definition
imported from
alpha-Chaconine
A carotenol that exhibits antioxidant activity. It has been isolated from fruits such as papaya and oranges.
beta-cryptoxanthin
The (S)-enantiomer of carnitine.
(S)-carnitine
A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid carrying a 3-hydroxyphenyl substituent at C-3.
3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.
(+)-catechin
L-tartaric acid
A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.
trimethylamine N-oxide
A dipeptide that is the N-(beta-alanyl) derivative of L-histidine.
carnosine
N-methylpyridinium
A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3', 4' 5 and 7. It is thought to play an important role in the human body as an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, an inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator as well as being active against several cancers.
luteolin
An amino sulfonic acid that is the 2-amino derivative of ethanesulfonic acid. It is a naturally occurring amino acid derived from methionine and cysteine metabolism. An abundant component of fish- and meat-based foods, it has been used as an oral supplement in the treatment of disorders such as cystic fibrosis and hypertension.
taurine
An acyclic carotene commonly obtained from tomatoes and other red fruits.
lycopene
A member of the class of sulfamic acids that is sulfamic acid carrying an N-cyclohexyl substituent.
cyclohexylsulfamic acid
A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 3-hydroxy group of quinic acid. It is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis of lignin.
chlorogenic acid
A benzenetriol carrying hydroxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 3.
pyrogallol
An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.
oleic acid
A hydroxybenzaldehyde carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 3.
3-hydroxybenzaldehyde
A pentahydroxyflavone having the five hydroxy groups placed at the 3-, 3'-, 4'-, 5- and 7-positions. It is one of the most abundant flavonoids in edible vegetables, fruit and wine.
quercetin
A branched-chain saturated fatty acid consisting of hexadecanoic acid carrying methyl substituents at positions 3, 7, 11 and 15.
phytanic acid
A cinnamate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with the 5-hydroxy group of quinic acid.
trans-5-O-caffeoyl-D-quinic acid
A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.
indole-3-acetic acid
A cyclic hydroxamic acid that is DIMBOA attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 2 via a glycosidic linkage.
DIMBOA glucoside
A lactam obtained by formal cyclocondensation of creatine. It is a metabolite of creatine.
creatinine
The L-enantiomer of tryptophan.
L-tryptophan
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves.
salicylic acid
A naturally-occurring beta-amino acid comprising propionic acid with the amino group in the 3-position.
beta-alanine
A methylcatechol having a single methyl substituent at the 4-position. It has been isolated from Picea abies.
4-methylcatechol
A member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is dihydrochalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2', 4' and 6'.
phloretin
The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.
L-phenylalanine
bergaptol
A 2-hydroxy carboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactic acid
The cis-isomer of caffeic acid.
cis-caffeic acid
A complex cob(III)alamin in which cobalt is positioned in the centre of a planar corrin tetrapyrrole ring and bound axially to a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety and a cyano group. It is one of several forms of the vitamin known as vitamin B12.
cyanocob(III)alamin
A monocarboxylic acid that is phenylacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 3 on the benzene ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.
3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 5 and a methoxy group at position 4'. A phytoestrogen, it has putative benefits in dietary cancer prophylaxis.
biochanin A
A cyclic carotene obtained by dimerisation of all-trans-retinol. A strongly-coloured red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruit and the most active and important provitamin A carotenoid.
beta-carotene
A hydroxybenzaldehyde that is benzaldehyde substituted with a hydroxy group at position C-4.
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively on the phenyl ring.
ferulic acid
N-feruloylglycine
The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.
(S)-naringenin
A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.
p-cresol
An a N(2)-phenylacetylglutamine having L-configuration.
N(2)-phenylacetyl-L-glutamine
An optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration.
L-tyrosine
Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose.
sucrose
A lactol that is DIBOA in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by a methoxy group. It has been isolated from the maize plants.
DIMBOA
A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by a methoxy group at position 4'.
formononetin
An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.
N-benzoylglycine
An optically active form of 4-hydroxyproline having L-trans-configuration.
trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline
A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
The aminophenol which has the single amino substituent located ortho to the phenolic -OH group.
2-aminophenol
An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.
