Elementary particle not affected by the strong force having a spin 1/2, a negative elementary charge and a rest mass of 0.000548579903(13) u, or 0.51099906(15) MeV. electron Elektron beta beta(-) beta-particle e e(-) e- negatron electron A pyridinium ion obtained by protonation of the ring nitrogen of pyridoxal. 4-formyl-3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-1-ium pyridoxal cation pyridoxal(1+) Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Mycoplasma genitalium. Mycoplasma genitalium metabolites Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite A DNA polymerase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a DNA-directed DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7). DNA duplicase inhibitor DNA duplicase inhibitors DNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor DNA nucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors DNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor DNA nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors DNA polymerase I inhibitor DNA polymerase I inhibitors DNA polymerase II inhibitor DNA polymerase II inhibitors DNA polymerase III inhibitor DNA polymerase III inhibitors DNA polymerase alpha inhibitor DNA polymerase alpha inhibitors DNA polymerase beta inhibitor DNA polymerase beta inhibitors DNA polymerase gamma inhibitor DNA polymerase gamma inhibitors DNA polymerase inhibitor DNA polymerase inhibitors DNA replicase inhibitor DNA replicase inhibitors DNA-dependent DNA polymerase inhibitor DNA-dependent DNA polymerase inhibitors DNA-directed DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) inhibitor DNA-directed DNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) inhibitors EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitors EC 2.7.7.7 inhibitor EC 2.7.7.7 inhibitors Klenow fragment inhibitor Klenow fragment inhibitors Taq DNA polymerase inhibitor Taq DNA polymerase inhibitors Taq Pol I inhibitor Taq Pol I inhibitors Tca DNA polymerase inhibitor Tca DNA polymerase inhibitors deoxynucleate polymerase inhibitor deoxynucleate polymerase inhibitors deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitor deoxynucleoside-triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase (DNA-directed) inhibitors deoxyribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor deoxyribonucleate nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors deoxyribonucleic acid duplicase inhibitor deoxyribonucleic acid duplicase inhibitors deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitors deoxyribonucleic duplicase inhibitor deoxyribonucleic duplicase inhibitors deoxyribonucleic polymerase I inhibitor deoxyribonucleic polymerase I inhibitors deoxyribonucleic polymerase inhibitor deoxyribonucleic polymerase inhibitors duplicase inhibitor duplicase inhibitors sequenase inhibitor sequenase inhibitors EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor A class of carbonyl compound encompassing dicarboxylic acids and any derivatives obtained by substitution of either one or both of the carboxy hydrogens. dicarboxylic acids and derivatives dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives A carbohydrate acid derivative anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy groups of hyaluronic acid; major species at pH 7.3. hyaluronan hyaluronate polyanion hyaluronate A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine 1-phenylpropan-2-amine Any organic compound having an initial boiling point less than or equal to 250 degreeC (482 degreeF) measured at a standard atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa. VOC VOCs volatile organic compounds volatile organic compound A diol in which the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, usually but not necessarily adjacent. glycols Glykol glycol An organic group derived from any 3-oxo-Delta(4)-steroid. a 3-oxo-Delta4-steroid group 3-oxo-Delta(4)-steroid group A compound that, on administration, undergoes conversion by biochemical (enzymatic), chemical (possibly following an enzymatic step), or physical (e.g. photochemical) activation processes before becoming the active agent for which it is a pro-agent. pro-agents proagent proagents pro-agent A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group. 2-(acetyloxy)benzoate acetylsalicylate acetylsalicylate An organic cation obtained by protonation of any secondary amino compound; major species at pH 7.3. a secondary amine secondary amine(1+) secondary ammonium ion An atom of an element that exhibits properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them. The term generally includes boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium, while carbon, aluminium, selenium, polonium, and astatine are less commonly included. metalloid metalloids metalloid atom An organic cation obtained by protonation of the amino group of any tertiary amino compound. a tertiary amine tertiary amine(1+) tertiary ammonium ions tertiary ammonium ion Any compound that can disrupt the functions of the endocrine (hormone) system endocrine disrupting chemical endocrine disrupting chemicals endocrine disrupting compound endocrine disrupting compounds endocrine disruptors endocrine-disrupting chemical endocrine-disrupting chemicals hormonally active agent hormonally active agents endocrine disruptor A Bronsted acid derived from one or more inorganic compounds. Inorganic acids (also known as mineral acids) form hydrons and conjugate base ions when dissolved in water. inorganic acids mineral acid mineral acids inorganic acid An apoprotein is a protein devoid of its characteristic prosthetic group or metal. apoprotein apoproteins apoprotein Any main group molecular entity that is gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP; 0degreeC and 100 kPa). gas molecular entities gaseous molecular entities gaseous molecular entity gas molecular entity carbamate Carbamat Karbamat carbamate ion carbamic acid, ion(1-) carbamate An alpha-oxyketone that has a hydroxy group as the alpha-oxy moiety. alpha-hydroxy ketones alpha-hydroxy-ketone alpha-hydroxy-ketones alpha-hydroxyketone alpha-hydroxyketones alpha-hydroxy ketone A carboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any retinoid carboxy group. retinoate retinoates retinoid anions retinoid carboxylate anion retinoid carboxylate anions retinoid carboxylic acid anion retinoid carboxylic acid anions retinoid anion An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a -CH2 (methylene) group. primary alpha-hydroxy ketones primary alpha-hydroxy-ketone primary alpha-hydroxy-ketones primary alpha-hydroxyketone primary alpha-hydroxyketones primary alpha-hydroxy ketone An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a carbon bearing two organyl groups. tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketones tertiary alpha-hydroxy-ketone tertiary alpha-hydroxy-ketones tertiary alpha-hydroxyketone tertiary alpha-hydroxyketones tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone An acetate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the hydroxy group of any phenol. a phenyl acetate phenyl acetate derivative phenyl acetate derivatives phenyl acetates An aluminosilicate mineral with approximate chemical composition H2Al2Si2O8.H2O. Rocks that are rich in kaolinite are known as kaolin or china clay. kaolinite An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products. Bolus alba China clay argilla porcelain clay white bole kaolin A primary ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the amino group of L-tyrosinal. (2S)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxopropan-2-aminium (2S)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3-oxopropan-2-aminium L-tyrosinal L-tyrosinal(1+) An antigenic epitope recognized by an anti-bilirubin monoclonal antibody designated 24G7. A substructure of bilirubin IXalpha, it is the region containing the oxo group at C-1, the methyl group at C-2, C-(4, 5, 6, 9), and N-21 and -22. 24G7 epitope An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group glutamate(1-) hydrogen glutamate 2-ammoniopentanedioate glutamate glutamic acid monoanion glutamate(1-) a tetracycline a tetracycline zwitterion An organic anion that is the conjugate base of digoxin resulting from the deprotonation of furanone moiety; major species at pH 7.3. 12beta,14-dihydroxy-17beta-(5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-id-3-yl)-5beta,14beta-androstan-3beta-yl 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranoside digoxin digoxin anion digoxin(1-) Any agent that induces nausea and vomiting. emetics emetic An amino acid zwitterion obtained from the transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of D-dopa. Major microspecies at pH 7.3. (2R)-2-azaniumyl-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate (2R)-2-ammonio-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate D-dopa D-dopa zwitterion A molecular entity that can transfer an electron to another molecular entity. electron donor Elektronendonator donneur d'electron electron donor 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoate retinoate retinoate A molecular entity that can accept an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group from another molecular entity. Acceptor A Akzeptor Hydrogen-acceptor Oxidized donor accepteur acceptor A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. 2-(acetyloxy)benzoic acid Acetylsalicylic acid 2-(ACETYLOXY)BENZOIC ACID 2-Acetoxybenzenecarboxylic acid 2-acetoxybenzoic acid ASA Acetylsalicylate Acetylsalicylsaeure Aspirin Azetylsalizylsaeure Easprin O-acetylsalicylic acid acide 2-(acetyloxy)benzoique acide acetylsalicylique acido acetilsalicilico acidum acetylsalicylicum o-acetoxybenzoic acid o-carboxyphenyl acetate salicylic acid acetate acetylsalicylic acid A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. ACETIC ACID Acetic acid acetic acid AcOH CH3-COOH CH3CO2H E 260 E-260 E260 Essigsaeure Ethanoic acid Ethylic acid HOAc INS No. 260 MeCO2H MeCOOH Methanecarboxylic acid acide acetique ethoic acid acetic acid 2-amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one 5,6,7,8-TETRAHYDROBIOPTERIN 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrobiopterin 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin 2-Amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydoro-4(1H)-pteridinone BH4 Tetrahydrobiopterin 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin An oxygen hydride consisting of an oxygen atom that is covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. WATER Water oxidane water BOUND WATER H2O HOH Wasser [OH2] acqua agua aqua dihydridooxygen dihydrogen oxide eau hydrogen hydroxide water dioxygen Disauerstoff E 948 E-948 E948 O2 OXYGEN MOLECULE Oxygen [OO] dioxygene molecular oxygen dioxygen A triterpene consisting of 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane having six double bonds at the 2-, 6-, 10-, 14-, 18- and 22-positions with (all-E)-configuration. (6E,10E,14E,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene Squalene squalene (all-E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene Spinacene Supraene squalene Any alpha-amino acid having L-configuration at the alpha-carbon. L-alpha-amino acid L-alpha-amino acids L-2-Amino acid L-Amino acid L-alpha-amino acids L-alpha-amino acid A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it. Primary alcohol 1-Alcohol a primary alcohol primary alcohols primary alcohol A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of formic acid. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects. formate HCO2 anion aminate formiate formic acid, ion(1-) formylate hydrogen carboxylate methanoate formate An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid L-DOPA L-Dopa L-dopa (-)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine (-)-dopa 3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine 3-Hydroxy-L-tyrosine Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine Dopar L-beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine beta-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine beta-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine levodopa levodopum L-dopa A peptide containing ten or more amino acid residues. Polypeptide polypeptides Polypeptid polipeptido polypeptide An organic heterobicyclic compound that consists of 2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole having a valeric acid substituent attached to the tetrahydrothiophene ring. The parent of the class of biotins. 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid BIOTIN (+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valeric acid (3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-valeric acid 5-(2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid Coenzyme R D-(+)-biotin D-Biotin Vitamin H biotin biotina biotine biotinum cis-(+)-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4]imidazoline-4-valeric acid cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4)imidazole-4-valeric acid cis-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid vitamin B7 biotin An optically active form of glutamic acid having D-configuration. (2R)-2-aminopentanedioic acid D-Glutamic acid D-glutamic acid (R)-2-aminopentanedioic acid D-2-Aminoglutaric acid D-Glutaminic acid D-Glutaminsaeure DGL glutamic acid D-form D-glutamic acid An optically active form of glutamic acid having L-configuration. (2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid L-Glutamic acid L-glutamic acid (S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid (S)-glutamic acid E GLUTAMIC ACID Glu Glutamate L-Glu L-Glutaminic acid L-Glutaminsaeure acide glutamique acido glutamico acidum glutamicum glutamic acid L-glutamic acid A monoatomic monoanion resulting from the addition of an electron to any halogen atom. halide ions HX Halide a halide anion halide anions halide(1-) halides halogen anion halide anion An azane that consists of a single nitrogen atom covelently bonded to three hydrogen atoms. AMMONIA Ammonia ammonia azane Ammoniak NH3 R-717 [NH3] ammoniac amoniaco spirit of hartshorn ammonia A mucopolysaccharide composed of repeating beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-N-acetylgalactosaminyl units. Chondroitin Chondroitin-D-glucuronate chondroitin D-glucuronate The simplest member of the class of benzoates that is the conjugate base of benzoic acid, comprising a benzoic acid core with a proton missing to give a charge of -1. benzoate Benzenecarboxylate Benzeneformate Benzenemethanoate Phenylcarboxylate Phenylformate benzoate anion benzoic acid, ion(1-) benzoate A sulfur oxoanion obtained by deprotonation of both OH groups of sulfuric acid. Sulfate sulfate tetraoxidosulfate(2-) tetraoxosulfate(2-) tetraoxosulfate(VI) SO4(2-) SULFATE ION Sulfate anion(2-) Sulfate dianion Sulfate(2-) Sulfuric acid ion(2-) [SO4](2-) sulphate sulphate ion sulfate A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O). UREA Urea urea 1728 Carbamide E927b H2NC(O)NH2 Harnstoff Karbamid carbamide carbonyldiamide ur uree urea hydridooxygenate(1-) hydroxide oxidanide HO- HYDROXIDE ION Hydroxide ion OH(-) OH- hydroxide A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a halogen atom. haloacetic acid A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active. Barbituric acid pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione Barbitursaeure Malonylharnstoff Malonylurea barbituric acid A mucopolysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid subunits. It is found in the connective tissues of vertebrates. A principal constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM), it mediates the growth and metastasis of tumour cells. Hyaluronic acid Hyaluronsaeure [beta-D-glucopyranuronosyl-(1->3)-2-(acetylamino)-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)]n [beta-N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminyl(1,4)beta-D-glucuronosyl(1,3)]n acide hyaluronique acido hialuronico hyaluronan hyaluronic acid A sphing-4-enine in which the double bond is trans. (2S,3R,4E)-2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol Sphingosine (2S,3R)-(E)-2-amino-1,3-dihydroxy-4-octadecene (2S,3R,4E)-2-amino-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-ene-1-ol (2S,3R,4E)-2-amino-4-octadecene-1,3-diol (2S,3R,E)-2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol (4E)-sphing-4-enine (4E)-sphingenine (E)-2-amino-4-octadecan-1,3-diol (E)-D-erythro-4-octadecene-1,3-diol 2-amino-4-octadecene-1,3-diol C18 sphingosine D-(+)-erythro-1,3-dihydroxy-2-amino-4-trans-octadecene D-erythro-sphingosine Sph Sphing-4-enine Sphingenine Sphingoid Sphingosine d18:1 sphingosin trans-4-sphingenine trans-D-erythro-2-amino-4-octadecene-1,3-diol sphingosine A one-carbon compound with formula CO2 in which the carbon is attached to each oxygen atom by a double bond. A colourless, odourless gas under normal conditions, it is produced during respiration by all animals, fungi and microorganisms that depend directly or indirectly on living or decaying plants for food. CARBON DIOXIDE Carbon dioxide carbon dioxide dioxidocarbon methanedione CO2 E 290 E-290 E290 R-744 [CO2] carbonic anhydride carbon dioxide A naturally occurring polypeptide synthesized at the ribosome. Protein a protein polypeptide chain protein polypeptide chains protein polypeptide chain Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. carbohydrate carbohydrates Kohlenhydrat Kohlenhydrate a carbohydrate carbohidrato carbohidratos glucide glucides glucido glucidos hydrates de carbone saccharide saccharides saccharidum carbohydrate Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. Peptide peptides Peptid peptido peptidos peptide A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics. 6-Aminopenicillanic acid 6-amino-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid (+)-6-aminopenicillanic acid (2S,5R,6R)-6-amino-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid 6-APA 6-Aminopenicillamine acid 6-Aminopenicillanate 6-Apa 6-Aps 6beta-aminopenicillanic acid Aminopenicillanic acid Penicin Penin Phenacyl 6-aminopenicillinate 6-aminopenicillanic acid A hydroxymethylpyridine with hydroxymethyl groups at positions 4 and 5, a hydroxy group at position 3 and a methyl group at position 2. The 4-methanol form of vitamin B6, it is converted intoto pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid. 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol pyridoxine 2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroxymethyl-pyridin 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-di(hydroxymethyl)pyridine 2-methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dihydroxymethylpyridine 2-methyl-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxypyridine 2-methyl-4,5-dimethylol-pyridin-3-ol 3-hydroxy-2-picoline-4,5-dimethanol 3-hydroxy-4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylol-alpha-picoline 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methyl-pyridin-3-ol 5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3,4-pyridinedimethanol Pyridoxol piridossina pyridoxina pyridoxine pyridoxinum pyridoxolum vitamin B6 pyridoxine A six-carbon aromatic annulene in which each carbon atom donates one of its two 2p electrons into a delocalised pi system. A toxic, flammable liquid byproduct of coal distillation, it is used as an industrial solvent. Benzene is a carcinogen that also damages bone marrow and the central nervous system. BENZENE Benzene benzene Benzen Benzine Benzol Bicarburet of hydrogen Coal naphtha Mineral naphtha Phene Pyrobenzol Pyrobenzole [6]annulene benzole cyclohexatriene phenyl hydride benzene D-alpha-amino acid D-alpha-amino acids D-Amino acid D-alpha-amino acids D-alpha-amino acid Any oligosaccharide, polysaccharide or their derivatives consisting of monosaccharides or monosaccharide derivatives linked by glycosidic bonds. See also http://www.ontobee.org/ontology/GNO?iri=http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GNO_00000001. glycans glycan A 21-hydroxy steroid that consists of pregn-4-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 11 and 21 and oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. Corticosterone is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. 11beta,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione CORTICOSTERONE Corticosterone corticosterone (11beta)-11,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione 11beta,21-Dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione 11beta,21-dihydroxyprogesterone 17-deoxycortisol Kendall's compound B Reichstein's substance H corticosterone An aldehyde resulting from the formal oxidation of methanol. FORMALDEHYDE Formaldehyde formaldehyde FORMALIN Formaldehyd Formalin Methanal Methylene oxide Oxomethane Oxomethylene formaldehyde A glycosylsphingoid consisting of sphingosine having a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at the 1-position. (2S,3R,4E)-2-amino-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-1-yl beta-D-galactopyranoside Psychosine (2S,3R,4E)-2-amino-1-(beta-D-galactopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-ene 1-O-beta-D-galactopyranosylsphingosine 1-O-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine 1-beta-D-galactosphingosine 1-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine Galactosylsphingosine O-Galactosylsphingosine O-galactosylsphingosine beta-psychosine sphingosine galactoside psychosine A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid with a hydroxy group at the ortho position. It is obtained from the bark of the white willow and wintergreen leaves. 