Experimental class. A role which is may be realised by an environmental system envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 oasis cienaga ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 An oasis is a vegetated area located in a desert, supplied with water from a water source which it surrounds, and surrounded by arid soil, sand, or rock. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis vegetated area envoPolar ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 A vegetated area is a geographic feature which has ground cover dominated by plant communities. bone element environment An environment which is determined by a bone element. hydroform A hydroform is a geographic feature which is primarily composed of a continuous volume of liquid water held in shape by an environmental process. Similar, in spirit, to landform. Should create links to envrionmental process with new relation like "sustained_by" ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 Should create links to envrionmental process with new relation like "sustained_by" hypodermic needle A hypodermic needle is a medical instrument made from a hollow needle. It is commonly used with a syringe to inject substances into the body of an organism. ENVO ENVO:02000000 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle A hypodermic needle is a medical instrument made from a hollow needle. It is commonly used with a syringe to inject substances into the body of an organism. GEMINA:ag https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypodermic_needle textile A textile is a manufactured product comprised of a network of natural or artificial fibers (often referred to as thread or yarn). ENVO ENVO:02000001 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile A textile is a manufactured product comprised of a network of natural or artificial fibers (often referred to as thread or yarn). GEMINA:ag https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile bedclothing Bedclothing is a textile covering used on a bed as a sheet, blanket, or pillowcase. ENVO ENVO:02000002 Bedclothing is a textile covering used on a bed as a sheet, blanket, or pillowcase. GEMINA:ag URL:http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=bedclothing&r=66 URL:http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/bedclothes pockmark field A pockmark field is an undersea feature formed by shallow seabed depressions, typically several tens of metres across and a few metres deep. Generally, they are formed in soft, fine-grained seabed sediments by the escape of fluids (gas or water, but mainly methane) into the water column. ENVO ENVO:02000003 A pockmark field is an undersea feature formed by shallow seabed depressions, typically several tens of metres across and a few metres deep. Generally, they are formed in soft, fine-grained seabed sediments by the escape of fluids (gas or water, but mainly methane) into the water column. GEMINA:ag https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pockmark nesting material ENVO ENVO:02000004 Nesting material is an animal habitation consisting of matierals used to cushion, insulate and protect the young of the organism. The adult will use the material to form a protective structure to house and raise their young. Nests are built primarily by birds, but also by mammals, fish, insects and reptiles. Nesting material is an animal habitation consisting of matierals used to cushion, insulate and protect the young of the organism. The adult will use the material to form a protective structure to house and raise their young. Nests are built primarily by birds, but also by mammals, fish, insects and reptiles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nest obsolete livestock-associated habitat ENVO ENVO:02000005 Livestock is an animal-associated habitat consisting of any domestic or domesticated animal intentionally raised for food or in the production of food or raised as stock to produce food or fibre, in an agricultural setting or for its labour or pen-raised animals raised on licensed game farm operations. Livestock include: bovine animals (including buffalo and bison), ovine animals, porcine animals, caprine animals, , poultry, bees, equine animals, cervidae animals; animals of the genus Lama; ratites (Emu, Ostrich, and Rhea), fish or shellfish in aquaculture facilities, and enclosed domesticated rabbits or hares raised for human food or fiber. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock livestock true Livestock is an animal-associated habitat consisting of any domestic or domesticated animal intentionally raised for food or in the production of food or raised as stock to produce food or fibre, in an agricultural setting or for its labour or pen-raised animals raised on licensed game farm operations. Livestock include: bovine animals (including buffalo and bison), ovine animals, porcine animals, caprine animals, , poultry, bees, equine animals, cervidae animals; animals of the genus Lama; ratites (Emu, Ostrich, and Rhea), fish or shellfish in aquaculture facilities, and enclosed domesticated rabbits or hares raised for human food or fiber. URL:http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/er/publications/wolfplan/plan8.htm URL:http://www.pbs.org/strangedays/glossary/L.html URL:http://www.vbgov.com/vgn.aspxLivestock https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock obsolete cultured habitat Cultured habitat is an controlled habitat created by humans through laboratory techniques usually for the purposes of preparing cell, organ, tissue and plant tissue cultures. ENVO ENVO:01000312 ENVO:02000006 true Cultured habitat is an controlled habitat created by humans through laboratory techniques usually for the purposes of preparing cell, organ, tissue and plant tissue cultures. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture tissue culture Tissue culture is the culture of cells, tissues or organs in a nutrient medium under sterile conditions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_culture Tissue culture is the culture of cells, tissues or organs in a nutrient medium under sterile conditions. URL:http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E23.htm#TopOfPage cell culture A cell culture is a growth of cells in vitro in an artificial medium for experimental research. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture A cell culture is a growth of cells in vitro in an artificial medium for experimental research. URL:http://stemcells.nih.gov/StemCells/Templates/StemCellContentPage.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRNODEGUID=%7b3C35BAB6-0FE6-4C4E-95F2-2CB61B58D96D%7d&NRORIGINALURL=%2finfo%2fglossary%2easp&NRCACHEHINT=NoModifyGuest#cellculture plant tissue culture Plant tissue culture is the growth or maintenance of plant cells, tissues, organs or whole plants in vitro. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_tissue_culture Plant tissue culture is the growth or maintenance of plant cells, tissues, organs or whole plants in vitro. URL:http://www.sivb.org/edu_terminology.asp organ culture ENVO ENVO:02000010 Organ culture is the aseptic culture of complete living organs of animals and plants outside the body in a suitable culture medium. Animal organs must be small enough to allow the nutrients in the culture medium to penetrate all the cells. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_culture Organ culture is the aseptic culture of complete living organs of animals and plants outside the body in a suitable culture medium. Animal organs must be small enough to allow the nutrients in the culture medium to penetrate all the cells. URL:http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E18.htm obsolete buffalo milk ENVO ENVO:02000011 FOODON:00001265 true obsolete camel milk ENVO ENVO:02000012 FOODON:00001266 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_milk true obsolete donkey milk ENVO ENVO:02000013 FOODON:00001267 true obsolete horse milk ENVO ENVO:02000014 FOODON:00001268 true obsolete reindeer milk ENVO ENVO:02000015 FOODON:00001269 true obsolete water buffalo milk ENVO ENVO:02000016 FOODON:00001270 true obsolete yak milk ENVO ENVO:02000017 FOODON:00001271 true obsolete zebra milk ENVO ENVO:02000018 FOODON:00001272 true bodily fluid A natural bodily fluid or secretion such as blood, semen, saliva, blood plasma, intracellular and interstitial fluids. ENVO ENVO:02000019 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodily_fluid This differs from UBERON's treatment of bodily fluids and will probably be revised. A natural bodily fluid or secretion such as blood, semen, saliva, blood plasma, intracellular and interstitial fluids. URL:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bodily+fluid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_fluid blood Blood is a bodily fluid composed of blood plasma and blood cells suspended within the plasma that circulates around the organism's body. Blood performs may important functions including the supplying of oxygen and nutrients, removal of waste, circulation of white blood cells, detection of antibodes, coagulation, transportation of antibodies and the regulation of pH and body temperature. ENVO ENVO:02000020 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood Blood is a bodily fluid composed of blood plasma and blood cells suspended within the plasma that circulates around the organism's body. Blood performs may important functions including the supplying of oxygen and nutrients, removal of waste, circulation of white blood cells, detection of antibodes, coagulation, transportation of antibodies and the regulation of pH and body temperature. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_fluid amniotic fluid Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. ENVO ENVO:02000021 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotic_fluid Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. URL:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amniotic_fluid excreta ENVO ENVO:02000022 Excreta are bodily fluids consisting of waste matter, such as sweat or feces, discharged from the body. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excreta Excreta are bodily fluids consisting of waste matter, such as sweat or feces, discharged from the body. URL:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/excreta bile Bile is a bodily fluid consisting of a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where the bile aids the process of digestion of lipids. ENVO ENVO:02000023 gall https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile Bile is a bodily fluid consisting of a bitter, yellow or green alkaline fluid secreted by hepatocytes from the liver of most vertebrates. In many species, bile is stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where the bile aids the process of digestion of lipids. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile aqueous humour Aqueous humour is a bodily fluid consisting of a thick watery substance that fills the space between the lens and the cornea. ENVO ENVO:02000024 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_humour Aqueous humour is a bodily fluid consisting of a thick watery substance that fills the space between the lens and the cornea. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueous_humour sweat ENVO ENVO:02000025 Sweat is an excreta consisting primarily of water as well as a smaller amount of sodium chloride that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat Sweat is an excreta consisting primarily of water as well as a smaller amount of sodium chloride that is excreted by the sweat glands in the skin of mammals. wiki:http:://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat chyme Chyme is a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. ENVO ENVO:02000026 chymus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyme Chyme is a bodily fluid consisting of a liquid substance found in the stomach before passing through the pyloric valve and entering the duodenum. It results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyme blood plasma Blood plasma is a bodily fluid that comprises the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume. ENVO ENVO:02000027 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma Blood plasma is a bodily fluid that comprises the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma ear wax ENVO ENVO:02000028 Ear was is a bodily fluid consisting of a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and many other mammals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects. cerumen https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ear_wax Ear was is a bodily fluid consisting of a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and many other mammals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerumen cerebrospinal fluid CSF Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain. CSF is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain. ENVO ENVO:02000029 Liquor cerebrospinalis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain. CSF is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid chyle Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats. ENVO ENVO:02000030 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyle Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats. URL:http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=chyle https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyle breast milk Breast milk is a bodily fluid produced that is secreted from two milk-secreting glandular organs on a female's chest. ENVO ENVO:02000031 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk Breast milk is a bodily fluid produced that is secreted from two milk-secreting glandular organs on a female's chest. URL:http://www.fcs.uga.edu/ext/bbb/info/glossary.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk vitreous humor ENVO ENVO:02000032 Vitreous humor is a bodily fluid consisting of a clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_humor vitreous body vitreous humour Vitreous humor is a bodily fluid consisting of a clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_humour pleural effusion ENVO ENVO:02000033 Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_effusion Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_fluid tears ENVO ENVO:02000034 Tears is a bodily fluid consisting of a drop of the clear salty liquid secreted by glands (lacrimal glands) in the eyes. Tears wet the membrane covering the eye and help rid the eye of irritating substances. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tears tear Tears is a bodily fluid consisting of a drop of the clear salty liquid secreted by glands (lacrimal glands) in the eyes. Tears wet the membrane covering the eye and help rid the eye of irritating substances. URL:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tear oronasal secretion ENVO ENVO:02000035 Oronasal secretion is a bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose. Gemina:ls Oronasal secretion is a bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose. saliva ENVO ENVO:02000036 Saliva is a slightly alkaline secretion of water, mucin, protein, salts, and often a starch-splitting enzyme (as ptyalin) that is secreted into the mouth by salivary glands, lubricates ingested food, and often begins the breakdown of starches. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva Saliva is a slightly alkaline secretion of water, mucin, protein, salts, and often a starch-splitting enzyme (as ptyalin) that is secreted into the mouth by salivary glands, lubricates ingested food, and often begins the breakdown of starches. URL:http://medical.merriam-webster.com/medical/saliva sebum ENVO ENVO:02000037 Sebum is an oily bodily fluid secreted from the sebaceous glads that is made of fat (lipids) and the debris of dead fat-producing cells. In the glands, sebum is produced within specialized cells and is released as these cells burst. Sebum acts to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle and cracked. It can also inhibit the growth of microorganisms on skin. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebum Sebum is an oily bodily fluid secreted from the sebaceous glads that is made of fat (lipids) and the debris of dead fat-producing cells. In the glands, sebum is produced within specialized cells and is released as these cells burst. Sebum acts to protect and waterproof hair and skin, and keep them from becoming dry, brittle and cracked. It can also inhibit the growth of microorganisms on skin. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebaceous_gland pus ENVO ENVO:02000038 Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pus Pus is a bodily fluid consisting of a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body that can be found in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections. Pus is produced from the dead and living cells which travel into the intercellular spaces around the affected cells. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pus synovial fluid ENVO ENVO:02000039 Synovial fluid is a bodily fluid secreted by the synovial membrane into the joint cavity to form a thin layer at the surface of cartilage. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_fluid Synovial fluid is a bodily fluid secreted by the synovial membrane into the joint cavity to form a thin layer at the surface of cartilage. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_fluid mucus ENVO ENVO:02000040 Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus lymph ENVO ENVO:02000041 Lymph is a bodily fluid consisting of a usually clear coagulable fluid that passes from intercellular spaces of body tissue into the lymphatic vessels, is discharged into the blood by way of the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, and resembles blood plasma in containing white blood cells and especially lymphocytes but normally few red blood cells and no platelets. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph Lymph is a bodily fluid consisting of a usually clear coagulable fluid that passes from intercellular spaces of body tissue into the lymphatic vessels, is discharged into the blood by way of the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, and resembles blood plasma in containing white blood cells and especially lymphocytes but normally few red blood cells and no platelets. URL:http://medical.merriam-webster.com/medical/lymph interstitial fluid ENVO ENVO:02000042 Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_fluid intercellular fluid tissue fluid Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial_fluid biological product A biological product is an environmental substrate comprised of any virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, or analogous product available to prevent, treat or cure diseases or injuries in man. ENVO ENVO:02000043 This definition should be revised, it is currently too ambiguous. A biological product is an environmental substrate comprised of any virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, or analogous product available to prevent, treat or cure diseases or injuries in man. URL:http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/resources/DAIDSClinRsrch/Glossary/ ORCID:0000-0002-4366-3088 This definition should be revised, it is currently too ambiguous. siliceous ooze ENVO ENVO:02000044 Siliceous ooze is a marine sediment composed of the debris of plankton with silica shells, such as diatoms and radiolaria. This ooze is limited to areas with high biological productivity, such as the polar oceans, and upwelling zones near the equator. The least common type of sediment, it covers only 15% of the ocean floor. It accumulates at a slower rate than calcareous ooze: 0.2-1 cm / 1000 yr. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliceous_ooze envoPolar Siliceous ooze is a marine sediment composed of the debris of plankton with silica shells, such as diatoms and radiolaria. This ooze is limited to areas with high biological productivity, such as the polar oceans, and upwelling zones near the equator. The least common type of sediment, it covers only 15% of the ocean floor. It accumulates at a slower rate than calcareous ooze: 0.2-1 cm / 1000 yr. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sediment#_note-8 red clay ENVO ENVO:02000045 Red clay, also known as pelagic clay, accumulates in the deepest and most remote areas of the ocean. Containing less than 30% biogenic material, its composition is a varied mix of very fine quartz and clay minerals, authigenic deposits precipitated directly from seawater, and micrometeorites. Though called "red" because it sometimes takes the color of oxidized iron minerals, it is usually brownish in color. Its ultimate origin is uncertain, but red clay seems to be mostly derived from distant rivers, and windblown dust. Covering 38% of the ocean floor, it accumulates more slowly than any other sediment type, at only 0.1-0.5 cm / 1000 yr. Red clay, also known as pelagic clay, accumulates in the deepest and most remote areas of the ocean. Containing less than 30% biogenic material, its composition is a varied mix of very fine quartz and clay minerals, authigenic deposits precipitated directly from seawater, and micrometeorites. Though called "red" because it sometimes takes the color of oxidized iron minerals, it is usually brownish in color. Its ultimate origin is uncertain, but red clay seems to be mostly derived from distant rivers, and windblown dust. Covering 38% of the ocean floor, it accumulates more slowly than any other sediment type, at only 0.1-0.5 cm / 1000 yr. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_sediments calcareous ooze Calcareous ooze is a marine sediment composed primarily of the shells--also known as tests--of foraminifera, coccolithophores, and pteropods. This is the most common pelagic sediment by area, covering 48% of the world ocean's floor. This type of ooze is limited to depths above the Carbonate Compensation Depth at time of burial. It accumulates more rapidly than any other pelagic sediment type, with a rate that varies from 0.3 - 5 cm / 1000 yr. ENVO ENVO:02000046 Calcareous ooze is a marine sediment composed primarily of the shells--also known as tests--of foraminifera, coccolithophores, and pteropods. This is the most common pelagic sediment by area, covering 48% of the world ocean's floor. This type of ooze is limited to depths above the Carbonate Compensation Depth at time of burial. It accumulates more rapidly than any other pelagic sediment type, with a rate that varies from 0.3 - 5 cm / 1000 yr. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sediment#_note-8 animal feed Animal feed is a biotic mesoscopic physical object consisting of any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. Most animal feed is from plants but some is of animal origin. Fodder refers particularly to food given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves. It includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and also sprouted grains and legumes. ENVO ENVO:02000047 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_feed Animal feed is a biotic mesoscopic physical object consisting of any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed domesticated livestock, such as cattle, goats, sheep, horses, chickens and pigs. Most animal feed is from plants but some is of animal origin. Fodder refers particularly to food given to the animals (including plants cut and carried to them), rather than that which they forage for themselves. It includes hay, straw, silage, compressed and pelleted feeds, oils and mixed rations, and also sprouted grains and legumes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodder contaminated animal feed Contaminated animal feed is an animal feed that has become contaminated with or come contact with microorganisms or toxic chemicals. ENVO ENVO:02000048 Contaminated animal feed is an animal feed that has become contaminated with or come contact with microorganisms or toxic chemicals. URL:http://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/infectioncontrol/glossary.htm coastal water body Coastal water is a marine water body bordering a coast. ENVO ENVO:02000049 envoPolar Coastal water is a marine water body bordering a coast. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal obsolete spinach ENVO ENVO:02000050 FOODON:00001273 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinach true obsolete unpasteurized milk product ENVO ENVO:02000051 Raw milk which has not undergone the pasteurization process. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpasteurized_milk raw milk true Raw milk which has not undergone the pasteurization process. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpasteurized_milk umbrella A canopy designed to protect against precipitation or sunlight. ENVO ENVO:02000052 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella A canopy designed to protect against precipitation or sunlight. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella hide A skin obtained from animals for human use typically from deer or cattle sources used to produce leather, shoes, fashion accessories, musical instruments. ENVO ENVO:02000053 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide A skin obtained from animals for human use typically from deer or cattle sources used to produce leather, shoes, fashion accessories, musical instruments. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hides bone meal A mixture of crushed and coarsely ground bones that is used as an organic fertilizer for plants and formerly in animal feed. ENVO ENVO:02000054 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_meal A mixture of crushed and coarsely ground bones that is used as an organic fertilizer for plants and formerly in animal feed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_meal plant feed ENVO ENVO:02000055 Plant feed is a biotic mesoscopic physical object consisting of any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed plants. Plant feed is a biotic mesoscopic physical object consisting of any foodstuff that is used specifically to feed plants. ls:ls obsolete egg product ENVO ENVO:02000056 FOODON:00001274 true obsolete hen's egg product ENVO ENVO:02000057 FOODON:00001275 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_egg true cloth A textile comprised of a pliable material made usually by weaving, felting, or knitting natural or synthetic fibers and filaments. ENVO ENVO:02000058 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloth A textile comprised of a pliable material made usually by weaving, felting, or knitting natural or synthetic fibers and filaments. URL:http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cloth surface soil A soil consisting of the upper layer of soil on the surface consisting of loose material capable of supporting life composed of a mixture of mineral and organic matter. ENVO ENVO:02000059 A soil consisting of the upper layer of soil on the surface consisting of loose material capable of supporting life composed of a mixture of mineral and organic matter. URL:http://www.answers.com/topic/topsoil?cat=technology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil#_note-0 obsolete apple cider ENVO ENVO:00002208 ENVO:02000060 FOODON:00001276 cider https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider true obsolete unpasteurized orange juice ENVO ENVO:02000061 FOODON:00001277 true obsolete dessert ENVO ENVO:02000062 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert true obsolete cake ENVO ENVO:02000063 FOODON:00001278 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cake true obsolete cake icing ENVO ENVO:02000064 FOODON:00001279 true obsolete chocolate ENVO ENVO:02000065 FOODON:00001280 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolate true obsolete custard ENVO ENVO:02000066 FOODON:00001281 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard true obsolete ground beef ENVO ENVO:02000067 FOODON:00001282 beef mince hamburger meat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_beef minced beef true obsolete poultry product ENVO ENVO:02000068 FOODON:00001283 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry true obsolete duck meat product ENVO ENVO:02000069 FOODON:00001284 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck true obsolete goose meat product ENVO ENVO:02000070 FOODON:00001285 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose true obsolete turkey meat product ENVO ENVO:02000071 FOODON:00001286 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey true obsolete mushroom ENVO ENVO:02000072 FOODON:00001287 SWEETRealm:Mushroom https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom true obsolete bean plant ENVO ENVO:02000073 true obsolete cantaloupe ENVO ENVO:02000074 FOODON:00001288 cantaloup https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantaloupe muskmelon true obsolete peanut plant ENVO ENVO:02000075 true obsolete potato salad ENVO ENVO:02000076 FOODON:00001289 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_salad true obsolete salad dressing ENVO ENVO:02000077 FOODON:00001290 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad_dressing true obsolete clam product ENVO ENVO:02000078 FOODON:00001291 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam true obsolete oyster product ENVO ENVO:02000079 FOODON:00001292 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster true obsolete shellfish product ENVO ENVO:02000080 FOODON:00001293 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish true letter A written message from one person to another addressed to a person or organization. ENVO ENVO:02000081 A written message from one person to another addressed to a person or organization. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter obsolete unpasteurized goat milk cheese ENVO ENVO:02000082 FOODON:00001294 true obsolete Pecorino cheese ENVO ENVO:02000083 FOODON:00001295 true goat manure ENVO ENVO:02000084 obsolete unpasteurized sheep milk cheese ENVO ENVO:02000085 FOODON:00001296 true obsolete unpasteruized cow milk cheese ENVO ENVO:02000086 FOODON:00001297 true obsolete unpasteurized camel milk ENVO ENVO:02000087 FOODON:00001298 true obsolete unpasteurized caprine milk ENVO ENVO:02000088 FOODON:00001299 true obsolete unpasteurized ovine milk ENVO ENVO:02000089 FOODON:00001300 true coal cjm A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. A combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. iron mine cjm uranium mine cjm ore cjm a type of rock that contains sufficient minerals with important elements including metals that can be economically extracted from the rock. uranium ore cjm iron ore cjm gold ore cjm platinum ore cjm coal dust cjm mineral dust cjm fibrous dust cjm fibrous glass dust cjm metallic dust cjm cement dust cjm clay dust cjm asbestos dust cjm grain dust cjm Dust that comes from grain and all the other substances associated with its cultivation & harvesting. http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0305.html Dust that comes from grain and all the other substances associated with its cultivation & harvesting. cotton dust cjm dust from plant parts cjm open-pit mine cjm A surface mine that utilizes a technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow. A surface mine that utilizes a technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow. copper ore cjm fume cjm A gas, smoke, or vapor that smells strongly or is dangerous to inhale. welding fume cjm paraffin wax fume cjm vanadium fume cjm Respirable vapor of vanadium. Respirable vapor of vanadium. aluminum welding fume cjm natural wax cjm A wax that is naturally synthesized by a plant or animal. paraffin wax cjm A white or colourless soft solid derivable from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms. A white or colourless soft solid derivable from petroleum, coal or oil shale, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms. oil shale cjm kerogen shale An organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen from which liquid hydrocarbons called shale oil can be produced. An organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen from which liquid hydrocarbons called shale oil can be produced. kerogen shale zinc chloride fume cjm peat extraction cjm peat drainage cjm Typically a part of a peat extraction process A hydrological process that results in the drainage of water from peatlands A hydrological process that results in the drainage of water from peatlands paint cjm Any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. lead paint cjm Paint that contains lead. Paint that contains lead. transportation cjm A planned process that is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. A planned process that is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. environmental system process This is a convenience class for organisation and should not be used for annotation. A process in which includes the components of an environmental system as participants. desertification a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife. flooding environmental_hazards A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from the overflow of inland and/or tidal waters, and/or the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source. A great flow along a watercourse or a flow causing inundation of lands not normally covered by water. A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from the overflow of inland and/or tidal waters, and/or the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source. A great flow along a watercourse or a flow causing inundation of lands not normally covered by water. GEMET: http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/3301 atmospheric process This class will be populated by inference and is primarily organisational. A process which occurs within an atmosphere. greenhouse effect envoPolar A process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect A process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the gases. land degradation This could include, for example, reducing soil health, pollinator activity, or an ecosystem's ability to sequester carbon. An SDGIO request. Likely to be refined and revised. A process which diminishes the functioning of an ecosystem located on land. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_degradation A process which diminishes the functioning of an ecosystem located on land. http://www.who.int/globalchange/ecosystems/desert/en/ ecosystem-wide photosynthesis A process which consists of all photosynthesis processes instantiated in an ecosystem. envoPolar See issue #275 ecosystem-wide respiration See issue #275 A process which consists of all respiration processes instantiated in an ecosystem. biogeochemical cycling envoPolar carbon cycling envoPolar afforestation Establishment of a new forest by seeding or planting of nonforested land. Prior to afforestation, the land cover of a region must not include forests. Establishment of a new forest by seeding or planting of nonforested land. GEMET:http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/167 deforestation clearance The removal of forest and undergrowth to, for example, increase the surface of arable land or to use the timber for construction or industrial purposes. clearing The removal of forest and undergrowth to, for example, increase the surface of arable land or to use the timber for construction or industrial purposes. http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept?cp=2036 reforestation The planting of trees in areas in where forests have previously been cleared. reforestation is reestablishment of forest where the forest recently existed[IPCC] Adapted from GEMET:http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/concept/6979 The planting of trees in areas in where forests have previously been cleared. forest process To be populated through inference. Do not use for annotation. forest area expansion obsolete anthropogenic reforestation true ENVO:02500013 algal bloom process envoPolar A process during which the populations in a community of algae in a marine or freshwater ecosystem undergo rapid growth, resulting in high concentrations of algal cells that occur only periodically and briefly in that ecosystem, relative to their concentrations through the majority of the planetary orbital period. This class is under development. Note that cyanobacterial blooms are often confused with algal blooms. There is no globally recognised threshold beyond which community density enters a bloom state. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom This class is under development. Note that cyanobacterial blooms are often confused with algal blooms. There is no globally recognised threshold beyond which community density enters a bloom state. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom A process during which the populations in a community of algae in a marine or freshwater ecosystem undergo rapid growth, resulting in high concentrations of algal cells that occur only periodically and briefly in that ecosystem, relative to their concentrations through the majority of the planetary orbital period. alga To be ceded to external ontology (e.g. pco) algal bloom collapse A process during which the rapid growth of algal populations that result in an algal bloom ceases, and cell densities begin to fall due to death, predation, and transport. A process during which the rapid growth of algal populations that result in an algal bloom ceases, and cell densities begin to fall due to death, predation, and transport. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom algal bloom process phase algal production A process during which the algal cells constituting an algal bloom produce biomass from abiotic components during photosynthesis. accumulation of toxins from algal bloom process TODO; add axioms pointing to GO organismal process; Add axioms pointing to toxin role degradation of toxins from algal bloom process anthropogenic modulatory intervention process Relabel the obo foundry unique label to be generic process anthropogenic environmental process An environmental process which is driven by the action of humans. erosion An action of exogenic processes (such as water flow or wind) which remove soil and rock from one location on the Earth's crust, then transport it to another location where it is deposited. envoPolar An action of exogenic processes (such as water flow or wind) which remove soil and rock from one location on the Earth's crust, then transport it to another location where it is deposited. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion bedrock dissolution An erosional process in which bedrock is converted from its solid form into a solute by the action of some solvent. biogeochemical process envoPolar hydrological process This classes asserted subclasses will be moved away as it should be an inferred class. revegetation evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere. Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration evaporation Evaporation is a form of vaporisation which occurs when a portion of the surface layer of a liquid in contact with a gaseous material, which is not saturated with the evaporating substance, vaporises. Evaporation is a form of vaporisation which occurs when a portion of the surface layer of a liquid in contact with a gaseous material, which is not saturated with the evaporating substance, vaporises. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation transpiration Needs a process part "water transport" or similar and some link to plants to be complete. Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts of that plant, such as from leaves but also from stems and flowers. environmental pollution pollution environmental_hazards An environmental system process that results in the introduction of contaminants into an environment. An environmental system process that results in the introduction of contaminants into an environment. air pollution envoPolar environmental_hazards A pollution process during which particulates or other contaminants are released into a portion of air. soil pollution environmental_hazards envoPolar A pollution process during which contaminants are released into soil. A pollution process during which contaminants are released into soil. water pollution A pollution process during which contaminants are released into water. envoPolar environmental_hazards plastic pollution A pollution process during which plastic contaminants are released into an environmental material. environmental_hazards envoPolar A pollution process during which plastic contaminants are released into an environmental material. environmental monitoring An process in which environmental parameters and variables are continually assayed. monitoring pollution control A planned process during which the amount of pollutants released into an environmental system is regulated. pollution prevention pollution monitoring envoPolar A monitoring process that assays the level of environmental pollutants to determine the presence of effect of environmental pollution. urban pollution environmental_hazards A pollution process that results in increased levels of pollutants in an urban environment. neve névé envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 Névé that survives a full season of ablation turns into firn. Partially compacted granular snow, which has undergone several cycles of melting and refreezing while being compacted, usually found on the atmosphere-exposed surface of a glacier. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9v%C3%A9 Partially compacted granular snow, which has undergone several cycles of melting and refreezing while being compacted, usually found on the atmosphere-exposed surface of a glacier. firn envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 Firn derives from névé which has survived a full season of ablation and has undergone a metamorphic transition. Granular snow which contains a proportion of fused granules formed through melting and re-thawing while being compacted by the weight of overlying material and which contains interconnected gaseous pores. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Granular snow which contains a proportion of fused granules formed through melting and re-thawing while being compacted by the weight of overlying material and which contains interconnected gaseous pores. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firn nivation Often, the weight of material deposited on top of powdery snow by, for example, mass wasting, can lead to nivation. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A material transformation process during which recently precipitated, powdery snow transitions into firn or névé through compaction and/or through cycles of freezing and thawing. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar Link to mass wasting process. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivation A material transformation process during which recently precipitated, powdery snow transitions into firn or névé through compaction and/or through cycles of freezing and thawing. glacial ice http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar It is suggested that users complement this term with ice terms that are more descriptive of the ice itself, rather than its location/parthood. Any water ice that is part of a glacier. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier Any water ice that is part of a glacier. erosionally enriched glacial ice Glacial ice which contains material liberated during a glacial erosion process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar https://www.asf.alaska.edu/blog/why-is-glacier-ice-blue/ Glacial ice which contains material liberated during a glacial erosion process. glacial erosion process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar An erosion process during which the movement of a glacier across a terrestrial surface causes the removal of material from that surface. blue ice The blue 'appearance' is to be understood as that within the visual range of humans. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Water ice containing little to no air bubbles resulting in a reduction of internal light scattering and, given sufficient volume, a blue appearance. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_ice_(glacial) Water ice containing little to no air bubbles resulting in a reduction of internal light scattering and, given sufficient volume, a blue appearance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier compaction process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar A physical process during which atoms, molecules, or other consituents of a material entity are forced closer together. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaction A physical process during which atoms, molecules, or other consituents of a material entity are forced closer together. material accumulation process envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A process during which the mass of one or more materials, present within a given site, increases. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. A material accumulation process ends a material transport process. material transport process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar A process during which material is displaced from it's original location and transported either to a new location or back to the original location. Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. ice gain envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A material accumulation process during which the mass of an existing ice mass increases. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A material accumulation process during which the mass of an existing ice mass increases. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation_zone glacial transport process A material transport process during which the snow and ice constituting a glacier, and anything contained within it, is transported down a slope by gravitation. glacial movement http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 This must be differentiated from small ice masses simply falling or moving down slopes. envoPolar cirque glacier envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A small glacier contained within a cirque basin. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1216/text.html A small glacier contained within a cirque basin. geographic basin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 The general semantics of depression and geographic basin are still to be worked out see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486 envoPolar A depression which is part of a planetary crust, is of geographic scale, and is partially or completely enclosed. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin A depression which is part of a planetary crust, is of geographic scale, and is partially or completely enclosed. material decumulation process A process during which the mass of one or more materials, present within a given site, decreases. Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar A process during which the mass of one or more materials, present within a given site, decreases. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/decumulation glacial ice loss http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A process during which the mass of ice constituting a glacier decreases. englacial stream A stream which is primarily composed of meltwater and which flows within a glacier or ice sheet. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar A stream which is primarily composed of meltwater and which flows within a glacier or ice sheet. http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095752518 aeolian transport process æolian envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A material transport process during which one or more environmental materials are transported by the action of wind. eolian http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolian_processes A material transport process during which one or more environmental materials are transported by the action of wind. soot http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar Particulate matter primarily composed of carbon particles formed through the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot Particulate matter primarily composed of carbon particles formed through the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. erosionally enriched ice envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Water ice which contains material liberated during an erosion process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 https://www.asf.alaska.edu/blog/why-is-glacier-ice-blue/ Water ice which contains material liberated during an erosion process. powdery snow envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Uncompacted snow containing trapped atmospheric gases. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 Described as having a fluffy appearance. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_snow Uncompacted snow containing trapped atmospheric gases. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/snow/science/characteristics.html glacial ice gain envoPolar A process during which the mass of ice constituting a glacier increases. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 glacial ice calving process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass. Calving is usually caused by the expansion of glaciers. glacier calving envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3522 iceberg calving process envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 Calving is usually caused by the expansion of glaciers. A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass as an iceberg. glacier calving http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3522 A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass as an iceberg. calving of ice from an iceberg http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 glacier calving A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass as an iceberg. It would be ideal to express that the size of the icemass calved must be smaller than an iceberg. Calving is usually caused by the expansion of glaciers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3522 A process during which a part of a glacier breaks away from the main mass as an iceberg. marine sediment Particles of marine sediment are primarily generated by 1) processes in terrestrial systems and transported to the marine realm by the action of rivers or aeolian processes (amongst other routes) , 2) marine organisms, 3) chemical processes in seawater, or 4) cosmogeneous input. marine sediments Sediment which has been transported through the marine water column, settling on the seafloor. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 Sediment which has been transported through the marine water column, settling on the seafloor. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_sediment#_note-8 shallow marine sediment In this definition we refer to sedimentation processes that occured above the shelf, however this should be relaxed to include the continental shelf and slope. shallow marine sediments http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 output of sedimentation process which occured in neritic zone biome neritic marine sediment Marine sediment soured from either terrestrial systems, marine organisms, seawater and or cosmogeneous sources, which is transported through the marine water column, and accumulates within shallow regions of the oceanic basin close to continents, such as the continental shelf, or continental slope. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_sediment#_note-8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf Marine sediment soured from either terrestrial systems, marine organisms, seawater and or cosmogeneous sources, which is transported through the marine water column, and accumulates within shallow regions of the oceanic basin close to continents, such as the continental shelf, or continental slope. supraglacial lake A water body which is located in a depression within the surface of a glacier. supraglacial lakes http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A water body which is located in a depression within the surface of a glacier. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraglacial_lake sedimentation in a water body http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A material accumulation process during which solid particles are pulled through a water body by gravitation or centrifugal force and which ends when they settle on a solid surface. ice ablation zone http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 An ablation zone in which an ice ablation process occurs. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar An ablation zone in which an ice ablation process occurs. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablation cryoconite deposit http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-6405 Particulate matter which is composed primarily of dust, rock, and soot, as well as the microbial communities associated with these materials, deposited on an ice mass by an aeolian process. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 This actually is formed as a result of an accumulation process involving the constituents of cryoconite. When their semantics are more stable, we can axiomatise this fully. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Particulate matter which is composed primarily of dust, rock, and soot, as well as the microbial communities associated with these materials, deposited on an ice mass by an aeolian process. http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v13/n11/full/nrmicro3522.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryoconite cryoconite hole A vertical thaw hole within an ice mass, formed as a result of ice melt associated with local temperature increases, due to increased absorption of solar radiation by cryoconite deposits. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 The general semantics of depressions are still to be worked out see https://github.com/EnvironmentOntology/envo/issues/486 envoPolar cryoconite holes This class doesn't refer to the site but instead the depression or hole and therefore the adjacency to the cryoconite itself. A vertical thaw hole within an ice mass, formed as a result of ice melt associated with local temperature increases, due to increased absorption of solar radiation by cryoconite deposits. http://glaciers.pdx.edu/Projects/Antarctica/CryoconiteHoles/Cryo_main.html melt pond meltponds http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-6405 A water body which forms as a result of localised melting taking place on the surface of a glacier or a mass of sea ice and which is contained in the cavity formed by such melting. melt ponds envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 meltpond https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt_pond A water body which forms as a result of localised melting taking place on the surface of a glacier or a mass of sea ice and which is contained in the cavity formed by such melting. brine channel http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 brine channels http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar A channel through which brine flows. https://askabiologist.asu.edu/brine-channels A channel through which brine flows. brine channel formation process envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A material accumulation process during which brine droplets, trapped between ice crystals formed during seawater freezing, form brine channels. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 This process may be considered a material accumulation process as it is the accumulation of brine droplets which form the channels. A material accumulation process during which brine droplets, trapped between ice crystals formed during seawater freezing, form brine channels. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/frazil material transformation process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A different material transformation process class (or similarly named class) pertaining to the conversion of a specific chemical into another belongs in CHEBI and or REX ontologies. A process during which a portion of some environmental material is converted into a different material or a collection of materials. Experimental class for structural purposes not recommended for annotation. A material transformation process only refers to ENVO:environmental material classes (e.g. bulk and typically impure substances), rather than transformations converting a specific chemical into another. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar sea ice formation process A material transformation process during which seawater freezes into sea ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Re-St/Sea-Water-Freezing-of.html A material transformation process during which seawater freezes into sea ice. brine rejection from seawater A material transformation process during which brine is formed due to the expulsion of salt during frazil formation or a seawater freezing process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar Expelled salt accumulates in brine droplets, which remain in a liquid state due to their increased salinity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brine_rejection A material transformation process during which brine is formed due to the expulsion of salt during frazil formation or a seawater freezing process. frazil ice Typically 3 to 4 millimeters in diameter. These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system. Needs to have axioms added pertaining to the semantics of colloids and suspensions once they have been resolved see: https://github.com/pato-ontology/pato/issues/91#issuecomment-290711238 Currently the new ice classes are not specific to sea water as they may form in non marine systems, but it would be good to confirm this especially for frazil ice. New ice which is composed of small, needle-like crystals consisting of nearly pure fresh water. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 New ice which is composed of small, needle-like crystals consisting of nearly pure fresh water. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/frazil frazil ice formation http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A new ice formation process during which small, needle-like crystals consisting of nearly pure fresh water, form due to the freezing of open, turbulent, supercooled water. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/frazil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazil_ice#Formation A new ice formation process during which small, needle-like crystals consisting of nearly pure fresh water, form due to the freezing of open, turbulent, supercooled water. thaw hole http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A channel which traverses an ice mass floating on a water body and bridges the atmosphere to the underlying water through its internal cavity. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 thaw holes https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary-terms/sea-ice A channel which traverses an ice mass floating on a water body and bridges the atmosphere to the underlying water through its internal cavity. atmosphere-exposed melt pond http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A melt pond which has a surface exposed to the atmosphere. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-6405 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melt_pond A melt pond which has a surface exposed to the atmosphere. ice-encased melt pond In practice, there may be some openings which are small relative to the surface footprint of the meltpond. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-6405 A melt pond which is completely encased in ice and thus not directly exposed to the atmosphere or underlying water. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A melt pond which is completely encased in ice and thus not directly exposed to the atmosphere or underlying water. https://phys.org/news/2017-01-arctic-ponds-meltwater-clogs-ice.html intraglacial lake http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 Add axioms to show that this is on the larger side in a size continuum between ice-encased meltponds and intraglacial lakes. intraglacial lakes envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A lake which is comprised of meltwater located underneath or within a glacier. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313281555_Antarctic_subglacial_lakes_drain_through_sediment-floored_canals_Theory_and_model_testing_on_real_and_idealized_domains https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258663667_Detection_of_a_subglacial_lake_in_Glacier_de_Tete_Rousse_Mont_Blanc_area_France A lake which is comprised of meltwater located underneath or within a glacier. depositional process A process during which material entities are added to a landform or to a feature upon the landform. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(geology) A process during which material entities are added to a landform or to a feature upon the landform. desublimation of water vapour into ice http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A desublimation process during which water vapour is frozen into water ice. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 new ice formation process envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 An ice formation process during which water is frozen into a form of new ice such as frazil, grease ice, slush, or shuga. Make this class the union of the following processes: frazil ice formation, grease ice formation process, slush formation process, and shuga formation process. An ice formation process during which water is frozen into a form of new ice such as frazil, grease ice, slush, or shuga. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/new-ice obsolete sea ice formation process ENVO:03000044 true http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 An ice formation process during which seawater is frozen into a sea ice. envoPolar An ice formation process during which seawater is frozen into a sea ice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice#Formation nilas formation process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A sea ice formation process during which new ice crystals freeze together, forming nilas, a thin, elastic, continuous, ice sheet of a transparent gray color. A sea ice formation process during which new ice crystals freeze together, forming nilas, a thin, elastic, continuous, ice sheet of a transparent gray color. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice#New_ice.2C_nilas_and_young_ice https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/nilas young ice formation process A sea ice formation process during which water freezes to the bottom of an existing nilas ice floe creating a thicker ice floe known as young ice. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice#New_ice.2C_nilas_and_young_ice A sea ice formation process during which water freezes to the bottom of an existing nilas ice floe creating a thicker ice floe known as young ice. first year ice formation process A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes onto young ice during the cold season, forming first year ice. First year ice that survives melting during spring and summer can transition to second year ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice#New_ice.2C_nilas_and_young_ice A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes onto young ice during the cold season, forming first year ice. second year ice formation A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes onto first year ice during the cold season, forming second year sea ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Second year ice forms from first year ice which has previously survived one melt season. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice#New_ice.2C_nilas_and_young_ice A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes onto first year ice during the cold season, forming second year sea ice. multiyear ice formation process envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Multiyear ice forms from second year ice which has previously survived at least two melt seasons. A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes into second year ice during the cold season, forming multiyear ice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice#New_ice.2C_nilas_and_young_ice A sea ice formation process during which seawater freezes into second year ice during the cold season, forming multiyear ice. new ice Water ice which is formed from freezing water and is suspended in a water body. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar Currently the new ice classes are not specific to sea water as they may form in non marine systems, but it would be good to confirm this especially for frazil ice. sea ice types include frazil, grease ice, slush, and shuga. These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/new-ice Water ice which is formed from freezing water and is suspended in a water body. ice floe envoPolar A cohesive sheet of water ice which floats upon the surface of a water body. Ice floes can exist in sea ice, in rivers or lakes. ice floes http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/ice-floe A cohesive sheet of water ice which floats upon the surface of a water body. sea ice floe An ice floe which is formed from frozen sea water, and floats upon the surface of a marine water body. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 sea ice floes http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/ice-floe An ice floe which is formed from frozen sea water, and floats upon the surface of a marine water body. pancake ice envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A sea ice floe which has a rounded or circular shape and raised rims. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A sea ice floe which has a rounded or circular shape and raised rims. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake_ice https://web.archive.org/web/20040712022508/http://ice-glaces.ec.gc.ca:80/App/WsvPageDsp.cfm?ID=10992&Lang=eng nilas http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A sea ice floe which is thin, elastic, continuous, and of a transparent gray color, which results from the freezing of new ice. envoPolar http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/nilas https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice#New_ice.2C_nilas_and_young_ice https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/nilas A sea ice floe which is thin, elastic, continuous, and of a transparent gray color, which results from the freezing of new ice. young ice envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A sea ice floe which is inflexible and thicker than nilas. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice#New_ice.2C_nilas_and_young_ice A sea ice floe which is inflexible and thicker than nilas. first year ice Sea ice which is thicker than young ice. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 First year ice that survives a seasonal melting process becomes second year ice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice#New_ice.2C_nilas_and_young_ice Sea ice which is thicker than young ice. http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/tag/first-year-ice/ second year ice http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Sea ice which is thicker than first year ice, and has survived a seasonal melting process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice#New_ice.2C_nilas_and_young_ice Sea ice which is thicker than first year ice, and has survived a seasonal melting process. multiyear ice envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 Sea ice which is thicker than second year ice, and has survived more than two seasonal melting process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_ice#New_ice.2C_nilas_and_young_ice Sea ice which is thicker than second year ice, and has survived more than two seasonal melting process. grease ice layer http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar A layer which consists of a thin aggregate of frazil ice crystals, which float upon the surface of a water body. Within a marine system, grease ice makes the ocean surface resemble an oil slick. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A layer which consists of a thin aggregate of frazil ice crystals, which float upon the surface of a water body. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/grease-ice shuga envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 New ice, which is spongy, lumpy and opaque, and forms from water which freezes in an agitated water body. These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system. http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/shuga https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/shuga New ice, which is spongy, lumpy and opaque, and forms from water which freezes in an agitated water body. slush ice These new ice classes refer to both marine water and fresh water ice. If using this term for annotation, use it in conjunction with another envo term to express whether the ice is in a marine, freshwater, or other system. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 A slurry of frazil, snow, and liquid water. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/term/slush https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slush A slurry of frazil, snow, and liquid water. slush ice layer A layer which consists of slush ice. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slush A layer which consists of slush ice. slush formation process A new ice formation process in which slush ice is formed. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 shuga formation process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A new ice formation process in which shuga is formed. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 thermokarst lake Continued thawing of the permafrost substrate can lead to the drainage and eventual disappearance of thermokarst lakes, leaving only the landform, thermokarst depression behind. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 cave-in lake thermokarst lakes thaw lake A freshwater lake which fills a depression formed by the erosion of thermokarst caused by permafrost thaw. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermokarst A freshwater lake which fills a depression formed by the erosion of thermokarst caused by permafrost thaw. methane-releasing thermokarst lake http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A thermokarst lake through which methane gas released from thawing permafrost, or other methane stores, rises and escapes to the atmosphere. On Earth, the bright blue appearance, in the light spectrum visible to humans, is due to increased abundances of microorganisms attracted to sulfur compounds associated with the methane release. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://www.sciencealert.com/photos-reveal-more-than-200-bright-blue-arctic-lakes-have-started-bubbling-with-methane-gas A thermokarst lake through which methane gas released from thawing permafrost, or other methane stores, rises and escapes to the atmosphere. thermokarst depression http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A geographic basin which is formed due to the erosion of thermokarst by meltwater released from thawing permafrost. A geographic basin which is formed due to the erosion of thermokarst by meltwater released from thawing permafrost. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermokarst thermokarst http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 An irregular land surface which consists of marshy hollows, hummocks, thermokarst depressions and thermokarst lakes formed from the erosion of ice-rich thawing permafrost areas. envoPolar Thermokarst is usually found in Arctic or mountainous areas. An irregular land surface which consists of marshy hollows, hummocks, thermokarst depressions and thermokarst lakes formed from the erosion of ice-rich thawing permafrost areas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermokarst permafrost thawing process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A process during which permafrost is warmed such that a portion of its constituent water ice is converted into meltwater. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost A process during which permafrost is warmed such that a portion of its constituent water ice is converted into meltwater. methane-laden permafrost http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 bulgunyakh It would probably be better to assert parthood between the permafrost and cavities filled with gas rather than the gases themselves. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 Other hydrocarbon gasses such as carbon dioxide may also be present. These pockets can be sufficently large that the permafrost surface will undulate when pressure is applied. Permafrost which contains pockets of trapped methane gas. Permafrost which contains pockets of trapped methane gas. http://www.sciencealert.com/7-000-huge-gas-bubbles-have-formed-under-siberia-and-could-explode-at-any-moment http://www.nature.com/news/mysterious-siberian-crater-attributed-to-methane-1.15649 methane-sourced permafrost crater envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A crater which is found in permafrost and formed as a result of an explosion fuelled by methane formerly contained in that permafrost. gigantic funnel http://www.sciencealert.com/7-000-huge-gas-bubbles-have-formed-under-siberia-and-could-explode-at-any-moment http://www.nature.com/news/mysterious-siberian-crater-attributed-to-methane-1.15649 A crater which is found in permafrost and formed as a result of an explosion fuelled by methane formerly contained in that permafrost. explosion process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Supersonic explosions are known as detonations and subsonic explosions as deflagrations. A process during which a material entity undergoes a rapid increase in volume, releasing gasses and various forms of energy, often including thermal, light and sound energy. explosion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosion A process during which a material entity undergoes a rapid increase in volume, releasing gasses and various forms of energy, often including thermal, light and sound energy. permafrost methane explosion An explosion during which methane-rich gas trapped in permafrost combusts. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://www.sciencealert.com/7-000-huge-gas-bubbles-have-formed-under-siberia-and-could-explode-at-any-moment http://www.nature.com/news/mysterious-siberian-crater-attributed-to-methane-1.15649 An explosion during which methane-rich gas trapped in permafrost combusts. gas emission process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A material transport process during which a portion of gaseous environmental material is transported into the atmosphere. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas A material transport process during which a portion of gaseous environmental material is transported into the atmosphere. hydrocarbon gas emission process envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Some hydrocarbon gasses within the atmosphere contribute to the planetary green house gas effect by increasing absorption of solar energy. A gas emission process during which a portion of hydrocarbon gas is transported into the atmosphere. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases A gas emission process during which a portion of hydrocarbon gas is transported into the atmosphere. methane gas emission process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A hydrocarbon gas emission process during which a portion of methane gas is transported into the atmosphere. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste landfills. A hydrocarbon gas emission process during which a portion of methane gas is transported into the atmosphere. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/overview-greenhouse-gases season generating process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 The seasons that are generated by this process are divisions of time between warm (maximal radiation exposure) and cold (minimum radiation exposure) extremes. Depending on the planet's makeup, the resulting seasonal dynamics may include ecological and meteorological cycles which may form the basis for further divisions of the cycle (e.g. rainy season, dry season, wildfire season). A process during which the intesity of stellar radiation received by a planet's surface varies in a cyclical regime due to the planet's orbital motion around the barycentre of a planetary system and/or the tilt of its rotational axis relative to its orbital plane. season Season could be implemented as a subclass of one-dimensional temporal region, however, this will need further thought and discussion with BFO editors. A one-dimensional temporal region which is delimited by the occurrence of processes which serve as its delimiters. envoAstro http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar warm season A season during which the average temperature of a planetary part exceeds that of all other seasons it endures during a season generating process. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 The boundaries of seasons are typically fiat and should be defined on a data/information layer. This also pertains to the amount of time included when averaging measured values of qualities like temperature. cold season A season during which the average temperature of a planetary part is below that of all other seasons it endures during a season generating process. The boundaries of seasons are typically fiat and should be defined on a data/information layer. This also pertains to the amount of time included when averaging measured values of qualities like temperature. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 seasonal melting process http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A material transformation process during which a material entity melts during a warm season. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar solid-phase sintering http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A compaction process during which a material entity subjected to heat and/or pressure is compacted into a solid mass without undergoing melting. We should add the subclass axiom: 'has output' some ('environmental material' and 'has quality' some 'decreased porosity') once PATO:decreased porosity is available see ENVO issue #497 Additional axioms could also refer to object aggregates becoming objects within an environmental material. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintering A compaction process during which a material entity subjected to heat and/or pressure is compacted into a solid mass without undergoing melting. glacial sintering http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Axioms will probably need to be updated if the axiomatisation of solid-phase sintering changes. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar A sintering process during which snow is compacted into glacial ice. A sintering process during which snow is compacted into glacial ice. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintering aeolian transport of snow An aeolian transport process during which powdery snow is displaced and moved. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow#Drifting An aeolian transport process during which powdery snow is displaced and moved. snow drift formation envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 drifting of unsintered snow An accumulation process during which a powdery snow carried on the wind settles on a solid surface, forming a mound. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 slab avalanche environmental_hazards Slab avalanches account for most back-country fatalities. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A mass wasting process during which slab snow rapidly moves down a sloping surface. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow#Avalanche A mass wasting process during which slab snow rapidly moves down a sloping surface. powdery snow avalanche envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 environmental_hazards An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface. powder snow avalanche https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow#Avalanche An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a sloping surface. wet snow avalanche envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 An avalanche during which a suspension of water and snow flows down a sloping surface. environmental_hazards http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Wet snow avalanches travel at a lower velocity than other types of avalanches. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow#Avalanche An avalanche during which a suspension of water and snow flows down a sloping surface. slab snow http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 Snow which is cohesive, hard and overlies weaker snow. Snow which is cohesive, hard and overlies weaker snow. http://www.fsavalanche.org/slab cryoform http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A geographic feature which is primarily composed of a continuous mass of snow and/or ice. Place holder class. Also the axiom should be changed to something along the lines of 'primairly composed of’ some ‘environmental material’ and ‘has quality’ frozen once PATO:frozen is imported. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 snow mass A mass of snow. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 snow drift http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 snowdrift An accumulation of powdery snow which was transported and deposited via a snow drifting process. unsintered snow envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 An accumulation of powdery snow which was transported and deposited via a snow drifting process. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow#Drifting snow patch An accumulation of snow and firn which rests upon land. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 snowpatch seasonal snow patch Need to find a way of expression the fact that it 'ends during' some 'warm season' (but not with that axiom as that is for processes not a material entity). A snow patch which forms during a cold season and melts away during the succeeding warm season. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 seasonal snowpatch envoPolar perennial snow patch http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar A snow patch which persists through at least one seasonal cycle. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 perennial snowpatch A snow patch is defined as perennial if it survives two or more melt seasons. Need to find a way of expression the fact that it has survived two or more melt seasons. snowpack envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 Snowpack is found in geographic regions experiencing cold weather for extended periods of time. A layer which consists of an accumulation of snow. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowpack A layer which consists of an accumulation of snow. channel Intended to be a top level class for wide variety of channel-like entities. It’s particulars may change once more subclasses are accumulated. This is distinct from 'channel of a watercourse', which is a depression. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A structure which traverses a mass of one or more environmental materials, and encloses a roughly tubular site. A structure which traverses a mass of one or more environmental materials, and encloses a roughly tubular site. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/channel atmosphere and water column exposed melt pond open melt pond A melt pond which and is exposed to the atmosphere and to a lesser degree water underlying the ice mass which contains it. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar It would be good to add an axiom such as 'continuous with' some 'water body'. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-6405 water column exposed melt pond http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A melt pond which is formed close to that part of an ice mass which is in contact with some underlying water body, and which has channels connecting it to that water body. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5812-6405 It would be good to add an axiom such as 'continuous with' some 'water body'. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 subglacial lake subglacial lakes A lake which is situated beneath a glacier. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 A lake which is situated beneath a glacier. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_lake erosion through nivation http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4366-3088 An erosion process during which rock or soil is removed or degraded due to alternative thawing and freezing of meltwater beneath and at the margins of snowbanks. envoPolar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-4655 https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nivation An erosion process during which rock or soil is removed or degraded due to alternative thawing and freezing of meltwater beneath and at the margins of snowbanks. axilla skin environment 2014-12-15T22:32:00Z An environment that is determined by an axilla skin. ENVO ENVO:08000001 TermGenie An environment that is determined by an axilla skin. GOC:TermGenie true true mouth environment 2015-04-10T23:34:03Z An environment that is determined by a mouth. TermGenie true An environment that is determined by a mouth. GOC:TermGenie true solubility of carbon atom in environmental material environmental material carbon atom solubility The solubility of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material. solubility of carbon atom in soil The solubility of a carbon atom when measured in soil. soil carbon atom solubility solubility of carbon atom in water water carbon atom solubility The solubility of a carbon atom when measured in water. amount of carbon atom in environmental material environmental material carbon atom amount The amount of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material. amount of carbon atom in soil The amount of a carbon atom when measured in soil. soil carbon atom amount amount of carbon atom in water water carbon atom amount The amount of a carbon atom when measured in water. concentration of carbon atom in environmental material environmental material carbon atom concentration The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in environmental material. concentration of carbon atom in soil soil carbon atom concentration The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in soil. concentration of carbon atom in water The concentration of a carbon atom when measured in water. water carbon atom concentration solubility of nitrogen atom in environmental material The solubility of a nitrogen atom when measured in environmental material. environmental material nitrogen atom solubility solubility of nitrogen atom in soil soil nitrogen atom solubility The solubility of a nitrogen atom when measured in soil. solubility of nitrogen atom in water water nitrogen atom solubility The solubility of a nitrogen atom when measured in water. amount of nitrogen atom in environmental material environmental material nitrogen atom amount The amount of a nitrogen atom when measured in environmental material. amount of nitrogen atom in soil soil nitrogen atom amount The amount of a nitrogen atom when measured in soil. amount of nitrogen atom in water The amount of a nitrogen atom when measured in water. water nitrogen atom amount concentration of nitrogen atom in environmental material The concentration of a nitrogen atom when measured in environmental material. environmental material nitrogen atom concentration concentration of nitrogen atom in soil soil nitrogen atom concentration The concentration of a nitrogen atom when measured in soil. concentration of nitrogen atom in water water nitrogen atom concentration The concentration of a nitrogen atom when measured in water. concentration of chloride in water The concentration of a chloride when measured in water. water chloride concentration dissolved carbon atom in environmental material The carbon atom in a dissolved state when measured in environmental material. environmental material dissolved carbon atom dissolved carbon atom in soil The carbon atom in a dissolved state when measured in soil. soil dissolved carbon atom dissolved carbon atom in water water dissolved carbon atom The carbon atom in a dissolved state when measured in water. dissolved nitrogen atom in environmental material environmental material dissolved nitrogen atom The nitrogen atom in a dissolved state when measured in environmental material. dissolved nitrogen atom in soil soil dissolved nitrogen atom The nitrogen atom in a dissolved state when measured in soil. dissolved nitrogen atom in water The nitrogen atom in a dissolved state when measured in water. water dissolved nitrogen atom temperature of environmental material The temperature of some environmental material. environmental material temperature temperature of air air temperature The temperature of some air. environmental system process quality quality of environmental system process The quality of a environmental system process. atmospheric wind intensity The intensity of a atmospheric wind. intensity of atmospheric wind porosity of soil The porosity of some soil. soil porosity mass density of soil The mass density of some soil. soil mass density concentration of ammonium in soil soil ammonium concentration The concentration of a ammonium when measured in soil. concentration of nitrate in soil The concentration of a nitrate when measured in soil. soil nitrate concentration composition of soil soil composition The composition of some soil. structure of soil The structure of some soil. soil structure acidity of soil The acidity of some soil. soil acidity pressure of air air pressure The pressure of some air. temperature of soil The temperature of some soil. soil temperature wetness of soil The wetness of some soil. soil wetness temperature of water water temperature The temperature of some water. humidity of soil soil humidity The humidity of some soil. concentration of nitrate in groundwater groundwater nitrate concentration ground water nitrate concentration The concentration of nitrate when measured in groundwater. drought environmental_hazards A hydrological precipitation process with a reduced rate relative to some historical average, typically resulting in ecosystemic perturbations. Drought is often defined as a temporal period of below-average precipitation, however, representing it as a temporal entity seems insufficient. marine mucilage The formation of marine mucilage is often associated with conditions which stress marine microorganisms such as diatoms. A gelatinous material primarily composed of exopolymeric compounds with colloidal properties, formed through the aggregation of marine snow particles, often found in large sheets, flocs, and clouds. sea snot See issue #276. This class is complex as marine mucilage is quite complex. It will also requre new class creation in GO process for deeper semantics. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0007006 A gelatinous material primarily composed of exopolymeric compounds with colloidal properties, formed through the aggregation of marine snow particles, often found in large sheets, flocs, and clouds. exudation of carbohydrates A process in which carbohydrates are transported from the interior of an organism to its surroundings. Class for testing with marine mucilage. island formation process Addressing Issue #268. This top-level class may be converted to an inferred class. A process which results in the formation of an island. microcontinental island "Examples are Madagascar and Socotra off Africa, the Kerguelen Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, and some of the Seychelles." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island An island created when a continent is rifted. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island An island created when a continent is rifted. depositional island An island formed by deposition of solid material such as sand or small rocks where a water current loses some of its carrying capacity. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island An island formed by deposition of solid material such as sand or small rocks where a water current loses some of its carrying capacity. barrier island An island formed by the accumulation of sand deposited by sea currents on a continental shelves https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island An island formed by the accumulation of sand deposited by sea currents on a continental shelves chemical product 2013-04-27T10:32:07Z A manufactured product that is some mixture of chemicals created through some chemical engineering process ENVO ENVO:2000000 cjm A manufactured product that is some mixture of chemicals created through some chemical engineering process ENVO:cjm creosote 2013-04-27T10:35:14Z ENVO ENVO:2000001 The portion of chemical products obtained by the distillation of a tar that remains heavier than water, notably useful for its anti-septic and preservative properties cjm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosote The portion of chemical products obtained by the distillation of a tar that remains heavier than water, notably useful for its anti-septic and preservative properties https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosote industrial wastewate treatment plant 2013-04-27T03:16:01Z A wastewater treatment plant that treates industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use. ENVO ENVO:2000002 cjm A wastewater treatment plant that treates industrial wastewater. Industrial wastewater treatment covers the mechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have been contaminated in some way by anthropogenic industrial or commercial activities prior to its release into the environment or its re-use. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment agricultural wastewater treatment plant 2013-04-27T03:17:36Z A wastewater treatment plant that treats agriculatural wastewater. Agricultural wastewater treatment relates to the treatment of wastewaters produced in the course of agricultural activities. Agriculture is a highly intensified industry in many parts of the world, producing a range of wastewaters requiring a variety of treatment technologies and management practices. ENVO ENVO:2000003 cjm A wastewater treatment plant that treats agriculatural wastewater. Agricultural wastewater treatment relates to the treatment of wastewaters produced in the course of agricultural activities. Agriculture is a highly intensified industry in many parts of the world, producing a range of wastewaters requiring a variety of treatment technologies and management practices. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment algal bloom 2013-04-27T04:26:24Z A feature that arises from a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae (typically microscopic) in an aquatic system. ENVO ENVO:2000004 EcoLexicon:algal_bloom SWEETRealm:AlgalBloom cjm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom A feature that arises from a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae (typically microscopic) in an aquatic system. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom freshwater algal bloom 2013-04-27T04:28:27Z An algal bloom that is located in freshwater. Freshwater algal blooms are the result of an excess of nutrients, particularly some phosphates. ENVO ENVO:2000005 cjm envoPolar An algal bloom that is located in freshwater. Freshwater algal blooms are the result of an excess of nutrients, particularly some phosphates. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom#Freshwater_algal_blooms nest of termite 2013-04-27T04:49:24Z An animal habitation constructed by termites. Termite workers build and maintain nests which house the colony. These are elaborate structures made using a combination of soil, mud, chewed wood/cellulose, saliva, and faeces. A nest has many functions such as providing a protected living space and water conservation (through controlled condensation). ENVO ENVO:2000006 cjm termite nest An animal habitation constructed by termites. Termite workers build and maintain nests which house the colony. These are elaborate structures made using a combination of soil, mud, chewed wood/cellulose, saliva, and faeces. A nest has many functions such as providing a protected living space and water conservation (through controlled condensation). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite#Nests anatomical entity environment An environment which is determined by an anatomical entity. intestine environment An environmental system determined by an intestine. skin environment An environment determined by an area or zone of skin tissue. integumental system environment face skin environment feather environment fungal structure fungal structure ontology whole plant phenotype whole plant herbaceous whole plant lifeform whole plant therophytic therophyte whole plant geophytic geophyte whole plant helophytic helophyte whole plant hydrophytic hydrophyte whole plant hemicryptophytic hemicryptophyte whole plant chamaephytic chamaephyte whole plant phanerophytic phanerophyte whole plant epiphytic epiphyte whole plant cryptophytic cryptophyte whole plant growth form whole plant arborescent tree whole plant frutescent bush shrub whole plant lianescent climber liana whole plant lifestyle whole plant annual whole plant biennial whole plant perennial whole plant litophytic litophyte product type, foodon A substance, usually composed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal or human being for nutrition or pleasure. A substance, usually composed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal or human being for nutrition or pleasure. Wikipedia:Food fungal product microbial food product mushroom A mushroom (or toadstool) is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. http://langual.org WIKIPEDIA:Mushroom LANGUAL:B1467 fungi wild mushroom algae, bacteria or fungus used as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1215 fungus http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1261 food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1564 Individual plant or animal from which the food product or its major ingredient is derived; also a chemical food source [FDA CFSAN 1995]. LanguaL curation note: This term is for CLASSIFICATION ONLY; DO NOT USE term in indexing. Use a more precise narrower term. basidiomycetes http://eol.org/pages/5664 Basidiomycota LANGUAL:B2035 http://langual.org WIKIPEDIA:Basidiomycota *Basidiomycota* is one of two large phyla that, together with the *Ascomycota*, constitute the subkingdom *Dikarya* (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. More specifically the *Basidiomycota* include these groups: mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast *Cryptococcus*. basidiomycota basidiomycotina basidios club fungi teliomycetes ustomycetes ITIS:623881 Basidiomycota generation of precursor metabolites and energy The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances. energy pathways intermediary metabolism metabolic energy generation nitrogen compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic or inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen, including (but not limited to) nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, assimilatory/dissimilatory nitrate reduction and the interconversion of nitrogenous organic matter and ammonium. nitrogen compound metabolism biological_process Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. biological process physiological process metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation. metabolic process resulting in cell growth metabolism metabolism resulting in cell growth biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones. anabolism biosynthesis formation synthesis aerobic respiration The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. anaerobic respiration The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which uses compounds other than oxygen (e.g. nitrate, sulfate) as the terminal electron acceptor. cellular process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. cell growth and/or maintenance cell physiology cellular physiological process methane metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4. It is the simplest of the alkanes. methane metabolism methanogenesis The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methane, a colorless, odorless, flammable gas with the formula CH4. It is the simplest of the alkanes. methane biosynthesis methane biosynthetic process envoPolar energy derivation by oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from inorganic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released. chemolithotrophie chemolithotrophy lithotrophy photosynthesis The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide (CO2) using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. envoPolar energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from organic compounds; results in the oxidation of the compounds from which energy is released. chemoorganotrophy ammonia oxidation The chemical reactions and pathways by which ammonia or ammonium is converted to molecular nitrogen or another nitrogen compound, with accompanying loss of electrons. anaerobic respiration, using ammonium as electron donor The oxidation of ammonium (NH4) to nitrogen (N2) in the absence of oxygen, using nitrite (NO2) as the electron acceptor. It is suggested that hydroxylamine and ammonium are combined to yield hydrazine, which is subsequently oxidized to N2. anaerobic ammonium oxidation anammox envoPolar aerobic respiration, using nitrite as electron donor The oxidation of nitrite (NO2) to nitrate (NO3), using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. Nitrite oxidation is the final step in nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate, and nitrite oxidoreductase (NOR) is the key enzyme complex that catalyzes the conversion of nitrite to nitrate in nitrite oxidizing species. nitrite oxidation envoPolar aerobic respiration, using ammonia as electron donor The metabolic process in which ammonia (NH3) is oxidized to nitrite (NO2) in the presence of oxygen; enzymatic reactions convert ammonia to hydrazine, and hydrazine to nitrite. aerobic ammonia oxidation to nitrite via hydrazine envoPolar aerobic respiration, using carbon monoxide as electron donor The metabolic process in which carbon monoxide (CO) is oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) to generate energy. Conservation of energy in this process likely uses sodium ion gradients for ATP synthesis and is coupled to quantitative sulfide methylation. aerobic respiration, using ferrous ions as electron donor The metabolic process in which ferrous ions (Fe2+) are oxidized to ferric ions (Fe3+) to generate energy, coupled to the reduction of carbon dioxide. envoPolar aerobic respiration, using hydrogen as electron donor The oxidation of hydrogen (H2) to water (H2O), using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. A hydrogenase enzyme binds H2 and the hydrogen atoms are passed through an electron transfer chain to O2 to form water. hydrogen oxidation envoPolar aerobic respiration, using sulfur or sulfate as electron donor An aerobic respiration process in which a sulfur-containing molecule (hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, sulfite, thiosulfate, and various polythionates) is oxidized. aerobic respiration, using sulphur or sulphate as electron donor envoPolar aerobic electron transport chain A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. NADH-O2 electron transport succinate-O2 electron transport ubiquinone-8-O2 electron transport electron transport chain A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. respiratory electron transport chain 6-phosphofructokinase reduction A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. dihydrobiopterin reduction dihydrolipoamide reduction dihydrolipoylprotein reduction dihydropteridine reduction electron transfer other pathways of electron transport oxidized glutathione reduction protein-disulfide reduction cellular nitrogen compound metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving various organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds, as carried out by individual cells. cellular nitrogen compound metabolism locomotion cellular alkane metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2, as carried out by individual cells. alkane metabolism alkane biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an alkane, any acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbon having the general formula CnH2n+2. alkane anabolism alkane biosynthesis alkane formation alkane synthesis aerobic respiration, using arsenite as electron donor The oxidation of arsenite to arsenate, using oxygen (O2) as the electron acceptor. Arsenite oxidase provides electrons to an electron carrier which transfers them to oxygen utilizing respiratory systems. cellular metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances. cellular metabolism intermediary metabolism cellular biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells. cellular anabolism cellular biosynthesis cellular formation cellular synthesis small molecule metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving small molecules, any low molecular weight, monomeric, non-encoded molecule. small molecule metabolism single-organism process A biological process that involves only one organism. single organism process single-organism metabolic process A metabolic process - chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances - which involves a single organism. single-organism biosynthetic process A biosynthetic process - chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances - involving a single organism. single-organism cellular process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, occurring within a single organism. cellular respiration The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration). oxidative metabolic process oxidative metabolism respiration oxidation-reduction process A metabolic process that results in the removal or addition of one or more electrons to or from a substance, with or without the concomitant removal or addition of a proton or protons. oxidation reduction oxidoreductase process organic substance metabolic process The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. organic molecular entity metabolic process organic molecular entity metabolism organic substance metabolism organic substance biosynthetic process The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon. organic molecular entity anabolism organic molecular entity biosynthesis organic molecular entity biosynthetic process organic molecular entity formation organic molecular entity synthesis organic substance anabolism organic substance biosynthesis organic substance formation organic substance synthesis root all all Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Cyanophycota Cyanophyta Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria Oxyphotobacteria blue-green algae blue-green bacteria cyanobacteria cyanophytes Chroococcales Aphanothece Coccochloris Microcystis Microcystis aeruginosa Oscillatoriales Oscillatoria Plaxonema Nostocales Nostocaceae Anabaena Oedaleus senegalensis Aphanizomenon Teleostomi Euteleostomi bony vertebrates Nostoc Amorphonostoc Rivulariaceae Stigonematales Phormidium Trichodesmium Ecdysozoa Oscillatoriophycideae Juniperus junipers Streptophytina Charophyta/Embryophyta group charophyte/embryophyte group charophyte/embryophyte group Charophyta/Embryophyta group cellular organisms biota biota Dipnotetrapodomorpha Cupressus cypress Boreoeutheria Boreotheria Acrogymnospermae Mesangiospermae Petrosaviidae Cupressales Hapalosiphon Cyanothrix Arecoideae Cocoseae Cocoeae Elaeidinae Terrabacteria group Cyanobacteria/Melainabacteria group Pancrustacea Mandibulata mandibulates Umezakia Bacteria Monera Procaryotae Prokaryota Prokaryotae bacteria eubacteria not Bacteria Haeckel 1894 prokaryote prokaryotes Homininae Homo/Pan/Gorilla group Hieroglyphus Oedaleus Oedalus Oxyinae Schizothrix Dictyothrix Oedipodinae Locustinae band-winged grasshoppers Eukaryota Eucarya Eucaryotae Eukarya Eukaryotae eucaryotes eukaryotes eukaryotes eukaryotes Eukarya Eukaryotae eukaryotes eucaryotes Eucarya Eucaryotae Lyngbya Bacillariophyta Diatomea Diatomeae Diatomophyceae algae bacillariophytes diatoms diatoms Dinophyceae Chromophyta Dinoflagellata Dinophycidae Dinophyta Pyrrhophyta Pyrrophyta algae dinoflagellates dinoflagellates dinophytes Peridiniales Euarchontoglires Simiiformes Anthropoidea Hominoidea ape apes Embryophyta higher plants land plants land plants plants higher plants land plants land plants plants Tetrapoda tetrapods Amniota amniotes Theria <Mammalia> Theria Viridiplantae Chlorobionta Chlorophyta/Embryophyta group chlorophyte/embryophyte group green plants green plants green plants Chlorobionta green plants chlorophyte/embryophyte group Chlorophyta/Embryophyta group Pinidae Coniferales Opisthokonta Fungi/Metazoa group opisthokonts Metazoa Animalia animals metazoans multicellular animals Bilateria Protostomia Neoptera Orthopteroidea Deuterostomia deuterostomes Alveolata alveolates Stramenopiles Chromophyta Heterokonta Straminipila heterokonts Cupressaceae cypress family Magnoliophyta Angiospermae angiosperms flowering plants flowering plants Angiospermae flowering plants angiosperms flowering plants Streptophyta Cyrtacanthacridinae migratory bird locusts spur-throated grasshoppers spur-throated locusts Haplorrhini Pfiesteriaceae Arecales Areciflorae Mammalia mammals mammals Chortoicetes Liliopsida Monocotyledoneae monocots monocots monocotyledons Microcystis viridis Arecaceae Palmae palm family palms commelinids Commelinidae Commeliniflorae Fungi fungi fungi Insecta true insects Chortoicetes terminifera Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker, 1870) Elaeis Elaeis guineensis African oil palm Elaeis guineensis var. tenera (Oil palm) Elaeis guinensi Elaeis gunieensis Planktothrix Oscillatoria sect. Prolificae Tracheophyta vascular plants vascular plants vascular plants vascular plants Spermatophyta seed plants seed plants seed plants seed plants Eumetazoa Cnidaria Coelenterata cnidarians cnidarians coelenterates Anthozoa anthozoans anthozoans Arthropoda arthropods arthropods Hexapoda Atelocerata Tracheata Uniramia insects insects Orthoptera Saltatoria grasshoppers &c. Caelifera grasshoppers grasshoppers and locusts Acrididae short-horned grasshoppers Locusta Locusta migratoria migratory locust Schistocerca Schistocerca gregaria Locusta gregaria desert locust Acridomorpha Pfiesteria Pterygota <winged insects> Pterygota winged insects Cylindrospermopsis Chordata chordates chordates Vertebrata <Metazoa> Vertebrata vertebrates vertebrates Gnathostomata <vertebrate> Gnathostomata jawed vertebrates Euphyllophyta euphyllophytes euphyllophytes Sarcopterygii Dicondylia Panarthropoda Craniata <chordata> Craniata Acridoidea Gloeotrichia Gloeotrichia (Agardh 1824) ex Bornet and Flahault 1886 Eutheria Placentalia eutherian mammals placental mammals placentals placentals Primates Primata primate primates Catarrhini Hominidae Pongidae great apes Homo Homo sapiens human humans man processed material Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing. environment control function An environmental control function is a function that regulates a contained environment within specified parameter ranges. For example the control of light exposure, humidity and temperature. device A material entity that is designed to perform a function in a scientific investigation, but is not a reagent. secondary cultured cell population A cultured cell population that is derived through one or more passages in culture. cultured cell population A processed material comprised of a collection of cultured cells that has been continuously maintained together in culture and shares a common propagation history. microbial phenotype The observable manifestation of the genotype of a microbial cell or group of cells in an environment. temperature growth range phenotype A growth phenotype where the trait in question is the range of temperatures where growth of the microbe can occur. temperature requirement for growth hyperthermophilic growth A temperature growth range phenotype where optimal growth occurs between 85 C and 113 C. thermophilic growth A temperature growth range phenotype where growth can occur at 55 C or higher and optimal growth occurs between 55 C and 65 C. mesophilic growth A temperature growth range phenotype where optimal growth occurs between 20 C and 45 C. psychrotrophic growth A temperature growth range phenotype where growth of the occurs from 0 to 7 degrees C with optimum growth at 20 to 30 degrees C. The maximum temperature of growth is around 35 degrees C. psychrophilic growth A temperature growth range phenotype where growth can occur at 0 degrees C and optimal growth occurs at temperatures of 15 degrees C or lower. population phenotype A microbial phenotype where the phenotype is observed at the level of a microbial population. population growth phenotype A microbial phenotype where the trait in question is the increase in the number of individuals in a microbial population as the result of sexual or asexual reproduction. growth range phenotype A growth phenotype related to non-nutrient environmental factors and the requirements for microbial growth. biological process phenotype A microbial phenotype that affects a biological process. quality A dependent entity that inheres in a bearer by virtue of how the bearer is related to other entities trait quality (PATO) age A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long the bearer has existed. color A composite chromatic quality composed of hue, saturation and intensity parts. colour relative color color pattern A chromatic property that is the relative position of different hues or degrees of saturation. composition A single physical entity inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's quantities or relative ratios of subparts. composed of compositionality content structure, composition concentration of A quality inhering in a substance by virtue of the amount of the bearer's there is mixed with another substance. concentration frequency A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the number of the bearer's repetitive actions in a particular time. hardness A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resistance to pressure, being broken, or pierced impenetrability toughness intensity A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's possessing or displaying a distinctive feature in type or degree or effect or force. morphology A quality of a single physical entity inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer's size or shape or structure. shape A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ratios of distances between its features (points, edges, surfaces and also holes etc). relational shape quality occurrence A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence. incidence temporal odor A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's molecules being are aerially dispersed and perceived by an odorant receptor. spatial pattern A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting repetition of placement of its parts. distribution pattern qualitative deviation(from_normal) A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the whether the bearer differs from normal or average. amount The number of entities of this type that are part of the whole organism. count count in organism number presence presence or absence in organism quantitative sensitivity toward A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to detect or perceive external stimulation. sensitivity size A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's physical magnitude. length A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points. mass A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter. closure A morphological quality pertaining to the degree to which an object contains an opening, aperture, orifice or vent. position A spatial quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's spatial location relative to other objects in the vicinity. location placement relational spatial quality structure A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's relative position, shape, arrangements and connectivity of an organism's various parts; the pattern underlying its form. conformation relational structural quality temperature A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system. rate A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's occurrence per unit time. time A quality in which events occur in sequence. viability An organismal quality inhering in a bearer or a population by virtue of the bearer's disposition to survive and develop normally or the number of surviving individuals in a given population. old An age which is relatively high. young An age which is relatively low. blue A color hue with low wavelength of that portion of the visible spectrum lying between green and indigo, evoked in the human observer by radiant energy with wavelengths of approximately 420 to 490 nanometers. irregular spatial pattern A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's magnitude of or the relationships between its repeated parts lack consistency. colorless A color quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking color. unpigmented increased frequency A frequency which is relatively high. frequent high frequency decreased frequency A frequency which is relatively low. infrequent low frequency hard A hardness quality of being rigid and resistant to pressure. firm impenetrable tough branched A branchiness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having branches. ramified ramiform curved A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having or being marked by a curve or smoothly rounded bend. bowing curled flat A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a horizontal surface without a slope, tilt, or curvature. plate-like circular A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being such that every part of the surface or the circumference is equidistant from the center. round rounded sporadic A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's once or in or a few unpredictable instances. invariant A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking or not exhibiting variation. constant uniform increased length A length quality which is relatively large. long decreased length A length quality which is relatively small. short shortened stubby increased size A size quality which is relatively high. big enlarged expanded great large decreased size A size quality which is relatively low. hypoplasia reduced small tiny underdeveloped increased thickness A thickness which is relatively high. high thickness stout thick thickened decreased thickness A thickness which is relatively low. low thickness slender thin increased volume A volume which is relatively high. high volume large volume decreased volume A volume which is relatively low. low volume small volume closed A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording blocked passage or view. blocked closure incomplete A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording not completed blocked passage or view. open A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's affording unobstructed passage or view. crowded A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being overfilled. erect A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being upright in position or posture. upright continuous A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being uninterrupted in time, sequence, substance, or extent. uninterrupted discontinuous A quality of a single process inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being marked by breaks or interruptions. intermittent interrupted decreased rate A rate which is relatively low. slow rate increased rate A rate which is relatively high. fast rate high rate thickness A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width. volume A 3-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies. oblong A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a somewhat elongated form with approximately parallel sides. elliptic A spheroid quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being oval with two axes of symmetry, as produced by a conical section. ellipse-shaped ellipsoid elliptical oval ovoid opacity An optical quality which obtains by virtue of the ability of the bearer to absorb visible light. opaque A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being clear; not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy. clouding cloudy non-transparent transparent A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking opacity. clear undulate A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a sinuate margin and rippled surface. rippled sinuate undulated undulating waved wavy permeability A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion). porosity A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to admit the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices. permeable A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable to be permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion). porous impermeable A permeability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of being permeated or pervaded by a gas or liquid (as by osmosis or diffusion). porous A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being capable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices. non-porous A porosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being incapable of admitting the passage of gas or liquid through pores or interstices. viscosity A physical quality of a liquid inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to internal resistance to flow. viscous A viscosity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having viscosity. physical quality A quality of a physical entity that exists through action of continuants at the physical level of organisation in relation to other entities. relational physical quality mass density A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence is exerted by the bearer's mass per unit size. density pressure A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of force per unit area it exerts. efficiency A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of ratio of the bearer's output to the bearer's input. elasticity A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. elongated A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's length being notably higher than its width. concentrated A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting concentration. diluted A concentration which relatively low. increased concentration A concentration which is higher relative to the normal or average. high concentration decreased concentration A concentration which is lower relative to the normal or average. low concentration dense A physical quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting density. elastic An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. inelastic An elasticity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability to recover its size and shape after deformation in any way. linear A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being narrow, with the two opposite margins parallel. Y-shaped A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of the letter Y. odorless An odor quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking odour. variant A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits variation or change. variable strength A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's power or force. process quality A quality which inheres in an process. quality of a process quality of occurrent quality of process relational quality of occurrent physical object quality A quality which inheres in a continuant. monadic quality of a continuant monadic quality of an object monadic quality of continuant multiply inhering quality of a physical entity quality of a continuant quality of a single physical entity quality of an object quality of continuant electromagnetic (EM) radiation quality A physical quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with electromagnetic radiation. optical quality An EM radiation quality in which the EM radiation is within the fiat range of the spectrum visible deemed to be light. variability A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to varying or changing. variability of a physical quality increased temperature A temperature which is relatively high. high temperature hot decreased temperature A temperature which is relatively low. cold low temperature area A 2-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's two dimensional extent. amorphous A morphology quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lack of distinct morphology. area density A density quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by the bearer's mass on a given area. volumetric density A density quality which inheres in a bearer by virtue of some influence exerted by the bearer's mass on a given volume. translucent A optical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting low opacity. structured A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having distinct structure. unstructured A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking distinct structure. dead A viability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the cessation of the bearer's life. medium acidity A concentration quality inhering in a medium by virtue of the bearer's tendency to hydronate a specific reference base. acidic An medium acidity quality inhering in a solution by virtue of the bearer's a high concentration of H+ ions. alkaline An medium acidity quality inhering in a solution by virtue of the bearer's a low concentration of H+ ions. decayed A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's decomposition into component parts. wholeness A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer includes all its components. broken A broken quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being broken open. burst cracked fractured fragmented hemorrhaged ruptured split torn calcified A composition quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's being encrusted or impregnated with calcium carbonate (CHEBI:3311). calcareous calcification sensitivity to oxygen A sensitivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's dependence on oxygen. aerobic A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's dependence on oxygen. anaerobic A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's independence on oxygen. decreased depth A depth which is relatively low. low depth shallow increased position A position which is relatively high. high position decreased position A positional which is relatively low. low position sloped A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an oblique or slanted direction. condensed A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being thicker or more closely packed together; pressed tightly together. compact compressed dense squashed functionality A quality of a single physical entity that arises by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits the ability to perform a regular function(s). functional A functionality quality held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform a regular function(s). solubility A molecular quality that inheres in a molecular entity by virtue of the bearer's disposition to dissolve in a liquid. flexibility A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking. flexible A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking. bendy inflexible A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's inability of being turned, bowed, or twisted without breaking. stiff stiffness quality of a solid A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable. solidity quality of a gas A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting the physical characteristics of an entity consisting of particles that have neither a defined volume nor defined shape. gaseous quality of a liquid A physical quality inhering in an entity exhibiting the physical characteristics of an amorphous (non-crystalline) form of matter between a gas and a solid that has a definite volume, but no definite shape. liquidity having extra function A functionality quality which is held by the bearer when the latter is able to perform additional or different function(s). having supernumerary functions decreased mass A mass which is lower than normal or average. low mass small mass increased mass A mass which is higher than normal or average. high mass large mass distributed A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being spread out or scattered about or divided up. diffuse scattered flow rate A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's motion characteristic. increased pressure A pressure which is relatively high. high pressure decreased variability A variability which is relatively low. low variability increased variability A variability which is relatively high. high variability conductivity A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to transmit of an entity through a medium. curvature A surface shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a degree of bending. arched A concave quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's forming or resembling an arch. depth A 1-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's downward or backward or inward dimenision. protruding A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond a surface or boundary. protruding relational protruding quality deformed A morphological quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being distorted in form. disfigured distorted decreased functionality A functionality quality held by the bearer when the latter exhibits decreased ability to perform a regular function(s). dysfunction dysfunctional having decreased function impaired lacks function of type low functionality partial functionality increased functionality A functional quality held by the bearer when the latter exhibits increased ability to perform a regular function(s). high functionality aggregated A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being gathered or tending to gather into a mass or whole. clumped clustered protruding into A quality inhering into a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond its surface or boundary into the surface or boundary of another entity. protruding out of A quality inhering into a bearer by virtue of the bearer's extending out above or beyond its surface or boundary and outwards in relation to the physical space occupied by another entity. exits through exposed extruding from circumference An 1-D extent quality which is equal to the length of the closed curve of a circle. osmolarity A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. increased osmolarity A osmolarity which is relatively high. high osmolarity increased distribution A distribution which is relatively high. high distribution decreased distribution A distribution which is relatively low. low distribution decreased efficiency An efficiency which is relatively low. low efficiency increased efficiency An efficiency which is relatively high. high efficiency efficient An efficiency quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having efficiency. magnetism A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to exert an attractive or repulsive force on other entities. magnetic A magnetic quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to exert magnitism. elevation A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's vertical distance of a point above or below a reference surface. increased elevation An elevation which is relatively high. elevated high elevation decreased elevation An elevation which is relatively low. low elevation 1-D extent 1-D size A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in one dimension. 2-D extent 2-D size A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in two dimensions. 3-D extent 3D size A size quality inhering in an bearer by virtue of the bearer's extension in three dimensions. perimeter An 1-D extent quality inhering in two-dimensional bearer by virtue of being equal to the distance around it. increased perimeter A perimeter which is relatively high. decreased perimeter A perimeter which is relatively low. shedability An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to lose an entitity by natural process. deciduous (generic) A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to shed body parts. deciduous (plant) A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to shed foliage. non-deciduous (any body part) A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to not shed any body part. evergreen (plant) A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to retain foliage. semi-deciduous(plant) A quality inhering in a plant by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being between evergeen and deciduous. radiation quality A quality that inheres in an bearer by virtue of how that bearer interacts with radiation. activity (of a radionuclide) A radiation quality inhering in a radioactive substance by virtue of its transformation (disintegration) rate. radioactivity radioactive A radiation quality inhering in bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting or being caused by radioactivity. heat conductivity A conductivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to spontaneous transfer of thermal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. thermal conduction electrical conductivity A conductivity quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to convey electricity. granular A composition quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing granules. decreased strength A strength which is relatively low. weak irregular thickness A thickness quality which lacks pattern. increased mass density A density which is higher relative to the normal or average. high density domed A curvature quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a shape resembling a dome. decreased mass density A density which is lower relative to the normal or average. low density ruffled A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting disturbance of its smoothness or regularity. wetness A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer's being covered by a liquid. wet A wetness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being covered by a liquid. dry A wetness quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's not being covered by a liquid. increased wetness A wetness quality that is relatively high. decreased wetness A wetness quality that is relatively low. low wetness decreased fluid flow A flow that is relatively low. low flow increased fluid flow A fluid flow that is relatively high. high flow acidity A concentration quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing acid (hydrogen ions). pH increased acidity An acidity which is relatively high. high acidity vertical A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being situated at right angles to the horizon. horizontal A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being in the plane of the horizon. concave A shape quality in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's curving inward. cylindrical A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a consistently-sized round cross section. rod-like rod-shaped tubulate U-shaped A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being shaped in the form of the letter U. horseshoe horseshoe shaped hydrophobicity A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to being water-repellent; tending to repel and not absorb water. hydrophobic A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's lacking affinity for water; tending to repel and not absorb water; tending not to dissolve in or mix with or be wetted by water. hydrophilicity A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue the bearer's disposition to having an affinity for water; it is readily absorbing or dissolving in water. hydrophilic A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water. tripartite A concave 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being divided into three branches. trifurcate decreased circumference A circumference which is relatively low. movement quality A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's participation in movement. variability of size A variability quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of whether the bearer exhibits size variation or change. decreased variability of size A variability of size which is relatively low. low variability of size increased variability of size A variability of size which is relatively high. high variability of size angular A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having at least one salient angle on the margin. angulate frozen A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being kept below its freezing point. dissolved A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's passing into solution. organismal quality A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism. concavity Surface shape that refers to the inward or outward curvature of the surface. 2-D shape 2-D projection A shape that inheres in a 2 dimensional entity, such as a cross section or projection of a 3 dimensional entity. cross-sectional convex 3-D shape A complete three dimensional shape in which for every line connecting pair of points on the object is within the object. Or: a shape lacking cavities. Contrast: concave. concave 3-D shape A complete three dimensional shape in which there is a line connecting pair of points on the object that lies outside the object. Or: a shape with cavities. Contrast: concave. branchiness A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the degree to which there are subdivisions or offshoots in a bearer entity. structure, cavities A structural quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's containing hollow areas. conical A convex 3-D shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's resembling a cone (a 3-D shape with a round cross section that tapers). cone-shaped decreased area An area which is relatively low. physical quality of a process columnar A shape inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being elongated and cylindrical. fenestrated A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's delimited by a surface with holes. stratification A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's layered configuration. stratified A spatial pattern inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's exhibiting a layered configuration. hollow A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having an empty space or cavity within. broken into two pieces A broken quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being seperated into two contiguous wholes. laminar A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's processing the form of a thin plate sheet or layer. edibility A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's disposition to being fit to be eaten. edibleness edible A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer being suitable for use as food. inedible A physical quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer not being suitable for use as food. irregular density A density quality which lacks pattern. sloped downward straight A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being free of curves, bends, or angles. molecular quality A quality which inheres in a molecular entity, a single molecule, atom, ion, radical etc. relational molecular quality quality of a substance A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of its constitution. slender A shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being small or narrow in circumference or width in proportion to length or height. gracile fan-shaped A quality inhering in a bearer that is shaped in the form of a fan. fan-like V-shaped An angular shape quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's having a single angle in its length giving the bearer the form of the letter V. fluid flow rate A physical quality inhering in a fluid (liquid or gas) by virtue of the amount of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time. volume flow rate volumetric flow rate platelike A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being roundish, flattish shape, possibly with a slightly angled edge. plate-like flattened A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's surface becoming more extended in a plane. compressed semi erect A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's being partially upright in position or posture. semi upright 3-D shape A shape that inheres in a 3 dimensional entity. accumulation A structural quality of the collection or massing of one physical object within another physical object. pooled increased accumulation An increased number of physical objects that are accumulated within another physical object usually as a result of a failure to break down or remove objects in a timely manner. accumulated decreased accumulation An accumulation which is relative low. transient A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's underlying structure being capable of change. transient structure tubular A cylindrical shape that is hollow. tube like tube-shaped tubulate increased quality A quality that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. decreased quality A quality that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. decreased process quality A quality of a process that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. decreased object quality A quality of an object that has a value that is decreased compared to normal or average. increased process quality A quality of a process that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. increased object quality A quality of an object that has a value that is increased compared to normal or average. superelliptic A shape constituting a transition between a rectangle and a circle; a closed curve, of which the circle and ellipse are special cases, whose parametric equation is x = a.cos2/rt, y = b.cos2/rt Lamé curve temporal distribution quality A temporal distribution pattern of process occurrences within a regulation/reference process. herbaceous A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's upper parts die back to the rootstock at the end of the growing season. broad A quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's width being notably higher than its length. fluctuating Recurrent and often more or less cyclic alteration. sunken Flattened from above downward; below the normal level or the level of the surrounding parts. exposed Open to view or not covered by another entity. eroding A structural quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer bring gradually worn away. variability of count A variability quality inhering in the bearer by virtue of the bearer having a variable number or count of an entity. variable number continuous with A positional quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer possessing an uninterrupted or unbroken connection or spatial distribution relative to the position of another entity. humidity A quality inhering in air by virtue of the partial pressure exerted by the bearer's water vapour content. increased humidity An increase in humidity. humid decreased humidity An decrease in humidity. combustibility The propensity of a material to undergo combustion. Combustion encompasses smouldering and flaming combustion. Combustibility is usually applied to solids. increased combustibility An increase in combustibility. combustible collection of organisms A material entity that consists of two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids. PCO:0000000 population A collection of organisms, all of the same species, that live in the same place. PCO:0000001 ecological community A collection of organisms of at least two different species, living in a particular area. PCO:0000002 envoPolar collection of organisms of the same species A material entity that has as parts two or more organisms, viruses, or viroids of the same species and no members of any other species. PCO:0000018 whole plant A plant structure (PO:0005679) which is a whole organism. bush (narrow) clonal colony (related) colony (related) frutex (narrow) frutices (narrow) gametophyte (narrow) genet (broad) herb (narrow) liana (narrow) planta entera (Spanish, exact) prothalli (narrow) prothallium (narrow) prothallus (narrow) ramet (broad) seedling (narrow) shrub (narrow) sporophyte (narrow) suffrutex (narrow) suffrutices (narrow) tree (narrow) vine (narrow) woody clump (narrow) 植物体全体 (Japanese, exact) plant cuticle A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) composed of cutin (PO:0025385), a polyester matrix of hydroxy- and hydroxy epoxy fatty acids C16 and C18 chains, embedded and overlayed with cuticular wax (PO:0025386) and forming a layer on the surface of a plant epidermis (PO:0005679). cut&#237cula (Spanish, exact) cuticle (broad) 植物クチクラ (Japanese, exact) phyllome A lateral plant organ (PO:0009008) produced by a shoot apical meristem (PO:0020148). filoma (Spanish, exact) フィロム、葉(的）器官 (Japanese, exact) root A plant axis (PO:0025004) that lacks shoot axis nodes (PO:0005004) and usually grows indeterminately. aerial root (narrow) climbing root (narrow) ra&#237z (Spanish, exact) radices (exact, plural) radix (exact) 根 (Japanese, exact) plant organ &#243rgano vegetal (Spanish, exact) A multi-tissue plant structure (PO:0025496) that is a functional unit, is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003), and includes portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007) of at least two different types that derive from a common developmental path. compound plant organ (related) organ (broad) simple plant organ (related) 植物 器官 (Japanese, exact) plant structure An anatomical structure that is or was part of a plant, or was derived from a part of a plant. estructura vegetal (Spanish, exact) 植物 構造 (Japanese, exact) plant axis An axial plant organ (PO:0009008). eje de la planta (Spanish, exact) plant axes (exact, plural) 植物軸（軸柱） (Japanese, exact) collective plant organ structure A collective plant structure (PO:0025497) that is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003), and is composed of two or more adjacent plant organs (PO:0009008) and the associated portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007). estructura vegetal colectiva de &#243rgano (Spanish, exact) 集合植物器官構造 (Japanese, exact) root system A collective plant organ structure (PO:0025007) that produces root meristems (PO:0006085), the plant structures (PO:0009011) that arise from them and the parts thereof. root (broad) sistema de ra&#237z (Spanish, exact) 根系 (Japanese, exact) leaf A phyllome (PO:0006001) that is not associated with a reproductive structure. hoja (Spanish, exact) 葉 (Japanese, exact) plant anatomical entity An anatomical entity that is or was part of a plant. entidad anat&#243mica vegetal (Spanish, exact) 植物 解剖学（形態）的実体 (Japanese, exact) portion of plant substance A portion of organism substance that is or was part of a plant. porci&#243n de sustancia vegetal (Spanish, exact) 植物を構成する物質の一部 (Japanese, exact) cutin A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that is the inner layer of a plant cuticle (PO:0000022), and is composed of a polyester matrix of hydroxy- and hydroxy epoxy fatty acid C16 and C18 chains. cutin matrix (broad) クチン (Japanese, exact) cuticular wax A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) comprised predominantly of very long chain aliphatic lipids and is part of a plant cuticle (PO:0000022). cera cuticular (Spanish, exact) クチクラワックス (Japanese, exact) plant cuticle proper A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that is the inner layer of a plant cuticle (PO:0000022), composed primarily of cutin (PO:0025385), embedded and overlayed with cuticular wax (PO:0025386). cut&#237cula propia de la planta (Spanish, exact) cuticle proper (broad) cutin matrix (broad) 植物クチクラproper (Japanese, exact) multi-tissue plant structure A plant structure (PO:0009011) that has as parts two or more portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007) of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single structural unit demarcated by primarily bona-fide boundaries from other structural units of different types. estructura vegetal con m&#250ltiples tejidos (Spanish, exact) 複数の組織からなる植物構造 (Japanese, exact) collective plant structure A plant structure (PO:0009011) that is a proper part of a whole plant (PO:0000003) and includes two or more adjacent plant organs (PO:0009008) or adjacent cardinal organ parts (PO:0025001), along with any associated portions of plant tissue (PO:0009007). estructura vegetal colectiva (Spanish, exact) 集合的植物構造 (Japanese, exact) plant sap A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that is an aqueous solution that can be transported through the apoplast (GO:0048046) or symplast (GO:0055044). savia de la planta (Spanish, exact) 植物液 (Japanese, exact) plant resin A portion of plant substance (PO:0025161) that consists of a complex mixture of organic aromatic compounds such as mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenoids. oleoresin (related) pitch (exact) system May be replaced by a BFO class, as discussed in http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 Chris Mungall A material entity consisting of multiple components that are causally integrated. http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/4/1/43 uterine cervix Lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina. canalis cervicis uteri caudal segment of uterus cervical canal cervical canal of uterus cervix cervix of uterus cervix uteri neck of uterus uterine cervix naris Orifice of the olfactory system. The naris is the route by which odorants enter the olfactory system[MAH]. nose The olfactory organ of vertebrates, consisting of nares, olfactory epithelia and the structures and skeletal framework of the nasal cavity. nasal sac nasus nose olfactory apparatus peripheral olfactory organ proboscis islet of Langerhans island of Langerhans island of pancreas islets of Langerhans pancreatic insula pancreatic islet the clusters of hormone-producing cells that are scattered throughout the pancreas pituitary gland Hp The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands [GO]. An endocrine gland located ventral to the diencephalon and derived from mixed neuroectodermal and non neuroectodermal origin [ZFIN]. glandula pituitaria hypophysis hypophysis cerebri pituitary pituitary body submucosa A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that lines organs and supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle. [WP,unvetted]. organ submucosa region of submucosa submucosa of organ submucosa of region of organ submucous layer tela submucosa tunica submucosa peripheral nervous system A major division of the nervous system that contains nerves which connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands. PNS pars peripherica systema nervosum periphericum somatic nervous system PNS - somatic Part of peripheral nervous system that includes the somatic parts of the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. somatic nervous system, somatic division somatic peripheral nervous system sympathetic nervous system The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter [GO]. pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi pars sympathica divisionis autonomici systematis nervosi sympathetic nervous system sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system zone of skin Any portion of the organ that covers that body and consists of a layer of epidermis and a layer of dermis. portion of skin region of skin skin skin region skin zone endocrine pancreas The part of the pancreas that is part of the endocrine system and is made up of islet cells, which produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. endocrine pancreas endocrine part of pancreas islets of Langerhans part of pancreas pars endocrina pancreatis exocrine pancreas The part of the pancreas that is part of the exocrine system and which produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells [GO]. exocrine component of pancreas exocrine pancreas exocrine part of pancreas pars exocrina pancreatis compound eye A light sensing organ composed of ommatidia Facettenauge Komplexauge adult compound eye faceted eye insect eye zusammengesetztes Auge camera-type eye An organ of sight that includes the camera-type eyeball and supporting structures such as the lacrimal apparatus, the conjunctiva, the eyelid. camera-type eye plus associated structures eye eyes orbital part of face orbital region regio orbitalis vertebrate eye sense organ An organ that is capable of transducing sensory stimulus to the nervous system. Sinnesorgan organ of sense organ system organ of sensory organ system organ of sensory system sense organ system organ sensillum sensor sensory organ sensory organ system organ sensory system organ cutaneous appendage Anatomical projection that protrudes from the skin. Examples: hair, nail, feather, claw, hoof, horn, wattle, spur, beak, antler, bristle and some scales. epidermal appendage epidermal growth skin appendage feather one of the epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. Feathers are formed in tiny follicles in the epidermis, or outer skin layer, that produce keratin proteins. tube Any hollow cylindrical anatomical structure containing a lumen through which substances are transported. anatomical tube duct appendage Major subdivision of an organism that protrudes from the body[DOS, CARO]. appendages extremitaet extremity limbs/digits/tail lymph node Any of the rounded masses of lymphoid tissue that are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue, are distributed along the lymphatic vessels, and contain numerous lymphocytes which filter the flow of lymph. lymph gland nodus lymphaticus lamina propria A thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa[WP]. The lamina propria contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosae tunica propria lamina propria of trachea A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory airway. lamina propria mucosa of trachea lamina propria mucosa of windpipe lamina propria mucosae of trachea lamina propria mucosae of windpipe lamina propria of windpipe trachea lamina propria trachea lamina propria mucosa trachea lamina propria mucosae tracheal lamina propria windpipe lamina propria windpipe lamina propria mucosa windpipe lamina propria mucosae head The head is the anterior-most division of the body [GO]. adult head cephalic area head (volume) follicular fluid The fluid surrounding the ovum and granulosa cells in the ovarian follicle. antral fluid, ovarian follicle liquor follicularis liquor folliculi liquor folliculi ovarian follicular fluid ovary follicle fluid ovary follicular fluid serous membrane multi-tissue structure that is comprised of a secretory epithelial layer (mesothelium) and a connective tissue layer. serosa tunica serosa wall of serous sac tendon Dense regular connective tissue that connects muscle to bone[VSAO]. sinew tendo dorsal root ganglion * Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain. (MSH) * ganglion found on the posterior root of each spinal nerve, composed of the unipolar nerve cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the nerve. (CSP) DRG dorsal root ganglia dorsal root ganglion ganglion of dorsal root ganglion sensorium nervi spinalis ganglion spinale ganglion spinalis posterior root ganglion spinal ganglion spinal ganglion part of peripheral nervous system ganglion A biological tissue mass, most commonly a mass of nerve cell bodies. ganglia neural ganglion simple eye An eye with one concave chamber. Note that 'simple' does not imply a reduced level of complexity or acuity. macula Thickened areas of the saccule or utricle where the termination of the vestibular nerve occurs[MESH,modified]. acoustic macula acoustic maculae macula maculae sensory macula sensory patch vessel A tubular structure that contains, conveys body fluid, such as blood or lymph. ureter Muscular duct that propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, or related organs. metanephric duct urethra the fibromuscular tubular canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder to the exterior via the external urinary meatus; in males, the urethra is joined by the ejaculatory ducts and serves as a passageway for semen during ejaculation, as well as a canal for urine during voiding; in females, the urethra is shorter and emerges above the vaginal opening duct A tubular structure that transports secreted or excreted substances. anatomical duct ducts exocrine duct exocrine gland duct large intestine A subdivision of the digestive tract that connects the small intestine to the cloaca or anus. Lacks or has few villi[Kardong]. intestinum crassum anatomical wall Organ component adjacent to an organ cavity and which consists of a maximal aggregate of organ component layers. organ wall wall wall of organ anatomical structure Material anatomical entity that is a single connected structure with inherent 3D shape generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genome. biological structure connected biological structure organ Anatomical structure that performs a specific function or group of functions [WP]. anatomical unit body organ element organ subunit A part of an organ that constitutes a distinct modular sub-unit. In some cases, the organ may also contain other sub-units of identical or similar types, in other cases this may be a distinct entity. organ region with fixed fiat boundary organ segment segment of organ organ part A multicellular structure that is a part of an organ. cardinal organ part regional part of organ respiratory tract Anatomical structure that is part of the respiratory system. In mammals consists of upper and lower tracts proximo-distal subdivision of respiratory tract An section of a respiratory tract. respiratory tract subdivision of respiratory tract regional part of nervous system Any part or collection of parts of the central or peripheral nervous system. Parts may span both CNS and PNS. part of nervous system renal glomerulus A capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney[GO]. Malphigian glomerulus Malpighian glomerulus Malpighian tuft glomerular capillary tuft glomerular tuft glomerulus glomerulus renis renal corpuscle renal glomeruli subdivision of skeletal system Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements and articular elements that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. skeletal system part skeletal system subdivision external ectoderm The surface (external) layer of ectoderm which begins to proliferate shortly after separation from the neuroectoderm. surface (external) ectoderm surface ectoderm mixed endoderm/mesoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the endoderm and the mesoderm. mixed ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. male reproductive system The organs associated with producing offspring in the gender that produces spermatozoa. genitalia of male organism male genital organ male genital system male genital tract male genitalia male genitals male organism genitalia male organism reproductive system male reproductive tract reproductive system of male organism systema genitale masculinum mesonephros The second stage of the kidney. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary embryonic kidney in higher vertebrates. It is composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo. Wolffian body amphibian adult kidney corpus Wolffi mesonephric kidney mesonephroi middle kidney opisthonephros opisto nephros opistonephros metanephros In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine[GO] definite kidney definitive kidney hind kidney metanephric kidney metanephron mesonephric tubule A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros[GO]. Genital ridge that is next to the mesonephros[WP]. renal tubules tubuli mesonephrici ureteric bud An epithelial swelling on the Wolffian duct that elongates to invade the adjacent metanephric mesenchyme[MP] diverticulum diverticulum metanephricum gemma ureterica metanephric bud metanephric diverticulum ureteric ampulla ureteric diverticulum morula A spherical embryonic mass of blastomeres formed before the blastula and resulting from cleavage of the fertilized ovum. morula (2-16 cells) inner cell mass A mass of cells that develop into the body of the embryo and some extraembryonic tissues ICM early embryoblast embryoblast embryoblastus; massa cellularis interna; pluriblastus senior pluriblast trophoblast massa cellularis externa the mesectodermal cell layer arising from the trophectoderm that erodes the uterine mucosa and contributes to the formation of the placenta trophoblast layer trophoblastus trophoderm bilaminar disc A flattened, almost circular bilaminar plate of cells formed when the inner cell mass (aka embryoblast) forms two epithelial layers, each of a distinct lineage, separated by an extracellular basement membrane: the external (dorsal) layer is called the epiblast and the internal (ventral) layer is called the hypoblast (aka primitive endoderm); together, they compose the bilaminar embryonic disc. bilaminar disk bilaminary embryonic disc bilaminary germ disc embryonic disc embryonic shield germinal disc germinal disk membrane organ Nonparenchymatous organ that primarily consists of dense connective tissue organized into a sheet which interconnects two or more organs, separates two or more body spaces from one another, or surrounds an organ or body part. Examples: interosseous membrane of forearm, obturator membrane, tympanic membrane, fibrous pericardium, fascia lata, dura mater. [FMA] membrane membrane of organ cardiac neural crest cardiac neural crest complex complexus cristae neuralis cardiacus portion of neural crest that develops from the dorsal neural tube. It overlaps the vagal neural crest and migrates to populate the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 (producing structures in the head) and to the heart, forming connective tissue that separates the great vessels of the heart. [Wikipedia] lung vasculature The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs[GO]. lung vascular network pulmonary vasculature vascular network of lung vasculature of lung lung connective tissue connective tissue of lung lung interstitial tissue lung interstitium pulmonary connective tissue pulmonary interstitial tissue pulmonary interstitium the connective tissue located between the respiratory (airway and alveolar) epithelium, the capillary endothelium and pleural mesothelium; it contains basement membrane composed of collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and fibronectin lung epithelium The epithelial layer of the lung. epithelial tissue of lung epithelium of lung lung epithelial tissue pulmonary epithelium respiratory tube A tube in the respiratory system. Examples: bronchus, bronchiole, trachea. respiratory conducting tube segment of tracheobronchial tree segment of tracheobronchial tree tracheobronchial tree segment lung bud Structure derived from foregut that becomes a lung[GO]. gemma pulmonalis gemma respiratoria lung bud primary lung bud respiratory diverticulum cell layer Portion of tissue, that consists of single layer of cells connected to each other by cell junctions. Examples: layer of glial cells; epithelium. cell sheath layer layer of cells sheath of cells perineurium A layer of thin, concentrically arranged cells with interspersed collagen that lies within the epineurium. (Nolte, J., The Human Brain 3rd edition) neuron projection bundle A fasciculated bundle of neuron projections (GO:0043005), largely or completely lacking synapses. funiculus nerve fiber bundle neural fiber bundle neural nucleus A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections, and including nearby cells that share the same cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO) nervous system nucleus neuraxis nucleus neuronal nucleus nucleus nucleus of CNS nucleus of neuraxis anterior region of body posterior region of body membranous layer membrane membranous organ component anal canal The terminal part of the large intestine, continuous proximally with the rectum and distally terminates with the anus. anal canal anal canal viewed anatomically anal pad anatomical anal canal anus canalis analis cloaca cloacal chamber mesenteron pars analis recti intestine Segment of the alimentary canal extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. bowel intestinal tract orifice Anatomical conduit that connects two adjacent body spaces (or a body space with the space surrounding the organism)[FMA,modified]. anatomical orifice anatomical ostium hilum ostium cloaca Common chamber into which the intestines and excretory system opens. Arises during development in all vertebrates, but in many it becomes subdivided, lost or incorporated into other structures cloacal chamber vent embryonic cloaca cloaca endoderm-lined chamber that develops as pouch-like dilation of the caudal end of the hindgut and receives the allantois ventrally and two mesonephric ducts laterally; caudally it ends blindly at the cloacal membrane formed by the union of proctodeal (anal pit) ectoderm and cloacal endoderm, with no intervening mesoderm[MP]. primitive urogenital sinus UGS fetal UGS sinus urogenitalis the ventral part of the cloaca remaining after septation of the rectum, which further develops into part of the bladder, part of the prostatic part of the male urethra and the urethra and vestibule in females urogenital sinus mouth The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks). adult mouth cavital oralis cavitas oris cavum oris mouth cavity oral region oral vestibule regio oralis rima oris stoma stomatodaeum trophic apparatus vestibule of mouth vestibulum oris oral opening The orifice that connects the mouth to the exterior of the body. mouth oral fissure oral orifice oral part of face proximal-distal subdivision of colon A section dividing a colon along a proximal-distal axis. segment of colon pair of lungs The pair of anatomical structures comprised of a left lung and right lung. lungs lungs pair pulmones set of lungs respiration organ Organ that functions in gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms. apparatus respiratorius organ breathing organ gas exchange organ organ of apparatus respiratorius organ of respiratory system respiratory organ respiratory system organ vomit A bodily fluid consisting of the expulsed contents of the stomach disgorged through the mouth or nose that happens as a result of a vomit reflex. vomitus amniotic fluid Amniotic fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of watery liquid surrounding and cushioning a growing fetus within the amnion. It allows the fetus to move freely without the walls of the uterus being too tight against its body. Buoyancy is also provided. The composition of the fluid changes over the course of gestation. Initially, amniotic fluid is similar to maternal plasma, mainly water with electrolytes. As the fetus develops, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids originating from the lungs, fetal cells, and urea are deposited in the fluid. acqua amnii liquor amnii excreta A portion of organism substance that is the product of an excretion process that will be eliminated from the body. An excretion process is elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity excreted substance excretion portion of excreted substance waste substance pleural effusion Pleural effusion is a bodily fluid that is produced in exess and accumulates in the pleural cavity, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during inhalation. oronasal secretion A bodily fluid secreted from the body via the mouth or nose. blood A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes. portion of blood vertebrate blood whole blood haemolymphatic fluid Circulating fluid that is part of the hemolymphoid system. Blood, lymph, interstitial fluid or its analogs. blood or blood analog circulating fluid pallium Dorsal part (roof region) of the telencephalon[GO]. area dorsalis telencephali dorsal part of telencephalon dorsal telencephalic area dorsal telencephalon ventral part of telencephalon Dorsal part (base region) of the telencephalon. area ventralis telencephali subpallium subpallium ventral telencephalon ligament Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements or supporting an organ. ligament organ amnion amnios the thin innermost layer of the extraembryonic membranes that contains the amniotic fluid; the membrane forms a closed sac in which the embryo and later, the fetus, is suspended and protected blastula Organism at the blastula stage - an early stage of embryonic development in animals. It is produced by cleavage of a fertilized ovum and consists of a spherical layer of around 128 cells surrounding a central fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel. The blastula follows the morula and precedes the gastrula in the developmental sequence. blastosphere blastula embryo breast The upper ventral region of an animal's torso. mamma mammary part of chest mammary region portion of cartilage tissue in tibia Cartilage pertaining to the tibia. cartilage of tibia tibial cartilage cecum mucosa A mucosa that is part of a cecum [Automatically generated definition]. caecum mucosa caecum mucosa of organ caecum mucous membrane caecum organ mucosa cecal mucosa cecum mucosa of organ cecum mucous membrane cecum organ mucosa intestinum crassum caecum mucosa intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa mucosa of caecum mucosa of cecum mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum mucosa of organ of caecum mucosa of organ of cecum mucosa of organ of intestinum crassum caecum mucous membrane of caecum mucous membrane of cecum mucous membrane of intestinum crassum caecum organ mucosa of caecum organ mucosa of cecum organ mucosa of intestinum crassum caecum colonic mucosa Mucosa that is part of a colon. The mucosa of the colon is lined by a simple columnar epithelium with a thin brush border and numerous goblet cells. colon mucosa colon mucous membrane colonic mucosa colonic mucous membrane large bowel mucosa mucosa of colon mucosa of large bowel duodenal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. doudenal mucosa duodenal mucous membrane duodenum mucosa mucosa of duodenum mucous membrane of duodenum late embryo An embryo that is at the late embryonic stage; this stage covers late steps of the embryogenesis with a fully formed embryo still developing before birth or egg hatching. embryo late growth stage embryo late stage fetus gastric gland The branched tubular glands found in the mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach which contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and zymogenic cells that produce pepsin. gut wall The wall of the digestive tract. This encompasses all parts of the digestive tract with the exception of the lumen (cavity). digestive tract wall wall of alimentary tract wall of digestive tract wall of gut ileal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a ileum [Automatically generated definition]. ileal mucous membrane ileum mucosa ileum mucosa of organ ileum mucous membrane ileum organ mucosa mucosa of ileum mucosa of organ of ileum mucous membrane of ileum organ mucosa of ileum yellow bone marrow bone marrow in which the fat cells predominate in the meshes of the reticular network. fat marrow medulla ossium flava yellow marrow intestinal gland A gland that is part of the intestinal mucosa. Examples include the intestinal crypts, duodenal gland[cjm]. bowel mucosa gland bowel mucosa of organ gland bowel mucous membrane gland bowel organ mucosa gland gland of bowel mucosa gland of bowel mucosa of organ gland of bowel mucous membrane gland of bowel organ mucosa gland of intestinal mucosa gland of intestine mucosa gland of intestine mucosa of organ gland of intestine mucous membrane gland of intestine organ mucosa gland of mucosa of bowel gland of mucosa of intestine gland of mucosa of organ of bowel gland of mucosa of organ of intestine gland of mucous membrane of bowel gland of mucous membrane of intestine gland of organ mucosa of bowel gland of organ mucosa of intestine glandula intestinalis glandulae intestinales intestinal mucosa gland intestine mucosa gland intestine mucosa of organ gland intestine mucous membrane gland intestine organ mucosa gland mucosa of bowel gland mucosa of intestine gland mucosa of organ of bowel gland mucosa of organ of intestine gland mucous membrane of bowel gland mucous membrane of intestine gland organ mucosa of bowel gland organ mucosa of intestine gland mucosa A lining of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which is involved in absorption and secretion. They line various body cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. It is at several places continuous with skin: at the nostrils, the lips, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and gland is termed mucus. The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body and not every mucous membrane secretes mucus[WP] mucosa of organ mucosa of organ part mucosal region mucous membrane organ mucosa region of mucosa tunica mucosa limbic system A set of midline structures surrounding the brainstem of the mammalian brain, originally described anatomically, e.g., hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex. Although the original designation was anatomical, the limbic system has come to be associated with the system in the brain subserving emotional functions. As such, it is very poorly defined and doesn't correspond closely to the anatomical meaning any longer. [BirnLex]. visceral brain parenchyma functional part of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the structural tissue of organs, being exactly, connective tissues. pharyngeal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of pharynx mucosa of pharynx mucous membrane of pharynx mucous membrane of the pharynx organ mucosa of pharynx pharynx mucosa pharynx mucosa of organ pharynx mucous membrane pharynx organ mucosa tunica mucosa pharyngea tunica mucosa pharyngis blastocyst The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm[GO]. blastocystis blastula renal medulla kidney medulla medulla of kidney medulla renalis medullary pyramids pyramides renales renal marrow renal medullae renal medullae set renal pyramids renal pyramids set the inner portion of the kidney consisting of the renal pyramids urothelium An epithelial tissue layer that lines much of the urinary tract, including the renal pelvis, the ureters, the bladder, and parts of the urethra. epithelium transitionale transitional epithelium transitional epithelium uroepithelium corpus striatum The corpus striatum (striated body) is a compound structure consisting of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus, which consists of the putamen and the globus pallidus[WP]. striate body striated body hindlimb stylopod The part of the hindlimb between pelvis and the knee, corresponding to the femur. femur hind limb stylopod hind limb stylopodium hind propodium hindlimb propodium hindlimb stylopod hindlimb stylopodium proximal segment of free lower limb stylopod of hind limb stylopod of hindlimb stylopod of lower limb thigh upper leg tongue muscle The muscular portion of the tongue. muscle of tongue muscle organ of tongue musculi linguae skeletal muscle tissue of tongue tongue skeletal muscle tongue skeletal muscle tissue tracheal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a respiratory airway. mucosa of organ of trachea mucosa of organ of windpipe mucosa of trachea mucosa of windpipe mucous membrane of trachea mucous membrane of windpipe organ mucosa of trachea organ mucosa of windpipe trachea mucosa trachea mucosa of organ trachea mucous membrane trachea organ mucosa tracheal mucous membrane tunica mucosa (tracheae) tunica mucosa tracheae windpipe mucosa windpipe mucosa of organ windpipe mucous membrane windpipe organ mucosa apocrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat glands are sweat glands composed of a coiled secretory portion located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. The ducts of apocrine glands open into the canals of hair follicles. The stimulus for the secretion of apocrine sweat glands is adrenaline, which is a hormone carried in the blood[WP]. glandula sudorifera apocrina musculature of body The subdivision of the musculoskeletal system that consists of all the muscles of the body[VSAO, modified]. muscle system muscle system of body muscular system musculature system muskelsystem set of all muscles set of muscles of body vertebrate muscular system cochlear ganglion Corti's ganglion The group of nerve cell bodies that conveys auditory sensation from the organ of Corti to the hindbrain and resides on the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve)[MP]. distributed to the hair cells of the spiral organ. The cochlear fibers arise in bipolar cells in the spiral ganglion in the modiolus. cochlear part of vestibulocochlear ganglion ganglion cochlearis ganglion of Corti ganglion spirale ganglion spirale cochleae spiral ganglion spiral ganglion of cochlea vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion cochlear component vestibulocochlear ganglion cochlear component colonic epithelium An epithelium that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. colon epithelial tissue colon epithelium epithelial tissue of colon epithelial tissue of large bowel epithelium of colon epithelium of large bowel large bowel epithelial tissue large bowel epithelium posterior intestine epithelium jejunal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. jejunal mucous membrane jejunum mucosa jejunum mucosa of organ jejunum mucous membrane jejunum organ mucosa mucosa of jejunum mucosa of organ of jejunum mucous membrane of jejunum organ mucosa of jejunum jejunal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a jejunum. epithelium of jejunum sympathetic trunk One of a a paired bundle of nerve fibers plus ganglia that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. gangliated cord sympathetic chain sympathetic ganglionic chain truncus sympathicus serous gland A gland in which the principal secretory cells are serous secreting cells. bronchial mucosa A mucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi mucosa bronchi mucosa of organ bronchi mucous membrane bronchi organ mucosa bronchial trunk mucosa bronchial trunk mucosa of organ bronchial trunk mucous membrane bronchial trunk organ mucosa bronchus mucosa bronchus mucosa of organ bronchus mucous membrane bronchus organ mucosa mucosa of bronchi mucosa of bronchial trunk mucosa of bronchus mucosa of organ of bronchi mucosa of organ of bronchial trunk mucosa of organ of bronchus mucous membrane of bronchi mucous membrane of bronchial trunk mucous membrane of bronchus organ mucosa of bronchi organ mucosa of bronchial trunk organ mucosa of bronchus tunica mucosa bronchi dermal papilla A mesodermal signaling center of the hair follicle consisting of closely packed specialized mesenchymal fibroblasts. Framed by the enlarged bulb matrix in anagen. dermal papilla cell dermal papillae follicular papilla hair follicle dermal papilla hair papilla papilla corii papilla dermatis papilla dermis papilla of corium papillae dermis skin papilla mucous gland A gland in which the principal secretory cells are mucus secreting cells. glandula mucosa muciparous gland mucous secreting gland mucus gland mucus-secreting gland artery wall An anatomical wall that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. arterial wall wall of artery eccrine sweat gland A merocrine, unbranched, unbranched, coiled, tubular gland sweat gland. In humans, distributed over almost all of the body surface, and promote cooling by evaporation of their secretion. eccrine gland glandula sudorifera eccrina glandula sudorifera merocrina merocrine sweat gland prostate epithelium The prostate epithelium. epithelial tissue of prostate epithelial tissue of prostate gland epithelium of prostate epithelium of prostate gland epithelium of prostatic gland prostate epithelial tissue prostate gland epithelial tissue prostate gland epithelium prostatic epithelium prostatic gland epithelium lymphoid follicle . folliculus lymphaticus lymphatic follicle lymphatic nodule lymphoid nodule nodular lymphoid tissue nodulus lymphaticus nodulus lymphoideus cerebral subcortex The layer located below the cerebral cortex that includes the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. cerebral medulla subcortex bodily secretion A portion of organism substance that is produced by exocrine glands. exocrine gland fluid exocrine gland fluid or secretion exocrine gland fluid/secretion exocrine gland secretion external secretion secreted substance secretion endocervix 1. The mucous membrane lining the canal of the cervix uteri. 2. The region of the opening of the uterine cervix into the uterine cavity. uterine wall An anatomical wall that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of uterus uterus anatomical wall uterus wall wall of uterus organism substance Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. body fluid or substance body substance organism substance portion of body substance portion of organism substance anatomical space Non-material anatomical entity of three dimensions, that is generated by morphogenetic or other physiologic processes; is surrounded by one or more anatomical structures; contains one or more organism substances or anatomical structures. anatomical spaces lumen lumen space space material anatomical entity Anatomical entity that has mass. immaterial anatomical entity Anatomical entity that has no mass. immaterial physical anatomical entity anatomical system Multicellular, connected anatomical structure that has multiple organs as parts and whose parts work together to achieve some shared function. anatomical systems body system connected anatomical system organ system system multicellular organism Anatomical structure that is an individual member of a species and consists of more than one cell. Koerper animal body multi-cellular organism organism whole body whole organism compound organ component Multi-tissue structure that is part of a compound organ. compound organ components testis A gonad of a male animal. A gonad produces and releases sperm. gonad of male genitalia gonad of male reproductive system male gonad orchis testes testicle testiculus female reproductive system The organs and associated structures associated with bearing offspring in a female animal. female genital system female genital tract female genitalia female genitals female organism genitalia female organism reproductive system female reproductive tract genitalia of female organism gynaecological tissue reproductive system of female organism systema genitale femininum organism subdivision Anatomical structure which is a subdivision of a whole organism, consisting of components of multiple anatomical systems, largely surrounded by a contiguous region of integument. anatomic region body part body region cardinal body part acellular anatomical structure Anatomical structure that consists of cell parts and cell substances and together does not constitute a cell or a tissue. acellular anatomical structures anatomical cluster Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. extraembryonic structure A multicellular anatomical structure that is associated with an embryo and derived from the zygote from which it develops, but which does not contribute to the embryo proper or to structures that are part of the same organism after embryogenesis. extra-embryonic structure extraembryonic structures extraembryonic tissue tissue Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation. portion of tissue simple tissue tissue portion anatomical group Anatomical structure consisting of at least two non-overlapping organs, multi-tissue aggregates or portion of tissues or cells of different types that does not constitute an organism, organ, multi-tissue aggregate, or portion of tissue. multi-tissue structure Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more portions of tissue of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona-fide boundaries from other distinct structural units of different types. multi-tissue structures epithelium Portion of tissue, that consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells connected to each other by cell junctions and which is underlain by a basal lamina. Examples: simple squamous epithelium, glandular cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium, myoepithelium[CARO]. epithelial tissue portion of epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium Unilaminar epithelium that consists of a single layer of cuboidal cells. epithelium simplex cuboideum simple cuboidal epithelia simple columnar epithelium Unilaminar epithelium, which consists of a single layer of columnar cells. Examples: ciliated columnar epithelium, gastric epithelium, microvillus columnar epithelium.[FMA] columnar epithelium columnar epithlium epithelium simplex columnare simple columnar epithelia simple columnar epithelium multilaminar epithelium Epithelium which consists of more than one layer of epithelial cells that may or may not be in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, ciliated stratified columnar epithelium.[FMA] laminated epithelium stratified epithelium simple squamous epithelium Unilaminar epithelium which consists of a single layer of squamous cells. Examples: pulmonary alveolar epithelium, endothelium.[FMA] epithelium simplex squamosum simple squamous epithelia atypical epithelium Epithelium that consists of epithelial cells not arranged in one ore more layers. atypical epithelia heterogenous epithelium cavitated compound organ Compound organ that contains one or more macroscopic anatomical spaces. cavitated compound organs cavitated organ unilaminar epithelium Epithelium which consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. Examples: endothelium, mesothelium, glandular squamous epithelium.[FMA] simple epithelium unilaminar epithelia chyme A semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum. chymus chyle Chyle is a bodily fluid consisting of a milky fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats; formed in the small intestine during digestion of ingested fats. mucus Mucus is a bodily fluid consisting of a slippery secretion of the lining of the mucous membranes in the body. It is a viscous colloid containing antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozyme) and immunoglobulins. Mucus is produced by goblet cells in the mucous membranes that cover the surfaces of the membranes. It is made up of mucins and inorganic salts suspended in water. interstitial fluid Interstitial fluid is a bodily fluid consisting of a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. It is the main component of the extracellular fluid, which also includes plasma and transcellular fluid. intercellular fluid tissue fluid thoracic segment of trunk Subdivision of trunk that lies between the head and the abdomen. anterior subdivision of trunk thorax upper body upper trunk abdomen The subdivision of the vertebrate body between the thorax and pelvis. The ventral part of the abdomen contains the abdominal cavity and visceral organs. The dorsal part includes the abdominal section of the vertebral column. abdominopelvic region abdominopelvis adult abdomen belly celiac region embryo Anatomical entity that comprises the organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that are characterized by cleavage, the laying down of fundamental tissues, and the formation of primitive organs and organ systems. For example, for mammals, the process would begin with zygote formation and end with birth. For insects, the process would begin at zygote formation and end with larval hatching. For plant zygotic embryos, this would be from zygote formation to the end of seed dormancy. For plant vegetative embryos, this would be from the initial determination of the cell or group of cells to form an embryo until the point when the embryo becomes independent of the parent plant. developing organism developmental tissue embryonic organism germ layer A layer of cells produced during the process of gastrulation during the early development of the animal embryo, which is distinct from other such layers of cells, as an early step of cell differentiation. The three types of germ layers are the endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm. embryonic germ layer embryonic germ layers embryonic tissue germinal layer primary germ layer ectoderm Primary germ layer that is the outer of the embryo's three germ layers and gives rise to epidermis and neural tissue. embryonic ectoderm endoderm Primary germ layer that lies remote from the surface of the embryo and gives rise to internal tissues such as gut. entoderm mesoderm The middle germ layer of the embryo, between the endoderm and ectoderm. embryonic mesoderm entire mesoderm mesodermal mantle stomodeum Anterior part of the embryonic digestive tract that develops into a mouth. The stomodeum includes as parts an invagination of the ectoderm and the stomodeal cavity. mouth pit mouth primordium oral ectoderm oral pit primitive oral cavity stomatodeum stomodaeum stomodeal-hypophyseal primordium stomach An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. anterior intestine gaster mesenteron stomach chamber ventriculus aorta The main trunk of the systemic arterial system that carries blood from the heart to all the organs and other structures of the body, bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation arteria maxima dorsal aorta trunk of aortic tree trunk of systemic arterial tree heart A myogenic muscular circulatory organ found in the vertebrate cardiovascular system composed of chambers of cardiac muscle. It is the primary circulatory organ. Herz@de branchial heart cardium chambered heart vertebrate heart endocrine system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce endocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. endocrine glandular system endocrine system systema endocrinum brain The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals. Some primitive animals such as jellyfish and starfish have a decentralized nervous system without a brain, while sponges lack any nervous system at all. In vertebrates, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell[WP]. encephalon suprasegmental levels of nervous system suprasegmental structures synganglion the brain cerebral cortex The thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere that develops from the telencephalon. It consists of the neocortex (6 layered cortex or isocortex), the hippocampal formation and the olfactory cortex. brain cortex cortex cerebralis cortex cerebri cortex of cerebral hemisphere cortical plate (CTXpl) cortical plate (areas) pallium of the brain lamina Any thin layer or plate. laminar tissue medulla of organ Middle part of an organ, surrounded by the cortex. medulla thoracic ganglion The thoracic ganglia are paravertebral ganglia. The thoracic portion of the sympathetic trunk typically has 12 thoracic ganglia. Emerging from the ganglia are thoracic splancic nerves (the cardiopulmonary, the greater, lesser, and least splanchic nerves) that help provide sympathetic innervation to abdominal structures. Also, the ganglia of the thoracic sympathetic trunk have both white and gray rami communicantes. The white rami carry sympathetic fibers arising in the spinal cord into the sympathetic trunk. [WP,unvetted]. ganglion of thorax ganglion thoracicum splanchnicum thoracic paravertebral ganglion thoracic splanchnic ganglion thoracic sympathetic ganglion thorax ganglion cornea cornea of camera-type eye corneas the transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye that serves as the chief refractory structure tunica cornea lens of camera-type eye Transparent part of camera-type eye that helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. camera-type eye lens crystalline lens eye lens lens lens crystallina lenses ocular lens retina Netzhaut The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates. inner layer of eyeball retina of camera-type eye retinas tunica interna of eyeball eye An organ that detects light. light-detecting organ visual apparatus neck An organism subdivision that extends from the head to the pectoral girdle, encompassing the cervical vertebral column. collum neck (volume) pleura The invaginated serous membrane that surrounds the lungs (the visceral portion) and lines the walls of the pleural cavity (parietal portion). pleura pleural tissue wall of pleural sac leg The portion of the hindlimb that contains both the stylopod and zeugopod. lower extremity tetrapod leg tibia The major preaxial endochondral bone in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. shankbone shinbone femur Endochondral longbone connecting the pelvic girdle with posterior zeugopodium skeleton.