N-methylnicotinate
The trans-isomer of 2-coumaric acid.
trans-2-coumaric acid
A benzenediol comprising of a benzene core carrying two hydroxy substituents ortho to each other.
catechol
A dipeptide comprising of beta-alanine and 3-methyl-L-histidine units.
anserine
A member of the class of benzaldehydes carrying methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively.
vanillin
A trihydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4', 5 and 7. It induces autophagy in leukaemia cells.
apigenin
A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.
2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol
A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.
4-methylumbelliferone beta-D-glucuronide
A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone sulfate which carries a methyl group at position 4. It is a metabolite of 4-methylumbelliferone.
4-methylumbelliferone sulfate
Resorcinol substituted at position 5 by a pentadecyl chain.
cardol
A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and theobromine in animals.
1,7-dimethylxanthine
A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.
3-phenyllactic acid
A linolenic acid with cis-double bonds at positions 9, 12 and 15. Shown to have an antithrombotic effect.
alpha-linolenic acid
A N-acylglycine that is glycine substituted on nitrogen with a phenylacetyl group.
phenylacetylglycine
zeaxanthin
A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring.
N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine
A trimethylxanthine in which the three methyl groups are located at positions 1, 3, and 7. A purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in tea and coffee.
caffeine
A ferulic acid consisting of trans-cinnamic acid bearing methoxy and hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 3 respectively on the phenyl ring.
isoferulic acid
A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.
(5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid
A 9-octadecenoic acid and the trans-isomer of oleic acid.
elaidic acid
7-Hydroxyisoflavone with additional hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4'. It is a phytoestrogenic isoflavone with antioxidant properties.
genistein
A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.
all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid
A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 1 and 3. It is structurally similar to caffeine and is found in green and black tea.
theophylline
A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by an additional hydroxy group at position 4'.
daidzein
An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.
all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid
solanidine
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of phenylalanine and is excreted in the urine of patients suffering from diseases like phenylketonuria.
(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid
A tetrahydroxyflavone in which the four hydroxy groups are located at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'. Acting as an antioxidant by reducing oxidative stress, it is currently under consideration as a possible cancer treatment.
kaempferol
A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.
guaiacol
A member of the class of benzoic acids that is gallic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group at position 3 is converted to the corresponding methyl ether.
3-O-methylgallic acid
A ketohexose that is an isomer of glucose.
fructose
A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.
theobromine
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.
3-hydroxybenzoic acid
A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.
citric acid
A trihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are at positions 3, 4, and 5.
gallic acid
A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.
vanillic acid
An anthocyanin cation consisting of delphinidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.
delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside
An anthocyanin cation consisting of malvidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.
malvidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside
An anthocyanin cation consisting of pelargonidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.
pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside
A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.
saccharin
A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.
sucralose
A 3-coumaric acid that is phenol substituted with trans-2-propenoic acid at position C-3.
trans-3-coumaric acid
A C17 saturated fatty acid and trace component of fats in ruminants.
heptadecanoic acid
The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.
trans-4-coumaric acid
5-acetamido-6-formamido-3-methyluracil
An octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid having 9-cis,11-trans-stereochemistry.
9-cis,11-trans-octadecadienoic acid
A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of propionic acid having a 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the 3-position.
phloretic acid
equol
(6'R)-beta,epsilon-carotene
An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.
L-proline betaine
The cis-stereoisomer of resveratrol.
cis-resveratrol
An octadecenoic acid having a double bond at position 11; and which can occur in cis- or trans- configurations.
vaccenic acid
A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5.
3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
A furoic acid that is furan-3-carboxylic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 4, a propyl group at position 5 and a 2-carboxyethyl group at position 2. It is a potent uremic toxin that has been found to accumulate in human serum of patients with chronic kidney diseases.
2-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-5-propylfuran-3-carboxylic acid
An aryl sulfate that is indoxyl in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is substituted by a sulfo group.
indoxyl sulfate
A hexitol that is 1-deoxy derivative of L-mannitol.
L-rhamnitol
A cysteine derivative that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulfur is replaced by a methyl group.
S-methylcysteine
A stilbenol that is 1,1'-ethane-1,2-diyldibenzene with hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 4'.
dihydroresveratrol
A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.
(-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate
A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a mercapto group. A naturally occurring metabolite of histidine synthesized by bacteria and fungi with antioxidant properties. It is found ubiquitously in plants and animals and is present in many human foodstuffs.
ergothioneine
A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.
3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid
An oxopurine that is xanthine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a methyl group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of caffeine.