2-hydroxybenzoic acid Salicylic acid 2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID 2-carboxyphenol o-Hydroxybenzoic acid o-carboxyphenol o-hydroxybenzoic acid salicylic acid A member of the class of biladienes that is a linear tetrapyrrole with the dipyrrole units being of both exovinyl and endovinyl type. A product of heme degradation, it is produced in the reticuloendothelial system by the reduction of biliverdin and transported to the liver as a complex with serum albumin. 3,18-diethenyl-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid bilirubin 1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-3,18-divinylbiline-8,12-dipropionic acid 2,17-diethenyl-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-3,7,13,18-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid 2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-3,18-divinyl-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoic acid 8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-3,18-divinylbiladiene-ac-1,19(21H,24H)-dione Bilirubin bilirubin(Z,Z) bilirubin-IXalpha bilirubin IXalpha 13-cis-retinoate (2Z,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoate 13-cis-retinoate The D-enantiomer of phenylalanine. (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid D-PHENYLALANINE D-Phenylalanine D-phenylalanine D-Phe D-alpha-Amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid DPN phenylalanine D-form D-phenylalanine D-Ribitol in which the hydroxy group at position 5 is substituted by a 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl moiety. It is a nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables, but the richest natural source is yeast. The free form occurs only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as flavin mononucleotide and flavin-adenine dinucleotide. 1-deoxy-1-(7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)-D-ribitol 1-deoxy-1-(7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)pentitol 5-deoxy-5-(7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydrobenzo[g]pteridin-10(2H)-yl)-D-ribitol 6,7-dimethyl-9-D-ribitylisoalloxazine 7,8-dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)benzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione 7,8-dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)isoalloxazine 7,8-dimethyl-10-[(2S,3S,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]benzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione 7,8-dimethyl-10-ribitylisoalloxazine Aqua-Flave Beflavin Beflavine Bisulase Dermadram E101 Fiboflavin Flavaxin Flavin Bb Flaxain Hyflavin Vitamin B2 lactoflavin riboflavin riboflavin (vit B2) riboflavina riboflavine riboflavinum vitamin B2 vitamin G vitasan B2 riboflavin A compound in which a carbonyl group is bonded to two carbon atoms: R2C=O (neither R may be H). Ketone ketones Keton R-CO-R' a ketone cetone ketones ketone A compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component. Glycoprotein glycoproteins Glykoprotein Glykoproteine a glycoprotein glicoproteina glicoproteinas glycoproteine glycoproteines glycoprotein hydrogen(trioxidosulfate)(1-) hydrogensulfite(1-) hydrogentrioxosulfate(1-) hydrogentrioxosulfate(IV) hydroxidodioxidosulfate(1-) monohydrogentrioxosulfate Bisulfite HSO3(-) HSO3- Hydrogen sulfite [SO2(OH)](-) bisulfite bisulphite hydrogen sulfite(1-) hydrosulfite anion hydrogensulfite A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas. CARBON MONOXIDE Carbon monoxide carbon monooxide carbon monoxide carbon(II) oxide C#O CO [CO] carbon monoxide The conjugate base of propionic acid; a key precursor in lipid biosynthesis. propanoate propionate CH3-CH2-COO(-) EtCO2 anion carboxylatoethane ethanecarboxylate ethylformate metacetonate methylacetate propanate propanoate propanoic acid, ion(1-) pseudoacetate propionate The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid L-Phenylalanine L-phenylalanine (S)-2-Amino-3-phenylpropionic acid (S)-alpha-Amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid 3-phenyl-L-alanine F PHENYLALANINE Phe beta-phenyl-L-alanine L-phenylalanine Any substance that induces or promotes ferroptosis (a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron and characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides) in organisms. ferroptosis inducers ferroptosis inducer A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine-4-carbaldehyde bearing methyl, hydroxy and hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5 respectively. The 4-carboxyaldehyde form of vitamin B6, it is converted into pyridoxal phosphate, a coenzyme for the synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters, sphingolipids and aminolevulinic acid. 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridine-4-carbaldehyde Pyridoxal pyridoxal 3-HYDROXY-5-(HYDROXYMETHYL)-2-METHYLISONICOTINALDEHYDE pyridoxaldehyde pyridoxal Any member of the group of substituted penams containing two methyl substituents at position 2, a carboxylate substituent at position 3 and a carboxamido group at position 6. Penicillin penicillins penicillins penicillin A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3). sulfite trioxidosulfate(2-) trioxosulfate(2-) trioxosulfate(IV) SO3 SO3(2-) SULFITE ION [SO3](2-) sulphite sulfite A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group. Aldehyde aldehyde aldehydes Aldehyd RC(=O)H RCHO aldehido aldehidos aldehydes aldehydum an aldehyde aldehyde A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide cyanide nitridocarbonate(1-) CN(-) CN- CYANIDE ION Prussiate Zyanid cyanide The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid. Hydrogencarbonate hydrogen(trioxidocarbonate)(1-) hydrogencarbonate hydrogencarbonate(1-) hydrogentrioxocarbonate(1-) hydrogentrioxocarbonate(IV) hydroxidodioxidocarbonate(1-) Acid carbonate BICARBONATE ION Bicarbonate HCO3(-) HCO3- [CO2(OH)](-) hydrogen carbonate hydrogencarbonate The simplest member of the class toluenes consisting of a benzene core which bears a single methyl substituent. TOLUENE Toluene toluene Toluen Toluol methylbenzene phenylmethane toluene An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group. 4-AMINOPHENOL 4-Aminophenol 4-aminophenol 4-Aminobenzenol 4-Hydroxyaniline p-Aminophenol p-hydroxyaniline 4-aminophenol Any compound that supports healthy aging, slows the biological aging process, or extends lifespan. anti-aging agent anti-aging agents anti-aging drug anti-aging drugs geroprotective agent geroprotective agents geroprotectors geroprotector Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms). vitamin B2 vitamin B-2 vitamins B2 vitamins B2 vitamer vitamins B2 vitamers vitamin B2 Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms. vitamin B7 vitamin B-7 vitamin B7 vitamer vitamin B7 vitamers vitamins B7 vitamin B7 Any member of a group of cobalamin vitamers that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with low red blood cell count and anemia. The vitamers are found in foods such as cereals, meat, fish, and poultry. The vitamers include adenosylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, cyanocobalamin, aquacobalamin, nitritocobalamin and methylcobabalamin (also includes their ionized, salt and phosphate derivatives). vitamin B12 vitamin B-12 vitamin B12 vitamer vitamin B12 vitamers vitamins B12 vitamin B12 vitamin B-6 phosphate anion vitamin B-6 phosphate anions vitamin B6 phosphate anions vitamin B6 phosphate anion A compound showing blue fluorescence, formed by a photolysis of riboflavin in acid or neutral solution. 7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione LUMICHROME Lumichrome lumichrome 7,8-Dimethylalloxazine lumichrome The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group. METHANOL Methanol methanol CH3OH MeOH Methyl alcohol Methylalkohol carbinol spirit of wood wood alcohol wood naphtha wood spirit methanol A compound containing at least one carbon-halogen bond (where X is a halogen atom). RX organic halide organic halides organohalogen compounds organohalogen compound A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms. Hydrogen chloride chlorane chloridohydrogen hydrogen chloride Chlorwasserstoff HCl Hydrochloride Hydrogenchlorid Wasserstoffchlorid [HCl] chlorure d'hydrogene cloruro de hidrogeno hydrochloric acid hydrogen chloride A molecular entity that can transfer ("donate") an electron, a pair of electrons, an atom or a group to another molecular entity. Donor Donator donneur donor An optically active form of tyrosine having L-configuration. L-Tyrosine L-tyrosine (-)-alpha-amino-p-hydroxyhydrocinnamic acid (2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (S)-(-)-Tyrosine (S)-2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (S)-3-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)alanine (S)-Tyrosine (S)-alpha-amino-4-hydroxybenzenepropanoic acid 4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine L-Tyrosin TYROSINE Tyr Tyrosine Y L-tyrosine A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion. Chloride chloride chloride(1-) CHLORIDE ION Chloride ion Chloride(1-) Chlorine anion Cl(-) Cl- chloride An elemental molecule consisting of two trivalently-bonded nitrogen atoms. dinitrogen N#N N2 Nitrogen molecular nitrogen dinitrogen An azacycloalkane that is cyclohexane in which one of the carbons is replaced by a nitrogen. It is a metabolite of cadaverine, a polyamine found in the human intestine. Piperidine piperidine Azacyclohexane Hexahydropyridine Piperidin azinane cyclopentimine cypentil hexazane pentamethyleneamine pentamethyleneimine pentamethylenimine perhydropyridine pip piperidine 'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. Lipid lipids lipid Any polysaccharide containing a substantial proportion of aminomonosaccharide residues. Glycosaminoglycan glycosaminoglycan Glykosaminoglykan glicosaminoglicano glycosaminoglycane glycosaminoglycans glycosaminoglycan hydrogen halide hydrogen halides HX hydrogen halides hydrogen halide A biomacromolecule consisting of large numbers of monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically. This term is commonly used only for those containing more than ten monosaccharide residues. Polysaccharide polysaccharides Glycan Glycane Glykan Glykane glycans polisacarido polisacaridos polysaccharide An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring. Tyrosine tyrosine 2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid 3-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)alanine Tyr Tyrosin Y tirosina tyrosine An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. 2-aminopentanedioic acid Glutamic acid glutamic acid 2-Aminoglutaric acid DL-Glutamic acid DL-Glutaminic acid E Glu Glutamate Glutaminic acid Glutaminsaeure glutamic acid An iron group element atom that has atomic number 26. iron 26Fe Eisen Fe Iron fer ferrum hierro iron iron atom manganese 25Mn Mangan Manganese Mn manganese manganeso manganum manganese atom A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of hydrogenphosphate. phosphate tetraoxidophosphate(3-) tetraoxophosphate(3-) tetraoxophosphate(V) Orthophosphate PHOSPHATE ION PO4(3-) Phosphate [PO4](3-) phosphate(3-) The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal. (4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methyl dihydrogen phosphate Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-[(phosphonooxy)methyl]-4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde 5-phosphate PLP PYRIDOXAL-5'-PHOSPHATE Phosphoric acid mono-(4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-pyridin-3-ylmethyl) ester Pyridoxal 5-phosphate Pyridoxal phosphate codecarboxylase pyridoxal 5'-(dihydrogen phosphate) pyridoxal 5-monophosphoric acid ester pyridoxal 5'-phosphate A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom Hydrogen cyanide hydridonitridocarbon hydrogen cyanide hydrogen(nitridocarbonate) methanenitrile Blausaeure Cyanwasserstoff HCN [CHN] formonitrile hydrocyanic acid hydrogen cyanide Compounds with the general formula RNHC(=O)CH3. acetamides An organic group formed by removing one or more hydroxy groups from an oxoacid that has the general structure RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0). Although the term is almost always applied to organic compounds, with carboxylic acid as the oxoacid, acyl groups can in principle be derived from other types of acids such as sulfonic acids or phosphonic acids. acyl group alkanoyl acyl groups alkanoyl group groupe acyle acyl group Any of a group of related and highly toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) whose main structural feature is a fused coumarin-bis(dihydrofuran) ring system and which are produced by strains of the moulds Aspergillus flavus or A. parasiticus, together with further metabolites of these mycotoxins aflatoxins aflatoxin alkaline earth metals Erdalkalimetall Erdalkalimetalle alkaline earth metal alkaline-earth metal alkaline-earth metals metal alcalino-terreux metal alcalinoterreo metales alcalinoterreos metaux alcalino-terreux alkaline earth metal atom alkali metals Alkalimetall Alkalimetalle alkali metal metal alcalin metal alcalino metales alcalinos metaux alcalins alkali metal atom Any of the naturally occurring, basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom, but also found in bacteria, fungi, and animals. By extension, certain neutral compounds biogenetically related to basic alkaloids are also classed as alkaloids. Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, amino sugars and antibiotics are not normally regarded as alkaloids. Compounds in which the nitrogen is exocyclic (dopamine, mescaline, serotonin, etc.) are usually classed as amines rather than alkaloids. Alkaloid alkaloids Alkaloide alcaloide alcaloides alkaloid Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases. alkylating agent An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group. amino alcohols aminoalcohol aminoalcohols amino alcohol Any aldehyde which contains an amino group. amino aldehyde An amino alcohol having two hydroxy functional groups. amino diol amino diols aminodiols aminodiol aminoglycans aminoglycan Any aromatic amine that is benzene carrying at least one amino substituent and its substituted derivatives. anilines A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the electron. Anion anion Anionen aniones anions anion A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides. antioxidants antioxydant antoxidant antioxidant barbiturate anion Members of the class of pyrimidones consisting of pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (barbituric acid) and its derivatives. Largest group of the synthetic sedative/hypnotics, sharing a characteristic six-membered ring structure. barbiturates barbituric acids barbiturates A molecular entity having an available pair of electrons capable of forming a covalent bond with a hydron (Bronsted base) or with the vacant orbital of some other molecular entity (Lewis base). Base base Base1 Base2 Basen Nucleobase bases base Any benzenoid aromatic compound consisting of the benzene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. benzenes A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any benzoic acid. benzoate anion benzoates Any aromatic carboxylic acid that consists of benzene in which at least a single hydrogen has been substituted by a carboxy group. benzoic acids benzyl Bn C6H5-CH2- phenylalanine side-chain phenylmethyl benzyl group A sodium salt of the conjugate of any bile acid with either glycine or taurine. Bile acid bile salts bile salt biopterins cadmium 48Cd Cd Kadmium cadmio cadmium cadmium atom cadmium compounds cadmium molecular entities cadmium molecular entity The univalent carboacyl group formed by loss of -OH from the carboxy group of carbamic acid. carbamoyl -C(O)NH2 -CONH2 aminocarbonyl carbamyl carbamyl group carboxamide carbamoyl group carbon oxides oxides of carbon carbon oxide An EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyases) inhibitor that interferes with the action of carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1). Such compounds reduce the secretion of H(+) ions by the proximal kidney tubule. EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitors EC 4.2.1.1 inhibitor EC 4.2.1.1 inhibitors anhydrase inhibitor anhydrase inhibitors carbonate anhydrase inhibitor carbonate anhydrase inhibitors carbonate dehydratase inhibitor carbonate dehydratase inhibitors carbonate hydro-lyase (carbon-dioxide-forming) inhibitor carbonate hydro-lyase (carbon-dioxide-forming) inhibitors carbonate hydro-lyase inhibitor carbonate hydro-lyase inhibitors carbonic acid anhydrase inhibitor carbonic acid anhydrase inhibitors carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitor carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors carbonic anhydrase A inhibitor carbonic anhydrase A inhibitors carbonic anhydrase inhibitor carbonic anhydrase inhibitors carboxyanhydrase inhibitor carboxyanhydrase inhibitors EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor carbonyl carbonyl group >C=O carbonyl group chloride salts chlorides chloride salt chlorine 17Cl Chlor Cl chlore chlorine chlorum cloro chlorine atom A halogen molecular entity containing one or more atoms of chlorine. chlorine molecular entity A haloacetate(1-) resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of chloroacetic acid. chloroacetate Chloroacetic acid ion(1-) chloroacetate anion chloroacetate(1-) mono-chloroacetate monochloroacetate anion monochloroacetic acid anion chloroacetate Any organochlorine compound containing a benzene ring which is substituted by one or more chlorines. chlorobenzenes cobalamins cobamides A low-molecular-weight, non-protein organic compound participating in enzymatic reactions as dissociable acceptor or donor of chemical groups or electrons. coenzyme coenzymes coenzyme An organic molecule or ion (usually a metal ion) that is required by an enzyme for its activity. It may be attached either loosely (coenzyme) or tightly (prosthetic group). cofactor cofactors cofactor An alkaloid that is a carbotricyclic compound comprising 5,6,7,9-tetrahydrobenzo[a]heptalene having four methoxy substituents at the 1-, 2-, 3- and 10-positions as well as an oxo group at the 9-position and an acetamido group at the 7-position. It has been isolated from the plants belonging to genus Colchicum. N-(1,2,3,10-tetramethoxy-9-oxo-5,6,7,9-tetrahydrobenzo[a]heptalen-7-yl)acetamide colchicine Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. molecular entity entidad molecular entidades moleculares entite moleculaire molecular entities molekulare Entitaet molecular entity cobalt-corrinoid hexaamide pseudohalogen oxoacid cyclic amide cyclic amides cyclic amide Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof. cyclohexanones A compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic. Aliphatic diols are also called glycols. diols diol Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups). diterpenoids C20 isoprenoids diterpenoides diterpenoid Any substance which when absorbed into a living organism may modify one or more of its functions. The term is generally accepted for a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose, but is also commonly used for abused substances. drugs medicine drug monoatomic anions monoatomic anion monoatomic cations monoatomic cation A compound or agent that combines with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction. enzyme inhibitor enzyme inhibitors inhibidor enzimatico inhibidores enzimaticos inhibiteur enzymatique inhibiteurs enzymatiques enzyme inhibitor Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups. ethanediols ethanediol Compounds containing at least one furan ring. oxacyclopenta-2,4-dienes furans Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate a variety of physiological processes, in particular control of the concentration of glucose in blood. glucocorticoids glucocorticoid An L-alpha-amino acid which is L-glutamic acid or any of the essential amino acids biosynthesised from it (glutamine, proline and arginine). A closed class. glutamine family amino acids glutamine family amino acid An EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of glutamate--ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.2). EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitors EC 6.3.1.2 inhibitor EC 6.3.1.2 inhibitors L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitor L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming) inhibitors L-glutamine synthetase inhibitor L-glutamine synthetase inhibitors glutamate--ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.2) inhibitor glutamate--ammonia ligase (EC 6.3.1.2) inhibitors glutamate--ammonia ligase inhibitor glutamate--ammonia ligase inhibitors glutamine synthetase inhibitor glutamine synthetase inhibitors glutamylhydroxamic synthetase inhibitor glutamylhydroxamic synthetase inhibitors EC 6.3.1.2 (glutamate--ammonia ligase) inhibitor A glycosyl compound resulting from the attachment of a glycosyl group to a non-acyl group RO-, RS-, RSe-, etc. The bond between the glycosyl group and the non-acyl group is called a glycosidic bond. By extension, the terms N-glycosides and C-glycosides are used as class names for glycosylamines and for compounds having a glycosyl group attached to a hydrocarbyl group respectively. These terms are misnomers and should not be used. The preferred terms are