[VSAO, modified]. femoral bone mesomere 1 of pevlic appendage os femorale os femoris os longissimum proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic appendage proximal metapterygial mesomere of pelvic fin thigh bone skeletal joint Anatomical cluster that consists of two or more adjacent skeletal structures, which may be interconnected by various types of tissue[VSAO]. articular joint articulation joint joints penis A intromittent organ in certain biologically male organisms. In placental mammals, this also serves as the organ of urination penes phallus reproductive system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with reproduction. Geschlechtsorgan animal reproductive system genital system genital tract genitalia organa genitalia reproductive tissue reproductive tract systemata genitalia gonad Reproductive organ that produces and releases eggs (ovary) or sperm (testis). gonada gonads female gonad female organism genitalia gonad female organism genitalia gonada female organism reproductive system gonad female organism reproductive system gonada female reproductive system gonad female reproductive system gonada genitalia of female organism gonad genitalia of female organism gonada gonad of female organism genitalia gonad of female organism reproductive system gonad of female reproductive system gonad of genitalia of female organism gonad of reproductive system of female organism gonada of female organism genitalia gonada of female organism reproductive system gonada of female reproductive system gonada of genitalia of female organism gonada of reproductive system of female organism ovaries ovarium ovary ovum-producing ovary reproductive system of female organism gonad reproductive system of female organism gonada the gonad of a female organism which contains germ cells oviduct A tube or collection of tubes in an animal from the ovaries to the outside of the body. female reproductive tracts ovarian duct ovarian tube oviducts tuba uterina tuba uterinae tubular parts of female reproductive system uterine tube uterus the female muscular organ of gestation in which the developing embryo or fetus is nourished until birth vagina A fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles[WP]. distal oviductal region distal portion of oviduct vaginae seminal vesicle Either of a pair of glandular pouches that lie one on either side of the male reproductive tract posterolateral to the urinary bladder and in the human male secrete a sugar- and protein-containing fluid into the ejaculatory duct. glandula seminalis glandula vesiculosa gonecyst seminal gland vas efferens vesicula seminalis vesiculae seminales vesicular gland vesicular glands vesicular seminalis vesiculæ seminales skin epidermis The outer epithelial layer of the skin that is superficial to the dermis. epidermis skin vertebrate epidermis respiratory system Atmungssystem Functional system which consists of structures involved in respiration. apparatus respiratorius apparatus respiratorius respiratory system systema respiratorium respiratory airway An airway through which respiratory air passes in organisms. airway airways digestive system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs devoted to the ingestion, digestion, and assimilation of food and the discharge of residual wastes. alimentary system alimentary tract gastrointestinal system gut renal system The renal system in an anatomical system that maintains fluid balance and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products.. excretory system renal or urinary system renal system renal/urinary system systema urinaria systema urinarium urinary system urinary tract circulatory system organ system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis[WP]. systema cardiovasculare adipose tissue Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue adipose bodyfat fat fat tissue fatty depot fatty tissue musculature A subdivision of the muscular system corresponding to a subdisivision of an organism. muscle group muscle system muscles muscles set musculature musculature system musculi set of muscles set of skeletal muscles nervous system The nervous system is an organ system containing predominantly neuron and glial cells. In bilaterally symmetrical organism, it is arranged in a network of tree-like structures connected to a central body. The main functions of the nervous system are to regulate and control body functions, and to receive sensory input, process this information, and generate behavior [CUMBO]. nerve net neurological system systema nervosum central nervous system CNS The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the neural tube derivatives: the brain and spinal cord. In invertebrates it includes central ganglia plus nerve cord. cerebrospinal axis neuraxis systema nervosum centrale nerve An enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system originating in a nerve root in the central nervous system (or a condensed nervous structure) connecting with peripheral structures. nerves neural subtree peripheral nerve sensory system Anatomical system that overlaps the nervous system and is responsible for receiving and processing sensory information. organa sensuum organa sensuum sense organ subsystem sense organs sense organs set sensory organ system sensory subsystem sensory systems set of sense organs gustatory system The sensory system for the sense of taste. gustatory organ system taste system yolk sac A sac-like expansion of the ventral wall of the intestine, narrowed into a yolk stalk near the body[Hyman's]. Membranous sac attached to an embryo, providing early nourishment in the form of yolk in bony fishes, sharks, reptiles, birds, and primitive mammals. It functions as the developmental circulatory system of the human embryo, before internal circulation begins. In the mouse, the yolk sac is the first site of blood formation, generating primitive macrophages and erythrocytes[WP]. saccus vitellinus vesicula umbilicalis foregut Anterior subdivision of a digestive tract. praeenteron proenteron chordate pharynx A portion of the respiratory and digestive tracts; its distal limit is the superior part of the esophagus and it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the esophagus and larynx; it contains the valleculae and the pyriform recesses; its upper limits are the nasal cavity and cranial base.[FEED]. pharynx esophagus Tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach. In mammals, the oesophagus connects the buccal cavity with the stomach. The stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium lining the buccal cavity is continued through the pharynx down into the oesophagus. The lowest part of the oesophagus (ca. 2 cm) is lined with gastric mucosa and covered by peritoneum. The main body of the oesophagus is lined with small, simple mucous glands. Each gland opens into the lumen by a long duct which pierces the muscularis mucosae (Wilson and Washington, 1989). A sphincter is situated at the point where the oesophagus enters the stomach to prevent gastro-oesophageal reflux, i.e. to prevent acidic gastric contents from reaching stratified epithelia of the oesophagus, where they can cause inflammation and irritation (Wilson and Washington, 1989; Brown et al., 1993). gullet oesophagus saliva-secreting gland glandulae salivariae saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity[GO] salivary gland midgut Middle subdivision of a digestive tract[CJM]. In vertebrates: The middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine[GO]. mesenteron hindgut The caudalmost subdivision of a digestive tract. metenteron primordium Primordia are populations of contiguous cells that are morphologically distinct and already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue[FBbt, Hartenstein, V. (2004)]. bud future organ placode primordia rudiment neural tube In the developing vertebrate, the neural tube is the embryo's precursor to the central nervous system, which comprises the brain and spinal cord. The neural groove gradually deepens as the neural folds become elevated, and ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle line and convert the groove into a closed tube, the neural tube or neural canal (which strictly speaking is the center of the neural tube), the ectodermal wall of which forms the rudiment of the nervous system. [WP,unvetted]. neural primordium presumptive central nervous system tubus neuralis rectum intestinum rectum rectal sac terminal portion of intestine terminal portion of large intestine the terminal portion of the intestinal tube, terminating with the anus Malpighian tubule A tubule that extends from the posterior part of the digestive tract which absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph. Each tubule consists of a single layer of cells that is closed off at the distal end with the proximal end joining the alimentary canal at the junction between the midgut and hindgut[WP,modified]. Malphigian tube Malpighian tube tuba Malpighii anatomical entity Biological entity that is either an individual member of a biological species or constitutes the structural organization of an individual member of a biological species. ventral pancreatic duct A duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices which aid in digestion provided by the exocrine pancreas. The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla. canal of Wirsung chief pancreatic duct duct of Wirsung ductus pancreatis ventralis hepaticopancreatic duct main pancreatic duct pancreatic duct intervertebral disk A pad of fibrocartilage between the articular surfaces of two successive vertebral centra which has nucleus pulposus at its core. discus intervertebralis intervertebral disc intervertebral fibrocartilage spinal disc spinal disk skin of back A zone of skin that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. back skin back zone of skin skin, dorsal region zone of skin of back ileocecal junction A point along the course of the gastrointestinal tract where the small intestine (ileum) ends as it opens into the cecal portion of the large intestine; occurs usually within the iliac fossa, demarcated internally as the ileocecal orifice ileocaecal junction pericardial cavity A potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium. cavitas pericardiaca cavity of pericardial sac pericardial space bony vertebral centrum Ossified form of a vertebral centrum, a skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified]. arcocentrum autocentrum body of vertebra centra corpus vertebra corpus vertebrae corpus vertebrae (vertebrale) holocentrum vertebral body vertebral centra vertebral centrum endocardium of ventricle Endocardium that is part of the cardiac ventricle. cardiac ventricle endocardium endocardium of cardiac ventricle endocardium of heart ventricle endocardium of lower chamber of heart endocardium of ventricle of heart heart ventricle endocardium lower chamber of heart endocardium ventricle endocardial tissue ventricle endocardium ventricle of heart endocardium ventricular endocardium epicardium of ventricle An epicardial layer that lines a cardiac ventricle cardiac ventricle epicardium ventricular epicardium myocardium of ventricle Muscular layer of the cardiac ventricle composed of a compact myocardial layer surrounding the trabecular layer. ventricle cardiac muscle ventricle myocardium ventricular myocardium skin of head A zone of skin that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. adult head zone of skin head skin head zone of skin zone of skin of adult head zone of skin of head skin of trunk A zone of skin that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. torso zone of skin trunk skin trunk zone of skin zone of skin of torso zone of skin of trunk pleural fluid Transudate contained in the pleural cavity. urine Excretion that is the output of a kidney synovial fluid Transudate contained in the synovial cavity of joints, and in the cavity of tendon sheaths and bursae. joint fluid calcareous tooth Skeletal element within the mouth (or in some species, upper part of the digestive tract) that is composed of dentine and is used in procuring or masticating food. dental element dentine containing tooth tooth vertebrate tooth wall of esophagus An anatomical wall that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of esophagus anatomical wall of gullet anatomical wall of oesophagus esophageal wall esophagus anatomical wall esophagus wall gullet anatomical wall gullet wall oesophagus anatomical wall oesophagus wall wall of gullet wall of oesophagus lobe of thyroid gland A lobe of tissue that is part of a thyroid gland. lobuli glandulae thyroideae lobus (glandula thyroidea) lobus glandulae thyroideae thyroid gland lobe thyroid lobe vertebral column Subdivision of skeletal system that consists of all the vertebra and associated skeletal elements and joints in the body[modified from VSAO]. backbone columna vertebralis dorsal spine spinal column spine vertebral column skeleton vertebral region parathyroid gland The parathyroid gland is an endocrine gland for secretion of parathyroid hormone, usually found as a pair, embedded in the connective tissue capsule on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Parathyroid regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism. epithelial body parathyroid parathyroid secreting cell cardiac muscle tissue Muscle tissue composed of cardiac muscle cells, forming the muscles of the heart[ZFA,modified]. cardiac muscle cardiac muscle muscle tissue cardiac muscle textus muscularis cardiac musculature heart muscle muscle tissue heart muscle textus muscularis heart myocardium muscle tissue heart myocardium textus muscularis muscle of heart muscle tissue muscle of heart textus muscularis muscle tissue of cardiac muscle muscle tissue of heart muscle muscle tissue of heart myocardium muscle tissue of muscle of heart muscle tissue of myocardium myocardium muscle tissue myocardium textus muscularis textus muscularis of cardiac muscle textus muscularis of heart muscle textus muscularis of heart myocardium textus muscularis of muscle of heart textus muscularis of myocardium skeletal muscle tissue Muscle tissue that consists primarily of skeletal muscle fibers. skeletal muscle skeletal muscle system somatic muscle smooth muscle tissue Muscle tissue which is unstriated, composed primarily of smooth muscle fibers surrounded by a reticulum of collagen and elastic fibers. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length[GO]. involuntary muscle non-striated muscle smooth muscle textus muscularis levis; textus muscularis nonstriatus textus muscularis nonstriatus visceral muscle visceral muscle tissue mesothelium Simple squamous epithelium of mesodermal origin which lines serous membranes. Examples: mesothelium of pleura, mesothelium of peritoneum[FMA]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ The mesothelium is a membrane that forms the lining of several body cavities: the pleura (thoracal cavity), peritoneum (abdominal cavity including the mesentery) and pericardium (heart sac). Mesothelial tissue also surrounds the male internal reproductive organs (the tunica vaginalis testis) and covers the internal reproductive organs of women (the tunica serosa uteri). dorsum A major subdivision of an organism that is the entire part of the organism dorsal to a horizontal plane and bounded on one side by the same transverse plane. In vertebrares this includes the vertebral column.. back back of body proper dorsal part of organism renal vein Either of the pair of major vessels which arise from the renal hilus and return blood from the kidneys, suprarenal gland and the ureter to the inferior vena cava. kidney vein renal venous tree vein of kidney venae renales cystic duct ductus cysticus the tubular structure that conducts gall bladder contents from the gall bladder to the common bile duct caecum A pouch in the digestive tract that connects the ileum with the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve, and is the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction. blind intestine blindgut caeca caecum ceca cecum intestinum caecum intestinum crassum caecum intestinum crassum cecum vermiform appendix A blind-ended tube connected to the cecum, from which it develops embryologically[WP]. apex of caecum apex of cecum appendix appendix vermiformis appendix vermiformis caecal appendix cecal appendix vermix colon Last portion of the large intestine before it becomes the rectum. hindgut large bowel posterior intestine ascending colon Section of colon which is distal to the cecum and proximal to the transversecolon.[FMA,modified] colon ascendens spiral colon transverse colon The proximal-distal subdivision of colon that runs transversely across the upper part of the abdomen, from the right to the left colic flexure. Continuous with the descending colon[BTO,modified]. colon transversum descending colon The portion of the colon between the left colic flexure and the sigmoid colon at the pelvic brim; the portion of the descending colon lying in the left iliac fossa is sometimes called the iliac colon. colon descendens sigmoid colon The part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 40 cm. in length, and normally lies within the pelvis, but on account of its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity. colon sigmoideum pelvic colon sigmoid colon sigmoid flexure fundus of stomach The fundus is the portion of the stomach that lies above the cardiac notch, and contains the fundic glands[GO, Kardong]. fundus gastricus fundus gastricus (ventricularis) fundus gastricus ventricularis fundus ventricularis fundus ventriculi gastric fundus stomach fundus cardia of stomach The part of the stomach attached to the esophagus. The cardia begins immediately distal to the z-line of the gastroeosphageal junction, where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus gives way to the columnar epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract[WP] antrum cardiacum cardiac antrum cardiac orifice cardiac region cardial orifice cardial part of stomach gastric cardia pars cardiaca (gaster) pars cardiaca gastricae stomach cardiac region pyloric antrum antrum antrum of Willis antrum of stomach antrum pylori antrum pyloricum gastric antrum stomach antrum stomach pyloric antrum the area at the bottom of the stomach on the caudal side of the pyloric canal that contains gastrin-producing G cells, which stimulate acid production, and the luminal pH-sensitive population of somatostatin-producing D cells pylorus pars pylorica pars pylorica gastricae pyloric part of stomach pyloric region stomach pyloric region the stomach tissue region surrounding and controlling the distal outlet of the stomach, which opens into the duodenum valvula pylori wall of stomach anatomical wall of stomach anatomical wall of ventriculus gastric wall stomach anatomical wall stomach wall the layered structure that makes up the stomach, typiclly consists of a serous coat, a muscular coat, a mucous membrane, and other tissue layers in between ventriculus anatomical wall ventriculus wall wall of ventriculus wall of small intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of small bowel anatomical wall of small intestine small bowel anatomical wall small bowel wall small intestinal wall small intestine anatomical wall small intestine wall wall of small bowel wall of large intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of large intestine large intestinal wall large intestine anatomical wall large intestine wall mesentery of small intestine The peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum (parts of the small intestine) to the back wall of the abdomen. Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominopelvic cavity. The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain[WP]. mesentery (proper) mesentery proper small intestinal mesentery small intestine mesentery hepatic acinus The functional unit of the liver, consisting of a mass of hepatocytes from adjacent liver lobules aligned around the hepatic arterioles and portal venules just as they anastomose into sinusoids. liver acinus portal acinus biliary tree A complex network of conduits that begins with the canals of Hering (intralobar bile duct) and progressively merges into a system of interlobular, septal, and major ducts which then coalesce to form the extrahepatic bile ducts, which finally deliver bile to the intestine, and in some species to the gallbladder. biliary tract common bile duct ductus choledochus ductus choledochus (biliaris) the part of the biliary tree formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct visceral peritoneum The inner layer of peritoneum that is wrapped around organs located inside the intraperitoneal space. visceral serous membrane of peritoneum peritoneal cavity Anatomical cavity bounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum cavitas peritonealis saccus serosus peritonei ovarian artery An artery that supplies an ovary. arteria ovarica ovarian arterial tree hepatic artery An artery that supplies the liver. arteria hepatica arteria hepatica propria mucosa of stomach Magenschleimhaut The mucosal layer that lines the stomach. gastric mucosa gastric mucous membrane mucosa of organ of stomach mucosa of organ of ventriculus mucosa of ventriculus mucous membrane of stomach mucous membrane of ventriculus organ mucosa of stomach organ mucosa of ventriculus stomach mucosa stomach mucosa of organ stomach mucous membrane stomach organ mucosa tunica mucosa (gaster) tunica mucosa gastricae tunica mucosa gastris ventriculus mucosa ventriculus mucosa of organ ventriculus mucous membrane ventriculus organ mucosa submucosa of stomach gastric submucosa stomach submucosa submucosa of ventriculus submucous layer of stomach tela submucosa (gaster) tela submucosa gastricae tela submucosa ventriculi the fibrous connective tissue layer beneath the stomach mucosa ventriculus submucosa serosa of stomach anatomical wall of stomach serosa anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane gastric serosa gastric wall serosa gastric wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of stomach serosa of anatomical wall of ventriculus serosa of gastric wall serosa of stomach anatomical wall serosa of stomach wall serosa of ventriculus anatomical wall serosa of ventriculus wall serosa of wall of stomach serosa of wall of ventriculus serous coat of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of stomach serous membrane of anatomical wall of ventriculus serous membrane of gastric wall serous membrane of stomach anatomical wall serous membrane of stomach wall serous membrane of ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane of ventriculus wall serous membrane of wall of stomach serous membrane of wall of ventriculus stomach anatomical wall serosa stomach anatomical wall serous membrane stomach serosa stomach wall serosa stomach wall serous membrane the outermost layer of the stomach wall, consisting of layers of connective tissue continuous with the peritoneum tunica serosa (gaster) tunica serosa gastricae ventriculus anatomical wall serosa ventriculus anatomical wall serous membrane ventriculus wall serosa ventriculus wall serous membrane visceral peritoneum of stomach wall of stomach serosa wall of stomach serous membrane wall of ventriculus serosa wall of ventriculus serous membrane pyloric sphincter A strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion[WP]. pyloric valve mucosa of small intestine A mucosa that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of small bowel mucosa of organ of small intestine mucosa of small bowel mucous membrane of small bowel mucous membrane of small intestine organ mucosa of small bowel organ mucosa of small intestine small bowel mucosa small bowel mucosa of organ small bowel mucous membrane small bowel organ mucosa small intestinal mucosa small intestine mucosa small intestine mucosa of organ small intestine mucous membrane small intestine organ mucosa tunica mucosa (intestinum tenue) tunica mucosa intestini tenuis submucosa of small intestine small bowel submucosa small intestinal submucosa small intestine submucosa submucosa of small bowel submucosal tissue in the small intestines. tela submucosa (intestinum tenue) tela submucosa intestini tenuis serosa of small intestine A serous membrane that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. serosa of small bowel serous coat of small intestine serous membrane of small bowel serous membrane of small intestine small bowel serosa small bowel serous membrane small intestinal serosa small intestine serosa small intestine serous membrane tunica serosa (intestinum tenue) tunica serosa intestini tenuis visceral peritoneum of small intestine mucosa of large intestine A mucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. large intestinal mucosa large intestine mucosa large intestine mucosa of organ large intestine mucous membrane large intestine organ mucosa mucosa of organ of large intestine mucous membrane of large intestine organ mucosa of large intestine tunica mucosa intestini crassi submucosa of large intestine A submucosa that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. large intestinal submucosa large intestine submucosa submucous layer of large intestine tela submucosa intestini crassi serosa of large intestine A serous membrane that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. large intestinal serosa large intestine serosa large intestine serous membrane serous coat of large intestine serous membrane of large intestine tunica serosa intestini crassi visceral peritoneum of large intestine Peyer's patch Peyers gland Peyers patch aggregated lymphoid follicle of intestine aggregated lymphoid nodule noduli lymphoidei aggregati the protruding lymphoid tissue located on the mucosa of the intestine that is composed of densely packed B cell follicles duodenal gland A compound tubular submucosal gland found in that portion of the duodenum which is above the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi). The main function of these glands is to produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion (containing bicarbonate)[WP]. Brunner's gland gland of Brunner glandula duodenales glandula duodenales Brunneri submucosal gland of duodenum intestinal villus enteric villi enteric villous enteric villus intestinal villi intestinal villus layer small intestine villus the tiny hair-like projections that protrude from the inside of the small intestine that contain blood vessels that capture digested nutrients that are absorbed through the intestinal wall; the villi increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine by approximately 30-fold villi intestinales villi intestinales villus villus intestinalis (intestinum tenue) renal pelvis A funnel shaped proximal portion of the ureter that is formed by convergence of the major calices [MP]. kidney pelvis p. renallis pelvis of ureter pyelum cortex of kidney Outer cortical portion of the kidney, between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. cortex renalis kidney cortex renal cortex renal papilla Tip of renal pyramid projecting into a minor calyx. kidney papilla renal corpuscle Malphigian corpuscle Malpighian corpuscle corpusculum renale corpusculum renis cortical renal corpuscle kidney corpuscle the structure containing the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus that serves as the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron glomerular capsule A cup-like sac at the expanded beginning of a tubular component of a nephron that contains the glomerulus Bowman's capsule Bowman's capsule Bowmans capsule Malphigian capsule Malpighian capsule Mueller capsule Muellerian capsule capsula glomerularis capsula glomeruli pronephric glomerular capsule renal glomerular capsule nephron tubule An epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney. kidney tubule renal tubule tubulus renalis uriniferous tubule collecting duct of renal tubule The collecting duct is a portion of the nephron through which water flows, moving passively down its concentration gradient arcuate renal tubule collecting duct collecting duct system collecting tubule junctional tube kidney collecting duct kidney collecting tubule renal collecting tubule tubulus renalis arcuatus tubulus renalis colligens ureteric tree adrenal cortex adrenal gland cortex cortex (glandula suprarenalis) cortex glandulae suprarenalis cortex of adrenal gland cortex of suprarenal gland suprarenal suprarenal cortex the thick outer layer of the adrenal gland that produces and secretes steroid hormones such as corticosterone, estrone and aldosterone adrenal medulla adrenal central medulla adrenal gland medulla chromaffin cells medulla (glandula suprarenalis) medulla glandulae suprarenalis medulla of adrenal gland medulla of glandula suprarenalis medulla of suprarenal gland suprarenal medulla the inner portion of the adrenal gland that consists mainly of chromaffin cells which produce, store and secrete neurotransmitters such as epinephrine and norepinephrine paraaortic body A chromaffin paraganglion located at the bifurcation of the aorta or at the origin of the inferior mesenteric artery. organ of Zuckerkandl para-aortic body paraganglia of Zuckerkandl paraganglion of Zuckerkandl lamina propria of small intestine Lamina propria that is part_of the small intestine. lamina propria mucosa of small bowel lamina propria mucosa of small intestine lamina propria mucosae of small bowel lamina propria mucosae of small intestine lamina propria of mucosa of small intestine lamina propria of small bowel small bowel lamina propria small bowel lamina propria mucosa small bowel lamina propria mucosae small intestine lamina propria small intestine lamina propria mucosa small intestine lamina propria mucosae crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn of small bowel crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine intestinal gland of small bowel intestinal gland of small intestine lieberkuhn crypt of small bowel lieberkuhn crypt of small intestine small bowel crypt of Lieberkuhn small bowel intestinal gland small bowel lieberkuhn crypt small intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn small intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn small intestine intestinal gland small intestine lieberkuhn crypt the tubular intestinal glands found in the mucosal membranes of the small intestine intestinal mucosa Mucosal layer that lines the intestine. bowel mucosa bowel mucosa of organ bowel mucous membrane bowel organ mucosa intestine mucosa intestine mucosa of organ intestine mucous membrane intestine organ mucosa mucosa of bowel mucosa of intestine mucosa of organ of bowel mucosa of organ of intestine mucous membrane of bowel mucous membrane of intestine organ mucosa of bowel organ mucosa of intestine tunica mucosa intestini serosa of intestine A serous membrane that is part of a wall of intestine [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of bowel serosa anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane anatomical wall of intestine serosa anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane bowel anatomical wall serosa bowel anatomical wall serous membrane bowel wall serosa bowel wall serous membrane intestinal serosa intestinal wall serosa intestinal wall serous membrane intestine anatomical wall serosa intestine anatomical wall serous membrane intestine serosa intestine wall serosa intestine wall serous membrane serosa of anatomical wall of bowel serosa of anatomical wall of intestine serosa of bowel anatomical wall serosa of bowel wall serosa of intestinal wall serosa of intestine anatomical wall serosa of intestine wall serosa of wall of bowel serosa of wall of intestine serous membrane of anatomical wall of bowel serous membrane of anatomical wall of intestine serous membrane of bowel anatomical wall serous membrane of bowel wall serous membrane of intestinal wall serous membrane of intestine anatomical wall serous membrane of intestine wall serous membrane of wall of bowel serous membrane of wall of intestine visceral peritoneum of intestine wall of bowel serosa wall of bowel serous membrane wall of intestine serosa wall of intestine serous membrane interlobular bile duct The canals that carry bile in the liver between the intralobular ducts and the biliary ductules; interlobular bile ducts are part of the interlobular portal triad. interlobular ductule spleen lymphoid follicle Malpighian body The area of the white pulp where the affinity maturation of B cells and the generation of memory B cells and plasma cells occur lymphatic follicle of spleen lymphoid follicle of spleen lymphoid nodule of spleen spleen B cell follicle spleen lymphoid follicle spleen lymphoid nodule splenic B cell follicle splenic lymphatic follicle splenic lymphoid follicle red pulp of spleen pulpa rubra pulpa splenica red pulp spleen red pulp splenic red pulp the parenchymatous tissue network of the spleen that consists of loose plates or cords (sinuses) infiltrated with red blood cells where most of the blood filtration occurs and degenerate erythrocytes are removed from the circulation marginal zone of spleen junctional zone of spleen marginal zone spleen marginal zone the zone between the red and white pulp of the spleen containing numerous macrophages and lymphocytes, and a rich plexus of sinusoids supplied by white pulp arterioles carrying blood-borne antigens adventitia of ureter An adventitia that is part of a ureter. external adventitia of ureter tunica adventitia (ureter) tunica adventitia ureteris ureter adventitia ureteral adventitia lamina propria of ureter A lamina propria that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. lamina propria mucosa of ureter lamina propria mucosae of ureter ureter lamina propria ureter lamina propria mucosa ureter lamina propria mucosae urothelium of ureter The luminal epithelium of the tube that conducts the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder[MP] transitional epithelium of ureter ureter luminal urothelium ureter transitional epithelium ureter urothelium urinary bladder bladder distensible musculomembranous organ situated in the anterior part of the pelvic cavity in which urine collects before excretion[MP]. urocyst vesica vesica urinaria wall of urinary bladder An anatomical wall that lines the insider of a urinary bladder. anatomical wall of bladder anatomical wall of urinary bladder bladder anatomical wall bladder wall urinary bladder anatomical wall urinary bladder wall wall of bladder trigone of urinary bladder Lieutaud's trigone bladder trigone deep trigone dorsal bladder neck musculus trigoni vesicae profundus the smooth triangular region of the wall of the urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice; it is an area in which the muscle fibers are closely adherent to the mucosa trigone of bladder trigonum vesicae trigonum vesicae urinariae urinary bladder trigone vesical trigone neck of urinary bladder The constricted portion of the urinary bladder, formed by the meeting of its inferolateral surfaces proximal to the opening of the urethra[MP]. bladder neck cervix vesicae cervix vesicae urinariae collum vesicae neck of bladder urinary bladder neck vesical neck mucosa of urinary bladder bladder mucosa bladder mucous membrane bladder organ mucosa mucosa of bladder mucous membrane of bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder the mucous membrane lining the urinary bladder tunica mucosa (vesica urinaria) tunica mucosa vesicae tunica mucosa vesicae urinariae urinary bladder mucosa urinary bladder mucous membrane serosa of urinary bladder A serous membrane that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. bladder serosa bladder serous membrane serosa of bladder serous coat of bladder serous coat of urinary bladder serous membrane of bladder serous membrane of urinary bladder tunica serosa (vesica urinaria) tunica serosa vesicae urinary bladder serosa urinary bladder serous membrane visceral peritoneum of urinary bladder lamina propria of urinary bladder A lamina propria that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. bladder lamina propria bladder lamina propria mucosa bladder lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of bladder lamina propria mucosa of urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae of bladder lamina propria mucosae of urinary bladder lamina propria of bladder urinary bladder lamina propria urinary bladder lamina propria mucosa urinary bladder lamina propria mucosae wall of intestine An anatomical wall that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of bowel anatomical wall of intestine bowel anatomical wall bowel wall bowel wall intestinal wall intestine anatomical wall intestine wall wall of bowel pancreatic acinus The secretory units of the exocrine pancreas, where fluid containing digestive enzymes is produced; consists of a group of secretory cells surrounding a luminal space that connects to the pancreatic duct. acinus pancreaticus pancreas acinus pancreatic acinar pancreatic acini pancreas An endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating enzymes[GO]. splenic cord A structure found in the red pulp of the spleen between the sinusoids, consisting of fibrils and connective tissue cells with a large population of monocytes and macrophages. These cords contain half of the human body's monocytes as a reserve so that after tissue injury these monocytes can move in and aid locally sourced monocytes in wound healing. Erythrocytes pass through the cords of Billroth before entering the sinusoids. The passage into the sinusoids may be seen as a bottleneck, where erythrocytes need to be flexible in order to pass through. In disorders of erythrocyte shape and/or flexibility, such as hereditary spherocytosis, erythrocytes fail to pass through and get phagocytosed, causing extravascular hemolysis. cord of Billroth cord of Bilroth pelvic girdle region The organism subdivision that includes the pelvic girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions. girdle - pelvic pelvic girdle epithelium of stomach The epithelial layer of the stomach . epithelial tissue of stomach epithelial tissue of ventriculus epithelium of ventriculus gastric epithelium stomach epithelial tissue stomach epithelium ventriculus epithelial tissue ventriculus epithelium intestinal epithelium Epithelial layer that lines the intestine. bowel epithelial tissue bowel epithelium epithelial tissue of bowel epithelial tissue of intestine epithelium of bowel epithelium of intestine intestine epithelial tissue intestine epithelium villous epithelium epithelium of large intestine An epithelium that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of large intestine large intestinal epithelium large intestine epithelial tissue large intestine epithelium portal triad A multi-organ-part structure that consists of three vessels of the portal lobule including the bile duct, a terminal branch of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and may also include a lymphatic vessel trias hepatica trias hepatica liver parenchyma The functional units of the liver including the lobules. hepatic parenchyma hepatic parenchyme liver parenchyme parenchyma of liver hepatic sinusoid Wide thin-walled blood vessels in the liver. In mammals they have neither veinous or arterial markers. hepatic sinusoids liver hepatic sinusoids liver sinusoid liver sinusoidal blood vessel sinusoid of liver sinusoidal blood vessel of liver vas capillare sinusoideum vas sinusoideum intralobular bile duct canal of Hering canal of Herring canals of Hering cholangiole duct of Herring ductus interlobularis bilifer intrahepatic bile ductule the tubules located between the bile canaliculi and interlobular bile ducts near the outer edge of a classic liver lobule nephron The basic functional unit of the kidney. its chief function is to regulate the concentration of water and soluble substances like sodium salts by filtering the blood, reabsorbing what is needed and excreting the rest as urine. A nephron eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume and blood pressure, controls levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulates blood pH. Its functions are vital to life and are regulated by the endocrine system by hormones such as antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and parathyroid hormone.[WP] mature nephron nephroneum tubulus renalis proximal convoluted tubule 1st convoluted tubule PCT The proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the proximal tubule and extends from the glomerular capsule to the proximal straight tubule. first convoluted tubule kidney proximal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted renal tubule renal proximal convoluted tubule tubulus contortus proximalis tubulus contortus proximalis tubulus convolutus proximalis loop of Henle Henle loop Henle's loop ansa nephroni the section of the renal tubule in the kidney medulla with a hairpin bend; consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb, and is situated between the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule; it functions to reabsorb water and ions from the urine descending limb of loop of Henle descending limb descending limb of Henle's loop loop of Henle descending limb the portion of the renal tubule that constitutes the proximal part of the loop of Henle, has low permeability to ions and urea, and is highly permeable to water; it consists of an initial short thick segment lined by low simple cuboidal epithelium and a long thin segment lined by simple squamous epithelium; however, this distinction is not as important physiologically as in the ascending limb, so often the two are treated as one structure proximal straight tubule S3 The proximal straight tubule is the part of the descending limb that extends from the proximal convoluted tubule to the descending thin tubule. pars recta pars recta tubuli renalis proximal tubule segment 3 segment 3 of proximal tubule thick descending limb of proximal tubule tubulus rectus proximalis thick ascending limb of loop of Henle ascending thick limb distal straight tubule loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment straight portion of distal convoluted renal tubule straight portion of distal convoluted tubule the distal sub-portion of the ascending loop of Henle which is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium and enters the renal cortex to empty a hypotonic filtrate into the distal convoluted tubule thick ascending limb thick ascending limb of Henle's loop thick ascending limb of distal tubule tubulus rectus distalis tubulus rectus distalis distal convoluted tubule The first segment of the nephron lying just downstream from the loop of Henle, immediately after the macula densa. distal convoluted renal tubule second convoluted tubule tubulus contortus distalis tubulus contortus distalis tubulus convolutus distalis outer medulla of kidney The renal outer medulla is the region of the kidney that lies between the renal cortex and the renal inner medulla[GO]. kidney outer medulla outer renal medulla outer zone of medulla of kidney outer zone of renal medulla renal outer medulla set of outer region of renal pyramids zona externa (medullaris renalis) zona externa medullae renalis inner medulla of kidney Innermost region of the mammalian kidney. inner renal medulla inner zone of medulla of kidney inner zone of renal medulla kidney inner medulla renal inner medulla set of inner region of renal pyramids zona interna (medullaris renalis) zona interna medullae renalis endometrium the glandular mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the estrous/menstrual cycle and during pregnancy tunica mucosa (endometrium) tunica mucosa uteri uterine endometrium uterine mucosa uterine mucous membrane myometrium the smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ and surrounds and supports the endometrium tunica muscularis tunica muscularis (myometrium) uterine myometrium uterine smooth muscle serosa of uterus Outer serosa layer of the uterus. perimetrium serous coat of uterus serous membrane of uterus tunica serosa (perimetrium) tunica serosa uteri uterine serosa uterus serosa uterus serous membrane visceral peritoneum of uterus epididymis Nebenhoden@de the elongated structure connected to the posterior surface of the testis that transports, stores, and matures spermatozoa between testis and vas deferens ovarian follicle A spherical aggregation of cells in the ovary that contains a single oocyte[WP,modified]. egg follicle follicle of ovary follicle of ovary viewed macroscopically folliculi ovarici primarii folliculi ovarici vesiculosi ovary follicle umbilical artery The umbilical artery is a paired artery (with one for each half of the body) that is found in the abdominal and pelvic regions. In the fetus, it extends into the umbilical cord. [WP,unvetted]. a. umbilicalis vaginal vein One the veins that drains the vaginal venous plexus, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,modified]. vagina vein vein of vagina muscle of pelvis Muscle (organ) which is a part of the pelvis. Examples: levator ani, muscle organ of pelvis pelvic muscle pelvis muscle pelvis muscle organ lobe of prostate A portion of a prostate that forms a lobe. lobe of prostate gland prostate gland lobe prostatic lobe skin of penis A zone of skin that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition]. penile skin penis skin penis zone of skin zone of skin of penis prepuce of penis A retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis and protects the urinary meatus when the penis is not erect. foreskin penile prepuce praeputium prepuce prepuce of male prepucium preputium preputium penis male urethra A urethra that is part of a male reproductive system. female urethra A urethra that is part of a female reproductive system. urethra feminina urethra muliebris urethral gland Any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the male or female urethra that help protect the epithelium from the corrosive urine gland of urethra urethra gland urethra gland (male or female) urethral mucuous gland seminiferous tubule of testis seminiferous cord seminiferous tubule testis - seminiferous tubule the tubules in the testes where spermatogenesis occurs tubuli seminiferi tubuli seminiferi epithelium of vagina The epithelial layer of the vagina. epithelial tissue of vagina epithelium, vaginal vagina epithelial tissue vagina epithelium vaginal epithelium white adipose tissue Connective tissue consisting of fat-storing cells and arranged in lobular groups or along minor blood vessels[MP,modified] adipocytus unigutturalis textus adiposus albus textus adiposus albus unilocular adipose tissue white fat brown adipose tissue A thermogenic form of adipose tissue that is composed of brown adipocytes[MP,modified] adipocytus multigutturalis brown fat multilocular adipose tissue textus adiposus fuscus textus adiposus fuscus lacrimal sac The upper dilated end of the nasolacrimal duct that is lodged in a deep groove formed by the lacrimal bone and frontal process of the maxilla; it connects the lacrimal canaliculi, which drain tears from the eye's surface, and the nasolacrimal duct, which conveys this fluid into the nasal cavity; like the nasolacrimal duct, the sac is lined by stratified columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting goblet cells, and is surrounded by connective tissue. lachrymal sac lacrymal sac saccus lacrimalis external acoustic meatus A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter. auditory canal auditory meatus ear canal external acoustic tube external auditory canal external auditory meatus external auditory tube anal region The anus and surrounding regions. Encompasses both internal and external regions, where present posterior posterior end of organism cerebrospinal fluid A clear, colorless, bodily fluid, that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord. CSF cerebral spinal fluid liquor cerebrospinalis spinal fluid parietal peritoneum The outer layer of peritoneum that is attached to the abdominal and pelvic walls. parietal serous membrane of peritoneum peritoneal cavity lining muscle of leg A muscle that is part of the region of the hindlimb between the pelvis and ankle. leg muscle leg muscle organ leg skeletal muscle leg skeletal muscle tissue muscle of hindlimb zeugopod or stylopod muscle of thigh or crus muscle of upper or lower hindlimb segment muscle of upper/lower leg muscle organ of leg skeletal muscle of leg skin of pelvis A zone of skin that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. pelvic skin pelvis skin pelvis zone of skin zone of skin of pelvis skin of abdomen A zone of skin that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. abdomen skin abdomen zone of skin abdominal skin skin of abdomen proper zone of skin of abdomen skin of neck A zone of skin that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. neck (volume) zone of skin neck skin neck zone of skin zone of skin of neck zone of skin of neck (volume) skin of thorax A zone of skin that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. thoracic skin thorax skin thorax zone of skin upper body skin zone of skin of thorax skin of limb A zone of skin that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. limb skin limb zone of skin zone of skin of limb pectoral girdle region An organism subdivision that includes the pectoral girdle skeleton and associated soft tissue. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). Examples: There are only two instances in an organism, right and left pectoral girdle regions. cingulum membri superioris cingulum membri superioris girdle - pectoral pectoral girdle pectoral region shoulder girdle upper limb girdle facial lymphatic vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a face [Automatically generated definition]. FL buccal lymphatic vessel face lymph vessel face lymphatic vessel lymph vessel of face lymphatic vessel of face pectoral lymphatic vessel PL skeletal system Anatomical system that is a multi-element, multi-tissue anatomical cluster that consists of the skeleton and the articular system. Skelettsystem set of all bones and joints skeleton system phalanx of manus A phalanx that is part of a forelimb autopod[Automatically generated definition]. bone of finger digital bone of manus digitus manus phalanx finger phalanx hand digit phalanx hand phalanx manual phalanx phalanges of fore digit phalanx of digit of hand phalanx of digitus manus phalanx of finger phalanx of fore digit phalanx of hand phalanx of hand digit phalanx of manual digit metaphysis Zone of long bone that is between the epiphysis and diaphysis. Subdivision of diaphysis which forms the proximal or distal end of diaphysis next to the epiphysis; together with diaphysis proper, it constitutes the diaphysis. Examples: proximal metaphysis of humerus, distal metaphysis of femur.[FMA] diaphyseal end of long bone long bone metaphysis metaphyses forelimb skeleton The collection of all skeletal elements in a free forelimb region. Excludes the pectoral girdle bones of upper limb fore limb skeleton forelimb skeleton free upper limb skeleton ossa membri superioris pectoral limb skeleton set of bones of upper limb skeleton of forelimb skeleton of free upper limb skeleton of pectoral limb skeleton of upper limb upper limb skeleton wing skeleton hindlimb skeleton Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb region. bones of lower limb free lower limb skeleton hind limb skeleton hind-limb skeleton hindlimb skeleton lower limb skeleton ossa membri inferioris set of bones of lower limb skeleton of free lower limb skeleton of lower limb skeleton of manus Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a manus, which is the distal section of the anterior forelimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the wrist, palm, and fingers)[Phenoscape]. anterior autopodium anterior autopodium skeleton bones of hand fore autopod skeleton forelimb autopod skeleton hand region skeleton hand skeleton manual skeleton manus manus skeleton ossa manus set of bones of hand skeleton of hand chest Subdivision of trunk proper, which is demarcated from the neck by the plane of the superior thoracic aperture and from the abdomen internally by the inferior surface of the diaphragm and externally by the costal margin and associated with the thoracic vertebral column and ribcage and from the back of the thorax by the external surface of the posterolateral part of the rib cage, the anterior surface of the thoracic vertebral column and the posterior axillary lines; together with the abdomen and the perineum, it constitutes the trunk proper[FMA]. anterolateral part of thorax front of thorax pectus thoracic body wall thorax ventral part of thoracic region subdivision of head head region head subdivision region of head skeleton of pes Subdivision of skeleton that is the collection of all skeletal elements in a pes, which is the distal section of the posterior hindlimb skeleton consisting of the mesopodium, the metapodium and the acropodium (e.g. including the ankle, sole, and toes)[Phenoscape]. foot region skeleton foot skeleton pedal skeleton pes pes skeleton posterior autopodium posterior autopodium skeleton set of bones of foot skeleton of foot phalanx of pes A phalanx that is part of a hindlimb autopod[Automatically generated definition]. bone of toe digital bone of pes digitus pedis phalanx foot digit phalanx foot phalanx pedal phalanx phalanges of hind digit phalanx of digit of foot phalanx of digitus pedis phalanx of foot digit phalanx of hind digit phalanx of pes phalanx of toe toe phalanx face A subdivision of the head that has as parts the layers deep to the surface of the anterior surface, including the mouth, eyes, and nose (when present). In vertebrates, this includes the facial skeleton and structures superficial to the facial skeleton (cheeks, mouth, eyeballs, skin of face, etc). facia/facies visage skin of eyelid A zone of skin that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. blepharon zone of skin eyelid skin eyelid zone of skin zone of skin of blepharon zone of skin of eyelid skin of external ear A zone of skin that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition]. auricular region of head zone of skin auricular region zone of skin ear skin external ear skin external ear zone of skin outer ear zone of skin zone of skin of auricular region zone of skin of auricular region of head zone of skin of external ear zone of skin of outer ear arm The part of the forelimb extending from the shoulder to the autopod[cjm]. brachium upper extremity knee A segment of the hindlimb that corresponds to the joint connecting a hindlimb stylopod and zeugopod. knee region pedal digit A digit that is part of a pes (foot). digit of foot digit of terminal segment of lower limb digiti pedis digiti pedis digitipedis digitus pedis foot digit hind digit hind_digit hindlimb digit pedal digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue pes digit toe intervertebral joint The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies. May be composed of the nucleus pulposus, annular ligament, and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments. inter-centrum joint inter-vertebral joint intervertebral symphysis joint of vertebral body vertebral joint skin of prepuce of penis foreskin of penis penis foreskin preputial skin the loose fold of skin that covers the penis vaginal venous plexus The vaginal plexuses are placed at the sides of the vagina; they communicate with the uterine, vesical, and hemorrhoidal plexuses, and are drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side, into the hypogastric veins. [WP,unvetted]. plexus venosus vaginalis venous vaginal plexus lymphatic vessel A vessel that contains or conveys lymph, that originates as an interfibrillar or intercellular cleft or space in a tissue or organ, and that if small has no distinct walls or walls composed only of endothelial cells and if large resembles a vein in structure[BTO]. lymph vessel vas lymphaticum bone element Skeletal element that is composed of bone tissue. bone bone element bone organ bones sesamoid bone A sesamoid element that is composed of bone tissue. ossa sesamoidea sesamoid knee joint The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella. It is the largest and most complicated joint in the human body. The knee is a mobile trocho-ginglymus (i.e. a pivotal hinge joint), which permits flexion and extension as well as a slight medial and lateral rotation[WP,unvetted]. articulatio genus joint of knee pes joint A skeletal joint that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. articulationes pedis foot joint hind limb autopod joint joint of pes joint of terminal segment of free lower limb joints of foot pedal joint ankle joint A joint that connects the hindlimb autopod and zeugopod skeletons. gambrel hock hock joint mortise joint talocrural articulation talocrural joint talotibial joint manus joint A skeletal joint that is part of a manus (hand) [Automatically generated definition]. articulationes manus hand joint joint of hand joint of manus joint of terminal segment of free upper limb manual joint muscle of pelvic girdle Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. girdle-pelvic muscle organ muscle organ of girdle-pelvic muscle organ of pelvic girdle muscle organ of pelvic girdle bone pelvic girdle muscle pelvic girdle muscle organ pelvic girdle skeletal muscle muscle of pes Any muscle organ that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. foot muscle foot muscle organ muscle of foot muscle organ of foot muscle of arm A muscle organ that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. arm muscle arm muscle system arm skeletal muscle arm skeletal muscle tissue muscle of upper arm or lower arm upper arm / lower arm muscle muscle of manus Any muscle organ that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. hand muscle manus muscle manus muscle organ muscle of hand muscle organ of manus skin of knee A zone of skin that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. knee skin knee zone of skin zone of skin of knee skin of leg A zone of skin that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. leg skin leg zone of skin zone of skin of leg skin of pes A zone of skin that is part of a pes [Automatically generated definition]. foot skin skin of foot skin of hind-paw thoracic aorta aorta thoracalis aorta thoracica pars thoracica aortae the part of the aorta that extends from the origin at the heart to the diaphragm, and from which arises numerous branches that supply oxygenated blood to the chest cage and the organs within the chest thoracic part of aorta skin of manus A zone of skin that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. hand skin manus skin skin of fore-paw skin of hand brachiocephalic artery brachiocephalic trunk innominate innominate artery the short first aortic arch branch and divides into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery truncus brachiocephalicus truncus brachiocephalicus subclavian artery One of two laterally paired arteries that supplies the pectoral appendages, usually branching from the dorsal aorta PA arteria subclavia arteria subclavia arterial tree of upper limb pectoral artery subclavian arterial tree kidney arcuate artery One of the curved arteries at the corticomedullary border of the kidney that arise from the interlobar arteries and give rise to the interlobular arteries. arcuate artery renal arcuate artery digestive tract A tube extending from the mouth to the anus. alimentary canal alimentary tract digestive canal digestive tube enteric tract gut gut tube lower urinary tract Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the urinary bladder and the urethra. upper respiratory tract The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the nose and ends distally with the cricoid cartilage, before continuing to the trachea. lower respiratory tract The segment of the respiratory tract that starts proximally with the trachea and includes all distal structures including the lungs[WP,modified] neck of organ organ neck extrinsic muscle of tongue A muscle organ that attaches the tongue to some other structure. extrinsic lingual muscle extrinsic tongue muscle intrinsic muscle of tongue The intrinsic tongue muscles are an integral part of the tongue and completely contained within the tongue that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XII. intrinsic lingual muscle intrinsic tongue muscle facial muscle A muscle innervated by a facial nerve. cranial-facial muscle cranio-facial muscle craniofacial muscle face muscle face muscle organ facial muscle facial muscle proper facial nerve innervated muscle facial nerve muscle mimetic muscles muscle of face muscle of facil expression muscle organ of face muscles of facial expression musculi faciei venous plexus A congregation of multiple veins. plexus venosus rete venosum venous network ciliary muscle Bowman`s muscles The ciliary muscle is a ring of smooth muscle in the middle layer of the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of aqueous humour through Schlemm's canal. [WP,unvetted]. ciliaris musculus ciliaris musculus ciliarus muscle of iris . iris muscle iris muscle organ muscle organ of iris sphincter pupillae A sphincter muscle that is part of the iris. M. sphincter pupillae circular fibers constrictor pupillae iris constrictor iris constrictor muscle iris sphincter iris sphincter muscle m. sphincter pupillae musculus sphincter pupillae pupillary constrictor muscle pupillary sphincter pupillary sphincter muscle sphincter muscle of pupil sphincter pupillae sphincter pupillae muscle spincter pupillae dilatator pupillae A smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris that functions as a dilator. [WP,unvetted]. dilator muscle of pupil dilator of pupil dilator pupillae dilator pupillae muscle dilator pupillae muscle iris dilator iris dilator muscle musculus dilatator pupillae musculus dilatator pupillae musculus dilator pupillae pupil dilator pupil dilator muscle pupillary dilator pupillary dilator muscle pupillary muscle radial muscle radial muscle of iris radiating fibers coronary artery An artery that supplies the myocardium. coronary arterial tree coronary vessel muscle organ Organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work[GO]. muscle artery An epithelial tube or tree of tibes that transports blood away from the heart[modified from AEO definition]. arterial subtree arterial system arterial tree organ part arterial vessel arteries vein Any of the tubular branching vessels that carry blood from the capillaries toward the heart. vascular element vena venae venous subtree venous tree organ part venous vessel facial nerve 7n CN-VII Cranial nerve that branches into the supraorbital (supplying the skin of the eye region and the lateral line organs here), the palatine (to the roof of the buccal cavity), and the hyomandibular (dividing into the jugular and mental branches). branchiomeric cranial nerve cranial nerve VII face nerve facial VII facial VII nerve facial nerve [VII] facial nerve or its root facial nerve tree facial nerve/root nerve VII nerve of face nervus facialis nervus facialis nervus facialis [vii] seventh cranial nerve temporal bone os temporale the large, irregular bone located at the base and side of the skull; consists of three parts at birth: squamous, tympanic, and petrous ear Sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals. auditory apparatus auris external ear Part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It typically consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull[GO]. auricular region auricular region of head auris externa outer ear petrous part of temporal bone The petrous portion of the temporal bone or pyramid is pyramidal and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents for examination a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and contains, in its interior, the essential parts of the organ of hearing. The petrous portion is among the most basal elements of the skull and forms part of the endocranium.[WP,unvetted]. pars petrosa (os temporale) pars petrosa ossis temporalis petromastoid part of temporal bone petrosal petrosal bone petrous bone temporal bone petrous part neurocranium Subdivision of skeletal system that surrounds and protects the brain. Includes the skull base, sensory capsules and the central part of the skull roof. brain box brain case brain pan braincase nasal cavity An anatomical cavity that is part of the olfactory apparatus. This includes the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present. cavitas nasalis cavitas nasi cavity of nose cavity of olfactory apparatus cavum nasi nasal canal nasal conduit space nasal fossa nasal pit olfactory cavity olfactory chamber olfactory chamber cavity olfactory pit jaw skeleton Subdivision of skeleton which includes upper and lower jaw skeletons. anterior splanchnocranium jaw jaw cartilage jaws mandibular arch mandibular arch skeleton oral jaw skeleton pharyngeal arch 1 skeleton visceral arch 1 lower jaw region Subdivision of head that consists of the lower jaw skeletal elements plus associated soft tissue (skin, lips, muscle)[cjm]. lower part of mouth mandibular part of mouth mandibular series eyelid A fold of skin that covers and protects part of the eyeball. Examples: upper eyelid, lower eyelid, nictitating membrane blephara blepharon eye lid palpebra palpebrae cranial ganglion cranial ganglia cranial ganglion cranial ganglion part of peripheral nervous system cranial ganglion/nerve cranial nerve ganglion cranial neural ganglion cranial neural tree organ ganglion ganglion of cranial nerve ganglion of cranial neural tree organ head ganglion presumptive cranial ganglia the groups of nerve cell bodies associated with the twelve cranial nerves tongue A muscular organ in the floor of the mouth. glossus nasopharynx Nasenrachenraum epipharynx nasal part of pharynx pars nasalis pharyngis rhinopharynx the section of the pharynx that lies above the soft palate tonsillar ring Waldeyer's ring Waldeyer's tonsillar ring anulus lymphoideus pharyngis oropharyngeal lymphoid tissue pharyngeal lymphatic ring pharyngeal lymphoid ring the circular lymphoid tissue formed by the lingual, pharyngeal, and facial tonsils lymphoid tissue Portion of connective tissue with various types of white blood cells enmeshed in it, most numerous being the lymphocytes[WP]. lymphatic tissue lymphocytic tissue secondary nodular lymphoid tissue A lymphoid follicle that contains a germinal center. peripheral lymphoid tissue secondary lymphoid nodule secondary lymphoid tissue capsule of thyroid gland capsula fibrosa glandulae thyroideae fibrous capsule of thyroid gland thyroid capsule thyroid gland capsule parenchyma of thyroid gland A parenchyma that is part of a thyroid follicle [Automatically generated definition]. parenchyma glandulae thyroideae parenchyma of thyroid parenchyma of thyroid follicle parenchyma of thyroid gland follicle thyroid follicle parenchyma thyroid gland follicle parenchyma thyroid gland parenchyma thyroid parenchyma parenchyma of parathyroid gland A parenchyma that is part of a parathyroid gland [Automatically generated definition]. parathyroid gland parenchyma parathyroid parenchyma parenchyma of parathyroid lacrimal apparatus A network of orbital structures of the eye that secrete and drain tears from the surface of the eyeball into the nasal cavity; these parts include the lacrimal glands, lacrimal lake, lacrimal ducts, lacrimal canals, lacrimal sacs, nasolacrimal ducts, and lacrimal puncta. apparatus lacrimalis lacrimal drainage system lacrymal system nasolacrimal drainage system nasolacrimal system dentine Collagen-rich odontogenic tissue characteristic of teeth and tooth-like skeletal elements (e.g., odontodes); mature dentine is mineralized and develops from predentine tissue; often (but not always) tubular and acellular. dentin dentine of tooth predentin enamel A dentine-like hypermineralized substance that covers the tooth tip. Enamel's primary mineral is hydroxylapatite, which is a crystalline calcium phosphate. Unlike dentin and bone, enamel does not contain collagen. Instead, it has two unique classes of proteins called amelogenins and enamelins[WP]. enamel of tooth enamel tissue enameloid tooth enamel cementum Odontoid tissue that is deposited by cementoblasts onto dentine tissue and functions to attach teeth, odontodes and other odontogenic derivatives to bone tissue and the integument. bone of attachment cement cement of tooth cementum cementum of tooth dental pulp The part in the center of a tooth made up of living soft tissue and cells called odontoblasts[WP]. dental pulp cell pulp of tooth tooth pulp middle ear The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window)[GO]. auris media pinna The part of the ear that projects from the head, connecting to the external acoustic meatus. auricle auricle of ear auricle of external ear auricula auricula (auris externa) pinna of ear pinnae periodontium The tissues that invest or help to invest and support the teeth, including the periodontal ligament, gingivae, cementum, and alveolar and supporting bone[BTO]. paradentium periodontal ligament periodontal membrane tooth supporting structure odontogenic papilla A condensation of odontoblasts that forms the part of a tooth germ that gives rise to dentin and pulp in the mature tooth. It lies below a cellular aggregation known as the enamel organ. dental papilla dentinal papilla dermal papilla odontogenic condensation papilla dentis pharyngeal tooth mesenchyme tooth mesenchyme mammary duct Epithelial tube that transports milk[GO]. ductus lactiferi galactophorous duct galactophorous tubule lactiferous duct lactiferous gland duct lactiferous tubule mammary gland duct mammilary duct anterior chamber of eyeball anterior chamber anterior chamber of eye camera anterior camera anterior bulbi camera anterior bulbi oculi camera oculi anterior eye anterior chamber the space in the eye, filled with aqueous humor, and bounded anteriorly by the cornea and a small portion of the sclera and posteriorly by a small portion of the ciliary body, the iris, and part of the crystalline lens uvea pars iridica retinae the pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye, consisting of the iris, ciliary body and choroid[WP,edited]. tunica vasculatis oculi tunica vasculosa bulbi tunica vasculosa of eyeball uvea uveal tract vascular layer of eyeball iris anterior uvea irides irises the adjustable membrane, composed of the stroma and pigmented epithelium, located just in front of the crystalline lens within the eye lacrimal canaliculus The part of the lacrimal duct that connects the lacrimal punctum to the lacrimal sac. canaliculus lacrimalis corneal epithelium anterior corneal epithelium anterior endothelium of cornea cornea epithelial tissue cornea epithelium e. anterius corneae endothelium anterius corneae endothelium camerae anterioris bulbi endothelium corneale epithelial tissue of cornea epithelium anterius (cornea) epithelium anterius corneae epithelium corneæ anterior layer epithelium of cornea epithelium posterius corneae external epithelium of cornea the smooth stratified squamous epithelium that covers the outer surface of the cornea sclera Opaque fibrous outer layer of the eyeball[ZFA,Kardong,WP]. scleral capsule skeletal muscle of trunk A skeletal muscle organ that is part of the trunk region. body musculature muscle of trunk muscle organ of torso muscle organ of trunk torso muscle organ trunk muscle trunk muscle organ trunk musculature ciliary body anterior uvea ciliary bodies corpus ciliare ocular ciliary body the thickened portion of the vascular tunic, which lies between the choroid and the iris, composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes optic choroid chorioid choroid choroid coat choroidea choroidea eye choroid optic choroid posterior uvea vascular layer containing connective tissue, of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract[WP]. substantia propria of cornea corneal stroma stroma of cornea substantia propria substantia propria corneae the lamellated connective tissue of the cornea between the Bowman and Descemet membranes ciliary epithelium A double layer covering the ciliary body that produces aqueous humor. ciliary body epithelium epithelium of ciliary body ocular ciliary epithelium iris stroma The delicate vascular connective tissue that lies between the anterior surface of the iris and the pars iridica retinae. iridial stroma stroma of iris spinal nerve backbone nerve nerve of backbone nerve of spinal column nerve of spine nerve of vertebral column nervi spinales spinal column nerve spinal nerve tree spinal nerves spine nerve the any of the paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment[MP,modified] vertebral column nerve layer of retina Any of the layers that make up the retina[MP]. retina layer retina neuronal layer retinal layer retinal neuronal layer pigmented layer of retina A monolayer of pigmented epithelium covering the neural retina; develops from the outer of the two layers of the optic cup[ZFA]. the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells[WP]. PRE RPE epithelium, retinal pigment outer pigmented layer of retina p. pigmentosa retinae pigment epithelium of retina pigmented epithelium pigmented retina pigmented retina epithelium pigmented retinal epithelium retinal pigment epithelium retinal pigment layer retinal pigmented epithelium stratum pigmentosa retinae stratum pigmentosum (retina) stratum pigmentosum retinae cranial nerve Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. cranial nerves cranial neural tree organ nervus cranialis inner nuclear layer of retina Cytoarchitectural layer of retina containing closely packed cell bodies, the majority of which are bipolar cells (adapted from Wikipedia). INL inner nuclear layer intermediate cell layer layer of inner granules neural retina inner nuclear layer retina inner nuclear layer retina, inner nuclear layer retinal inner nuclear layer stratum nucleare internum stratum nucleare internum retinae aqueous humor of eyeball A thick watery refractive medium that fills the space between the lens and the cornea[WP]. aqueous humor aqueous humour humor aquosus vitreous humor A transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina humor vitreous humor vitreus humoral fluid ocular fluid portion of vitreous humor vitreous vitreous fluid vitreous humour whole portion of vitreous humor vitreous body Gelatinous mucoid tissue that is composed of vitreous humor and fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina[MP,modified] vitreous chamber of eyeball The chamber in the eyeball enclosing the vitreous humor, bounded anteriorly by the lens and ciliary body and posteriorly by the posterior wall of the eyeball[BTO,modified]. camera postrema camera postrema bulbi oculi camera vitrea camera vitrea bulbi postremal chamber postremal chamber of eyeball vitreous chamber sensory ganglion The clusters of neurons in the somatic peripheral nervous system which contain the cell bodies of sensory nerve axons, interneurons and non-neuronal supporting cells. ganglion sensorium anterior segment of eyeball anterior eye segment anterior segment eye anterior segment of eye anterior segment of the eye any of the parts of the eye that lie in front of, or ventral to, the lens (inclusive) eye anterior segment segmentum anterius (bulbus oculi) segmentum anterius bulbi oculi posterior segment of eyeball any of the parts of the eye that lie in back of, or dorsal to, the lens (but not inclusive) eye posterior segment posterior eye segment posterior segment eye posterior segment of eye posterior segment of the eye segmentum posterius (bulbus oculi) segmentum posterius bulbi oculi epithelium of lens A layer of epithelial cells that is part of the eye. epithelial tissue of eye lens epithelial tissue of lens epithelium lentis epithelium of eye lens eye lens epithelial tissue eye lens epithelium lens epithelial tissue lens epithelium autonomic ganglion autonomic nervous system ganglion ganglion autonomicum ganglion of autonomic nervous system ganglion of visceral nervous system ganglion that has dendrites that form a junction between autonomic nerves originating from the central nervous system and autonomic nerves innervating their target organs in the periphery. There are two subtypes, sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion. visceral nervous system ganglion sympathetic ganglion A ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system. Examples: paravertebral and the prevertebral ganglia, which include the sympathetic chain ganglia, the superior, middle, and inferior cervical ganglia, and the aorticorenal, celiac, and stellate ganglia ganglion of sympathetic nervous system ganglion of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion sympatheticum ganglion sympathicum sympathetic nervous system ganglion sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system ganglion paravertebral ganglion Trunk ganglion which is part of a bilaterally paired set of sympathetic ganglia located anterior and lateral to the spinal cord. ganglia of sympathetic trunk ganglia trunci sympathici ganglion of sympathetic trunk ganglion trunci sympathetici ganglion trunci sympathici paravertebral ganglia paravertebral ganglion sympathetic chain ganglia sympathetic chain ganglion conjunctiva conjunctivae conjunctivas the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the front of the eyeball tunica conjunctiva wall of conjunctival sac lacrimal gland The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, located in or near the orbital region, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tear film.[WP]. glandula lacrimalis glandula praeorbitalis lacrimal-preorbital gland preorbital gland tear gland sweat gland any of the coil glands of the skin that secrete sweat glandula sudorifera sudoriferous gland sudoriparous gland sebaceous gland A holocrine gland that secretes sebum into the hair follicles, or in hairless areas into ducts.[MP]. glandula sebacea glandula sebaceae sebaceous follicle nasal cartilage One of the cartilage structures in the nose that provide form and support[WP]. cartilage of nose nasal cavity mucosa The mucous membrane that lines the nasal cavity[MP]. mucosa of nose mucous membrane of nose nasal mucosa tunica mucosa nasalis tunica mucosa nasi gingiva The fibrous investing tissue, covered by keratinized epithelium, that immediately surrounds a tooth and is contiguous with its periodontal ligament and with the mucosal tissues of the mouth[Glossary of Periodontal Terms 2001]. gingival mucosa gum gum tissue gums saliva A fluid produced in the oral cavity by salivary glands, typically used in predigestion, but also in other functions. sailva normalis saliva atomaris saliva molecularis salivary gland secretion duct of salivary gland The duct of a salivary gland. salivary duct salivary gland duct secretory duct bony labyrinth A system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. labyrinthus osseus osseous labyrinth osseus labyrinth semicircular canal One of three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear[WP]. canalis semicircularis ductus semicirculares scc semicircular canals semicircular ducts cochlea cochleae cochlear duct cochlear organ cochlear part of bony labyrinth lagena lagenas the spiral-shaped bony canal in the inner ear containing the hair cells that transduce sound. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea. [WP,modified]. internal ear Complex labyrinthine structure that comprises sensory endorgans specialized for vestibular, auditory, and acoustico-vestibular sensation. auris interna inner ear labyrinth otocyst auricular cartilage cartilage of pinna cartilage of the pinna and much of the external ear canal. pinna cartilage membranous labyrinth Organ with organ cavity which consists of the vestibular labyrinth and the cochlear labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth is lodged within the bony labyrinth and has the same general form; it is, however, considerably smaller and is partly separated from the bony walls by a quantity of fluid, the perilymph.[FMA, WP] labyrinthus membranaceus lacrimal drainage system A collection of channels that connects the conjunctival sac with the nasal cavity, encompassing the lacrimal ducts, the lacrimal sac and the naso-lacrimal duct. tear duct cortex Outermost layer of an organ[WP]. cortex cortex of organ utricle of membranous labyrinth membranous labyrinth utricle the larger of the two otolith organs in the vestibule utricle utriculus utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) saccule of membranous labyrinth membranous labyrinth saccule saccule sacculus sacculus sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) the smaller of the two otolith organs in the vestibule cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth An endolymph filled cavity inside the cochlea, located in between the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli, separated by the basilar membrane and Reissner's membrane (the vestibular membrane) respectively. Houses the organ of Corti[WP]. Reissner's canal Reissners canal cochlea duct cochlear aqueduct cochlear duct ductus cochlearis membranous cochlea scala media scala medias scala of Loewenberg semicircular duct Any of the three loop-shaped membranous inner tubular parts of the semicircular canals that are about one-fourth the diameter of the corresponding outer bony canals, that communicate at each end with the utricle, and that have near one end an expanded ampulla containing an area of sensory epithelium ductus semicirculares membranous semicircular canal vestibular labyrinth The part of the membranous labyrinth that includes the utricle and saccule lodged within the vestibule and the semicircular ducts lodged eccentrically in the corresponding canals. inner ear vestibular component labyrinthus vestibularis vestibular apparatus vestibular component sebum Fatty lubricant matter secreted by sebaceous glands, and made of made of triglyceride oils, wax, squalene, and metabolytes of fat-producing cells[BTO,WP]. cartilage of external ear A cartilage that is part of a external ear [Automatically generated definition]. external ear cartilage skin of chest A zone of skin that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. anterior thoracic region zone of skin anterolateral part of thorax zone of skin chest skin chest zone of skin front of thorax zone of skin zone of skin of anterior chest zone of skin of anterior part of thorax zone of skin of anterior thoracic region zone of skin of anterolateral part of thorax zone of skin of chest zone of skin of front of thorax zone of skin of pectoral part of chest cerebral hemisphere One of two bilateral, largely symmetrical organ subdivisions within the telencephalon which contain the cerebral cortex and cerebral white matter.[FMA] cerebrum hemisphere hemispheric regions hemispherium cerebri medial amygdalar nucleus nucleus amygdaloideus medialis nucleus medialis amygdalae choroid plexus A network formed by blood vessels and the tela choroidea which secretes CSF into the ventricular spaces. CP chorioid plexus choroid plexus of cerebral hemisphere plexus choroideus plexus choroideus ventricular choroid plexus forebrain FB The most anterior region the brain including both the telencephalon and diencephalon. prosencephalon midbrain MB The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles)[GO]. mesencephalon rhombomere A segment of the developing hindbrain[ZFA]. In the vertebrate embryo, a rhombomere is a transiently divided segment of the developing neural tube, within the hindbrain region (a neuromere) in the area that will eventually become the rhombencephalon. The rhombomeres appear as a series of slightly constricted swellings in the neural tube, caudal to the cephalic flexure.[WP]. future rhombencephalon hindbrain neuromere hindbrain neuromeres hindbrain segment rhombomere rhombomeres segment of hindbrain telencephalon Part of the forebrain consisting of paired olfactory bulbs and cerebral hemispheres. cerebrum endbrain supratentorial region diencephalon DiE The division of the forebrain that develops from the foremost primary cerebral vesicle. between brain betweenbrain diencephalon interbrain mature diencephalon thalamencephalon metencephalon Rostral segment of the hindbrain that has as its parts the pons (where present) and the cerebellum[WP,modified]. epencephalon epencephalon-2 medulla oblongata Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the medullary reticular formation, inferior olivary complex and cochlear nuclear complex, among other structures[FMA]. The medulla oblongata lies directly above the spinal cord and controls vital autonomic functions such as digestion, breathing and the control of heart rate[GO]. bulb bulbus medulla medulla oblonzata metepencephalon hypothalamus A specialized brain region of the ventral diencephalon arising near the end of the segmentation period; the embryonic hypothalamic region will give rise to the posterior pituitary gland as well as a number of brain nuclei. [ZFA]. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).[Wikipedia]. Hy hypothalamus preoptico-hypothalamic area preoptico-hypothalamic region epithelium of trachea epithelial tissue of trachea epithelial tissue of windpipe epithelium of windpipe the epithelial lining of the trachea which contains numerous ciliated cells trachea epithelial tissue trachea epithelium tracheal epithelium windpipe epithelial tissue windpipe epithelium epithelium of small intestine An epithelium that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of small bowel epithelial tissue of small intestine epithelium of small bowel mid intestine epithelium small bowel epithelial tissue small bowel epithelium small intestinal epithelium small intestine epithelial tissue small intestine epithelium mammary gland A specialized accessory gland of the skin of mammals that secretes milk. The gland is typically only developed in females, and regresses in males. Brustdruese dug glandula mammaria glandula mammaria lactiferous gland lobe of breast lobe of mammary gland mamma mammae milk patch lobule of mammary gland Organ component of the mammary gland which consists of an aggregate of mammary alveoli that communicate with a lobular lactiferous duct.[FMA] acinus of mammary gland lactiferous acinus lactiferous gland lobule lactiferous lobule lobule of lactiferous gland lobule of mammary gland mammary acinus mammary gland lobule milk An emulsion of fat globules within a fluid that is secreted by the mammary gland during lactation. mammary gland milk endothelium of capillary An endothelium that is part of a capillary [Automatically generated definition]. blood capillary endothelium capillary endothelium capillary vessel endothelium endothelium of blood capillary endothelium of capillary vessel endothelium of arteriole An endothelium that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. arteriole endothelium endothelium of artery An endothelium that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. arterial endothelium artery endothelium endothelium of venule An endothelium that is part of a venule [Automatically generated definition]. venule endothelium endothelium of vein An endothelium that is part of a vein [Automatically generated definition]. vein endothelium veinous endothelium venous endothelium paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus Nucleus in the anterior part of the hypothalamus. (MSH) * one of the magnocellular hypothalamic nuclei, an elongated plate of large, deeply staining cells located close to the third ventricle in the anterior hypothalamic area; major source of oxytocin and to a lesser extent, of antidiuretic hormone, neurohormones, which are carried to the neurohypophysis along the paraventriculohypophysial tract. (CSP) Pa filiform nucleus nuclei paraventriculares nuclei paraventricularis hypothalami nucleus filiformis nucleus hypothalami filiformis nucleus hypothalami paraventricularis nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus paraventricular nucleus paraventricular nucleus hypothalamus (Malone) paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus parvocellular hypothalamic nucleus subcommissural nucleus (Ziehen) midbrain tegmentum MTg Ventral part of the midbrain, separated from the hindbrain by the isthmus[ISBN10:0471888893]. Subdivision of the midbrain lying anterior to the tectum and posterior to the substantia nigra and cerebral peduncle[FMA] The part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct[WP]. mesencephalic tegmentum tegmentum tegmentum mesencephali tegmentum mesencephalicum tegmentum of midbrain regional part of spinal cord A multi-tissue structure that is part of a spinal cord. spinal cord part gingival epithelium A stratified squamous epithelium consisting of a basal layer; it is keratinized or parakeratinized[BTO]. epithelial tissue of gingiva epithelium of gingiva gingiva epithelial tissue gingiva epithelium neocortex An area of cerebral cortex defined on the basis of cytoarchitecture that have six layers. Starting from the cortical surface the layers are: molecular layer (I), external granular layer (II), external pyramidal layer (III), internal granular layer (IV), internal pyramidal layer (V), and multiform layer (VI). Neocortex is most prominent in the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe and the occipital lobe, less so in the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus and the insula. It is composed of two subdivisions: true isocortex and proisocortex (Carpenter-83)(NN) cerebral neocortex homogenetic cortex homotypical cortex iso-cortex isocortex isocortex (sensu lato) neocortex (isocortex) neopallial cortex neopallium nonolfactory cortex nucleus hypoglossalis epithelium of nasopharynx An epithelium that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue of nasopharynx epithelial tissue of rhinopharynx epithelium of nasal part of pharynx epithelium of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx epithelial tissue nasal part of pharynx epithelium nasopharyngeal epithelium nasopharynx epithelial tissue nasopharynx epithelium rhinopharynx epithelial tissue rhinopharynx epithelium Ammon's horn A part of the brain consisting of a three layered cortex located in the forebrain bordering the medial surface of the lateral ventricle. The term hippocampus is often used synonymously with hippocampal formation which consists of the hippocampus proper or Cornu Ammonis, the dentate gyrus and the subiculum. Ammon horn fields Ammon's horn Ammons horn ammon gyrus ammon horn cornu ammonis hippocampus hippocampus major hippocampus proper hippocampus proprius epithelium of respiratory bronchiole An epithelium that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiolus respiratorius epithelial tissue bronchiolus respiratorius epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiolus respiratorius epithelial tissue of respiratory bronchiole epithelium of bronchiolus respiratorius respiratory bronchiole epithelial tissue respiratory bronchiole epithelium cartilage of bronchus The hyaline cartilaginous structures that support the bronchi, present as irregular rings in the larger bronchi (and not as regular as in the trachea), and as small plates and islands in the smaller bronchi; as the branching continues through the bronchial tree, the amount of hyaline cartilage in the walls decreases until it is absent in the smallest bronchioles[MP]. bronchi cartilage bronchial cartilage bronchial cartilage ring bronchial trunk cartilage bronchus cartilage cartilage of bronchi cartilage of bronchial trunk cartilagines bronchiales submucosa of bronchus A submucosa that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi submucosa bronchial submucosa bronchial trunk submucosa bronchus submucosa submucosa of bronchi submucosa of bronchial trunk submucous layer of bronchi tela submucosa bronchi terminal bronchiole epithelium An epithelium that lines a terminal bronchiole. bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue bronchiolus terminalis epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiolus terminalis epithelial tissue of terminal bronchiole epithelium of bronchiolus terminalis epithelium of terminal bronchiole terminal bronchiole epithelial tissue terminal bronchiole epithelium white pulp of spleen noduli lymphoidei splenici pulpa alba spleen white pulp splenic white pulp the parenchymatous tissue of the spleen that surrounds splenic blood vessels, consists of compact masses of lymphatic cells and is where foreign material removed from the blood is used to initiate an immune reaction that results in the production of antibodies white pulp mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue MALT diffuse system of small concentrations of lymphoid tissue found in various sites of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, thyroid, breast, lung, salivary glands, eye, and skin[WP]. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes[GO]. epithelio-lymphoid tissue mucosa associated lymphatic tissue mucosa associated lymphoid tissue mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue mucosal-associated lymphatic tissue mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue gut-associated lymphoid tissue GALT Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in digestive tract. includes Peyer's patches, appendix, and solitary lymph nodules[GO]. gut associated lymphoid tissue bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue A diffuse collection of lymphpoid cells that participate in airway immune responses BALT bronchus associated lymphoid tissue blood plasma The liquid component of blood, in which erythrocytes are suspended. blood plasm plasma portion of blood plasma portion of plasma bile fel gall vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. submucosa of esophagus A submucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophageal submucosa esophagus submucosa gullet submucosa oesophagus submucosa submucosa of esophagus submucosa of gullet submucosa of oesophagus submucous layer of esophagus tela submucosa (oesophagus) tela submucosa esophagi tela submucosa oesophageae tela submucosa oesophagi tela submucosa of esophagus lamina propria of esophagus A lamina propria that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophageal lamina propria esophagus lamina propria esophagus lamina propria mucosa esophagus lamina propria mucosae gullet lamina propria gullet lamina propria mucosa gullet lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of esophagus lamina propria mucosa of gullet lamina propria mucosa of oesophagus lamina propria mucosae of esophagus lamina propria mucosae of gullet lamina propria mucosae of oesophagus lamina propria of gullet lamina propria of oesophagus oesophagus lamina propria oesophagus lamina propria mucosa oesophagus lamina propria mucosae serosa of esophagus A serous membrane that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophagus serosa esophagus serous membrane gullet serosa gullet serous membrane oesophagus serosa oesophagus serous membrane serosa of abdominal part of esophagus serosa of gullet serosa of oesophagus serous coat of oesophagus serous membrane of esophagus serous membrane of gullet serous membrane of oesophagus tunica serosa oesophageae epithelium of esophagus epithelial tissue of esophagus epithelial tissue of gullet epithelial tissue of oesophagus epithelium of gullet epithelium of oesophagus esophageal epithelium esophagus epithelial tissue esophagus epithelium gullet epithelial tissue gullet epithelium oesophagus epithelial tissue oesophagus epithelium the epithelial layer that lines the luminal space of the esophagus venule One of the minute vessels that collect deoxygenated blood from the capillary plexuses returns it to the veins venula arteriole The smallest division of the artery located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries[GO]. arteriola blood vessel A vessel through which blood circulates in the body. region of vascular tree organ vas sanguineum vascular element vascular tree organ region capillary Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules. blood capillary capillary vessel crypt of Lieberkuhn Lieberkuhn crypt Lieberkuhn gland Lieberkuhn's gland Lieberkuhn's glands crypt of Lieberkuhn crypt of Lieberkühn crypts of Lieberkühn follicles of lieberkuhn intestinal crypt intestinal crypts intestinal gland intestinal gland of Lieberkuhn lieberkuhn crypt the tubular intestinal glands found in the mucosal membranes crypt of Lieberkuhn of large intestine A crypt of lieberkuhn that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. intestinal gland of large intestine large intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn large intestine crypt of Lieberkuhn large intestine intestinal gland large intestine lieberkuhn crypt lieberkuhn crypt of large intestine corneal endothelium A monolayer of specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that lines the posterior surface of the cornea and faces the anterior chamber of the eye[WP]. cornea endothelium endothelium of cornea epithelium posterius corneae endothelium A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body[MESH]. Simple squamous epithelium which lines blood and lymphatic vessels and the heart[FMA] placenta allantoic placenta eutherian placenta organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin[GO]. The fetal portion of the placenta is known as the villous chorion. The maternal portion is known as the decidua basalis. The two portions are held together by anchoring villi that are anchored to the decidua basalis by the cytotrophoblastic shell. feces Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified] cow dung cow pat droppings dung excrement excreta faeces fecal material fecal matter fewmet frass guano matières fécales@fr merde@fr ordure partie de la merde@fr piece of shit porción de mierda@es portion of dung portion of excrement portion of faeces portion of fecal material portion of fecal matter portion of feces portion of guano portion of scat portionem cacas scat spoor spraint stool teil der fäkalien@de papillary layer of dermis The upper layer of the dermis beneath the epidermis, composed of dense irregular connective tissue[ncit,modified]. corpus papillary dermal papillary layer dermis papillary layer papillary dermis papillary layer papillary layer of dermis stratum papillare stratum papillare stratum papillare (dermis) stratum papillare corii stratum papillare dermis superficial dermis hyaline cartilage tissue Cartilage tissue primarily composed of type II collagen (thin fibrils) and a glassy appearance. chondroid cartilage hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage Cartilage tissue intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue; contains of abundant collagen fibers; chondrocytes often arranged in columns. fibrocartilage tissue stratified cartilage tissue olfactory epithelium A sensory epithelium inside the nasal cavity that is responsible for detecting odors[WP]. MOE main olfactory epithelium nasal cavity olfactory epithelium nasal epithelium nasal sensory epithelium olfactory membrane olfactory sensory epithelium pseudostratified main olfactory epithelium sensory olfactory epithelium enteric nervous system PNS - enteric The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gall bladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation[GO]. enteric PNS cortex of lymph node Peripheral portion of the lymph node, underneath the capsule[WP]. cortex nodi lymphoidei lymph node cortex medulla of lymph node The mdeullary portion of the lymph node, which contains large blood vessels, sinuses and medullary cords that contain antibody-secreting plasma cells. lymph node medulla medulla nodi lymphoidei pulmonary artery An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood.. arteria pulmonalis pulmonary arterial subtree pulmonary arterial tree pulmonary arterial tree organ part truncus pulmonalis pulmonary vein Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the lungs to the heart[GO]. pulmonary venous tree organ part venae pulmonales portal vein A vein that conducts blood from the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and gallbladder to the liver[BTO]. portal venous tree organ part synovial membrane of synovial joint Soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints). membrana synovialis (capsula articularis) membrana synovialis capsulae articularis stratum synoviale stratum synoviale (capsula articularis) synovial layer synovial layer of articular capsule of synovial joint synovial membrane synovial membrane of articular capsule of synovial joint synovium synovium of articular capsule of synovial joint gray matter A nervous system structure composed primarily of nerve cell bodies (somas). May also include dendrites and the initial unmyelinated portion of axons. gray mater gray matter gray matter of neuraxis grey matter grey matter of neuraxis grey substance grisea neuronal grey matter substantia grisea stratum basale of epidermis Malpighian layer basal cell layer of epidermis basal cell layer of skin basal epidermal layer basal layer of epidermis epidermal basal stratum epidermis basal layer epidermis sensorial layer epidermis stratum basale epidermis stratum germinativum rete Malphighii rete Malpighii stratum Malpighi stratum basale stratum basalis of epidermis stratum germinativum stratum germinosum stratum germinosum of epidermis the deepest layer of the epidermis, which is composed of dividing stem cells and anchoring cells stratum corneum of epidermis cornified layer epidermis stratum corneum horny layer horny layer of epidermis keratinized squame layer keratinized squame layer of epidermis stratum corneum stratum corneum epidermidis the outer layer of the epidermis, consisting of several layers of flat keratinized non-nucleated cells hindbrain The most posterior of the three principal regions of the brain. In mammals and birds the hindbrain is divided into a rostral metencephalon and a caudal myelencephalon. In zebrafish, with the exception of the cerebellum, the ventral remainder of the metencephalon can be separated only arbitrarily from the more caudal myelencephalic portion of the medulla oblongata (From: Neuroanatomy of the Zebrafish Brain)[ZFA]. Organ component of neuraxis that has as its parts the pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata[FMA]. rhombencephalon epithelium of gall bladder The simple columnar epithelial lining of the gall bladder. biliary epithelium epithelial tissue of gall bladder epithelial tissue of gallbladder epithelium of gallbladder gall bladder epithelial tissue gall bladder epithelium gallbladder epithelial tissue gallbladder epithelium epithelium of bronchus An epithelium that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi epithelial tissue bronchi epithelium bronchial epithelium bronchial trunk epithelial tissue bronchial trunk epithelium bronchus epithelial tissue bronchus epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchi epithelial tissue of bronchial trunk epithelial tissue of bronchus epithelium of bronchi epithelium of bronchial trunk arrector muscle of hair A tiny smooth muscle that connects the hair follicle with the dermis. arectores pilorum arrector pili arrector pili muscle arrector pili smooth muscle arrector pilli arrector pilli muscle arrector pilorum arrector pilorum muscle of hair erector pili erectores pilorum pilomotor muscle striated muscle tissue Muscle tissue that contains fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations. striated muscle cerebellum Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement[MESH]. A large dorsally projecting part of the brain concerned especially with the coordination of muscles and the maintenance of bodily equilibrium, situated between the brain stem and the back of the cerebrum , and formed in humans of two lateral lobes and a median lobe[BTO]. Brain structure derived from the anterior hindbrain, and perhaps including posterior midbrain. The cerebellum plays a role in somatic motor function, the control of muscle tone, and balance[ZFA]. corpus cerebelli epencephalon-1 infratentorial region parencephalon substantia nigra Predominantly gray matter midbrain structure lying dorsal to the crus cerebri and ventral to the midbrain tegmentum. It is divided into a dorsal, cellularly compact region known as the pars compacta and a more ventrally located, containing more loosely packed cells, the pars reticulata. The most lateral region of the reticulata is identified as the pars lateralis (MM). SN Soemmering's substance nucleus of basis pedunculi nucleus pigmentosus subthalamo-peduncularis substancia nigra substantia nigra (Soemmerringi) lymphatic vessel endothelium An endothelium that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Automatically generated definition]. endothelium of lymph vessel endothelium of lymphatic vessel lymph vessel endothelium lymphatic endothelium lymphatic vessel endothelium thyroid gland A two-lobed endocrine gland found in all vertebrates, located in front of and on either side of the trachea in humans, and producing various hormones, such as triiodothyronine and calcitonin[BTO]. glandula thyroidea thyroid lung Respiration organ that develops as an oupocketing of the esophagus. pulmo vasculature An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure contains fluid that is actively transported around the organism[ZFA]. Examples: vasculature of lung, vasculature of face. vascular network embryonic structure Anatomical structure that is part of an embryo. developing embryonic structure developing structure embryonale Struktur embryonic anatomical structure embryonic structures epithelium of bronchiole An epithelium that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiolar epithelium bronchiole epithelial tissue bronchiole epithelium epithelial tissue of bronchiole epithelial tissue of lobular bronchiole epithelium of lobular bronchiole lobular bronchiole epithelial tissue lobular bronchiole epithelium zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland adrenal gland zona glomerulosa glomerulosa the narrow subcapsular outer zone of the adrenal cortex where aldosterone is produced zona glomerulosa zona glomerulosa of suprarenal gland truncus arteriosus The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles. umbilical vein The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus. [WP,unvetted]. vena umbilicalis dermis The dermis is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the skin) and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis[WP]. corium cutis vertebrate dermis stratum granulosum of epidermis epidermis granular layer epidermis stratum granulosum granular layer of epidermis stratum granulosum the layer of flattened cells containing basophilic granules of keratohyalin and lying just above the stratum spinosum (spiny layer) of the epidermis hypodermis Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Types of cells that are found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. It is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. The hypodermis is used mainly for fat storage[WP]. hypoderm sub-tegumental tissue subcutaneous tissue subcutis subtegumental tissue superficial fascia tela subcutanea vertebrate hypodermis hair follicle A tube-like opening in the epidermis where the hair shaft develops and into which the sebaceous glands open[GO]. folliculus pili viscus An organ that is located within the body cavity (or in its extension, in the scrotum); it consists of organ parts that are embryologically derived from endoderm, splanchnic mesoderm or intermediate mesoderm; together with other organs, the viscus constitutes the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, reproductive and immune systems, or is the central organ of the cardiovascular system. Examples: heart, lung, esophagus, kidney, ovary, spleen. Organsystem@de splanchnic tissue viscera visceral organ visceral organ system visceral tissue heart right ventricle A cardiac ventricle that is in the right side of the heart. cardiac right ventricle right cardiac ventricle right ventricle right ventricle of heart ventriculus dexter cardiac atrium Cardiac chamber in which blood enters the heart. atria atrial tissue atrium atrium of heart cardiac atria heart atrium cardiac ventricle Cardiac chamber through which blood leaves the heart. heart ventricle lower chamber of heart ventricle ventricle of heart heart left ventricle A cardiac ventricle that is in the left side of the heart. cardiac left ventricle left cardiac ventricle left ventricle left ventricle of heart ventriculus sinister cordis interatrial septum A cardiac septum that divides the left and right atria of the heart. atrial septum atrium septum interatrial septal wall appendicular skeleton Subdivision of skeleton which which consists of all the skeletal elements in in the pectoral and pelvic appendage complexes[cjm]. appendicular skeleton entire appendicular skeleton paired fin skeleton skeleton appendiculare brain dura mater The fibrous membrane forming the outer of the three coverings that surrounds the brain within the cranial cavity; consists of two layers including the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer. cranial dura mater dura mater cranialis dura mater encephali dura mater of brain spinal dura mater A dura mater that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. dura mater of neuraxis of spinal cord dura mater of spinal cord spinal cord dura mater spinal cord dura mater of neuraxis interventricular septum Cardiac septum which separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle.[FMA] heart interventricular septum heart ventricular septum interventricular septum of heart interventriculare cordis intraventricular septum s. interventriculare cordis septum inferius septum membranaceum ventricle septum ventricular septum mesentery Anatomical organ component composed of a double layer of serous membrane that suspends a viscus from the body wall or connects adjacent viscera and in doing so conveys blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves to and from the viscera. Examples: greater omentum, broad ligament of uterus, sigmoid mesocolon. generic mesentery mesentery (generic) skin of body The organ covering the body that consists of the dermis and epidermis. entire integument entire skin integument integumental organ pelt skin skin organ cardiac septum The thin membranous structure between the two heart atria or the thick muscular structure between the two heart ventricles. cardiac septa heart septa heart septum septum of heart spiral septa trunk Organism subdivision which is the part of the body posterior to the cervical region (or head, when cervical region not present) and anterior to the caudal region. Includes the sacrum when present. Rumpf thoracolumbar region torso trunk region limb A paired appendage that is evolved from a paired fin. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the girdle and its parts. extremities extremity flipper free limb limb sensu Vertebrata pentadactyl limb tetrapod limb forelimb A (free) limb that is connected to a pectoral girdle. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its parts. anteriormost limb fore limb foreleg forelimb free part of upper limb free upper limb membrum superius pectoral flipper pectoral limb superior member upper extremity upper limb hindlimb A (free) limb that is connected to a pelvic girdle region. The extent of this structure includes autopod, stylopod and zeugopod regions when present, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its parts. free lower limb free part of lower limb hind limb hind-limb hindlimb inferior member lower extremity lower limb membrum inferius membrum inferius pelvic appendage visual system The sensory system subserving the sense of vision. photosensory system visual organ system vestibulo-auditory system Sensory system responsible for the perception of spatial orientation and auditory stimuli. auditory organ system auditory system auditory/vestibular system vestibuloauditory system vestibuloauditory system spleen lien the organ that functions to filter blood and to store red corpuscles and platelets liver An exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes[GO]. iecur jecur small intestine Subdivision of digestive tract that connects the stomach to the large intestine and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place (with the exception of ruminants). The mammalian small intestine is long and coiled and can be differentiated histologically into: duodenum, jejunem, ileum[WP,cjm,Kardong]. anterior intestine intestinum tenue mid intestine small bowel small intestine gall bladder An organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver[WP]. gall bladder gallbladder vesica biliaris vesica fellea artery smooth muscle tissue A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an artery [Automatically generated definition]. arterial smooth muscle arterial smooth muscle cell artery smooth muscle artery smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of artery smooth muscle of esophagus A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophageal smooth muscle esophagus involuntary muscle esophagus non-striated muscle esophagus smooth muscle esophagus smooth muscle tissue gullet involuntary muscle gullet non-striated muscle gullet smooth muscle gullet smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of esophagus involuntary muscle of gullet involuntary muscle of oesophagus non-striated muscle of esophagus non-striated muscle of gullet non-striated muscle of oesophagus oesophagus involuntary muscle oesophagus non-striated muscle oesophagus smooth muscle oesophagus smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of gullet smooth muscle of oesophagus smooth muscle tissue of esophagus smooth muscle tissue of gullet smooth muscle tissue of oesophagus kidney A paired organ of the urinary tract which has the production of urine as its primary function. reniculate kidney duodenum The first part of the small intestine. At the junction of the stomach and the duodenum the alimentary canal is inflected. The duodenum first goes anteriorly for a short distance, turns dorsally, and eventually caudally, thus it is a U-shaped structure with two horizontal sections (a ventral and a dorsal one). proximal intestine upper intestine jejunum intestinum jejunum mid-intestine middle intestine the portion of the small intestine that extends from the duodenum to the ileum ileum distal intestine intestinum ileum lower intestine posterior intestine the portion of the small intestine that extends from the jejunum to the colon right ovary An ovary that is part of a right side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. left ovary An ovary that is part of a left side of organism [Automatically generated definition]. pronephros In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensible for larval life[GO]. archinephron embryonic kidney pronephric kidney pronephron cortex of thymus the outer part of a thymus lobule that surrounds the medulla and is composed of closely packed lymphocytes thymic cortex thymus cortex medulla of thymus Medullary portion of thymus. The reticulum is coarser than in the cortex, the lymphoid cells are relatively fewer in number, and there are found peculiar nest-like bodies, the concentric corpuscles of Hassall. These concentric corpuscles are composed of a central mass, consisting of one or more granular cells, and of a capsule formed of epithelioid cells. They are the remains of the epithelial tubes, which grow out from the third branchial pouches of the embryo to form the thymus. Each follicle is surrounded by a vascular plexus, from which vessels pass into the interior, and radiate from the periphery toward the center, forming a second zone just within the margin of the medullary portion. In the center of the medullary portion there are very few vessels, and they are of minute size. medulla of thymus gland thymus gland medulla thymus medulla thymus lobule A lobule that is part of a thymus. Divided into an outer cortex and inner medulla and separated from each other by connective tissue septa, but with the medullary tissue continuous from lobule to lobule.[ncit,modified]. lobule of thymus thymic lobule thymus lobule cerebellar cortex The superficial gray matter of the cerebellum. It consists of three main layers, the molecular layer, the Purkinje cell layer and the granule cell layer. cortex cerebellaris cortex cerebelli cortex of cerebellar hemisphere pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus PPTg The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) (or pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, PPTN) is located in the brainstem, caudal to the substantia nigra and adjacent to the superior cerebellar peduncle. It is composed by a wide variety of neurochemical cell types, including cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic cells. In the classical sense, the PPN is considered to be one of the main components of the reticular activating system. [WP,unvetted]. nucleus pedunculopontinus nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus peduncular pontine nucleus pedunculopontine nucleus endocardium The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers[GO]. endocardial lining endocardial tissue heart endocardial tissue heart endocardium endocardium of atrium Cardiac atria endocardium Endocardium that is part of the atrium. atrial endocardium atrium endocardial tissue atrium endocardium atrium of heart endocardium cardiac atrium endocardium endocardium of Cardiac atria endocardium of atrium of heart endocardium of cardiac atrium endocardium of heart atrium heart atrium endocardium alveolar sac The small terminal dilation of the alveolar ducts around which the alveoli form pocket-like clusters air sac pulmonary alveolar sac sacculus alveolaris ventral funiculus of spinal cord The white substance of the spinal cord lying on either side between the ventral median fissure and the ventral roots of the spinal nerves. anterior funiculus anterior funiculus of spinal cord anterior white column of spinal cord funiculus anterior medullae spinalis ventral funiculi ventral funiculus ventral funiculus of spinal cord ventral white column of spinal cord bronchus bronchi bronchial tissue bronchial trunk the upper conducting airways of the lung; these airways arise from the terminus of the trachea bronchiole bronchioli bronchiolus lobular bronchiole the conducting airway of the lungs found terminal to the bronchi; these structures contain neither cartilage nor mucous-secreting glands; the epithelium of the bronchioles becomes thinner with each branching terminal bronchiole bronchioli terminalis bronchiolus terminalis terminal bronchiole tube the last conducting structure of non-respiratory bronchioles; after this point, the airways have alveoli in their walls respiratory bronchiole A bronchiole that is the first segment of the respiratory zone. bronchiolus respiratorii bronchiolus respiratorius subcutaneous adipose tissue A portion of adipose tissue that is part of the hypodermis, beneath the dermis. fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue fatty layer of superficial fascia hypodermis fat layer panniculus adiposus panniculus adiposus (tela subcutanea) panniculus adiposus telae subcutaneae subcutaneous fat subcutaneous fat layer hemolymphoid system Anatomical cluster consisting of the hematopoietic system and the lymphoid system, or its analogs. haemolymphoid system hematolymphoid system lymphomyeloid complex capsule of lymph node Capsule surrounding lymph node composed of connective tissue with some plain muscle fibers. capsula nodi lymphoidei lymph node capsule adenohypophysis AHP The glandular, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary regulates several physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction[WP]. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland). This lobe contains cells that produce prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and proopiomelanocortin[ZFA]. anterior hypophysis anterior lobe (hypophysis) anterior lobe of hypophysis anterior lobe of pituitary anterior lobe of pituitary gland anterior lobe of the pituitary anterior pituitary anterior pituitary gland cranial lobe lobus anterior lobus anterior (glandula pituitaria) lobus anterior hypophysis pituitary anterior lobe pituitary gland, anterior lobe pituitary glandanterior lobe rostral lobe neurohypophysis NHP The posterior part of the pituitary gland that secretes hormones involved in blood pressure regulation such as oxytocin and antidiuretic hormon. infundibular process lobus nervosus lobus nervosus neurohypophysis lobus posterior lobus posterior (glandula pituitaria) lobus posterior hypophysis neural lobe neural lobe of pituitary neural lobe of pituitary gland neuro hypophysis neurohypophysis pituitary gland neural lobe pituitary gland, neural lobe pituitary gland, posterior lobe posterior lobe of hypophysis posterior lobe of pituitary posterior lobe of pituitary gland posterior pituitary posterior pituitary gland integument Hautsystem@de The dermis, epidermis and hypodermis. dermal system dermis plus epidermis plus hypodermis dermoid system integumentum commune skin skin and subcutaneous tissue skin plus hypodermis tegument the integument vertebrate integument vasculature of head Vasculature that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. adult head vascular network adult head vasculature cranial vasculature head vascular network head vasculature vascular network of adult head vascular network of head vasculature of adult head vasculature of trunk A vasculature that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. torso vascular network torso vasculature trunk vascular network trunk vasculature vascular network of torso vascular network of trunk vasculature of torso submucosa of trachea A submucosa that is part of a trachea. submucosa of windpipe submucous layer of trachea trachea submucosa tracheal submucosa windpipe submucosa vasculature of eye Vasculature that is part of the eye region. eye vascular network eye vasculature ocular blood vessel ocular vasculature optic vasculature vascular network of eye musculoskeletal system Anatomical system that consists of the muscular and skeletal systems. musculo-skeletal system fibrous joint Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, gomphosis.[FMA] articulatio fibrosa junctura fibrosa nerve root A continuation of the neuron projection bundle component of a nerve inside, crossing or immediately outside the central nervous system. initial segment of nerve radix nervi macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth macula of membranous labyrinth saccule macula of saccule macula of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula saccule macula sacculi macula sacculi membranous labyrinth saccule macula saccular macula saccular macula of membranous labyrinth saccular maculs saccule macula saccule of membranous labyrinth macula sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula the oval neuroepithelial sensory receptor in the anterior wall of the saccule; hair cells of the neuroepithelium support the statoconial membrane and have terminal arborizations of vestibular nerve fibers around their bodies cartilaginous joint Nonsynovial joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by cartilage. Examples: Spheno-occipital synchondrosis, first sternocostal joint, pubic symphysis.[FMA] articulatio cartilaginea junctura cartilaginea macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth macula of membranous labyrinth utricle macula of utricle macula of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula utricle macula utriculi macula utriculi maculae utricle membranous labyrinth utricle macula the neuroepithelial sensory receptor in the inferolateral wall of the utricle; hair cells of the neuroepithelium support the statoconial membrane and have terminal arborizations of vestibular nerve fibers around their bodies; normally sensitive to linear acceleration in the longitudinal axis of the body and to gravitational influences utricle macula utricle of membranous labyrinth macula utricular macula utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) macula symphysis Cartilaginous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by fibrocartilage. Examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral symphysis, manubriosternal joint.[FMA] secondary cartilaginous joint synovial joint Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by an articular capsule which encloses a synovial membrane and a synovial cavity. Examples: Temporomandibular joint, knee joint.[FMA] articulatio synoviale diarthrodial joints diarthroses diarthrosis diarthrosis joint spiral organ of cochlea Corti's organ The organ of Corti (or spiral organ) is the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains auditory sensory cells, or 'hair cells.' [WP,unvetted]. auditory papilla auditory papillae basilar papilla cochlear spiral organ organ of Corti organum spirale papilla basilaris spiral organ spiral organ of Corti spinal cord Part of the central nervous system located in the vertebral canal continuous with and caudal to the brain; demarcated from brain by plane of foramen magnum. It is composed of an inner core of gray matter in which nerve cells predominate, and an outer layer of white matter in which myelinated nerve fibers predominate, and surrounds the central canal. (CUMBO) SpC cerebro-cerebellar fissure cerebrocerebellar fissure fissura cerebro-cerebellaris fissura cerebrocerebellaris medulla spinalis spinal cord structure spinal medulla chondrocranium Endoskeletal elements that encase the brain, nose, inner ear[cjm]. that part of the neurocranium formed by endochondral ossification and comprising the bones of the base of the skull[TFD]. calvarium neurocranium nucleus pulposus nucleus propulsus nucleus propulsus of intervertebral disk nucleus pulposus (diskus intervertebralis) nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disk pulpy nucleus the jelly-like substance in the middle of the spinal disc which is a remnant of the notochord vomeronasal organ An organ thought to supplement the olfactory system in receiving pheromonic communication. The sensory part of the organ is in two long, thin sacs, situated on either side of the nasal septum at its base. Jacobson's organ VNO organ of Jacobsen organon vomeronasale organum vomeronasale dorsal horn of spinal cord The pronounced, dorsolaterally oriented ridge of grey matter in each lateral half of the spinal cord[MP]. the dorsal (more towards the back) grey matter of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including light touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion[WP]. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input[GO]. columna grisea posterior medullae spinalis cornu dorsale cornu posterius medullae spinalis dorsal gray column of spinal cord dorsal gray horn dorsal gray matter of spinal cord dorsal grey column of spinal cord dorsal grey horn dorsal horn dorsal horn of the spinal cord dorsal horn spinal cord dorsal region of mature spinal cord dorsal region of spinal cord dorsal spinal cord posterior gray column of spinal cord posterior gray horn of spinal cord posterior grey column of spinal cord posterior horn of spinal cord spinal cord dorsal horn spinal cord dorsal horns spinal cord posterior horn ventral horn of spinal cord The ventral grey column of the spinal cord[MP]. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output[GO]. anterior column anterior column of the spinal cord anterior gray column of spinal cord anterior gray horn of spinal cord anterior grey column of spinal cord anterior horn anterior horn (spinal cord) columna grisea anterior medullae spinalis cornu anterius medullae spinalis spinal cord anterior horn spinal cord ventral horn ventral gray column of spinal cord ventral gray matter of spinal cord ventral grey column of spinal cord ventral grey horn ventral horn of the spinal cord ventral horn spinal cord ventral horns spinal cord ventral region of spinal cord ventral spinal cord dorsal root of spinal cord The dorsal roots contain afferent sensory axons. The dorsal roots of each side continue outwards, along the way forming a dorsal root ganglion (also called a spinal ganglion). dorsal root dorsal root of spinal nerve dorsal roots dorsal spinal nerve root dorsal spinal root posterior root of spinal nerve radix dorsalis radix posterior radix posterior (nervus spinalis) radix posterior nervi spinalis radix sensoria (nervus spinalis) root dorsali nervi spinalis root sensoria nervi spinalis sensory root of spinal nerve sensory spinal root olfactory bulb A bulbous anterior projection of the olfactory lobe that is the place of termination of the olfactory nerves and is especially well developed in lower vertebrates (as fishes)[BTO]. bulbus olfactorius bulbus olfactorius bulbus olfactorius (Morgagni) olfactory lobe olfactory lobe (Barr & Kiernan) olfactory organ An organ that houses olfactory neurons and is responsible for the sense of smell. Examples include the vertebrate nose and the Drosophila dorsal organ. main olfactory organ olfactory neuroepithelium olfactory organ olfactory sense organ olfactory sensory organ organ olfactus organum olfactorium primary olfactory organ periventricular zone of hypothalamus hypothalamus periventricular zone periventricular zone of the hypothalamus zona periventricularis hypothalamicae reticular formation A composite substructure of the brainstem that consists of the midbrain reticular formation, the pontine reticular formation and the medullary reticular formation ( Carpenter-1983 ). brain stem reticular formation brainstem reticular formation reticular formation (classical) reticular formation of the brainstem lamina of spiral limbus The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus spiralis (or limbus laminæ spiralis), this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C. [WP,unvetted]. limbus lamina spiralis limbus laminae spiralis limbus laminae spiralis osseae spiral limbus spiral limbus lamina stria vascularis of cochlear duct The upper portion of the spiral ligament contains numerous capillary loops and small blood vessels, and is termed the stria vascularis. It produces endolymph for the scala media, one of the three fluid-filled compartments of the cochlea. [WP,unvetted]. psalterial cord stria vascularis stria vascularis ductus cochlearis stria vascularis of cochlea vascular stria of cochlear duct vascular stripe of cochlear duct telencephalic ventricle A brain ventricle that is part of a telencephalon. In mammals and species with an evaginated telencephalon, this is one of a pair of lateral structures, one in each hemisphere forebrain ventricle lateral ventricle lateral ventricle of brain lateral ventricles tectal ventricle telencephalic ventricle telencephalic ventricles telencephalic vesicle telencephalon lateral ventricle choroid plexus of fourth ventricle 4th ventricle choroid plexus Choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of fourth ventricle choroid plexus fourth ventricle fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere fourth ventricle choroid plexus central canal of spinal cord Spinal cord structure that is part of the ventricular system and is filled with cerebral-spinal fluid and runs the length of the spinal cord. canalis centralis central canal central canal of spinal cord central canal, spinal cord/medulla spinal cord central canal ventricle of spinal cord biliary system Organ system subdivision that consists of the organs and ducts that are involved in the production and transportation of bile. In most species this is the gallbladder and the bile ducts (biliary tree). biliary apparatus biliary tract dorsal mesentery The mesentery that originates from the dorsal side of the peritoneal cavity[ZFA]. dorsal mesogastrium mesenterium dorsale commune brainstem Stalk-like part of the brain that includes amongst its parts the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain and the tegmentum of the midbrain[ZFA,MP,generalized]. accessory medullary lamina of pallidum brain stem lamella pallidi incompleta lamina medullaris accessoria lamina medullaris incompleta pallidi lamina pallidi incompleta truncus encephali truncus encephalicus alveolus of lung Spherical outcropping of the respiratory bronchioles and primary site of gas exchange with the blood. Alveoli are particular to mammalian lungs. Different structures are involved in gas exchange in other vertebrates[WP]. alveoli alveolus alveolus pulmonis alveolus pulmonis lung alveolus pulmonary alveolus respiratory alveoli respiratory alveolus layer of neocortex One of the layers of the neocortex. cerebral cortex layer cortical layer lamina of neocortex layer of neocortex neocortex layer myocardium of atrium atrial myocardium atrium cardiac muscle atrium myocardium the atrial part of middle layer of the heart, comprised of involuntary muscle juxtaglomerular apparatus An anatomical structure which consists of juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and the macula densa. The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. This location is critical to its function in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The three cellular components of the apparatus are the macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells, and juxtaglomerular cells (also known as granular cells)[WP]. complexus juxtaglomerularis juxtaglomerular complex layer of hippocampus The layers of the laminar structure of the hippocampus. cytoarchitectural fields of hippocampal formation hippocampus layer hippocampus proper layer layer of cornu ammonis choroid plexus of lateral ventricle Part of choroid plexus contained in the lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of lateral ventricle choroid plexus telencephalic ventricle lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle choroid plexus nucleus of brain A neural nucleus that is part of the brain. brain nuclei brain nucleus hippocampus pyramidal layer A cytoarchitectural term denoting the layer of the hippocampus in which pyramidal cells are predominant. Its location is superficial to the Stratum oriens; it is deep to the Stratum radiatum in area CA1 and area CA2 and deep to the Stratum lucidum in area CA3 (Stephan-75) (NeuroNames). gyrus occipitalis inferior gyrus occipitalis tertius hippocampal pyramidal cell layer hippocampal pyramidal layer hippocampus pyramidal cell layer hippocampus stratum pyramidale pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus pyramidal layer of hippocampus stratum pyramidale stratum pyramidale hippocampi gray matter of spinal cord The ridge-shaped grey matter of the spinal cord that extends longitudunally through the center of each half of the spinal cord, and are largely or entirely composed of nerve cell bodies and their dendrites and some supportive tissue. gray matter of spinal cord gray substance of spinal cord grey matter of spinal cord grey substance of spinal cord spinal cord gray matter spinal cord grey matter spinal cord grey substance substantia grisea medullae spinalis white matter CNS tract/commissure CNS tracts and commissures CNS white matter Neural tissue consisting of myelinated axons connecting grey matter areas of the central nervous system. neuronal white matter substantia alba white mater white matter of neuraxis white substance white matter of spinal cord The regions of the spinal cord that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. spinal cord white matter spinal cord white matter of neuraxis spinal cord white substance substantia alba medullae spinalis white matter of neuraxis of spinal cord white substance of spinal cord mesangium inner layer of the glomerulus, within the basement membrane surrounding the glomerular capillaries. glomerular mesangium A thin membrane which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus. It is connective tissue composed of mesangial cells - myofibroblasts phenotypically related to vascular smooth muscle cells (MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR), PHAGOCYTES and the mesangial EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. extraglomerular mesangium the tissue comprised of mesangial cells that fill the triangular space between the macula densa and the afferent and efferent arterioles of the juxtaglomerular apparatus coelemic cavity lumen The cavity within the body of all animals higher than the coelenterates and certain primitive worms, formed by the splitting of the embryonic mesoderm into two layers. In mammals it forms the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities. body cavity celom coelom coelome coelomic cavity coelomic cavity lumen hemocoel main body cavity space of body compartment ventral body cavity muscle of back Any muscle organ that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. back muscle back muscle organ muscle organ of back epithelium of urethra The urethra is a renal system organ that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. The epithelium is the tubular, planar layer of cells through which the urine passes.. epithelial tissue of urethra urethra epithelial tissue urethra epithelium urethral epithelium urethral plate urethral seam lamina propria of urethra A lamina propria that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. lamina propria mucosa of urethra lamina propria mucosae of urethra urethra lamina propria urethra lamina propria mucosa urethra lamina propria mucosae urethral lamina propria notochord A flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main axial support of the body, while in most vertebrates it becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. The notochord is found ventral to the neural tube. embryonic notocord notochorda notocord somite Somites are spheres of epithelial cells that form sequentially along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo through mesenchymal to epithelial transition of the presomitic mesoderm. epimere epimere mesoderm epithelial somite mesodermal cluster somites somitic mesoderm somitus exocrine system Anatomical system that consists of the glands and parts of glands that produce exocrine secretions and help to integrate and control bodily metabolic activity. Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (hormones) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. [Wikipedia]. exocrine glandular system umbilical cord The connecting cord from the developing embryo to the placenta. birth cord chorda umbilicalis connecting stalk funiculus umbilicalis funiculus umbilicalis yolk stalk macula densa The macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. endometrial stroma The layer of connective tissue comprised of the endometrial lining of the uterus which fluctuates in thickness throughout the menstrual cycle. endometrium stroma stroma of endometrium lamina propria of bronchus A lamina propria that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi lamina propria bronchi lamina propria mucosa bronchi lamina propria mucosae bronchial lamina propria bronchial trunk lamina propria bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae bronchus lamina propria bronchus lamina propria mucosa bronchus lamina propria mucosae lamina propria mucosa of bronchi lamina propria mucosa of bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosa of bronchus lamina propria mucosae of bronchi lamina propria mucosae of bronchial trunk lamina propria mucosae of bronchus lamina propria of bronchi lamina propria of bronchial trunk neural crest A specialized region of ectoderm found between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm and composed of highly migratory pluripotent cells that delaminate in early embryonic development from the dorsal neural tube and give rise to an astounding variety of differentiated cell types[MP]. NC crista neuralis neural crest material abdomen musculature Set of all muscles in abdomen. abdominal musculature muscle group of abdomen muscles of abdomen musculature of abdomen musculature of abdominal wall set of muscles of abdomen neurectoderm Embryonic ectoderm that gives rise to nervous tissue. epithelium tubi neuralis; neuroectoderma neuaral ectoderm neural ectoderm neuroectoderm presumptive central nervous system ventral neurogenic region epicardium a region of the serous membrane that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart. heart epicardium pericardium visceral mesothelium visceral serous pericardium of heart visceral serous pericardium proper myocardium cardiac muscle heart muscle heart myocardium muscle of heart the middle layer of the heart, comprised mainly of striated cardiac muscle fibers conducting system of heart The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat[GO] cardiac conducting system cardiac conduction system cardiac impulse conducting system cardionector central conduction system complexus stimulans cordis heart conduction system impulse conducting system systema conducente cordis sinoatrial node Koch's node SA nodal muscle tissue SA node The part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node[GO]. Subdivision of conducting system of heart at the junction of the right atrium and the superior vena cava, around the sinoatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery and is continuous with the internodal tract[FMA]. cardiac pacemaker node of Keith-Flack nodus sinuatrialis nodus sinuatrialis sinoatrial node sinu-atrial node sinuatrial nodal muscle tissue sinuatrial node sinus node sinus node of Keith and Flack atrioventricular node A-V node AV nodal muscle tissue AV node An area of conducting tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart that conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles. Aschoff-Tawara node atrio-ventricular node atrioventricular nodal muscle tissue atriovetricular node downstream pacemaker node of Tawara nodus atrioventricularis nodus atrioventricularis atrioventricular bundle A part of the His-Purkinje system that transmits signals from the AV node to the cardiac Purkinje fibers[GO] A-V bundle AV bundle His bundle atrio-ventricular bundle atrioventricular bundle muscle tissue atrioventricular fasciculus bundle of His fasciculus atrioventricularis pelvic region of trunk The lower segment of the trunk, inferioposterior to the abdomen proper, in the transition area between the trunk and the lower limbs. lesser pelvis pelvic region pelvis pelvis region true pelvis serous pericardium Serous membrane which is divided into parietal and visceral serous pericardium. pericardium serosum serous portion of pericardium peritoneum A serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity[VHOG,modified]. peritonaeum fibrous pericardium Membrane organ which is attached to the pericardial sac proper and the central tendon of diaphragm and is continuous with the pretracheal fascia.[FMA] fibrous portion of pericardium pericardium fibrosum meninx Membrane organ that surrounds the brain and the spinal cord. layer of meninges meningeal layer meninx primitiva dura mater Thick, fibrous meningeal covering surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is the outermost of the three meningeal coverings. It consists of two layers: the periosteal dura linking the inner surface of the skull and the meningeal dura that lies above the arachnoid dural membrane. The meningeal layer draws away from the periosteal layer and certain locations to form the dural reflections. dura dura mater of neuraxis pachymeninges tympanic membrane A thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear, consisting of two epithelia (one part of the the external accoustic meatus epithelium, the other part of the tympanic cavity epithelium) with a fibrous layer between them. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles. Rupture or perforation of the eardrum can lead to conductive hearing loss. [WP,unvetted]. Rivinus' membrane ear drum eardrum lateral wall of tympanic cavity membranous wall of tympanic cavity myrinx paries membranaceus cavi tympani tympanum exocrine gland A gland that secretes products (excluding hormones and other chemical messengers) into ducts (duct glands) which lead directly into the external environment[WP]. Typical exocrine glands include sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, stomach, liver, pancreas ducted gland glandula exocrina prostate gland The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid. male prostate prostata prostate endocrine gland Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products directly into the circulatory system rather than through a duct.[WP, modified]. ductless gland ductless gland glandula endocrina glandulae endocrinae adrenal gland Either of a pair of complex endocrine organs near the anterior medial border of the kidney consisting of a mesodermal cortex that produces glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and androgenic hormones and an ectodermal medulla that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine[BTO]. adrenal adrenal capsule adrenal medulla cell atrabiliary capsule epinephric gland epinephros glandula adrenalis glandula suprarenalis glandula suprarenalis interrenal gland suprarenal capsule suprarenal gland thymus Anatomical structure of largely lymphoid tissue that functions in cell-mediated immunity by being the site where T cells develop. thymus gland thymus organ bone marrow medulla of bone medulla ossea medulla ossium the soft tissue that fills the cavities of bones tonsil Mandel either of the two small almond-shaped masses of lymph tissue found on either side of the oropharynx cranial muscle Any muscle that is part of the head region. adult head muscle organ cephalic muscle cephalic musculature cranial muscle head muscle head muscle organ head muscles muscle of head muscle organ of adult head muscle organ of head musculus caput muscle of neck Any muscle that is part of the cervical (neck) region. muscle organ of neck muscle organ of neck (volume) neck (volume) muscle organ neck muscle neck muscle organ muscle of abdomen Muscle (organ) which is a part of the abdomen. Examples: external oblique, rectus abdominis. abdomen muscle abdomen muscle organ abdominal muscle abdominal wall muscle abdominal wall musculature muscle organ of abdomen connective tissue Bindegewebe Tissue with cells that deposit non-polarized extracellular matrix including connective tissue fibers and ground substance. portion of connective tissue textus connectivus muscle tissue Muscle tissue is a contractile tissue made up of actin and myosin fibers[GO]. muscular tissue portion of muscle tissue textus muscularis forelimb zeugopod The middle limb segment of the pectoral free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the forelimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the radius and ulna, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants. antebrachial region antebrachium antebrachium antibrachium arm middle limb segment arm zeugopod brachial region middle limb segment brachial region zeugopod fore epipodium forearm forelimb epipodium forelimb zeugopodium forelimb zygopod intermediate segment of free upper limb lower arm lower segment of arm middle limb segment of arm middle limb segment of brachial region middle limb segment of forelimb middle limb segment of proximal segment of free upper limb regio antebrachialis wing zeugopod zeugopod of arm zeugopod of brachial region zeugopod of forelimb zeugopod of proximal segment of free upper limb pes distal portion of the hind limb, including tarsal region, metatarsal region and digits. foot hind foot hind limb autopodium hind paw hind-paw hindfeet hindfoot hindfoot of quadruped hindlimb autopod hindlimb autopodium hindlimb distal free limb segment hindpaw pes terminal segment of free lower limb manual digit A digit that is part of a manus (hand). digit of hand digit of manus digitus manus finger fore digit forelimb digit hand digit manual digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue hematopoietic system Anatomical system that is involved in the production of hematopoietic cells. Blutbildungssystem haematological system haematopoietic system haemopoietic system hematological system hematolymphoid system hemopoietic system organa haemopoietica lymph Lymph is the fluid that is formed when interstitial fluid enters the conduits of the lymphatic system[WP]. lympha nasolacrimal duct d. nasolacrimalis nasolacrimal duct - posterior naris tear duct the paired channels leading from the lacrimal sacs to the inferior meatus of the nose, through which tears are conducted through the nasal cavity bile duct Any of the ducts that form the biliary tree, carrying bile from the liver to the small intestine. bile tube biliary duct gall duct hepatic duct manus distal segment of the fore limb, including carpal region, metacarpal region and digits. fore foot fore paw fore-paw forefeet forefoot forefoot of quadruped forelimb autopod forelimb autopodium forepaw hand hand region terminal segment of free upper limb parietal pleura The outer serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. pleura parietalis visceral pleura The inner serous membrane of the pulmonary pleural. The visceral pleura lines the lungs. lung mesothelium lung pleura pleura pulmonalis pleura visceralis pleura visceralis (pulmonalis) pulmonary pleura pulmonary visceral pleura pleural cavity The fluid-filled cavity that lies between the visceral and parietal pleurae. cavitas pleuralis cavitum pleuralae cavitum pleurale immune system Anatomical system that protects the body from foreign substances, cells, and tissues by producing the immune response and that includes especially the thymus, spleen, lymphoid tissue, lymphocytes including the B cells and T cells, and antibodies. pericardial sac a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. pericardium pericardium The combination of pericardial sac (a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels) plus fibrous pericardium. parietal serous pericardium Parietal serous membrane which is part of the pericardium and forms the outer layer of the pericardial sac. lamina parietalis (pericardii serosum) lamina parietalis pericardii parietal layer of serous pericardium parietal pericardium pericardial sac autonomic nervous system ANS The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands[GO]. autonomic division of peripheral nervous system autonomic part of peripheral nervous system divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici divisio autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici pars autonomica systematis nervosi peripherici peripheral autonomic nervous system visceral nervous system vertebra The ossified form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. vertebra bone vertebrae integumental system Connected anatomical system that forms a barrier between an animal and its environment. In vertebrates, the integumental system consists of the epidermis, dermis plus associated glands and adnexa such as hair and scales. In invertebrates, the integumental system may include cuticle. body surface dermal system external covering of organism integumentary system integumentum commune organism surface surface abdominal segment of trunk The abdominal segment of the torso. abdomen/pelvis/perineum lower body lower trunk lumbar region cartilage tissue Skeletal tissue that is avascular, rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and typically includes chondrocytes within isolated lacunae. Cartilage tissue is deposited by chondroblasts. cartilage cartilage tissue cartilages cartilaginous tissue chondrogenic tissue portion of cartilage tissue skin gland A gland that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. glandulae cutis set of skin glands skin glands skin glands set basal ganglion An individual member of a collection of basal ganglia. Basal ganglia are subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum[NIF,modified]. basal ganglia basal ganglion of telencephalon basal nucleus nuclei basales hippocampal formation Hippocampus (proper) plus dentate gyrus and subiculum[definition derived from NIF comments and ontology alignment]. archipallium formatio hippocampi hippocampus hippocampus (Crosby) major hippocampus primal cortex seahorse fourth ventricle 4th ventricle IVth ventricle Part of the ventricular system of the brain, forming a single large irregularly shaped cavity located on the midline of the rhombencephalon, between the medulla, pons and the isthmus ventrally and the cerebellum dorsally. It is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct anteriorally and the central canal of the spinal cord posteriorly. It communicates with the subarachnoid space through its lateral and median apertures. fourth ventricle proper hindbrain ventricle rhombencephalic ventricle rhombencephalic vesicle ventricle IV ventricle of hindbrain ventricle of rhombencephalon ventriculus quartus hepatobiliary system The part of the digestive system that contains the liver and the biliary system hepaticobiliary system liver and biliary system liver/biliary system oral epithelium An epithelium that is part of the mouth and lines the oral cavity, typically stratified squamous, and may be para-, ortho- or non- keratinized. Primary barrier between oral environment and deeper tissues epithelium of mucosa of mouth epithelium of oral mucosa visceral serous pericardium Visceral serous membrane which is continuous with the parietal serous pericardium and is attached to the myocardium[FMA]. epicardium lamina visceralis pericardii serosi pericardium visceral mesothelium serous visceral pericardium visceral lamina of serous pericardium visceral layer of serous pericardium visceral pericardium chest muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. anterior thoracic region muscle organ anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ chest muscle organ front of thorax muscle organ muscle of thorax muscle organ of anterior thoracic region muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ of chest muscle organ of front of thorax musculus thoracicus thoracic muscle arm skin A zone of skin that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. brachial region skin skin of arm limb bone A bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. bone of extremity bone of limb free limb bone cervical lymph node Cervical lymph nodes are lymph nodes found in the neck. [WP,unvetted]. lymph node of neck striatum A region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.[GO]. caudate putamen corpus striatum corpus striatum (Zilles) dorsal striatum neostriatum neuraxis striatum striate nucleus striated nucleus striatum striatum of neuraxis cerebral hemisphere white matter White matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere. cerebral hemisphere white matter cerebral white matter hemisphere white matter region of cerebral white matter substantia medullaris cerebri white matter structure of cerebral hemisphere choroidal blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a choroid [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of choroid blood vessel of choroid coat blood vessel of choroidea blood vessel of posterior uvea choroid blood vessel choroid blood vessels choroid blood vessels set choroid coat blood vessel choroidea blood vessel posterior uvea blood vessel set of choroid blood vessels vasa sanguinea choroideae patella A large sesamoid bone found in the distal femur/proximal tibial region of the hindlimb of tetrapods. The patella is the attachment site for proximal hindlimb tendons.[PHENOSCAPE:ad] knee bone knee cap patella decidua The maternal uterine-derived portion of the placenta decidous membrane decidua basalis endometrium extraembryonic part of placenta extraembryonic placenta maternal decidual layer maternal part of placenta maternal placenta placenta maternal decidual layer uterine decidua endometrial gland The mucous secreting gland associated with the mucuous membrane lining the uterus. endometrial gland endometrial mucuous gland endometrium gland glandulae uterinae glandulae uterinae uterine gland internal thoracic artery An artery that supplies the anterior chest wall and the breasts. It is a paired artery, with one running along each side of the sternum, to continue after its bifurcation as the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries. [WP,unvetted]. arteria mammaria interna arteria thoracica interna internal mammary artery internal thoracic mammary artery mammary artery intersomitic artery The small branching sprouts of the dorsal aorta that grow across the medial surface of the somite, turn right angles to grow over that surface and then fuse with other sprouts and form the vertebral arteries adjacent to the neural tube; the intersomitic arteries supply the body wall and persist in the adult as the posterior intercostal, subcostal and the lumbar arteries intersegmental arteries intersegmental artery nerve trunk peripheral nerve trunk trunk of nerve trunk of peripheral nerve lymphoid system The lymphatic system in vertebrates is a network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph. It also includes the lymphoid tissue through which the lymph travels. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated with the digestive system such as the tonsils. The system also includes all the structures dedicated to the circulation and production of lymphocytes, which includes the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and the lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive system[WP]. lymphatic circulatory system lymphatic drainage system lymphatic system systema lymphoideum esophagus mucosa A mucosa that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophageal mucosa esophageal mucous membrane esophagus mucosa esophagus mucous membrane lamina muscularis mucosae oesophageae mucosa of esophagus mucosa of oesophagus mucous membrane of esophagus mucous membrane of oesophagus muscularis mucosae of oesophagus oesophageal mucosa oesophagus mucosa oesophagus mucous membrane tunica mucosa esophagi tunica mucosa oesophageae tunica mucosa oesophagi tunica mucosa oesophagi autopod region Terminal segment of free limb, immediately distal to the zeugopod region. The fully developed autopod consists of the autopod skeleton plus associated structures such as integument, muscle tissue, vasculature etc. The autopod is divided into mesopodial, metapodiual, and acropodial segments. Examples: human hand, mouse paw, human foot autopod autopodial element autopodial limb segment autopodial segment autopodium autopodium region distal free limb segment distal segment of free limb distal segment of limb manus/pes paw paw/hand/foot/hoof pod zeugopod The middle free limb segment, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the zeugopodial skeleton. Examples: There are two types of zeugopod: forelimb zeugopod (aka forearm), hindlimb zeugopod (aka crus). epipodium middle free limb segment middle limb segment middle part of limb middle segment of free limb zeugopod limb segment zeugopodial limb segment zeugopodium zygopod zygopodium stylopod The proximal free limb segment. Includes as parts the stylopod skeleton. propodium proximal free limb segment proximal part of limb proximal segment of free limb stylopodial limb segment stylopodium bone tissue Skeletal tissue with a collagen-rich extracellular matrix vascularized, mineralized with hydroxyapatite and typically including osteocytes located in lacunae that communicate with one another by cell processes (in canaliculi). Bone is deposited by osteoblasts. bone calcium tissue mineralized bone tissue osseous tissue osteogenic tissue portion of bone tissue prostate duct The minute canals that pass the prostatic secretions to the urethra. duct of prostate duct of prostate gland prostate duct prostate gland duct prostatic duct uterine artery arteria uterina the branch of the internal iliac artery that supplies the uterus and the upper part of the vagina long bone Long bone is a limb bone that is subcylindrical and has a shaft with periosteum separating the ends of the bones. Long bones are present only in the limbs[VSAO:wd]. os longum cochlear labyrinth The labyrinth is a system of fluid passages in the inner ear, including both the cochlea, which is part of the auditory system, and the vestibular system, which provides the sense of balance. It is named by analogy with the mythical maze that imprisoned the Minotaur, because of its appearance. The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls lined with periosteum. The bony labyrinth is lined with the membranous labyrinth. There is a layer of perilymph between them. The three parts of the bony labyrinth are the vestibule of the ear, the semicircular canals, and the cochlea. The vestibular system is the region of the inner ear where the semicircular canals converge, close to the cochlea (the hearing organ). The vestibular system works with the visual system to keep objects in focus when the head is moving. Joint and muscle receptors also are important in maintaining balance. The brain receives, interprets, and processes the information from these systems that control our balance. [WP,unvetted]. iris epithelium An epithelium that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of iris epithelium of iris epithelium pigmentosum (iris) epithelium pigmentosum iridis iris epithelial tissue iris epithelium iris pigmented epithelium pigmented epithelium of iris abdominal lymph node A lymph node that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. abdomen lymph node lymph node of abdomen parietal abdominal lymph node mesenteric lymph node The lymph nodes located in the mesentery, of which there are 3 classes: ileocolic, juxtaintestinal mesenteric, and central superior group. mesenteric node nodi lymphoidei mesenterici corpus luteum A transient endocrine gland that develops from the postovulatory or atretic follicles and secretes progesterone; it is thought to be related to egg retention[PMID]. corpora lutea corpus luteum of ovary luteal gland ovarian corpus luteum endochondral bone Replacement bone that forms within cartilage. cartilaginous bone endochondral bones ossified chondrogenic bone basicranium The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull, composed of the endocranium and lower parts of the skull roof. base of cranium base of skull basis cranii cranial base otolith organ otolith organs saccule and utricle the crystalline particles composed of calcium carbonate and a protein which adhere to the gelatinous membrane of the maculae of the utricle and saccule (otolithic membrane) utricle and saccule elastic tissue Connective tissue composed of elastic fibers. elastic connective tissue elastic fiber textus connectivus elasticus tunica intima Bichat's tunic The innermost layer of a blood vessel which is a lining of endothelial cells facing the lumen[Kardong]. intima tunica intima vasorum pancreatic lymph node A lymph node that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. aJCC level 19 node lymph node of pancreas pancreas lymph node pancreatic node pyloric lymph node limb segment A major subdivision of a mature or developing limb, including both skeletal elements (or the mesenchyme that gives rise to the skeletal elements) and associated tissues, such as muscle, connective tissue, integument. Examples: autopod region, zeugopod region, stylopod region, metapodial region, arm region. Excludes the limb girdles. extremity part free limb segment limb region region of limb segment of limb subdivision of limb gland Druese an organ that functions as a secretory or excretory organ glandula glandular organ epiblast (generic) In amniote animal embryology, the epiblast is a tissue type derived either from the inner cell mass in mammals or the blastodisc in birds and reptiles. It lies above the hypoblast. In mammalian embryogenesis, the columnar cells of the epiblast are adjacent to the trophoblast, while the cuboidal cells of the hypoblast are closer to the blastocoele. The epiblast, whilst referred to as the primary ectoderm, differentiates to form all three layers of the trilaminar germ disc in a process called gastrulation[WP]. The outer of the two layers of the blastoderm that form during gastrulation, corresponding to primitive ectoderm during gastrulation and to the definitive ectoderm after gastrulation[ZFA] blastocyst ectoblast epiblast epiblastus primitive ectoderm pharyngeal arch One of a series of paired bulges that develop along the lateral walls of the foregut. The pharyngeal arches have developmental contributions from endoderm, mesoderm, and neural crest cells and are separated by anterior lateral endoderm out-pockets known as pharyngeal pouches. arcus pharyngei branchial arch pharyngeal arches visceral arch lateral line system A line of sensory organs and associated structures along the sides of fish and amphibia that detect vibrations and pressure changes. lateral line organs lateral line stitches lateral-line organs ll digit A subdivision of the autopod that has as part a series of phalanges together with associated vasculature, musculature, integument and nerves. It is continuous with the metapodial subdivision of the autopod, but does not include the metapodials. In species such as humans, fully formed digits are distinct, whereas in other species the digits may be connected by interdigital webbing, or may be completely unseparated (for example, in cetaceans). acropodial unit digit (phalangeal portion) plus soft tissue limb digit cranial placode Ectodermal placode that develops in the head into a part of the sensory nervous system. With a few exceptions (lens, adenohypophyseal), cranial placodes are neurogenic. cranial placodes ectodermal cranial placode ectodermal placode placode anatomical cavity Anatomical space which contains portions of one or more body substances and is bounded by the internal surface of one maximally connected anatomical structure. Examples: cranial cavity, pharyngeal recess space, nasal cavity, tooth socket, cavity of serous sac, lumen of stomach, lumen of artery, fornix of vagina. cavity organ cavity cavity of organ medullary reticular formation The reticular formation is a series of brain nuclei located in the medulla oblongata bulb reticular formation bulbar reticular formation formatio reticularis myelencephali medulla oblongata reticular formation medulla oblonmgata reticular formation medullary reticular nucleus metepencephalon reticular formation reticular formation reticular formation of bulb reticular formation of medulla reticular formation of medulla oblongata reticular formation of medulla oblonmgata reticular formation of metepencephalon rhombencephalic reticular formation obsolete regional part of medullary reticular formation A regional part of brain that is part of a medullary reticular formation [Automatically generated definition]. medullary reticular formation segment segment of medullary reticular formation true limbic lobe Part of cerebral hemisphere located on the medial surface, forming a ring around the brain stem fornicate convolution fornicate gyrus fornicate lobe grande lobe limbique of Broca gyrus fornicatus limbic lobe (carpenter) lobus limbicus regional part of brain Anatomical divisons of the brain according to one or more criteria, e.g. cytoarchitectural, gross anatomy. Parts may be contiguous in 3D or not, e.g., basal ganglia. anatomical structure of brain biological structure of brain brain anatomical structure brain biological structure brain part neuraxis segment neuroanatomical region segment of brain obsolete regional part of cerebral cortex A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebral cortex [Automatically generated definition]. cerebral cortex part cerebral cortex region neocortex region region of cerebral cortex segment of cerebral cortex true obsolete regional part of midbrain tegmentum A multi-tissue structure that is part of a midbrain tegmentum. midbrain tegmentum segment segment of midbrain tegmentum true midbrain reticular formation MBRF Part of the reticular formation located in the midbrain tegmentum formatio reticularis mesencephali formatio reticularis tegmentalis formatio reticularis tegmenti mesencephali reticular formation of midbrain substantia reticularis mesencephali tegmental reticular formation obsolete regional part of medulla oblongata A regional part of brain that is part of a medulla oblongata [Automatically generated definition]. medullary oblongata segment segment of medulla oblongata true obsolete regional part of metencephalon A regional part of brain that is part of a metencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. metencephalon subdivision segment of metencephalon true basal forebrain A region of the brain consisting of ventral and rostral subcortical regions of the telencephalon, including among others, the basal ganglia, septal nuclei, amygdala, ventral pallidum, substantia innominata, and basal nucleus of Meynert. basal forebrain area pars basalis telencephali regional part of cerebellar cortex A regional part of brain that is part of a cerebellar cortex [Automatically generated definition]. cerebellar cortical segment segment of cerebellar cortex obsolete regional part of forebrain A regional part of brain that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. forebrain segment segment of forebrain true obsolete regional part of diencephalon A regional part of brain that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. diencephalon segment true obsolete regional part of telencephalon A regional part of brain that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. segment of telencephalon telencephalon segment true vestibular ganglion Scarpa's ganglion The ganglion of the vestibular nerve. It contains the cell bodies of the bipolar primary afferent neurons whose peripheral processes form synaptic contact with hair cells of the vestibular sensory end organs[WP,unvetted]. Distributed to the maculae of the utricle and saccule and to the ampullary crests of the semicircular ducts. The vestibular fibers arise in bipolar cells in the vestibular ganglion in the internal acoustic meatus. nucleus nervi oculomotorii, pars medialis vestibular part of vestibulocochlear ganglion vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibular component vestibulocochlear ganglion vestibular component vestibulocochlear ganglion SAG acoustic ganglion acoustic ganglion VIII acoustico-vestibular VIII ganglion auditory ganglion auditory ganglion gVIII ganglion VIII nucleus nervi oculomotorii ventrolateralis nucleus nervi oculomotorii, pars ventralis statoacoustic (VIII) ganglion statoacoustic VIII ganglion statoacoustic ganglia statoacoustic ganglion the group of neuron cell bodies associated with the eighth cranial nerve during embryogenesis; splits in later development to form the cochlear and vestibular ganglia vestibulocochlear VIII ganglion vestibulocochlear ganglia thoracic dorsal root ganglion A dorsal root ganglion that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. dorsal root ganglion of thorax ganglion of dorsal root of thorax ganglion spinalis of thorax thoracic dorsal root ganglion thoracic spinal ganglion thorax dorsal root ganglion thorax ganglion of dorsal root thorax ganglion spinalis gustatory epithelium A sensory epithelium that is part of a gustatory system. obsolete regional part of cerebellum segment of cerebellum subdivision of cerebellum true obsolete regional part of midbrain A regional part of brain that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. midbrain segment segment of midbrain true septum A wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones[WP]. septa obsolete regional part of hypothalamus A regional part of brain that is part of a hypothalamus [Automatically generated definition]. hypothalamus segment segment of hypothalamus true olfactory placode A thick plate of cells derived from the neural ectoderm in the head region of the embryo that develops into the olfactory region of the nasal cavity. nasal I placode nasal placode olfactory placodes placoda nasalis placoda olfactoria ear vesicle An epithelial sac of invaginated ectoderm formed from the otic placode that gives rise to the structures of the inner ear[MP] OV acoustic vesicle auditory vesicle otic vesicle otocyst periderm A temporary epithelium that derives from the outer layer of the ectdoerm and is shed once the inner layer differentiates to form a true epidermis. EVL epidermis epithelial layer epidermis outer layer epitrichium periderm skin periderm pre-chordal neural plate The portion of neural plate anterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. anterior neural plate chordal neural plate The portion of neural plate posterior to the mid-hindbrain junction. posterior neural plate presomitic mesoderm PSM Unsegmented field of paraxial mesoderm present posterior to the most recently formed somite pair, from which somites will form. presumptive somite mesoderm segmental plate somitogenic mesoderm somitomeric mesoderm unsegmented mesenchyme unsegmented paraxial mesoderm pronephric duct In mammals, the pronephric duct is the predecessor of the Wolffian duct[WP]. archinephric duct ductus pronephricus pronephric ducts blood island Blood islands are structures in the developing embryo which lead to many different parts of the circulatory system. They primarily derive from plexuses formed from angioblasts. Within them, vacuoles appear through liquefaction of the central part of the syncytium into plasma. The lumen of the blood vessels thus formed is probably intracellular. The flattened cells at the periphery form the endothelium. The nucleated red blood corpuscles develop either from small masses of the original angioblast left attached to the inner wall of the lumen or directly from the flat endothelial cells. In either case the syncytial mass thus formed projects from and is attached to the wall of the vessel. Such a mass is known as a blood island and hemoglobin gradually accumulates within it. Later the cells on the surface round up, giving the mass a mulberry-like appearance. Then the red blood cells break loose and are carried away in the plasma. Such free blood cells continue to divide. Blood islands have been seen in the area vasculosa in the omphalomesenteric vein and arteries, and in the dorsal aorta[WP, unvetted]. VBI blood islands caudal hematopoietic tissue posterior ICM posterior blood island ventral blood island ventral lateral plate mesoderm prechordal plate A horseshoe-shaped thickening of the endoderm at the cranial (rostral) end of the primitive streak formed by the involution of Spemann's organizer cells which, together with the notochord, induces the formation of the neural plate from the overlying ectodermal cells and contributes mesodermal type cells to the surrounding tissue head mesenchyme head mesoderm intermediate mesoderm IM The intermediate mesoderm is located between the lateral mesoderm and the paraxial mesoderm. It develops into the kidney and gonads. intermediate mesenchyme intermediate plate intermediate plate mesoderm mesenchyma intermedium pharyngeal arch 2 2nd arch 2nd pharyngeal arch 2nd visceral arch The second pharyngeal arch will form the hyoid apparatus. The cranial neural crest cells that populate the second pharyngeal arch emerge primarily from rhombomere 4 and will form skeletal elements. arcus pharyngeus secundus branchial arch 2 hyoid arch hyoid bars pharyngeal arch 2 pharyngeal arches 2 second branchial arch second pharyngeal arch second visceral arch visceral arch 2 dorsolateral placode Lateral neurogenic placodes positioned dorsal of the epibranchial placodes. dorsolateral placodes axial mesoderm The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord. chordamesoderm otic placode A cranial placode which, once specified, invaginates to form an otic cup, which eventually separates from the surface ectoderm to form the otic vesicle or otocyst, a rounded structure without appar- ent polarity. As the otic placode invaginates into a cup neuroblasts delaminate from the anterior ventral aspect of the otic epithelium to give rise to neurons of the vestibulocochlear (statoacoustic) ganglion of cranial nerve VIII[NBK] auditory placode ear placode ear/otic placode octaval VIII placode octaval placode placoda otica eye primordium Portion of tissue that is part of the anterior neural keel and will form the optic vesicle[ZFA]. A paired ectodermal placode that becomes invaginated to form the embryonic lens vesicles. eye anlage eye field eye placode occular primordium ocular primordium optic field optic placode optic placode of camera-type eye optic placodes optic primordium optic cup Multi-tissue structure that is comprised of neural and non-neural epithelial layers which will form the retina and retinal pigmented epithelium of the mature eye[ZFA]. double walled structured formed by expansion and invagination of the distal end of the optic vesicle that develops into the pigmented and sensory layers of the retina while the mouth of the optic cup eventually forms the pupil of the eye[MP]. eye cup eyecup ocular cup ophtalmic cup lens placode A thickened portion of ectoderm which serves as the precursor to the lens. SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in its development[WP]. lens placodes placoda lentis mesonephric duct Leydig's duct Paired organ that connects the primitive kidney Wolffian body (or mesonephros) to the cloaca and serves as the anlage for certain male reproductive organs. the Wolffian duct is what remains of the pronephric duct after the atrophy of the pronephros[WP]. In Zebrafish: Duct of the adult kidney (mesonephros), present bilaterally ventral to the somites and leading to the cloacal chamber[ZFA]. Wolffian duct archinephric duct ductus mesonephricus; ductus Wolffi renal duct neural plate A region of embryonic ectodermal cells that lie directly above the notochord. During neurulation, they change shape and produce an infolding of the neural plate (the neural fold) that then seals to form the neural tube[XAO]. The earliest recognizable dorsal ectodermal primordium of the central nervous system present near the end of gastrulation before infolding to form the neural keel; consists of a thickened pseudostratified epithelium[ZFA] lamina neuralis presumptive central nervous system posterior neural tube paraxial mesoderm The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube[GO] mesoderma paraxiale paraxial mesenchyme somitic mesoderm anterior neural tube lateral plate mesoderm LPM Portion of the middle of the three primary germ layers of the embryo that resides on the periphery of the embryo, is continuous with the extra-embryonic mesoderm, splits into two layers enclosing the intra-embryonic coelom, and gives rise to body wall structures[MP]. lateral mesoderm lateral plate lateral plate mesenchyme mesoderma laminae lateralis myotome A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become muscle cells. muscle plate myomere myomeres myotome region myotomes myotomus trunk neural crest TNC Trunk portion of the neural crest. The trunk neural crest lies between the vagal and sacral neural crest and gives rise to two groups of cells. One group migrates dorsolateral and populates the skin, forming pigment cells and the other migrates ventrolateral through the anterior sclerotome to become the epinephrine-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. Some cells remain in the sclerotome to form the dorsal root ganglia [Wikipedia]. trunk crest heart primordium Bilateral groups of cells consisting of three rows: one row of endocardial precursors medially and two rows of myocardical precursors laterally. The two populations fuse at the midline to form the heart rudiment or cone. cardiac field fused heart primordium sclerotome Ventral somitic compartment that is a precursor of the axial skeleton[XAO]. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull. The caudal (posterior) half of one sclerotome fuses with the rostral (anterior) half of the adjacent one to form each vertebra. From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially towards the notochord. These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side to form the vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord, forming the vertebral arch[WP]. sclerotomes sclerotomus thyroid primordium The initial thyroid precursor, the thyroid primordium, starts as a simple midline thickening and develops to form the thyroid diverticulum. This structure is initially hollow, although it later solidifies and becomes bilobed. The 2 lobes are located on either side of the midline and are connected via an isthmus. thyroid primordia cranial neural crest CNC cephalic neural crest cranial NCC population crista neuralis cranialis head NCC population head crest head neural crest neural crest cells (NCCs) originating in the anterior part of the developing embryo and residing between the mid-diencephalon and the forming hindbrain; cranial NCCs migrate dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that differentiates into various craniofacial cartilages and bones, cranial neurons, glia, and connective tissues of the face; these cells enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they give rise to thymic cells, bones of the middle ear and jaw (mandible), and the odontoblasts of the tooth primordia; like their counterparts in the trunk, cranial NCCs also contribute to the developing peripheral nervous system, along with the pigmented cell (i.e. melanocyte) lineage. female organism Gonochoristic organism that can produce female gametes. female female human body male organism Gonochoristic organism that can produce male gametes. male male human body surface structure Anatomical structure that overlaps the outer epithelial layer and is adjacent to the space surrounding the organism. anatomical surface feature surface feature surface region surface structures compound organ Anatomical structure that has as its parts two or more multi-tissue structures of at least two different types and which through specific morphogenetic processes forms a single distinct structural unit demarcated by bona fide boundaries from other distinct anatomical structures of different types. organ mesenchyme Portion of tissue consisting of loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage[XAO]. A mesh-like cell arrangement, less compact than an epithelium[ZFA]. The part of the embryonic mesoderm, consisting of loosely packed, unspecialized cells set in a gelatinous ground substance, from which connective tissue, bone, cartilage, and the circulatory and lymphatic systems develop[BTO]. mesenchyma mesenchymal tissue mesenchyme tissue portion of mesenchymal tissue portion of mesenchyme tissue pharyngeal arch 6 6th arch 6th pharyngeal arch 6th visceral arch The 6th pharyngeal arch. contributes to the development of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles branchial arch 4 fourth branchial arch gill arch 4 sixth branchial arch sixth pharyngeal arch sixth visceral arch visceral arch 6 pharyngeal arch artery 1 1st aortic arch artery 1st arch artery 1st branchial arch artery 1st pharyngeal arch artery AA1 The vessels formed within the first pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis aortic arch 1 first aortic arch first arch artery first branchial arch artery mandibular aortic arch pharyngeal arch artery 2 2nd aortic arch artery 2nd arch artery 2nd branchial arch artery 2nd pharyngeal arch artery AA2 The vessels formed within the second pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis aortic arch 2 hyoid aortic arch second aortic arch second branchial arch artery pharyngeal arch artery 6 6th aortic arch artery 6th arch artery 6th branchial arch artery 6th pharyngeal arch artery AA6 The vessels formed within the sixth pair of branchial arches in embryogenesis aortic arch 6 pulmonary arch sixth aortic arch sixth branchial arch artery chorion chorion (vertebrates) chorion frondosum chorionic sac embryonic chorion fetal chorion the outermost extraembryonic membrane uterine chorion trachea The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches [GO:dph]. cartilaginous trachea tracheal tubule vertebrate trachea windpipe cranium Upper portion of the skull that excludes the mandible (when present in the organism). bones of cranium calvarium epicranial plate ossa cranii set of bones of cranium skeletal system of head skull minus mandible upper part of skull skull Anatomical structure that is part of the head consisting entirely of cranium and mandible[WP]. cranial skeleton skeletal system of head reproductive organ An organ involved in reproduction genital organ genitalia reproductive system organ sex organ female reproductive organ A female organ involved in reproduction female organism reproductive organ female organism reproductive structure female organism reproductive system organ female organism sex organ female reproductive gland/organ female reproductive system organ female sex organ reproductive organ of female organism reproductive structure of female organism reproductive system organ of female organism sex organ of female organism male reproductive organ A male organ involved in reproduction male organism reproductive organ male organism reproductive structure male organism reproductive system organ male organism sex organ male reproductive gland/organ male reproductive system organ male sex organ reproductive organ of male organism reproductive structure of male organism reproductive system organ of male organism sex organ of male organism blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier barrier in the choroid plexus located in the lateral, third, and fourth brain ventricles that controls the entrance of substances into the cerebrospinal fluid from the blood[MP]. blood-CSF barrier mammary gland alveolus A sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland[GO]. alveolus of lactiferous gland alveolus of lobe of breast alveolus of lobe of mammary gland alveolus of mammary gland lactiferous alveolus lactiferous gland alveolus lobe of breast alveolus lobe of mammary gland alveolus mammary alveoli mammary alveolus alveolus organ part that has the form of a hollow cavity[WP]. ovary septum Septum that divides the ovary, the basal portion of a carpel or group of fused carpels, that encloses the ovule(s)[GO]. metanephric mesenchyme metanephric blastema metanephric mesoderm metanephrogenic mesenchyme metanephros associated mesenchyme one of the two embryological structures that give rise to the kidney (the other is the ureteric bud). The metanephric blastema mostly develops into nephrons, but can also form parts of the collecting duct system.[WP]. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros[GO] phalanx Endochondral bones that are often elongate and arranged in rows of articulating elements, and form the visible part of the digits. digit long bone long bone of digit phalange phalanges phalanx bone epithelium of knee An epithelium that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of knee knee epithelial tissue knee epithelium epithelium of lower jaw An epithelium that is part of a lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of lower jaw epithelial tissue of ventral mandibular arch epithelium of ventral mandibular arch lower jaw epithelial tissue lower jaw epithelium ventral mandibular arch epithelial tissue ventral mandibular arch epithelium epithelium of utricle An epithelium that is part of a utricle of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth utricle epithelial tissue of utricle epithelial tissue of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium of macula of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium of membranous labyrinth utricle epithelium of utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium of utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) membranous labyrinth utricle epithelial tissue membranous labyrinth utricle epithelium utricle epithelial tissue utricle epithelium utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue utricle of membranous labyrinth epithelium utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue utriculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium epithelium of saccule An epithelium that is part of a saccule of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of membranous labyrinth saccule epithelial tissue of saccule epithelial tissue of saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium of macula of saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium of membranous labyrinth saccule epithelium of saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium of sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) membranous labyrinth saccule epithelial tissue membranous labyrinth saccule epithelium saccule epithelial tissue saccule epithelium saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue saccule of membranous labyrinth epithelium sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelial tissue sacculus (labyrinthus vestibularis) epithelium epithelium of cochlear duct An epithelium that is part of a cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth [Automatically generated definition]. Reissner's canal epithelial tissue Reissner's canal epithelium cochlear duct epithelial tissue cochlear duct epithelium cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelial tissue cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium epithelial tissue of Reissner's canal epithelial tissue of cochlear duct epithelial tissue of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium of Reissner's canal epithelium of cochlear duct of membranous labyrinth epithelium of mammary gland epithelium of lactiferous gland lactiferous gland epithelium mammary epithelium mammary gland epithelial tissue mammary gland epithelium the epithelial layer of the luminal surfaces of the mammary gland epithelium of forearm An epithelium that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. forearm epithelium epithelium of footplate An epithelium that is part of a footplate. foot plate epithelium footplate epithelium epithelium of otic placode An epithelium that is part of a otic placode [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of otic placode otic epithelium otic placode epithelial tissue otic placode epithelium amniotic ectoderm amnion ectoderm amnion epithelium amnionic ectoderm yolk sac endoderm The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from endoderm and lines the yolk sac. endoderm of foregut An endoderm that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. foregut endoderm endoderm of midgut An endoderm that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. midgut endoderm endoderm of hindgut An endoderm that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. hindgut endoderm thyroid primordium endoderm An endoderm that is part of a thyroid primordium. endoderm of thyroid primordium amniotic mesoderm A mesenchyme that is part of a amnion. amnion mesenchyme amnion mesoderm amnionic mesenchyme amnionic mesoderm amnionic mesoderm mesenchyme of amnion chorionic mesenchyme A mesenchyme that is part of a chorion. chorion mesenchyme chorion mesoderm chorionic mesenchyme mesenchyme of chorion mesenchyme of chorion (vertebrates) tooth of lower jaw A calcareous tooth that is part of the lower jaw region. In mammals, the lower jaw teeth are attached to the mandible (dentary). calcareous tooth of lower jaw lower jaw calcareous tooth lower jaw dentine containing tooth lower jaw tooth lower jaw vertebrate tooth mandibular tooth skeletal muscle tissue of eye A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a eye [Automatically generated definition]. eye skeletal muscle eye skeletal muscle group eye skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of eye obsolete skeletal muscle tissue of tongue true obsolete skeleton of embryo A skeletal system that is part of a embryo [Automatically generated definition]. developmental tissue set of all bones developmental tissue set of bones of body developmental tissue skeletal system developmental tissue skeleton developmental tissue skeleton system embryo set of all bones embryo set of bones of body embryo skeletal system embryo skeleton embryo skeleton system set of all bones of developmental tissue set of all bones of embryo set of bones of body of developmental tissue set of bones of body of embryo skeletal system of developmental tissue skeletal system of embryo skeleton of developmental tissue skeleton system of developmental tissue skeleton system of embryo true skeleton of lower jaw A subdivision of the skeleton that corresponds to the lower part of the mouth. The lower jaw skeleton includes the following elements, when present: lower jaw teeth, the mandible and other lower jaw bones, and Meckel's cartilage. lower jaw lower jaw skeleton mandible mandibles mandibular series endothelium of trachea An endothelium that is part of a trachea. endothelium of windpipe trachea endothelium windpipe endothelium mesentery of stomach The portion of the primitive mesentery that encloses the stomach; from its dorsal sheet, the greater omentum develops, and from its ventral sheet, the lesser omentum. mesentery of ventriculus mesogaster mesogastium mesogastrium stomach mesentery ventriculus mesentery mesentery of heart A mesentery that surrounds the heart. cardiac mesentery heart mesentery mesocardium mesentery of oesophagus A mesentery that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophagus mesentery gullet mesentery mesentery of esophagus mesentery of gullet meso-esophagus oesophagus mesentery mesentery of midgut A mesentery that is part of a midgut [Automatically generated definition]. midgut mesentery meninx of midbrain A meninx that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. meninges of midbrain mesencephalon meninges midbrain meninges midbrain meninx meninx of telencephalon A meninx that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. meninges of telencephalon telencephalon meninges telencephalon meninx meninx of diencephalon A meninx that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. between brain meninges between brain meninx diencephalon meninges diencephalon meninx interbrain meninges interbrain meninx mature diencephalon meninges mature diencephalon meninx meninges of between brain meninges of diencephalon meninges of interbrain meninges of mature diencephalon meninx of between brain meninx of interbrain meninx of mature diencephalon meninx of hindbrain A meninx that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. hindbrain meninges hindbrain meninx meninges of hindbrain rhomencephalon meninges meninx of spinal cord A meninx that is part of a spinal cord [Automatically generated definition]. menines of spinal cord meninges of spinal cord spinal cord meninges spinal cord meninx spinal meninges spinal meninx gland of foregut A gland that is part of a foregut [Automatically generated definition]. foregut gland pharyngeal gland Racemose mucous glands beneath the mucous membrane of the pharynx. glandulae pharyngeae pharynx gland gland of diencephalon Any gland that is part of the diencephalon. Examples: pineal gland, neurohypophysis. diencephalon gland interbrain gland gland of integumental system A gland that is part of a integumental system [Automatically generated definition]. integumental gland integumental system gland integumentary gland mesoderm blood island A blood island that is part of a mesoderm. mesenchyme blood island mesoderm blood islands mesenchyme of testis Mesenchyme that is part of a developing testis [Automatically generated definition]. testis mesenchyme eye mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing camera-type eye. mesenchyme of eye mesenchyme of ovary Mesenchyme that is part of a developing ovary [Automatically generated definition]. female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme gonada of female reproductive system mesenchyme mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonad mesenchyme of female reproductive system gonada mesenchyme of gonad of female reproductive system mesenchyme of gonada of female reproductive system ovary mesenchyme mesenchyme of yolk sac The portion of the yolk sac that is derived from mesoderm and consists of mesenchyme. yolk sac mesenchyme mesenchyme of knee Mesenchyme that is part of a developing knee [Automatically generated definition]. knee mesenchyme mesenchyme of lower jaw Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower jaw [Automatically generated definition]. lower jaw mesenchyme mesenchyme of ventral mandibular arch ventral mandibular arch mesenchyme mesenchyme of pinna Mesenchyme that is part of a developing pinna [Automatically generated definition]. auricle mesenchyme auricle of ear mesenchyme auricle of external ear mesenchyme auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme auricula mesenchyme mesenchyme of auricle mesenchyme of auricle of ear mesenchyme of auricle of external ear mesenchyme of auricula mesenchyme of auricula (auris externa) mesenchyme of pinna of ear pinna mesenchyme pinna of ear mesenchyme mesenchyme of mammary gland Mesenchyme that is part of a developing mammary gland. lactiferous gland mesenchyme lobe of breast mesenchyme lobe of mammary gland mesenchyme mammary gland mesenchyme mammary mesenchyme mesenchyme of lactiferous gland mesenchyme of lobe of breast mesenchyme of lobe of mammary gland mesenchyme of forearm Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. mesenchyme of footplate Mesenchyme that is part of a footplate. foot plate mesenchyme submucosa of anal canal A submucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. anal canal submucosa anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa anal region submucosa anatomical anal canal submucosa submucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically submucosa of anal region submucosa of anatomical anal canal submucosa of rectum The submucous layer of the wall of the rectum. rectal submucosa rectum submucosa tela submucosa recti submucosa of colon A submucosa that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. colon submucosa colonic submucosa large bowel submucosa submucosa of large bowel submucosa of duodenum A submucosa that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. doudenal submucosa duodenal submucosa duodenum submucosa submucosa of jejunum A submucosa that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. jejunal submucosa jejunum submucosa serosa of rectum A serous membrane that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. rectal serosa rectum serosa rectum serous membrane serous membrane of rectum visceral peritoneum of rectum serosa of colon A serous membrane that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. colon serosa colon serous membrane colonic serosa large bowel serosa large bowel serous membrane serosa of large bowel serous membrane of colon serous membrane of large bowel visceral peritoneum of colon serosa of duodenum A serous membrane that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. doudenal serosa duodenal serosa duodenum serosa duodenum serous membrane serous membrane of duodenum visceral peritoneum of duodenum serosa of jejunum A serous membrane that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. jejunal serosa jejunum serosa jejunum serous membrane serous membrane of jejunum visceral peritoneum of jejunum ganglion of peripheral nervous system A spatially aggregated collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS, consisting of one or more subpopulations that share cell type, chemical phenotype, and connections. (CUMBO). peripheral nervous system ganglion ganglion of central nervous system A ganglion that is part of a central nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. central nervous system ganglion ganglion of neuraxis neuraxis ganglion mucosa of anal canal A mucosa that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. anal canal mucosa anal canal mucosa of organ anal canal mucous membrane anal canal organ mucosa anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa anal mucosa anal mucous membrane anal region mucosa anal region mucosa of organ anal region mucous membrane anal region organ mucosa anatomical anal canal mucosa anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ anatomical anal canal mucous membrane anatomical anal canal organ mucosa mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of anal region mucosa of anatomical anal canal mucosa of organ of anal canal mucosa of organ of anal canal viewed anatomically mucosa of organ of anal region mucosa of organ of anatomical anal canal mucous membrane of anal canal mucous membrane of anal canal viewed anatomically mucous membrane of anal region mucous membrane of anatomical anal canal organ mucosa of anal canal organ mucosa of anal canal viewed anatomically organ mucosa of anal region organ mucosa of anatomical anal canal mucosa of oral region A mucosa that is part of a oral opening [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of oral opening mucosa of oral part of face mucosa of organ of oral opening mucosa of organ of oral part of face mucosa of organ of oral region mucosa of organ of subdivision of mouth mucosa of subdivision of mouth mucous membrane of oral opening mucous membrane of oral part of face mucous membrane of oral region mucous membrane of subdivision of mouth oral opening mucosa oral opening mucosa of organ oral opening mucous membrane oral opening organ mucosa oral part of face mucosa oral part of face mucosa of organ oral part of face mucous membrane oral part of face organ mucosa oral region mucosa oral region mucosa of organ oral region mucous membrane oral region organ mucosa organ mucosa of oral opening organ mucosa of oral part of face organ mucosa of oral region organ mucosa of subdivision of mouth subdivision of mouth mucosa subdivision of mouth mucosa of organ subdivision of mouth mucous membrane subdivision of mouth organ mucosa mucosa of rectum A mucosa that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of rectum mucous membrane of rectum organ mucosa of rectum rectal mucosa rectal mucous membrane rectum mucosa rectum mucosa of organ rectum mucous membrane rectum organ mucosa epithelium of mucosa A layer of epithelial cells on the surface of the mucosa. lamina epithelialis mucosa lamina epithelialis mucosae pharyngeal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of pharynx epithelium of pharynx pharynx epithelial tissue pharynx epithelium epithelium of midgut An epithelium that is part of a midgut. epithelial tissue of midgut midgut epithelial tissue midgut epithelium epithelium of hindgut An epithelium that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of hindgut hindgut epithelial tissue hindgut epithelium epithelium of rectum An epithelium that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of rectum rectal epithelium rectum epithelial tissue rectum epithelium epithelium of tongue An epithelium that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of tongue lingual epithelium tongue epithelial tissue tongue epithelium epithelium of vomeronasal organ An epithelium that is part of a vomeronasal organ [Automatically generated definition]. Jacobson's organ epithelial tissue Jacobson's organ epithelium epithelial tissue of Jacobson's organ epithelial tissue of vomeronasal organ epithelium of Jacobson's organ vomeronasal epithelium vomeronasal organ epithelial tissue vomeronasal organ epithelium vomeronasal organ sensory epithelium pelvic appendage bud ectoderm An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pelvic appendage bud. hindlimb bud ectoderm hindlimb ectoderm hindlimb ectoderm leg ectoderm lower limb bud ectoderm pelvic fin bud ectoderm pectoral appendage bud ectoderm An unilaminar epithelium that surrounds a pectoral appendage bud. arm ectoderm forelimb bud ectoderm forelimb ectoderm pectoral fin bud ectoderm upper limb bud ectoderm wing ectoderm ectoderm of footplate An ectoderm that is part of a footplate. chorionic ectoderm A extraembryonic structure that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a chorion. chorion ectoderm chorion epithelium chorionic epithelium cardiac muscle of right ventricle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a right ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac muscle tissue of right ventricle right ventricle cardiac muscle right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue cardiac muscle of left ventricle A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a left ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac muscle tissue of left ventricle left ventricle cardiac muscle left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac muscle of interventricular septum cardiac muscle tissue of interventricular septum interventricular septum cardiac muscle interventricular septum heart muscle interventricular septum muscle interventricular septum myocardium skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a pharynx [Automatically generated definition]. pharynx skeletal muscle pharynx skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle tissue of pharynx smooth muscle of eye any of the striated muscles that move the eye and include: superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, retractor bulbi ocular smooth muscle smooth muscle of trachea A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. trachea smooth muscle tracheal smooth muscle mesothelium of pericardial cavity A mesothelium that is part of a pericardium [Automatically generated definition]. cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium cavity of pericardial sac mesothelium meso-epithelium of cavity of pericardial sac meso-epithelium of pericardial cavity mesothelium of cavity of pericardial sac pericardial cavity meso-epithelium pericardial cavity mesothelium mesentery of urinary system A mesentery that is part of a urinary system [Automatically generated definition]. excretory system mesentery mesentery of excretory system mesentery of renal system mesentery of systema urinaria renal system mesentery systema urinaria mesentery urinary system mesentery mesentery of hindgut A mesentery that is part of a hindgut [Automatically generated definition]. hindgut mesentery mesentery of rectum A mesentery that is part of a rectum [Automatically generated definition]. rectum mesentery mesentery of colon A mesentery that is part of a colon [Automatically generated definition]. colon mesentery large bowel mesentery large intestinal mesentery mesentery of large bowel mesentery of large intestine mesentery of duodenum A mesentery that is part of a duodenum [Automatically generated definition]. duodenum mesentery mesentery of jejunum A mesentery that is part of a jejunum [Automatically generated definition]. jejunal mesentery jejunum mesentery mesojejunum skin of forearm A zone of skin that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. forearm skin lower arm skin lower segment of arm skin skin of antebrachial region skin of lower arm skin of lower segment of arm skin of zeugopod of arm cartilage of respiratory system A cartilage element that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius cartilage cartilage of apparatus respiratorius respiratory system cartilage gland of gut A gland that is part of a digestive tract [Automatically generated definition]. digestive tract gland gland of digestive tract gland of lower gastrointestinal tract gut gland lower gastrointestinal tract gland gland of tongue Any of the mucous, serous, or mixed glands that empty their secretions onto the surface of the tongue. lingual gland tongue gland pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. hindlimb bud mesenchyme leg mesenchyme lower limb bud mesenchyme mesoderm pelvic fin bud pelvic fin bud mesenchyme pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pectoral appendage bud. arm mesenchyme forelimb bud mesenchyme mesoderm pectoral fin bud pectoral fin bud mesenchyme upper limb bud mesenchyme wing mesenchyme mesenchyme of tongue Mesenchyme that is part of a developing tongue [Automatically generated definition]. tongue mesenchyme mesenchyme of vomeronasal organ Jacobson's organ mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing vomeronasal organ [Automatically generated definition]. mesenchyme of Jacobson's organ vomeronasal mesenchyme vomeronasal organ mesenchyme mesenchyme of umbilical cord A gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. It is derived from Extra Embryonic Mesoderm[WP] Wharton's jelly umbilical cord mesenchyme dermis adipose tissue An adipose tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. adipose tissue of dermis dermis fat tissue dermis fatty tissue fat tissue of dermis fatty tissue of dermis abdomen nerve A nerve that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. nerve of abdomen neck nerve A nerve that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. neck (volume) nerve nerve of neck nerve of neck (volume) leg nerve A nerve that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. nerve of leg chest nerve A nerve that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. anterior thoracic region nerve anterolateral part of thorax nerve front of thorax nerve nerve of anterior thoracic region nerve of anterolateral part of thorax nerve of chest nerve of front of thorax arm nerve A nerve that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. brachial region nerve nerve of arm nerve of brachial region pedal digit nerve A nerve that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. digit of foot nerve digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve digitus pedis nerve foot digit nerve foot digit nerve hind limb digit nerve nerve of digit of foot nerve of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb nerve of digitus pedis nerve of foot digit nerve of terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit nerve toe nerve eyelid nerve A nerve that innervates an eyelid. blepharon nerve nerve of blepharon nerve of eyelid palpebral nerve iris nerve Any nerve that innervates the iris. ciliary nerve nerve of iris nerve of trunk region A nerve that is part of the trunk region of the body (not to be confused with a nerve trunk). nerve of torso nerve of trunk torso nerve trunk nerve limb nerve A nerve that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. nerve of limb forelimb nerve A nerve that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. fore limb nerve nerve of fore limb nerve of forelimb nerve of superior member nerve of upper extremity wing nerve hindlimb nerve A nerve that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb nerve nerve of hind limb nerve of hindlimb nerve of inferior member nerve of lower extremity pelvis nerve A nerve that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. nerve of pelvis pes nerve A nerve that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. foot nerve nerve of foot digit nerve of manus A nerve that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. digit of hand nerve digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve digitus manus nerve finger nerve hand digit nerve nerve of digit of hand nerve of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb nerve of digitus manus nerve of finger nerve of hand digit nerve of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit nerve manus nerve A nerve that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. hand nerve nerve of hand nerve of manus large intestine Peyer's patch A Peyer's patch that is part of a large intestine. Peyer's patch of large intestine large intestine Peyer's patch solitary lymphatic follicle of large intestine solitary lymphoid follicle of subdivision of large intestine small intestine Peyer's patch Peyer's patch Peyer's patch of small bowel Peyer's patch of small intestine aggregated lymphoid follicle of small intestine nodular lymphoid structures on the serosal surface of the small intestine. noduli lymphoidei aggregati intestini tenuis small bowel Peyer's patch small intestine Peyer's patch inner renal medulla loop of Henle A loop of Henle that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. kidney inner medulla loop of Henle loop of Henle, inner medullary portion respiratory system lymphatic vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel of respiratory system lymphatic vessel of apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel of respiratory system respiratory system lymph vessel head bone A bone that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. adult head bone adult head bone organ bone of adult head bone of head bone organ of adult head bone organ of head craniofacial bone head bone organ neck bone A bone that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. bone of neck bone of neck (volume) bone organ of neck bone organ of neck (volume) neck (volume) bone neck (volume) bone organ neck bone organ chest bone A bone that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. anterior thoracic region bone anterior thoracic region bone organ anterolateral part of thorax bone anterolateral part of thorax bone organ bone of anterior thoracic region bone of anterolateral part of thorax bone of chest bone of front of thorax bone organ of anterior thoracic region bone organ of anterolateral part of thorax bone organ of chest bone organ of front of thorax chest bone organ front of thorax bone front of thorax bone organ arm bone A bone that is part of the region of the forelimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia arm bone organ bone of arm bone of upper extremity bone organ of arm facial bone A bone that is part of a facial skeleton [Automatically generated definition]. bone of facial skeleton bone of viscerocranium facial bone facial skeleton bone viscerocranium bone trunk bone A bone that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. bone of torso bone of trunk bone organ of torso bone organ of trunk torso bone torso bone organ trunk bone organ hindlimb bone A bone that is part of a hindlimb region. Examples: any pes phalanx, femur. Counter-examples: ischium, pubis (they are part of the pelvic girdle) bone of hind limb bone of hindlimb bone of inferior member bone of lower extremity bone organ of hind limb bone organ of hindlimb bone organ of lower extremity hind limb bone hind limb bone organ hindlimb bone organ forelimb zeugopod bone A bone that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. antebrachial region bone antebrachial region bone organ arm zeugopod bone arm zeugopod bone organ lower arm bone wing zeugopod bone zeugopod bone, forelimb zeugopod bone, upper respiratory system artery An artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. ureteric vein A vein that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. ureter vein vein of ureter respiratory system venous blood vessel A vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius vein respiratory system vein vein of apparatus respiratorius vein of respiratory system thymus lymphoid tissue A portion of lymphoid tissue that is part of a thymus [Automatically generated definition]. lymphoid tissue of thymus lymphoid tissue of thymus gland thymus gland lymphoid tissue eye sebaceous gland A sebaceous gland that is part of a camera-type eye. Example: a tarsal gland. camera-type eye sebaceous gland sebaceous gland of camera-type eye sebaceous gland of vertebrate eye vertebrate eye sebaceous gland vagina sebaceous gland A sebaceous gland that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition]. sebaceous gland of vagina skin sebaceous gland A holocrine gland of the dermis that secretes sebum into hair follicles. cutaneous sebaceous gland sebaceous gland of skin abdominal mammary gland A lactiferous gland that is part of the abdominal region [Automatically generated definition]. abdomen lactiferous gland abdomen lobe of breast abdomen lobe of mammary gland abdomen mammary gland lactiferous gland of abdomen lobe of breast of abdomen lobe of mammary gland of abdomen mammary gland of abdomen respiratory system capillary endothelium An endothelium of capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel blood capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius blood capillary endothelium of respiratory system capillary endothelium of apparatus respiratorius capillary endothelium of respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel endothelium of respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of blood capillary of respiratory system endothelium of capillary of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary of respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of capillary vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood capillary endothelium respiratory system capillary vessel endothelium respiratory system endothelium of blood capillary respiratory system endothelium of capillary respiratory system endothelium of capillary vessel respiratory system venule A venule that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius venule venule of apparatus respiratorius venule of respiratory system respiratory system arteriole An arteriole that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. head blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. adult head blood vessel blood vessel of adult head blood vessel of head abdomen blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of abdomen heart blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of heart cardiac blood vessel brain blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of brain corneal blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a cornea [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of cornea cornea blood vessel retina blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of inner layer of eyeball blood vessel of retina blood vessel of tunica interna of eyeball inner layer of eyeball blood vessel retinal blood vessel tunica interna of eyeball blood vessel neck blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of neck blood vessel of neck (volume) neck (volume) blood vessel leg blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of leg respiratory system blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius blood vessel blood vessel of apparatus respiratorius blood vessel of respiratory system trachea blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a trachea. blood vessel of trachea chest blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. anterior thoracic region blood vessel anterolateral part of thorax blood vessel blood vessel of anterior thoracic region blood vessel of anterolateral part of thorax blood vessel of chest blood vessel of front of thorax front of thorax blood vessel arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of arm pedal digit blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of digit of foot blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel of digitus pedis blood vessel of foot digit blood vessel of terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel of toe digit of foot blood vessel digit of terminal segment of free lower limb blood vessel digitus pedis blood vessel foot digit blood vessel foot digit blood vessel hind limb digit blood vessel terminal segment of free lower limb digit blood vessel toe blood vessel arterial blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of the arterial system. Includes artery, arteriole and aorta. eyelid blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. blepharon blood vessel blood vessel of blepharon blood vessel of eyelid iris blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of iris lung blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of lung pulmonary vascular element trunk blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of torso blood vessel of trunk torso blood vessel limb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of limb forelimb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. anteriormost limb blood vessel blood vessel of anteriormost limb blood vessel of fore limb blood vessel of forelimb blood vessel of upper extremity fore limb blood vessel wing blood vessel hindlimb blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of hind limb blood vessel of hindlimb blood vessel of lower extremity hind limb blood vessel kidney blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of kidney renal blood vessel thoracic cavity blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a thoracic cavity [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of cavity of chest blood vessel of cavity of thorax blood vessel of chest cavity blood vessel of pectoral cavity blood vessel of thoracic cavity cavity of chest blood vessel cavity of thorax blood vessel chest cavity blood vessel pectoral cavity blood vessel pelvis blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of pelvis pes blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of foot foot blood vessel manual digit blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel of terminal segment of free upper limb digit digit of terminal segment of free upper limb blood vessel finger blood vessel hand digit blood vessel hand digit blood vessel terminal segment of free upper limb digit blood vessel manus blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of hand blood vessel of manus hand blood vessel respiratory system capillary A capillary that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius blood capillary apparatus respiratorius capillary apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel blood capillary of apparatus respiratorius blood capillary of respiratory system capillary of apparatus respiratorius capillary of respiratory system capillary vessel of apparatus respiratorius capillary vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood capillary respiratory system capillary vessel kidney capillary A capillary that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. blood capillary of kidney capillary of kidney capillary vessel of kidney kidney blood capillary kidney capillary vessel renal capillary brain gray matter A gray matter that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. brain grey matter brain grey substance gray matter of brain grey matter of brain grey substance of brain respiratory system lymphatic vessel endothelium An lymphatic vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymph vessel apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel endothelium apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel endothelium endothelium of lymph vessel of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of lymph vessel of respiratory system lymph vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius lymph vessel endothelium of respiratory system lymphatic vessel endothelium of apparatus respiratorius lymphatic vessel endothelium of respiratory system respiratory system endothelium of lymph vessel respiratory system lymph vessel endothelium respiratory system lymphatic vessel endothelium pedal digit skin A zone of skin that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. digit of foot skin digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin digitus pedis skin foot digit skin foot digit skin hind limb digit skin skin of digit of foot skin of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb skin of digitus pedis skin of foot digit skin of terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit skin toe skin forelimb skin A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. anteriormost limb skin fore limb skin skin of fore limb skin of forelimb skin of upper limb upper limb skin wing skin hindlimb skin A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb skin lower limb skin skin of hind limb skin of hindlimb skin of lower extremity skin of lower limb manual digit skin A zone of skin that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. digit of hand skin digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin digitus manus skin finger skin fore limb digit skin hand digit skin hand digit skin skin of digit of hand skin of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb skin of digitus manus skin of finger skin of hand digit skin of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit skin brain white matter The regions of the brain that are largely or entirely composed of myelinated nerve cell axons and contain few or no neural cell bodies or dendrites. brain white matter of neuraxis brain white substance white matter of brain white matter of neuraxis of brain white substance of brain distal convoluted tubule macula densa A macula densa that is part of a distal convoluted tubule [Automatically generated definition]. brain meninx A meninx that is part of a brain [Automatically generated definition]. brain meninges meninges of brain meninx of brain forebrain meninges A meninx that is part of a forebrain [Automatically generated definition]. forebrain meninx meninges of forebrain meninx of forebrain forebrain dura mater A dura mater that is part of a forebrain. dura mater of forebrain dura mater of neuraxis of forebrain forebrain dura mater of neuraxis midbrain dura mater A dura mater that is part of a midbrain [Automatically generated definition]. dura mater of midbrain dura mater of neuraxis of midbrain mesencephalon dura mater midbrain dura mater of neuraxis telencephalon dura mater A dura mater that is part of a telencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. dura mater of neuraxis of telencephalon dura mater of telencephalon telencephalon dura mater of neuraxis diencephalon dura mater A dura mater that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. between brain dura mater between brain dura mater of neuraxis diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis dura mater of between brain dura mater of diencephalon dura mater of interbrain dura mater of mature diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis of between brain dura mater of neuraxis of diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis of interbrain dura mater of neuraxis of mature diencephalon interbrain dura mater interbrain dura mater of neuraxis mature diencephalon dura mater mature diencephalon dura mater of neuraxis hindbrain dura mater A dura mater that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. dura mater of hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis of hindbrain hindbrain dura mater of neuraxis rhombencephalon dura mater head connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. adult head connective tissue adult head portion of connective tissue adult head textus connectivus connective tissue of adult head connective tissue of head head portion of connective tissue head textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of adult head portion of connective tissue of head textus connectivus of adult head textus connectivus of head abdomen connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdomen [Automatically generated definition]. abdomen portion of connective tissue abdomen textus connectivus connective tissue of abdomen portion of connective tissue of abdomen textus connectivus of abdomen neck connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of neck connective tissue of neck (volume) neck (volume) connective tissue neck (volume) portion of connective tissue neck (volume) textus connectivus neck portion of connective tissue neck textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of neck portion of connective tissue of neck (volume) textus connectivus of neck textus connectivus of neck (volume) leg connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a leg [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of leg leg portion of connective tissue leg textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of leg textus connectivus of leg respiratory system connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius connective tissue apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius connective tissue of respiratory system portion of connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius portion of connective tissue of respiratory system respiratory system portion of connective tissue respiratory system textus connectivus textus connectivus of apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus of respiratory system trachea connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trachea. connective tissue of trachea connective tissue of windpipe chest connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. anterior thoracic region connective tissue anterior thoracic region portion of connective tissue anterior thoracic region textus connectivus anterolateral part of thorax connective tissue anterolateral part of thorax portion of connective tissue anterolateral part of thorax textus connectivus chest portion of connective tissue chest textus connectivus connective tissue of anterior thoracic region connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax connective tissue of chest connective tissue of front of thorax front of thorax connective tissue front of thorax portion of connective tissue front of thorax textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of anterior thoracic region portion of connective tissue of anterolateral part of thorax portion of connective tissue of chest portion of connective tissue of front of thorax textus connectivus of anterior thoracic region textus connectivus of anterolateral part of thorax textus connectivus of chest textus connectivus of front of thorax arm connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. knee connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a knee [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of knee knee portion of connective tissue pedal digit connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of digit of foot connective tissue of digitus pedis connective tissue of foot digit connective tissue of toe digitus pedis textus connectivus foot digit connective tissue foot digit connective tissue hind limb digit connective tissue lower respiratory tract connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract portion of connective tissue lower respiratory tract textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of lower respiratory tract textus connectivus of lower respiratory tract eyelid connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. blepharon connective tissue connective tissue of blepharon connective tissue of eyelid nasopharynx connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx connective tissue of nasopharynx connective tissue of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx connective tissue nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus nasopharynx portion of connective tissue nasopharynx textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of nasal part of pharynx portion of connective tissue of nasopharynx portion of connective tissue of rhinopharynx rhinopharynx connective tissue rhinopharynx portion of connective tissue rhinopharynx textus connectivus textus connectivus of nasal part of pharynx textus connectivus of nasopharynx textus connectivus of rhinopharynx mammary gland connective tissue The fibrous supportive tissue of the mammary gland. connective tissue of lactiferous gland connective tissue of lobe of breast connective tissue of lobe of mammary gland connective tissue of mammary gland lactiferous gland connective tissue lactiferous gland portion of connective tissue lactiferous gland stroma mammary gland stroma mammary stroma stroma of lactiferous gland dermis connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a dermis [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of dermis dermis portion of connective tissue dermis textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of dermis textus connectivus of dermis trunk connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of torso connective tissue of trunk portion of connective tissue of torso portion of connective tissue of trunk textus connectivus of torso textus connectivus of trunk torso connective tissue torso portion of connective tissue torso textus connectivus trunk portion of connective tissue trunk textus connectivus limb connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of limb limb portion of connective tissue limb textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of limb textus connectivus of limb forelimb connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of anteriormost limb connective tissue of fore limb connective tissue of forelimb connective tissue of superior member connective tissue of upper extremity wing connective tissue hindlimb connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of hind limb connective tissue of hindlimb connective tissue of inferior member connective tissue of lower extremity hind limb connective tissue bronchus connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi connective tissue bronchi portion of connective tissue bronchi textus connectivus bronchial connective tissue bronchial mesenchyme bronchial trunk connective tissue bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue bronchial trunk textus connectivus bronchus portion of connective tissue bronchus textus connectivus connective tissue of bronchi connective tissue of bronchial trunk connective tissue of bronchus portion of connective tissue of bronchi portion of connective tissue of bronchial trunk portion of connective tissue of bronchus textus connectivus of bronchi textus connectivus of bronchial trunk textus connectivus of bronchus pelvis connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of pelvis pelvis portion of connective tissue pelvis textus connectivus portion of connective tissue of pelvis textus connectivus of pelvis pes connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of foot connective tissue of terminal segment of free lower limb foot connective tissue textus connectivus of pes manual digit connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of digit of hand connective tissue of digitus manus connective tissue of finger connective tissue of hand digit fore limb digit connective tissue hand digit connective tissue hand digit connective tissue manus connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hand [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of hand connective tissue of terminal segment of free upper limb hand connective tissue neck cartilage A cartilage that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. cartilage of neck cartilage of neck (volume) neck (volume) cartilage lower respiratory tract cartilage A cartilage that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. cartilage of lower respiratory tract trachea cartilage cartilage of the trachea cartilage of trachea cartilage of windpipe cartilagines tracheales cartilaginous ring of trachea cartilaginous trachea cartilage cartilago trachealis ring of the trachea the ring-shaped cartilaginous structures that support the trachea trachea ring tracheal cartilage tracheal ring windpipe cartilage eye skin gland A skin gland that is part of a camera-type eye [Automatically generated definition]. camera-type eye skin gland camera-type eye skin glands camera-type eye skin glands set skin gland of camera-type eye skin gland of vertebrate eye skin glands of camera-type eye skin glands of vertebrate eye skin glands set of camera-type eye skin glands set of vertebrate eye vertebrate eye skin gland vertebrate eye skin glands vertebrate eye skin glands set limb long bone A long bone that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. long bone of limb forelimb long bone A long bone that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. anteriormost limb long bone fore limb long bone long bone of anteriormost limb long bone of fore limb long bone of forelimb long bone of superior member long bone of upper extremity superior member long bone upper extremity long bone wing long bone hindlimb long bone A long bone that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb long bone inferior member long bone long bone of hind limb long bone of hindlimb long bone of inferior member long bone of lower extremity lower extremity long bone aorta elastic tissue The dense connective tissue which contains predominantly elastic fibers and is found in the tunica media of the aorta wall. adult aorta elastic connective tissue adult aorta elastic tissue adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus aorta elastic connective tissue aorta elastic lamina aorta elastic laminae aorta textus connectivus elasticus dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue dorsal aorta elastic tissue dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of adult aorta elastic connective tissue of aorta elastic connective tissue of dorsal aorta elastic connective tissue of trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue of adult aorta elastic tissue of aorta elastic tissue of dorsal aorta elastic tissue of trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus of adult aorta textus connectivus elasticus of aorta textus connectivus elasticus of dorsal aorta textus connectivus elasticus of trunk of aortic tree trunk of aortic tree elastic connective tissue trunk of aortic tree elastic tissue trunk of aortic tree textus connectivus elasticus heart elastic tissue The type of heart connective tissue found in the endocardial layer that consists mainly of elastic fibers. cardiac elastic tissue elastic connective tissue of heart elastic tissue of heart heart elastic connective tissue heart textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of heart respiratory system elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of apparatus respiratorius elastic connective tissue of respiratory system elastic tissue of apparatus respiratorius elastic tissue of respiratory system respiratory system elastic connective tissue respiratory system textus connectivus elasticus textus connectivus elasticus of apparatus respiratorius textus connectivus elasticus of respiratory system cardiovascular system elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a circulatory system [Automatically generated definition]. cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus circulatory system elastic connective tissue circulatory system elastic tissue circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of cardiovascular system elastic connective tissue of circulatory system elastic tissue of cardiovascular system elastic tissue of circulatory system textus connectivus elasticus of cardiovascular system textus connectivus elasticus of circulatory system blood vessel elastic tissue Elastic tissue layer that lines a blood vessel layer. blood vessel elastic connective tissue blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of blood vessel elastic lamina elastic laminae elastic tissue of blood vessel textus connectivus elasticus of blood vessel vascular elastic lamina vascular elastic laminae vascular elastic tissue lung elastic tissue Elastic tissue that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. elastic connective tissue of lung elastic tissue of lung lung elastic connective tissue lung textus connectivus elasticus pulmonary elastic fiber textus connectivus elasticus of lung bronchus elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi elastic connective tissue bronchi elastic tissue bronchi textus connectivus elasticus bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue bronchial trunk elastic tissue bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus bronchus elastic connective tissue bronchus textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of bronchi elastic connective tissue of bronchial trunk elastic connective tissue of bronchus elastic tissue of bronchi elastic tissue of bronchial trunk elastic tissue of bronchus textus connectivus elasticus of bronchi textus connectivus elasticus of bronchial trunk textus connectivus elasticus of bronchus trachea elastic tissue An elastic tissue that is part of a trachea [Automatically generated definition]. cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus elastic connective tissue of cartilaginous trachea elastic connective tissue of vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue of windpipe elastic tissue of cartilaginous trachea elastic tissue of vertebrate trachea elastic tissue of windpipe textus connectivus elasticus of cartilaginous trachea textus connectivus elasticus of vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus of windpipe vertebrate trachea elastic connective tissue vertebrate trachea elastic tissue vertebrate trachea textus connectivus elasticus windpipe elastic connective tissue windpipe elastic tissue windpipe textus connectivus elasticus aorta tunica intima The innermost layer of the aorta, containing the endothelium and an inner elastic membrane. adult aorta tunica intima dorsal aorta tunica intima trunk of aortic tree tunica intima tunica intima of adult aorta tunica intima of aorta tunica intima of dorsal aorta tunica intima of trunk of aortic tree respiratory system arterial blood vessel An arterial blood vessel that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. kidney arterial blood vessel An arterial blood vessel that is part of a kidney [Automatically generated definition]. kidney arterial system limb joint Any joint that is part of a (free) limb. joint of limb joint of limb skeletal system skeletal limb joint pedal digit muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. digit of foot muscle organ digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ digitus pedis muscle organ foot digit muscle foot digit muscle foot digit muscle organ hind limb digit muscle muscle organ of digit of foot muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free lower limb muscle organ of digitus pedis muscle organ of foot digit muscle organ of terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ of toe terminal segment of free lower limb digit muscle organ toe muscle organ limb muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. limb muscle organ limb skeletal muscle muscle organ of limb forelimb muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb. arm muscle system fore limb muscle organ forelimb muscle organ free upper limb muscle muscle of free upper limb muscle of upper limb musculature of arm musculature of the arm upper limb skeletal muscle wing muscle hindlimb muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. free lower limb muscle hind limb muscle organ hindlimb muscle organ inferior member muscle organ lower extremity muscle organ lower limb skeletal muscle muscle of free lower limb muscle of posterior limb muscle organ of hind limb muscle organ of hindlimb muscle organ of inferior member muscle organ of lower extremity manual digit muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. digit of hand muscle organ digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ digitus manus muscle organ finger muscle organ fore limb digit muscle hand digit muscle hand digit muscle hand digit muscle organ muscle organ of digit of hand muscle organ of digit of terminal segment of free upper limb muscle organ of digitus manus muscle organ of finger muscle organ of hand digit muscle organ of terminal segment of free upper limb digit terminal segment of free upper limb digit muscle organ dentition A collection of teeth arranged in some pattern in the mouth or other part of the body. The arrangement may be a simple row, a collection of rows, or a more elaborate structure, such as a toooth whorl. collection of teeth dentes set of teeth teeth teeth teeth set cranial suture Fibrous joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages of the skull are connected by sutural ligaments (scant amount of collagenous dense connective tissue). Examples: sagittal suture, frontal suture. cranium suture sutura suture suture joint of skull suture of cranium omentum A fold of peritoneum originating at the stomach and supporting the viscera. abdominal wall The tissues that surround the organs that are present within the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall tissue is composed of layers of fat, parietal peritoneum, fascia, and muscles. abdominal wall proper layers of the abdominal wall paries abdominalis paries abdominalis wall of abdomen wall of abdomen proper extrahepatic bile duct Passages external to the liver for the conveyance of bile. These include the common bile duct and the common hepatic duct. bile duct extrahepatic part extrahepatic biliary system intrahepatic bile duct Passages within the liver for the conveyance of bile. Includes right and left hepatic ducts even though these may join outside the liver to form the common hepatic duct. bile duct intrahepatic part intrahepatic biliary system neural tissue Portion of tissue in the nervous system which consists of neurons and glial cells, and may also contain parts of the vasculature. nerve tissue nervous tissue portion of neural tissue mouth mucosa A mucous membrane that lines the mouth. buccal mucosa mouth mucosa mouth mucous membrane mouth organ mucosa mucosa of mouth mucosal lining of mouth mucous membrane of mouth oral mucosa oral mucous membrane oral part of viscerocranial mucosa tunica mucosa oris tunica mucosa oris prostate bud A region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium destined to become the prostate[GO]. prostate ductal progenitor prostate gland bud prostate primordium prostatic bud forelimb stylopod The part of the forelimb between pectoral region and the elbow, corresponding to the humerus. arm brachial region brachium fore propodium forelimb propodium forelimb stylopodial element forelimb stylopodium proximal segment of free upper limb regio brachialis stylopod of arm stylopod of forelimb upper arm wing stylopod hindlimb zeugopod The middle limb segment of the pelvic free limb, between the autopod and stylopod segments. Includes as parts the hindlimb zeugopodial skeleton, which includes as parts the tibia and fibula, or their cartilage precursors, or evolutionary variants. calf calf of leg crus crus of hindlimb hind epipodium hind limb middle limb segment hind limb zeudopodium hind limb zeugopod hindlimb epipodium hindlimb middle limb segment hindlimb zeudopodium hindlimb zeugopod hindlimb zeugopodium intermediate segment of free lower limb leg lower extremity middle limb segment lower extremity zeugopod lower leg middle limb segment of hind limb middle limb segment of hindlimb posterior curral region posterior leg region posterior part of leg posterior region of leg regio cruris posterior regio surae shank sura sural region zeugopod of hind limb zeugopod of hindlimb nerve of thoracic segment A nerve that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. nerve of thorax thoracic segment nerve thorax nerve upper body nerve nerve of abdominal segment A nerve that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. abdominal segment nerve upper leg bone A bone that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. femur thoracic segment bone A bone that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. bone of thorax bone organ of thorax thorax bone thorax bone organ upper body bone abdominal segment bone A bone that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. abdominal segment of trunk bone abdominal segment of trunk bone organ bone of abdominal segment of trunk bone organ of abdominal segment of trunk urethra muscle tissue Any muscle tissue that is part of the urethra. urethral muscle layer thoracic segment muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. muscle organ of thorax thorax muscle organ upper body muscle respiratory system muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius muscle organ muscle organ of apparatus respiratorius muscle organ of respiratory system respiratory system muscle organ esophagus muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophageal muscle esophagus muscle organ gullet muscle organ muscle organ of esophagus muscle organ of gullet muscle organ of oesophagus oesophagus muscle organ abdominal segment muscle A muscle organ that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. abdominal segment of trunk muscle organ muscle organ of abdominal segment of trunk thoracic segment blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of thorax thorax blood vessel upper body blood vessel abdominal segment blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. abdominal segment of trunk blood vessel blood vessel of abdominal segment of trunk abdominal segment skin A skin of body that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. abdominal segment of trunk skin skin of abdominal segment of trunk thoracic segment connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. connective tissue of thorax portion of connective tissue of thorax textus connectivus of thorax thorax connective tissue thorax portion of connective tissue thorax textus connectivus upper body connective tissue abdominal segment connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of an abdominal segment of trunk [Automatically generated definition]. abdominal segment of trunk connective tissue abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk portion of connective tissue of abdominal segment of trunk textus connectivus of abdominal segment of trunk forelimb joint A limb joint that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. anteriormost limb joint of limb anteriormost limb limb joint fore limb joint of limb fore limb limb joint forelimb joint of limb forelimb limb joint joint of free upper limb joint of limb of anteriormost limb joint of limb of fore limb joint of limb of forelimb joint of limb of superior member joint of limb of upper extremity limb joint of anteriormost limb limb joint of fore limb limb joint of forelimb limb joint of superior member limb joint of upper extremity superior member joint of limb superior member limb joint upper extremity joint of limb upper extremity limb joint wing joint hindlimb joint A limb joint that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb joint of limb hind limb limb joint hindlimb joint of limb hindlimb limb joint inferior member joint of limb inferior member limb joint joint of free lower limb joint of limb of hind limb joint of limb of hindlimb joint of limb of inferior member joint of limb of lower extremity joint of lower limb limb joint of hind limb limb joint of hindlimb limb joint of inferior member limb joint of lower extremity lower extremity joint of limb lower extremity limb joint autopod joint A limb joint that is part of an autopod [Automatically generated definition]. autopod joint of limb autopod limb joint distal free limb segment joint of limb distal free limb segment limb joint joint of limb of autopod joint of limb of distal free limb segment limb joint of autopod limb joint of distal free limb segment paw joint dental epithelium Epithelium that is part of a developing tooth or dental organ. dental epithelia dental epithelium odontogenic epithelium reduced enamel epithelium tooth epithelium thymus epithelium An epithelium that is part of a thymus, forming a supporting framework[MP,modified]. epithelial tissue of thymus epithelial tissue of thymus gland epithelium of thymus epithelium of thymus gland thymic epithelial tissue thymic epithelium thymus epithelial tissue thymus gland epithelial tissue thymus gland epithelium mesencephalic neural crest A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a midbrain. mesencephalic neural crest neural crest midbrain rhombencephalon neural crest A neural crest that has_potential_to_developmentally_contribute_to a hindbrain. neural crest hindbrain rhombencephalic neural crest rhombomere neural crest spinal cord neural plate A neural plate that develops_from a future spinal cord. neural plate of spinal cord gonad mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing gonad [Automatically generated definition]. gonada mesenchyme mesenchyme of gonad mesenchyme of gonada uncondensed odontogenic mesenchyme Mesenchyme enclosed by a dental organ that gives rise to an odontogenic papilla. dental mesenchyme dental organ mesenchyme enamel organ mesenchyme tooth enamel organ mesenchyme tooth mesenchyme forelimb mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. anteriormost limb mesenchyme fore limb mesenchyme mesenchyme of anteriormost limb mesenchyme of fore limb mesenchyme of forelimb mesenchyme of superior member mesenchyme of upper extremity superior member mesenchyme upper extremity mesenchyme wing mesenchyme hindlimb mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb mesenchyme inferior member mesenchyme lower extremity mesenchyme mesenchyme of hind limb mesenchyme of hindlimb mesenchyme of inferior member mesenchyme of lower extremity presumptive ganglion A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a ganglion. mesometrium A mesentery that is part of a uterus [Automatically generated definition]. mesentery of uterus future coelemic cavity lumen An anatomical cavity that has the potential to develop into a coelemic cavity lumen. body cavity precursor intraembryonic coelom The part of the coelom in the embryo between the somatopleuric and splanchnopleuric mesoderm; the principal body cavities of the trunk (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic) arise from this embryonic part of the coelom somatic coelom fallopian tube Initial section of the oviduct through which the ova pass from the ovary to the uterus fallopian tubes female paramesonephric duct mammalian oviduct paramesonephric duct of female salpinges salpinx tuba uterina uterine tube (sensu Mammalia) Mullerian duct Muellerian duct Müllerian duct ductus paramesonephricus early paramesonephric duct paired ducts of the embryo that run down the lateral sides of the urogenital ridge and terminate at the mullerian eminence in the primitive urogenital sinus. In the female, they will develop to form the fallopian tubes, uterus, and the upper portion of the vagina; in the male, they are lost. These ducts are made of tissue of mesodermal origin[WP]. develops either by lengthwise splitting of the archinephric duct (in chondrichthyans and some amphibians) or by a elongated invagination of the coelomic epithelium (other vertebrates) In males, the oviducts regress. The cranial end of the oviduct maintains an opening into the coelom (which primitively may have been the anteriormost coelomic funnels connecting the nephrocoel with the coelom). This opening is the ostium tubae[USM]. paramesonephric duct stroma Connective, non-functional supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ. Contrast with parenchyma. stromal connective tissue capsule A cover or envelope partly or wholly surrounding a structure. Examples: egg shell, articular capsules, renal capsules[WP]. liver primordium A small endodermal thickening in the foregut adjacent to the transverse septum. Invaginates forming the hepatic diverticulum. embryological hepatic plate hepatic plate liver bud liver endoderm primordium of the liver skeletal muscle tissue of trunk A portion of skeletal muscle tissue in the trunk. skeletal muscle of torso skeletal muscle tissue of torso skeletal muscle tissue of trunk torso skeletal muscle torso skeletal muscle tissue trunk skeletal muscle trunk skeletal muscle tissue retinal neural layer The part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells[GO]. neural layer of retina neural retina neural retinal epithelium neuroretina stratum nervosum (retina) stratum nervosum retinae sinusoid endothelium of irregular blood filled space sinusoidal blood vessel sinusoidal blood vessel endothelium sinusoidal capillary sinusoidal endothelium small blood vessel similar to a capillary but with a fenestrated endothelium. Sinusoids are found in the liver, lymphoid tissue, endocrine organs, and hematopoietic organs such as the bone marrow and the spleen. Sinusoids found within terminal villi of the placenta are not comparable to these; they possess a continuous endothelium and complete basal lamina[WP]. splenic sinusoid sinusoid of red pulp of spleen sinusoidal blood vessel of spleen wide vessels in the spleen that drain into trabecular veins[WP]. choroid plexus epithelium The epithelial component of the choroid plexus. Consists of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue. choroid plexus epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of choroid plexus epithelium of choroid plexus tooth-like structure hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food. tooth-like organ epithelial tube Epithelial tubes transport gases, liquids and cells from one site to another and form the basic structure of many organs and tissues, with tube shape and organization varying from the single-celled excretory organ in Caenorhabditis elegans to the branching trees of the mammalian kidney and insect tracheal system. epithelial or endothelial tube endothelial tube Any endothelium that has the quality of being cylindrical [Automatically generated definition]. kidney mesenchyme Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney[GO]. mesenchyme of kidney venous blood vessel A blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart segment of venous tree organ venous tree organ segment pancreas primordium embryonic structure that develops into pancreatic bud. pancreatic anlage pancreatic endoderm pancreatic primordium primordial pancreas pancreatic epithelial bud The embryonic pancreas develops from two separate anlagen in the foregut epithelium, one dorsal and two ventral pancreatic buds[PMID]. pancreas epithelium pancreatic anlage pancreatic bud pancreatic buds dorsal pancreatic bud dorsal pancreas anlage dorsal pancreatic anlage pancreas dorsal primordium duct bud pancreas primordium dorsal bud pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. posterior pancreatic anlage posterior pancreatic bud primary pancreatic bud ventral pancreatic bud anterior pancreatic anlage anterior pancreatic bud pancreas primordium ventral bud pancreas ventral primordium duct bud pancreatic bud that gives rise to the major pancreatic duct. ventral pancreas anlage ventral pancreatic anlage digestive system duct A duct that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. duct of digestive system duct of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system duct digestive tract epithelium An epithelium that lines the lumen of the digestive tract. alimentary tract epithelium digestive tract epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of digestive tract epithelial tissue of gut epithelium of digestive tract epithelium of gut gastrodermis gut epithelial tissue gut epithelium diencephalic white matter White matter that is part of a diencephalon [Automatically generated definition]. diencephalic tract/commissure diencephalic tracts and commissures predominantly white regional part of diencephalon white matter of diencephalon cartilage element of chondrocranium A cartilage element of chondrocranium. Example: neurocranial trabecula. cartilage of chondrocranium cartilaginous element of chondrocranium chondrocranium cartilage neurocranium cartilage cranial cartilage A cartilage element that is part of the cranial skeleton. cartilage of cranium cranial cartilages cranium cartilage sex gland Any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and are associated with reproduction. genitalia gland gland of genitalia gland of reproductive system reproductive gland reproductive system gland somatic sensory system The sensory system for the sense of touch and pain. somatic sensory system somatosensory system system for detection of somatic senses placenta labyrinth The placental layers where embryonic blood vessels are surrounded by trophoblast cells and maternal blood labyrinthine layer labyrinthine layer of placenta placental labyrinth brain ventricle/choroid plexus The brain ventricles or their associated choroid plexuses aqueous drainage system The structures associated with drainage of the aqueous humor from the eye, that include the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, the uveoscleral network, and the aqueous veins cutaneous elastic tissue The slender connective tissue fiber in the extracellular matrix of skin tissue that is composed of microfibrils and amorphous elastin and is characterized by great elasticity cutaneous elastic fiber dermal elastic fiber placental labyrinth vasculature blood vessels of the layer of the placenta where embryonic and maternal blood vessels interdigitate placental labyrinth vascular network placental vasculature vasculature of placenta labyrinth internal female genitalia The internal feminine genital organs, including the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, uterine cervix, and vagina. female internal genitalia internal female genital organ internal genitalia of female reproductive system organa genitalia feminina interna valve anatomical valve conus arteriosus A conical pouch formed from the upper and left angle of the right ventricle in the chordate heart, from which the pulmonary artery arises[WP]. the anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminates in the pulmonary trunk[MP]. uterine tube infundibulum The funnel-like expansion of the abdominal extremity of the uterine tube[MP] infundibulum infundibulum of fallopian tube infundibulum of oviduct infundibulum of uterine tube infundibulum tubae uterinae spinal cord motor column The subclasses of motor neurons which are organized into longitudinally oriented columns that occupy distinct and, in some cases, discontinuous domains along the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord; motor neurons within a single column send their axons to a common peripheral target olfactory bulb layer . cytoarchitectural part of olfactory bulb dermatome A transitional population of migrating mesenchymal cells that derive from somites and that will become dermal cells. cutis plate dermatomal mesenchyme epimere mesoderm mesenchyma dermatomiale germinal neuroepithelium The single layer of epithelial cells that lines the early neural tube and develops into the nervous system and into the neural crest cells germinal neuroepithelial layer germinal neuroepithelium original neural tube spleen primary B follicle The nodules of small undifferentiated B lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells located in the spleen white pulp primary spleen B cell follicle spleen secondary B follicle The nodules of antigen-activated, differentiating B cells, follicular dendritic cells, antigen-presenting T cells and macrophages in the spleen white pulp secondary spleen B cell follicle splenic secondary B cell follicle semicircular canal ampulla The spherical enlargement at the base of each semicircular canal where they connect with the utricle, containing the crista ampullaris which detects movement of the fluid within the canals ampullae osseae membraneous ampulla of the semicircular duct semicircular duct ampulla external male genitalia The external masculine genital organs, including the penis and scrotum external male genital organ male external genitalia organa genitalia masculina externa internal male genitalia The internal masculine genital organs, including the testes, epididymides, deferent ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, ejaculatory ducts, and bulbourethral glands internal male genital organ male internal genitalia organa genitalia masculina interna biliary ductule One of the fine terminal elements of the bile duct system, leaving the portal canal, and pursuing a course at the periphery of a lobule of the liver[BTO]. the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right or left hepatic duct[MP] bile capillary bile ductule biliary ductule biliary ductule cholangiole ductuli biliferi terminal cholangiole spinal cord medial motor column The subclasses of motor neurons which project their axons to axial muscles that lie close to the vertebral column; motor neurons in the lateral subdivision of the MMC project their axons to body wall muscles neural tube ventricular layer The layer of undifferentiated, proliferating cells that line the neural tube lumen that is the immediate transformation of the germinal neuroepithelium ependymal layer neural tube ependymal layer neural tube ependymal zone neural tube ventricular germinal zone neural tube ventricular zone neural tube mantle layer The layer of glia and differentiating neurons that forms as a second layer around the germinal neuroepithium; as this develops it comes to lie between the ventricular and marginal layers and includes the basal and alar plates. Develops into neurons and glia forming a gray matter layer. future brain marginal layer neural tube intermediate zone frontonasal prominence The unpaired embryonic prominence that is formed by the tissues surrounding the forebrain vesicle and develops into the forehead and bridge of the nose/snout. embryonic frontonasal prominence forebrain prominence frontonasal mass frontonasal process prominentia frontonasalis medial nasal prominence The central area of the two limbs of a horseshoe-shaped mesenchymal swelling that lie medial to the olfactory placode or pit in the future nasal region of the embryo; it joins with the ipsilateral maxillary prominence in the formation of half of the upper jaw, and the nasal tip and philtrum of the upper lip develop from it medial nasal process medial nasal swelling medial-nasal process nasomedial prominence prominentia nasalis medialis brain ventricle brain ventricles cerebral ventricle one of the system of communicating cavities in the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, that like it are derived from the medullary canal of the embryo, that are lined with an epithelial ependyma, and that contain a serous fluid region of ventricular system of brain orbital region The subdivision of the face that includes the eye (eyeball plus adnexa such as eyelids) and the orbit of the skull and associated parts of the face such as the eyebrows, if present content of orbital part of eye eye region ocular and peri-ocular region ocular region orbital content orbital part of eye orbital part of face anatomical conduit Any tube, opening or passage that connects two distinct anatomical spaces. foramen foramina opening ostia ostium pharyngeal pouch An internal pocketing of pharyngeal endoderm that contacts a region of ectoderm (a pharyngeal cleft) and interdigitates in the anterior and posterior directions with the pharyngeal arches. branchial pouch pharyngeal pouches visceral pouch visceral pouches vasculature of iris A vasculature that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. iris blood vessels iris vascular network iris vasculature vascular network of iris endoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the endoderm. mesoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the mesoderm. mesodermal derivative ectoderm-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops (entirely or partially) from the ectoderm. ectodermal deriviative genitourinary system Anatomical system that has as its parts the organs concerned with the production and excretion of urine and those concerned with reproduction. GU tract UG tract Urogenitalsystem genito-urinary system genitourinary tract urogenital system urogenital tract myocardial layer Any of the layers of the myocardium. Example: compact layer, trabecular layer. layer of myocardium myocardium layer optic vesicle The optic vesicle is the evagination of neurectoderm that precedes formation of the optic cup[GO]. Portion of tissue that is comprised of neuroepitheium which has pinched off from the anterior neural keel and will form the optic cup[ZFA]. evagination eye vesicle ocular vesicle optic vesicles growth plate cartilage cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow. growth plate cerebellar layer A cortical cell layer of the cerebellum. Examples: the granular (inner+outer) layer, molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and the ventricular layer of the embryo. cell layer of cerebellar cortex gray matter layer of cerebellum layer of cerebellar cortex layer of cerebellum proximal tubule In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO]. kidney proximal tubule proximal kidney tubule renal proximal tubule distal tubule The distal tubule is a nephron tubule that consists of the distal convoluted tubule and distal straight tubule segments kidney distal tubule renal distal tubule intermediate tubule The intermediate tubule is a nephron tubule that lies between the proximal and distal tubules renal intermediate tubule tubulus attenuatus cardiogenic plate The first recognizable structure derived from the heart field cardiac crescent cardiogenic crescent heart rudiment myocardial plate primary heart field A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the primary beating heart tube. In mammals the primary heart field gives rise to the left ventricle. FHF PHF first heart field heart field primary heart field heart tube An epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart. embryonic heart tube endocardial heart tube endocardial tube outflow tract septum The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract outflow tract The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries arterial (outflow) pole cardiac outflow tract heart outflow tract His-Purkinje system HPS His-Purkinji network The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles cardiac chamber A cardiac chamber surrounds an enclosed cavity within the heart chamber of heart heart chamber proepicardium An embryonic group of progenitor cells that forms from an outpouching of the septum transversum near the venous pole of the heart and gives rise to the epicardium proepicardial cluster proepicardial organ septum transversum A thick plate of mesodermal tissue that occupies the space between the thoracic cavity and yolk stalk in the early embryo, forming a transverse partition partially separating the coelomic cavity into thoracic and abdominal portions. It gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm[VHOG]. transverse septum branchiomeric muscle A jaw muscle that arises from cranial mesenchyme and is innervated by cranial nerves. branchial head muscle branchiomeric skeletal muscle internal genitalia The internal genitalia are the internal sex organs such as the uterine tube, the uterus and the vagina in female mammals, and the testis, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and prostate in male mammals internal genitalia internal genitals internal reproductive organ internal sex organ external genitalia The external genitalia are the outer sex organs, such as the penis or vulva in mammals external genitalia external reproductive organ external sex organ hemopoietic organ Organ that is part of the hematopoietic system. haematological system organ haemopoietic system organ hematopoeitic or lymphoid organ hematopoeitic organ hematopoietic system organ lymph organ lymphoid organ organ of haematological system organ of haemopoietic system organ of hematopoietic system organ of organa haemopoietica organa haemopoietica organ aorta smooth muscle tissue aorta non-striated muscle aorta smooth muscle aortic smooth muscle the nonstriated, involuntary muscle tissue located in the wall of the aorta prostate glandular acinus A saclike structure of the prostate gland, comprised of at least three cell layers: an innermost layer of secretory columnar luminal epithelium, a middle layer of squamous basal epithelium that also contains neuroendocrine cells, transit amplifying cells, and stem cells, and an outer layer of smooth muscle intermixed with other stromal cells prostatic acinus prostatic follicle mammary gland fat The mammary fat is an adipose structure in the gland that is invaded by the mammary ducts adipose tissue of lactiferous gland adipose tissue of mammary gland fat tissue of lactiferous gland fat tissue of lobe of breast fat tissue of lobe of mammary gland fat tissue of mammary gland fatty tissue of lactiferous gland fatty tissue of lobe of breast fatty tissue of lobe of mammary gland fatty tissue of mammary gland lactiferous gland adipose tissue lactiferous gland fat tissue lactiferous gland fatty tissue lobe of breast adipose tissue lobe of breast fat tissue lobe of breast fatty tissue lobe of mammary gland adipose tissue lobe of mammary gland fat tissue lobe of mammary gland fatty tissue mammary gland adipose tissue mammary gland fat tissue mammary gland fatty tissue mammary gland cord The solid cord of epithelial cells that emerges from the mammary bud and grows down from the primary mammary mesenchyme and into a second stromal compartment, the fat pad precursor, beneath the dermis. lactiferous gland cord mammary cord mammary sprout placental labyrinth blood vessel The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply blood vessel of labyrinthine layer blood vessel of labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel of placenta labyrinth labyrinthine layer blood vessel labyrinthine layer of placenta blood vessel placenta labyrinth blood vessel prostate gland stroma The prostate gland stroma is made up of the mesenchymal or fibroblast cells of the prostate gland prostate stroma prostatic stroma stroma of glandular part of prostate stroma of prostate stroma of prostate gland endodermal part of digestive tract A portions of the gut that is derived from endoderm. endodermal gut gut endoderm olfactory bulb mitral cell layer OB mitral cell layer The mitral cell layer is composed of pyramidal neurons whose cell bodies are located between the granule cell layer and the plexiform layer mitral cell body layer mitral cell layer mitral cell layer of the olfactory bulb olfactory bulb main mitral cell body layer glomerular epithelium The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros. epithelium of glomerulus epithelium of kidney glomerulus epithelium of renal glomerulus glomerular epithelial cell kidney glomerular epithelium glomerular endothelium The glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus endothelium of renal glomerulus renal glomerulus endothelium renal glomerulus vasculature The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus glomerulus vasculature renal glomerulus vascular network renal glomerulus vasculature vascular network of renal glomerulus vasculature of renal glomerulus loop of Henle ascending limb thin segment A sub-portion of the loop of Henle in the nephron of the kidney that is permeable to ions but not to water ascending limb thin segment of loop of Henle ascending thin limb pars ascendens (tubulus attenuatus) thin ascending limb thin ascending limb of loop of Henle comma-shaped body CSB The comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron S-shaped body SSB The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron stage II nephron kidney pyramid Kidney pyramids are the conical arrangements of tubules that constitute the renal medulla in a multi-lobed mammalian kidney; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts. Malphigian pyramid Malpighian pyramid Malpighian pyramid medullary pyramid pyramid pyramid of Malphigi pyramid of Malpighi pyramides renales pyramis renalis renal medullary region renal pyramid kidney outer medulla inner stripe The inner stripe is a deep, centrally located portion of the renal outer medulla and is traversed by thick and thin portions of nephron tubules inner stripe inner stripe of medulla of kidney inner stripe of outer medulla inner stripe of renal medulla outer medulla inner stripe stria interna medullae renalis kidney outer medulla outer stripe The outer stripe is the region of the kidney that lies distal to the line of termination of the straight renal tubules outer medulla outer stripe outer stripe outer stripe of medulla of kidney outer stripe of outer medulla outer stripe of renal medulla stria externa medullae renalis cortical collecting duct The cortical collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex kidney cortex collecting duct renal cortex collecting duct outer medullary collecting duct The outer medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal outer medulla kidney outer medulla collecting duct outer renal medulla collecting duct inner medullary collecting duct The inner medullary collecting duct is the portion of the collecting duct that lies in the renal inner medulla inner renal medulla collecting duct kidney inner medulla collecting duct papillary collecting duct nephrogenic mesenchyme Nephrogenic mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the nephron mesenchyme of nephron nephron mesenchyme renal vesicle The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells. stage I nephron nephron epithelium The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron epithelial tissue of nephron epithelium of nephron nephron epithelial tissue glomerular capillary blood capillary of renal glomerulus capillary of renal glomerulus capillary vessel of renal glomerulus glomerular capillaries glomerular capillary system renal glomerulus blood capillary renal glomerulus capillary renal glomerulus capillary vessel the small branching blood vessels in the kidney glomerulus that receives blood from the kidney afferent arterioles; these capillaries are under high pressure for filtering within the glomerulus upper leg nerve A nerve that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb stylopod nerve hindlimb stylopod nerve lower extremity stylopod nerve thigh RELATED back nerve A nerve that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. nerve of back lower arm nerve A nerve that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. upper arm nerve A nerve that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. lower leg nerve A nerve that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. urethra smooth muscle layer A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. muscle layer of urethra muscular coat of urethra muscular layer of urethra smooth muscle of urethra smooth muscle tissue of urethra tunica muscularis urethrae urethra smooth muscle tissue urethral smooth muscle large intestine smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a large intestine [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of large intestine large intestine involuntary muscle large intestine non-striated muscle large intestine smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of large intestine smooth muscle of large intestine smooth muscle tissue of large intestine intestine smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a intestine [Automatically generated definition]. bowel involuntary muscle bowel non-striated muscle bowel smooth muscle bowel smooth muscle tissue intestinal muscularis intestinal smooth muscle intestine involuntary muscle intestine non-striated muscle intestine smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bowel involuntary muscle of intestine non-striated muscle of bowel non-striated muscle of intestine smooth muscle of bowel smooth muscle of intestine smooth muscle tissue of bowel smooth muscle tissue of intestine stomach smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a stomach [Automatically generated definition]. gastric muscle gastric smooth muscle involuntary muscle of stomach involuntary muscle of ventriculus non-striated muscle of stomach non-striated muscle of ventriculus smooth muscle of stomach smooth muscle of ventriculus smooth muscle tissue of stomach smooth muscle tissue of ventriculus stomach involuntary muscle stomach muscle stomach non-striated muscle stomach smooth muscle tissue ventriculus involuntary muscle ventriculus non-striated muscle ventriculus smooth muscle ventriculus smooth muscle tissue vagina smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of vagina non-striated muscle of vagina smooth muscle of vagina smooth muscle tissue of vagina vagina involuntary muscle vagina non-striated muscle vagina smooth muscle vagina smooth muscle tissue vaginal smooth muscle respiratory system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. airway smooth muscle airway smooth muscle cell respiratory smooth muscle smooth muscle of respiratory system gastrointestinal system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle tissue of gastrointestinal system kidney pelvis smooth muscle kidney pelvis smooth muscle pelvic smooth muscle renal pelvis smooth muscle smooth muscle tissue of renal pelvis the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the urothelium of the kidney pelvis urinary bladder smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. bladder involuntary muscle bladder non-striated muscle bladder smooth muscle bladder smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder smooth muscle layer of bladder smooth muscle of bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder urinary bladder involuntary muscle urinary bladder muscle urinary bladder non-striated muscle urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. Lieutaud's trigone involuntary muscle Lieutaud's trigone non-striated muscle Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle tissue deep trigone involuntary muscle deep trigone non-striated muscle deep trigone smooth muscle deep trigone smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of Lieutaud's trigone involuntary muscle of deep trigone involuntary muscle of trigone of bladder involuntary muscle of trigone of urinary bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder trigone involuntary muscle of vesical trigone non-striated muscle of Lieutaud's trigone non-striated muscle of deep trigone non-striated muscle of trigone of bladder non-striated muscle of trigone of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder trigone non-striated muscle of vesical trigone smooth muscle of Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle of deep trigone smooth muscle of trigone of bladder smooth muscle of trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle of vesical trigone smooth muscle tissue of Lieutaud's trigone smooth muscle tissue of deep trigone smooth muscle tissue of trigone of bladder smooth muscle tissue of trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle tissue of vesical trigone trigone of bladder involuntary muscle trigone of bladder non-striated muscle trigone of bladder smooth muscle trigone of bladder smooth muscle tissue trigone of urinary bladder involuntary muscle trigone of urinary bladder non-striated muscle trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle trigone of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue urinary bladder trigone involuntary muscle urinary bladder trigone muscle urinary bladder trigone non-striated muscle urinary bladder trigone smooth muscle tissue vesical trigone involuntary muscle vesical trigone non-striated muscle vesical trigone smooth muscle vesical trigone smooth muscle tissue urinary bladder neck smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. bladder neck involuntary muscle bladder neck non-striated muscle bladder neck smooth muscle bladder neck smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bladder neck involuntary muscle of neck of bladder involuntary muscle of neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle of urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle of vesical neck neck of bladder involuntary muscle neck of bladder non-striated muscle neck of bladder smooth muscle neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue neck of urinary bladder involuntary muscle neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of bladder neck non-striated muscle of neck of bladder non-striated muscle of neck of urinary bladder non-striated muscle of urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle of vesical neck smooth muscle of bladder neck smooth muscle of neck of bladder smooth muscle of neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle of urinary bladder neck smooth muscle of vesical neck smooth muscle tissue of bladder neck smooth muscle tissue of neck of bladder smooth muscle tissue of neck of urinary bladder smooth muscle tissue of urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue of vesical neck trigonal muscle trigonal muscle of urinary bladder urinary bladder neck involuntary muscle urinary bladder neck muscle urinary bladder neck non-striated muscle urinary bladder neck smooth muscle tissue vesical neck involuntary muscle vesical neck non-striated muscle vesical neck smooth muscle vesical neck smooth muscle tissue anal region smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. anal part of perineum involuntary muscle anal part of perineum non-striated muscle anal part of perineum smooth muscle anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue anal region involuntary muscle anal region non-striated muscle anal region smooth muscle tissue anal triangle involuntary muscle anal triangle non-striated muscle anal triangle smooth muscle anal triangle smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of anal part of perineum involuntary muscle of anal region involuntary muscle of anal triangle non-striated muscle of anal part of perineum non-striated muscle of anal region non-striated muscle of anal triangle smooth muscle of anal part of perineum smooth muscle of anal region smooth muscle of anal triangle smooth muscle tissue of anal part of perineum smooth muscle tissue of anal region smooth muscle tissue of anal triangle lymphatic vessel smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lymphatic vessel [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of lymph vessel involuntary muscle of lymphatic vessel lymph vessel involuntary muscle lymph vessel non-striated muscle lymph vessel smooth muscle lymph vessel smooth muscle tissue lymphatic vessel involuntary muscle lymphatic vessel non-striated muscle lymphatic vessel smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of lymph vessel non-striated muscle of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle of lymph vessel smooth muscle of lymphatic vessel smooth muscle tissue of lymph vessel smooth muscle tissue of lymphatic vessel lower respiratory tract smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract involuntary muscle lower respiratory tract non-striated muscle lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of lower respiratory tract smooth muscle of lower respiratory tract smooth muscle tissue of lower respiratory tract iris smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a iris [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of iris iridial smooth muscle iris involuntary muscle iris non-striated muscle iris smooth muscle tissue non-striated muscle of iris smooth muscle of iris smooth muscle tissue of iris mammary gland smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a mammary gland [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle tissue of mammary gland arteriole smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arteriole [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel smooth muscle blood vessel involuntary muscle blood vessel non-striated muscle blood vessel smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of blood vessel non-striated muscle of blood vessel smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels. smooth muscle of blood vessel smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel vascular smooth muscle vascular smooth muscle tissue spleen smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a spleen [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of spleen non-striated muscle of spleen smooth muscle of spleen smooth muscle tissue of spleen spleen involuntary muscle spleen non-striated muscle spleen smooth muscle tissue small intestine smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a small intestine [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of small bowel involuntary muscle of small intestine non-striated muscle of small bowel non-striated muscle of small intestine small bowel involuntary muscle small bowel non-striated muscle small bowel smooth muscle small bowel smooth muscle tissue small intestine involuntary muscle small intestine non-striated muscle small intestine smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of small bowel smooth muscle of small intestine smooth muscle tissue of small bowel smooth muscle tissue of small intestine gall bladder smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. biliary smooth muscle gall bladder involuntary muscle gall bladder non-striated muscle gall bladder smooth muscle tissue gallbladder involuntary muscle gallbladder non-striated muscle gallbladder smooth muscle gallbladder smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of gall bladder involuntary muscle of gallbladder non-striated muscle of gall bladder non-striated muscle of gallbladder smooth muscle of gall bladder smooth muscle of gallbladder smooth muscle tissue of gall bladder smooth muscle tissue of gallbladder bronchus smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchus [Automatically generated definition]. bronchi involuntary muscle bronchi non-striated muscle bronchi smooth muscle bronchi smooth muscle tissue bronchial smooth muscle bronchial trunk involuntary muscle bronchial trunk non-striated muscle bronchial trunk smooth muscle bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue bronchus involuntary muscle bronchus non-striated muscle bronchus smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of bronchi involuntary muscle of bronchial trunk involuntary muscle of bronchus non-striated muscle of bronchi non-striated muscle of bronchial trunk non-striated muscle of bronchus smooth muscle of bronchi smooth muscle of bronchial trunk smooth muscle of bronchus smooth muscle tissue of bronchi smooth muscle tissue of bronchial trunk smooth muscle tissue of bronchus prostate gland smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of prostate involuntary muscle of prostate gland muscular tissue of prostate non-striated muscle of prostate non-striated muscle of prostate gland prostate gland involuntary muscle prostate gland non-striated muscle prostate gland smooth muscle tissue prostate involuntary muscle prostate non-striated muscle prostate smooth muscle prostate smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of prostate smooth muscle of prostate gland smooth muscle tissue of prostate smooth muscle tissue of prostate gland substantia muscularis prostatae oviduct smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. fallopian tube involuntary muscle fallopian tube non-striated muscle fallopian tube smooth muscle fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of fallopian tube non-striated muscle of fallopian tube smooth muscle of fallopian tube smooth muscle tissue of fallopian tube outflow tract smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. involuntary muscle of outflow tract non-striated muscle of outflow tract outflow tract involuntary muscle outflow tract non-striated muscle outflow tract smooth muscle tissue smooth muscle of outflow tract smooth muscle tissue of outflow tract bone of dorsum A bone that is part of the dorsal region of an animal. back bone bone of back dorsal region bone pedal digit bone A bone that is part of a hindlimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids. bone of digit of foot digit of foot bone digital bone of foot digital bone of pes digitus pedis bone digitus pedis bone organ foot digit bone foot digit bone foot digit bone organ hind limb digit bone toe bone toe bone organ manual digit bone A bone that is part of a forelimb digit. Typically phalanges but may include sesamoids. digital bone of hand digital bone of manus finger bone fore limb digit bone hand digit bone hand digit bone upper arm bone A bone that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. humerus hindlimb zeugopod bone A bone that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. bone of hind limb middle limb segment bone of hind limb zeugopod bone of hindlimb middle limb segment bone of hindlimb zeugopod bone of inferior member middle limb segment bone of inferior member zeugopod bone of intermediate segment of free lower limb bone of lower extremity middle limb segment bone of lower extremity zeugopod bone of lower leg bone of middle limb segment of hind limb bone of middle limb segment of hindlimb bone of middle limb segment of inferior member bone of middle limb segment of lower extremity bone of zeugopod of hind limb bone of zeugopod of hindlimb bone of zeugopod of inferior member bone of zeugopod of leg bone of zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ of hind limb middle limb segment bone organ of hind limb zeugopod bone organ of hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ of hindlimb zeugopod bone organ of inferior member middle limb segment bone organ of inferior member zeugopod bone organ of intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ of lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ of lower extremity zeugopod bone organ of lower leg bone organ of middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ of middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ of middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ of middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ of zeugopod of hind limb bone organ of zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ of zeugopod of inferior member bone organ of zeugopod of leg bone organ of zeugopod of lower extremity hind limb middle limb segment bone hind limb middle limb segment bone organ hind limb zeugopod bone hind limb zeugopod bone organ hindlimb middle limb segment bone hindlimb middle limb segment bone organ hindlimb zeugopod bone hindlimb zeugopod bone organ inferior member middle limb segment bone inferior member middle limb segment bone organ inferior member zeugopod bone inferior member zeugopod bone organ intermediate segment of free lower limb bone intermediate segment of free lower limb bone organ lower extremity middle limb segment bone lower extremity middle limb segment bone