A multicellular formation composed of cells from more than one species.
A structure directly from which spores are formed following sexual reproduction in a Basidiomycete.
An ascus that is associated with an ascocarp.
The placeholder class 'obsolete' has been made obsolete, as this is not tracked with an explicit obsoletion flag in obo format.
A stalk or stem; composed of hyphae arrayed parallel to the long axis of the structure; a stipe may be a single supporting hypha.
Any specialized structure which bears or contains sexually or asexually derived spores.
A structure within which or at the surface of, an ascus develops in Ascomycetes.
The structure on which the spore-bearing tissue is carried in sexually-derived fruiting bodies.
A structure directly within which spores are contained or from which spores are formed.
A group or mass of discrete hyphae; the vegetative structure of many fungi.
A structure at the surface of which, or within, basidia and basidiospores develop in Basidiomycetes; site of karyogamy and meiosis.
A thick walled spore that stores and protects one or more nuclei following sexual reproduction in an Ascomycete that is contained in an ascus associated with an ascocarp.
A sac-like structure containing sexual spores formed by Ascomycotina; mature asci may have little or no cytoplasm or cytoplasmic contents, and no nucleus outside of the spores.
An ascus that is not associated with an ascocarp and is usually derived from a single cell.
A thick walled spore that stores and protects one or more nuclei following sexual reproduction in an Ascomycete that is contained in an ascus not associated with an ascocarp.
A spore formed following meiosis. Sometimes following meiosis, prospores may undergo one or more rounds of mitosis before they are fully mature.
An individual cell composed of a plasma membrane, contents internal to the plasma membrane, and any external protective or encapsulating structure.
A differentiated form of an organism produced during or as a result of an asexual or sexual reproductive process; usually a cell with a thick cell wall that stores and protects one or more nuclei. Spores may be produced in response to, and are characteristically resistant to, adverse environmental conditions.
A thick walled spore that stores and protects one or more nuclei following sexual reproduction in an Ascomycete.
A thick walled spore that stores and protects one or more nuclei following sexual reproduction in an Basidiomycete; formed externally on extrusions of the basidium.
A spore with a very thick cell wall and extracellular peptidoglycan spikes that stores and protects one or more nuclei during dormancy in a Basidiomycete.
A spore formed following mitosis or mitoses.
An asexual, nonmotile spore formed by higher fungi; conidia are usually made from the side or tip of specialized sporogenous cells and do not form by progressive cleavage of the cytoplasm.
A thick walled spore that stores and protects one or more nuclei during dispersal following reproduction in an Basidiomycete.
A uninucleate spore formed on specialized cells or projections, sterigma, of a conidiophore head.
The smaller of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi. An ovoid to pear-shaped asexual spore that contains very little cytoplasm and organelles, is uninucleate, and forms in vegetative hypae within a mycelium. Micronidia are extruded from the hyphal cell wall.
A macroconidium that has only one nucleus.
A blastoconidium that has only one nucleus.
An arthroconidium that has only one nucleus.
A single cell where nutrition and growth predominate, as opposed to cells that are undergoing sexual processes.
A conidium that has more than one nucleus.
A multicellular structure composed of multiple species; minimally composed of an alga or cyanobacterium and a fungus.
A macroconidium that has more than one nucleus.
A blastoconidium that has more than one nucleus.
An arthroconidium that has more than one nucleus.
The larger of two types of asexual spores formed by some fungi; usually round or oblong.
An asexual spore formed by Oomycetes; formed upon fertilization of an oosphere.
A thick walled, sexual, resting spore formed by Zygomycetes; sometimes refers to the spore and the multi-layered cell wall that encloses the spore, the zygosporangium.
Cylindrical spore formed by development and compartmentation of hyphae; the hyphae are often supporting blastoconidiophores.
An oblong or round asexual reproductive spore formed specifically by budding.
A specialized hypha, often aerial, that gives rise to asexual spores, known as conidia.
A small hyphal branch or structure which supports a sporangium, a conidium, or a basidiospore. In species with biseriate (two layered) sterigmata such as A. nidulans, the first layer comprises primary sterigmata (metulae) and the second layer secondary sterigmata (phialides). Some species, e.g. A. fumigatus, A. oryzae, and others, have only phialides.
A specialized cell that buds from a metula on a developing conidiophore. Multiple phialides may bud from each metula. The phialides in turn divide asymmetrically to give rise to chains of conidia.
A specialized cell borne on a conidiophore that gives rise to phialides during the process of conidiation.
A completely closed fruiting body formed by some fungi of the Ascomycota, containing asci.
A specialized multinucleate cell that originates from a nest-like aggregation of hyphae during sexual development. Hulle cells serve as nurse cells to the developing cleistothecium. Note that "Hulle" is properly written with an umlaut character on the "u".
The swollen region at the apex of a conidiophore, bearing multiple metulae.
The elongated part of the conidiophore that extends, often aerially, from the growth substrate and supports the structures that bear conidia.