glycosylamines and C-glycosyl compounds, respectively. glycosides O-glycoside O-glycosides glycosides glycoside A glycosphingolipid is a glycolipid that is a carbohydrate-containing derivative of a sphingoid or ceramide. It is understood that the carbohydrate residue is attached by a glycosidic linkage to O-1 of the sphingoid. glycosphingolipids glycosphingolipid A chemical entity is a physical entity of interest in chemistry including molecular entities, parts thereof, and chemical substances. chemical entity chemical entity A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biological context. biological function biological role A defined linked collection of atoms or a single atom within a molecular entity. group Gruppe Rest groupe grupo grupos group halogen molecular entity halogen compounds halogen molecular entities halogen molecular entity halogen halogens Halogene group 17 elements group VII elements halogene halogenes halogeno halogenos halogen A substance used to destroy plant pests. Herbizid Unkrautbekaempfungsmittel Unkrautvertilgungsmittel Wildkrautbekaempfungsmittel herbicides herbicide heterocyclic antibiotic A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of carbon and at least of one other element. organic heterocycle organic heterocyclic compounds organic heterocyclic compound Originally referring to an endogenous compound that is formed in specialized organ or group of cells and carried to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which it has a specific regulatory function, the term is now commonly used to include non-endogenous, semi-synthetic and fully synthetic analogues of such compounds. endocrine hormones hormone A compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only. hydrocarbon hydrocarbons Kohlenwasserstoff Kohlenwasserstoffe hidrocarburo hidrocarburos hydrocarbure hydrocarbon Hydroxides are chemical compounds containing a hydroxy group or salts containing hydroxide (OH(-)). hydroxides A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid bearing one or more hydroxy groups at unspecified positions. hydroxy-amino acid Any carboxylic acid with at least one hydroxy group. hydroxy carboxylic acids hydroxycarboxylic acid hydroxycarboxylic acids hydroxy carboxylic acid Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent. hydroxybenzoates hydroxybenzoate Any benzoic acid carrying one or more phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring. hydroxybenzoic acid hydroxybenzoic acids hydroxybenzoic acid hydroxyphenylalanine Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent. hydroxypyridines hydroxypyridine A compound which contains oxygen, at least one other element, and at least one hydrogen bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). oxoacid oxoacids oxacids oxiacids oxo acid oxy-acids oxyacids oxoacid inorganic anions inorganic anion A molecular entity that contains no carbon. anorganische Verbindungen inorganic compounds inorganic entity inorganic molecular entities inorganics inorganic molecular entity inorganic oxides inorganic oxide anorganisches Salz inorganic salts inorganic salt A salt is an assembly of cations and anions. salt Salz Salze ionic compound ionic compounds sal sales salts sel sels salt monoatomic ions monoatomic ion organic salts organisches Salz organic salt A molecular entity having a net electric charge. Ion ion Ionen iones ions ion iron molecular entity iron compounds iron molecular entities iron molecular entity Any lipid formally derived from isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene), the skeleton of which can generally be discerned in repeated occurrence in the molecule. The skeleton of isoprenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by loss or shift of a fragment, commonly a methyl group. The class includes both hydrocarbons and oxygenated derivatives. isoprenoid isoprenoids isoprenoids isoprenoid Cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. lactam lactams Laktam Laktame lactams lactam Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring. lactone lactones Lacton Lakton Laktone lactona lactonas lactone linear tetrapyrrole manganese molecular entity manganese compounds manganese molecular entities manganese molecular entity mercury 80Hg Hg Quecksilber azogue hydrargyrum liquid silver mercure mercurio mercury quicksilver mercury atom mercury compounds mercury molecular entities mercury molecular entity Any intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites. metabolite metabolites primary metabolites secondary metabolites metabolite a metal cation metal cations metal cation metalloporphyrins metaloporphyrins metalloporphyrin Any carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxy group with methanol. carboxylic acid methyl ester carboxylic acid methyl esters methyl ester Any member of the class of pyridines that carries at least one methyl substituent. methylpyridines mitochondrial electron transport chain inhibitors mitochondrial electron-transport chain inhibitor mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor A molecule all atoms of which have the same atomic number. homoatomic molecule homoatomic molecules elemental molecule Any polyatomic entity that is an electrically neutral entity consisting of more than one atom. molecule Molekuel molecula molecules neutral molecular compounds molecule An oxoacid containing a single carboxy group. monocarboxylic acids monocarboxylic acid A hydroxybenzoate carrying a single hydroxy substituent at unspecified position. monohydroxybenzoates monohydroxybenzoate Any hydroxybenzoic acid having a single phenolic hydroxy substituent on the benzene ring. monohydroxybenzoic acids monohydroxybenzoic acid monoatomic monocations monovalent inorganic cations monoatomic monocation An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution. mutagene mutagenes mutagenic agent mutageno mutagenos mutagens mutagen Poisonous substance produced by fungi. fungal toxins mycotoxins mycotoxin An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell. neurotransmitters neurotransmitter Any glycosphingolipid containing unsubstituted glycosyl moieties. neutral glycosphingolipids neutral glycosphingolipid nitrogen 7N N Stickstoff azote nitrogen nitrogeno nitrogen atom organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotics organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic nonmetal Nichtmetall Nichtmetalle no metal no metales non-metal non-metaux nonmetal nonmetals nonmetal atom organic heteromonocyclic compounds organic heteromonocyclic compound Any organic ion with a net negative charge. organic anions organic anion Any organic ion with a net positive charge. organic cations organic cation An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen. ether ethers ethers ether organic ions organic ion An oxide in which the oxygen atom is bonded to a carbon atom. organic oxides organic oxide organic phosphate organic phosphate ester organic phosphate esters organic phosphates organophosphate ester organophosphate esters organic phosphate Compounds of the general formula SO3HOR where R is an organyl group organic sulfates organic sulfate An alcohol derived from an aliphatic compound. Aliphatic alcohol aliphatic alcohols an aliphatic alcohol aliphatic alcohol An organophosphorus compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-phosphorus bond, but the term is often extended to include esters and thioesters. organophosphorus compound organophosphorus compounds organophosphorus compound An oxide is a chemical compound of oxygen with other chemical elements. oxide oxides oxide oxygen 8O O Sauerstoff oxigeno oxygen oxygene oxygen atom oxygen molecular entity oxygen molecular entities oxygen molecular entity penicillanic acids Strictly, a substance intended to kill pests. In common usage, any substance used for controlling, preventing, or destroying animal, microbiological or plant pests. pesticide Pestizid Pestizide pesticides pesticide An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of alanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of phenylalanine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing phenylalanine residues. phenylalanine derivative Salts and esters of phosphoric and oligophosphoric acids and their chalcogen analogues. In inorganic chemistry, the term is also used to describe anionic coordination entities with phosphorus as central atom. phosphates phosphates phosphate A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom. Phosphoric acid phosphoric acid tetraoxophosphoric acid trihydrogen tetraoxophosphate(3-) trihydroxidooxidophosphorus H3PO4 Orthophosphoric acid Phosphate Phosphorsaeure Phosphorsaeureloesungen [PO(OH)3] acide phosphorique acidum phosphoricum orthophosphoric acid phosphoric acid phosphoric acid derivative phosphorus molecular entities phosphorus molecular entity piperidines A chemical, natural or artificial, that can affect the rate of growth of a plant. plant growth regulators plant growth regulator Any amino acid whose side chain is capable of forming one or more hydrogen bonds. polar amino acid polar amino acids polar amino-acid polar amino-acids polar amino acid Natural and synthetic compounds containing alternating carbonyl and methylene groups ('beta-polyketones'), biogenetically derived from repeated condensation of acetyl coenzyme A (via malonyl coenzyme A), and usually the compounds derived from them by further condensations, etc. Considered by many to be synonymous with the less frequently used terms acetogenins and ketides. polyketide polyketides polyketide A compound that contains two or more hydroxy groups. polyols polyol Natural pigments containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure. porphyrins porphyrins A tightly bound, specific nonpolypeptide unit in a protein determining and involved in its biological activity. prosthetic group groupe prosthetique prosthetic groups prosthetic group pteridines pterins Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives. pyridines A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified). 3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid retinoic acid Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof. retinoid retinoids retinoids retinoid Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid. salicylates A glycoside that is a compound containing one or more hydrophilic glycoside moieties combined with a lipophilic triterpenoid or steroid derivative. Found in particular abundance in plant species. sapogenin glycoside sapogenin glycosides saponins saponin Any organic polycyclic compound that is the aglycon moiety of a saponin; sapogenins may be steroids or triterpenoids. sapogenin sapogenins sapogenin Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess. saturated fatty acid SFA SFAs saturated fatty acids saturated fatty acid An aliphatic monocarboxylic acid with a chain length of less than C6. If any non-hydrocarbon substituent is present, the compound is not normally regarded as a short-chain fatty acid. SCFA SCFAs short-chain fatty acids short-chain fatty acid silicon molecular entity silicon compounds silicon molecular entities silicon molecular entity sodium 11Na Na Natrium natrium sodio sodium sodium atom An inorganic chloride salt having sodium(1+) as the counterion. sodium chloride Kochsalz NaCl Natriumchlorid chlorure de sodium cloruro sodico common salt halite natrii chloridum rock salt salt table salt sodium chloride sodium compounds sodium molecular entities sodium molecular entity Any alkali metal salt having sodium(1+) as the cation. Natriumsalz Natriumsalze sodium salts sodium salt A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration. sphingenines sphingenine Sphingolipids are a complex family of compounds that share a common structural feature, a sphingoid base backbone. sphingolipids sphingolipid A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position. (2S,3R)-2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol sphing-4-enine 4-sphingenine sphing-4-enine Any steroid that acts as hormone. Steroidhormon Steroidhormone hormona esteroide hormonas esteroideas hormone steroide hormones steroides steroid hormones steroid hormone steroid lactones steroid lactone A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine amphetamine rac-(2R)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine 1-Phenylpropan-2-amin 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane Amfetamine Amphetamin Benzedrine alpha-methylbenzeneethaneamine alpha-methylphenylethylamine amfetamina amfetamine amfetaminum amphetaminium anfetamina beta-Phenylisopropylamin beta-aminopropylbenzene beta-phenylisopropylamine desoxynorephedrine rac-amphetamine amphetamine An ester of an alcohol and sulfuric acid. sulfate ester sulfuric acid ester sulfuric acid esters sulfuric ester Salts and esters of sulfuric acid sulfates sulfuric acid derivative sulphates sulfates sulfur 16S Elemental sulfur S Schwefel azufre soufre sulfur sulphur theion sulfur atom sulfur molecular entity sulfur molecular entities sulfur molecular entity A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom. Sulfuric acid dihydrogen tetraoxosulfate dihydroxidodioxidosulfur hydrogen tetraoxosulfate(2-) hydrogen tetraoxosulfate(VI) sulfuric acid tetraoxosulfuric acid Acide sulfurique Acido sulfurico Acidum sulfuricum H2SO4 Schwefelsaeureloesungen [S(OH)2O2] [SO2(OH)2] sulphuric acid sulfuric acid Any isoprenoid that is a natural product or related compound formally derived from isoprene units. Terpenoids may contain oxygen in various functional groups. This class is subdivided according to the number of carbon atoms in the parent terpene. The skeleton of terpenoids may differ from strict additivity of isoprene units by the loss or shift of a fragment, generally a methyl group. Terpenoid terpenoids terpenoide terpenoides terpenoid A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it. tertiary alcohol tertiary alcohols tertiary alcohol A subclass of polyketides having an octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide skeleton, substituted with many hydroxy and other groups. tetracyclines A natural pigment containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next. tetrapyrrole tetrapyrroles a tetrapyrrole tetrapyrrole Any member of the group of 1,3-thiazolium cations that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B1 deficiency in animals. Symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency include constipation, loss of apetite, fatigue, nausea, delirium, blurry vision and muscle weakness. Severe vitamin B1 deficiency can also lead to a disease known as beriberi. Vitamin B1 consists of the vitamer thiamin and its acid, aldehyde and phosphorylated derivatives (and their corresponding ionized, salt and hydrate forms). vitamin B1 thiamine thiamines thiamins vitamin B1 vitamer vitamin B1 vitamers vitamins B1 vitamin B1 An organic tricyclic compound in which at least one of the rings of the tricyclic skeleton contains one or more heteroatoms. heterotricyclic compounds organic heterotricyclic compounds organic heterotricyclic compound Any member of the class of benzenes that is a substituted benzene in which the substituents include one (and only one) methyl group. toluenes Poisonous substance produced by a biological organism such as a microbe, animal or plant. toxin toxins toxin Any nutrient required in small quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. micronutrients trace elements micronutrient An element whose atom has an incomplete d sub-shell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell. transition element Uebergangselement Uebergangsmetalle metal de transicion metal de transition metales de transicion metaux de transition transition element transition elements transition metal transition metals transition element atom heterobicyclic compounds organic heterobicyclic compounds organic heterobicyclic compound A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-tyrosine by a heteroatom. L-tyrosine derivatives L-tyrosine derivative A univalent carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid. univalent acyl group univalent carboacyl groups univalent carboxylic acyl groups univalent carboacyl group Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms). Vitamin B6 vitamin B-6 vitamin B6 vitamer vitamin B6 vitamers vitamina B6 vitamine B6 vitamins B6 vitamin B6 Any vitamin that dissolves in water and readily absorbed into tissues for immediate use. Unlike the fat-soluble vitamins, they are not stored in the body and need to be replenished regularly in the diet and will rarely accumulate to toxic levels since they are quickly excreted from the body via urine. wasserloesliche Vitamine water-soluble vitamin water-soluble vitamins water-soluble vitamin (role) zinc 30Zn Zink Zn Zn(II) Zn2+ cinc zinc zincum zinc atom A neutral compound having formal unit electrical charges of opposite sign on non-adjacent atoms. Sometimes referred to as inner salts, dipolar ions (a misnomer). zwitterion zwitterions compose zwitterionique compuestos zwitterionicos zwitteriones zwitterionic compounds zwitterion silicon 14Si Si Silicon Silizium silicio silicium silicon silicon atom carbon 6C C Carbon Kohlenstoff carbon carbone carbonium carbono carbon atom A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27. cobalt 27Co Co Cobalt Kobalt cobalt cobalto cobaltum cobalt atom Acetazolamide N-(5-sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide 2-acetylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfonamide 5-ACETAMIDO-1,3,4-THIADIAZOLE-2-SULFONAMIDE 5-acetylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide Defiltran Diacarb Diamox Diluran Glaupax N-[5-(aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamide N-[5-(aminosulfonyl)-1,3,5-thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamide acetazolamida acetazolamide acetazolamidum acetazolamide A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent. Chloroacetic acid chloroacetic acid 2-chloro-acetic acid 2-chloro-ethanoic acid 2-chloroacetic acid Acide chloracetique Acide chloroacetique Acide monochloracetique CAA Chloroethanoic acid Monochloressigsaeure alpha-chloro-acetic acid chloracetic acid monochloroacetic acid monochloroethanoic acid chloroacetic acid A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. (4S,4aS,5aS,6S,12aS)-4-(dimethylamino)-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydrotetracene-2-carboxamide TETRACYCLINE Tetracycline tetracycline (4S,4aS,5aS,12aS)-4-(Dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide Abramycin Achromycin Anhydrotetracycline Deschlorobiomycin Liquamycin Tetracyclin Tetrazyklin Tsiklomitsin tetracycline tetracyclinum tetracycline An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic that contains a beta-lactam ring. beta-Lactam antibiotics beta-lactam antibiotics beta-lactam antibiotic A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca. (1R,2R,3S,5S)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)tropan-3-yl benzoate COCAINE Cocaine methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate (-)-cocaine 2-methyl-3beta-hydroxy-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropane-2beta-carboxylate benzoate (ester) Benzoylmethylecgonine Cocain Cocaina Kokain Neurocaine [1R-(exo,exo)]-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester beta-Cocain cocainum l-Cocain l-cocaine methyl [1R-(exo,exo)]-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-2-carboxylate methyl benzoylecgonine cocaine Cyanic acid hydrogen nitridooxocarbonate hydroxidonitridocarbon nitridooxocarbonic acid Cyansaeure HOCN Zyansaeure [C(N)OH] acide cyanique acido cianico acidum cyanicum cyanic acid An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group. 