organ lower extremity zeugopod bone lower extremity zeugopod bone organ lower leg bone middle limb segment of hind limb bone middle limb segment of hind limb bone organ middle limb segment of hindlimb bone middle limb segment of hindlimb bone organ middle limb segment of inferior member bone middle limb segment of inferior member bone organ middle limb segment of lower extremity bone middle limb segment of lower extremity bone organ zeugopod of hind limb bone zeugopod of hind limb bone organ zeugopod of hindlimb bone zeugopod of hindlimb bone organ zeugopod of inferior member bone zeugopod of inferior member bone organ zeugopod of leg bone zeugopod of leg bone organ zeugopod of lower extremity bone zeugopod of lower extremity bone organ hindlimb stylopod muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg)[Automatically generated definition]. muscle of thigh thigh muscle upper leg muscle skin muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a skin of body [Automatically generated definition]. integumental system muscle muscle of integumental system muscle organ of skin skin muscle organ forelimb zeugopod muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb zeugopod (lower arm)[Automatically generated definition]. forearm muscle lower arm muscle muscle of forearm wing zeugopod muscle forelimb stylopod muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a forelimb stylopod (upper arm)[Automatically generated definition]. muscle of arm muscle of upper arm skeletal muscle of upper arm upper arm muscle wing stylopod muscle hindlimb zeugopod muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod (lower leg) [Automatically generated definition]. calf muscle lower leg muscle muscle of leg upper leg blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of stylopod of hind limb blood vessel of stylopod of hindlimb blood vessel of thigh blood vessel of upper leg hind limb stylopod blood vessel hindlimb stylopod blood vessel thigh blood vessel back blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. blood vessel of back lower arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. forelimb zeugopod blood vessel upper arm blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. forelimb stylopod blood vessel lower leg blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. hindlimb zeugopod blood vessel upper leg skin A zone of skin that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb stylopod skin hindlimb stylopod skin skin of thigh skin of upper leg thigh skin upper arm skin A zone of skin that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. arm stylopod skin skin of arm stylopod skin of upper arm lower leg skin A zone of skin that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. hind limb middle limb segment skin hind limb zeugopod skin outflow tract myocardium A myocardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac muscle of outflow tract heart muscle of outflow tract heart myocardium of outflow tract muscle of heart of outflow tract myocardium of outflow tract outflow tract cardiac muscle outflow tract heart muscle outflow tract heart myocardium outflow tract muscle of heart upper leg connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. back connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. mesenchyne of back lower arm connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. upper arm connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. lower leg connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. outflow tract pericardium A pericardium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. pericardium of outflow tract cartilaginous joint suture A cranial suture that is part of a cartilaginous joint [Automatically generated definition]. articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium cartilaginous joint cranial suture cartilaginous joint cranial sutures cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set cartilaginous joint cranium suture cartilaginous joint suture of cranium cranial suture of articulatio cartilaginea cranial suture of cartilaginous joint cranial sutures of articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures of cartilaginous joint cranial sutures set of articulatio cartilaginea cranial sutures set of cartilaginous joint cranium suture of articulatio cartilaginea cranium suture of cartilaginous joint suture of cranium of articulatio cartilaginea suture of cranium of cartilaginous joint lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue of lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelium of lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of lateral ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus of lateral ventricle lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue lateral ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium lateral ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus lateral ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere lateral ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelium A choroid plexus epithelium that is part of a fourth ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium of fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue of fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelium of fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere of fourth ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus of fourth ventricle fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelial tissue fourth ventricle chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere epithelium fourth ventricle choroid plexus epithelial tissue fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere fourth ventricle epithelial tissue of choroid plexus fourth ventricle epithelium of chorioid plexus of cerebral hemisphere fourth ventricle epithelium of choroid plexus eye muscle A muscle that is part of the eye region. skeleton Anatomical cluster that consists of all the skeletal elements (eg., bone, cartilage, and teeth) of the body. set of all bones set of bones of body dermomyotome The bilaminar epithelium formed from the myotome and dermatome. dermamyotome dermomyotomes heart rudiment A cone-like structure that is formed when myocardial progenitor cells of the heart field fuse at the midline. The heart rudiment is the first structure of the heart tube. heart cone rudimentary heart glomerular capillary endothelium An endothelium that is part of a glomerular capillary. renal glomerulus capillary endothelium sympathetic nerve trunk A nerve trunk that is part of a sympathetic nervous system [Automatically generated definition]. nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk respiratory system lymphatic vessel smooth muscle A lymphatic vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle of lymph vessel of respiratory system respiratory system blood vessel smooth muscle A blood vessel smooth muscle that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle tissue of blood vessel of respiratory system allantois A membranous sac that develops from the posterior part of the alimentary canal in the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and it is important in the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta in mammals[VHOG]. allantoic bud trophectoderm outermost layer of cells in the blastodermic vesicle, which will develop into the trophoblast layer and then contact the endometrium and take part in establishing the embryo's means of nutrition limb bud An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb. The limb bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. gemmae membrorum limb buds limbbud optic eminence The embryonic structure that gives rise to the corneal ectoderm apical ectodermal ridge AER apical epidermal ridge crista ectodermalis apicalis multilayered ectodermal region at the distal tip of a limb or fin bud necessary for the proper development of the underlying mesenchyme[MP,modified]. Along with the zone of polarizing activity, it is a crucial organizing region during limb development[WP]. paired limb/fin bud An outgrowth on the lateral trunk of the embryo that develops into a limb or paired fin. The limb/fin bud is divided into ectoderm and mesenchyme[cjm, modified from MP]. limb - fin bud paired appendage bud paired limb/fin bud pharyngeal arch 1 1st arch 1st pharyngeal arch 1st visceral arch The first of the series of pharyngeal arches that develop into jaw bones or their homologs, and their associated nerves and arteries arcus pharyngeus primus branchial arch 1 first branchial arch first pharyngeal arch first visceral arch mandibular arch visceral arch 1 pharyngeal arch artery One of a series of paired embryological vascular structures formed within a pharyngeal arch; in the adult, some of these vessels give rise to the great vessels[MP] PAA a. arcuum pharyngeorum aortic arch aortic arch artery aortic arches arteriae arcuum pharyngeorum branchial aortic arches branchial aortic arches branchial arch artery embryonic aortic arch artery pharyngeal arch arteries pharyngeal arch artery pharyngeal arch artery anterior limiting lamina of cornea A transparent homogeneous acellular layer, 6 to 9 um thick, lying between the basal lamina of the outer layer of stratified epithelium and the substantia propria of the cornea; it is considered to be a basement membrane. Bowman's anterior elastic lamina Bowman's layer Bowman's membrane Reichert's membrane anterior elastic lamina anterior limiting lamina anterior limiting lamina of cornea anterior limiting membrane lamina limitans anterior (cornea) lamina limitans anterior corneae bone of free limb or fin A bone that is part of an appendage [Automatically generated definition]. appendage bone bone of appendage bone of free segment of appendicular skeleton proximal metaphysis A metaphysis that is in the proximal side of a diaphysis. proximal diaphyseal end of long bone skeleton of limb The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb. free limb skeleton limb skeleton set of bones of limb entire sense organ system Sum of all sensory systems in an organism. sense organ system obsolete cavity lining true obsolete body cavity or lining Either a cavity lining or the space it encloses. true musculature of head Any collection of muscles that is part of a head [Automatically generated definition]. head musculature muscle group of head muscles of head musculi capitis set of muscles of head musculature of hindlimb stylopod Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb stylopod (upper leg / thigh)[Automatically generated definition]. muscle group of thigh musculature of thigh set of muscles of thigh thigh musculature musculature of thorax Any collection of muscles that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. muscle group of thorax muscles of thorax musculi thoracis set of muscles of thorax thoracic musculature musculature of neck Any collection of muscles that is part of a neck [Automatically generated definition]. cervical muscles muscle group of neck muscles of neck musculi cervicis musculi colli neck musculature set of muscles of neck musculature of leg Any collection of muscles that is part of a lower leg or upper leg [Automatically generated definition]. leg muscle system set of muscles of vertebral column muscle group of vertebral column musculature of back Any collection of muscles that is part of a back [Automatically generated definition]. muscle group of back muscles of back musculi dorsi set of muscles of back musculature of pelvic girdle Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic girdle [Automatically generated definition]. muscle group of pelvic girdle muscle group of pelvis muscular system of pelvis pelvic girdle muscle system pelvic girdle muscles pelvic girdle musculature set of muscles of pelvic girdle set of muscles of pelvis musculature of pectoral girdle A subdivision of the musculature of the body in the pectoral girdle region. Includes pectoral and shoulder muscles. muscle group of pectoral girdle pectoral girdle muscles pectoral girdle musculature set of muscles of pectoral girdle obsolete musculature of thorax chest musculature musculature of chest set of muscles of chest true musculature of face Any collection of muscles that is part of a face. entire facial musculature facial muscles muscle group of face musculi faciei set of facial muscles set of muscles of face musculature of arm Any collection of muscles that is part of an arm [Automatically generated definition]. arm muscle system arm musculature muscle group of arm set of muscles of arm obsolete tongue musculature muscle group of tongue muscles of tongue musculi linguae set of muscles of tongue true musculature of trunk Any collection of muscles that is part of a trunk [Automatically generated definition]. muscle group of trunk muscular system of trunk set of muscles of trunk musculature of limb Any collection of muscles that is part of a limb [Automatically generated definition]. limb muscle system limb musculature muscle group of limb set of muscles of limb musculature of upper limb Any collection of muscles that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. free upper limb musculature muscle group of free upper limb musculature of free upper limb set of muscles of free upper limb musculature of lower limb Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. free lower limb musculature muscle group of free lower limb musculature of free lower limb set of muscles of free lower limb musculature of forelimb zeugopod Any collection of muscles that is part of a lower arm [Automatically generated definition]. muscle group of forearm musculature of forearm set of muscles of forearm musculature of pes Any collection of muscles that is part of a foot [Automatically generated definition]. foot musculature muscle group of foot musculature of foot set of muscles of foot musculature of manus Any collection of muscles that is part of a manus [Automatically generated definition]. hand musculature muscle group of hand musculature of hand set of muscles of hand cardiac muscle tissue of atrium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of an atrium [Automatically generated definition]. atrial cardiac muscle tissue atrial heart muscle atrial myocardium cardiac atrium muscle cardiac muscle tissue of interatrial septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a interatrial septum [Automatically generated definition]. interatrial septum cardiac muscle tissue interatrial septum heart muscle interatrial septum muscle interatrial septum myocardium cardiac muscle tissue of cardiac septum A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a cardiac septum [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac septum cardiac muscle tissue cardiac septum heart muscle cardiac septum muscle cardiac septum myocardium cardiac muscle tissue of myocardium A portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of a myocardium [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle tissue of bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle tissue of lobular bronchiole smooth muscle tissue of terminal bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. smooth muscle tissue of respiratory bronchiole A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. striated muscle tissue of prostate A portion of striated muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland [Automatically generated definition]. vasculature of muscle organ A vasculature that is part of a muscle organ [Automatically generated definition]. muscular organ vasculature vasculature of musculoskeletal system A vasculature that is part of a musculoskeletal system [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical projection A projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body or organ. anatomical process anatomical protrusion flange flanges lamella lamellae lamina laminae organ process papilla process process of organ processes processus projection projection projections protrusion ridge ridges shelf shelves spine cardiovascular system Anatomical system that has as its parts the heart and blood vessels. CV system Herz und Gefaesssystem lymph vasculature A network of blunt ended vessels lacking direct connection to the blood vascular system. These vessels collect and drain fluids and macromolecules from interstitial spaces throughout the animal. They derive from a subpopulation of endothelial cells and have walls that are much thinner than the blood carrying vessels. Lymphatic vessels are usually classified as either superficial or deep. lymph vessels lymphatic trunks and ducts lymphatic vasculature lymphatic vessel network lymphatic vessels set set of lymphatic vessels trunci et ductus lymphatici blood vasculature A vascular network consisting of blood vessels. blood system blood vascular network blood vessel system blood vessels set of blood vessels epididymis epithelium epididymis epithelium epithelium of epididymis the layer of secretory cells which lines the epididymis gastroesophageal sphincter LES cardiac sphincter cardiac sphincter constrictor cardiae esophageal sphincter esophageal sphincter%2c lower esophageal-cardiac junction esophagogastric junction gastro-esophageal junction gastro-esophageal sphincter gastro-oesophageal junction gastroesophageal junction gastroesophageal sphincter gastroesophageal sphincter gastroesophageal sphincter muscle inferior esophageal sphincter lower esophageal sphincter the thick circular layer of smooth gastric musculature encircling the gastroesophageal junction that functions to reduce backflow into the esophagus from the stomach digital artery An artery that is part of a digit [Automatically generated definition]. forelimb digital artery A digital artery that is part of a forelimb [Automatically generated definition]. digital artery of manus forelimb digital arteries wing digital artery hindlimb digital artery A digital artery that is part of a hindlimb [Automatically generated definition]. digital artery of foot hindlimb digital arteries systemic arterial system The part of the arterial system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. systemic arterial circulatory system arterial system The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all arteries. systemic artery An artery of the systemic circulation, which is the part of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart. systemic arterial subtree systemic venous system The part of the venous system that drains the general body tissues[Kardong] systemic venous circulatory system venous system The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all venous vessels. In vertebrates with a double circulation, this can be divided into systemic and pulmonary portions. vein system sphincter muscle A structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. circular muscle sphincter blood vessel endothelium An endothelium that lines the blood vasculature. Other endothelia may line lymph vessels, the heart renal afferent arteriole afferent arteriole afferent glomerular arteriole afferent glomerular arteriole of kidney arteriola glomerularis afferens arteriola glomerularis afferens renis kidney afferent arteriole the blood vessels that branch from the kidney interlobular artery, convey blood to the glomerular capillaries, and play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure as a part of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism renal efferent arteriole arteriola glomerularis efferens capsulae renalis arteriola glomerularis efferens renis efferent arteriole efferent glomerular arteriole efferent glomerular arteriole of kidney kidney efferent arteriole the blood vessels that convey blood from the glomerulocapillary network to the capillary bed of the proximal convoluted tubule spleen capsule Malpighian capsule capsula splenica capsule of spleen fibroelastic coat of spleen fibrous capsule of spleen splenic capsule the connective tissue that surrounds the spleen tunica fibrosa (splen)(lien) tunica fibrosa splenica lateral ventricle ependyma An ependyma that is part of a lateral ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. ependyma of lateral ventricle fourth ventricle ependyma 4th ventricle ependyma An ependyma that is part of a fourth ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. ependyma of fourth ventricle urinary bladder urothelium The epithelial lining of the luminal space of the urinary bladder. bladder transitional cell epithelium epithelium of bladder transitional epithelium transitional epithelium of urinary bladder urinary bladder transitional epithelium urothelium urothelium of urinary bladder liver lobule hepatic lobule lobules of liver lobuli hepatici lobuli hepatis lobulus hepaticus the polygonal structure of the liver that consists of hepatocytes radiating outward from a hepatic vein tongue keratinized epithelium A keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. keratinized epithelium of tongue aorta wall An anatomical wall that is part of an aorta, enclosing the luminal space. aortic wall wall of aorta aorta tunica adventitia the outermost layer of the aorta wall, containing connective tissue and collagen and elastic fibers tunica adventitia of aorta muscular coat of seminal vesicle A muscular coat that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. muscle layer of seminal vesicle muscular coat of seminal gland muscular layer of seminal gland tunica muscularis (vesicula seminalis) tunica muscularis glandulae vesiculosae interventricular septum membranous part The membranous portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart cardiac ventricular membranous septum membranous interventricular septum membranous interventricular septum membranous part interventricular septum membranous part of interventricular septum membranous portion of interventricular septum membranous septum pars membranacea (septi interventricularis) pars membranacea septi interventricularis ventricle membranous septum ventricular membranous septum interventricular septum muscular part The muscular portion of the wall between the two lower chambers of the heart cardiac ventricular muscular septum muscular interventricular septum muscular interventricular septum muscular part interventricular septum muscular part of interventricular septum muscular septum pars muscularis (septi interventricularis) pars muscularis septi interventricularis septum membranaceum ventricular muscular septum fourth ventricle aperture One of: the 4th ventricle median or lateral apertures. aperture of 4th ventricle aperture of fourth ventricle ependyma The thin epithelium-like membrane composed of ependymal cells that lines the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord. ependyma of neuraxis ependymal epithelium lamina epithelialis vestibular system The sensory system for the sense of balance. equilibrioception system vestibular organ system vestibular system vestibulomotor system raphe nuclei The raphe nuclei are thin plates of cells in and immediately adjacent to the sagittal plane. nuclei raphes nuclei raphes raphe cluster raphe nuclei raphe nuclei set raphe nucleus raphe of mesenchephalon set of raphe nuclei external naris epithelium An epithelium that is part of an external naris [Automatically generated definition]. Peyer's patch epithelium peyer's patch epithelium the specialized epithelium of the Peyer's patch arterial system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. venous system smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. Peyer's patch germinal center Area of the Peyer's patch where B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells outflow tract endothelium An endothelium that is part of a outflow tract [Automatically generated definition]. arterial system endothelium An endothelium that is part of an arterial system [Automatically generated definition]. venous system endothelium An endothelium that is part of a venous system [Automatically generated definition]. respiratory system blood vessel endothelium A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. bulbus cordis a transient fetal dilation of the distal (or cranial) heart tube located where the arterial trunk joins the ventral roots of the aortic arches primitive right ventricle endocardium paired limb/fin An appendage that is part of an appendage girdle complex. girdle-associated appendage jointed paired lateral appendage limb or fin limb/fin paired appendage pectoral or pelvic appendage pelvic/pectoral appendage pelvic appendage Paired appendage that consists of the posterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pelvic girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. hindlimb/pelvic fin pelvic appendage pelvic limb/fin posterior appendage posterior limb/fin posterior paired appendage pectoral appendage Paired appendage that consists of the anterior appendicular skeleton and associated soft and hard tissues, but excludes the pectoral girdle and its associated soft and hard tissues. anterior appendage anterior limb/fin anterior paired appendage forelimb - pectoral fin forelimb or pectoral fin forelimb/pectoral fin pectoral limb/fin annulus fibrosus disci intervertebralis The ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disc; surrounds the nucleus pulposus, which is prone to herniation when the annulus fibrosus is compromised. annulus fibrosus annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc anulus fibrosus (diskus intervertebralis) anulus fibrosus of intervertebral disk fibrous ring of intervertebral disc conceptus The embryo and its adnexa (appendages or adjunct parts) or associated membranes (i.e. the products of conception) The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes - amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac[WP]. embryo plus adnexa kidney arcuate vein Any of the veins that parallel the arcuate arteries, receive blood from the interlobular veins and straight venules, and terminate in the interlobar veins. arciform vein of kidney arcuate vein arcuate vein of kidney arcuate veins renal arcuate vein venae arcuatae renis crista ampullaris The crista ampullaris is the sensory organ of rotation located in the semicircular canal of the inner ear. The function of the crista ampullaris is to sense angular acceleration and deceleration. ampullary crest ampullary crest of semicircular duct cristae ampullares interlobular artery The branches of the arcuate arteries of the kidney that radiate outward throught the renal columns and supply the glomeruli[MP]. The first set of renal bloodvessels, the interlobular arteries (or cortical radiate arteries, or cortical radial arteries), are given off at right angles from the side of the arcuate arteries looking toward the cortical substance, and pass directly outward between the medullary rays to reach the fibrous tunic, where they end in the capillary network of this part. These vessels do not anastomose with each other, but form what are called end-arteries. In their outward course they give off lateral branches; these are the afferent vessels for the renal corpuscles; they enter the capsule, and end in the glomerulus. From each tuft the corresponding efferent vessel arises, and, having made its egress from the capsule near to the point where the afferent vessel enters, breaks up into a number of branches, which form a dense plexus within Bowman's capsule. arteriae corticales radiatae arteriae interlobulares renis cortical radial arteries interlobular interlobular renal artery kidney interlobular artery renal interlobular artery vasa recta In the blood supply of the kidney, the vasa recta renis (or straight arteries of kidney, or straight arterioles of kidney) form a series of straight capillaries in the medulla. They lie parallel to the loop of Henle. These vessels branch off the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons (those nephrons closest to the medulla), enter the medulla, and surround the loop of Henle. arteria recta arteriae rectae arteriolae rectae renis arteriolae rectae renis arteriolae recti kidney vasa recta renal medullary capillary set of straight arterioles of kidney straight arterioles of kidney vasa recta of kidney vasa recta renis vasa rectae neuromere A transverse unitary subdivision of the neural tube that shares a common dorsoventral structure (floor, basal, alar, and roof plates), but each having differential molecular identities and fates; they comprise the secondary prosencephalon, diencephalon (prosomeres), the midbrain (mesomeres), and the hindbrain (rhombomeres). neural metamere neural segment neural tube metameric segment neural tube segment neuromere neuromeres segmental subdivision of nervous system Any segmental subdivision of a nervous system. Includes metameric developmental segments, such as vertebrates neuromeres. neuromere segmental subdivision of hindbrain An organ subunit that is part of a hindbrain [Automatically generated definition]. hindbrain segment segment of hindbrain gastrula Organism at the gastrula stage. blastocystis trilaminaris gastrula embryo tri-laminar disc tri-laminar disk trilaminar blastocyst trilaminar blastoderm trilaminar disc trilaminar disk trilaminar germ metanephric glomerulus glomerulus of metanephros glomerulus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. metanephric collecting duct A collecting duct of renal tubule that is part of a metanephros [Automatically generated definition]. collecting duct of metanephros metanephric collecting tubule metanephric juxtaglomerular apparatus juxtaglomerular apparatus of metanephros juxtaglomerular apparatus of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros. pronephric glomerulus The glomus forms from the splanchnic intermediate mesoderm and is the vascularized filtration unit, filtering the blood before it enters the tubules. The glomus is external to the nephron and extends over more than one body segment. corpuscle glomera glomerulus of pronephros glomus pronephric glomera pronephric glomeruli pronephric glomus skeletal tissue A specialized form of connective tissue in which the extracellular matrix is firm, providing the tissue with resilience, and/or mineralized and that functions in mechanical and structural support.[VSAO] dermal skeletal element dermal element dermis-derived entity that is made of skeletal tissue. gland of anal canal A gland that is part of an anal canal [Automatically generated definition]. anal gland anal sac gland of anal canal gland of anus rectal gland cartilaginous neurocranium The primitive cartilagionous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embyonic brain. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist into adulthood.[1] In Cartilagious fishes and Agnathans, the chondrocranium persist throughout life.[2] Embryologically, the chondrocranium represent the basal cranial structure, and lay the base for the formation of the endocranium in higher vertebrates[WP]. cartilaginous chondocranium cartilaginous skull cartiligionous skeletal structure of skull chondocranium embryonic chondocranium neurocranium skeletal element Organ consisting of skeletal tissue. Encompasses whole bones, fused bones, cartilaginious elements, teeth, dermal denticles. cranial bone A bone that is part of a cranium. cranium bone bone of lower jaw Any bone that is part of the lower jaw skeleton. This includes (when present): the dentary/mandible, the articular, the splenial, the suprangular lower jaw bone diaphysis Subdivision of long bone which forms the part of the bone between the two epiphyses, excluding the metaphyses[FMA,modified]. body of long bone long bone diaphysis shaft of long bone articular system Anatomical system that consists of all the joints of the body. joint system set of all joints set of all joints of body set of joints of body posterior nasal aperture Opening/conduit between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx[AAO] The choanae are separated by the vomer[WP]. choana choanae internal naris nasopharyngeal naris posterior choana posterior naris posterior nasal apperture outer renal medulla vasa recta A vasa recta that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. kidney outer medulla vasa recta kidney outer renal medulla vasa recta outer medulla of kidney vasa recta outer zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta outer zone of renal medulla vasa recta vasa recta of outer medulla of kidney vasa recta of outer renal medulla vasa recta of outer zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta of outer zone of renal medulla inner renal medulla vasa recta A vasa recta that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. inner medulla of kidney vasa recta inner zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta inner zone of renal medulla vasa recta set of inner region of renal pyramids vasa recta vasa recta of inner medulla of kidney vasa recta of inner renal medulla vasa recta of inner zone of medulla of kidney vasa recta of inner zone of renal medulla vasa recta of set of inner region of renal pyramids respiratory system submucosa A submucosa that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius submucosa submucosa of apparatus respiratorius submucosa of respiratory system respiratory system lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius lamina propria apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosa of apparatus respiratorius lamina propria mucosa of respiratory system lamina propria of apparatus respiratorius lamina propria of respiratory system respiratory system lamina propria mucosa gastrointestinal system lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a gastrointestinal system. gall bladder lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. biliary lamina propria gall bladder lamina propria mucosa gallbladder lamina propria gallbladder lamina propria mucosa lamina propria mucosa of gall bladder lamina propria mucosa of gallbladder lamina propria of gall bladder lamina propria of gallbladder gastrointestinal system serosa A serous membrane that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. digestive system serosa digestive system serous membrane gastrointestinal system serous membrane serosa of digestive system serosa of gastrointestinal system serous membrane of digestive system serous membrane of gastrointestinal system gall bladder serosa A serous membrane that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. biliary serosa gall bladder serous membrane gallbladder serosa gallbladder serous membrane serosa of gall bladder serosa of gallbladder serous coat of gallbladder serous membrane of gall bladder serous membrane of gallbladder tunica serosa (vesica biliaris) tunica serosa vesicae biliaris heart ventricle wall An anatomical wall that is part of a cardiac ventricle [Automatically generated definition]. anatomical wall of cardiac ventricle anatomical wall of heart ventricle anatomical wall of lower chamber of heart anatomical wall of ventricle of heart cardiac ventricle anatomical wall cardiac ventricle wall heart ventricle anatomical wall lower chamber of heart anatomical wall lower chamber of heart wall ventricle of heart anatomical wall ventricle of heart wall ventricular wall wall of cardiac ventricle wall of heart ventricle wall of lower chamber of heart wall of ventricle wall of ventricle of heart respiratory system mucosa apparatus respiratorius mucosa apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane laryngeal mucous membrane mucosa of apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ of apparatus respiratorius mucosa of organ of respiratory system mucosa of respiratory system mucous membrane of apparatus respiratorius mucous membrane of respiratory system respiratory mucosa respiratory system mucosa of organ respiratory system mucous membrane respiratory tract mucosa the mucous membrane lining the respiratory tract gastrointestinal system mucosa A mucosa that is part of a gastrointestinal system. digestive tract mucosa gut mucosa gut mucuous membrane mucosa of gut urethra urothelium An urothelium that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. urethra uroepithelium uroepithelium of urethra urothelium of urethra kidney pelvis urothelium kidney pelvis transitional epithelium kidney pelvis uroepithelium pelvic urothelium pelvis of ureter uroepithelium pelvis of ureter urothelium renal pelvis transitional epithelium renal pelvis uroepithelium renal pelvis urothelium the epithelial lining of the luminal space of the kidney pelvis transitional epithelium of kidney pelvis transitional epithelium of renal pelvis uroepithelium of kidney pelvis uroepithelium of pelvis of ureter uroepithelium of renal pelvis urothelium of kidney pelvis urothelium of pelvis of ureter urothelium of renal pelvis skin mucous gland A mucous gland that is part of the skin. mucous gland of entire skin mucous gland of skin of body skin mucus gland skin of body mucous gland secretion of endocrine pancreas A secretion that is part of a endocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. endocrine pancreas secretion pancreatic endocrine secretion pars endocrina pancreatis secretion secretion of pars endocrina pancreatis secretion of exocrine pancreas A secretion that is part of a exocrine pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. exocrine pancreas secretion pancreatic exocrine secretion pars exocrina pancreatis secretion secretion of pars exocrina pancreatis esophagus secretion A secretion that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophageal secretion gullet secretion oesophagus secretion secretion of esophagus secretion of gullet secretion of oesophagus pancreas secretion A secretion that is part of a pancreas [Automatically generated definition]. pancreatic secretion secretion of pancreas blood vessel layer Any of the tissue layers that comprise a blood vessel. Examples: tunica media, tunica adventitia. cervix epithelium An epithelium that is part of a uterine cervix [Automatically generated definition]. cervical canal epithelial tissue cervical canal epithelium cervical epithelium cervix epithelial tissue epithelium of cervix respiratory tract epithelium airway epithelium epithelial tissue of respiratory tract epithelium of respiratory tract respiratory epithelium respiratory tract epithelial tissue the pseudostratified ciliated epithelium that lines much of the conducting portion of the airway, including part of the nasal cavity and larynx, the trachea, and bronchi penis epithelium An epithelium that is part of a penis [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of penis epithelium of penis penis epithelial tissue oviduct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a oviduct [Automatically generated definition]. columnar epithelium of the fallopian tube columnar epithelium of the oviduct epithelial tissue of oviduct epithelium of fallopian tube epithelium of oviduct epithelium of uterine tube fallopian tube epithelium oviduct epithelial tissue seminal vesicle epithelium An epithelium that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of seminal gland epithelial tissue of seminal vesicle epithelium of seminal gland epithelium of seminal vesicle seminal gland epithelial tissue seminal gland epithelium seminal vesicle epithelial tissue respiratory system epithelium An epithelium that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue apparatus respiratorius epithelium epithelial tissue of apparatus respiratorius epithelial tissue of respiratory system epithelium of apparatus respiratorius epithelium of respiratory system respiratory system epithelial tissue gastrointestinal system epithelium An epithelium that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. digestive system epithelial tissue digestive system epithelium epithelial tissue of digestive system epithelial tissue of gastrointestinal system epithelium of digestive system epithelium of gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal system epithelial tissue salivary gland epithelium An epithelium that is part of a salivary gland [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of salivary gland epithelium of salivary gland salivary gland epithelial tissue nephron tubule epithelium kidney tubule epithelium the cellular avascular layer of the renal tubule luminar surfaces endometrium epithelium An epithelium that is part of an endometrium [Automatically generated definition]. endometrium epithelial tissue epithelial tissue of endometrium epithelium of endometrium epithelium of tunica mucosa of endometrium uterine epithelium male prepuce epithelium An epithelium that is part of a prepuce of penis [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of foreskin epithelial tissue of penile prepuce epithelial tissue of prepuce epithelial tissue of prepuce of penis epithelium of foreskin epithelium of penile prepuce epithelium of prepuce epithelium of prepuce of penis foreskin epithelial tissue foreskin epithelium penile prepuce epithelial tissue penile prepuce epithelium prepuce epithelial tissue prepuce epithelium prepuce of penis epithelial tissue prepuce of penis epithelium seminiferous tubule epithelium epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue of seminiferous tubule of testis epithelium of seminiferous tubule epithelium of seminiferous tubule of testis germinal epithelium (male) male germinal epithelium seminiferous epithelium seminiferous tubule epithelial tissue testis germinal epithelium the stratified epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules, consisting of the developing spermatozoa and the supporting Sertoli cells, which are tall, columnar type cells that line the tubule wall of seminiferous tubule upper respiratory tract epithelium An epithelium that is part of a upper respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of upper respiratory tract epithelium of upper respiratory tract upper respiratory tract epithelial tissue lower respiratory tract epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower respiratory tract [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of lower respiratory tract epithelium of lower respiratory tract lower respiratory tract epithelial tissue lacrimal gland epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lacrimal gland [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of lacrimal gland epithelium of lacrimal gland lacrimal gland epithelial tissue kidney epithelium epithelial tissue of kidney epithelium of kidney kidney epithelial tissue renal epithelium the cellular avascular layer of the kidney luminar surfaces bile duct epithelium Any epithelium that lines one of the bile ducts. biliary duct epithelium epithelium of bile duct epithelium of biliary duct pulmonary alveolus epithelium The epithelial layer of the alveoli[MP]. The layer of cells covering the lining of the tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles[BTO]. alveolar epithelium alveolus epithelial tissue alveolus epithelium epithelial tissue of alveolus epithelium of alveolus epithelium of pulmonary alveolus pulmonary alveolar epithelium pulmonary alveolus epithelium extrahepatic bile duct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a extrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of extrahepatic bile duct epithelium of extrahepatic bile duct extrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue intrahepatic bile duct epithelium An epithelium that is part of a intrahepatic bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. epithelial tissue of intrahepatic bile duct epithelium of intrahepatic bile duct intrahepatic bile duct epithelial tissue thyroid gland medulla A medulla that is part of a thyroid [Automatically generated definition]. medulla of thyroid medulla of thyroid follicle medulla of thyroid gland medulla of thyroid gland follicle thyroid follicle medulla thyroid gland follicle medulla thyroid medulla urethra skeletal muscle tissue A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a urethra [Automatically generated definition]. skeletal muscle of urethra skeletal muscle tissue of urethra urethra skeletal muscle urethra skeletal muscle tissue urethral skeletal muscle respiratory system skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of apparatus respiratorius skeletal muscle of respiratory system skeletal muscle tissue of apparatus respiratorius skeletal muscle tissue of respiratory system esophagus skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of a esophagus [Automatically generated definition]. esophagus skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of esophagus anal region skeletal muscle A portion of skeletal muscle tissue that is part of an anal region [Automatically generated definition]. anal part of perineum skeletal muscle anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue anal region skeletal muscle tissue anal triangle skeletal muscle anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue skeletal muscle of anal part of perineum skeletal muscle of anal region skeletal muscle of anal triangle skeletal muscle tissue of anal part of perineum skeletal muscle tissue of anal region skeletal muscle tissue of anal triangle hepatic duct smooth muscle Smooth muscle tissue in all or part of a hepatic duct. epididymis smooth muscle A portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of a epididymis [Automatically generated definition]. epididymis involuntary muscle epididymis non-striated muscle epididymis smooth muscle tissue involuntary muscle of epididymis non-striated muscle of epididymis smooth muscle of epididymis smooth muscle tissue of epididymis respiratory system arterial endothelium An endothelium of artery that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery arterial endothelium of apparatus respiratorius arterial endothelium of respiratory system artery endothelium of apparatus respiratorius artery endothelium of respiratory system endothelium of artery of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of artery of respiratory system respiratory system artery endothelium respiratory system endothelium of artery respiratory system venous endothelium An endothelium of vein that is part of a respiratory system [Automatically generated definition]. apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium endothelium of vein of apparatus respiratorius endothelium of vein of respiratory system respiratory system endothelium of vein respiratory system vein endothelium vein endothelium of apparatus respiratorius vein endothelium of respiratory system venous endothelium of apparatus respiratorius venous endothelium of respiratory system lymph node endothelium An endothelium that is part of a lymph node [Automatically generated definition]. endothelium of lymph node aorta endothelium adult aorta endothelium aortic endothelium endothelium of adult aorta endothelium of aorta endothelium of trunk of aortic tree endothelium of trunk of systemic arterial tree the thin layer of flat cells that line the aorta and form a barrier between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall trunk of aortic tree endothelium trunk of systemic arterial tree endothelium cardiovascular system endothelium An endothelium that is part of the cardiovascular system. endothelia vascular endothelia gastrointestinal system mesentery A mesentery that is part of a digestive system [Automatically generated definition]. digestive system mesentery mesentery of digestive system mesentery of gastrointestinal system eye gland A gland that is part of a eye. The eye is a compound unit which depending on the species may consist of an eyeballs plus associated ducts and integumentary structures. Eye glands therefore include the various types of lacrimal gland, the various types of apocrine and sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid. eye-associated gland gland of eye thoracic sympathetic nerve trunk A sympathetic nerve trunk that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system of thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system of thorax sympathetic nerve trunk of thorax sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk of thorax thoracic part of sympathetic trunk thoracic sympathetic chain thoracic sympathetic trunk thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic nervous system thorax nerve trunk of sympathetic part of autonomic division of nervous system thorax sympathetic nerve trunk thorax sympathetic nervous system nerve trunk vasculature of retina A vasculature that is part of a retina [Automatically generated definition]. retina vasculature retina vasculature of camera-type eye retinal blood vessels retinal blood vessels set retinal vasculature set of blood vessels of retina set of retinal blood vessels vasa sanguinea retinae somatic layer of lateral plate mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the future body wall - underlies the ectoderm[WP]. outer layer of lateral plate mesoderm parietal mesoderm somatic mesoderm splanchnic layer of lateral plate mesoderm Layer of lateral plate mesoderm that forms the circulatory system and future gut wall - overlies endoderm[WP]. inner layer of lateral plate mesoderm splanchnic mesoderm visceral mesoderm splanchnopleure A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the inner (or splanchnic) layer adheres to the endoderm, and with it forms the splanchnopleure[WP]. ventral splanchnic mesoderm somatopleure A structure created during embryogenesis when the lateral mesoderm splits into two layers - the outer (or somatic) layer becomes applied to the inner surface of the ectoderm, and with it forms the somatopleure.[WP]. nephrogenic cord A portion of the urogenital ridge which is the source of much of the urinary system[WP]. chorda nephrogenica urogenital fold One of of the pair of folds derived from the cloacal folds which give rise to a portion of the external genitalia; in male embryos they close over the urethral plate and fuse to form the spongy (penile) urethra and ventral aspect of the penis, not including the glans; failure of fusion of the urethral folds leads to hypospadias; in female embryos they fuse only anterior to the anus and form the labia minora[MP]. urethral fold urogenital fold urogenital ridge chordamesoderm The central region of trunk mesoderm. This tissue forms the notochord axial chorda mesoderm chorda mesoderm dorsal mesoderm presumptive notochord lung mesenchyme The mass of tissue made up of mesenchymal cells in the lung. lung-associated mesenchyme mesenchyme of lung pulmonary mesenchyme alveolar wall A wall that contains the alveoli alveolus wall pulmonary alveolar wall pulmonary interalveolar septum wall of pulmonary alveolus alveolar smooth muscle Alveolar smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the walls of the alveolus urogenital sinus epithelium The fetal urogenital sinus (from which the prostate derives) is a simple cylinder of stratified basal epithelium, surrounded by mesenchyme and positioned between the embryonic bladder and pelvic urethra UGE epithelium of urogenital sinus articulation Anatomical cluster that connects two or more adjacent skeletal elements or hardened body parts. joint ectodermal part of digestive tract A portion of the gut that is derived from ectoderm. ectodermal gut gut ectoderm lower digestive tract The region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus[GO - gut definition]. gut lower GI tract lower gastrointestinal tract upper digestive tract The region of the digestive tract extending from the mouth cavity through pharynx esophagus stomach and duodenum. upper GI tract upper gastrointestinal tract epithelium of gonad An epithelium surrounding a gonad. gonad epithelium gonadal epithelium gonadal sheath epithelium of male gonad An epithelium surrounding a testis. testis epithelium testis sheath epithelium of female gonad An epithelium surrounding an ovary. ovarian epithelium ovarian sheath ovary epithelium biliary bud hepatic diverticulum anal sphincter A sphincter muscle that is part of a anal region. anal region sphincter sphincter analia urethral sphincter A sphincter muscle surrounding the urethra. sphincter muscle of urethra sphincter of urethra sphincter urethrae urethral sphincter muscle subdivision of digestive tract A proximal-distal subdivision of the digestive tract. alimentary system subdivision intestinal tract segment of intestinal tract subdivision of alimentary system organ component layer A part of a wall of an organ that forms a layer. submucosa of pharynx The tissue underlying the tunica mucosa of the pharynx. pharyngeal submucosa pharyngobasilar fascia pharynx submucosa submucous coat of pharynx submucous layer of pharynx tela submucosa pharyngea tela submucosa pharyngis submucosa of cystic duct A submucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition]. cystic duct submucosa cystic ductal submucosa submucosa of cecum A submucosa that is part of a cecum [Automatically generated definition]. caecum submucosa cecum submucosa intestinum crassum caecum submucosa submucosa of caecum submucosa of intestinum crassum caecum submucosa of appendix A submucosa that is part of an appendix [Automatically generated definition]. appendiceal submucosa appendix submucosa caecal appendix submucosa submucosa of caecal appendix submucosa of vermiform appendix submucosa of vermix vermiform appendix submucosa vermix submucosa submucosa of ascending colon A submucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Automatically generated definition]. ascending colon submucosa submucosa of transverse colon A submucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Automatically generated definition]. transverse colon submucosa submucosa of descending colon A submucosa that is part of a descending colon [Automatically generated definition]. descending colon submucosa submucosa of sigmoid colon A submucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. sigmoid colon submucosa submucosa of fundus of stomach A submucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. fundus gastricus (ventricularis) submucosa fundus of stomach submucosa stomach fundus submucosa submucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) submucosa of stomach fundus submucosa of cardia of stomach A submucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. cardia of stomach submucosa cardial part of stomach submucosa gastric cardia submucosa pars cardiaca (gaster) submucosa stomach cardiac region submucosa submucosa of cardial part of stomach submucosa of gastric cardia submucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) submucosa of stomach cardiac region submucosa of pyloric antrum A submucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition]. antrum of stomach submucosa pyloric antrum submucosa stomach pyloric antrum submucosa submucosa of antrum of stomach submucosa of stomach pyloric antrum submucosa of pylorus A submucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition]. pyloric part of stomach submucosa pyloric submucosa pylorus submucosa stomach pyloric region submucosa submucosa of pyloric part of stomach submucosa of stomach pyloric region submucosa of biliary tree A submucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition]. biliary tract submucosa biliary tree submucosa submucosa of biliary tract submucosa of common bile duct A submucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. common bile duct submucosa common bile ductal submucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) submucosa submucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) submucosa of urinary bladder The submucous layer of the wall of the urinary bladder. bladder submucosa submucosa of bladder submucous layer of urinary bladder tela submucosa (vesica urinaria) tela submucosa vesicae tela submucosa vesicae urinariae urinary bladder submucosa submucosa of trigone of urinary bladder A submucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. Lieutaud ' s trigone submucosa deep trigone submucosa submucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone submucosa of deep trigone submucosa of trigone of bladder submucosa of urinary bladder trigone submucosa of vesical trigone trigone of bladder submucosa trigone of urinary bladder submucosa urinary bladder trigone submucosa vesical trigone submucosa submucosa of neck of urinary bladder A submucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. bladder neck submucosa neck of bladder submucosa neck of urinary bladder submucosa submucosa of bladder neck submucosa of neck of bladder submucosa of urinary bladder neck submucosa of vesical neck urinary bladder neck submucosa vesical neck submucosa submucosa of ileum A submucosa that is part of a ileum [Automatically generated definition]. ileal submucosa ileum submucosa submucosa of bronchiole A submucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiole submucosa lobular bronchiole submucosa submucosa of lobular bronchiole mucosa of ureter A mucosa that is part of a ureter [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of ureter mucosal layer of ureter mucous membrane of ureter organ mucosa of ureter tunica mucosa (ureter) tunica mucosa ureteris ureter mucosa ureter mucosa of organ ureter mucous membrane ureter organ mucosa ureteral mucosa ureteric mucosa mucosa of vagina A mucosa that is part of a vagina [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of vagina mucous membrane of vagina organ mucosa of vagina tunica mucosa vaginae vagina mucosa vagina mucosa of organ vagina mucous membrane vagina organ mucosa vaginal mucosa mucosa of seminal vesicle A mucosa that is part of a seminal vesicle [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of seminal gland mucosa of organ of seminal vesicle mucosa of seminal gland mucous membrane of seminal gland mucous membrane of seminal vesicle organ mucosa of seminal gland organ mucosa of seminal vesicle seminal gland mucosa seminal gland mucosa of organ seminal gland mucous membrane seminal gland organ mucosa seminal vesicle mucosa seminal vesicle mucosa of organ seminal vesicle mucous membrane seminal vesicle organ mucosa tunica mucosa glandulae vesiculosae mucosa of cystic duct A mucosa that is part of a cystic duct [Automatically generated definition]. cystic duct mucosa cystic duct mucosa of organ cystic duct mucous membrane cystic duct organ mucosa cystic ductal mucosa mucosa of organ of cystic duct mucous membrane of cystic duct organ mucosa of cystic duct mucosa of appendix A mucosa that is part of an appendix [Automatically generated definition]. appendiceal mucous membrane appendix mucosa appendix mucosa of organ appendix mucous membrane appendix organ mucosa caecal appendix mucosa caecal appendix mucosa of organ caecal appendix mucous membrane caecal appendix organ mucosa mucosa of caecal appendix mucosa of organ of appendix mucosa of organ of caecal appendix mucosa of organ of vermiform appendix mucosa of organ of vermix mucosa of vermiform appendix mucosa of vermix mucous membrane of appendix mucous membrane of caecal appendix mucous membrane of vermiform appendix mucous membrane of vermix organ mucosa of appendix organ mucosa of caecal appendix organ mucosa of vermiform appendix organ mucosa of vermix vermiform appendix mucosa vermiform appendix mucosa of organ vermiform appendix mucous membrane vermiform appendix organ mucosa vermix mucosa vermix mucosa of organ vermix mucous membrane vermix organ mucosa mucosa of ascending colon A mucosa that is part of an ascending colon [Automatically generated definition]. ascending colon mucosa ascending colon mucosa of organ ascending colon mucous membrane ascending colon organ mucosa mucosa of organ of ascending colon mucous membrane of ascending colon organ mucosa of ascending colon mucosa of transverse colon A mucosa that is part of a transverse colon [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of transverse colon mucous membrane of transverse colon organ mucosa of transverse colon transverse colon mucosa transverse colon mucosa of organ transverse colon mucous membrane transverse colon organ mucosa mucosa of descending colon A mucosa that is part of a descending colon [Automatically generated definition]. descending colon mucosa descending colon mucosa of organ descending colon mucous membrane descending colon organ mucosa mucosa of organ of descending colon mucous membrane of descending colon organ mucosa of descending colon mucosa of sigmoid colon A mucosa that is part of a sigmoid colon [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of sigmoid colon mucous membrane of sigmoid colon organ mucosa of sigmoid colon sigmoid colon mucosa sigmoid colon mucosa of organ sigmoid colon mucous membrane sigmoid colon organ mucosa mucosa of fundus of stomach A mucosa that is part of a fundus of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucous membrane fundus gastricus (ventricularis) organ mucosa fundus of stomach mucosa fundus of stomach mucosa of organ fundus of stomach mucous membrane fundus of stomach organ mucosa mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucosa of organ of fundus of stomach mucosa of organ of stomach fundus mucosa of stomach fundus mucous membrane of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) mucous membrane of fundus of stomach mucous membrane of stomach fundus organ mucosa of fundus gastricus (ventricularis) organ mucosa of fundus of stomach organ mucosa of stomach fundus stomach fundus mucosa stomach fundus mucosa of organ stomach fundus mucous membrane stomach fundus organ mucosa mucosa of cardia of stomach A mucosa that is part of a cardia of stomach [Automatically generated definition]. cardia of stomach mucosa cardia of stomach mucosa of organ cardia of stomach mucous membrane cardia of stomach organ mucosa cardial part of stomach mucosa cardial part of stomach mucosa of organ cardial part of stomach mucous membrane cardial part of stomach organ mucosa gastric cardia mucosa gastric cardia mucosa of organ gastric cardia mucous membrane gastric cardia organ mucosa mucosa of cardial part of stomach mucosa of gastric cardia mucosa of organ of cardia of stomach mucosa of organ of cardial part of stomach mucosa of organ of gastric cardia mucosa of organ of pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of organ of stomach cardiac region mucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of stomach cardiac region mucous membrane of cardia of stomach mucous membrane of cardial part of stomach mucous membrane of gastric cardia mucous membrane of pars cardiaca (gaster) mucous membrane of stomach cardiac region organ mucosa of cardia of stomach organ mucosa of cardial part of stomach organ mucosa of gastric cardia organ mucosa of pars cardiaca (gaster) organ mucosa of stomach cardiac region pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa pars cardiaca (gaster) mucosa of organ pars cardiaca (gaster) mucous membrane pars cardiaca (gaster) organ mucosa stomach cardiac region mucosa stomach cardiac region mucosa of organ stomach cardiac region mucous membrane stomach cardiac region organ mucosa mucosa of pyloric antrum A mucosa that is part of a pyloric antrum [Automatically generated definition]. antral mucosa antrum of stomach mucosa antrum of stomach mucosa of organ antrum of stomach mucous membrane antrum of stomach organ mucosa gastric antrum mucosa mucosa of antrum of stomach mucosa of organ of antrum of stomach mucosa of organ of pyloric antrum mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane of antrum of stomach mucous membrane of pyloric antrum mucous membrane of stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa of antrum of stomach organ mucosa of pyloric antrum organ mucosa of stomach pyloric antrum pyloric antrum mucosa pyloric antrum mucosa of organ pyloric antrum mucous membrane pyloric antrum organ mucosa stomach pyloric antrum mucosa stomach pyloric antrum mucosa of organ stomach pyloric antrum mucous membrane stomach pyloric antrum organ mucosa mucosa of pylorus A mucosa that is part of a pylorus [Automatically generated definition]. antropyloric mucosa mucosa of organ of pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ of pylorus mucosa of organ of stomach pyloric region mucosa of pyloric part of stomach mucosa of stomach pyloric region mucous membrane of pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane of pylorus mucous membrane of stomach pyloric region organ mucosa of pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa of pylorus organ mucosa of stomach pyloric region pyloric part of stomach mucosa pyloric part of stomach mucosa of organ pyloric part of stomach mucous membrane pyloric part of stomach organ mucosa pylorus mucosa pylorus mucosa of organ pylorus mucous membrane pylorus organ mucosa stomach pyloric region mucosa stomach pyloric region mucosa of organ stomach pyloric region mucous membrane stomach pyloric region organ mucosa mucosa of biliary tree A mucosa that is part of a biliary tree [Automatically generated definition]. biliary tract mucosa biliary tract mucosa of organ biliary tract mucous membrane biliary tract organ mucosa biliary tree mucosa biliary tree mucosa of organ biliary tree mucous membrane biliary tree organ mucosa mucosa of biliary tract mucosa of organ of biliary tract mucosa of organ of biliary tree mucous membrane of biliary tract mucous membrane of biliary tree organ mucosa of biliary tract organ mucosa of biliary tree mucosa of common bile duct A mucosa that is part of a common bile duct [Automatically generated definition]. common bile duct mucosa common bile duct mucosa of organ common bile duct mucous membrane common bile duct organ mucosa common bile ductal mucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of organ of common bile duct mucosa of organ of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucous membrane of common bile duct mucous membrane of ductus choledochus (biliaris) organ mucosa of common bile duct organ mucosa of ductus choledochus (biliaris) mucosa of renal pelvis A mucosa that is part of a renal pelvis [Automatically generated definition]. kidney pelvis mucosa kidney pelvis mucosa of organ kidney pelvis mucous membrane kidney pelvis organ mucosa mucosa of kidney pelvis mucosa of organ of kidney pelvis mucosa of organ of pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ of renal pelvis mucosa of pelvis of ureter mucous membrane of kidney pelvis mucous membrane of pelvis of ureter mucous membrane of renal pelvis organ mucosa of kidney pelvis organ mucosa of pelvis of ureter organ mucosa of renal pelvis pelvis of ureter mucosa pelvis of ureter mucosa of organ pelvis of ureter mucous membrane pelvis of ureter organ mucosa renal pelvic mucosa renal pelvis mucosa renal pelvis mucosa of organ renal pelvis mucous membrane renal pelvis organ mucosa tunica mucosa pelvis renalis mucosa of trigone of urinary bladder A mucosa that is part of a trigone of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of organ Lieutaud ' s trigone mucous membrane Lieutaud ' s trigone organ mucosa deep trigone mucosa deep trigone mucosa of organ deep trigone mucous membrane deep trigone organ mucosa mucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of deep trigone mucosa of organ of Lieutaud ' s trigone mucosa of organ of deep trigone mucosa of organ of trigone of bladder mucosa of organ of trigone of urinary bladder mucosa of organ of urinary bladder trigone mucosa of organ of vesical trigone mucosa of trigone of bladder mucosa of urinary bladder trigone mucosa of vesical trigone mucous membrane of Lieutaud ' s trigone mucous membrane of deep trigone mucous membrane of trigone of bladder mucous membrane of trigone of urinary bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder trigone mucous membrane of vesical trigone organ mucosa of Lieutaud ' s trigone organ mucosa of deep trigone organ mucosa of trigone of bladder organ mucosa of trigone of urinary bladder organ mucosa of urinary bladder trigone organ mucosa of vesical trigone trigone of bladder mucosa trigone of bladder mucosa of organ trigone of bladder mucous membrane trigone of bladder organ mucosa trigone of urinary bladder mucosa trigone of urinary bladder mucosa of organ trigone of urinary bladder mucous membrane trigone of urinary bladder organ mucosa urinary bladder trigone mucosa urinary bladder trigone mucosa of organ urinary bladder trigone mucous membrane urinary bladder trigone organ mucosa vesical trigone mucosa vesical trigone mucosa of organ vesical trigone mucous membrane vesical trigone organ mucosa mucosa of neck of urinary bladder A mucosa that is part of a neck of urinary bladder [Automatically generated definition]. bladder neck mucosa bladder neck mucosa of organ bladder neck mucous membrane bladder neck organ mucosa mucosa of bladder neck mucosa of neck of bladder mucosa of organ of bladder neck mucosa of organ of neck of bladder mucosa of organ of neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ of urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ of vesical neck mucosa of urinary bladder neck mucosa of vesical neck mucous membrane of bladder neck mucous membrane of neck of bladder mucous membrane of neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane of urinary bladder neck mucous membrane of vesical neck neck of bladder mucosa neck of bladder mucosa of organ neck of bladder mucous membrane neck of bladder organ mucosa neck of urinary bladder mucosa neck of urinary bladder mucosa of organ neck of urinary bladder mucous membrane neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa organ mucosa of bladder neck organ mucosa of neck of bladder organ mucosa of neck of urinary bladder organ mucosa of urinary bladder neck organ mucosa of vesical neck urinary bladder neck mucosa urinary bladder neck mucosa of organ urinary bladder neck mucous membrane vesical neck mucosa vesical neck mucosa of organ vesical neck mucous membrane vesical neck organ mucosa mucosa of male urethra A mucosa that is part of a male urethra [Automatically generated definition]. male urethra mucosa male urethra mucosa of organ male urethra mucous membrane male urethra organ mucosa mucosa of organ of male urethra mucous membrane of male urethra organ mucosa of male urethra mucosa of female urethra A mucosa that is part of a female urethra [Automatically generated definition]. female urethra mucosa female urethra mucosa of organ female urethra mucous membrane female urethra organ mucosa mucosa of organ of female urethra mucous membrane of female urethra organ mucosa of female urethra mucosa of lacrimal sac A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal sac [Automatically generated definition]. lacrimal sac mucosa lacrimal sac mucosa of organ lacrimal sac mucous membrane lacrimal sac organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lacrimal sac mucous membrane of lacrimal sac organ mucosa of lacrimal sac mucosa of tongue A mucosa that is part of a tongue [Automatically generated definition]. lingual mucosa mucosa of organ of tongue mucous membrane of tongue organ mucosa of tongue tongue mucosa tongue mucosa of organ tongue mucous membrane tongue organ mucosa tunica mucosa linguae mucosa of nasopharynx A mucosa that is part of a nasopharynx [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ of nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ of nasopharynx mucosa of organ of rhinopharynx mucosa of rhinopharynx mucous membrane of nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane of nasopharynx mucous membrane of rhinopharynx nasal part of pharynx mucosa nasal part of pharynx mucosa of organ nasal part of pharynx mucous membrane nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa nasopharynx mucosa nasopharynx mucosa of organ nasopharynx mucous membrane nasopharynx organ mucosa organ mucosa of nasal part of pharynx organ mucosa of nasopharynx organ mucosa of rhinopharynx rhinopharynx mucosa rhinopharynx mucosa of organ rhinopharynx mucous membrane rhinopharynx organ mucosa mucosa of middle ear A mucosa that is part of a middle ear [Automatically generated definition]. middle ear mucosa middle ear mucosa of organ middle ear mucous membrane middle ear organ mucosa mucosa of organ of middle ear mucosa of tympanic cavity mucous membrane of middle ear organ mucosa of middle ear tunica mucosa cavitatis tympanicae mucosa of lacrimal canaliculus A mucosa that is part of a lacrimal canaliculus [Automatically generated definition]. lacrimal canalicular mucosa lacrimal canaliculus mucosa lacrimal canaliculus mucosa of organ lacrimal canaliculus mucous membrane lacrimal canaliculus organ mucosa mucosa of organ of lacrimal canaliculus mucous membrane of lacrimal canaliculus organ mucosa of lacrimal canaliculus mucosa of gallbladder A mucosa that is part of a gallbladder [Automatically generated definition]. gall bladder mucosa gall bladder mucosa of organ gall bladder mucous membrane gall bladder organ mucosa gallbladder mucosa gallbladder mucosa of organ gallbladder mucous membrane gallbladder organ mucosa mucosa of gall bladder mucosa of organ of gall bladder mucosa of organ of gallbladder mucous membrane of gall bladder mucous membrane of gallbladder organ mucosa of gall bladder organ mucosa of gallbladder tunica mucosa (vesica biliaris) tunica mucosa vesicae biliaris mucosa of bronchiole A mucosa that is part of a bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiole mucosa bronchiole mucosa of organ bronchiole mucous membrane bronchiole organ mucosa lobular bronchiole mucosa lobular bronchiole mucosa of organ lobular bronchiole mucous membrane lobular bronchiole organ mucosa mucosa of lobular bronchiole mucosa of organ of bronchiole mucosa of organ of lobular bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiole mucous membrane of lobular bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiole organ mucosa of lobular bronchiole mucosa of terminal bronchiole A mucosa that is part of a terminal bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiolus terminalis mucosa bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ of bronchiolus terminalis mucosa of organ of terminal bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiolus terminalis mucous membrane of terminal bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiolus terminalis organ mucosa of terminal bronchiole terminal bronchiole mucosa terminal bronchiole mucosa of organ terminal bronchiole mucous membrane terminal bronchiole organ mucosa mucosa of respiratory bronchiole A mucosa that is part of a respiratory bronchiole [Automatically generated definition]. bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ bronchiolus respiratorius mucous membrane bronchiolus respiratorius organ mucosa mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ of bronchiolus respiratorius mucosa of organ of respiratory bronchiole mucous membrane of bronchiolus respiratorius mucous membrane of respiratory bronchiole organ mucosa of bronchiolus respiratorius organ mucosa of respiratory bronchiole respiratory bronchiole mucosa respiratory bronchiole mucosa of organ respiratory bronchiole mucous membrane respiratory bronchiole organ mucosa inner epithelial layer of tympanic membrane A portion of the tympanic cavity epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane mucosa of tympanic membrane mucous layer of tympanic membrane mucous stratum of tympanic membrane tympanic membrane external middle ear cavity epithelial component tympanic membrane mucosa mucosa of nasolacrimal duct A mucosa that is part of a nasolacrimal duct [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of organ of nasolacrimal duct mucous membrane of nasolacrimal duct nasolacrimal duct mucosa nasolacrimal duct mucosa of organ nasolacrimal duct mucous membrane nasolacrimal duct organ mucosa nasolacrimal ductal mucosa organ mucosa of nasolacrimal duct mucosa of uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a fallopian tube [Automatically generated definition]. fallopian tube mucosa fallopian tube mucosa of organ fallopian tube mucous membrane fallopian tube organ mucosa mucosa of fallopian tube mucosa of organ of fallopian tube mucosa of organ of uterine tube mucosa of oviduct mucous membrane of fallopian tube mucous membrane of uterine tube organ mucosa of fallopian tube organ mucosa of uterine tube tunica mucosa tubae uterinae uterine tubal mucosa uterine tube mucosa uterine tube mucosa of organ uterine tube mucous membrane uterine tube organ mucosa mucosa of infundibulum of uterine tube A mucosa that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum [Automatically generated definition]. mucosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube mucosa of infundibulum of oviduct mucosa of organ of uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane of uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa of uterine tube infundibulum uterine tube infundibulum mucosa uterine tube infundibulum mucosa of organ uterine tube infundibulum mucous membrane uterine tube infundibulum organ mucosa zone of long bone An organ part that is part of a long bone [Automatically generated definition]. long bone zone external female genitalia An external genitalia that is part of a female reproductive system [Automatically generated definition]. external female genital organ external genitalia of female reproductive system female external genitalia organa genitalia feminina externa immune organ An organ that is part of a immune system [Automatically generated definition]. immune system organ hemolymphoid system gland A gland that is part of a hemolymphoid system [Automatically generated definition]. haemolymphoid system gland hemopoietic or lymphoid gland hemopoietic or lymphoid organ neural groove The median dorsal longitudinal groove formed in the embryo by the neural plate after the appearance of the neural folds. neural fold One of the two elevated edges of the neural groove[GO,MP]. medullary fold neural rod A solid rod of neurectoderm derived from the neural keel. The neural rod is roughly circular in cross section. Neural rod formation occurs during primary neurulation in teleosts[GO]. An intermediate stage in the development of the central nervous system present during the segmentation period; the neural rod is roughly cylindrical in shape, forms from the neural keel, and is not yet hollowed out into the neural tube[ZFIN]. neural tube rod metanephric ureteric bud The portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros[GO]. ureter ureteric bud The portion of the ureteric bud that contributes to the morphogenesis of the ureter. The ureter ureteric bud is the initial structure that forms the ureter[GO]. ectodermal placode An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm[GO] epithelial placode hair follicle placode A bud-like thickening in the epidermis consisting of elongated keratinocytes, which at the distal end are in touch with numerous aggregated specialized dermal fibroblasts, the dermal condensate. hair gem hair germ hair peg hair placode vibrissa placode tooth placode An tooth placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the tooth bud[GO]. dental anlage dental placode dental primordium odontogenic placode tooth anlage tooth germ tooth primordium sebaceous gland placode A sebaceous gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sebaceous gland bud[GO]. sweat gland placode An sweat gland placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the sweat gland bud[GO]. muscle structure Muscle structures are contractile cells, tissues or organs that are found in multicellular organisms[GO]. muscle muscle element musculus kidney rudiment . kidney anlage descending thin limb The descending thin limb is a part of the loop of Henle situated just after the proximal straight tubule (S3). It extends to the tip of the loop of Henle[GO]. descending limb of Henle's loop descending limb of loop of Henle descending thin limb of loop of Henle loop of Henle descending thin limb loop of Henle thin descending limb pars descendens (tubulus attenuatus) thin descending limb thin descending limb of loop of Henle thin descending limb of the loop of Henle thin descending loop of Henle renal connecting tubule The connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct[GO]. connecting tubule kidney connecting tubule tubulus renalis arcuatus mesonephric epithelium An epithelium that is part of a mesonephros [Automatically generated definition]. metanephric tubule A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros[GO]. metanephric epithelium An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure[GO]. metanephric smooth muscle tissue Any smooth muscle tissue that is part of a metanephros. metanephric nephron A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros[GO]. metanephric pyramid Metanephric pyramids are the conical masses that constitute the renal medulla in a metanephros; they contain the loops of Henle and the medullary collecting ducts[GO]. metanephric cortex mesenchyme metanephric ascending thin limb The metanephric ascending thin limb is a segment of a nephron tubule in the metanephros lying in the inner medulla that is permeable to ions but not to water and has a simple epithelium; active transepithelial solute transport is absent[GO]. metanephric cortical collecting duct The metanephric cortical collecting duct is the portion of the metanephric collecting duct that resides in the renal cortex[GO]. metanephric descending thin limb It extends to the tip of the metanephric loop of Henle[GO]. metanephric distal convoluted tubule The metanephric distal convoluted tubule is a portion of the metanephric nephron tubule that connects the metanephric loop of Henle to the collecting duct[GO]. metanephric glomerular mesangium The metanephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the metanephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus[GO]. metanephric macula densa The metanephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the metanephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. metanephric proximal convoluted tubule The metanephric proximal convoluted tubule is the most proximal portion of the metanephric proximal tubule and extends from the metanephric glomerular capsule to the metanephric proximal straight tubule[GO]. metanephric proximal straight tubule The metanephric proximal straight tubule is the part of the metanephric descending limb that extends from the metanephric proximal convoluted tubule to the metanephric descending thin tubule[GO]. metanephric thick ascending limb At the macula densa, the thick ascending limb connects to the distal convoluted tubule[GO]. metanephric distal tubule The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule[GO]. metanephric loop of Henle The metanephric loop of Henle is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric glomerulus vasculature The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus[GO]. metanephric nephron epithelium The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric glomerular epithelium A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric glomerular endothelium The metanephric glomerular endothelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the internal surfaces of the glomerulus of the metanephros[GO]. metanephric glomerular capillary This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts[GO]. metanephric comma-shaped body The metanephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the metanephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric nephron tubule A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros[GO]. metanephric renal vesicle The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. metanephric vesicle metanephric S-shaped body The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric connecting tubule The metanephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the metanephric nephron; it connects the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct in the metanephros[GO]. metanephric proximal tubule The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology[GO]. epithelial bud A bud is a protrusion that forms from an epithelial sheet by localized folding. epithelial cord A cord of epithelial cells without a lumen and usually several cells thick. reproductive structure Any anatomical structure that is part of the reproductive system. reproductive system element reproductive system structure epithelial fold An epithelial sheet bent on a linear axis. parenchyma of central nervous system CNS parenchyma The functional tissue of the central nervous system consisting of neurons and glial cells. central nervous system parenchyma parenchyma of CNS parenchyma of central nervous system multi cell part structure A structure consisting of multiple cell components but which is not itself a cell and does not have (complete) cells as a part. cell part cluster multi-cell-component structure multi-cell-part structure ascending limb of loop of Henle The distal part of the loop of Henle that is impermeable to water and actively pumps sodium out of the filtrate to generate the hypertonic interstitium that drives countercurrent exchange; it consists of an initial very thin segment lined by simple squamous epithelium followed by a distal thick segment lined by simple cuboidal epithelium[MP]. ascending limb ascending limb of Henle's loop distal straight tubule loop of Henle ascending limb papillary duct Bellini's duct The terminal portions of the medullary collecting ducts are the papillary ducts, which end at the renal papilla and empty into a minor calyx. duct of Bellini papillary duct papillary duct of kidney renal papillary duct renal interlobular vein Any of the veins that parallel the interlobular arteries, receiving blood from the peritubular capillary plexus and empty into the arcuate veins interlobular vein interlobular veins of kidney set of interlobular veins of kidney venae interlobulares renis venae interlobulares renis interstitial tissue connective tissue between the cellular elements of a structure. interstitium hepatic duct Any portion of the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the common bile duct. This may include both intrahapetic components (parts of left and right hepatic ducts) and extrahapetic components (common hepatic duct, plus hilar portion). abdomen element An organ or element that is in the abdomen. Examples: spleen, intestine, kidney, abdominal mammary gland. abdomen organ abdominal segment element An organ or element that is part of the adbominal segment of the organism. This region can be further subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic region. abdominal segment organ dorsal region element An organ or element that part of the dorsum of the organism. Examples: spinal cord, vertebrae, muscles of back. back organ dorsal region organ chest organ An organ that is part of a chest [Automatically generated definition]. tooth enamel organ A circumscribed mass of ectodermal cells which bud off from the dental lamina; it becomes cup-shaped and develops on its internal face the ameloblast layer of cells that produces the enamel cap of a developing tooth. dental organ enamel organ odontogenic organ organum enameleum trunk region element An organ or element that part of the trunk region. The trunk region can be further subdividied into thoracic (including chest and thoracic cavity) and abdominal (including abdomen and pelbis) regions. trunk organ thoracic cavity element An organ or element that is in the thoracic cavity. Examples: lung, heart, longus colli. thoracic cavity organ pelvic region element An organ or element that is part of the pelvic region. Examples: reproductive organs (in some organisms), urinary bladder, bones of the pelvis. pelvic element pelvis organ pelvis region organ thoracic segment organ An organ that part of the thoracic segment region. This region can be further subdividied chest and thoracic cavity regions. upper body organ renal medulla collecting duct The portion of the collecting duct that resides in the renal medulla kidney medulla collecting duct medullary collecting duct thoracic vein A vein that is part of a thorax [Automatically generated definition]. spleen germinal center A germinal center that is part of the spleen. The spleen germinal center is located in a secondary B follicle in the white pulp of the spleen. germinal center of spleen spleen GC spleen follicle center splenic germinal center thoracic mammary gland A lactiferous gland that is located in the thoracic region/breast. anterior mammary gland breast mammary gland lactiferous gland mammary gland distal straight tubule macula densa A macula densa that is part of an ascending limb of loop of Henle [Automatically generated definition]. trachea gland a tubuloacinar seromucous gland that is located principally in the submucosa of the trachea. Excretory ducts from this gland pass through the lamina propria to the tracheal lumen. glandula trachealis tracheal gland tubular seromucous gland of trachea vagina stroma A stroma that is part of a vagina. choroid plexus stroma A stroma that is part of a choroid plexus [Automatically generated definition]. tonsil capsule A capsule that is part of a tonsil [Automatically generated definition]. renal medulla interstitium kidney medulla interstitium medullary interstitium medullary stroma renal medullary interstitial tissue renal medullary interstitium tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the renal medulla. Leydig cell region of testis The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.. interstitium of testis interstitium of the testis testis - interstitial testis interstitial tissue testis interstitium outer renal medulla interstitium A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a outer medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. kidney outer medulla interstitium outer medullary interstitium inner renal medulla interstitium A portion of interstitial tissue that is part of a inner medulla of kidney [Automatically generated definition]. inner medullary interstitium kidney inner medulla interstitium papillary interstitium kidney interstitium The interstitial compartment of the kidney, comprising the extravascular intertubular spaces of the renal parenchyma, with their attendant cellular elements and extracellular substances, bounded on all sides by epithelial and vascular basement membranes. interstitial tissue of kidney kidney interstitium group renal interstitial tissue renal interstitium renal stroma stroma of kidney optic eminence surface ectoderm An external ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. upper leg epithelium An epithelium that is part of a hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. pedal digit epithelium An epithelium that is part of a toe [Automatically generated definition]. foot digit epithelium hind limb digit epithelium toe epithelium manual digit epithelium An epithelium that is part of a finger [Automatically generated definition]. finger epithelium fore limb digit epithelium hand digit epithelium upper arm epithelium An epithelium that is part of a forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. lower leg epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. medial-nasal process ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a medial nasal prominence [Automatically generated definition]. optic eminence ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a optic eminence [Automatically generated definition]. interventricular septum endocardium An endocardium that is part of a interventricular septum [Automatically generated definition]. endocardium of interventricular septum interventricular septum endocardial tissue bulbus cordis myocardium A myocardium that is part of a bulbus cordis [Automatically generated definition]. bulbus cordis cardiac muscle metanephric renal pelvis A renal pelvis that is part of a metanephros. metanephros pelvis stomatodeum gland A gland that is part of a stomodeum. stomatodaeum gland head mesenchyme Portion of primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing head, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to head connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with cranial neural crest cells. cephalic mesenchyme cranial mesenchyme desmocranium upper leg mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindlimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. pedal digit mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing toe [Automatically generated definition]. finger ray mesenchyme foot digit mesenchyme hind limb digit mesenchyme pedal digital ray mesenchyme toe mesenchyme trunk mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trunk. trunk and cervical mesenchyme manual digit mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing finger [Automatically generated definition]. anterior limb digital ray mesenchyme finger mesenchyme finger ray mesenchyme fore limb digit mesenchyme hand digit mesenchyme manual digital ray mesenchyme upper arm mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing forelimb stylopod [Automatically generated definition]. lower leg mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing lower leg [Automatically generated definition]. renal cortex artery An artery that supplies the renal cortex. kidney cortex artery renal cortex arterial system renal cortex artery renal cortex vein Artery that receives blood from the renal cortex[MP, modified] kidney cortex vein renal cortex venous system renal cortex interstitium A compartment of the renal cortex situated between basement membranes of epithelia and vessels that contains two contiguous cellular networks in mutual contact, one formed by interstitial fibroblasts, the other by dendritic cells. cortical stroma kidney cortex interstitium renal cortical interstitial tissue juxtamedullary cortex The part of the renal cortex nearest to the medulla. inner cortex of kidney inner renal cortex juxtamedullary cortex of kidney peritubular capillary the tiny blood vessels that receive blood from the efferent arterioles of the glomerulus, and interact with superficial cortical nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron; peritubular capillaries are situated around the tubule and are at low pressure ventricular system of central nervous system A set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord[WP]. CNS ventricular system ventricle system ventricular system ventricular system of neuraxis ventriculi cerebri ventricular system of brain brain ventricular system tela choroidea A structure found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain, consisting of part of the meninges (pia mater in mammals) plus ependyma[cjm]. tela chorioidea tela choroidea of fourth ventricle Tela chorioidea that lines the fourth ventricle[ZFA]. The tela chorioidea of the fourth ventricle is the name applied to the triangular fold of pia mater which is carried upward between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata. It consists of two layers, which are continuous with each other in front, and are more or less adherent throughout: The posterior layer covers the antero-inferior surface of the cerebellum. The anterior layer is applied to the structures which form the lower part of the roof of the ventricle, and is continuous inferiorly with the pia mater on the inferior peduncles and closed part of the medulla[WP]. choroid membrane choroid membrane of fourth ventricle tela chorioidea fourth ventricle tela choroidea tela choroidea fourth ventricle tela choroidea of fourth ventricle tela choroidea ventriculi quarti tela choroidea ventriculi quarti tela choroidea of telencephalic ventricle Tela chorioidea that lines the telencephalic ventricle. tela chorioidea of lateral ventricle tela chorioidea of telencephalic ventricle tela chorioidea telencephalic ventricle tela choroidea (ventriculi lateralis) tela choroidea of lateral ventricle tela choroidea telencephalic ventricle myelencephalon The posterior part of the developing vertebrate hindbrain or the corresponding part of the adult brain composed of the medulla oblongata and a portion of the fourth ventricle; as well as the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus nerve (CN X), accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).