7-methylxanthine
3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde
A L-histidine derivative in which the methyl group is at N(tele)-position.
N(tele)-methyl-L-histidine
A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.
homovanillic acid
An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.
O-acetyl-L-carnitine
Isochlorogenic acid b
A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.
isorhamnetin
A 3-methylxanthine tautomer where the imidazole proton is located at the 9-position.
3-methyl-9H-xanthine
A lactol that consists of 1,4-benzoxazine bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 4 as well as a keto group at position 3.
DIBOA
A benzoxazine bearing hydroxy and oxo substituents at positions 2 and 3 respectively.
HBOA
A methoxybenzoic acid that is 4-methoxybenzoic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 3.
3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid
A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid carrying a 3-sulfooxyphenyl substituent at C-3.
3-(3-sulfooxyphenyl)propanoic acid
A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.
malic acid
A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is olean-12-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3 and a carboxy group at position 28 (the 2alpha,3beta stereoisomer). It is isolated from Olea europaea and Salvia canariensis and exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antineoplastic activity.
maslinic acid
A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.
syringic acid
An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by a methyl group at N-1. It is one of the metabolites of caffeine found in human urine.
1-methyluric acid
A 1-methylxanthine tautomer where the imidazole proton is located at the 7-position.
1-methyl-7H-xanthine
An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trionesubstituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-3.
1,3-dimethyluric acid
An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-7. It is a metabolite of caffeine and is often found in human urine samples.
1,7-dimethyluric acid
A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the C-2 and C-6 positions.
2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid
An aryl sulfate that is catechol with one of the two hydroxy groups substituted by a sulfo group.
pyrocatechol sulfate
An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione substituted by methyl groups at N-3 and N-7.
3,7-dimethyluric acid
A member of the class of catechols that is benzene-1,2-diol substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. Isolated from Olea europaea, it exhibits antioxidant and antineoplastic activities.
hydroxytyrosol
An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8, and the nitrogens at positions 1, 3, and 7 are substituted by methyl groups. It is a metabolite of caffeine.
1,3,7-trimethyluric acid
cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val)
An N-acylglycine that is hippuric acid (N-benzoylglycine) substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a hydroxy group.
m-hydroxyhippuric acid
An N-acylglycine that is the 4-hydroxy derivative of hippuric acid.
p-hydroxyhippuric acid
A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the glucuronide conjugate of salicyclic acid.
1-salicylate glucuronide
An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.
S-allylcysteine
A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine.
procyanidin B2
A kaempferol O-glucuronide that is kaempferol with a beta-D-glucosiduronic acid residue attached at the 3-position.
kaempferol 3-O-glucuronide
A luteolin glucosiduronic acid consisting of luteolin having a beta-D-glucosiduronic acid residue attached at the 3'-position.
luteolin 3'-O-glucuronide
A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3S)-hydroxy group of (+)-epicatechin.
(+)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate
A monohydroxycinnamic acid that is cinnamic acid in which the phenyl hydrogens at positions 3, 4, and 5 are replaced by methoxy, hydroxy, and methoxy groups, respectively.
sinapic acid
DIBOA-glucoside
Enterodiol
A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol substituted at position 3 by a beta-D-glucosyl residue.
trans-piceid
Arsenobetaine
A glycine derivative that is the carboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of the amino group of glycine with 2-furoic acid.
N-(2-furoyl)glycine
An aryl sulfate that is p-cresol in which the phenolic hydrogen has been replaced by a sulfo group.
p-cresol sulfate
An organic sulfate that consists of dihydroresveratrol substituted by a sulfate group at position 3. It is a metabolite of dihydroresveratrol.
dihydroresveratrol-3-O-sulfate
A monosaccharide derivative that is the 7-O-glucuronide of dihydroresveratrol .
dihydroresveratrol-3-O-beta-D-glucuronide
An organic sulfate that is the 3-O-sulfate derivative of trans-resveratrol.
resveratrol-3-O-sulfate
An amino-acid betaine that is trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen have been replaced by methyl groups.
trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline betaine
A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.
(-)-epicatechin
An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as 2-hydroxybenzoyl.
salicyluric acid
A 3beta-hydroxy steroid resulting from the substitution of the 3beta-hydrogen of tomatidane by a hydroxy group.
tomatidine