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid Phenylalanine phenylalanine DL-Phenylalanine F PHE Phenylalanin alpha-Amino-beta-phenylpropionic acid fenilalanina phenylalanine Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28. nickel 28Ni Ni Nickel Raney alloy niccolum nickel niquel nickel atom An optically active form of tyrosine having D-configuration. D-TYROSINE D-Tyrosine D-tyrosine (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (R)-2-Amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (R)-3-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)alanine D-Tyr D-Tyrosin DTY D-tyrosine A one-carbon compound that is ammonia in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a carboxy group. Although carbamic acid derivatives are common, carbamic acid itself has never been synthesised. CARBAMIC ACID Carbamic acid carbamic acid Aminoameisensaeure Aminoformic acid Carbamate Carbamidsaeure carbamic acid phosphorus 15P P Phosphor Phosphorus fosforo phosphore phosphorus phosphorus atom A substituted aniline carrying a hydroxy substituent. aminophenol aminobenzenol hydroxyaniline aminophenol The conjugate base of a fatty acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid group of the corresponding fatty acid. Fatty acid anion Alkanate Fettsaeureanion Fettsaeureanionen a fatty acid acido graso anionico acidos grasos anionicos anion de l'acide gras fatty acid anions fatty acid anion An onium cation obtained by protonation of ammonia. ammonium azanium Ammonium(1+) NH4(+) NH4+ [NH4](+) ammonium cation ammonium ion ammonium A carboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of both carboxy groups of any dicarboxylic acid. dicarboxylic acid dianion a dicarboxylate dicarboxylate dicarboxylates dicarboxylic acid dianions dicarboxylic acid dianion Carbonic acid carbonic acid dihydroxidooxidocarbon Dihydrogen carbonate H2CO3 Koehlensaeure [CO(OH)2] carbonic acid keratan The conjugate base formed when the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid is deprotonated. a carboxylate carboxylic acid anions carboxylic anions carboxylic acid anion A monoatomic monocation obtained from sodium. sodium cation sodium(1+) sodium(1+) ion sodium(I) cation Na(+) Na+ SODIUM ION sodium(1+) cyanate nitridooxidocarbonate(1-) Cyanat OCN(-) Zyanat [C(N)O](-) cyanate ion cyanate A colourless, volatile, poisonous inorganic compound with the formula HNCO; the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found elements in organic chemistry and biology. isocyanic acid HN=C=O HNCO ICA [C(NH)O] carbimide hydrogen isocyanate isocyanate isocyansaeure isozyansaeure methenamide oxidoazanediidocarbon isocyanic acid hydridohydroxidodioxidosulfur sulfonic acid HSHO3 Sulfonsaeure [SHO2(OH)] acide sulfonique sulphonic acid sulfonic acid amide azanide dihydridonitrate(1-) NH2(-) azanide A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of two protons from ammonia. azanediide hydridonitrate(2-) NH(2-) imide hydridonitrate(2-) A carboxamide derived from a monocarboxylic acid. monocarboxylic acid amides monocarboxylic acid amide aquahydrogen(1+) oxidanium oxonium trihydridooxygen(1+) H3O(+) Hydronium cation Hydronium ion [OH3](+) oxonium Conjugate base of barbituric acid. 2,4,6-trioxotetrahydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-ide barbiturate anion barbiturate dioxidenium hydridodioxygen(1+) HO2(+) HOO(+) [HO2](+) hydridodioxygen(1+) An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of L-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group L-glutamate(1-) hydrogen L-glutamate (2S)-2-ammoniopentanedioate L-glutamate L-glutamic acid monoanion L-glutamic acid, ion(1-) L-glutamate(1-) An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of D-glutamic acid, having anionic carboxy groups and a cationic amino group D-glutamate(1-) hydrogen D-glutamate (2R)-2-ammoniopentanedioate D-glutamate D-glutamic acid monoanion D-glutamate(1-) A dicarboxylic acid dianion that is the conjugate base of glutamate(1-). 2-aminopentanedioate glutamate glutamate(2-) glutamic acid dianion glutamate(2-) An L-alpha-amino acid anion that is the dianion obtained by the deprotonation of the both the carboxy groups of L-glutamic acid. (2S)-2-aminopentanedioate L-glutamate L-glutamate(2-) L-glutamic acid dianion L-glutamate(2-) (2R)-2-aminopentanedioate D-glutamate D-glutamate(2-) D-glutamic acid dianion D-glutamate(2-) A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of acetic acid. acetate ACETATE ION Azetat CH3-COO(-) Ethanoat MeCO2 anion acetic acid, ion(1-) ethanoate acetate diazynediium HNNH(2+) [HNNH](2+) diazynediium diazynium HN2+ N#NH(+) diazynium helium 2He He Helium helio helium helium atom A cobalt-corrinoid hexaamide that is cobalamin with the oxidation state of the central cobalt atom unspecified. COBALAMIN Coalpha-[alpha-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl)]-cobamide cobalamin cobalamin A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron. heme hemes Haem haem haeme hem hemos heme tetrahydropteridines tetrahydropterins tetrahydropterin Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4. beryllium 4Be Be Beryllium berilio beryllium beryllium atom A derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position. Flavin flavins flavin A silicon oxide made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a silicon atom is covalently bonded to two oxygens. silicon dioxide silicon(IV) oxide (SiO2)n Kieselsaeureanhydrid SiO2 Silica, amorphous Siliziumdioxid [SiO2] silica silicic anhydride silicon dioxide A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water. Ethylene glycol ethane-1,2-diol ethylene glycol 1,2-Dihydroxyethane 1,2-ETHANEDIOL 1,2-Ethanediol 2-Hydroxyethanol Ethanediol Glycol HO-CH2-CH2-OH Monoethylene glycol ethylene glycol A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent. BENZOIC ACID Benzoic acid benzoic acid Aromatic carboxylic acid Benzenecarboxylic acid Benzeneformic acid Benzenemethanoic acid Benzoesaeure Dracylic acid E210 Phenylcarboxylic acid Phenylformic acid acide benzoique benzoic acid The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects. FORMIC ACID Formic acid formic acid Acide formique Ameisensaeure H-COOH HCO2H HCOOH Methanoic acid aminic acid bilorin formylic acid hydrogen carboxylic acid methoic acid formic acid A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid. 2-hydroxybenzoate Salicylate salicylate 2-hydroxybenzoic acid ion(1-) o-hydroxybenzoate sal salicylate A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group. Propionic acid propanoic acid propionic acid CH3-CH2-COOH PA PROPANOIC ACID Propanoic acid Propionsaeure acide propanoique acide propionique carboxyethane ethanecarboxylic acid ethylformic acid metacetonic acid methylacetic acid propioic acid propoic acid pseudoacetic acid propionic acid A compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom. Alcohol alcohols an alcohol alcohol (2S,5R,6R)-6-amino-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate 6-aminopenicillanate A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'. 4,4'-bipyridine 4,4'-bipyridyl 4,4'-bpy 4,4'-dipyridine 4,4'-dipyridyl 4,4-Bipyridin 4-(4-pyridyl)pyridine gamma,gamma'-bipyridyl gamma,gamma'-dipyridyl 4,4'-bipyridine Talc Talc An optically active form of phenylalaninate having L-configuration. L-phenylalaninate (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoate L-phenylalanine anion L-phenylalaninate An optically active form of phenylalaninium having L-configuration. L-phenylalaninium (1S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethanaminium L-phenylalanine cation L-phenylalaninium The D-enantiomer of phenylalaninate. D-phenylalaninate (2R)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoate D-phenylalanine anion D-phenylalaninate An optically active form of phenylalaninium having D-configuration. D-phenylalaninium (1R)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethanaminium D-phenylalanine cation D-phenylalaninium An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of phenylalanine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group. phenylalaninate 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoate phenylalanine anion phenylalaninate An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of phenylalanine, arising from protonation of the amino group. phenylalaninium 1-carboxy-2-phenylethanaminium phenylalanine cation phenylalaninium barium 56Ba Ba Barium bario barium baryum barium atom An acene that consists of four ortho-fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. tetracene 2,3-benzanthracene benz[b]anthracene naphthacene tetracene An optically active form of tyrosinate having L-configuration. L-tyrosinate(1-) hydrogen L-tyrosinate (2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate L-tyrosine anion L-tyrosine monoanion L-tyrosinate(1-) The L-enantiomer of tyrosinate(2-). L-tyrosinate L-tyrosinate(2-) (2S)-2-amino-3-(4-oxidophenyl)propanoate L-tyrosine dianion L-tyrosinate(2-) An optically active form of tyrosinium having L-configuration. L-tyrosinium (1S)-1-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanaminium L-tyrosine cation L-tyrosinium An optically active form of tyrosinate(1-) having D-configuration. D-tyrosinate(1-) hydrogen D-tyrosinate (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate D-tyrosine monoanion D-tyrosinate(1-) The D-enantiomer of tyrosinate(2-). D-tyrosinate D-tyrosinate(2-) (2R)-2-amino-3-(4-oxidophenyl)propanoate D-tyrosine dianion D-tyrosinate(2-) An optically active form of tyrosinium having D-configuration. D-tyrosinium (1R)-1-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanaminium D-tyrosine cation D-tyrosinium An alpha-amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of tyrosine, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group. hydrogen tyrosinate tyrosinate(1-) 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate tyrosine anion tyrosinate(1-) tyrosinate tyrosinate(2-) 2-amino-3-(4-oxidophenyl)propanoate tyrosine dianion tyrosinate(2-) An alpha-amino-acid cation that is the conjugate acid of tyrosine, arising from protonation of the amino group. tyrosinium 1-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanaminium tyrosine cation tyrosinium A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. Secondary amine secondary amines R2NH sekundaeres Amin secondary amine A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. Tertiary amine tertiary amines R3N tertiaeres Amin tertiary amine A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by a hydrocarbyl group. Primary amine primary amines Primary monoamine R-NH2 RCH2NH2 primaeres Amin primary amine A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. Amine amines Amin Substituted amine amine An amide is a derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. Amide amides amide A biochemical role played by any micronutrient that is an organic compound. Vitamins are present in foods in small amounts and are essential to normal metabolism and biochemical functions, usually as coenzymes. The term "vitamines" (from vita + amines) was coined in 1912 by Casimir Funk, who believed that these compounds were amines. vitamin vitamina vitaminas vitamine vitamines vitamins vitaminum vitamin (role) Intended use of the molecular entity or part thereof by humans. application A particle not known to have substructure. elementary particle elementary particles fundamental particle A monoatomic entity is a molecular entity consisting of a single atom. atomic entity monoatomic entities monoatomic entity An assembly consisting of a central atom (usually metallic) to which is attached a surrounding array of other groups of atoms (ligands). coordination entities coordination entity coordination compounds coordination entity oxoacid derivatives oxoacid derivative inorganic hydrides inorganic hydride An organic fundamental parent is a structure used as a basis for substitutive names in organic nomenclature, containing, in addition to one or more hydrogen atoms, a single atom of an element, a number of atoms (alike or different) linked together to form an unbranched chain, a monocyclic or polycyclic ring system, or a ring assembly or ring/chain system. organic fundamental parents organic parent hydrides organic fundamental parent Any substituent group which does not contain carbon. inorganic groups inorganic group Any substituent group or skeleton containing carbon. organic groups organic group Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having one free valence at a carbon atom. organyl group organyl groups groupe organyle grupo organilo grupos organilo organyl group A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. atom atome atomo atoms atomus element elements atom A nucleus is the positively charged central portion of an atom, excluding the orbital electrons. nucleus Atomkern Kern noyau noyau atomique nuclei nucleo nucleo atomico nucleus atomi atomic nucleus Heavy nuclear particle: proton or neutron. nucleon Nukleon Nukleonen nucleons nucleon A derivative of an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. primary amide primary amides primary amide A molecular entity all atoms of which have the same atomic number. homoatomic entity homoatomic molecular entities homoatomic molecular entity elemental molecular entity An organosulfur compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-sulfur bond. organosulfur compound organosulfur compounds organosulfur compound elemental oxygen diatomic oxygen diatomic nitrogen elemental nitrogen An anion consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic anions polyatomic anion chemical messenger molecular messenger A substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoans. Antibiotika Antibiotikum antibiotic antibiotics antibiotique antimicrobial antimicrobial agents antimicrobials microbicide microbicides antimicrobial agent A substance (or active part thereof) that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. antibacterial agents antibacterials bactericide bactericides antibacterial agent A nutrient is a food component that an organism uses to survive and grow. nutrients nutrient A heteroorganic entity is an organic molecular entity in which carbon atoms or organic groups are bonded directly to one or more heteroatoms. heteroorganic entities organoelement compounds heteroorganic entity An agrochemical is a substance that is used in agriculture or horticulture. agrichemical agrichemicals agricultural chemicals agrochemicals agrochemical A fertilizer is any substance that is added to soil or water to assist the growth of plants. fertiliser fertilizers fertilizer A physiological role played by any substance of either plant, animal or artificial origin which contains essential body nutrients that can be ingested by an organism to provide energy, promote growth, and maintain the processes of life. food material food materials food role foods foodstuff foodstuffs food An energy-rich substance that can be transformed with release of usable energy. fuel A substance administered to aid diagnosis of a disease. diagnostic aid diagnostic agent A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkali metal. alkali metal molecular entities alkali metal molecular entity An alkaline earth molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an alkaline earth metal. alkaline earth molecular entity alkaline earth compounds alkaline earth molecular entities alkaline-earth compounds alkaline earth molecular entity Any p-block element atom that is in group 15 of the periodic table: nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth. pnictogens group 15 elements group V elements nitrogenoideos nitrogenoides pnictogene pnictogenes pnictogen A p-block molecular entity containing any pnictogen. pnictogen molecular entity pnictogen molecular entities pnictogen molecular entity Any p-block element belonging to the group 16 family of the periodic table. chalcogen chalcogens Chalkogen Chalkogene anfigeno anfigenos calcogeno calcogenos chalcogene chalcogenes group 16 elements group VI elements chalcogen Any p-block molecular entity containing a chalcogen. chalcogen molecular entity chalcogen compounds chalcogen molecular entities chalcogen molecular entity group 14 elements carbon group element carbon group elements carbonoides cristallogene cristallogenes group IV elements carbon group element atom An ester of a carboxylic acid, R(1)C(=O)OR(2), where R(1) = H or organyl and R(2) = organyl. Carboxylic ester carboxylic esters a carboxylic ester carboxylic acid esters carboxylic ester noble gas noble gases Edelgas Edelgase gas noble gases nobles gaz noble gaz nobles group 18 elements group VIII elements inert gases noble gas rare gases noble gas atom An atom belonging to one of the main groups (found in the s- and p- blocks) of the periodic table. main group elements Hauptgruppenelement Hauptgruppenelemente main group element main group element atom oxides of silicon silicon oxides silicon oxide group 12 elements zinc group element zinc group elements zinc group element atom group 7 elements manganese group element manganese group elements manganese group element atom group 8 elements iron group element iron group elements iron group element atom group 9 elements cobalt group element cobalt group elements cobalt group element atom group 10 elements nickel group element nickel group elements nickel group element atom oxoacids of sulfur sulfur oxoacids sulfur oxoacid A hydracid is a compound which contains hydrogen that is not bound to oxygen, and which produces a conjugate base by loss of positive hydrogen ion(s) (hydrons). hydracid hydracids hydracid pnictogen oxoacids pnictogen oxoacid sulfur oxoacid derivative sulfur oxoacid derivatives sulfur oxoacid derivative monoatomic monoanions monoatomic monoanion elemental chlorine atomic chlorine monoatomic chlorine monoatomic halogens monoatomic halogen elemental halogen elemental halogens elemental halogen Arylmethyl groups and derivatives formed by substitution: ArCR2-. benzylic group benzylic groups benzylic groups groupe benzylique benzylic group A pnictogen oxoacid which contains phosphorus and oxygen, at least one hydrogen atom bound to oxygen, and forms an ion by the loss of one or more protons. phosphorus oxoacid Oxosaeure des Phosphors oxoacids of phosphorus phosphorus oxoacids phosphorus oxoacid pnictogen oxoanion pnictogen oxoanions pnictogen oxoanion phosphorus oxoanion oxoanions of phosphorus phosphorus oxoanions phosphorus oxoanion elemental pnictogen elemental pnictogens elemental pnictogen sulfur oxoanion oxoanions of sulfur sulfur oxoanions sulfur oxoanion chalcogen oxoacid chalcogen oxoacids chalcogen oxoacid chalcogen oxoanion chalcogen oxoanions chalcogen oxoanion A molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a transition element. transition element molecular entities transition metal molecular entity transition element molecular entity alkali metal cations alkali metal cation An atom of an element that exhibits typical metallic properties, being typically shiny, with high electrical and thermal conductivity. elemental metal elemental metals metal element metal elements metals metal atom The sulfur oxoanion formed by deprotonation of sulfonic acid. hydridotrioxidosulfate(1-) SHO3(-) [SHO3](-) sulfonates sulfonate sulfonic acid derivative derivatives of sulfonic acid sulfonic acid derivatives sulfonic acid derivative An amino-acid anion obtained by deprotonation of any alpha-amino acid. alpha-amino-acid anion alpha-amino acid anions alpha-amino-acid anions alpha-amino-acid anion s-block element s-block elements s-block element atom Any main group element atom belonging to the p-block of the periodic table. p-block element p-block elements p-block element atom d-block element d-block elements d-block element atom Any member of class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar part acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol part may be absent. Glycolipid glycolipids glycolipid A carbon oxoacid acid carrying at least one -C(=O)OH group and having the structure RC(=O)OH, where R is any any monovalent functional group. Carboxylic acids are the most common type of organic acid. carboxylic acid carboxylic acids Carbonsaeure Carbonsaeuren Karbonsaeure RC(=O)OH acide carboxylique acides carboxyliques acido carboxilico acidos carboxilicos carboxylic acid A molecular entity containing one or more atoms from any of groups 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18 of the periodic table. main group compounds main group molecular entities main group molecular entity carbon group molecular entity carbon group molecular entities carbon group molecular entity A main group molecular entity containing one or more atoms of any noble gas. noble gas molecular entity noble gas compounds noble gas molecular entities noble gas molecular entity Any molecule that consists of a series of atoms joined together to form a ring. cyclic compounds cyclic compound A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of the same element only. homocyclic compound homocyclic compounds isocyclic compounds homocyclic compound A homocyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms. carbocyclic compound carbocyclic compounds carbocycle carbocyclic compound hydrogen compounds hydrogen molecular entities hydrogen molecular entity polycyclic compounds polycyclic compound A molecule that features two fused rings. bicyclic compounds bicyclic compound A polycyclic compound in which two rings have two, and only two, atoms in common. Such compounds have n common faces and 2n common atoms. ortho-fused polycyclic compounds ortho-fused compounds ortho-fused compound Any acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, excluding aromatic compounds. aliphatic compounds aliphatic compound An aliphatic compound having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. alicyclic compounds alicyclic compound A cyclically conjugated molecular entity with a stability (due to delocalization) significantly greater than that of a hypothetical localized structure (e.g. Kekule structure) is said to possess aromatic character. aromatic compounds aromatic molecular entity aromatics aromatische Verbindungen aromatic compound Any monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. arene arenes aromatic hydrocarbons arene organic aromatic compounds organic aromatic compound monocyclic compounds monocyclic compound A mancude monocyclic hydrocarbon without side chains of the general formula CnHn (n is an even number) or CnHn+1 (n is an odd number). In systematic nomenclature an annulene with seven or more carbon atoms may be named [n]annulene, where n is the number of carbon atoms. annulene annulenes annulene cyclic hydrocarbon cyclic hydrocarbons cyclic hydrocarbon monocyclic hydrocarbon monocyclic hydrocarbons monocyclic hydrocarbons monocyclic hydrocarbon polycyclic hydrocarbon polycyclic hydrocarbons polycyclic hydrocarbon heteromonocyclic compound heteromonocyclic compounds heteromonocyclic compound A polycyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one non-carbon atom. heteropolycyclic compounds polyheterocyclic