[BTO,WP]. myelencephalon (medulla oblongata) embryonic tissue A portion of tissue that is part of an embryo. developing tissue portion of embryonic tissue extraembryonic tissue Portion of tissue that is contiguous with the embryo and is comprised of portions of tissue or cells that will not contribute to the embryo. extra-embryonic tissue gonadal ridge crista gonadalis genital cord genital ridge gonadal ridge indifferent gonadal ridge the elevation of thickened mesothelium and underlying mesenchyme found on the ventromedial border of the embryonic mesonephros in which the primordial germ cells become embedded, establishing it as the primordium of the testis or ovary sex cord Cordlike masses of epithelial tissue that invaginate from germinal epithelium of the gonad and give rise to seminiferous tubules and rete testes in the male, and primary ovarian follicles and rete ovarii in the female. genital cord gonad cord gonadal cord primitive sex cord ovary sex cord cortical cord cortical sex cord ovary primitive sex cord ovigerous cord ovigerous cords secondary cord structures that develop from sex cords in the female. After further development they become the ovarian follicles. testis sex cord The testis cords are precursors to the rete testis. They play several different roles in the development of the male genitals[WP]. primary sex cord testis cord testis primary sex cords testis primitive sex cord pronephric nephron A pronephric nephron is the functional unit of the pronephros[GO]. pronephric nephron tubule The pronephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the pronephric nephron and connects the filtration unit (glomerulus or glomus) of the pronephros to the pronephric duct[GO]. ciliated neck segment pronephric tubule mammary placode The mammary placode is a transient lens shaped structure that will give rise to the mammary bud proper[GO]. mammary anlage endocardial endothelium The endothelial lining of the endocardium. endocardium endothelium endothelium of endocardium pulmonary artery endothelium An pulmonary artery endothelium is an epithelium that lines the pulmonary artery[GO]. pulmonary artery endothelial tube mesonephric collecting duct The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder[GO]. mesonephric juxtaglomerular apparatus The juxtaglomerular apparatus lies adjacent to the glomerulus and regulates kidney function by maintaining the blood flow to the kidney and the filtration rate[GO]. mesonephric smooth muscle tissue . mesonephric nephron A nephron that is part of a mesonephros. nephron of mesonephros stage IV nephron mesonephric mesenchyme Mesonephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric macula densa The mesonephric macula densa is an area of specialized cells in the distal tubule of the mesonephros that makes contact with the vascular pole of the glomerulus[GO]. mesonephric glomerulus The mesonephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or mesonephros[GO]. glomerulus mesonephric glomerulus vasculature The mesonephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the mesonephric glomerulus[GO]. mesonephric glomerular epithelium A mesonephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric comma-shaped body The mesonephric comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the mesonephric S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric nephron tubule A mesonephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephric nephron, the functional part of the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric renal tubule mesonephric nephron epithelium The mesonephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. mesonephric renal vesicle The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the mesonephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells[GO]. mesonephric vesicle mesonephric S-shaped body The mesonephric S-shaped body is the successor of the mesonephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the mesonephros[GO]. mammary bud A bulb of epithelial cells that forms from the mammary placode that develops into the mammary gland. lactiferous gland bud mammary gland bud mammary primordium milk bud oral lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of oral region. lamina propria of oral mucosa outflow tract of ventricle A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left ventricle or right ventricle of the heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries. The right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity which connects to the pulmonary artery. The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), which connects to the aorta, is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the ventricle[WP]. heart ventricle outflow tract outflow part of ventricle ventricular outflow tract outflow tract aortic component An outflow tract that is part of a aorta. outflow tract pulmonary component brain ependyma ependyma of ventricular system of brain the ependymal cell layer that lines the brain ventricles ventricle of nervous system A layer in the central nervous system that lines system of communicating cavities in the brain and spinal cord. region of wall of ventricular system of neuraxis ventricular layer spinal cord ependyma ependyma of central canal of spinal cord spinal cord ependymal layer spinal cord ventricular layer the ependymal cell layer that lines the spinal cord olfactory lobe The lobe at the anterior part of each cerebral hemisphere, responsible for olfactory functions. spinal cord ventral column anterior column spinal cord anterior column the area of white matter of the spinal cord located on either side of the ventral (anterior) medial fissure ventral column olfactory bulb external plexiform layer Cytoarchitectural part of the olfactory bulb, lying superior to the mitral cell layer and inferior to the glomerular layer. The EPL is mostly neuropil composed almost entirely of mitral and tulfted cell dendrites and granule cell dendrites and their synaptic inputs. EPL OB outer plexiform layer external plexiform layer external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb olfactory bulb main external plexiform layer olfactory bulb glomerular layer The glomerular layer is the most superficial layer, consisting of mitral cell dendritic arborizations (glomeruli), olfactory nerve fibers, and periglomerular cells. Periglomerular cells contact multiple mitral cell dendrites within the glomeruli and provide lateral inhibition of neighboring glomeruli while allowing excitation of a specific mitral cell dendritic tree. Each mitral cell is contacted by at least 1000 olfactory nerve fibers[BTO]. Portion of tissue which is located in between the primary olfactory fiber layer and the external cellular layer of the olfactory bulb[ZFA]. glomerular layer glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb olfactory bulb main glomerulus stratum glomerulosum bulbi olfactorii nasal cavity epithelium An epithelium that lines the nasal cavity. nasal epithelium nasal mucosa olfactory segment of nasal mucosa That portion of the nasal mucosa containing the sensory endings for olfaction; the organ of smell[MESH]. olfactory area of nasal mucosa olfactory mucosa olfactory part of nasal mucosa olfactory zone of nasal mucosa pars olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi pars olfactoria tunicae mucosae nasi photoreceptor array An array of photoreceptors and any supporting cells found in an eye. light-sensitive tissue transparent eye structure A transparent structure that is part of a visual sense organ, the function of which is to direct or focus light onto a photoreceptor array. lens carotid artery segment One of: the common carotid artery, or its branches, the external and internal carotid arteries. carotid carotid artery common carotid arterial subdivision subdivision of common carotid artery female reproductive gland A sex gland that is part of a female reproductive system. male reproductive gland A sex gland that is part of a male reproductive system. accessory sex gland cerebral hemisphere gray matter A gray matter that is part of a cerebral hemisphere. cerebral gray matter cerebral grey matter cerebral hemisphere grey matter perirenal fat The adipose capsule of kidney (or perinephric fat or perirenal fat) is a structure between the renal fascia and renal capsule, and may be regarded as a part of the latter. A different structure, the pararenal fat, is the adipose tissue superficial to the renal fascia. adipose capsule of kidney capsula adiposa renis fatty capsule of kidney perinephric fat periphrenic fascia perirenal fascia perirenal fascia perirenal fat capsule perirenal fat pad circumventricular organ Any of any of the secretory or sensory organs located in the brain region around or in relation to the ventricular system that are characterized by extensive vasculature and a lack of a normal blood brain barrier (BBB) and allow for the linkage between the central nervous system and peripheral blood flow. CVO circumventricular organ circumventricular organ of neuraxis alimentary part of gastrointestinal system GI tract The part of the digestive system that excludes the hepatobiliary system. alimentary system alimentary tract gastro-intestinal system gastrointestinal (GI) tract gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal tract forelimb bud A limb bud that develops into a forelimb. anterior limb bud arm bud limb bud - forelimb upper limb bud wing bud hindlimb bud A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb. hind limb bud leg bud limb bud - hindlimb posterior limb bud pectoral appendage bud A limb bud that develops into a forelimb or pectoral fin. forelimb - pectoral fin bud pectoral fin bud pectoral fin buds pelvic appendage bud A limb bud that develops into a hindlimb or pelvic fin. hindlimb/pelvic fin bud pelvic fin bud pelvic fin buds pectoral appendage apical ectodermal ridge AER forelimb An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pectoral appendage bud. aer pectoral fin apical ectodermal ridge forelimb apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin apical ectodermal ridge pectoral fin bud apical fold pectoral fin upper limb bud apical ectodermal ridge wing AER wing apical ectodermal ridge pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge AER hindlimb An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a pelvic appendage bud. apical ectodermal ridge hind limb apical ectodermal ridge hindlimb apical ectodermal ridge pelvic fin bud leg AER lower lmb bud apical ectodermal ridge developing anatomical structure developing structure developmental structure developmental tissue presumptive retinal pigmented epithelium Portion of tissue that is the outer layer of the optic cup and will become the retinal pigmented epithelium. future PRE future RPE future pigmented layer future pigmented retinal epithelium future retinal pigmented epithelium optic cup outer layer outer layer optic cup presumptive pigmented epithelia presumptive pigmented epithelium presumptive neural retina Portion of tissue that is the inner layer of the optic cup and will become the neural retina. future NR future neural epithelium future neural layer future neural retina future retinal neural layer inner layer optic cup optic cup inner layer presumptive retina presumptive retinas lens vesicle Portion of tissue that gives rise to the lens. hollow lens vesicle immature lens lens mass presumptive lens solid lens vesicle corneal primordium Portion of tissue that is part of the eye and gives rise to the mature, fully layered cornea. vagal neural crest VNC Vagal neural crest is adjacent to the first seven somites gives rise to both ganglionic and ectomesenchymal derivatives[ZFA]. enteric neural crest post-otic neural crest aortic sac The dilated structure that is lined by endothelial cells and located at the arterial pole of the heart just above (distal to) the truncus arteriosus in mammalian embryos; it is the primordial vascular channel from which the aortic arches (and eventually the dorsal aortae) arise; the aortic sac is homologous to the ventral aorta of gill-bearing vertebrates saccus aorticus segment of pes A segment of autopod that is part of a pes. foot region foot subdivision regio pedis segment of foot subdivision of foot segment of manus A segment of autopod that is part of a manus. hand region hand subdivision regio manus segment of hand subdivision of hand spinal nerve trunk spinal nerve (trunk) spinal neural trunk trunk of spinal nerve trunk part of spinal nerve, where dorsal and ventral roots meet to form the spinal nerve, before branching off to dorsal and ventral rami. stomach fundus epithelium A simple columnar epithelium that is part of a fundus of stomach. epithelium of fundus of stomach gastric epithelium of fundus gastric fundus epithelium thymus lobe Either of the two lateral lobes that constitute the thymus. lateral lobe of thymus lobe of thymus midbrain lateral wall lateral wall mesencephalon lateral wall midbrain lateral wall midbrain region neural tube lateral wall Portion of tissue on the side of the lumen of the neural tube. lateral wall neural tube non-neural ectoderm epidermal ectoderm epithelial ectoderm non neural ectoderm surface ectoderm ventral ectoderm primitive heart tube Multi-tissue structure that arises from the heart rudiment and will become the heart tube. early primitive heart tube primitive heart tube rhombomere lateral wall A neural tube lateral wall that is part of a rhombomere. future hindbrain lateral wall thymus primordium A small outgrowth of the pharyngeal epithelium that is the site of lymphocyte cell production[ZFA]. [PMID]. thymic primordium thymic rudiment gonad primordium Portion of tissue that gives rise to the immature gonad. future gonad gonadal primordium immature gonad primitive gonad undifferentiated gonad facio-acoustic neural crest Cranial neural crest that gives rise to the facio-acoustic ganglion. facio acoustic neural crest head somite Somite located in the head region, caudal to the otic vesicle cranial somite occipital somite lung primordium A pair of lateral diverticula just over the liver rudiment representing the primordia of the lungs, formed by the floor of the foregut just anterior to the liver diverticulum. lateral diverticula lung diverticulum lung endoderm trunk somite A somite that is part of a trunk. dorsal mesogastrium The portion of mesentery attached to the greater curvature of the stomach is named the dorsal mesentery (or dorsal mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach), and the part which suspends the colon is termed the mesocolon. The dorsal mesogastrium develops into the greater omentum. dorsal mesentery extrahepatic part of hepatic duct extrahepatic part of the hepatic duct hepatic duct extrahepatic part right dorsal aorta vascular plexus A vascular network formed by frequent anastomoses between the blood vessels (arteries or veins) of a part. plexus vasculosus extraembryonic membrane Intrinsic membrane that arises from embryonic germ layers and grow to surround the developing embryo. caecum epithelium An epithelium that is part of a caecum. pyloric region epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pylorus. anterior chamber epithelium An epithelium that is part of a anterior chamber of eyeball. obsolete otocyst epithelium true lens vesicle epithelium An epithelium that is part of a lens vesicle. 2nd arch ectoderm 2nd pharyngeal arch ectoderm An ectoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. 2nd arch endoderm 2nd pharyngeal arch endoderm An endoderm that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. connecting stalk mesoderm caecum mesentery A mesentery that is part of a caecum. midgut dorsal mesentery A dorsal mesentery that is part of a midgut. caecum dorsal mesentery A dorsal mesentery that is part of a caecum. 2nd arch mesenchyme 2nd branchial arch mesenchyme 2nd pharyngeal arch mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 2. pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme optic eminence mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a optic eminence. foregut duodenum mesentery A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a foregut. midgut duodenum mesentery A mesentery of duodenum that is part of a midgut. footplate apical ectodermal ridge An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a footplate. hindbrain venous system A venous system that is part of a hindbrain. rhombencephalon venous system pronephric mesoderm A mesoderm that has the potential to develop into a pronephros. pronephric anlage pronephric bulge pronephric mesenchyme pronephric primordium olfactory system A sensory system that is capable of olfacttion (the sensory perception of smell). chemosensory system extraembryonic mesoderm . extra-embryonic mesoderm extraembryonic mesenchyme pectoral appendage field A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pectoral appendage bud mesenchyme. pectoral appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm pectoral fin field pelvic appendage field A limb/fin field that has the potential to develop into a pelvic appendage bud mesenchyme. pelvic appendage field of lateral plate mesoderm pelvic fin field paired limb/fin field A ring of cells capable of forming a limb or paired fin[Gilbert,modified]. limb/fin field of lateral plate mesoderm paired limb/fin field tunica adventitia of blood vessel The outermost layer of a blood vessel, composed mainly of fibrous tissue. adventitia externa external coat tunica adventitia tunica adventitia of vessel tunica adventitia vasorum tunica externa vasorum tunica intima of artery A tunica intima that is part of a artery. arterial intima tunica interna (intima)(arteriae) adventitia An outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure[WP]. tunica advetitia tunica externa bone foramen Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone, usually for passage of blood vessels or nerves. foramen foramens@fr foramina@fr glomerular tuft The capillary loops of the kidney that normally function as a filtration unit[MP]. glomerular capillary tuft glomerulus glomerular parietal epithelium A single layer of simple squamous epithelium in the glomerular capsule. Does not function in filtration[UBERON]. outer layer of the glomerular capsule composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium[MP] Bowman's parietal epithelium capsular epithelium glomerular capsule parietal layer kidney parietal epithelium outer layer of glomerular capsule parietal capsular epithelium parietal epithelial layer parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule parietal layer of Bowman capsule parietal layer of Bowman's capsule parietal layer of glomerular capsule renal glomerular capsule epithelium visceral layer of glomerular capsule Bowman's visceral epithelium The inner, or visceral, layer of the renal glomerular capsule, overlying the capillaries, composed of podocytes, and separated from the outer, or parietal, layer by the capsular (Bowman's) space[BTO]. Lies just above the thickened glomerular basement membrane and is made of podocytes. Beneath the visceral layer lie the glomerular capillaries[WP]. inner layer of the glomerular capsule surrounding the capillary endothelial cells and composed of highly specialized epithelial cells (podocytes) that are separated by filtration slits; the visceral layer is separated from the outer parietal layer by the urinary space (also known as the Bowman's or capsular space)[MP] glomerular capsule visceral layer inner epithelial layer of Bowman's capsule podocyte layer of Bowman's capsule visceral epithelium of Bowman's capsule visceral layer of Bowman's capsule visceral layer of glomerular capsule caudal part of nephrogenic cord The metanephros develops from the most caudal part of the nephrogenic cord that is itself derived from the intermediate plate mesoderm. caudal portion of nephrogenic cord caudal region of nephrogenic cord rear part of nephrogenic cord rear portion of nephrogenic cord rostral part of nephrogenic cord The initial renal anlage that develops from the most rostral part of the nephrogenic cord is termed the pronephros. urorectal septum The ridge of mesoderm covered with endoderm that in the early developing embryo partitions the endodermal cloaca into the primary urogenital sinus (ventrally) and the anorectal canal of the hindgut (dorsally); the urorectal septum eventually fuses with the cloacal membrane, dividing it into a dorsal anal membrane and a larger ventral urogenital membrane - this area of fusion is represented in the adult by the perineal body[MP]. cloacal septum septum urorectale urorectal fold urorectal membrane acellular membrane A acellular anatomical structure that is the bounding layer of a anatomical structure. basement membrane of epithelium An acellular membrane that is part of the epithelium, lies adjacent to the epithelial cells, and is the fusion of the the basal lamina and the reticular lamina. basement membrane basement membrane of connective tissue membrana basalis glomerular basement membrane GBM glomerular capillary basement membrane glomerular filtration membrane the layer of extracellular matrix that lies between the endothelium of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes of the inner or visceral layer of the Bowman capsule; it is a fusion of the endothelial cell and podocyte basal laminas and acts as a physical barrier and an ion-selective filter nephric ridge Nephric tubules (nephrons) form embryonically along the nephric ridge. The ridge comprises three regions; anterior, middle and posterior. The functional kidney uses nephrons from only one or two regions of the ridge. A pronephric kidney uses only the nephrons from the anterior region of the ridge. A mesonephric kidney uses only the middle region, a metanephric kidney uses only the posterior region and an opisthonephric kidney uses the middle and posterior regions. nephric cord embryonic uterus fetal uterus section of aorta Any portion of the aorta including the ascending and descending aorta, and aortic arch or a portion of the aortic orifice of the left ventricle. aortic section aortic segment portion of aorta segment of aorta dorsal aorta DA The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once. aorta dorsalis aortae dorsales dorsal aorta root dorsal aortae dorsal aortic root dorsal aortæ portal system In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into veins which then drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, 'portal venous system' often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, 'portal vein' most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein[WP]. portal venous system bone tissue of long bone A bone tissue that is part of a long bone. osseous tissue of long bone developing mesenchymal condensation A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme. mesenchyme condensation cartilaginous condensation Cell condensation that is an aggregation of mesenchymal cells that are committed to differentiate into chondroblasts and chondrocytes. cartilage condensation cartilagenous condensation chondrogenic condensation pre-muscle condensation pre muscle mass premuscle mass pre-cartilage condensation A delimited region of dense mesenchyme within looser mesenchyme whose cells are committed to become chondroblasts. pre-chondrogenic condensation precartilage condensation precartilagenous condensation prechondrogenic condensation mandibular prominence mandibular process mandibular swelling prominentia mandibularis the paired ventral prominences formed by bifurcation of the first pharyngeal arches in the embryo; the two prominences unite ventrally and fuse to form the mandible and lower lip olfactory pit An indentation of the olfactory placode which ends when the pits hollows out to form the nasopharynx[GO]. nasal pit 1st arch pharyngeal cleft 1st arch branchial groove 1st arch groove ectoderm 1st branchial cleft 1st pharyngeal cleft 1st pharyngeal groove 1st pharyngeal groove ectoderm A groove that is situated between the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch. branchial groove of 1st arch undifferentiated genital tubercle genital tubercle phallic tubercle the embryonic anlage of the external genitalia, which emerges as paired swellings ventral to the cloacal membrane, is proposed to be derived from all three germ layers, and gives rise to the penis, clitoris, scrotum, labia, and foreskin tuberculum genitale tuberculum phallicum undifferentiated genital tubercle pharyngeal cleft An external pocketing of pharyngeal ectoderm that contacts a region of endoderm (a pharyngeal pouch) and interdigitates in the anterior and posterior directions by the pharyngeal arches. Kiemenspalten branchial cleft branchial groove gill cleft pharyngeal ectodermal cleft pharyngeal groove pharyngeal groove ectoderm pharyngeal slit sulcus pharyngei autopodial extension A subdivision of the autopod that corresponds to one or more bones arranged in series branching from the main limb axis. digit or predigit limb outgrowth neural tube lateral wall mantle layer coelomic epithelium The epithelial lining of the surface of the coelom. celomic epithelium germinal epithelium of Waldeyer leg bone A bone that is part of the region of the hindlimb that includes the zeugopod and stylopod. Examples: patella, femur, tibia. Counter-examples: any pes phalanx manus bone A bone that is part of the manus skeleton. Note that this includes the carpal bones. bone of hand bone of hand skeleton bone of manus bone of pectoral limb autopod bone of pectoral limb autopodium forelimb autopod bone forelimb autopodium bone hand bone pes bone A bone that is part of the pes skeleton bone of foor proper or tarsal skeleton bone of foot bone of pedal skeleton bone of pes foot bone duct of seminal vesicle Each seminal vesicle consists of a single tube, coiled upon itself, and giving off several irregular cecal diverticula; the separate coils, as well as the diverticula, are connected together by fibrous tissue. When uncoiled, the tube is about the diameter of a quill, and varies in length from 10 to 15 cm.; it ends posteriorly in a cul-de-sac; its anterior extremity becomes constricted into a narrow straight duct called the excretory duct of seminal gland (or duct of the seminal vesicle), which joins with the corresponding ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory duct[WP]. ductus excretorius (vesicula seminalis) ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae ductus excretorius glandulae vesiculosae excretory duct of seminal gland seminal vesicle duct duct of male reproductive system Any of the ducts that are part of a male reproductive system. serous sac Organ with organ cavity, which has as parts a serous membrane and a serous cavity . Examples: pleural sac, pericardial sac, tendon sheath, bursa.[FMA] conjunctival sac A serous sac which is the aggregate of the conjunctiva plus the conjunctival space conjunctiva serous sac subbrillar sac obsolete transitional epithelium See urothelium. true endo-epithelium Epithelium that derives from the endoderm. Examples: urothelium, transitional epithelium of ureter, epithelium of prostatic gland.[FMA] endoderm-derived epithelium endoepithelium zone of bone organ bone organ zone external naris A naris that provides one of the small external openings of the head that give passage to air for breathing. anterior nares anterior naris blowhole external nares naris nostril bulb of hair follicle Thickening of the proximal end of the hair follicle. Contains rapidly proliferating, rather undifferentiated matrix cells (transient amplifying cells), melanocytes and outer root sheath cells. coat hair bulb hair bulb hair follicle bulb hair root sheath . hair inner root sheath A multilayered tube composed of terminally differentiated hair follicle keratinocytes that is surrounded by the outer root sheath; the layers of the inner root sheath include the companion layer, Henle's layer, Huxley's layer and the inner root sheath cuticle[MP]. hair follicle inner root sheath inner root sheath inner root sheath of hair follicle inner sheath of hair follicle internal root sheath of hair follicle hair outer root sheath A stratified epithelium that surrounds the hair follicle that merges proximally with the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis and distally with the hair bulb. ORS external root sheath of hair follicle hair follicle outer root sheath outer hair sheath outer root sheath outer root sheath of hair follicle axial skeleton plus cranial skeleton Subdivision of skeleton which consists of cranial skeleton, set of all vertebrae, set of all ribs and sternum[FMA, modified]. skeleton axiale outflow tract of atrium An outflow tract that is part of a cardiac atrium. outflow part of atrium outflow part of right ventricle Anteriosuperior, smooth-walled portion of the cavity of the right ventricle, beginning at the supraventricular crest and terminating in the pulmonary trunk RVOT arterial cone conus arteriosus conus arteriosus (infundibulum) infundibulum infundibulum of right ventricle outflow tract of right ventricle pulmonary cone pulmonary conus pulmonary conus right ventricle pulmonary outflow tract right ventricular outflow tract outflow part of left ventricle Anterosuperior fibrous portion of the left ventricle that connects to the ascending aorta. LVOT Sibson vestibule aortic vestibule heart left ventricle outflow tract left ventricular outflow left ventricular outflow tract outflow tract of left ventricle vestibulum aortae eye trabecular meshwork A pore-like structure surrounding the entire circumference of the anterior chamber of the eye through which aqueous humor circulates[MP]. Hueck's ligament cribiform ligament eye trabecular meshwork iridis ligamentum peactin-tum iridis ligamentum pectinatum ligamentum pectinatum anguli iridocornealis ligamentum pectinatum iridis pectinate ligament pectinate ligament of iris reticulum trabeculare reticulum trabeculare sclerae scleral trabeculae scleral trabecular scleral trabecule scribiform ligament trabecular mesh trabecular meshwork trabecular meshwork of the eye amniotic fold A sheet of somatopleure that grows upward over the embryo and eventually meets in the midline enclosing the embryo, eventually giving rise to the amnion and chorion[Kardong]. amnionic fold heart layer The laminar structure of the heart coronary vessel Any of the arteries or veins that supply blood to the heart or return blood from the heart muscles to the circulation left branch of atrioventricular bundle The left branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates at the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the left ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fiber[MP]. crus sinistrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis) crus sinistrum fasciculi atrioventricularis left bundle branch left bundle branch of bundle of His left bundle of atrioventricular bundle left crus of atrioventricular bundle left posterior branch left posterior bundle right branch of atrioventricular bundle The right branch of the atrioventricular bundle that separates just below the bundle of His, descends the septal wall of the right ventricle and connects to the terminal Purkinje fibers[MP]. crus dextrum (fasciculi atrioventricularis) crus dextrum fasciculi atrioventricularis right bundle right bundle branch right bundle branch of bundle of His right right crus of atrioventricular bundle right ventricular bundle integumentary adnexa Anatomical structure embedded in or located in the integument that is part of the integumental system. Examples: hair, follicles, skin glands, claws, nails, feathers. adnexae cutis body hair or bristle skin adnexa skin adnexal structure skin appendage hair follicle matrix region The bulb region adjacent to the dermal papilla that contains rapidly proliferating matrix cells that give rise to the various cell lineages of the hair shaft and inner root sheath germinal matrix of hair bulb lower part of bulb of hair follicle lower zone of bulb of hair follicle fibrous ring of heart A ring of ribrous tissue that surrounds the atrioventricular and arterial orifices Lower's ring annulus fibrosus cordis anulus fibrosus cordis anulus fibrosus of heart aortic annulus atrioventricular ring coronary tendon fibrous ring of heart multi-limb segment region A collection of two or more connected limb segments. Examples: arm (comprising stylopod and zeugopod regions). musculature of hindlimb zeugopod Any collection of muscles that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod. leg musculature muscle group of leg set of muscles of leg fundus of urinary bladder The base or posterior surface of the urinary bladder contains the trigone of the bladder and the outlet where urine empties through the internal urethral orifice. base of urinary bladder bladder dome fundus of bladder fundus vesicae urinary bladder base urinary bladder fundus urinary bladder fundus region basal nuclear complex The deep nuclei of telencephalic origin found in the basal region of the forebrain basal ganglia basal ganglia (anatomic) basal nuclei basal nuclei of the forebrain corpus striatum (Savel'ev) ganglia basales funiculus of spinal cord A funiculus of neuraxis that is part of a spinal cord. spinal cord funiculus white column of spinal cord funiculus of neuraxis The cerebrospinal nerves consist of numerous nerve fibers collected together and enclosed in membranous sheaths. A small bundle of fibers, enclosed in a tubular sheath, is called a funiculus; if the nerve is of small size, it may consist only of a single funiculus; but if large, the funiculi are collected together into larger bundles or fasciculi, which are bound together in a common membranous investment. Examples include: Anterior funiculus of the spinal cord Lateral funiculus of the spinal cord Posterior funiculus of the spinal cord Funiculus solitarius of the medulla Funiculus separans pronephric proximal tubule pronephros proximal tubule pronephric distal tubule mesonephric glomerular mesangium The mesonephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the mesonephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus mesonephric glomerular capillary . mesonephric connecting tubule The mesonephric connecting tubule is a tubular segment of the mesonephric nephron; it connects the distal tubule to the collecting duct in the mesonephros mesonephric distal tubule The mesonephric distal tubule is a mesonephric nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the mesonephric connecting tubule mesonephric proximal tubule The mesonephric proximal tubule extends from the capsule to the distal tubule auditory hillocks A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arches 1 and 2 that develop into the folds of the pinna and gradually shift upwards and backwards to their final position on the head. auditory hillock of Hiss auditory tubercles auricular hillock hillock of Hiss buccopharyngeal membrane The thin bilaminar membrane derived from the prechordal plate that is devoid of mesoderm and formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the foregut endoderm; after the embryonic head fold has evolved it lies at the caudal limit of the stomodeum, forming a septum between the primitive mouth and pharynx; the membrane eventually disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx. oral membrane oral plate oropharyngeal membrane pharyngeal membrane rhombic lip cerebellar anlage cerebellar primordium cerebellum primordium dorsal part of alar plate of metencephalon future cerebellum presumptive cerebellum rostral rhombic lip the posterior section of the developing metencephalon recognized transiently within the vertebrate embryo; the rhombic lip extends posteriorly from the roof of the fourth ventricle to dorsal neuroepithelial cell and can be divided into eight structural units based on rhombomeres 1-8 (r1-r8), recognized at early stages of hindbrain development; producing granule cells and five brainstem nuclei, the rhombic lip plays an important role in developing a complex cerebellar neural system future diencephalon The foremost region of the future forebrain that develops into the diencephalon. presumptive diencephalon facio-acoustic VII-VIII preganglion complex facio-acoustic preganglion complex femur pre-cartilage condensation A femur endochondral element that is composed primarily of a pre-cartilage condensation. femoral pre-cartilage condensation foregut-midgut junction An anatomical junctions that overlaps the foregut and midgut. future brain The embryonic precursor of the brain. brain rudiment embryonic brain encephalon presumptive brain future forebrain A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a forebrain. future prosencephalon presumptive forebrain presumptive prosencephalon prosencephalon future spinal cord presumptive spinal cord presumptive spinal cord neural keel presumptive spinal cord neural plate presumptive spinal cord neural rod gall bladder primordium A sac-like cavity ventral to the liver, lying in the sub-mesodermal space and closed by a thin sheet of ectodermal cells, from which the future gall bladder develops. knee joint primordium mouth-foregut junction An anatomical junctions that overlaps the mouth and foregut. nasolacrimal groove Groove between maxillary prominence and lateral nasal process. naso-lacrimal groove s. lacrimalis maxillae notochordal plate The notochordal plate is the dorsal part of the notochordal process when the ventral portion breaks down. It is continuous laterally with the endoderm that composes the roof of the primitive foregut and is in contact dorsally with the neural tube. The folding off of the notochordal plate gives rise to the notochord. notochordal process A midline cellular cord formed from the migration of mesenchymal cells from the primitive knot chordamesoderm presumptive notochord otic pit otic cup the pair of depressions of thickened otic placode epithelium, that further develops into the otic vesicles pleuroperitoneal canal Each of the canals that links the peritoneal cavity and the caudal part of a pleural cavity. pleuroperitoneal channel future cardiac ventricle Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac ventricle. early heart ventricle embryonic heart ventricle embryonic ventricle future heart ventricle presumptive cardiac ventricle heart tube primitive ventricle primitive ventricle of heart primordial cardiac ventricle primordial ventricle early prosencephalic vesicle forebrain ventricle forebrain vesicle future brain vesicle that gives rise to telencephalic ventricle/lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle preevaginated forebrain vesicle prosencephalic ventricle prosencephalic vesicle spleen primordium A dense syncitial-like mesenchymal thickening in the dorsal mesogastrium[ISBN]. the embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing spleen[MP]. left spleen primordium spleen mesenchyme splenic mesenchyme splenic primordium chamber of eyeball A segment of the eyeball that is filled with refractive media chamber of eye eye chamber eyeball chamber ocular refractive media Body substance in a liquid or semi-solid state in the eyeball which serves to refract light. bodily fluid Liquid components of living organisms. includes fluids that are excreted or secreted from the body as well as body water that normally is not. body fluid fluid brainstem nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a brainstem. brain stem nucleus posterior lateral line One of eight distinct lateral lines in the 4-day larva. A sensory system on the surface of the fish, consisting of small sensory patches (neuromasts) distributed in discrete lines over the body surface. The lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. pll lateral ventricle choroid plexus stroma A choroid plexus stroma that is part of a lateral ventricle. fourth ventricle choroid plexus stroma A choroid plexus stroma that is part of a fourth ventricle. outer renal medulla peritubular capillary A peritubular capillary that is part of a outer medulla of kidney. kidney outer medulla peritubular capillary communicating artery An artery that connects two larger arteries. premacula segment of distal straight tubule . distal straight tubule premacula segment kidney medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop renal medulla loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment renal medulla thick ascending limb os penis baculum os baculum penile bone penis bone the unique bone located in the glans penis of most mammals except humans; it is used for copulation and varies in size and shape by species annulus fibrosus A ring of fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue (as of an intervertebral disk or surrounding an orifice of the heart). anulus anulus fibrosus fibrocartilaginous ring fibrous ring alveolar system System pertaining to a bronchus and alveoli. bronchoalveolar system pulmonary alveolar system renal convoluted tubule Any region of a nephron tubule that is convoluted. Examples: distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tuble. convoluted tubule kidney convoluted tubule mammary gland fluid/secretion A substance that is secreted by a mammary gland. The substance may differ depending on phase, with colostrum produced during pregancy/early lactation, and milk produced afterwards. lactiferous gland fluid lactiferous gland secretion mammary gland fluid mammary gland secreted fluid mammary gland secretion secretion of mammary gland outer medulla inner stripe loop of Henle A loop of Henle that is part of a kidney outer medulla inner stripe. outer medulla outer stripe loop of Henle A loop of Henle that is part of a kidney outer medulla outer stripe. kidney vasculature A vasculature that is part of a kidney. renal duct A tube in the kidney that collect and transport urine. obsolete urinary system structure true excretory tube A tube that is part of a excretory system. lymphatic part of lymphoid system An organ system subdivision that is a network of vessels capable of removing accumulating protein and fluid from the interstitial space and returning it to the vascular space. In some species, this network is connected to the immune system via lymph nodes and lymphocyte-producing organs, with the whole being the lymphoid system. lymphatic system lymphatic tree system lymporeticular system non-lymphatic part of lymphoid system An organ system subdivision that is the part of the lymphoid system that excludes the lymphatic vessels.. non-lymphatic lymphoid system pharynx The pharynx is the part of the digestive system immediately posterior to the mouth[GO]. anterior part of foregut pharyngeal tube left ventricle myocardium A myocardium that is part of a left ventricle of a heart. left ventricular myocardium myocardium of left ventricle right ventricle myocardium A myocardium that is part of a right ventricle of a heart. myocardium of right ventricle right ventricular myocardium hypothalamic nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a hypothalamus. nucleus of hypothalamus diencephalic nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a diencephalon. vestibular organ An organ that is part of a vestibular system. balance organ presumptive endoderm Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into endoderm. presumptive blood future blood presumptive structure Portion of embryonic tissue determined by fate mapping to become a structure. future structure presumptive structures presumptive ectoderm Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into ectoderm. presumptive epidermis presumptive mesoderm Presumptive structure of the blastula that will develop into mesoderm. venous sinus A large vein or channel for the circulation of venous blood blood sinus muscle layer of oviduct A muscle layer that is part of a fallopian tube. muscle layer of fallopian tube muscle layer of oviduct muscle layer of uterine tube muscular coat of uterine tube muscular layer of uterine tube muscularis of uterine tube tunica muscularis (Tuba uterina) tunica muscularis tubae uterinae uterine tubal muscularis adventitia of epididymis An adventitia that is part of a epididymis. epididymis adventitia muscle layer of epididymis A muscle layer that is part of a epididymis. adventitia of seminal vesicle An adventitia that is part of a seminal vesicle. adventitia of seminal gland seminal vesicle adventitia tunica adventitia (vesicula seminalis) tunica adventitia glandulae vesiculosae muscular layer of vagina muscular coat of vagina tunica muscularis vaginae vaginal muscularis interphalangeal joint A joint that connects one phalanx to another along a proximodistal axis. inter-phalangeal joint inter-phalanx joint muscular coat A region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. muscular coat muscular layer muscularis muscularis externa muscularis layer muscularis propria transverse muscular fibers tunica externa tunica muscularis tunica muscularis venous valve A valve that is part of a vein. valve of vein spinal vein A vein that is part of a vertebral column. spinal branch vena spinalis cerebellum vasculature A vasculature that is part of a cerebellum. autopodial skeleton The collection of all skeletal elements in an autopodium region. autopod skeleton autopodial skeleton autopodium skeletal parts of autopod skeleton of autopod spiral ligament A spiral thickening of the fibrous lining of the cochlear wall. Spiral ligament secures the membranous cochlear duct to the bony spiral canal of the cochlea. Its spiral ligament fibrocytes function in conjunction with the stria vascularis to mediate cochlear ion homeostasis. ligamentum spirale ductus cochlearis spiral cochlear ligament spiral ligament of cochlea spiral ligament of cochlear duct corneo-scleral junction cornea limbus corneal limbus corneal-scleral limbus corneoscleral junction limbus corneae limbus corneae sclerocorneal junction sclerocorneal limbus the edge of the cornea where it joins the sclera; the limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm epithelium of conjunctiva Layer of nonkeratinized squamous epithelium lining the conjunctiva, overlying scleral tissue conjunctiva epithelium conjunctival epithelium glandular epithelium An epithelium that is composed primarily of secretory cells. areolar connective tissue Loose connective tissue located at the outer and inner layers of organs. Examples: submucosal connective tissue, tunica adventitia of artery, papillary dermis, superficial fascia of dorsum of hand. areolar tissue loose areolar connective tissue loose connective tissue surface groove A furrow or an incomplete tube. groove renal cortex peritubular capillary A peritubular capillary that is part of a cortex of kidney. kidney cortex peritubular capillary renal cortex tubule A region of nephron tubule that is part of a cortex of kidney. cortical tubule kidney cortex tubule distal straight tubule postmacula segment . cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop kidney cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment renal cortex loop of Henle ascending limb thick segment renal cortex thick ascending limb muscular coat of ureter A muscular coat that is part of a ureter. muscular coat of ureter muscular layer of ureter muscularis of ureter tunica muscularis (ureter) tunica muscularis ureteris ureteral smooth muscle layer adrenal/interrenal gland This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells[GO] adrenal - interrenal gland adrenal gland - interrenal gland adrenal gland/interrenal tissue suprarenal gland - interrenal gland diaphysis of femur A diaphysis that is part of a femur[Automatically generated definition]. body of femur corpus femoris femoral diaphysis femoral shaft shaft of femur proximal metaphysis of femur A proximal metaphysis that is part of a femur. metaphysis of femur A metaphysis that is part of a femur. femoral metaphysis terminal part of digestive tract The distalmost portion of the digestive tract, derived from the hindgut, and terminating with the anus. rectal part of digestive tract rectum terminal section of digestive tract seminal fluid secreting gland A gland that secretes a seminal fluid. embryonic footplate distal part of hindlimb bud foot disk foot plate footplate the distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the pes (foot) handplate apical ectodermal ridge An apical ectodermal ridge that is part of a handplate. embryonic handplate distal part of forelimb bud hand plate handplate the distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the manus (hand) vasculature of organ A vasculature that is part of a organ. organ vasculature set of blood vessels of organ vasculature of liver A vasculature that is part of a liver. hepatic vascular element hepatic vasculature liver vascular element liver vascular system head mesenchyme from mesoderm A head mesenchyme that develops_from a mesoderm. cranial mesoderm head mesenchyme derived from mesoderm head mesenchyme from head mesoderm head mesenchyme from mesoderm head mesoderm mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm mesenchyme from head mesoderm mandibular process mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a mandibular prominence. mesenchyme of mandibular process mesenchyme of mandibular prominence squamous epithelium An epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of squamous epithelial cells. stratified squamous epithelium Multilaminar epithelium which consists of more than one layer of squamous cells only one layer of which is in contact with a basement membrane. Examples: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, epithelium of wall of esophagus.[FMA] epithelium stratificatum squamosum non-keratinized epithelium of tongue A non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. tongue squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a tongue. squamous epithelium of tongue esophagus squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a esophagus. esophageal squamous epithelium squamous epithelium of esophagus squamous oesophageal epithelium stomach squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a stomach. cervix squamous epithelium The squamous epithelium of the cervical portio is similar to that of the vagina, except that it is generally smooth and lacks rete pegs. Colposcopically, it appears featureless except for a fine network of vessels which is sometimes visible. The relative opacity and pale pink coloration of the squamous epithelium derives from its multi-layered histology and the location of its supporting vessels below the basement membrane. cervical squamous epithelium vagina squamous epithelium A squamous epithelium that is part of a vagina. vaginal squamous epithelium stomach glandular epithelium A glandular epithelium that lines the stomach. The stomach's glandular epithelium is characterized by the presence of gastric glands. epithelium of gastric gland gastric gland epithelium digestive gland A gland, such as the liver or pancreas, that secretes into the alimentary canal substances necessary for digestion. digestive system gland glandular columnar epithelium Simple columnar epithelium that constitutes the secretory part of a gland. Examples: epithelium of stomach, luminal epithelium of lactiferous duct.[FMA] stomach glandular region mucosa stomach glandular region glandular mucous membrane stomach mucosa that is lined with glandular epithelium and part of a stomach glandular region. vestibular epithelium An epithelium that is part of a vestibular labyrinth. epithelium of vestibular labyrinth inner ear vestibular component epithelium vestibular sensory epithelium sensory epithelium Simple columnar epithelium made up of cells specialized to serve as sensory cells for the reception of external stimuli, as the sensory cells of the cochlea, vestibule, nasal mucosa, and tongue. neuroepithelium crista ampullaris neuroepithelium An epithelium that is part of a crista ampullaris. ampullary crest neuroepithelium epithelium of crista of ampulla of semicircular duct of membranous labyrinth inner ear epithelium the epithelial cell layer containing the sensory hair cells and their associated sensory nerve terminals pinna surface epithelium An epithelium that is part of a pinna. male genital duct A duct or series of ducts that transports sperm from the gonad. In mammals this is from the seminiferous tubules through rete testis, vas efferentia, epididymis, vas deferens, ejeculatory duct to the urethra. sperm duct sperm ducts uterine epithelium An epithelium that is part of a uterus. uterus epithelium ovary stroma The stroma of the ovary is a peculiar soft tissue, abundantly supplied with blood vessels, consisting for the most part of spindle-shaped cells with a small amount of ordinary connective tissue. These cells have been regarded by some anatomists as unstriped muscle cells, which, indeed, they most resemble; by others as connective-tissue cells. On the surface of the organ this tissue is much condensed, and forms a layer composed of short connective-tissue fibers, with fusiform cells between them. The stroma of the ovary may contain interstitial cells resembling those of the testis. interstitial tissue of ovary ovarian stroma ovary stroma stroma of the ovary stroma ovarica stroma ovarii pars distalis of adenohypophysis DHP The distal part of adenohypophysis: the part that makes up the main body of the gland. anterior lobe distal part of hypophysis distal part of the hypophysis pars anterior pars anterior of adenohypophysis pars distalis pars distalis (glandula pituitaria) pars distalis (hypophysis) pars distalis adenohypophyseos pars distalis adenohypophysis pars distalis lobi anterioris hypophyseos pars distalis of anterior lobe of pituitary gland pars glandularis pars glandularis of adenohypophysis vascular cord The vascular cord is the primordial vasculature that will develop into blood vessels by the process of tubulogenesis[GO]. The vascular cord is composed of angioblast or vascular endothelial cells in a solid linear mass called a cord. The cord then undergoes tubulogenesis to form the lumen of the vessels[ZFA]. coronary capillary A capillary that is part of the coronary system. heart capillary anatomical surface A two dimensional anatomical structure that is the boundary between an anatomical structure and an anatomical substance, an anatomical space or the organism's environment. Examples include the surface of your skin, the surface of the lining of your gut; the surface of the endothelium of you aorta that is in contact with blood.n cardiogenic splanchnic mesoderm The splanchnic mesoderm in the cardiogenic region where the heart develops; it gives rise to endocardial heart tubes that fuse to form the primordial cardiac tube, the heart primordium[web]. Two migratory heart primordia that move ventrally during the course of neurulation, and then fuse[XAO]. cardiac mesoderm cardiogenic mesoderm cardiogenic region cardiogenic splanchnopleure heart primordia cleaving embryo Organism at the cleavage stage. presumptive gut embryonic digestive tube future digestive tract future digestive tube future gut primitive gut primordial digestive tube primordial gut mechanosensory system mandibular neural crest Cranial neural crest that migrates into the mandibular arch. hyoid neural crest Cranial neural crest that migrates into the hyoid arch. hyoid crest primary circulatory organ A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood or analogs[GO,modified]. adult heart dorsal tube heart meconium A dark greenish mass that accumulates in the bowel during fetal life and is discharged shortly after birth. neck of femur The femur neck or neck of the femur is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward. collum femoris femoral neck femur neck neck of the femur pharyngeal pouch 2 2nd arch branchial pouch 2nd arch branchial pouch endoderm 2nd arch pouch endoderm 2nd branchial pouch 2nd pharyngeal pouch endoderm A pharyngeal puch that is between the pharyngeal arches 2 and 3. pharyngeal pouches 2 second arch pharyngeal pouch second pharyngeal pouch second visceral pouch visceral pouch 2 glomeral mesenchyme Portion of tissue that consists of the precursors of the pronephric glomus or glomerulus; derived from the medial portion of the pronephric intermediate mesoderm. corpuscle glomerulus trunk ganglion Ganglion which is located in the trunk. body ganglion trunk ganglia neural keel An intermediate stage (between the neural plate and neural rod) during the early segmentation period in the morphogenesis of the central nervous system primordium; the keel is roughly triangular shaped in cross section. presumptive central nervous system lamina propria of mucosa of colon A lamina propria that is part of a colonic mucosa. colonic lamina propria lamina propria mucosae of colon lamina propria of colonic mucosa lamina propria of colonic mucous membrane serosa of infundibulum of uterine tube A serous membrane that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. serosa of infundibulum of fallopian tube serosa of infundibulum of oviduct muscle layer of infundibulum of uterine tube A muscle layer that is part of a uterine tube infundibulum. muscle layer of infundibulum of fallopian tube muscle layer of infundibulum of oviduct muscularis of infundibulum of uterine tube mesothelium of serous pericardium A mesothelium that is part of a serous pericardium. mesothelium of pericardium pericardial mesothelium serous pericardium mesothelium stroma of bone marrow The stroma of the bone marrow is all tissue not directly involved in the primary function of hematopoiesis. The yellow bone marrow belongs here, and makes the majority of the bone marrow stroma, in addition to stromal cells located in the red bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow is found in the Medullary cavity. Still, the stroma is indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, since it provides the hematopoietic microenvironment that facilitates hematopoiesis by the parenchymal cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, affecting hematopoiesis. bone marrow stroma tracheobronchial tree The structure from the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles that forms the airways that supply air to the lungs. The lining of the tracheobronchial tree consists of ciliated columnar epithelial cells. arbor tracheobronchialis tracheobronchial system hermaphroditic organism dioecious organism hermaphrodite multicellular organism that can produce both male and female gametes. hermaphrodite anatomical structure An anatomical structure present only in hermaphrodites. hermaphrodite-specific brachiocephalic vasculature The vasculature consisting of brachiocephalic arteries and veins. mesenchyme derived from head neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a cranial neural crest. head mesenchyme from cranial neural crest head mesenchyme from neural crest head neural crest derived mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from trunk neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a trunk neural crest. trunk mesenchyme from neural crest trunk neural crest derived mesenchyme 1st arch mandibular component ventral mandibular arch ventral pharyngeal arch 1 ventral visceral arch 1 1st arch maxillary component tunica adventitia of artery A tunica adventitia that is part of a artery. arterial adventitia tunica externa (adventitia)(arteriae) tunica adventitia of vein A tunica adventitia that is part of a vein. tunica externa (adventitia)(venae) venous adventitia tunica intima of vein A tunica intima that is part of a vein. tunica interna (intima)(venae) venous intima nuclear complex of neuraxis Gray matter of the central nervous system which is a collection of clustered nuclei. cluster of neural nuclei neural nuclei nuclear complex trachea pre-cartilage rings A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a trachea. pectoral appendage musculature Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral appendage. pectoral fin muscle pectoral fin musculature pelvic appendage musculature Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic appendage. pelvic fin musculature appendage musculature Any collection of muscles that is part of an appendage. fin musculature pectoral appendage skeleton Skeletal subdivision consisting of the anterior appendicular limb skeleton, excluding the pectoral girdle. cheiropterygium pelvic appendage skeleton The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic appendage region. presumptive hindbrain The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo eight rhombomeres can be distinguished, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere). A rare disease of the rhombencephalon, 'rhombencephalosynapsis' is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia. The caudal rhombencephalon has been generally considered as the initiation site for neural tube closure. embryonic rhombencephalon future hindbrain presumptive rhombencephalon rhombencephalon presumptive endocardium A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a endocardium. presumptive segmental plate A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a presomitic mesoderm. presumptive segmental plates presumptive neural plate A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a neural plate. prospective neuroectoderm prospective vegetal ectoderm presumptive paraxial mesoderm The part of the blastula that has the potential to develop into a paraxial mesoderm. future paraxial mesenchyme future paraxial mesoderm presumptive pronephric mesoderm A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a pronephric mesoderm. nephron primordium pronephric proximal convoluted tubule A proximal convoluted tubule that is part of a pronephros. pectoral appendage blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage. pectoral fin blood vessel appendage blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a limb/fin. fin blood vessel limb blood vessel pectoral appendage vasculature A vasculature that is part of a pectoral appendage. pectoral fin vasculature pharyngeal vasculature A vasculature that is part of a chordate pharynx. branchial vasculature appendage vasculature A vasculature that is part of a limb/fin. fin vasculature pronephric glomerular capillary A glomerular capillary that is part of a pronephros. pronephric glomerular basement membrane A glomerular basement membrane that is part of a pronephros. pronephric glomerular filtration membrane pancreatic lobule A dense accumulation of exocrine glands in the pancreas often surrounding islets of Langerhans. lobulus pancreaticus pancreas lobe pancreatic lobule pancreatic duct A duct that collects and carries secretions of the exocrine pancreas to the intestine. duct of pancreas ductus pancreaticus pancreas duct stria vascularis vasculature blood vessels supplying the stria vascularis in the cochlea of the inner ear. stria vascularis blood vessel stria vascularis blood vessels surface of tongue An anatomical surface that is part of a tongue. tongue surface outer epithelium The epidermis is the entire outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species[GO]. epidermis epidermis (sensu Metazoa) hypoderm hypodermis outer epidermal layer outer epithelial layer enveloping layer of ectoderm EVL Outermost layer of cells surrounding the embryo. enveloping layer appendage lymph vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a limb/fin. pectoral appendage lymph vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a pectoral appendage. pelvic appendage lymph vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a pelvic appendage. paired limb/fin cartilage A cartilage tissue that is part of a paired limb or fin. pectoral appendage cartilage tissue A cartilage tissue that is part of a pectoral appendage. pectoral fin cartilage pelvic appendage cartilage tissue A cartilage tissue that is part of a pelvic appendage. pelvic fin cartilage nucleus of midbrain tegmentum A nucleus of brain that spans a midbrain tegmentum. tegmental nuclei tegmental nucleus nucleus of midbrain reticular formation A nucleus of midbrain tegmentum that is part of a midbrain reticular formation. mesencephalic reticular nucleus midbrain reticular formation nucleus midbrain reticular nucleus lumen of epithelial sac The space within an epithelial sphere. cavity of vesicle matrix-based tissue A tissue whose predominant feature is extracellular matrix which may or may not be highly hydrated or calcified. obsolete developing epithelial placode OBSOLETE: A domain of columnar epithelium in an embryo that represents the early stage of the development of the epithelial component of a new anatomical structure. true epithelial sac An epithelial tube that is open at one end only. epithelial tube open at both ends An epithelial tube open at both ends that allows fluid flow. arborizing epithelial duct system A collection of connected epithelial tubes with a single portal. arborising epithelial duct system epithelial vesicle A closed epithelium with a lumen. smooth muscle sphincter A ring of smooth muscle cells whose contraction closes the opening of the ring. dense mesenchyme tissue Mesenchyme with little extracellular matrix. loose mesenchyme tissue Mesenchyme whose cells are embedded in obvious amounts of extracellular matrix. migrating mesenchyme population Mesenchymal cells that are migrating. ciliated columnar oviduct epithelium A ciliated columnar epithelium that is part of a oviduct. epithelium of uterine tube uterine tube epithelium cuboidal oviduct epithelium A cuboidal epithelium that is part of a oviduct. ciliated columnar epithelium Simple columnar epithelium in which the luminal side of the cells bears cilia. Examples: epithelium of trachea, epithelium of uterine tube.[FMA] ciliated epithelium Epithelium bearing vibratile cilia on the free surface. stratified columnar epithelium Stratified columnar epithelia is a rare type of epithelial tissue composed of column shaped cells arranged in multiple layers. Stratified columnar epithelia are found in the ocular conjunctiva of the eye, in parts of the pharynx and anus, the female's uterus, the male urethra and vas deferens. Also found in intralobular ducts in salivary glands.[WP] epithelium stratificatum columnare layer of synovial tissue A thin, loose vascular connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints and the sheaths protecting tendons (particularly flexor tendons in the hands and feet) where they pass over bony prominences. Synovial tissue contains synovial cells, which secrete a viscous liquid called synovial fluid; this liquid contains protein and hyaluronic acid and serves as a lubricant and nutrient for the joint cartilage surfaces[BTO]. Synovial tissue can be found in tendons (tissues that connect muscle to bone), bursae (fluid-filled, cushioning sacs found in spaces between tendons, ligaments, and bones), and the cavity (hollow enclosed area) that separates the bones of a freely movable joint, such as the knee or elbow[BTO]. stratum synoviale synovial layer synovial membrane synovial tissue synovium synovial cavity of joint An anatomical cavity that surrounded_by a synovial joint. articular cavity (synovial joint) cavitas articularis (junctura synovialis) cavity of synovial joint joint cavity synovial cavity pigment epithelium of eye epithelial layer of the retina, ciliary body, or iris composed of cells containing pigment granules. eye pigment epithelium nucleus of medulla oblongata A neural nucleus that is part of a medulla oblongata. thoracic lymph node A lymph node that is part of a thorax. Includes lymph nodes of the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes deep thoracic lymph node lymph node of thorax future meninx A developing mesenchymal capsule that covers the developing brain and spinal cord and is the precursor of the meningeal cluster. In mammals this gives rise to the arachnoid mater, pia mater and dura mater. In cyclostomes and fishes, the future meninx gives rise to a single meningeal layer, the primitive meninx. meninx primitiva primary meninx primitive meninx primordial meninx ectomeninx The outermost layer of the mesenchymal capsule that surrounds the developing brain, of mixed paraxial mesoderm and neural crest origin. The ectomeninx forms the dura mater (both inner layer and outer chondrogenic layer). future dura mater anatomical junction An anatomical structure that connects two structures anatomical junction junction esophageal sphincter A sphincter that is part of an esophagus. uriniferous tubule functional unit of the kidney that forms urine, consisting of two parts, the nephron and the collecting tubule. region of nephron tubule region of renal tubule renal tubule region kidney field kidney anlage region of the embryo into the area in which the kidney rudiment will develop. anlage Anlagen are populations of contiguous cells, typically arranged in one plane, that are morphologically indistinct, but that already correspond in extent to a later organ/tissue. developmental field field future organ organ field thyroid diverticulum diverticulum thyroideum endodermal bud derived from the endodermal epithelium of the embryonic pharyngeal floor[MP]. The thyroid diverticulum is the embryological structure from which thyroid follicular cells derive. It grows from the floor of the pharnyx[WP]. saccus thyroideus early pharyngeal endoderm . early pharyngeal arch endoderm pharyngeal arch endoderm pharyngeal endoderm pharyngeal region endoderm bone of reproductive organ A bone that is part of a reproductive organ. baculum os penis/os clitoris interphalangeal joint of pes The interphalangeal articulations of the foot (articulations of the phalanges) are ginglymoid joints, and each has a plantar and two collateral ligaments. The arrangement of these ligaments is similar to that in the metatarsophalangeal articulations: the Extensor tendons supply the places of dorsal ligaments. foot interphalangeal joint hindlimb digit inter-phalangeal joint interphalangeal joint of foot interphalangeal joint of toe toe joint interphalangeal joint of manus IP joint The interphalangeal articulations of hand are hinge-joints of the phalanges of the hand. There are two sets (except in the thumb): 'proximal interphalangeal joints' (PIP), those between the first (also called proximal) and second (intermediate) phalanges 'distal interphalangeal joints' (DIP), those between the second and third (distal) phalanges A similar group of articulations also function in the toes. articulationes digitorum manus articulationes interphalangeae manus articulations of the digits interphalangeal articulations of hand interphalangeal joint of finger interphalangeal joint of hand interphalangeal joints of hand epidermis gland A gland that is part of a epidermis. epidermal gland gland of epidermis umbilical vein endothelium An endothelium that is part of a umbilical vein. umbilical artery endothelium An endothelium that is part of a umbilical artery. transduate Body substance in liquid state, which is derived from plasma by passage through the (intact) wall of capillaries without further processing by secretory cells or glands. serous fluid Any fluid produced by a serous gland. serous gland fluid vascular system Anatomical system that consists of all blood and lymph vessels. Gefaesssystem@de connecting stalk A bridge of mesoderm connecting the caudal end of the young embryo with the trophoblastic tissues; the precursor of the umbilical cord. connecting stalk vasculature A vasculature that is part of a connecting stalk. connecting stalk blood vessel connecting stalk blood vessels vasculature of connecting stalk adipose tissue of abdominal region Adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. This includes any subcutaneous fat, visceral fat or encapsulated adipose tissue depots. abdominal adipose tissue abdominal fat intra-abdominal fat craniocervical region The anteriormost subdivision of the body that includes the head, jaws, pharyngeal region and the neck (if present). In vertebrates this is the subdivision that includes the cervical vertebrae. cephalic area cephalic part of animal cephalic region head and neck head or neck appendage girdle region An organism subdivision that encompasses the region containing the pectoral or pelvic girdle. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). fin girdle fin girdle region girdle girdle region limb girdle limb girdle region peritoneal mesentery Mesentery that is located in the peritoneum. external nose External part of the nose containing the external nares. nose girdle bone/zone A bone that is part of a appendage girdle region. girdle bone pectoral girdle bone A bone that is part of a pectoral girdle region. bone of pectoral girdle pelvic girdle bone/zone A bone element or fused bone that is part of pelvic girdle. bone of pelvic girdle pelvic girdle bone pectoral girdle skeleton A subdivision of a limb or fin skeleton consisting of bones which connects the upper limb or fin to the axial skeleton on each side. It consists of the clavicle and scapula in humans and, in those species with three bones in the pectoral girdle, the coracoid. Some mammalian species (e.g. the dog and the horse) have only the scapula. In humans, the only joints between the shoulder girdle and axial skeleton are the sternoclavicular joints on each side. No joint exists between each scapula and the rib cage; instead the muscular connection between the two permits relatively great mobility of the shoulder girdle in relation to the pelvic girdle. In those species having only the scapula, no joint exists between the forelimb and the thorax, the only attachment being muscular[WP]. Examples: There are only two instances, right and left pectoral girdle skeletons. cingulum pectorale pectoral girdle scapular girdle skeletal parts of pectoral girdle skeleton of pectoral girdle pelvic girdle skeleton Skeletal subdivision consisting of a set of bones linking the axial series to the hindlimb zeugopodium and offering anchoring areas for hindlimb and caudal musculature. pelvic girdle pelvic girdle skeleton skeletal parts of pelvic girdle skeleton of pelvic girdle membrane bone Bone element that arises as a result of intramembranous ossification. membrane bones cartilage element Skeletal element that is composed of cartilage tissue and may be permanent or transient. cartilage cartilage organ cartilaginous element chondrogenic element regular connective tissue Connective tissue, which consists of fibroblasts, the intercellular matrix of which contains a regular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: bone (tissue), cartilage (tissue), dense regular connective tissue. dense regular connective tissue Connective tissue that is dominated by collagen fibres organized into a definitive pattern (e.g., parallel to one another), with comparatively fewer cells (mostly fibroblasts). dense fibrous connective tissue dense regular collagenous connective tissue dense regular collagenous tissue regular dense connective tissue typus regularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) bone of craniocervical region A bone that is part of a craniocervical region. cranial bone head or neck bone sesamoid bone of manus A sesamoid bone that is part of a manus. sesamoid bone of hand sesamoid bone of pes A sesamoid bone that is part of a pes. sesamoid bone of foot irregular bone The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long bone, short bone, flat bone or sesamoid bone. Irregular bones serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue, affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment (as with the sacrum), and maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment (such as the hyoid bone). They consist of cancellous tissue enclosed within a thin layer of compact bone. The irregular bones are: the vertebrC&, sacrum, coccyx, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal concha, and hyoid. os irregulare os irregulare joint of girdle A skeletal joint that is part of a appendage girdle region. girdle joint surface of cartilage A anatomical surface that is part of a cartilage element. cartilage surface pneumatized bone A bone that is hollow or contains many air cells, such as the mastoid process of the temporal bone[TMD]. hollow bone os pneumaticum pneumatic bone muscle of pectoral girdle Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral girdle region. muscle of shoulder girdle pectoral girdle muscle bone of hip region craniocervical region musculature Musculature system of the pharyngeal and head regions. head muscles head or neck muscle head or neck muscle periodontal ligament PDL The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the root of a tooth, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone. It extends from the base of the gingival mucosa to the fundus of the bony socket, and its main function is to hold the tooth in its socket[BTO]. alveolar periosteum alveolodental ligament alveolodental membrane desmodontium fibra periodontalis odontoperiosteum paradentium peridental membrane peridontal fiber peridontal fibre peridontal ligament peridontal ligament fiber peridontal ligament fibre peridontal membrane peridontium periodontal fiber periodontal fibre periodontium tooth bud A knoblike tooth primordium that develops into the mature tooth and consists of enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac enclosing them. dental bud dental germ tooth germ heart endothelium An endothelium that is part of a heart [Automatically generated definition]. cardiac endothelium nasopharyngeal gland A gland that is part of a nasopharynx. plantar part of pes The sole is the bottom of the foot. pelma planta planta plantar part of foot plantar region regio plantaris sole sole of foot sole of foot sole of the foot soles of the feet microvascular endothelium intestinal villus of duodenum An intestinal villus in the duodenum. intestinal villus of jejunum An intestinal villus in the jejunum. intestinal villus of ileum An intestinal villus in the ileum. ileal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a ileum. epithelium of ileum duodenal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a duodenum. epithelium of duodenum breast epithelium An epithelium that is part of a breast. proximal tubular epithelium The cells lining the proximal tubule are cuboidal epithelial cells with deep basal membrane invaginations that provide a large basal surface area. The long microvilli (the brush border) lining the tubule lumen, maximize luminal surface area and make these cells ideally suited for both reabsorptive and secretory functions. epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule epithelium of proximal renal tubule proximal renal tubule epithelium proximal tubule epithelium proximale tubular epithelium distal tubular epithelium An epithelium that is part of a distal tubule. distal tubule epithelium mammary ridge A ridge of epidermal cells that will form the mammary placodes. mammary fold mammary gland ridge mammary line milk line nasal muscle Any muscle organ that is part of an nose. muscle of nose muscle tissue of prostate A muscle tissue that is part of a prostate gland. prostate gland muscle tissue prostate muscle tissue prostatic muscle prostatic musclular tissue inner cell mass derived epiblast An embryonic structure that is derived from the inner cell mass and lies above the hypoblast and gives rise to the three primary germ layers embryonic epiblast lower limb segment A limb segment that is part of a hindlimb. free lower limb segment free lower limb subdivision segment of free lower limb subdivision of free lower limb upper limb segment A limb segment that is part of a forelimb. free upper limb segment free upper limb subdivision segment of free upper limb subdivision of free upper limb intromittent organ An external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation. Intromittent organs are found most often in terrestrial species, as most aquatic species fertilize their eggs externally, although there are exceptions[WP]. aedeagus copulatory organ penis pharyngeal arch system A transient embryonic complex that comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the stucture it contributes to are forming, which may include (depending on species) the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear[GO,modified]. pharyngeal apparatus pharyngeal arch region pharyngeal arches and clefts pharyngeal system embryonic head A head that is part of a embryo. thymus primordium endoderm An endoderm that is part of a thymus primordium. neural tube derived brain A brain that develops_from a neural tube. vertebrate brain hepatic diverticulum An out-pocket of thickened ventral foregut epithelium adjacent to the developing heart. Constitutes the first morphological sign of the embryonic liver. The anterior portion of the hepatic diverticulum gives rise to the liver and intrahepatic biliary tree, while the posterior portion forms the gall bladder and extrahepatic bile ducts. diverticulum hepaticum liver diverticulum liver bud palmar/plantar part of autopod nonskeletal ligament A ligament that does not connect two skeletal elements. fibrous ligament non-skeletal ligament skeletal ligament Dense regular connective tissue connecting two or more adjacent skeletal elements[VSAO,modified]. articular larua articular ligament ligament true ligament stomach muscularis externa The smooth muscle layer of the stomach wall that functions to churn and mix food and gastric secretions as well as to move food along the digestive tract to the intestines gastric muscularis muscle layer of stomach muscularis externa of stomach tunica muscularis (gaster) tunica muscularis gastris pyloric canal The short narrow part of the stomach extending from the pyloric antrum to the pyloric sphincter canalis pyloricus canalis pyloricus cardiac gastric gland A gastric gland in the cardiac region of the stomach; cardiac glands are fewer in number than in the fundus and body, and secrete mucin which coats the stomach and protects it[MP] cardiac gland gardiac gland gastric cardiac gland gastric cardiac mucuous gland gastric gland of cardia glandula cardiaca (gaster) pyloric gastric gland The gastric glands in the pyloric region of the stomach; the pyloric glands secrete mucin, which coats the stomach and protects it, and hormones such as gastrin and enkephalin[MP]. glandula pylorica pyloric antrum gland pyloric gland pyloric mucuous gland pulmonary alveolar parenchyma The distinguishing cell types of the lung alveolar tissue, including pulmonary epithelial cells (pneumocytes), alveolar capillary endothelial cells, interstitial cells (fibroblasts) and alveolar macrophages pulmonary acinus The part of the airway consisting of a respiratory bronchiole and all of its branches acinus pulmonaris arbor alveolaris lobulus pulmonis primarius primary pulmonary lobule respiratory lobule hypodermis skeletal muscle layer Any skeletal muscle organ in the hypodermis / superficial fascia hypodermal muscle layer hypodermis muscle layer panniculus carnosus superficial fascia muscular layer osteoid Bone tissue that is an unmineralized bone matrix deposited by osteoblasts prior to the mineralization of bone tissue. osteoid tissue pre-bone prebone prebone tissue pulmonary vascular system The part of the cardiovascular system consisting of all pulmonary arteries and all pulmonary veins. pulmonary circulatory system pulmonary system neuromast Volcano-shaped lateral line sensory organ located in characteristic positions within the skin epithelium and containing hair cells and their support elements. cyatocïde@fr lateral line neuromast lateral line organ neuromast organ neuromaste superficiel@fr neuromasts lateral line nerve Cranial nerves that carry afferent and efferent fibers for the lateral line system. lateral line nerves dermal bone Skeletal element that forms superficially in the organism, usually in association with the ectoderm[VSAO]. dermal bones lung parenchyma A parenchyma that is part of a lung. parenchyma of lung pulmonary parenchyma respiratory portion of lung respiratory primordium forelimb bone A bone that is part of a forelimb region. Examples: humerus, any of the phalanges. Counter-example: scapula (a bone of the pectoral girdle). Note that we consider the forelimb to end at the shoulder. free forelimb bone wing bone dental follicle A sac containing the developing tooth and its odontogenic organ. The dental follicle (DF) differentiates into the periodontal ligament. In addition, it may be the precursor of other cells of the periodontium, including osteoblasts, cementoblasts and fibroblasts. They develop into the alveolar bone, the cementum with Sharpey's fibers and the periodontal ligament fibers respectively. dental sac tooth follicle renal parenchyma The functional tissue of the kidney, consisting of the nephrons. kidney parenchyma parenchyma of kidney submocosal esophageal gland One of the racemose glands in the walls of the esophagus that in humans are small and serve principally to lubricate the food but in some birds secrete a milky fluid on which the young are fed. esophageal gland glandulae oesophageae mucous gland of submucosa of esophagus vasculature of brain System pertaining to blood vessels in the brain. brain vasculature cerebrovascular system intracerebral vasculature renal straight tubule Any region of a nephron tubule that is straight. Examples: distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tuble. kidney straight tubule straight tubule lymph node germinal center A germinal center that is located in a lymph node germinal center lymph node activated zone lymph node central zone lymph node light zone lymph node nodule prostatic venous plexus The prostatic veins form a well-marked prostatic plexus which lies partly in the fascial sheath of the prostate and partly between the sheath and the prostatic capsule. It communicates with the pudendal and vesical plexuses. plexus venosus prostaticus pudendal venous plexus inner medulla vasa recta descending limb outer medulla vasa recta descending limb vasa recta ascending limb inner medulla vasa recta ascending limb outer medulla vasa recta ascending limb tip of renal papilla papillary tip papillary tips obsolete thymic region true cervical thymus A mature thymus that is entirely part of the cervical region. thoracic thymus A mature thymus that is entirely part of thoracic region. indifferent gonad A gonad prior to differentiating into a definitive testis or ovary. gonad rudiment adenohypophyseal placode The adenohypophyseal placode forms the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and gives rise to the endocrine secretory cells of the pituitary pituitary placode lateral line placode An ectodermal placode that will develop into the components of the lateral line system lateral line placodes craniocervical region vein A vein that is part of a craniocervical region. craniocervical vein head and neck veins vein of head and neck entire embryonic mesenchyme Sum total of mesenchyme in the embryo. pharyngeal region of foregut pharyngeal region indifferent external genitalia craniofacial suture Any suture between cranial and/or facial bones. articulation of skull bones joint of the skull bones facial suture Any suture between facial bones. limb epidermis The limb epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of the limb, it is a complex stratified squamous epithelium. nephric duct A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney[GO]. vasa recta descending limb medial nasal process mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a medial nasal prominence. pharyngeal membrane A thin fold of ectoderm and endoderm that separates the pharyngeal pouches from the pharyngeal clefts in a developing embryo. branchial arch membrane branchial membrane pharyngeal membrane pharyngeal membrane of 1st arch 1st branchial membrane 1st pharyngeal membrane A pharyngeal membrane that separates the first pharyngeal cleft from the first pharyngeal pouch. future tympanic membrane tympanic membrane primordium embryonic nasal process nasal placode axilla The axilla is the area directly under the joint where the forelimb connects to the shoulder. arm pit armpit armpits axilla axillae axillary region axillary region oxter regio axillaris underarm associated mesenchyme of otic placode Mesenchyme that is part of a otic placode. ectoderm of buccopharyngeal membrane An ectoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. endoderm of buccopharyngeal membrane An endoderm that is part of a buccopharyngeal membrane. associated mesenchyme of foregut-midgut junction Mesenchyme that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. mesentery of foregut-midgut junction A mesentery that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. foregut-midgut junction mesentery pharyngeal arch mesenchymal region A portion of mesenchymal tissue associated with an individual pharyngeal arch. branchial arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme epithelium of foregut-midgut junction An epithelium that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. periotic mesenchyme Anatomical region that surrounds the otic vesicle. otocyst associated mesenchyme otocyst mesenchyme periotic region mesenchyme of fronto-nasal process The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the frontonasal region of the head frontonasal mesenchyme naso-frontal mesenchyme mesenchyme of hindgut Mesenchyme that is part of a developing hindgut. hindgut associated mesenchyme mesenchyme of trachea Mesenchyme that is part of a developing trachea. trachea associated mesenchyme mesenchyme of middle ear Mesenchyme that is part of a developing middle ear. middle ear associated mesenchyme otic mesenchyme anal membrane endodermal component An endoderm that is part of a anal region. mesenchyme of handplate Mesenchyme that is part of a handplate. hand plate mesenchyme handplate mesenchyme endoderm of foregut-midgut junction An endoderm that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. intestinal submucosa A submucosa that is part of a intestine. submucosa of intestine subdivision of trunk region of trunk trunk subdivision diencephalon mantle layer diencephalon lateral wall mantle layer mantle layer lateral wall diencephalon midbrain mantle layer mantle layer lateral wall mesencephalon mantle layer lateral wall midbrain midbrain lateral wall mantle layer spinal cord mantle layer mantle layer lateral wall spinal cord spinal cord lateral wall mantle layer 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch mandibular component. mandibular component mesenchyme mandibular mesenchyme mesenchymal region of mandibular component of first pharyngeal arch mesenchyme of mandibular component forebrain neural plate A neural plate that develops_from a future forebrain. midbrain neural plate A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive midbrain. hindbrain neural plate A neural plate that develops_from a presumptive hindbrain. presumptive midbrain A presumptive structure that has the potential to develop into a midbrain. early midbrain future midbrain mesencephalon presumptive mesencephalon head paraxial mesoderm Bilateral mesenchymal mesoderm parallel and immediately adjacent to the neural tube/notochord; it generates a subset of extra-ocular, and other head, muscles. cephalic paraxial mesenchyme cephalic paraxial mesoderm cranial paraxial mesenchyme cranial paraxial mesoderm head paraxial mesenchyme somitomere somitomeric mesoderm trunk paraxial mesoderm trunk and cervical paraxial mesenchyme trunk paraxial mesenchyme pronephric proximal straight tubule A proximal straight tubule that is part of a pronephros. proximal straight tubules spinal nerve root The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. root of spinal nerve spinal neural root spinal root trachea non-cartilage connective tissue tympanic membrane epithelium One of the two epithelia which make up the tympanic membrane (along with the fibrous layer) tympanic epithelium tympanic membrane epithelial layer eyelid subcutaneous connective tissue A eyelid connective tissue that is part of a hypodermis. superficial fascia of eyelid nephron tubule basement membrane A basement membrane that is part of a nephron tubule. kidney tubule basement membrane renal tubular basement membrane renal tubule basement membrane bronchus basement membrane A basement membrane that is part of a bronchus. bronchial basement membrane trachea basement membrane A basement membrane that is part of a trachea. midbrain nucleus Nucleus located in the midbrain. hindbrain nucleus Nucleus located within the hindbrain. telencephalic nucleus A nucleus of brain that is part of a telencephalon. gut mesentery peritoneal cavity mesentary peritoneal mesentary early telencephalic vesicle early telencephalic ventricle early telencephalic vesicle tooth row Anatomical cluster consisting of adjacent teeth constituting a row. dental arcade row of teeth tooth rows set of lower jaw teeth A tooth row that is part of a skeleton of lower jaw. arcus dentalis inferior lower dental arcade lower jaw teeth mandibular dental arcade set of all lower teeth epithelium of appendix A epithelium that is part of a vermiform appendix. appendix epithelium epithelium of vermiform appendix endocardium of right ventricle Any endocardium that is part of the right ventricle of the heart. endocardial lining of right ventricle right ventricle endocardial tissue right ventricle endocardium right ventricular endocardium endocardium of left ventricle Any endocardium that is part of the left ventricle of the heart. endocardial lining of left ventricle left ventricle endocardial tissue left ventricle endocardium left ventricular endocardium entire pharyngeal arch endoderm pharyngeal arch endoderm lymph node medullary sinus The channels in the lymph node medulla that separate the medullary cords and are crossed by a reticulum of cells and fibers and bounded by littoral cells; lymph flows through the medullary sinus from the cortical sinuses and into the efferent lymphatic vessels lymph node medullary sinusoid medullary sinus lymph node medullary cord The dense rope-like structures of lymphatic tissue located between the medullary sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node medullary cord limb mesenchyme The primordial embryonic connective tissue of the developing limbs, autopods and digits, consisting of mesenchymal cells supported in interlaminar jelly, that derive mostly from the mesoderm and contribute to limb connective tissue, bone and musculature in conjunction with myotome cells. limb mesoderm cardiac mesenchyme The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing cardiac structures heart mesenchyme pancreas mesenchyme The embryonic connective tissue made up of loosely aggregated mesenchymal cells, supported by interlaminar jelly, that gives rise to the developing pancreas adrenal gland cortex zone adrenal cortical region region of adrenal cortex abdominal ganglion A ganglion that is part of a abdominal segment of trunk. renal tubule A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis. renal tubule (generic) tubule of excretory system pleural sac A serous sac that has the pleura and the pleural cavity as parts. glandular acinus The many-lobed berry cluster of cells that is the terminous of a gland where the secretion is produced is acinar in form. acini acinus prostate epithelial cord A solid cord of prostate epithelium. cord of prostate epithelium epithelial cord of prostate urogenital sinus mesenchyme Mesenchyme that surrounds primitive urogenital sinus. UGM embryonic cloacal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a embryonic cloaca. cloacal epithelium prostate field A specific region of the urogenital sinus epithelium into the area in which the prostate gland will develop. prostate primordium digestive tract diverticulum Branch or outpocketing of the digestive tract. diverticulum of gut intestinal pouch sac diverticulum pouch endosteum A thin layer of connective tissue that lines the surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones zone of stomach A division of the stomach. The stomach can be divided based on mucosal histology (glandular epithelium and gastric glands) and the relative position and type of gastric gland. gastric zone region of stomach section of stomach nephrogenic zone nephrogenic tissue outer portion of the renal cortex. Site of formation of medullary and cortical elements. anterior lateral plate mesoderm ALPM anal column One of a number of vertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue in the upper half of the lumen of the anal canal[WP] column of Morgagni columnae anales medullary ray A renal, cortical lobule, consisting of the ascending or descending limbs of the loop of Henle or of the collecting tubules; medullary rays are regions where parallel arrays of straight tubules travel perpendicular to the capsule and extend from the cortex to the medulla. Ferrein's pyramid kidney medullary ray renal medullary ray secondary heart field A specific region of the lateral mesoderm that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract). SHF anterior heart field anterior/second heart field second heart field facial mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing face. face mesenchyme mesenchyme of face lobule lobulus anatomical lobe A portion of an organ, such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. lobus renal lobe The portion of a kidney consisting of a renal medullary pyramid and the renal cortex above it[MP]. It is composed of many renal lobules[WP]. kidney lobe lobi renales lobi renalis lobus renalis renal lobule The portion of a renal lobe consisting of nephrons grouped around a single medullary ray and draining into a single collecting duct; human kidneys have multilobular, multipapillary architecture while mice and rats have unilobular, unipapillary kidneys cortical lobule cortical lobule of kidney kidney lobule lobuli corticales renis lobulus corticalis renalis lobulus renalis renal cortical lobule renculus reniculus renunculus wall of ureter An anatomical wall that is part of a ureter. ureteral wall retrotrapezoid nucleus The loose collection of neurons that reside in the rostral medulla close to the medullary surface, ventral and immediately caudal of nVII, that are crucial for CO2 sensing in the brain ureter smooth muscle The smooth muscle tissue surrounding the epithelium of the ureter ureteral smooth muscle ureteral smooth muscle layer optic neural crest olfactory bulb plexiform layer plexiform layer vomeronasal system A vertebrate nasal chemosensory system that is responsible for detecting intraspecific pheromonal cues as well as environmental odorants neurogenic placode Cranial ectodermal placode with potential to develop into a component of the nervous system, such as nerves or ganglia. neurogenic placodes placodae neurogenicae internodal tract A conducting pathway in the conducting tissue of heart through which electrical activity spreads from the SA node to the AV node. interatrial conduction tract internodal conduction tract internodal fasciculus internodal tract muscle tissue spleen venous sinus sinus lienalis sinus splenicus splenic sinus venous sinus of red pulp of spleen statoacoustic epithelium stato-acoustic epithelium epithelium of pancreatic duct An epithelium that is part of a pancreatic duct. pancreatic duct epithelium pancreatic ductal epithelium principal gastric gland Wassman gland acid gland gastric follicle gastric gland glandula gastrica propria main gastric gland one of the gastric glands that secretes the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice[Stedman's]. oxyntic gland principal gland of fundus of stomach ureteropelvic junction The junction between the ureter and the renal pelvis of the kidney pelviureteric junction pelvoureteric junction ureterovesical junction The valve-like structure found at the site of entry of the ureter into the urinary bladder, normally displays an oblique angulation through the detrusor to avoid reflux of urine up the ureters and the kidney vesico-ureteral junction vesico-ureteric junction vesicoureteric junction multicellular anatomical structure An anatomical structure that has more than one cell as a part. multicellular structure cell cluster organ A small cluster of cells of various types which form a discrete structure, largely delimited by a morphological boundary and whose components work together to make the whole structure capable of a specific function. aggregate regional part of brain A regional part of brain consisting of multiple brain regions that are not related through a simple volummetric part of hierarchy, e.g., basal ganglia[NIF]. set of nuclei of neuraxis collection of basal ganglia Subcortical masses of gray matter in the forebrain and midbrain that are richly interconnected and so viewed as a functional system. The nuclei usually included are the caudate nucleus (caudoputamen in rodents), putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) and the subthalamic nucleus. Some also include the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum. basal ganglia basal ganglia set basal nuclei basal nuclei (basal ganglia) cerebral nuclei set of basal ganglia set of basal nuclei subcortical nuclei 6th arch mesenchyme 6th branchial arch mesenchyme 6th pharyngeal arch mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 6. pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme fundic gastric gland The fundus glands (or fundic glands, or gastric glands) are found in the body and fundus of the stomach. They are simple tubes, two or more of which open into a single duct. fundal gland fundus gland gastric fundal gland gastric fundus gland gastric gland of fundus of stomach glandulae gastricae food storage organ An organ of the digestive tract that is capable of retaining and storing food 1st arch mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a pharyngeal arch 1. mesenchyme of 1st arch 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a 1st arch maxillary component. maxillary component mesenchyme maxillary mesenchyme mesenchyme of maxillary component entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme The sum total of mesenchymal tissue in the pharyngeal arch region. Pharyngeal mesenchyme is undifferentiated, loose connective tissue derived mostly from mesoderm, and also contains ectodermally derived neural crest cells. associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region entire branchial arch associated mesenchyme pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme oral gland Gland of the epithelium lining the oral cavity. The most common are the salivary glands. buccal gland gland of oral opening gland of oral region mouth gland oral cavity gland oral region gland future tongue A compound organ that has the potential to develop into a tongue. hypoglossal cord tympanic cavity epithelium open anatomical space An anatomical space with at least one opening to another space or the exterior. outer epithelial layer of tympanic membrane A portion of the external acoustic meatus epithelium which makes up the outer (cuticular) layer of the tympanic membrane cuticular layer of tympanic membrane cuticular stratum of tympanic membrane outer cuticular layer of tympanic membrane outer layer of tympanic membrane tympanic membrane external acoustic meatus epithelial component intermediate layer of tympanic membrane The intermediate fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane. connective tissue layer of tympanic membrane fibrous layer of tympanic membrane fibrous stratum of tympanic membrane intermediate fibrous layer of tympanic membrane tympanic endothelium layer of tympanic membrane tympanic membrane layer chromaffin system Organ system subdivision that consists primarily of chromaffin cells and their supporting structures. argentaffin system chromaffin tissue cuboidal epithelium An epithelium consisting of cuboidal epithelial cells. future dermis Mesenchyme that has the potential to develop into a dermis. future hindbrain meninx A multi-tissue structure that has the potential to develop into a meninx of hindbrain. future hindbrain meninges future metencephalon A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a metencephalon. future myelencephalon A developing anatomical structure that has the potential to develop into a myelencephalon. femur cartilage element A femur endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. femoral cartilage condensation embryonic autopod plate The distal elements of the developing limb of vertebrates that will give rise to the autopod (e.g. manus, pes, paw) autopod plate limb plate conducting tissue of heart Any portion of cardiac muscle tissue that is part of the conducting system of heart or the Purkinje fibers. specialized conducting tissue of heart specialized muscle tissue of heart neuroendocrine gland any of the organized aggregations of cells that function as secretory or excretory organs and that release hormones in response to neural stimuli secretory circumventricular organ A circumventricular organ that is capable of secreting substances into the cerebrospinal fluid. sensory circumventricular organ A circumventricular organ that is capable of monitoring the levels of substances to the cerebrospinal fluid. humerosensory circumventricular organ humerosensory system humerosensory system organ sensitive circumventricular organs sensitive organs sensory CVOs sensory circumventricular organs primitive sex cord of indifferent gonad A sex cord that is part of a indifferent gonad. indifferent sex cord primitive sex cords male accessory sex gland Any gland, other than the gonad, associated with the genital tract, such as the ampulla of the ductus deferens and the bulbourethral, prostate and vesicular glands of the male. male accessory gland male urethral gland Littre's gland any of the numerous small mucous-secreting glands located in the wall of the penile urethra gland of Littre gland of male urethra glandulae urethrales urethrae masculinae male urethra gland urethral gland (male) female urethral gland An urethral gland that is part of a female urethra. female urethra gland gland of female urethra urethral gland (female) protuberance A roughly circular bulge in a surface. aortic system genital artery One of the laterally paired arteries that supply the gonads. gonadal artery bona-fide anatomical boundary An anatomical boundary that corresponds to some physical discontinuity. lateral line The lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head and body of all fishes and most amphibians. The lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated behind the ear and between the eye and ear. lateral lines thalamic complex A nuclear complex which in mammals consists of four parts, the hypothalamus, epithalamus, ventral thalamus, and dorsal thalamus[WP,modified]. future cardiac atrium Multi-tissue structure that is part of the heart tube and will become the cardiac atrium. presumptive atrium heart tube primordial atrium primordial cardiac atrium eyeball of camera-type eye The core globe-shaped component of the camera-type eye. bulbus oculi eye eye globe eyeball globe stroma of thyroid gland The connective tissue that supports the lobules and follicles of the thyroid gland. thyroid gland stroma thyroid stroma merocrine gland An exocrine gland whose secretions are excreted via exocytosis from secretory cells into an epithelial-walled duct or ducts and thence onto a bodily surface or into the lumen; the gland releases its product and no part of the gland is lost or damaged. 