Oidia are borne a few at a time on very simple hyphae that protrude a short distance into the substrate, and are usually presumed not to constitute the main reproductive strategy of the fungus.
A structure within which spores develop.
A zygosporangium is a thick-walled structure in which spores are produced, and is characteristic of the Zygomycetes.
A dikaryotic spore, typically of a rust fungus, that is produced in an aecium; in heteroecious rusts, the aeciospore is a spore stage that infects the alternate host.
A nonmotile, asexual spore, usually a sporangiospore, common in the Phycomycetes.
A cuplike structure of some rust fungi that contains chains of aeciospores.
A teliospore-bearing sorus of the rust fungi. A pustule-like sorus formed on the tissue of a plant infected by a rust fungus and producing teliospores.
A reddish, pustule-like structure formed by a rust fungus and consisting of uredospores.
A tubular structure that connects two individuals during conjugation (usually forming in response to pheromone) and through which the transfer of genetic material can occur. (http://science.yourdictionary.com/conjugation-tube)
A hyphal cell that forms a clamp connection, a structure that separates differing nuclei, which have been obtained through mating of hyphae of differing sexual types, into distinct hyphal segments that are separated by septa (cross walls).
A structure produced in a dikaryotic hypha upon migration of the nuclei after mating of hyphae of differing sexual types. The clamp fuses to compartmentalize a nucleus within the subapical cell. Note: A hyphal cell that forms a clamp connection is called a "clamp cell".
A structure that separates the nuclei within monokaryotic hyphae into distinct hyphal segments. Monokaryotic hyphae are produced during unisexual reproduction or hyphal development of a diploid, in contrast to dikaryotic hyphae which are produced by mating of hyphae of differing sexual types.
Large cells produced by fungi, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, that typically exhibit altered capsule structure, a thickened cell wall, increased ploidy, and resistance to nitrosative and oxidative stresses.
A forcibly discharged asexual spore. With fungi, most types of basidiospores formed on basidia are discharged into the air from the tips of sterigmata.
The dikaryon is a cell pair observed in some fungi, within which two compatible nuclei of two cells pair off after plasmogamy and cohabit without karyogamy within a hyphal compartment, synchronously dividing such that pairs are maintained in the older cells and newer cells or hyphal tips are also binucleate. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dikaryon)
The appendage or portion of a commensal or parasitic fungus (the hyphal tip) that penetrates the host's tissue and draws nutrients from it. Haustoria may arise from intercellular hyphae, appressoria, or external hyphae.
A large, thick-walled resting spore produced by several kinds of fungi.
A threadlike, tubular filamentous fungal structure.
A chain of cells, formed under specific growth conditions, in which yeast-form fungal cells become elongated, bud only at the cellular pole distal to the mother cell, and fail to separate after division. Pseudohyphae exhibit constrictions at the cell-cell junctions, in contrast to true hyphae which are of more uniform diameter.
A threadlike, tubular filamentous fungal structure, existing as part of a group or mass of such structures, the mycelium.
A hypha that is divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls, that exists as part of a group or mass of such structures, the mycelium.
A thick strand of hyphae oriented in parallel to each other, with a central channel through which nutrients are conducted.
A thick strand of hyphae, oriented in parallel to each other, with specialized channels through which nutrients are conducted.
A compact hyphal mass, on or in which fruiting bodies are formed.
A mycelial resting body, resistant to adverse environmental conditions.
A hypha that is divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls.
A hypha whose growing portion contains multiple nuclei but is not divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls. Septa may be present in older portions of the hypha, or at the base of reproductive structures.
The growing end of a hypha existing as a part of a mass or group of hyphae, the mycelium.
Hypha containing dolipore septa, or cross-walls, containing a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure; existing as part of a group or mass of similar hyphae, or mycelium.
A hypha whose growing portion contains multiple nuclei but is not divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls; existing as part of a mass or group of such hyphae, the mycelium.
The growing end of a hypha that is divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls, existing as part of a group or mass of such hyphae, the mycelium.
The growing end of a hypha that is divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls.
The growing end of a hypha that is divided internally by dolipore septa, existing as part of a group or mass of such hyphae, the mycelium.
hyphal tip, hypha with dolipore septa in mycelium
Hypha containing dolipore septa, or cross-walls; septa contain a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure; pore is covered on each side of the septum by a septal pore cap (parenthosome).
The growing end of a hypha that is divided internally by septa, or cross-walls, of the dolipore type.
The growing tip of a hypha whose growing portion is not divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls, existing as part of a group or mass of such hyphae, the mycelium.
The growing end of a hypha that is not divided internally by septa, or cross-walls.
A cell engaged in or about to engage in the process of mating; exhibits different morphology from a vegetative cell due to the action of mating pheromones.
An elongated, asymmetric cell formed before mating, in response to mating pheromone, by Saccharomyces species and other fungi with similar life cycles. Named after the Al Capp cartoon character, whose shape it resembles.