compounds heteropolycyclic compound A bicyclic compound in which at least one of the rings contains at least one skeletal heteroatom. heterobicyclic compounds heterobicyclic compound zinc group molecular entities zinc group molecular entity An s-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of an s-block element. s-block molecular entity s-block compounds s-block molecular entities s-block molecular entity A main group molecular entity that contains one or more atoms of a p-block element. p-block compounds p-block molecular entities p-block molecular entitiy p-block molecular entity A d-block molecular entity is a molecular entity containing one or more atoms of a d-block element. d-block molecular entity d-block compounds d-block molecular entities d-block molecular entity helium molecular entity helium compounds helium molecular entities helium molecular entity Hydrides are chemical compounds of hydrogen with other chemical elements. hydrides oxygen hydride hydrides of oxygen oxygen hydrides oxygen hydride A macromolecule formed by a living organism. biopolymer Biopolymere biomacromolecules biopolymers biomacromolecule genetically encoded biomacromolecules genetically encoded biopolymers information biomacromolecules information biopolymers information macromolecule information macromolecules information biomacromolecule canonical amino-acid residue canonical amino-acid residues common amino acid residues proteinogenic amino-acid residues standard amino acid residues standard amino-acid residues proteinogenic amino-acid residue A cation consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic cations polyatomic cation amino-acid cation amino acid cation amino-acid cations amino-acid cation An amino acid in which the amino group is located on the carbon atom at the position alpha to the carboxy group. alpha-amino acid Amino acid Amino acids alpha-amino acids alpha-amino carboxylic acids alpha-amino acid When two or more amino acids combine to form a peptide, the elements of water are removed, and what remains of each amino acid is called an amino-acid residue. amino-acid residue amino acid residue amino-acid residues amino-acid residue A carboxylic acid containing one or more amino groups. Aminocarbonsaeure Aminokarbonsaeure Aminosaeure amino acids amino acid alpha-amino-acid residues alpha-amino-acid residue alpha-amino-acid cation alpha-amino acid cations alpha-amino-acid cations alpha-amino-acid cation carbohydrate acid carbohydrate acids carbohydrate acid carbohydrate acid anion carbohydrate acid anions carbohydrate acid anion manganese group molecular entity manganese group molecular entities manganese group molecular entity iron group molecular entity iron group molecular entities iron group molecular entity nickel group molecular entity nickel group molecular entities nickel group molecular entity nickel molecular entity nickel compounds nickel molecular entities nickel molecular entity cobalt group molecular entity cobalt group molecular entities cobalt group molecular entity beryllium compounds beryllium molecular entities beryllium molecular entity An organic compound having at least one hydroxy group attached to a carbon atom. hydroxy compounds organic alcohol organic hydroxy compounds organic hydroxy compound Any organic molecule that consists of atoms connected in the form of a ring. organic cyclic compounds organic cyclic compound A heterocyclic compound formally derived from an arene by replacement of one or more methine (-C=) and/or vinylene (-CH=CH-) groups by trivalent or divalent heteroatoms, respectively, in such a way as to maintain the continuous pi-electron system characteristic of aromatic systems and a number of out-of-plane pi-electrons corresponding to the Hueckel rule (4n+2). heteroarenes hetarenes heteroarene benzenoid aromatic compounds benzenoid compound benzenoid aromatic compound Conjugated protein is a protein that contains a non-peptide component, usually in stoichiometric proportion. conjugated proteins complex protein conjugated protein A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. macromolecule macromolecules polymer polymer molecule polymers macromolecule aromatic annulenes aromatic annulene A monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. monocyclic arenes monocyclic arene A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. PAH PAHs polycyclic arenes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons polycyclic arene Organic aromatic compounds having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a benzene or other arene ring. phenols Aryl alcohol a phenol arenols phenols An amino acid whose structure includes an aromatic ring. Aromatic amino acid aromatic amino acids aromatic amino acid Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring. aromatic carboxylic acids aromatic carboxylic acid An amino compound in which the amino group is linked directly to an aromatic system. aromatic amines aryl amine aryl amines arylamine arylamines aromatic amine transition element coordination entities transition metal coordination compounds transition metal coordination entities transition element coordination entity cobalt molecular entity cobalt compounds cobalt molecular entities cobalt molecular entity cobalt coordination entity cobalt coordination compounds cobalt coordination entities cobalt coordination entity iron coordination entity iron coordination compounds iron coordination entities iron coordination entity A substance used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, examine, or produce other substances. reagent reactif reactivo reagents reagent cobalt corrinoids cobalt-corrinoids cobalt corrinoid metal-tetrapyrrole metal-tetrapyrrole complex metallotetrapyrroles metallotetrapyrrole A derivative of the corrin nucleus, which contains four reduced or partly reduced pyrrole rings joined in a macrocycle by three =C- groups and one direct carbon-carbon bond linking alpha positions. Corrinoid corrinoid corrinoids Corrinoid protein Corrinoid protein Co+ Korrinoid corrinoide corrinoides corrinoid Any nutrient required in large quantities by organisms throughout their life in order to orchestrate a range of physiological functions. Macronutrients are usually chemical elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur) that humans consume in the largest quantities. Calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium are sometimes included as macronutrients because they are required in relatively large quantities compared with other vitamins and minerals. macronutrients macronutrient halide salts halides halide salt An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions. 1,1'-dimethyl-[4,4'-bipyridin]-1,1'-diium Paraquat 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridyldiylium N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium N,N'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dication dimethyl viologen methyl viologen ion(2+) paraquat dication paraquat ion paraquat nitrogen hydrides nitrogen hydride Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2. azanes azane metalloprotein metalloproteine metalloproteins metalloprotein iron protein iron proteins iron-containing proteins iron protein Conjugated proteins containing heme as the prosthetic group. hemoprotein Haemoprotein Haemprotein haem protein haemoprotein heme protein hemeproteins hemoproteins hemoprotein hemoglobin haemoglobin vertebrate haemoglobin hemoglobin A hydrocarbon of biological origin having carbon skeleton formally derived from isoprene [CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2]. terpene terpenes Terpen terpenes terpeno terpenos terpene A C20 terpene. diterpenes Diterpen diterpenes diterpeno diterpenos diterpene A C30 terpene. triterpenes Triterpen triterpenes triterpeno triterpenos triterpene plant growth inhibitor plant growth inhibitors plant growth retardants plant growth retardant A substance which is structurally similar to a metabolite but which competes with it or replaces it, and so prevents or reduces its normal utilization. antimetabolite antimetabolites antimetabolite A substance that diminishes the rate of a chemical reaction. inhibitor inhibidor inhibiteur inhibitors inhibitor A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without modifying the overall standard Gibbs energy change in the reaction. catalyst Katalysator catalizador catalyseur catalyst A fuel such as coal, oil and natural gas which has formed over many years through the decomposition of deposited vegetation which was under extreme pressure of an overburden of earth. fossil fuel fossil fuel The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group. amino acid zwitterion amino acid zwitterion A derivative of ammonium, NH4(+), in which one (or more) of the hydrogens bonded to the nitrogen have been replaced with univalent organyl groups. The substituting carbon of the organyl group must not itself be directly attached to a heteroatom (thereby excluding protonated amides, hemiaminals, etc). ammonium ion derivatives azanium ion derivative azanium ion derivatives ammonium ion derivative fused compounds fused polycyclic compounds fused-ring polycyclic compound fused-ring polycyclic compounds polycyclic fused-ring compounds fused compound A polyclic compound in which all of the ring members are carbon atoms. carbopolycyclic compounds carbopolycyclic compound homopolycyclic compounds homopolycyclic compound ortho-fused polycyclic arenes ortho-fused polycyclic arene A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. acene acenes Acen Azen polyacenes acene Any drug that enhances the activity of the central nervous system. central nervous system stimulant CNS stimulant analeptic analeptic agent analeptic drug analeptics central stimulant central nervous system stimulant Amines that constitute a class of central nervous system stimulants based on the structure of the parent amphetamine 1-phenylpropan-2-amine. amphetamine drug amphetamines Any of naturally occurring compounds and synthetic analogues, based on the cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene carbon skeleton, partially or completely hydrogenated; there are usually methyl groups at C-10 and C-13, and often an alkyl group at C-17. By extension, one or more bond scissions, ring expansions and/or ring contractions of the skeleton may have occurred. Natural steroids are derived biogenetically from squalene which is a triterpene. Steroid steroids a steroid steroid 21-Hydroxysteroid 21-hydroxy steroids 21-hydroxysteroids 21-hydroxy steroid Any 11-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has beta- configuration. 11beta-Hydroxysteroid 11beta-hydroxy steroids 11beta-hydroxysteroids an 11beta-hydroxysteroid 11beta-hydroxy steroid Hydroxysteroid hydroxy steroids hydroxysteroids hydroxy steroid Any heteroorganic entity containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond. organonitrogen compounds organonitrogens organonitrogen compound An amide of a sulfonic acid RS(=O)2NR'2. sulfonamides sulfonamides sulfonamide Any aliphatic monocarboxylic acid derived from or contained in esterified form in an animal or vegetable fat, oil or wax. Natural fatty acids commonly have a chain of 4 to 28 carbons (usually unbranched and even-numbered), which may be saturated or unsaturated. By extension, the term is sometimes used to embrace all acyclic aliphatic carboxylic acids. Fatty acid fatty acids Fettsaeure Fettsaeuren acide gras acides gras acido graso acidos grasos fatty acids fatty acid An oxoanion is an anion derived from an oxoacid by loss of hydron(s) bound to oxygen. oxoanion oxoacid anions oxoanions oxoanion ortho-fused polycyclic hydrocarbon ortho-fused polycyclic hydrocarbons ortho-fused polycyclic hydrocarbon A substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of infectious diseases. anti-infective agents anti-infective drugs antiinfective agents antiinfective drug antiinfective agent A substance used to treat or prevent parasitic infections. antiparasitic drugs antiparasitics parasiticides antiparasitic agent A class of drugs producing both physiological and psychological effects through a variety of mechanisms involving the central nervous system. CNS agent CNS drugs central nervous system agents central nervous system drug A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. psychoactive agent psychoactive drugs psychopharmaceuticals psychotropic drugs psychotropic drug A substance that reduces or suppresses inflammation. anti-inflammatory drugs antiinflammatory agent antiinflammatory drug antiinflammatory drugs anti-inflammatory drug An anti-inflammatory drug that is not a steroid. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions. They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. NSAID NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug alkali metal salts alkali metal salt An agent capable of relieving pain without the loss of consciousness or without producing anaesthesia. In addition, analgesic is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to cause a reduction of pain symptoms. analgesic A drug that has principally analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Non-narcotic analgesics do not bind to opioid receptors. non-narcotic analgesic A loosely defined group of drugs that tend to reduce the activity of the central nervous system. CNS depressants central nervous system depressants central nervous system depressant A drug that prevents or reduces fever by lowering the body temperature from a raised state. An antipyretic will not affect the normal body temperature if one does not have fever. Antipyretics cause the hypothalamus to override an interleukin-induced increase in temperature. The body will then work to lower the temperature and the result is a reduction in fever. anti-pyretic antipyretic An agent that promotes the excretion of urine through its effects on kidney function. diuretics diuretic natural product fundamental parents natural product fundamental parent steroid fundamental parents steroid fundamental parent cholane cholane An agent that causes an increase in the expansion of a bronchus or bronchial tubes. bronchodilator bronchodilator agents broncholytic agent bronchodilator agent A drug that mimics the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included in this class are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters. sympathomimetic sympathomimetics sympathomimetic agent A compound or agent that combines with cyclooxygenases (EC 1.14.99.1) and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of icosanoids, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoate,hydrogen-donor:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors (PG)H synthase inhibitor (PG)H synthase inhibitors COX inhibitor EC 1.14.99.1 (cyclooxygenase) inhibitor EC 1.14.99.1 (cyclooxygenase) inhibitors EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitors EC 1.14.99.1 inhibitor EC 1.14.99.1 inhibitors PG synthetase inhibitor PG synthetase inhibitors cyclooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.1) inhibitor cyclooxygenase (EC 1.14.99.1) inhibitors cyclooxygenase inhibitor cyclooxygenase inhibitors fatty acid cyclooxygenase inhibitor fatty acid cyclooxygenase inhibitors prostaglandin G/H synthase inhibitor prostaglandin G/H synthase inhibitors prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase inhibitor prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase inhibitors prostaglandin synthase inhibitor prostaglandin synthase inhibitors prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor bipyridine Bipyridin bipyridyl bipyridine heterocyclic parent hydrides heterocyclic fundamental parent heterocyclic organic fundamental parents organic heterocyclic fundamental parents heterocyclic organic fundamental parent A drug that affects the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter or blood volume. cardiovascular agent cardiovascular drugs cardiovascular drug mancude organic heteromonocyclic parents mancude-ring organic heteromonocyclic parents mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent Any molecular entity that consists of a ring having (formally) the maximum number of noncumulative double bonds. mancude-ring systems mancude rings mancunide-ring systems mancude ring mancude organic heterocyclic parents mancude-ring organic heterocyclic parents mancude organic heterocyclic parent organic mancude parents organic mancude-ring parents organic mancude parent A negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula CxOy(n-) for some integers x, y and n. carbon oxoanion carbon oxoanions oxocarbon anion oxocarbon anions carbon oxoanion carbon oxoacids oxoacids of carbon carbon oxoacid A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms. anticancer agent anticancer agents antineoplastic antineoplastic agents cytostatic antineoplastic agent Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent. aromatic ether A drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels. vasodilator vasodilator agents vasodilator agent A drug used to prevent seizures or reduce their severity. Antiepileptika Antiepileptikum Antikonvulsiva Antikonvulsivum anti-convulsant anti-convulsants anti-convulsive agent anti-convulsive agents anticonvulsants anticonvulsive agent anticonvulsive agents antiepileptic antiepileptics antiepileptique antiepileptiques anticonvulsant A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon. beta-Lactam a beta-lactam beta-lactams beta-lactam Adrenergic uptake inhibitors are drugs that block the transport of adrenergic transmitters into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. The tricyclic antidepressants and amphetamines are among the therapeutically important drugs that may act via inhibition of adrenergic transport. Many of these drugs also block transport of serotonin. ARI NERI NRI adrenergic reuptake inhibitor adrenergic reuptake inhibitors adrenergic uptake inhibitors norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors adrenergic uptake inhibitor Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups. Dicarboxylic acid dicarboxylic acids dicarboxylic acid dicarboxylic acid anion dicarboxylic acid anions dicarboxylic acid anion Any dicarboxylic acid anion that is a monoanion obtained by the deprotonation of only one of the carboxy groups of the dicarboxylic acid. dicarboxylic acid monoanions dicarboxylic acid monoanion A compound formally derived from an oxoacid RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l > 0) and an alcohol, phenol, heteroarenol, or enol by linking with formal loss of water from an acidic hydroxy group of the former and a hydroxy group of the latter. Ester esters ester A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means. Xenobiotic xenobiotic xenobiotics xenobiotic compounds xenobiotic An agent that suppresses immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-cells or by inhibiting the activation of helper cells. In addition, an immunosuppressive agent is a role played by a compound which is exhibited by a capability to diminish the extent and/or voracity of an immune response. immunosuppressant immunosuppressive agents inmunosupresor immunosuppressive agent An antimicrobial agent that destroys fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. antifungal antifungal agents antifungal drug antifungal drugs antifungals antifungal agent glycosaminoglycan sulfate glycosaminoglycan sulfates sulfated glycosaminoglycans sulfated glycosaminoglycan carbohydrate sulfates carbohydrate sulphates carbohydrate sulfate liposaccharides liposaccharide A carboxylic acid anion formed when the carboxy group of a monocarboxylic acid is deprotonated. Carboxylate Monocarboxylate a monocarboxylate monocarboxylates monocarboxylic acid anions monocarboxylic acid anion A phosphorus oxoanion that is the conjugate base of phosphoric acid. Pi phosphate phosphate ions phosphate ion Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds. sphingoid Spd sphingoid base sphingoid bases sphingoids sphingoid keto steroids ketosteroids oxo steroids oxosteroids oxo steroid Any antimicrobial drug which is used to treat or prevent protozoal infections. antiprotozoal agent antiprotozoal agents antiprotozoal drugs antiprotozoal drug A drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. anti-rheumatic drugs antirheumatic agent antirheumatic drugs antirheumatic drug A compound or agent that combines with lipoxygenase and thereby prevents its substrate-enzyme combination with arachidonic acid and the formation of the icosanoid products hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid and various leukotrienes. lipooxygenase inhibitor lipoxygenase inhibitors lipoxygenase inhibitor Any monocarboxylic acid which also contains a separate (alcoholic or phenolic) hydroxy substituent. hydroxy acid hydroxy monocarboxylic acids hydroxy monocarboxylic acid pnictogen hydride pnictogen hydrides pnictogen hydride A substance used for its pharmacological action on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function. neurotransmitter agents neurotransmitter agent Natural and synthetic antibiotics containing the 4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-7-one structure, generally assumed to have the 5R configuration unless otherwise specified. penams penams A drug used to treat or prevent microbial infections. antimicrobial drugs antimicrobial drug A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections. antibacterial