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme. 2nd arch mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme. branchial arch 2 mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived arch 2 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme from neural crest 6th arch mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. branchial arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived arch 6 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from neural crest mesenchyme from rhombencephalic neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a rhombencephalon neural crest. 1st arch mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. branchial arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest mesenchyme derived from neural crest of mesenchyme of 1st arch neural crest derived arch 1 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 1 mesenchyme from neural crest umbilical blood vessel One of the three blood vessels, usually one large umbilical vein and two small umbilical arteries, buried within Wharton's jelly, that transport blood to and from the placenta, where exchange between the mother and fetus takes place; the umbilical vein carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus, and the umbilical arteries carry deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta. allantoic vessel umbilical cord blood vessel umbilical cord blood vessels umbilical vasculature umbilical vessel space in vertebral column Any anatomical space that is part of a vertebral column. vertebral column opening vertebral conduit lacrimal punctum A minute orifice on the summit of the papillae lacrimales, which is the commencement point of the lacrimal canaliculi. lacrimal point lacrimal puncta puncta lacrimalia midbrain basal plate Portion of tissue that is dorsolateral to the floor plate and part of the midbrain. basal plate midbrain basal plate midbrain region midbrain neural tube Portion of neural tube that gives rise to the midbrain. layer of sclera . scleral endothelium An endothelium that is part of a sclera. substantia propria of sclera A stroma that is part of a sclera. scleral stroma stroma of sclera subsantia propria subsantia propria sclerae substantia propria sclerae amnioserosa A single extraembryonic epithelium, which closes the germband dorsally. amnion-serosa extraembryonic epithelium An epithelium that is part of a extraembryonic structure. extra-embryonic epithelium non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesizes but does not accumulate keratin. Examples: epithelium of vagina, epithelium of wall of esophagus. epithelium stratificatum squamosum noncornificatum nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium subdivision of conjunctiva One of the three major regions of the conjunctiva. conjunctiva region region of conjunctiva immature eye Developing anatomical structure that develops into the eyeball and associated structures. future eye neural crest-derived structure An anatomical structure that develops from the neural crest. structure with developmental contribution from neural crest An anatomical structure that has some part that develops from the neural crest. germ layer / neural crest skeletal element of eye region A skeletal element that is part of a orbital region. eye skeleton ocular skeleton skeletal element of orbital region cranial skeletal system Skeletal subdivision of the head including skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus. cranial skeleton cranium osteocranium limb bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a limb bud. paired limb/fin bud mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a limb/fin bud. eyelid mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing eyelid. epithelium of handplate An epithelium that is part of a handplate. handplate epithelium extraembryonic membrane mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a extraembryonic membrane. mandibular process mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. mandibular process mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a mandibular process mesenchyme. 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch maxillary mesenchyme. 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mandibular mesenchyme. 1st arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 1st arch mesenchyme. mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 1st arch 2nd arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 2nd arch mesenchyme. branchial arch 2 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme head mesenchyme derived arch 2 mesenchyme mesenchyme derived from head mesoderm of mesenchyme of 2nd arch pharyngeal arch 2 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme 6th arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a 6th arch mesenchyme. branchial arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme head mesenchyme derived arch 6 mesenchyme pharyngeal arch 6 mesenchyme from head mesenchyme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from a neural crest and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. arch mesenchyme from neural crest branchial arch mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived arch mesenchyme pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme Mesenchyme that develops_from a head mesenchyme from mesoderm and is part of a entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme. arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme branchial arch mesenchyme from head mesenchyme head mesenchyme derived arch mesenchyme endochondral element A skeletal element that has the potential to participate in endochondral ossification, and may participate in intramembranous ossification. endochondral replacement element dermal skeleton Skeletal subdivision that undergoes direct development and includes elements that either develop in association with the basement membrane of the ectoderm or are homologous with such elements; includes dermatocranium, components of the appendicular skeleton, teeth and tooth-like elements of the oropharynx, and integumentary elements. dermal skeletal system dermoskeleton desmoskeleton exoskeleton odontoid tissue Skeletal tissue that is part of the exoskeleton and derived from an odontogenic papilla. dental tissue odontogenic tissue portion of substance of tooth substance of tooth tooth hard tissue tooth substance tooth tissue conjunctival vasculature A vasculature that is part of a conjunctiva. conjunctival veins conjunctival veins set set of conjunctival veins venae conjunctivales conjunctival vein A vein that is part of a conjunctiva. conjunctival blood vessel pulmonary lobule The smallest anatomical unit of the lung, measuring 0.50 to 2.00 cm in diameter. Each lobule is composed of 4-8 terminal bronchioles and their distal alveolar ducts and sacs. The lobules are separated by fibrous interlobular septa. lobulus pulmonis ecto-epithelium Epithelium composed of cells that develops from the ectoderm[FMA,modified]. ectoderm-derived epithelium pancreas dorsal primordium dorsal pancreas pancreas ventral primordium ventral pancreas mesenchyme from somatopleure Mesenchyme that develops_from a somatopleure. mesenchyme from splanchnopleure Mesenchyme that develops_from a splanchnopleure. enteric nerve the neurons that innervate the esophagus, stomach, small and large bowel Peyer's patch follicle A lymphoid follicle that is part of a Peyer's patch. peyer's patch follicle lymph node primary follicle An unstimulated network of follicular dendritic cells and small resting B cells in the lymph node cortex. primary follicle of lymph node ocular surface region The integrated unit (of the eye) that consists of the conjunctiva, the corneal surface, and the ocular mucosal adnexa including the lid margins and the meibomian gland openings, the lacrimal glands and the lacrimal drainage system, all which are critical to maintain ocular surface integrity and provide protection from external antigens and pathogenic microorganisms. eye surface eye surface region ocular surface urethral opening An orifice that is part of a lower urinary tract. urethral orifice primary nodular lymphoid tissue A lymphoid follicle containing naive B cells primary follicle primary lymphoid follicle primary lymphoid nodule primary lymphoid nodule of tonsil A primary nodular lymphoid tissue that is part of a tonsil. lymphoid nodule of tonsil internal naris A naris that is located inside the nasal cavity and connects to the pharynx. choana choanae internal choana internal nares internal nostril ciliary processes The ciliary processes are formed by the inward folding of the various layers of the choroid, i.e. , the choroid proper and the lamina basalis, and are received between corresponding foldings of the suspensory ligament of the lens. ciliary process ciliary processes ciliary processes set processus ciliares processus ciliares set of ciliary processes pseudostratified columnar epithelium A simple columnar epithelium that looks stratified but is not, because its cells are arranged with their nuclei at different levels. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Epithelium composed of a single layer of cells, appearing as layered because the column-shaped cells vary in height so the nuclei are at different levels. The basal portions of all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane. It lines the respiratory system and the male reproductive tract. The cilia in the respiratory tract are motile, while the stereocilia in the male reproductive tract are immobile. epithelium pseudostratificatum columnare ciliatum (trachea et bronchi) electroreceptor organ An organ that is capable of detecting electrical stimulus electric sense organ electroreception organ microcirculatory vessel A vessel of the microcirculature, lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries (blood and lymphatic), metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. microcirculatory vessels cavity of bone organ An organ cavity that surrounded_by a bone. bone organ cavity pneumatic cavity of bone air space of bone metanephros induced blastemal cells . cap mesenchyme of metanephros of urinary system induced blastemal cells nephrogenic interstitium nephrogenic interstitium of nephrogenic zone peripheral blastema primitive nephron An epithelial tube that is fated to become a nephron. developing nephron future nephron presumptive nephron primitive nephron metanephros cortex The metanephric cortex is the outer region of the metanephros[GO]. primitive mesonephric nephron Anatomical cluster which give rise to mature mesonephric nephrons. Zebrafish continously generate new mesonephric nephrons. developing mesonephric nephron primitive mesonephric nephron primitive metanephric nephron A primitive nephron that is part of a metanephros. developing metanephric nephron primitive metanephric nephron primitive nephron nephron progenitor mesonephric nephron progenitor Cluster of cells comprising a portion of tissue which gives rise to new mesonephric nephrons. The cluster contains self-renewing stem cells. paired limb/fin segment An appendage segment that is part of a limb/fin. limb/fin segment acropodial skeleton The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the autopodium - i.e. the bones of the digits or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified]. acropodial skeleton acropodium acropodium skeleton digital skeleton digits skeleton phalangeal skeleton set of phalanges skeletal parts of acropodial region skeletal parts of acropodium skeleton of digits pedal digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme. foot digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation foot phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hind limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hindlimb phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pes phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manual digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme. fore limb digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation forelimb phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand digit phalanx pre-cartilage condensation hand phalanx pre-cartilage condensation manus phalanx pre-cartilage condensation pedal digit phalanx cartilage element A cartilage element that is part of a pedal digit mesenchyme. foot digit phalanx cartilage element hind limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation manual digit phalanx cartilage element A cartilage element that is part of a manual digit mesenchyme. fore limb digit phalanx cartilage condensation hand digit phalanx cartilage condensation skeleton of manual acropodium The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the manual autopodium - i.e. the bones of the hands or their cartilaginous precursors[VSAO,modified]. all phalanges in forelimb autopod anterior acropodium anterior acropodium skeleton fore acropodium skeleton hand digit skeleton manual digit skeleton manual phalanges phalanges of hand phalanges of manus set of manual phalanges set of phalanges of hand set of phalanges of manus skeleton of pedal acropodium The subdivision of the skeleton that consists of all the skeletal elements at the distalmost end of the pedal autopodium - i.e. the bones of the foot or their cartilaginous precursors[cjm]. all phalanges in hindlimb autopod foot digit skeleton hind acropodium skeleton pedal phalanges phalanges of foot phalanges of pes posterior acropodium posterior acropodium skeleton set of pedal phalanges set of phalanges of foot set of phalanges of pes phalanx pre-cartilage condensation phalanx cartilage element phalanx cartilage condensation digit mesenchyme Mesenchyme of the digit region. digital ray forelimb zeugopod skeleton The collection of all skeletal elements in an forelimb zeugopod region. antebrachial skeleton antebrachium skeleton anterior zeugopodium anterior zeugopodium skeleton fore epipodium fore epipodium skeleton forearm skeleton forelimb epipodium forelimb epipodium skeleton mesomere 2 of pectoral appendage radius and ulna skeleton of forearm wing zeugopod skeleton appendage girdle complex An organism subdivision that includes both an appendage and its associated girdle region. Note that this includes both the skeletal elements and associated tissues (integument, muscle, etc). appendage complex appendage-girdle complex appendage/girdle complex girdle plus limb or fin limb pectoral complex Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pectoral appendicular skeleton and the pectoral girdle. pectoral appendage/girdle complex pectoral girdle plus anterior limb or fin pectoral girdle plus pectoral limb or fin upper limb upper limb and pectoral girdle upper limb and shoulder pelvic complex Appendage girdle complex that when present, encompasses the pelvic appendicular skeleton and the pelvic girdle. lower limb lower limb and pelvic girdle lower limb and pelvis pelvic appendage/girdle complex pelvic girdle plus pelvic limb or fin pelvic girdle plus posterior limb or fin limb skeleton subdivision Skeletal subdivision that is a segment of the limb skeleton. girdle skeleton The subdivision of the skeleton of either the pectoral or pelvic girdle. skeleton of girdle hindlimb zeugopod skeleton Subdivision of skeleton consisting of all skeletal elements in an hindlimb zeugopod region. Typically consists of the tibia and the fibula. crural skeleton crus skeleton hind epipodium hindlimb epipodium hindlimb zygopod skeleton mesomere 2 of pelvic appendage posterior zeugopodium posterior zeugopodium skeleton skeleton cruris bone of appendage girdle complex A bone that is part of an appendage girdle complex (i.e. any bone in a limb, fin or girdle). bone of extended limb/fin region limb bone bone of pectoral complex A bone that is part of a pectoral complex. Examples: scapula, manus phalanx, any carpal bone, any bone of the pectoral fin. bone of forelimb or pectoral fin or pectoral girdle forelimb bone wing bone bone of pelvic complex A bone that is part of a pelvic complex. Examples: pubis, ischium, fot phalanx, any tarsal bone, any bone of the pelvic fin or girdle. hindlimb bone meningeal cluster The collection of all meningeal layers that line a central nervous system. cerebral meninges cluster of meninges meninges lymph node follicle A lymphoid follicle that is part of a lymph node. follicle of lymph node lymph node secondary follicle A secondary follicle that is located in a lymph node germinal center A collection of activated B cells at the center of a secondary follicle, formed after B cells become activated and migrate to the center. central zone of follice light zone of follicle lymhpoid nodule nodule reaction center of follicle subdivision of organism along appendicular axis A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along an axis perpedicular to the main body anterior-posterior axis. In vertebrates, this is typically a fin or limb segment. In insects, this includes segments of appendages such as antennae, as well as segments of the insect leg. appendage segment appendicular segment tibia cartilage element A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a tibia. tibia pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a tibia. limb cartilage element A skeletal element that is part of a limb and composed of cartilage tissue. limb bone pre-cartilage condensation A skeletal element that is part of a limb and composed of pre-cartilage tissue. forelimb cartilage element A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a forelimb bone. forelimb wing cartilaginous condensation wing cartilaginous condensation forelimb bone pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a forelimb bone. wing bone pre-cartilage condensation hindlimb cartilage element A cartilaginous condensation that has the potential to develop into a hindlimb bone. hindlimb cartilage condensation hindlimb pre-cartilage condensation A pre-cartilage condensation that has the potential to develop into a hindlimb bone. hindlimb pre-cartilage condensation pelvic complex muscle Muscles of the pelvic girdle, hindlimb or pelvic fin. lower limb muscle muscle of lower limb muscle of pelvic girdle and leg pelvic girdle and hind limb muscles pelvic girdle or hind limb muscle pelvic girdle or posterior limb muscle pectoral complex muscle A muscle of a pectoral girdle, pectoral fin or anterior limb. muscle of pectoral girdle and limb muscle of pectoral girdle and wing muscle of upper limb pectoral girdle and fore limb muscles upper limb muscle synchronous hermaphroditic organism Hermaphroditic organism that produces both male and female gametes at the same time. serially hermaphroditic organism simultaneous hermaphroditic organism ossicle Skeletal element that is often isolated, small, and variable in composition. subdivision of skeleton Anatomical cluster consisting of the skeletal elements (i.e. bone elements, cartilage elements, cartilage condensations) that are part of an individual subdivision of the organism. Excludes joints. skeletal subdivision subdivision of skeleton (in vivo) vertebral element Skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. vertebra element vertebra endochondral element vertebra skeletal element vertebral endochondral element craniocervical muscle Any muscle organ that is part of either the head or the neck. muscle of head and neck muscle of head or neck articular cartilage of joint A thin layer of cartilage, usually hyaline, on the articular surface of bones in synovial joints. articular cartilage cartilago articularis hyaline cartilage joint-associated cartilage ligament of knee joint A ligament that is part of a knee joint. knee joint ligament vertebra cartilage element The cartilaginous form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. vertebral cartilage condensation vertebra pre-cartilage condensation The pre-cartilaginous form of a vertebral element, a skeletal element that forms around the notochord and is part of the vertebral column. vertebral pre-cartilage condensation synovial joint of pelvic girdle A synovial joint that is part of a pelvic girdle region. joint of pelvic girdle pelvic girdle joint synovial joint of pectoral girdle A synovial joint that is part of a pectoral girdle region. joint of shoulder girdle pectoral girdle joint nonsynovial joint Joint in which the articulating bones or cartilages are connected by ligaments or fibrocartilage without an intervening synovial cavity. Examples: sagittal suture, inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis, costochondral joint, pubic symphysis. solid joint intervertebral cartilage A cartilage element that lies between two successive vertebral centra. axial skeletal system Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the axial skeleton plus associated joints. postcranial axial skeletal system Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the postcranial axial skeleton plus associated joints. axial skeletal system post-cranial axial skeletal system synovial limb joint Any synovial joint that is part of a (free) limb. synovial joint of free limb segment appendicular ossicle Ossicle that is part of the appendicular skeleton. ossicle of appendicular skeleton upper urinary tract Subdivision of urinary system which consists of the kidney and the ureters. submucosal gland Gland of the lamina epithelialis mucosae which perforate the lamina muscularis, with their adenomeres located in the submucosal connective tissue. facial skeleton Subdivision of skull that consists of the facial bones. facial bone facial skeleton ossa facialia ossa faciei viscerocranium primary subdivision of skull The skull can be divided into two: the neurocranium and the facial skeleton skull subdivision subdivision of skull primary subdivision of cranial skeletal system neurocranium bone A bone that is part of a neurocranium [Automatically generated definition]. chondrocranium bone epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn An epithelium that is part of a crypt of Lieberkuhn. crypt epithelium intestinal crypt epithelium gastrointestinal sphincter A sphincter muscle that is part of the gastrointestinal system lamina propria of large intestine A lamina propria that is part of a large intestine. lamina propria of mucosa of large intestine large intestinal lamina propria large intestine lamina propria parathyroid epithelium An epithelium that is part of a parathyroid gland. muscle layer of large intestine A muscle layer that is part of a large intestine. muscular coat of large intestine muscular layer of large intestine muscularis externa of large intestine tunica muscularis intestini crassi muscle layer of small intestine A muscle layer that is part of a small intestine. muscular coat of small intestine muscular layer of small intestine muscularis externa of small intestine small intestine muscularis propria tunica muscularis (intestinum tenue) tunica muscularis intestini tenuis central nervous system cell part cluster A multi cell part structure that is part of a central nervous system. cell part cluster of neuraxis neuraxis layer organ system subdivision A subdivision of an anatomical system. intra-ocular muscle intrinsic muscle of eyeball intrinsic ocular muscle appendicular skeletal system Subdivision of the skeletal system which consists of the appendicular skeleton plus associated joints. autopod bone A bone that is part of a autopod region. Note that this incudes the carpal and tarsal bones. scent gland Scent glands are exocrine glands found in most mammals. They produce semi-viscous secretions which contain pheromones and other semiochemical compounds. These odor-messengers indicate information such as status, territory marking, mood, and sexual power. The odor may be subliminal-not consciously detectable. Though it is not their primary function, the salivary glands may also function as scent glands in some animals. dorsal trunk The part of the trunk that is in the dorsum[cjm]. back of trunk dorsal part of trunk dorsum of trunk trunk back embryonic skin basal layer basal cell layer of skin outer epithelium of body submucosa of uterine tube The submucous layer of the wall of the uterine tube. submucosa of fallopian tube submucous layer of uterine tube tela submucosa tubae uterinae uterine submucosa white matter of telencephalon A partion of white matter that is part of a telencephalon. This can be further subdivided in some species, for example, into hemisphere white matter and the corpus callosum. predominantly white regional part of telencephalon telencephalic tract/commissure telencephalic tracts telencephalic white matter gray matter of telencephalon A portion of gray matter that is part of a telencephalon. predominantly gray regional part of telencephalon extrinsic tongue pre-muscle mass cranial blood vasculature A blood vasculature that is part of a head. cranial blood vessel cranial blood vessels set of blood vessels of head cranial lymph vasculature A lymph vasculature that is part of a head. cranial lymph vessel cranial lymph vessels cranial lymphatics set of cranial lymphatic vessels set of lymphatic vessels of head prepuce A retractable double-layered fold of skin and mucous membrane that covers the glans penis or clitoris. Glands may also be present. paired limb/fin skeleton The collection of all skeletal elements in an individual limb or fin. limb/fin skeleton skeletal parts of limb/fin skeleton of limb/fin zeugopodial skeleton Section of the forelimb skeleton located between the stylopodium and the autopodium. epipodial skeleton epipodium mesomere 2 mesomere 2 skeleton skeleton of zeugopod zeugopod skeleton zygopodium cell condensation Anatomical structure that is an aggregation of similar cells from which cartilages and bones form, and from which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated during repair and/or regeneration. (Hall and Miyake 1995). pre-dentine Odontogenic tissue that is collagen-rich and characteristic of vertebrate teeth and tooth-like structures (e.g., odontodes) deposited by preodontoblasts and odontoblasts that are typically excluded from the matrix. pre-dentine tissue predentin predentine tissue pre-enamel Odontogenic tissue that is avascular non-mineralized matrix that is deposited by preameloblast and ameloblasts that are excluded from the matrix. pre-enamel tissue preenamel tissue jaw region A subdivision of the head that corresponds to the jaw skeleton, containing both soft tissue, skeleton and teeth (when present). The jaw region is divided into upper and lower regions. gingiva of lower jaw A gingiva that is part of a lower jaw region. gum of lower jaw gum of mandible lower gingiva lower gum lower jaw gingiva lower jaw gum mandibular gum oral epithelium from ectoderm An epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a oral epithelium. subdivision of organism along main body axis A major subdivision of an organism that divides an organism along its main body axis (typically anterio-posterior axis). In vertebrates, this is based on the vertebral column. axial subdivision of organism body segment main body segment embryonic cardiovascular system A cardiovascular system that is part of a conceptus. conceptus cardiovascular system embryonic circulatory system fetal circulatory system nucleus of spinal cord A neural nucleus that is part of the spinal cord. spinal cord nucleus nerve of head region A nerve that is part of a head. cephalic nerve head nerve non-neurogenic ectodermal placode Ectodermal placode that does not develop into a component of the nervous system. skin appendage placode An ectodermal placode that gives rise to any of the cutaneous appendages that protrude from the skin epidermis (heair, feathers, epidermal scales). cutaneous appendage follicle placode skin follicle placode atrioventricular region AV region AV segment An anatomical junction that divides and overlaps with and atrium and a ventricle in the heart. atrial ventricular junction atrioventricular junction atrioventricular segment irregular connective tissue Connective tissue, which consists of a population of connective tissue cells, the intercellular matrix of which contains an irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, mucoid tissue, connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. dense irregular connective tissue Irregular connective tissue is an irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a dense irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: connective tissue of peritoneum, connective tissue of fibrous pericardium. irregular dense connective tissue typus irregularis (textus connectivus collagenosus compactus) dense connective tissue Dense connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen type I. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts, fiber-forming cells, that manufacture the fibers. Dense connective tissue forms strong, rope-like structures such as tendons and ligaments. Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones; ligaments connect bones to bones at joints. Ligaments are more stretchy and contain more elastic fibers than tendons. Dense connective tissue also make up the lower layers of the skin (dermis), where it is arranged in sheets loose connective tissue Irregular connective tissue, the intercellular matrix of which contains a sparse irregular network of collagen and elastic fiber bundles. Examples: areolar tissue, neuroglial tissue, mucoid tissue. textus connectivus collagenosus laxus textus connectivus laxus duct of sebaceous gland A duct that is part of a sebaceous gland. sebaceous gland duct acinus of sebaceous gland An acinus that is part of a sebaceous gland. sebaceous gland acinus acinus of salivary gland An acinus that is part of a salivary gland. salivary gland acinus acinus of lactiferous gland An acinus that is part of a mammary gland. lactiferous gland acinus acinus of lacrimal gland An acinus that is part of a lacrimal gland. lacrimal gland acinus acinus of exocrine gland An acinus that is part of a exocrine gland. exocrine gland acinus collection of collagen fibrils aorta collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of aorta tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity pulmonary collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of pulmonary tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity bone collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity tendon collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of tendon tissue that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity corneal stroma collagen fibril The connective tissue bundles in the extracellular matrix of corneal stroma that are composed of collagen, and play a role in tissue strength and elasticity muscle layer of esophagus A muscle layer that is part of a wall of esophagus. muscle coat of esophagus muscular coat of oesophagus muscular layer of oesophagus tela muscularis (oesophagus) tunica muscularis esophagi tunica muscularis oesophageae anterior uvea Front (ventral) portion of the vascular, pigmentary, or middle coat of the eye, including the ciliary body and the iris. Haller tunica vascula anterior part of uveal tract anterior uveal tract anterior vascular layer of the eyeball anterior vascular tunic of the eye ciliary body and iris tunica vasculosa bulbosa vasculosa oculi ventral uveal tract lumen of vagina A organ cavity that is part of a vagina. vaginal lumen yolk sac blood island masses of developing blood cells attached to endothelium in the yolk sac visceral yolk sac blood island yolk sac blood islands connecting stalk blood islands blood island of umbilical vesicle insula sanguinea vesiculae umbilicalis cochlear basement membrane The the continuous basement membrane found within the membranous labyrinth of the cochlea, known to extend from the limbus, down to the inner sulcus, across the basilar membrane, up to the external sulcus to the spiral prominence and radiating into the spiral ligament ensheathing the root cell processes basement membrane of cochlear labyrinth cochlea basement membrane pilosebaceous unit An epidermal invagination that has as parts a hair follicle, a sebaceous gland, and arrector pili muscle fabrica pilosebacea pilo-sebaceous apparatus pilo-sebaceous unit pilosebaceous apparatus pilosebaceous gland stomach glandular region A region of the stomach that is lined with glandular epithelium. glandular stomach coelom The aggregate of the coelemic cavity lumen plus the membranes that line the lumen. coelem coelomic cavity enterocoelom haemocoelom schizocoelom epithelium-associated lymphoid tissue ingested food A substance that is consumed by the organism for food. segment of autopod digitopodium region A segment of the autopod consisting of both acropodial region and metapodial region, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial region. acropodium (Wagner) manual digitopodium region A digitopodium region that is part of a manus[Obol]. This includes the fingers and metacarpal region, but excludes the carpal region. pedal digitopodium region A digitopodium region that is part of a pes[Obol]. This includes the toes and metatarsal region, but excludes the tarsals region. skeleton of digitopodium A subdivision of the autopod skeleton consisting of both acropodial skeleon and metapodial skeleton, but excluding the mesopodial/basopodial skeleton. digitopodium skeleton of digits skeleton of manual digitopodium A subdivision of the manus skeleton consisting of both manual acropodial skeleton and metacarpal skeleton, but excluding the carpal skeleton. manual digitopodium skeleton of pedal digitopodium A subdivision of the pes skeleton consisting of both pedal acropodial skeleton and metatarsal skeleton, but excluding the tarsal skeleton. pedal digitopodium acoustico-facial VII-VIII ganglion complex acousticofacial ganglion facio-acoustic VII-VIII ganglion complex facio-acoustic ganglion facio-acoustic ganglion complex facio-acoustic ganglion complex VII-VIII head or neck skin A zone of skin that is part of a craniocervical region. urinary bladder vasculature bladder vasculature blood vessel of bladder blood vessels of bladder network of tubes that carries blood through the distensible musculomembranous organ that serves to collect and store urine excreted by the kidneys[MP] set of urinary bladder blood vessels cervical gland glandulae cervicales mucus-secreting glands in the mucosa of the uterine cervix cervical mucosa Lining of the head of the uterus (cervix); contains large branched glands; does not undergo sloughing. cervix glandular epithelium A glandular epithelium that is part of a uterine cervix. cervix columnar epithelium endocervical epithelium The glandular epithelium that lines the endocervix. endocervical glandular epithelium abdominal aorta artery An artery that originates from the abdominal aorta abdominal artery artery of abdomen columnar epithelium An epithelium that consists of columnar epithelial cells. Columnar epithelia are epithelial cells whose heights are at least four times their width. Columnar epithelia are divided into simple (or unilayered), and the rarer stratified (or multi-layered).[WP, modified] meso-epithelium Epithelium that derives from the mesoderm. [Automatically generated definition]. mesoderm-derived epithelium mesoepithelium endometrium glandular epithelium glandular part of endometrium uterine glands uterine glands set gland of nasal mucosa The nasal glands are the seromucous glands in the respiratory region of the nasal mucous membrane. The three major types of nasal glands are anterior serous glands, seromucous glands, and Bowman glands. glandula nasalis glandulae nasales nasal gland chromaffin paraganglion Small bodies containing chromaffin cells occurring outside of the adrenal medulla, most commonly near the sympathetic ganglia and in organs such as the kidney, liver, heart and gonads. chromaffin body chromaffin paraganglia chromaffin paraganglion paraganglion perianal sebaceous gland A holocrine gland that is part of the pilosebaceous unit of a hair located in the area around the anus. circumanal gland perianal gland embryonic cloacal fold One of the pair of mesenchymal swellings (folds) located on either side of the cloacal membrane during the indifferent stage of embryonic development; cranial to the cloacal membrane the folds unite to form the genital tubercle; caudally the folds are subdivided into urogenital folds anteriorly and anal folds posteriorly cloacal fold mucosa of urethra A mucosa that is part of a urethra. mucous membrane of urethra tunica mucosa urethrae urethral mucosa 1st arch maxillary ectoderm ectoderm of maxillary component embryonic facial prominence One of five swellings formed during the development of the face embryonic facial process facial primordium primordium of face vagina orifice The median slit located inferior and posterior to the external urethral orifice in the female; the exit for menstrual flow and birth and the entrance for the penis during sexual intercourse; the size and appearance of the vaginal orifice varies inversely with that of the hymen (G. membrane), a thin fold of mucous membrane that surrounds the vaginal orifice introitus introitus introitus of vagina opening of vagina orifice of vagina ostium vaginae vagina opening vaginal introitus vaginal orifice cervical artery An artery of the neck keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is a stratified squamous epithelium, the cells of which synthesize and accumulate keratin. epithelium stratificatum squamosum cornificatum nasal-associated lymphoid tissue NALT The lymphocytic cell population present in the mucosa of the nasopharyngeal duct of some animals. naso-pharyngeal lymphoid tissue broad ligament of uterus A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. broad ligament broad uterine ligament ligamentum latum uteri perianal skin A zone of skin that is part of the area surrounding the anus. skin of perianal area holocrine gland any exocrine gland whose secretion consists of its own disintegrated secretory cells along with its secretory product; holocrine secretions are produced in the cytoplasm of the cell and released by the rupture of the plasma membrane, which destroys the cell and results in the secretion of the product into the lumen. acropodium region The segment of the autopod that is distal to the metapodial region and consists of the digits. acropodial limb segment acropodial region acropodial segment of autopod set of digits manual acropodium region The segment of the manus that is distal to the metacarpal region and consists of the manual digits (fingers). acropodial hindlimb segment acropodial region of manus acropodial segment of manus all fingers anterior acropodium anterior acropodium region anterior acropodium segment of limb digiti manus digits of hand fingers including thumb fingers set manual acropodium manual acropodium region manual acropodium segment of limb set of digits of hand set of fingers pedal acropodium region The segment of the pes that is distal to the metatarsal region and consists of the pedal digits (toes). acropodial forelimb segment acropodial region of pes acropodial segment of pes all toes digits of foot pedal acropodium region set of toes toes toes set digitopodium bone A bone that is part of a the digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the acropodial skeleton or the metapodial skeleton. digit bone manual digitopodium bone A bone that is part of a the manual digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the fingers or the metacarpal skeleton. bone of forelimb digitopodium pedal digitopodium bone A bone that is part of a the pedal digitopodium skeleton - i.e. the toes or the metatarsal skeleton. bone of hindlimb digitopodium bone of jaw A bone element that is part of a jaw region. jaw bone internal anal region muscle layer of intestine A muscle layer that is part of an intestine. intestinal muscularis propria muscularis externa of intestine smooth muscle of intestine muscle layer of jejunum A muscular coat that is part of a jejunum. jejunal smooth muscle muscularis externa of jejunum muscularis propria of jejunum smooth muscle of jejunum muscle layer of urinary bladder A muscular coat that is part of a urinary bladder. bladder muscular coat muscle layer of urinary bladder muscular coat of bladder muscular coat of urinary bladder muscular layer of bladder muscular layer of urinary bladder tunica musculari vesicae tunica muscularis (vesica urinaria) respiratory system arterial smooth muscle respiratory system venous smooth muscle A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a respiratory system venous blood vessel. layer of microvilli A layer of microvilli, Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments[GO,modified] microvilli microvillus striated border microvillus layer A microvillus layer that is striated and found in the intestine. striated border hematopoietic tissue Blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers and cells. bone marrow tissue haemopoietic tissue hematopoietic tissue hemopoietic tissue textus haemopoieticus tunica fibrosa of eyeball The sclera and cornea form the fibrous tunic of the bulb of the eye; the sclera is opaque, and constitutes the posterior five-sixths of the tunic; the cornea is transparent, and forms the anterior sixth. corneosclera fibrous layer of eyeball fibrous tunic tunica fibrosa endothelium of peritubular capillary A endothelium that is part of a peritubular capillary. peritubular capillary endothelium peritubular endothelium cloacal vent The opening of the cloacal chamber to the outside of the organism. Birds maintain a single cloacal opening throughout their lives. cloacal opening cloacal orifice vent extraembryonic cavity extraembryonic cavities enclosed anatomical space An anatomical space with no opening to another space or to the exterior. closed anatomical space anal tooth Triangular calcified papillae (often five) placed radially around the anus of some Holothuriidae anal teeth calcified anal papilla cloacal tooth perianal tooth external anal region skeleton of pectoral complex The collection of all skeletal elements in a pectoral complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pectoral girdle. bones of upper limb ossa membri superioris pectoral complex skeleton set of bones of upper limb skeleton of anterior limb/fin and girdle upper limb skeleton skeleton of pelvic complex The collection of all skeletal elements in a pelvic complex - i.e. the combination of free limb or fin plus pelvic girdle. bones of lower limb lower limb skeleton ossa membri inferioris pelvic complex skeleton set of bones of lower limb skeleton of posterior limb/fin and girdle cloacal gland A gland that is part of a cloaca. cloacal mucosa A mucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. cloaca mucosa cloaca mucosa of organ cloaca mucous membrane cloaca organ mucosa cloacal mucous membrane mucosa of cloaca mucosa of organ of cloaca mucous membrane of cloaca organ mucosa of cloaca cloacal epithelium An epithelium that is part of a cloaca. cloacal endoderm submucosa of cloaca A submucosa that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. cloaca submucosa cloacal submucosa serosa of cloaca A serous membrane that is part of a cloaca [Automatically generated definition]. cloaca serosa cloaca serous membrane cloacal serosa serous membrane of cloaca visceral peritoneum of cloaca cloacal villus cloacal villi muscle layer of cloaca A muscular coat that is part of a cloaca. muscularis externa of cloaca smooth muscle of cloaca vaginal sphincter A sphincter muscle that is part of a vagina. sphincter of vagina muscle layer of duodenum A muscular coat that is part of a duodenum. duodenal muscularis propria muscularis externa of duodenum muscularis propria of duodenum smooth muscle of duodenum muscle layer of colon A muscular coat that is part of a colon. colon muscularis colonic muscularis propria muscular coat of colon muscular layer of colon muscularis externa of colon tunica muscularis coli muscle layer of anal canal A muscular coat that is part of a anal canal. anal canal muscularis propria anal muscularis propria muscular coat of anal canal muscular layer of anal canal muscularis externa of anal canal muscularis propria of anal canal serosa of appendix A serous membrane that is part of a vermiform appendix. appendiceal serosa appendix serosa serosa of vermiform appendix visceral peritoneum of vermiform appendix serosa of uterine tube A serous membrane that is part of a fallopian tube. serosa of fallopian tube serosa of oviduct serous coat of uterine tube tunica serosa (tuba uterina) tunica serosa tubae uterinae uterine tubal serosa uterine tube serosa serosa of fundus of stomach A serous membrane that is part of a fundus of stomach. visceral peritoneum of fundus of stomach adventitia of esophagus A adventitia that is part of a esophagus. adventitia of oesophagus adventitious layer of esophagus esophageal adventitia esophagus adventitia tunica adventitia (esophagus) tunica adventitia oesophageae umbilical smooth muscle A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a umbilical cord. gastroduodenal junction A anatomical junction that connects a stomach and connects a duodenum. mucosa of gastroduodenal junction A mucosa that is part of a gastroduodenal junction. gastroduodenal mucosa vein of abdomen A vein that is part of a abdomen. abdominal vein ligament of liver A nonskeletal ligament that is part of a liver. hepatic ligament liver ligament systemic vein Any vein within the general circulation that transports blood back to the right atrium of the heart. systemic venous tree organ part hindbrain vesicle rhombencephalic vesicle future brain vesicle brain vesicle early brain vesicle primary brain vesicle primitive brain vesicle secondary brain vesicle foregut-midgut junction gland A gland that is part of a foregut-midgut junction. gland of foregut-midgut junction ovarian cortex cortex of ovary cortex ovarii (zona parenchymatosa) the layer of the ovarian stroma lying immediately beneath the tunica albuginea, composed of connective tissue cells and fibers, among which are scattered primary and secondary (antral) follicles in various stages of development; the cortex varies in thickness according to the age of the individual, becoming thinner with advancing years; included in the follicles are the cumulus oophorus, membrana granulosa (and the granulosa cells inside it), corona radiata, zona pellucida, and primary oocyte; the zona pellucida, theca of follicle, antrum and liquor folliculi are also contained in the follicle; also in the cortex is the corpus luteum derived from the follicles. ovarian medulla highly vascular stroma found in the center of the ovary that forms from embryonic mesenchyme and contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves; this stroma forms the tissue of the hilum by which the ovarian ligament is attached, and through which the blood vessels enter; it does not contain any ovarian follicles. medulla of ovary medulla ovarii (zona vasculosa) zona vasculosa of Waldeyer sweat gland of eyelid Glands of Moll, also known as ciliary glands, are modified apocrine sweat glands that are found on the margin of the eyelid. They are next to the base of the eyelashes, and anterior to the Meibomian glands within the distal eyelid margin. These glands are relatively large and tubular-shaped. The glands of Moll are named after Dutch oculist Jacob Anton Moll (1832-1914). Glands of Moll empty into the adjacent lashes. Glands of Moll and Zeis secrete lipid that adds to the superficial layer of the tear film, retarding evaporation. The glands of Moll are prone to infection and blockage of its duct with sebum and cell debris. Blockage of the gland's duct causes swelling which can manifest itself as a stye. Moll's gland ciliary gland ciliary gland of moll ciliary sweat gland of eyelid gland of Moll eyelid gland Any gland that is part of an eyelid. This includes sebaceous glands (Zeis gland, tarsal gland) and sweat glands (Moll's gland). gland of eyelid sebaceous gland of eyelid Any of the sebaceous glands that are in the eyelid. Examples: gland of Zeis (services eyelashes), gland of Meibom (tarsal gland - unconnected to eyelids). serous acinus The secretory unit of a serous gland. The acinar portion is composed of serous secreting cells. acinus of serous gland embryonic urethral groove The precursor of the urethra sulcus urethralis primarius urethral groove urethral sulcus male paramesonephric duct A epithelial tube that develops from a Mullerian duct in a male. Later degenerates. degenerating mesonephric portion of male paramesonephric duct diaphysis of tibia A diaphysis that is part of a tibia. body of the tibia body of tibia corpus tibiae shaft of tibia shaft of tibia tibial diaphysis choroidal gland A gland that is part of a optic choroid. cecal tonsil A thickened round patch of lymphoid tissue located at the ileocecal junction adjacent to the sacculus rotundus. caecal tonsil cecal GALT lung endothelium A blood vessel endothelium that is part of a lung [Automatically generated definition]. respiratory endothelium crypt of Lieberkuhn of ileum An intestinal crypt that is located in the ileum. ileal crypt ileal crypt of Lieberkuhn ileal intestinal crypt crypt of Lieberkuhn of duodenum An intestinal crypt that is located in the duodenum. duodenal crypt duodenal crypt of Lieberkuhn crypt of Lieberkuhn of jejunum An intestinal crypt that is located in the jejunum. jejunal crypt jejunal crypt of Lieberkuhn crypt of Lieberkuhn of colon An intestinal crypt that is located in the colon. The colonic crypts of Lieberkühn are straight and unbranched and lined largely with goblet cells. colonic crypt colonic crypt of Lieberkuhn crypt of Lieberkuhn of appendix An intestinal crypt that is located in the appendix. appendiceal crypt appendiceal crypt of Lieberkuhn cloacal sphincter A sphincter muscle that is part of a cloaca. sphincter cloacae space surrounding organism The space that surrounds an organism. external to organism outside of body subdivision of oviduct A section through the tube or network of tubes that connects the ovaries to the outside of the body. subdivision of fallopian tube subdivision of oviduct subdivision of uterine tube uterine tube zone zone of uterine tube subdivision of tube otocyst lumen A anatomical cavity that is part of a ear vesicle. lumen of otocyst sesamoid element Ossicle that develops within bands of dense, regular connective tissue (e.g., tendons and ligaments). Sesamoids are generally located proximate to a bony prominence, over which the dense regular connective tissue wraps, and/or a joint or articulation. sesamoid epithelium of intestinal villus A epithelium that is part of a intestinal villus. intestinal villus epithelium villous epithelium villus epithelium foramen of skull Anatomical space that is an opening in a bone of the skull. cranial conduit cranial foramen foramen of skull foramina of the skull anatomical conduit space An anatomical space which is the lumen of some anatomical conduit and connects two or more spaces together[FMA,modified]. foramen space tonsil germinal center A germinal center that is part of a tonsil. tonsil reaction center appendix lymphoid tissue Lymphoid tissue located in the appendix. appendix lymphoid lymphatic tissue of appendix lymphatic tissue of vermiform appendix brain endothelium Vascular endothelium found in blood vessels of the blood-brain-barrier. cerebromicrovascular endothelium colon endothelium Vascular endothelium found in colon blood vessels. colon endothelial cell colon endothelial cells colonic endothelial cell colonic endothelium colorectal endothelial cell colorectal endothelium tonsil epithelium The epithelium that forms the surface of the tonsil dips into the underlying connective tissue in numerous places, forming crypts kown as tonsillar crypts. Stratified squamous epithelium, that may be heavily infiltrated by lymphocytes. Epithelial cells are present in the germinal as well as in the periphery of the nodule. epithelium of tonsil tonsil epithelial cell exocrine pancreas epithelium Epithelium lining the exocrine pancreas. epithelium of exocrine pancreas exocrine pancreas epithelial cell axial musculature Musculature of the head and neck, spine, and ribs. main body axis A principle subdivision of an organism that includes all structures along the primary axis, typically the anterior-posterior axis, from head to tail, including structures of the body proper where present (for example, ribs), but excluding appendages. body proper The region of the organism associated with the visceral organs. body whole body integumentary projection Anatomical projection that is part of the integumentl system. skin projection notochordal canal A tubular passage that extends from the primitive pit into the head process during the early stages of embryonic development in mammals. It perforates the splanchnopleure layer so that the yolk sac and the amnion are connected temporarily. chordal canal metaphysis of tibia A metaphysis that is part of a tibia. tibial metaphysis integumentary system layer A organ component layer that is part of a integumental system. layer of skin skin layer arterial blood A blood that is part of a artery. arterial blood blood in artery portion of arterial blood venous blood A blood that is part of a vein. blood in vein portion of venous blood venous blood capillary blood A blood that is part of a capillary. blood in capillary portion of blood in capillary portion of capillary blood cervical os One of two openings in the uterine cervix. cervical opening uterine cervix opening digestive system element Any of the organs or elements that are part of the digestive system. Examples: tongue, esophagus, spleen, crop, lunge feeding organ, tooth elements. digestive organ digestive system organ great vessel of heart Great vessels is a term used to refer collectively to the large vessels that bring blood to and from the heart. great vessel great vessel of thorax uterine lumen A organ cavity that is part of a uterus. cavity of uterus uterine cavity uterine space skin of palmar/plantar part of autopod A zone of skin that is part of a palmar/plantar part of autopod. skin of sole of pes A zone of skin that is part of a skin of pes. plantar skin of foot skin of plantar part of foot skin of sole of foot future telencephalon Embryonic structure that gives rise to the telencephalon. presumptive telencephalon mesenchyme derived from neural crest Mesenchyme that develops_from the neural crest[Automatically generated definition]. mesenchyme from neural crest neural crest derived mesenchyme neural crest mesenchyme kidney collecting duct epithelium The simple cuboidal epithelium lining the lumen of kidney collecting ducts. collecting duct of renal tubule epithelium epithelium of collecting duct of renal tubule epithelium of renal collecting tubule muscle layer of ileum A muscular coat that is part of a ileum. ileal smooth muscle muscularis externa of ileum muscularis propria of ileum smooth muscle of ileum palmar/plantar sweat gland A sweat gland that is part of the skin of the palmar part of the manus or plantar part of the pes palm sweat gland palm/sole sweat gland palmar eccrine sweat gland palmar/plantar eccrine sweat gland sweat gland of palmar part of manus sweat gland of palmar/plant part of autopod renal venous blood vessel Any member of the network of tubes that return blood from the renal tissues to the systemic circulation. kidney venous blood vessel kidney venous system venous blood vessel of kidney sex-specific anatomical structure A part of the body present only in a specific gender. gender-specific gender-specific anatomical structure sex-specific male anatomical structure A part of the body present only in males. male-specific male-specific structure female anatomical structure A part of the body present only in females. gustatory epithelium of tongue A gustatory epithelium that is part of a tongue. lingual gustatory epithelium subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue Subcutaneous adipose tissue that is located in the abdominal region. abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue subcutaneous abdominal fat subcutaneous fat of abdominal region white matter lamina of neuraxis lamina of neuraxis neuraxis lamina white matter lamina of diencephalon diencephalon lamina lamina of diencephalon white matter lamina of cerebral hemisphere cerebral hemisphere lamina lamina of cerebral hemisphere white matter lamina of cerebellum The white laminae of cerebellum is subdivision of the cerebellar cortex comprised of myelinated axons lying deep to the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. isthmus cinguli isthmus gyri cingulatus isthmus gyri cinguli isthmus of gyrus fornicatus isthmus of the cingulate gyrus isthmus-2 lamina alba of cerebellar cortex laminae albae of cerebellar cortex laminae albae of cerebellar cortex white lamina of cerebellum white laminae of cerebellum white matter of medulla oblongata A white matter that is part of a medulla oblongata. medullary white matter substantia alba medullae oblongatae white matter of medulla white substance of medulla frontonasal process epithelium A epithelium that is part of a frontonasal prominence. anal membrane ectodermal component A unilaminar epithelium that develops_from a ectoderm and is part of a anal region. primitive renal collecting duct system metanephros primitive collecting ducts primitive collecting duct interlobular duct A duct that is located between lobules, within the thin connective tissue septa that separate lobules. All interlobular ducts are excretory. mucous acinus The secretory unit of a mucous gland. The acinar portion is composed of mucous secreting cells. acinus of mucuous gland mucus acinus intralobular duct A duct that is located within a lobule, with no more connective tissue intervening between ducts and secretory units (i.e., acini or tubules) than between adjacent secretory units. Intercalated and striated ducts are intralobular intralobular ductule interlobar duct A duct that is located between lobes, within conspicuous, thick connective tissue septa that separate lobes. All interlobar ducts are excretory. intralobular ductule prosomere A neuromere that is part of the presumptive forebrain forebrain neuromere forebrain segment future prosencephalon segment of forebrain midbrain neuromere A neuromere that is part of the presumptive midbrain future mesencephalon mesomere mesomere group mesomere of nervous system midbrain segment neuromere of mesomere group segment of midbrain spinal neuromere A neuromere that is part of the presumptive spinal cord spinal cord metameric segment spinal cord segment spinal neuromeres cloacal muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a cloaca. lingual septum The lingual septum consists of a vertical layer of fibrous tissue, extending throughout the entire length of the median plane of the tongue, though not quite reaching the dorsum. It is thicker behind than in front, and occasionally contains a small fibrocartilage, about 6 mm. in length. It is well displayed by making a vertical section across the organ. median fibrous septum septum of tongue septum of tongue tongue septum musculature of forelimb stylopod Any collection of muscles that is part of the forelimb stylopod region [Automatically generated definition]. arm musculature muscle group of arm musculature of arm set of muscles of arm musculature of pelvic complex Any collection of muscles that is part of a pelvic complex. The pelvic complex comprises the pelvic girdle and the associated limb or fin. muscles of lower limb musculature of lower limb musculi membri inferioris musculature of pectoral complex Any collection of muscles that is part of a pectoral complex. The pectoral complex comprises the pectoral girdle and the associated limb or fin. muscles of upper limb musculature of upper limb musculi membri superioris set of muscles of upper limb upper limb musculature pectoral appendage muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a pectoral appendage (forelimb or pectoral fin). pelvic appendage muscle Any muscle organ that is part of a pelvic appendage (hindlimb or pelvic fin). brainstem white matter White matter that is part of a brainstem [Automatically generated definition]. brain stem white matter brainstem tract/commissure brainstem tracts brainstem tracts and commissures skeletal muscle organ A muscle organ that consists of skeletal muscle tissue ensheathed in epimysium, that develops from myotome and that is innervated by some somatic motor neuron. Skeletal muscles are typically attached (via a tendon) to a bone but there are exceptions (e.g. intrinsic tongue muscles). skeletal muscle primordial vasculature A portion of tissue that will develop into vasculature. intersomitic vessel One of the primary blood vessel sprouts that originate from the dorsal aorta and posterior cardinal vein and align dorsoventrally at the myotomal boundaries between somites. intersegmental vessel intersegmental vessels intersomitic blood vessel intersomitic vessels segmental vessel tibia endochondral element The major preaxial endochondral element in the posterior zeugopod[Phenoscape]. tibia element tibia skeletal element forelimb endochondral element A forelimb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. forelimb skeletal element hindlimb endochondral element A hindlimb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. hindlimb bone skeletal element phalanx endochondral element A phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. phalanx element phalanx skeletal element manual digit phalanx endochondral element A manual digit phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. manual digit phalanx element manual digit phalanx skeletal element pedal digit phalanx endochondral element A pedal digit phalanx bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. pedal digit phalanx element pedal digit phalanx skeletal element femur endochondral element A femur bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. femur element femur skeletal element limb endochondral element A limb bone or its cartilage or pre-cartilage precursor. limb bone endochondral element limb bone skeletal element autopod endochondral element A endochondral element that is part of a autopod region. autopod cartilage A autopod endochondral element that is composed primarily of cartilage tissue. subepicardial layer of epicardium perimysial connective tissue of subepicardium subepicardial connective tissue epicardial fat Visceral intrapericardial fat contiguous with the myocardial surface. epicardial adipose tissue pericardial adipose tissue connective tissue of prostate gland A portion of connective tissue that is part of a prostate gland. connective tissue of prostate gland of ocular region A gland that is typically found in or near the orbital region, in or around either the medial or lateral canthi, and is typically associated with secretions onto the eyeball or associated ducts. Includes the Harderian, nictitans and lacrimal glands. ocular gland orbital gland lateral gland of orbital region A gland that is located in or around the ocular region, nearer the outer canthi. lateral ocular gland lateral orbital gland multi-unit eye An eye consisting of multiple light-sensing organs endometrial blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a endometrium. blood vessel of endometrium neck of tooth The slightly constricted part of a tooth, between the crown and the root. cervical margin of tooth cervical zone of tooth cervix dentis cervix of tooth collumn dentis dental neck tooth neck lateral structure Any structure that is placed on one side of the left-right axis of a bilaterian. circulatory organ A hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, contributes to the circulation of lymph, blood or analogs. Examples: a chambered vertebrate heart; the tubular peristaltic heart of ascidians; the dorsal vessel of an insect; the lymoh heart of a reptile. cardiac pump cardiac structure circulatory vessel heart heart or heart like organ digit skin A zone of skin that is part of a digit [Automatically generated definition]. modified sebaceous gland respiratory system basement membrane A basement membrane of epithelium that is part of a respiratory system. heart plus pericardium heart/pericardium urethra mesenchymal layer A mesenchyme that is part of a urethra. ureteral valve A valve that is part of a ureter. ureteral valve valve or ureter subcutaneous lymph node A lymph node that is part of a hypodermis. axilla skin A zone of skin that is part of a axilla. FMA:37322 MA:0003087 axillary skin skin of axilla A zone of skin that is part of a axilla. OBOL:automatic nose skin A zone of skin that is part of a external nose. external nasal skin skin of external nose skin of nose choledocho-duodenal junction choledochoduodenal junction hat part of the duodenal wall traversed by the ductus choledochus, ductus pancreaticus, and ampulla. anal canal epithelium A epithelium that is part of a anal canal. anal canal epithelium epithelium of anal canal heterogeneous tissue portion of heterogeneous tissue epithelium of duct of salivary gland A epithelium that is part of a duct of salivary gland. epithelium of salivary duct salivary duct epithelium salivary ductal epithelium smooth muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue A smooth muscle tissue that is part of a hypodermis. muscle layer in fatty layer of subcutaneous tissue stratum musculosum panniculi adiposi telae subcutaneae upper respiratory conduit Any anatomical conduit which is part of the upper respiratory tract respiratory conduit olfactory apparatus chamber An anatomical chamber that is part of the olfactory apparatus, consisting of cavity walls (nasal epithelium and mucosal layers) and the space bounded anteriorly by the nares and posteriorly by the choanae, when these structures are present. cranial or facial muscle cranial-facial muscle cranial/facial muscle cranio-facial muscle craniofacial muscle autopod skin A zone of skin that is part of a autopod region. paw skin digit connective tissue A portion of connective tissue that is part of a digit. liver blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a liver. hepatic blood vessel ear epithelium A epithelium that is part of a ear. eye epithelium A epithelium that is part of a camera-type eye. middle ear epithelium A epithelium that is part of a middle ear. outer ear epithelium A epithelium that is part of a external ear. obsolete brainstem reticular formation true foregut epithelium A epithelium that is part of a foregut. duodenum lamina propria A lamina propria that is part of a duodenum. duodenal lamina propria lamina propria mucosae of duodenum lamina propria of duodenum visceral abdominal lymph node lymph node of head A lymph node that is part of a head. facial lymph node Any of the lymph nodes that are part of a face. buccal lymph node lymph node of lower limb A lymph node that is part of a hindlimb. lymph node of upper limb A lymph node that is part of a forelimb. pulmonary capillary A capillary that is part of a lung. capillary of lung male breast A breast that is part of a male organism. mamma masculina chest wall Subdivision of thorax which includes all structures from the skin to the costal pleura. Examples: There is only one chest wall. liver stroma A stroma that is part of a liver. hepatic stroma stroma of liver bronchial lymph node A lymph node that is part of a bronchus. auditory system is the sensory system for the sense of hearing. vertebral centrum element Skeletal element that functionally replaces the notochord[VSAP,modified]. centre vertébral@fr centrum centrum of vertebra périchorde@fr epithelium of male urethra A epithelium that is part of a male urethra. male urethral epithelium urethral epithelium of male lamina propria of fundus of stomach A lamina propria that is part of a mucosa of fundus of stomach. lamina propria mucosae of fundus of stomach lumen of duodenum A anatomical space that is part of a duodenum. doudenal lumen duodenal lumen cavity of left ventricle left ventricular cavity luminal space of the left ventricle of the heart. lumen of jejunum A anatomical space that is part of a jejunum. jejunal lumen jejunum lumen epithelium of female urethra A epithelium that is part of a female urethra. female urethral epithelium urethral epithelium of female lobe of cerebral hemisphere Subdivision of telencephalon which is one of a number of subdivisions of each hemisphere separated by both real landmarks (sulci and fissures) and arbitrary boundaries[FMA,modified]. cerebral cortical segment cerebral hemisphere lobe cerebral lobe lobe of cerebral cortex lobe parts of cerebral cortex lobes of the brain lobi cerebri regional organ part of cerebral cortex segment of cerebral cortex white matter of cerebral lobe cortex of cerebral lobe Grey matter neocortex region of a lobe of the cerebral hemisphere. cortex of cerebral hemisphere lobe cortex of lobe of cerebral hemisphere gray matter of lobe of cerebral hemisphere neocortical part of cerebral hemisphere white matter of limbic lobe A white matter of cerebral lobe that is part of a limbic lobe. limbic cortex cortex of limbic lobe gray matter of limbic lobe limbic lobe cortex pharyngeal ectoderm The external part of the developing pharynx that is made of ectoderm. During vertebrate development, pockets form in pharyngeal ectoderm between the pharyngeal arches. central nervous system gray matter layer A layer of of the central nervous system that is part of gray matter. CNS gray matter layer CNS grey matter layer gray matter layer of neuraxis grey matter layer grey matter layer of neuraxis central nervous system white matter layer A layer of of the central nervous system that is composed of white matter. CNS white matter layer white matter layer white matter layer of neuraxis spinal cord column white matter of midbrain A white matter that is part of the midbrain. mesencephalic white matter cerebral blood vessel A blood vessel that is part of a cerebellum. pit An roughly circular indentation in a surface. lamina of gray matter of spinal cord rexed lamina auditory hillocks, pharyngeal arch 1 derived A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arch 1 that develop into the tragus, crus of the helix, and helix. auditory hillocks, pharyngeal arch 2 derived A collection of protruberances derived from pharyngeal arch 2 that develop into the concha, antihelix and antitragus. skin scent gland A scent gland that is part of the skin cutaneous scent gland interdigital gland A skin gland found in the interdigital region of some mammals interdigital sinus future central nervous system Primordium that develops into the central nervous system future CNS presumptive central nervous system future nervous system Primordium that develops into the nervous system presumptive nervous system epithelium of terminal part of digestive tract Epithelium lining the distalmost portion of the digestive tract. rectum epithelium muscle tissue of terminal part of digestive tract Any muscle tissue of the distalmost portion of the digestive tract. rectum muscle rectum muscle structure entire extraembryonic component The part of the conceptus that may be lost before birth or will be discarded at birth, or when the embryo becomes an independent organism. extra-embryonic component extraembryonic component transitional anatomical structure An embryonic anatomical entity that will turn into one or more other anatomical entities, perhaps with other anatomical entities, later in development. developing mesenchymal structure A mesenchyme-derived anatomical entity undergoing a transtion to become another structure. abdominal viscera A viscus that is part of a abdomen. abdominal viscera abdominal viscera set set of abdominal viscera muscle layer of rectum A muscle layer that is part of the rectum muscular coat of rectum muscularis externa of rectum rectal muscularis propria tunica muscularis (rectum) tunica muscularis recti rectum smooth muscle tissue Any portion of smooth muscle tissue that is part of the rectum rectal smooth muscle tissue rectum smooth muscle smooth muscle of rectum ligament of middle ear A ligament that is part of a middle ear. pulmonary part of lymphatic system An organ system subdivision that is the part of the lymphoid system that includes the pulmonary lymphatic vessels. pulmonary lymphatic chain pulmonary lymphatic vasculature pulmonary lymphatic vessel A lymphatic vessel that is part of a lung. lymphatic vessel of lung axillary sweat gland A sweat gland that is part of a axilla. axillary apocrine sweat gland sweat gland of axilla stroma of pancreas A stroma that is part of a pancreas. pancreatic stroma capsule of pancreas A capsule that divides the parenchyma of the pancreas into lobes and lobules pancreatic capsule rhombomere boundary A boundary delimiting a rhombomere. rhombomere junction skeletal musculature submucosa of digestive tract Any portion of submucosa that lines the digestive tract. layer of muscle tissue Any organ component layer that consists of muscle tissue. muscular coat of digestive tract A muscular coat that is part of a digestive tract. muscular layer of digestive tract muscularis externa of digestive tract tunica externa of digestive tract tunica muscularis of digestive tract adrenal tissue Tissue that is part of some adrenal gland adrenal gland tissue forelimb feather A feather that is part of a forelimb. feather of forelimb breast feather A feather that is part of a the upper ventral region of an animal's torso. feather of breast feather of mammary region feather of upper chest feather of upper ventral region dorsal feather A feather that is part of a the dorsal region of an animal's torso. feather of back feather of dorsum cardiac muscle tissue of ventricle ventricular cardiac muscle tissue ventricular heart muscle ventricular muscle neck of bone element bone neck neck of bone the neck region of a bone organ. heart vasculature An interconnected tubular multi-tissue structure that contains fluid that is actively transported around the heart. cardiac vasculature hindlimb feather A feather that is part of a hindlimb. feather of hindlimb crural feather A feather that is part of a hindlimb zeugopod. tibial feather bladder organ A membranous sac in animals that serves as the receptacle of a liquid or contains gas. bladder reproductive system mucosa genital mucosa intramuscular adipose tissue Adipose tissue which is located throughout skeletal muscle and is responsible for the marbling seen in certain cuts of beef. In humans, excess accumulation of intramuscular fat is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. intramuscular fat carotid artery endothelium carotid endothelium carotid epithelium mucous gland of lung bronchial gland bronchial mucous gland peribronchial gland skin epithelium Any region of epithelium that is part of a skin region. chorioretinal region The part of the eye that consists of both the retina and the optic choroid chorioretina choroid and retina retinachoroid retinachoroidal region white matter of hindbrain A white matter that is part of the hindbrain. white matter of forebrain A white matter that is part of the forebrain. white matter of myelencephalon A white matter that is part of the myelencephalon. myelencephalic white matter gray matter of hindbrain gray matter of the hindbrain gray matter of forebrain gray matter of midbrain gray matter of diencephalon white matter of metencephalon sensory organ epithelium nose epithelium epithelium of external nose Epithelial layer that is part of the external part of the nose. epithelium of skin of external nose exocrine gland of integumental system An exocrine gland that is part of a integumental system. integumental exocrine gland integumental system exocrine gland epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of small intestine epithelium of small intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn wall of small intestinal crypt of Lieberkuhn epithelium of crypt of Lieberkuhn of large intestine lacrimal gland bud the single bud-like invagination of the conjunctival fornix epithelium at the temporal aspect of the eye that signals lacrimal gland formation (Int Rev Cytol. 1996;168:1-80. Cell biology of the harderian gland) splenic arteriole nervous system cell part layer Single layer of a laminar structure, identified by different density, arrangement or size of cells and processes arranged in flattened layers or lamina[CUMBO]. lamina layer visceral serous membrane Serous membrane layer that is adjacent to and lines an organ. visceral wall of serous membrane parietal serous membrane Serous membrane layer that lines to a body cavity. cavity lining parietal wall of serous membrane mesentery of ileum ileal mesentery ileum mesentery mesoileum placenta blood vessel A blood vessel of the placenta. placental vessel male mammary gland duct A mammary gland duct that is part of a male organism. This structure typically regresses. white matter of the cerebellar cortex White matter that lies deep to the granular cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains afferents to the cerebellar cortex and axons that run between the cerebellar cortex and the deep cerebellar nuclei. white matter of the cerebellar cortex developing neuroepithelium An embryonic or larval epithelium that is committed to form part of the nervous system. embryonic neuroepithelium neurepithelium neuroepithelium proliferating neuroepithelium An epithelium that is undergoing proliferation to provide large numbers of neuronal cells. differentiating neuroepithelium A neuroepithelium some of whose cells are undergoing terminal differentiation to become neuronal cells. spinal cord ventricular layer spinal cord lateral wall ventricular layer cranial neuron projection bundle Any of the cranial nerves, or their central nervous system analogs (the optic tract, the epiphyseal tract). These analogs are not true nerves, and are instead evaginated sensory afferents emanating from the brain cranial nerve fiber bundle cranial nerve fiber tract cranial nerve or tract neuron projection bundle from brain autonomic nerve The splanchnic nerves are paired nerves that contribute to the innervation of the viscera, carrying fibers of the autonomic nervous system as well as sensory fibers from the organs. All carry sympathetic fibers except for the pelvic splanchnic nerves, which carry parasympathetic fibers. nervus visceralis visceral nerve sympathetic nerve morphological feature A part of an organism or organ that is continuous with its surroundings and distinguished from its surroundings based on morphology. lymphomyeloid tissue future pituitary gland pituitary primordium multi organ part structure An multicellular anatomical structure that has subparts of multiple organs as a part. anatomical cluster cell cluster A cluster of cells, largely surrounded by a morphological boundary. disconnected anatomical group Material anatomical entity consisting of multiple anatomical structures that are not connected to each other. anatomical collection A collection of anatomical structures that are alike in terms of their morphology or developmental origin. anatomical row An anatomical collection that is arranged in a line. external soft tissue zone A region or zone on the surface of an organism that encompasses skin and any adnexa, down through muscles and bounded by underlying skeletal support structures. epithelium of biliary system The epithelial layer covering the biliary system. This includes the epithelium of the gallbladder (when present) as well as the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. biliary epithelium biliary system epithelium biliary tract epithelium layer of smooth muscle tissue Any organ component layer that consists of smooth muscle tissue. zone of organ organ region with floating fiat boundary organ sector organ zonal region organ zone epithelial layer of duct duct epithelium ductal epithelium paraganglion (generic) A cluster of neuroendocrine cells derived from neural crest. Paraganglia may be chromaffin or nonchromaffin paraganglia jaw mesenchyme Mesenchyme that is part of a developing jaw [Automatically generated definition]. outer renal medulla loop of Henle loop of Henle, outer medullary portion renal medulla loop of Henle loop of Henle of renal medulla loop of Henle, medullary portion eyelid epithelium An epithelium that is part of an eyelid [Automatically generated definition]. naris epithelium An epithelium that is part of a naris [Automatically generated definition]. jaw epithelium excretory duct of salivary gland Any of the interlobular excretory ducts of a salivary gland which are found in the connective tissue septa and formed by the union of several intralobular striated (secretory) ducts[MP,generalized]. excretory duct interlobular duct of salivary gland duct of eccrine sweat gland ductal part of eccrine sweat gland duct of apocrine sweat gland ductal part of apocrine sweat gland thymus subunit lobe or lobule of thymus manus cartilage element hand cartilage condensation pes cartilage element foot cartilage condensation neck of gallbladder The narrowest portion of the gallbladder and distal to the cystic duct. cervix of gallbladder gallbladder neck prostatic capsule The membrane the surrounds the prostate gland. capsule of prostate capsule of prostate gland left cardiac chamber Any chamber of the left side of the heart right cardiac chamber Any chamber of the right side of the heart lateral line sense organ cartilage of external acoustic meatus cartilage of acoustic meatus cartilage of auditory canal cartilago meatus acustici external acoustic meatus cartilage ocular adnexa The parts of the orbital region that are outside of the the eyeball, including the lacrimal apparatus, the extraocular muscles and the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows and the conjunctiva accessory parts of orbital region accessory visual structures accessory visual structures set adnexa oculi adnexal parts of orbital region appendage of eye appendages of the eye eye adnexa set of accessory visual structures structurae oculi accessoriae cavity of cardiac chamber cardiac chamber cavity heart cavity heart lumen pulmonary lymph node intrapulmonary lymph node pulmonary node intrapulmonary bronchus future mouth The primordial mouth region of the developing head. primitive mouth primordial mouth muscle layer of sigmoid colon A muscle layer that is part of the sigmoid colon muscularis externa of sigmoid colon muscularis propria of sigmoid colon sigmoid colon muscularis propria sigmoideum muscularis tunica muscularis colon sigmoideum serous cavity pericardial fat The sum of epicardial and paracardial fat deposits. visceral fat Any fat deposit surrounding a visceral organ. peritoneal sac A serous sac that is the aggregate of the peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity, located in the abdominal cavity. peritoneal component wall of blood vessel blood vessel wall vascular wall regurgitated substance A bodily fluid consisting of the contents of the digestive tract expulsed through the anterior portion of the digestive tract. regurgitate respiratory primordium epithelium respiratory primordium mesenchyme respiratory primordium associated mesenchyme cardiopharyngeal field An region of the mesoderm that includes anterior lateral mesoderm of the first heart field plus contiguous pharyngeal mesoderm that gives rise to second-heart-field-derived regions of the heart and branchiomeric muscles. skin appendage follicle An organ subunit in the skin that gives rise to cutaneous appendage. cutaneous appendage follicle follicle skin follicle rectosigmoid junction An anatomical junction that is between the sigmoid colon and rectum. rectosigmoid region anatomical surface region Material anatomical entity that forms the outermost boundary of an anatomical structure. skin of face A zone of skin that is part of the face. face skin facial skin spleen pulp Malpighian corpuscles The parenchyma of the spleen, consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages. It lies between the splenic trabecula. Red pulp is the part suffused with blood and white pulp consists of areas of lymphatic tissue where there are sleeves of lymphocytes and macrophages. pulp of spleen splenic pulp parenchyma of spleen A parenchyma that is part of a spleen. splenic parenchyma lateral line ganglion Ganglion that develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate a lateral line. LLG lateral line ganglia posterior lateral line nerve Cranial nerve which enters the brain between cranial nerves VIII and IX; contains afferents and sensory efferents to the posterior lateral line ganglion and middle ganglion. Fibers from the posterior lateral line ganglion innervate the occipital dorsal lateral line and trunk lateral lines. caudal lateral line nerve lateral line primordium lateral line primordia llp anterior lateral line nerve Cranial nerve which enters the brain between cranial nerves VI and VII; contains afferents and sensory efferents to the anterior lateral line ganglia. rostral lateral line nerve posterior lateral line placode posterior lateral line ganglion The posterior lateral line ganglion develops from a cranial ectodermal placode and contains sensory neurons that innervate the posterior lateral line system. anterior lateral line placode Dorsolateral placode that gives rise to the anterior lateral line. anterior lateral line placodes pre-auditory lateral line placode anterior lateral line ganglion The anteror lateral line ganglia develops from cranial ectodermal placodes and contain sensory neurons that innervate the anterior lateral line system. anterior lateral line ganglia primitive olfactory epithelium anterior lateral line system The anterior lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes, situated between the eye and the ear, that give rise to both the neuromasts and the anterior lateral line sensory nerves that innervate the neuromasts. The anterior lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians and are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project to the hindbrain. The anterior lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. anterior lateral line The anterior lateral line consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians. The anterior lateral line develops from cranial ectodermal placodes situated between the eye and ear. posterior lateral line system The posterior lateral line system develops from cranial ectodermal placodes, situated behind the ear, that give rise to both the neuromasts and the posterior lateral line sensory nerves that innervate the neuromasts. The posterior lateral line system consists of small sensory patches (neuromasts) located superficially on the skin or just under the skin in fluid-filled canals on the head of all fishes and most amphibians. The neuromasts are innervated by several lateral line nerves, which project primarily to the hindbrain. The posterior mechanosensory lateral line system is stimulated by local water displacements and vibrations, and detects propulsion of the fish through the water, as well as facilitating shoaling, prey capture, and predator and obstacle avoidance. anterior lateral line primordium A migrating group of cells originating from an anterior lateral line placode. The primordium deposits neuromasts and interneuromasts between them during its migration. anterior lateral line primordia fenestrated capillary Capillary that has pores in the endothelial cells (60-80 nm in diameter) that are spanned by a diaphragm of radially oriented fibrils and allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse fenestrated blood vessel endothelium fenestrated capillary vessel preplacodal ectoderm Non neural ectoderm that surrounds the presumptive neural plate and gives rise to neurogenic placodes. external integument structure Structures of the dermis, epidermis, glands and pigment cells recognizable on the external surfaces of the integument. head external integument structure Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the external head integument. body external integument structure Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the body integument. limb external integument structure Dermal, epidermal, glandular and pigment structures of the limb integument. vasculature of respiratory integument Blood vessels in respiratory skin. mineralized skeletal tissue Skeletal tissue that is mineralized. mineralized tissue skeletal element projection Anatomical projection that is composed of bone or cartilage tissue. surface of bone An anatomical surface that is part of a bone bone surface pedal digit plus metapodial segment A subdivision of the autopod consisting of pedal digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. pedal digit pedal digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue pedal digit digitopodial subdivision pedal digit ray manual digit plus metapodial segment A subdivision of the autopod consisting of manual digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. manual digit manual digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue manual digit digitopodial subdivision manual digit ray digit plus metapodial segment A subdivision of the autopod consisting of digit plus the region incorporating a single metapodial element. These segments are typically repeated along the pre-axiom to post-axial axis. digit digit ( phalanges plus metapodial) plus soft tissue digit digitopodial subdivision digit ray pedal digit digitopodial skeleton A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of pedal digit plus the associated metapodial element. pedal digit pedal digit skeleton manual digit digitopodial skeleton A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of manual digit plus the associated metapodial element. manual digit manual digit skeleton individual digit of digitopodial skeleton A subdivision of the skeleton of the autopod consisting of the phalanges of a single digit plus the associated metapodial element. digit digit skeleton