drugs antibacterial drug Esters of benzoic acid or substituted benzoic acids. benzoate ester benzoate esters benzoic acid esters benzoate ester Any monocarboxylic acid anion carrying at least one hydroxy substituent. hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anions hydroxymonocarboxylic acid anion hydroxymonocarboxylic acid anions hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion bile acids and derivatives cholanoids cholanoid A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome. proteins protein inorganic chloride salt inorganic chloride salts inorganic chlorides inorganic chloride A cyclic ketone in which the carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. alicyclic ketone alicyclic ketones alicyclic ketone A salt of a bile acid. bile acid salts bile acid salt macrocyclic tetrapyrroles cyclic tetrapyrroles macrocyclic tetrapyrrole cyclic tetrapyrrole Any member of a group of drugs that reversibly inhibit the propagation of signals along nerves. Wide variations in potency, stability, toxicity, water-solubility and duration of action determine the route used for administration, e.g. topical, intravenous, epidural or spinal block. local anaesthetic Lokalanaesthetikum anesthesique local local anaesthetics local anesthetics local anaesthetic Lepton is a fermion that does not experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek lambdaepsilonpitauomicronsigma (small, thin). leptons lepton Baryon is a fermion that does experience the strong force (strong interaction). The term is derived from the Greek betaalpharhoupsilonsigma (heavy). baryons baryon Particle of half-integer spin quantum number following Fermi-Dirac statistics. Fermions are named after Enrico Fermi. fermion fermions fermion A particle smaller than an atom. subatomic particles subatomic particle A subatomic particle known to have substructure (i.e. consisting of smaller particles). composite particles composite particle Hadron is a subatomic particle which experiences the strong force. hadrons hadron A nucleus or any of its constituents in any of their energy states. nuclear particle nuclear particle Any molecular entity consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic entities polyatomic entity An ion consisting of more than one atom. polyatomic ions polyatomic ion phosphorus oxoacid derivative phosphorus oxoacid derivative phosphorus oxoacids and derivatives saturated heterocyclic parent hydride saturated heterocyclic parent hydrides saturated organic heterocyclic parents saturated organic heterocyclic parent saturated heteromonocyclic parent hydride saturated heteromonocyclic parent hydrides saturated organic heteromonocyclic parents saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent glycosylsphingoid Any compound containing the carbonyl group, C=O. The term is commonly used in the restricted sense of aldehydes and ketones, although it actually includes carboxylic acids and derivatives. carbonyl compounds carbonyl compound Organic compounds containing an oxygen atom, =O, doubly bonded to carbon or another element. oxo compounds organic oxo compounds organic oxo compound An organochlorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chlorine bond. organochlorine compound an organochlorine molecule chloroorganic compounds chlororganische Verbindungen organochloride organochloride compound organochloride compounds organochlorides organochlorine compounds organochlorine compound true A carboxylic acid containing at least one chloro group. chlorocarboxylic acids chlorocarboxylic acid heterotricyclic compound heterotricyclic compounds heterotricyclic compounds heterotricyclic compound Any of a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. adrenal cortex hormones corticosteroid hormones corticosteroid hormone Compounds based on a biladiene skeleton. biladienes Two or more cyclic systems (single rings or fused systems) which are directly joined to each other by double or single bonds are named ring assemblies when the number of such direct ring junctions is one less than the number of cyclic systems involved. ring assemblies ring assembly ring assembly pseudohalide ions pseudohalide anions pseudohalides pseudohalogen anion pseudohalogen ion pseudohalide anion polyatomic monoanions polyatomic monoanion monoanions monoanion 11-hydroxy steroids 11-hydroxy steroid hydrogen isocyanide nitriliomethanide CNH HN(+)#C(-) HNC hydroisocyanic acid hydrogen isocyanide An oxo steroid carrying an oxo group at position 20. 20-oxo steroids 20-oxo steroid chalcogen hydride chalcogen hydrides chalcogen hydride argon molecular entity argon compounds argon molecular entities argon molecular entity inorganic ions inorganic ion inorganic cations inorganic cation A monoatomic or polyatomic species having one or more elementary charges of the proton. Cation cation Kation Kationen cationes cations cation chalcocarbonic acid chalcocarbonic acids chalcocarbonic acids chalcocarbonic acid An organochalcogen compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-chalcogen bond. organochalcogen compound organochalcogen compounds organochalcogen compound An organochalcogen compound containing at least one carbon-oxygen bond. organooxygen compound organooxygen compounds organooxygen compound vitamin B-6 phosphates vitamin B6 phosphates vitamin B6 phosphate amino-acid anion amino acid anions amino-acid anions amino-acid anion barium molecular entity barium compounds barium molecular entities barium molecular entity elemental barium organic hydrides organic hydride mononuclear parent hydrides mononuclear hydride mononuclear hydrides mononuclear parent hydride elemental sodium A 7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione that is isoalloxazine substituted by methyl groups at positions 7 and 8. 7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione dimethylisoalloxazine 7,8-dimethylisoalloxazine 7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione 7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione alloxazine benzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione Alloxazin alloxazine benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione benzo[g]pteridine-2,4-dione benzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione isoalloxazine tropane alkaloids tropane alkaloid Any of the group of polysaccharides composed of alternating units from uronic acids and glycosamines, and commonly partially esterified with sulfuric acid. Mucopolysaccharide mucopolysaccharides Mucopolysaccharid Mukopolysaccharid mucopolisacarido mucopolisacaridos mucopolysaccharide Any of a class of 10--60 kDa glycosaminoglycan sulfates, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues. Chondroitin sulfate Chondroitinsulfat chondroitin polysulfate chondroitin sulfates chondroitin sulfuric acid chondroitin sulphate chondroitin sulfate An acid is a molecular entity capable of donating a hydron (Bronsted acid) or capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (Lewis acid). Acid acid Saeure Saeuren acide acido acids acid A molecular entity consisting of two or more chemical elements. chemical compound heteroatomic molecular entities heteroatomic molecular entity Any heteroatomic molecular entity that is a chemical compound of halogen with other chemical elements. halides halide A lactone having a five-membered lactone ring. 1,4-Lactone 1,4-lactones a 1,4-lactone butyrolactones gamma-Laktone gamma-lactona gamma-lactonas gamma-lactones gamma-lactone An amide of a carboxylic acid, having the structure RC(=O)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)NH2 group including its carbon atom. carboxamides carboxamides primary carboxamide carboxamide phosphoric ester A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration. 2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylic acid penicillanic acid (2S,5R)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid penicillanic acid sulfuric acid derivative sulfuric acid derivatives sulfuric acid derivative A carboacyl group is a group formed by loss of at least one OH from the carboxy group of a carboxylic acid. carboacyl groups carboxylic acyl group carboxylic acyl groups carboacyl group A plant growth regulator that modulates the formation of stems, leaves and flowers, as well as the development and ripening of fruit. The term includes endogenous and non-endogenous compounds (e.g. active compounds produced by bacteria on the leaf surface) as well as semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds. phytohormone phytohormones plant growth factor plant growth factors plant growth hormone plant growth hormones plant hormones plant hormone azacycloalkanes azacycloalkane Any agent that acts on an adrenergic receptor or affects the life cycle of an adrenergic transmitter. adrenergic agents adrenergic drug adrenergic drugs adrenergic neuron agents adrenergics adrenergic agent A carbopolyclic compound comprising of three carbocyclic rings. carbotricyclic compounds carbotricyclic compound A drug used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. Anti-arrhythmia drugs may affect the polarisation-repolarisation phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibres. anti-arrhythmia agent antiarrhythmic agent anti-arrhythmia drug A compound composed of two or more pyrrole units. PPys poly(pyrrole)s polypyrroles polypyrrole Any member of the class of cardenolides with glycosyl residues attached to position 3. 5alpha-cardenolide glycoside 5beta-cardenolide glycoside cardenolide glycoside thiadiazoles Any organonitrogen compound containing a cyclic component with nitrogen and at least one other element as ring member atoms. heterocyclic organonitrogen compounds organonitrogen heterocyclic compounds organonitrogen heterocyclic compound Any organic heterocyclic compound containing at least one ring oxygen atom. heterocyclic organooxygen compounds organooxygen heterocyclic compounds oxacycles oxacycle heterocyclic organosulfur compounds organosulfur heterocyclic compounds organosulfur heterocyclic compound A drug that has a strengthening effect on the heart or that can increase cardiac output. cardiotonic drugs cardiotonic drug organic heteropentacyclic compounds organic heteropentacyclic compound organic heteropolycyclic compounds organic heteropolycyclic compound monocyclic heteroarenes monocyclic heteroarene A hydroxypyridine carrying a single hydroxy substituent. monohydroxypyridines monohydroxypyridine pyridinecarbaldehydes pyridinecarbaldehyde Any member of the class of pyridines carrying a hydroxymethyl substituent at unspecified position. hydroxymethylpyridines hydroxymethylpyridine Any inhibitor of a DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase inhibitor azabicycloalkanes azabicycloalkane thiabicycloalkanes thiabicycloalkane Any organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring in which two of the C-H fragments have been replaced by isolobal nitrogens (the diazine parent structure). diazines Any drug used for its actions on cholinergic systems. Included here are agonists and antagonists, drugs that affect the life cycle of acetylcholine, and drugs that affect the survival of cholinergic neurons. cholinergic agent cholinergic drugs cholinomimetic cholinergic drug A pyrimidine carrying one or more oxo substituents. pyrimidones pyrimidone A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine substituted by at least one amino group and its derivatives. aminopyrimidines aminopyrimidine 1,3-thiazoles 1,3-thiazoles electron-transport chain inhibitor respiratory-chain inhibitor An EC 1.9.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1). CcO inhibitor EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitors EC 1.9.3.1 inhibitor EC 1.9.3.1 inhibitors NADH cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor NADH cytochrome c oxidase inhibitors Warburg's respiratory enzyme inhibitor Warburg's respiratory enzyme inhibitors complex IV (mitochondrial electron transport) inhibitor complex IV (mitochondrial electron transport) inhibitors cytochrome a3 inhibitor cytochrome a3 inhibitors cytochrome aa3 inhibitor cytochrome aa3 inhibitors cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) inhibitor cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) inhibitors cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor cytochrome c oxidase inhibitors cytochrome oxidase inhibitor cytochrome oxidase inhibitors cytochrome-c oxidase inhibitor cytochrome-c oxidase inhibitors ferrocytochrome c oxidase inhibitor ferrocytochrome c oxidase inhibitors ferrocytochrome-c:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitor ferrocytochrome-c:oxygen oxidoreductase inhibitors indophenol oxidase inhibitor indophenol oxidase inhibitors indophenolase inhibitor indophenolase inhibitors mitochondrial complex IV inhibitor mitochondrial complex IV inhibitors mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase inhibitors EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor simple proteins simple protein Any agent that affects the transport of molecular entities across a biological membrane. membrane transport modulators membrane transport modulator An agent that inhibits sodium influx through cell membranes. Na channel blocker sodium channel blockers sodium channel blocker organic sodium salt organic sodium salts organic sodium salt inorganic sodium salts inorganic sodium salt Any dianion containing at least one carboxy group. carboxylic acid dianion carboxylic acid dianions carboxylic acid dianion Substance which produces loss of feeling or sensation. anaesthetic Anaesthetika Anaesthetikum anaesthetics anesthetic agent anesthetic drug anesthetics anaesthetic Substance that produces loss of consciousness. general anaesthetic Allgemeinanaesthetika Allgemeinanaesthetikum general anaesthetics general anesthetics general anaesthetic i.v.-Anaesthetika i.v.-Anaesthetikum intravenous anesthetics intravenous anaesthetic benzopteridines benzopteridine Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups. methylbenzenes methylbenzene A monocyclic arene that is benzene substituted with one or more alkyl groups. alkylbenzene Alkylbenzol alkylbenzenes alkylbenzene sodium channel modulators sodium channel modulator Protein component on the surface of lipoprotein. apolipoproteins apolipoprotein A complex in which one component (the host) forms a cavity or, in the case of a crystal, a crystal lattice containing spaces in the shape of long tunnels or channels in which molecular entities of a second chemical species (the guest) are located. There is no covalent bonding between guest and host, the attraction being generally due to van der Waals forces. inclusion compound compose d'inclusion compuesto de inclusion compuestos de inclusion inclusion complex inclusion compounds inclusion compound Inclusion compound in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. clathrates Clathrat Clathratverbindung Klathrat Klathratverbindung cage compound clathrate clathrate compounds clatrato clatratos compuesto de clatrato clathrate compound A molecular entity capable of donating a hydron to an acceptor (Bronsted base). Bronsted acid Bronsted-Saeure acide de Bronsted donneur d'hydron hydron donor Bronsted acid A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Bronsted acid). Bronsted base Bronsted-Base accepteur d'hydron base de Bronsted hydron acceptor Bronsted base A molecular entity able to provide a pair of electrons and thus capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron-pair acceptor (Lewis acid), thereby producing a Lewis adduct. Lewis base Lewis-Base base de Lewis donneur d'une paire d'electrons electron donor Lewis base Any chemical substance that inhibits the life-cycle of an organism. growth regulators growth regulator Any compound having a pyrimidine as part of its structure. pyrimidines thiadiazole thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole A monovalent inorganic anion that consists of phosphoric acid in which one of the three OH groups has been deprotonated. dihydrogen(tetraoxidophosphate)(1-) dihydrogenphosphate dihydrogentetraoxophosphate(1-) dihydrogentetraoxophosphate(V) dihydroxidodioxidophosphate(1-) DIHYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION H2PO4(-) [PO2(OH)2](-) dihydrogenphosphate Cyclic ketone cyclic ketones cyclic ketone carbonate trioxidocarbonate(2-) CARBONATE ION CO3(2-) Karbonat [CO3](2-) carbonate FORMYL GROUP aldehyde group carbaldehyde formyl -CH(O) -CHO Fo H-CO- methanoyl formyl group A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has R configuration. (2R)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine (R)-amphetamine (-)-amphetamine (-)-phenylisopropylamine (R)-alpha-methylbenzeneethanamine (R)-alpha-methylphenethylamine levamfetamine levamphetamine (R)-amphetamine HYDROXY GROUP hydroxy hydroxy group -OH hydroxyl hydroxyl group hydroxy group A phosphate ion that is the conjugate base of dihydrogenphosphate. hydrogen(tetraoxidophosphate)(2-) hydrogenphosphate hydrogentetraoxophosphate(2-) hydrogentetraoxophosphate(V) hydroxidotrioxidophosphate(2-) HPO4(2-) HYDROGENPHOSPHATE ION INORGANIC PHOSPHATE GROUP [P(OH)O3](2-) [PO3(OH)](2-) hydrogen phosphate phosphate hydrogenphosphate METHOTREXATE Methotrexate N-(4-{[(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid 4-amino-10-methylfolic acid 4-amino-N(10)-methylpteroylglutamic acid Emtexate Ledertrexate MTX N-[4-[[(2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl)methyl]methylamino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid Rheumatrex Trexall methotrexate methotrexatum metotrexato methotrexate A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration. (2S)-1-phenylpropan-2-amine (S)-amphetamine (+)-(S)-amphetamine (+)-alpha-methylphenethylamine (+)-alpha-methylphenylethylamine (+)-amphetamine (S)-(+)-amphetamine (S)-(+)-beta-phenylisopropylamine (S)-1-phenyl-2-aminopropane (S)-1-phenyl-2-propylamine (S)-alpha-methylbenzeneethanamine (alphaS)-alpha-methylbenzeneethanamine Dextroamphetamine d-amphetamine dexamphetamine (S)-amphetamine A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (3beta,5beta,12beta)-3-{[2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl]oxy}-12,14-dihydroxycard-20(22)-enolide 12beta-hydroxydigitoxin digoxin digoxin hydrogen(tetraoxidosulfate)(1-) hydrogensulfate hydrogensulfate(1-) hydrogentetraoxosulfate(1-) hydrogentetraoxosulfate(VI) hydroxidotrioxidosulfate(1-) HSO4(-) HYDROGEN SULFATE [SO3(OH)](-) hydrogensulfate A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide Paracetamol 4'-hydroxyacetanilide 4-(Acetylamino)phenol 4-acetamidophenol APAP Acenol Acetaminofen Acetaminophen N-acetyl-p-aminophenol Panadol Tylenol acetaminofen acetaminophene p-Acetylaminophenol p-acetamidophenol p-acetaminophenol p-hydroxyacetanilide p-hydroxyphenolacetamide paracetamol paracetamolum paracetamol An amino aldehyde that is L-tyrosine in which the carboxy group has undergone formal redution to give the corrresponding aldehyde (2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanal (2S)-2-amino-3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanal L-tyr aldehyde TYROSINAL L-tyrosinal OXO GROUP oxo =O oxo group Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. asbestos Asbest asbesto asbestos In general, a mineral is a chemical substance that is normally crystalline formed and has been formed as a result of geological processes. The term also includes metamict substances (naturally occurring, formerly crystalline substances whose crystallinity has been destroyed by ionising radiation) and can include naturally occurring amorphous substances that have never been crystalline ('mineraloids') such as georgite and calciouranoite as well as substances formed by the action of geological processes on bigenic compounds ('biogenic minerals'). mineral Minerale minerales minerals mineraux mineral Silikat Silikate Silikatminerale silicate minerals silicates silicato silicatos silicate mineral phosphate minerals phosphate mineral oxide minerals oxide mineral A liquid that can dissolve other substances (solutes) without any change in their chemical composition. Loesungsmittel solvant solvents solvent CARBOXY GROUP carboxy -C(O)OH -CO2H -COOH carboxyl group carboxy group An aminodiol composed of any octadecene having hydroxy functional groups at positions 1 and 3 and an amino substituent at position 2. 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diols 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diols 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol A 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol having (2R,3S)-configuration. (2R,3S)-2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol (2R,3S)-2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol A (2R,3S)-2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol in which the double bond has E geochemistry. (2R,3S,4E)-2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol L-Erythro-c18-sphingosine L-erythro-sphing-4-enine L-erythro-sphingosine Any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid. Acetic ester Acetyl ester acetate acetate esters acetates acetyl esters an acetyl ester acetate ester Any oxo steroid where an oxo substituent is located at position 3. 3-Oxosteroid 3-oxo steroids 3-oxosteroids a 3-oxosteroid 3-oxo steroid penamcarboxylates penamcarboxylate urea derivatives ureas Anything used in a scientific experiment to indicate the presence of a substance or quality, change in a body, etc. Indikator indicator A chemical compound that can be excited by light of a specific wavelength and subsequently transfer energy to a chosen reactant. This is commonly molecular oxygen within a cancer tissue, which is converted to (highly rective) singlet state oxygen. This rapidly reacts with any nearby biomolecules, ultimately killing the cancer cells. photosensitising agent photosensitizing agent macrocyclic polypyrroles cyclic polypyrroles polypyrrole macrocycles cyclic polypyrrole A 3-oxo steroid conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position. 3-Oxo-delta4-steroid 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroids 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroids a 3-oxo-Delta(4)-steroid 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid A compound, usually an anti-bacterial agent or a toxin, which inhibits the synthesis of a protein. protein synthesis antagonist protein synthesis antagonists protein synthesis inhibitors protein synthesis inhibitor Schwefeloxide oxides of sulfur sulfur oxides sulfur oxide cyclopentafurofurochromenes cyclopentafurofurochromene An antimicrobial agent that is applied to non-living objects to destroy harmful microorganisms or to inhibit their activity. Desinfektionsmittel desinfectant disinfectants disinfecting agent disinfectant serotonergic agents serotonergic drugs serotonin drugs serotonergic drug A solvent that is composed of polar molecules. Polar solvents can dissolve ionic compounds or ionisable covalent compounds. polar solvent polar solvents polar solvent non-polar solvent A polar solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) donor. protogenic solvent protic solvent Solvent that is capable of acting as a hydron (proton) acceptor. protophilic solvent HBA solvent hydrogen bond acceptor solvent protophilic solvent Self-ionizing solvent possessing both characteristics of Bronsted acids and bases. amphiprotic solvent amphiprotic solvent carbamimidic acid H2N-C(=NH)-OH H2N-C(OH)=NH HO-C(=NH)-NH2 Isoharnstoff carbamimic acid carbonamidimidic acid isourea pseudourea carbamimidic acid Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing =O by =NR; thus tautomers of amides. In organic chemistry an unspecified imidic acid is generally a carboximidic acid, RC(=NR)(OH). imidic acid imidic acids imidic acids imino acids imidic acid carboximidic acid carboximidic acids carboximidic acids carboximidic acid A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives. isoureas isoureas isourea A drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. antiparkinson agent antiparkinson drug A drug used for its effects on dopamine receptors, on the life cycle of dopamine, or on the survival of dopaminergic neurons. dopamine agent dopamine agents dopamine drug dopamine drugs dopaminergic agents dopaminergic agent Substance which binds to cell receptors normally responding to naturally occurring substances and which produces a response of its own. agonist agonista agoniste agonists agonist Substance that attaches to and blocks cell receptors that normally bind naturally occurring substances. antagonist antagonista antagoniste antagonists antagonist Silicate minerals that contain aluminium, silicon, and oxygen, together with other ions. They are a major component of clay minerals. Alumosilikat Alumosilikate aluminosilicates aluminosilicato aluminosilicate mineral Sulfurous acid dihydrogen trioxosulfate dihydroxidooxidosulfur sulfurous acid trioxosulfuric acid H2SO3 S(O)(OH)2 Sulfite [SO(OH)2] acide sulfureux acido sulfuroso schweflige Saeure sulphurous acid sulfurous acid Any drug that binds to but does not activate cholinergic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of acetylcholine or cholinergic agonists. Anticholinergika Anticholinergikum acetylcholine antagonists acetylcholine receptor antagonist agent anticholinergique agente anticolinergico agentes anticolinergicos anticholinergic agents anticholinergics anticholinergiques anticolinergicos cholinergic-blocking agents cholinergic antagonist An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains a N atom and one S atom. thiazole thiazoles substituted anilines substituted aniline A chemical substance which inhibits the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites. hormone antagonists hormone antagonist A compound that inhibits the action of prostaglandins. prostaglandin inhibitor prostaglandin antagonist An aldehyde in which a formyl group is located on a heteroarene. heteroarenecarbaldehyde A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring. 2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid dopa (+-)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine (+-)-dopa (R,S)-dopa 3',4'-dihydroxyphenylalanine 3-hydroxy-DL-tyrosine 3-hydroxytyrosine DL-3,4-dopa DL-beta-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine DL-dihydroxyphenylalanine DL-dioxyphenylalanine beta-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-DL-alpha-alanine dl-beta-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-alpha-alanine dopa The D-enantiomer of dopa. (2R)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid D-dopa (+)-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (+)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine 3,4-dihydroxy-D-phenylalanine 3-hydroxy-D-tyrosine D-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine D-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine dopa D-form D-dopa argon 18Ar Ar argon argon atom hydrogen 1H H Wasserstoff hidrogeno hydrogen hydrogene hydrogen atom A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups. organic amino compounds organic amino compound A drug that softens, separates, and causes desquamation of the cornified epithelium or horny layer of skin. Keratolytic drugs are used to expose mycelia of infecting fungi or to treat corns, warts, and certain other skin diseases. desquamating agent keratolytic agent keratolytic drugs skin-peeling agent keratolytic drug A drug used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. dermatologic agent dermatologic drugs dermatological agent dermatologic drug An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the activity of cytochrome P450 involved in catalysis of organic substances. CYP2D6 inhibitor CYP2D6 inhibitors P450 inhibitors cytochrome P450 inhibitor cytochrome P450 inhibitors P450 inhibitor Drug that acts on blood and blood-forming organs and those that affect the hemostatic system. hematologic agents hematologic agent An agent that prevents blood clotting. anticoagulante anticoagulants anticoagulant A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug. Prodrugs prodrug Synthetic or natural substance which is given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. chemoprotectant chemoprotectants chemoprotective agent chemoprotective agents protective agents protective agent A substance that does not act as agonist or antagonist but does affect the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which benzodiazepines act by increasing the opening frequency of gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated chloride channels; a site at which barbiturates act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. GABA modulators GABA modulator onium compound Mononuclear cations derived by addition of a hydron to a mononuclear parent hydride of the pnictogen, chalcogen and halogen families. onium cations onium cations onium ion onium ions onium cation chloranium chloronium H2Cl(+) [ClH2](+) chloronium A univalent organyl group obtained by cleaving the bond from C-2 to the side chain of a proteinogenic amino-acid. canonical amino-acid side-chain canonical amino-acid side-chains proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain groups proteinogenic amino-acid side-chains proteinogenic amino-acid side-chain group 2-carboxyethyl glutamic acid side-chain 2-carboxyethyl group pyridinium ions pyridinium ion 4-hydroxybenzyl tyrosine side-chain 4-hydroxybenzyl group A role played by a molecular entity used to study the microscopic environment. probe A drug or agent which antagonizes or impairs any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system. platelet aggregation inhibitors platelet aggregation inhibitor Compounds containing a bipyridine group. bipyridyls bipyridines Drug used to cause constriction of the blood vessels. vasoconstrictor agent A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives. furan-2-one 2-furanone butenolides butenolide An aliphatic alcohol in which the aliphatic alkane chain is substituted by a hydroxy group at unspecified position. alkyl alcohols hydroxyalkane hydroxyalkanes alkyl alcohol A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 2. COX-2 inhibitor COX-2 inhibitors PGHS-2 inhibitor PGHS-2 inhibitors cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitor cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitors cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitors cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors prostaglandin H synthase-2 inhibitor prostaglandin H synthase-2 inhibitors prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 inhibitor prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 inhibitors cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 1. COX-1 inhibitor COX-1 inhibitors PTGS1 inhibitor PTGS1 inhibitors cyclo-oxygenase 1 inhibitor cyclo-oxygenase 1 inhibitors cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitors cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitors prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 inhibitor prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 inhibitors prostaglandin H2 synthase 1 inhibitor prostaglandin H2 synthase 1 inhibitors prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 inhibitor prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 inhibitors cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor [(5-acetamido-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfonyl]azanide acetazolamide acetazolamide(1-) (2S)-4-carboxy-2-(4-{[(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}benzamido)butanoate methotrexate(1-) (2S)-2-(4-{[(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}benzamido)pentanedioate methotrexate methotrexate(2-) An EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3). 7,8-dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor 7,8-dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors DHFR inhibitor DHFR inhibitors EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitors EC 1.5.1.3 inhibitor EC 1.5.1.3 inhibitors NADPH-dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor NADPH-dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) inhibitor dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) inhibitors dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors dihydrofolic acid reductase inhibitor dihydrofolic acid reductase inhibitors dihydrofolic reductase inhibitor dihydrofolic reductase inhibitors folic acid reductase inhibitor folic acid reductase inhibitors folic reductase inhibitor folic reductase inhibitors tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitor tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase inhibitors EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor A substance used either in the prevention or facilitation of pregnancy. reproductive control agent reproductive control drugs reproductive control drug A chemical substance that interrupts pregnancy after implantation. abortifacient agent abortifacient agents abortifacient drug abortifacient drugs abortifacients abortifacient A product in capsule, tablet or liquid form that provide essential nutrients, such as a vitamin, an essential mineral, a protein, an herb, or similar nutritional substance. Dietary Supplement Food Supplementation Nutritional supplement nutraceutical iron oxide iron oxide minerals iron oxide mineral hematite Blutstein Haematit blood stone haematite hematita oligist oligiste hematite diiron trioxide iron(3+) oxide iron(III) oxide Eisen(III)-oxid Eisentrioxid iron trioxide ferric oxide Biologically active substance whose activity affects or plays a role in the functioning of the immune system. Biomodulator Immune factor Immunologic factor Immunological factor immunomodulators immunomodulator A natural or synthetic analogue of the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland. corticoides corticosteroides corticosteroids corticosteroid Any molecular entity that contains carbon. organic compounds organic entity organic molecular entities organic molecular entity A role played by a chemical compound to induce direct or indirect DNA damage. Such damage can potentially lead to the formation of a malignant tumour, but DNA damage does not lead inevitably to the creation of cancerous cells. genotoxic agent genotoxic agents genotoxins genotoxin A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities. agente carcinogeno cancerigene cancerogene carcinogen carcinogene carcinogenic agents carcinogeno carcinogens carcinogenic agent A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy. alergeno allergene allergenic agent allergen A role played by a chemical compound in biological systems with adverse consequences in embryo developments, leading to birth defects, embryo death or altered development, growth retardation and functional defect. agent teratogene teratogen teratogeno teratogenic agent A role is particular behaviour which a material entity may exhibit. role A role played by a chemical compound exihibiting itself through the ability to induce damage to the liver in animals. agente hepatotoxico hepatotoxic agents hepatotoxicant hepatotoxicants hepatotoxin hepatotoxins hepatoxic agent hepatoxicant hepatotoxic agent A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system. agente neurotoxico nerve poison nerve poisons neurotoxic agent neurotoxic agents neurotoxicant neurotoxins neurotoxin A compound that specifically inhibits the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. This increases the serotonin concentration in the synaptic cleft which then activates serotonin receptors to a greater extent. SSRI serotonin reuptake inhibitor serotonin uptake inhibitor Systems consisting of two or more molecular entities held together by non-covalent interactions. non-covalently-bound molecular entities non-covalently-bound molecular entity A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one hydrogen atom by an organyl group. primary amino compounds primary amino compound A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups. secondary amino compounds secondary amino compound A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing three hydrogen atoms by organyl groups. tertiary amino compounds tertiary amino compound A dopaminergic agent that blocks the transport of dopamine into axon terminals or into storage vesicles within terminals. Most of the adrenergic uptake inhibitors also inhibit dopamine uptake. DARI DRI dopamine reuptake inhibitor dopamine reuptake inhibitors dopamine uptake inhibitors dopamine uptake inhibitor A drug that modulates the function of the endocrine glands, the biosynthesis of their secreted hormones, or the action of hormones upon their specific sites. hormone receptor modulators hormone receptor modulator A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a chemical context. chemical role Nitrogenous compounds nitrogen compounds nitrogen molecular entities nitrogen molecular entity An organic molecule that is electrically neutral carrying a positive and a negative charge in one of its major canonical descriptions. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized; however the term is also applied to species where this is not the case. dipolar compounds dipolar compound Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives. acenes Compounds containing a tetracene skeleton. naphthacenes tetracenes Any anion formed by loss of a proton from the carboxy group of a penicillin. penicillin penicillin anion penicillin anions penicillinate anion A substance, such as agonists, antagonists, degradation or uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function, used for its pharmacological actions on GABAergic systems. GABA agent Any organic substituent group, regardless of functional type, having two free valences at carbon atom(s). organodiyl groups organodiyl group organic divalent group organic univalent group Compounds containing a biotin (5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid) skeleton. biotins An alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) in which the C=O function is conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position. enones enone A ketone of general formula R(1)R(2)C=CR(3)-C(=O)R(4) (R(4) =/= H) or R(1)C#C-C(=O)R(2) (R(2) =/= H) in which the ketonic C=O function is conjugated to an unsaturated C-C bond at the alpha,beta position. alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone organic polycyclic compounds organic polycyclic compound organic tricyclic compounds organic tricyclic compound An organic anion that is the conjugate base of methanol. methoxide ion methoxide A biological role played by the molecular entity or part thereof within a biochemical context. biochemical role biophysical role A role played by the molecular entity or part thereof which causes the development of a pathological process. etiopathogenetic agent etiopathogenetic role aetiopathogenetic role A biological role which describes how a drug interacts within a biological system and how the interactions affect its medicinal properties. pharmacological role physiological role Any molecule or ion capable of binding to a central metal atom to form coordination complexes. ligands ligand Any substance introduced into a living organism with therapeutic or diagnostic purpose. farmaco medicament pharmaceuticals pharmaceutical A phosphate mineral with the general formula Ca5(PO4)3X where X = OH, F or Cl. hydroxyapatite apatite A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH). hydroxylapatite A compound with the general formula R2C=O (R=/=H) where one or more of the R groups contains an oxy (-O-) group. oxyketones oxyketone An oxyketone with the general formula R2C(=O) (R=/=H) where one or more of the R groups contains an oxy (-O-) group and the oxy and carbonyl groups are bonded to the same carbon atom. alpha-oxyketones alpha-oxyketone inorganic hydroxides inorganic hydroxy compound The biological role played by a material entity when bound by a receptor of the adaptive immune system. Specific site on an antigen to which an antibody binds. antigenic determinant epitope function epitope role epitope Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N). iso-cyanates isocyanates A polymer carrying multiple negative charges. polyanion polyanions polyanionic macromolecule A macromolecule containing ionic groups. ionic polymer polyionic macromolecule ionic macromolecule Globin globins pentacoordinate globin globin Any drug found useful in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhoea. antidiarrheal antidiarrheal agent antidiarrheal agents antidiarrheal drug antidiarrheal drugs antidiarrheals antidiarrhoeal antidiarrhoeal agent antidiarrhoeal agents antidiarrhoeal drugs antidiarrhoeals antiperistaltic antiperistaltic agent antiperistaltic agents antiperistaltic drug antiperistaltic drugs antiperistaltics antidiarrhoeal drug A drug used for its effects on the gastrointestinal system, e.g. controlling gastric acidity, regulating gastrointestinal motility and water flow, and improving digestion. gastrointestinal agent gastrointestinal agents gastrointestinal drugs gastrointestinal drug A cyclic compound having as ring members atoms of at least two different elements. Heterocyclic compound compuesto heterociclico compuestos heterociclicos heterocycle heterocyclic compounds heterocyclic compound An amino acid zwitterion obtained from the transfer of a proton from the carboxy group to the amino group of L-dopa. Major microspecies at pH 7.3. (2S)-2-azaniumyl-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate (2S)-2-ammonio-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate L-dopa L-dopa zwitterion Conjugate base of biotin arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group. 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoate biotin biotin anion biotinate Anionic form of chondroitin D-glucuronate arising from deprotonation of the carboxylic acid groups of the repeating units; major species at pH 7.3. chondroitin D-glucuronate chondroitin D-glucuronate polyanion chondroitin D-glucuronate anion Dianion of barbituric acid arising from deprotonation at the N-1 and C-5 positions. 2,4,6-trioxotetrahydro-2H-pyrimidine-1,5-diide 2,4,6-trioxo-1,3-diazinane-1,5-diide barbiturate dianion barbiturate(2-) The cationic sphingoid resulting from the protonation of the amino group of sphingosine. (2S,3R,4E)-1,3-dihydroxyoctadec-4-en-2-aminium sphing-4-enine sphingosine(1+) Zwitterionic form of 6-aminopenicillanic acid arising from migration of a proton from the carboxy group to the 6-amino group; major species at pH 7.3. 6-azaniumyl-2,2-dimethylpenam-3alpha-carboxylate (2S,5R,6R)-6-azaniumyl-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylate 6-aminopenicillanate 6-aminopenicillanic acid zwitterion The ammonium ion resulting from the protonation of the amino group of psychosine. (2S,3R,4E)-1-(beta-D-galactopyranosyloxy)-3-hydroxyoctadec-4-en-2-aminium (2S,3R,4E)-3-hydroxy-1-{[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}octadec-4-en-2-aminium beta-D-galactosyl-(1<->1)-sphing-4-enine psychosine(1+) A dicarboxylic acid dianion obtained by deprotonation of the two carboxy groups of bilirubin; major species at pH 7.3. 2,7,13,17-tetramethyl-1,19-dioxo-3,18-divinyl-1,10,19,22,23,24-hexahydro-21H-biline-8,12-dipropanoate bilirubin IXalpha bilirubin dianion bilirubin(2-) A D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion that is D-phenylalanine in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3. (2R)-2-azaniumyl-3-phenylpropanoate (2R)-2-ammonio-3-phenylpropanoate D-phenylalanine D-phenylalanine zwitterion An organic anion that is the conjugate base of riboflavin resulting from the removal of a proton from the nitrogen at position 3 (between the two carbonyl groups). Major microspecies at pH 7.3. 1-deoxy-1-(7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-2H-benzo[g]pteridin-3-id-10(4H)-yl)-D-ribitol 7,8-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-10-[(2S,3S,4R)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl]-2H,3H,4H,10H-benzo[g]pteridin-3-ide riboflavin riboflavin anion vitamin B2(1-) riboflavin(1-) Conjugate acid of carbon monoxide arising from protonation of the carbon; major species at pH 7.3. methylidyneoxonium CO(1+) methylidyneoxidanium carbon monoxide(1+) An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-phenylalanine; major species at pH 7.3. (2S)-2-azaniumyl-3-phenylpropanoate (2S)-2-ammonio-3-phenylpropanoate L-phenylalanine phenylalanine L-phenylalanine zwitterion An amino acid zwitterion arising from transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of L-tyrosine; major species at pH 7.3. (2S)-2-azaniumyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (2S)-2-ammonio-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate L-tyrosine L-tyrosine zwitterion A D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion that is D-tyrosine in which a proton has been transferred from the carboxy group to the amino group. It is the major species at pH 7.3. (2R)-2-ammonio-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate D-tyrosine D-tyrosine zwitterion An organic phosphoric acid derivative in which one or more oxygen atoms of the phosphate group(s) has been deprotonated. organophosphate oxoanions organophosphate oxoanion Any fatty acid anion obtained by removal of a proton from the carboxy group of a short-chain fatty acid (chain length of less than C6). a short-chain fatty acid short-chain fatty acid anions short-chain fatty acid anion Any fatty acid anion in which there is no C-C unsaturation. saturated fatty acid anions saturated fatty acid anion An organic anion of general formula RS(=O)2O(-) where R is an organyl group. organosulfate oxoanions organosulfate oxoanion The conjugate acid of piperidine; major species at pH 7.3. piperidinium hexahydropyridinium piperidine piperidinium cation piperidinium(1+) piperidinium A substance used as an indicator of a biological state. biological marker biomarker Any substance capable of eliciting an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein. Examples include dinitrophenols; oligosaccharides; peptides; and heavy metals. haptens hapten An organic anion arising from deprotonation of a acyclic tetrapyrrole compound. acyclic tetrapyrrole anion acyclic tetrapyrrole anions linear tetrapyrrole anions linear tetrapyrrole anion Any substance that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. DNA synthesis inhibitors DNA synthesis inhibitor A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer). (6R)-2-amino-6-[(1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one (-)-(6R)-2-amino-6-((1R,2S)-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4(3H)-pteridinone (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (6R)-L-erythro-tetrahydrobiopterin 2-Amino-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydoro-4(1H)-pteridinone 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrobiopterin 6R-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin 6R-BH4 6R-L-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin R-THBP sapropterin sapropterina sapropterinum tetrahydrobiopterin sapropterin Compounds containing one or more phosphoric acid units. phosphoric acids The dianion resulting from the removal of two protons from the phosphate group of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. (4-formyl-5-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)methyl phosphate 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde 5-phosphate dianion 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylisonicotinaldehyde 5-phosphate(2-) pyridoxal 5'-phosphate pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dianion pyridoxal 5'-phosphate(2-) A reagent that forms a bond to its reaction partner (the electrophile) by donating both bonding electrons. nucleophile nucleophiles nucleophilic reagents nucleophilic reagent Conjugate base of an L-alpha-amino acid arising from deprotonation of the C-1 carboxy group. L-alpha-amino carboxylate L-alpha-amino acid anion Zwitterionic form of an L-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group. L-alpha-amino acid zwitterions an L-alpha-amino acid L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion Zwitterionic form of a D-alpha-amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group. D-alpha-amino acid zwitterions a D-alpha-amino acid D-alpha-amino acid zwitterion A chemical substance is a portion of matter of constant composition, composed of molecular entities of the same type or of different types. Chemische Substanz chemical substance A mixture is a chemical substance composed of multiple molecules, at least two of which are of a different kind. Mischung mixture A polymer is a mixture, which is composed of macromolecules of different kinds and which may be differentiated by composition, length, degree of branching etc.. Polymer Kunststoff polymer The conjugate base of cocaine arising from protonation of the tertiary amino group; major species at pH 7.3. (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-2-(methoxycarbonyl)-8-methyl-8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]octane cocaine cocaine cation cocaine(1+) An ionic polymer is a polymer, composed of ionic macromolecules. polyionic polymer ionic polymer An atom or small molecule with a positive charge that does not contain carbon in covalent linkage, with a valency of one. a monovalent cation monovalent inorganic cation Zwitterionic form of any peptide where, in general, the amino terminus is positively charged and the carboxy terminus is negatively charged. a peptide peptide zwitterions peptide zwitterion Flavin protonated to pH 7.3 an oxidized flavin flavin(1-) Any substance that inhibits the action of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. They tend to induce a state known as dissociative anesthesia, marked by catalepsy, amnesia, and analgesia, while side effects can include hallucinations, nightmares, and confusion. Due to their psychotomimetic effects, many NMDA receptor antagonists are used as recreational drugs. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists NMDA receptor antagonists NMDAR antagonist NMDAR antagonists NMDA receptor antagonist A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases. (2Z,4E6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid (7E,9E,11E,13Z)-retinoic acid 13-RA 13-cis-Vitamin A acid 13-cis-retinoic acid Accutane Amnesteem Claravis Neovitamin A acid cis-RA isotretinoin isotretinoina isotretinoine isotretinoino isotretinoinum isotretinoin Any substance which inhibits the action of receptors for excitatory amino acids. EAA receptor antagonist EAA receptor antagonists excitatory amino acid antagonists excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists excitatory amino acid antagonist Any pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents such as drugs or vaccines while having few if any direct effects when given by itself. adjuvants adjuvant Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit or promote polymerisation of microtubules. tubulin modulators tubulin modulator Any alpha-amino acid anion in which the parent amino acid has D-configuration. D-alpha-amino acid anions D-alpha-amino carboxylate D-alpha-amino acid anion A racemate is an equimolar mixture of a pair of enantiomers. melange racemique racemates racemic mixture racemate A sulfated glycosaminoglycan, a linear polymer that consists of the repeating disaccharide [3)-beta-Gal-(1->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1->] and containing sulfo groups located at random positions. keratan sulfates keratosulfate keratan sulfate A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group. 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone KETAMINE Ketamine (+-)-ketamine 2-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-2-methylamino-cyclohexanone 2-(methylamino)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)cyclohexanone 2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)-cyclohexanone DL-ketamine NMDA dl-ketamine ketamina ketamine ketaminum special K ketamine A steroid that has a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton. Note that individual examples may have ring substituents at other positions and/or contain double bonds, aromatic A-rings, expanded/contracted rings etc., so the formula and mass may vary from that given for the generic structure. a C21-steroid C21-steroid A polymer, composed of polyanion macromolecules. polyanion polyanions polyanionic polymer Any saponin derived from a hydroxysteroid. glycosteroid glycosteroids glycosyl steroid glycosyl steroids steroid glycoside steroid glycosides steroid saponins steroidal glycoside steroidal glycosides sterol glycoside sterol glycosides steryl glycoside steryl glycosides steroid saponin Any substance that interacts with tubulin to inhibit polymerisation of microtubules. microtubule destabilising agent microtubule destabilising agents microtubule destabilising role microtubule destabilizing role microtubule-destabilising agents microtubule-destabilizing agent microtubule-destabilizing agents microtubule-destabilising agent Zwitterionic form of a polar amino acid having an anionic carboxy group and a protonated amino group. a polar amino acid polar amino acid zwitterion A class of secondary metabolites developed by many plants to influence the behaviour, growth or survival of herbivores, and thus acting as a defence against herbivory. allelochemicals allelochemical A molecular messenger in which the molecule is specifically involved in transmitting information between cells. Such molecules are released from the cell sending the signal, cross over the gap between cells by diffusion, and interact with specific receptors in another cell, triggering a response in that cell by activating a series of enzyme controlled reactions which lead to changes inside the cell. signal molecule signal molecules signaling molecule signaling molecules signalling molecules signalling molecule An ester where the ester linkage is bonded directly to an aromatic system. aromatic esters aromatic ester An amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, any substitution of phenyl hydrogens, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of tyrosine by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing tyrosine residues. tyrosine derivatives tyrosine derivative Any additive that enhances the efficiency of fuel. fuel additives fuel enhancer fuel additive An organic cation resulting from protonation or quaternisation at the 3-position of any 1,3-thiazole. 1,3-thiazolium cations 1,3-thiazolium cation A carbohydrate derivative arising formally from the elimination of water from a glycosidic hydroxy group and an H atom bound to an oxygen, carbon, nitrogen or sulfur atom of a separate entity. glycosyl compounds glycosyl compound A substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a redox reaction. oxidant oxidants oxidiser oxidisers oxidising agents oxidizer oxidizers oxidizing agent oxidizing agents oxidising agent Any organooxygen compound derived from a carbohydrate by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by an amino group, a thiol group or similar heteroatomic groups. The term also includes derivatives of these compounds. carbohydrate derivatives derivatised carbohydrate derivatised carbohydrates derivatized carbohydrate derivatized carbohydrates carbohydrate derivative An EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitors EC 3.1.3.1 inhibitor EC 3.1.3.1 inhibitors alkaline phenyl phosphatase inhibitor alkaline phenyl phosphatase inhibitors alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitor alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) inhibitors alkaline phosphatase inhibitor alkaline phosphatase inhibitors alkaline phosphohydrolase inhibitor alkaline phosphohydrolase inhibitors alkaline phosphomonoesterase inhibitor alkaline phosphomonoesterase inhibitors glycerophosphatase inhibitor glycerophosphatase inhibitors orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitor phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum) inhibitors phosphomonoesterase inhibitor phosphomonoesterase inhibitors EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor A carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a carbohydrate acid. carbohydrate acid derivatives carbohydrate acid derivative An aromatic amino acid whose alpha-carboxylic acid group is ionized (non-protonated). aromatic amino-acid anions aromatic amino-acid anion An EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor that interferes with the action of Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9). EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitors EC 3.6.3.9 inhibitor EC 3.6.3.9 inhibitors Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitor Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase inhibitors Na(+)/K(+)-pump inhibitor Na(+)/K(+)-pump inhibitors Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9) inhibitor Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.9) inhibitors Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase inhibitor Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase inhibitors sodium pump inhibitor sodium pump inhibitors sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase inhibitors sodium-potassium pump inhibitor sodium-potassium pump inhibitors EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor A carboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a carbohydrate acid derivative. carbohydrate acid anion derivative carbohydrate acid anion derivatives carbohydrate acid derivative anions carbohydrate acid derivative anion Any substance which is added to food to preserve or enhance its flavour and/or appearance. food additives food additive A food additive that is used to change or otherwise control the acidity or alkalinity of foods. They may be acids, bases, neutralising agents or buffering agents. acidity regulator acidity regulators food acidity regulators pH control agent pH control agents food acidity regulator An EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of arogenate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.43). EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitors EC 1.3.1.43 inhibitor EC 1.3.1.43 inhibitors L-arogenate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) inhibitor L-arogenate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) inhibitors L-arogenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) inhibitor L-arogenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating) inhibitors L-arogenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase inhibitor L-arogenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase inhibitors TyrA(a) inhibitor TyrA(a) inhibitors arogenate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.43) inhibitor arogenate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.1.43) inhibitors arogenate dehydrogenase inhibitor arogenate dehydrogenase inhibitors cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase inhibitor cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase inhibitors EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor An organic aromatic compound whose structure contains two aromatic rings or ring systems, joined to each other by a single bond. biaryls biaryl A food additive which is added to flour or dough to improve baking quality and/or colour. flour treatment agent dough improver dough improvers improving agent improving agents flour treatment agent An organic molecular entity containing a single carbon atom (C1). one-carbon compounds one-carbon compound Any organic molecular entity that is acidic and contains carbon in covalent linkage. organic acids organic acid Any substance that causes disturbance to organisms by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by the organism. poisonous agent poisonous agents poisonous substance poisonous substances poisons toxic agent toxic agents toxic substance toxic substances poison Any compound that inhibits cell division (mitosis). antimitotics mitosis inhibitor mitosis inhibitors mitotic inhibitor mitotic inhibitors antimitotic A clathrate complex consisting of a lipid enwrapped in a protein host without covalent binding in such a way that the complex has a hydrophilic outer surface consisting of all the protein and the polar ends of any phospholipids. Lipoprotein lipoproteins lipoprotein particle lipoprotein A lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.33). 15-LOX inhibitor 15-LOX inhibitors 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitors EC 1.13.11.33 inhibitor EC 1.13.11.33 inhibitors arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.33) inhibitor arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.33) inhibitors arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase inhibitor arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors arachidonate:oxygen 15-oxidoreductase inhibitor arachidonate:oxygen 15-oxidoreductase inhibitors linoleic acid omega(6)-lipoxygenase inhibitor linoleic acid omega(6)-lipoxygenase inhibitors omega(6) lipoxygenase inhibitor omega(6) lipoxygenase inhibitors EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor Any EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor that inhibits the action of triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3). EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitors EC 3.1.1.3 inhibitor EC 3.1.1.3 inhibitors GEH inhibitor GEH inhibitors PPL inhibitor PPL inhibitors Tween hydrolase inhibitor Tween hydrolase inhibitors Tweenase inhibitor Tweenase inhibitors Tweenesterase inhibitor Tweenesterase inhibitors butyrinase inhibitor butyrinase inhibitors cacordase inhibitor cacordase inhibitors capalase L inhibitor capalase L inhibitors glycerol ester hydrolase inhibitor glycerol ester hydrolase inhibitors glycerol-ester hydrolase inhibitor glycerol-ester hydrolase inhibitors heparin releasable hepatic lipase inhibitor heparin releasable hepatic lipase inhibitors hepatic lipase inhibitor hepatic lipase inhibitors hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitor hepatic monoacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitors lipase inhibitor lipase inhibitors lipazin inhibitor lipazin inhibitors liver lipase inhibitor liver lipase inhibitors pancreatic lipase inhibitor pancreatic lipase inhibitors pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase inhibitor pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase inhibitors post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase inhibitor post-heparin plasma protamine-resistant lipase inhibitors salt-resistant post-heparin lipase inhibitor salt-resistant post-heparin lipase inhibitors steapsin inhibitor steapsin inhibitors triacetinase inhibitor triacetinase inhibitors triacylglycerol ester hydrolase inhibitor triacylglycerol ester hydrolase inhibitors triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) inhibitor triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) inhibitors triacylglycerol lipase inhibitor triacylglycerol lipase inhibitors tributyrase inhibitor tributyrase inhibitors tributyrin esterase inhibitor tributyrin esterase inhibitors tributyrinase inhibitor tributyrinase inhibitors triglyceridase inhibitor triglyceridase inhibitors triglyceride hydrolase inhibitor triglyceride hydrolase inhibitors triglyceride lipase inhibitor triglyceride lipase inhibitors triolein hydrolase inhibitor triolein hydrolase inhibitors tween-hydrolysing esterase inhibitor tween-hydrolyzing esterase inhibitors EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor A carbohydrate derivative that is any derivative of a polysaccharide. polysaccharide derivatives polysaccharide derivative Substances which are added to food in order to prevent decomposition caused by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes. food preservatives food preservative A food preservative which prevents decomposition of food by preventing the growth of fungi or bacteria. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food preservatives are from E200 to E299, divided into sorbates (E200-209), benzoates (E210-219), sulfites (E220-229), phenols and formates (E230-239), nitrates (E240-259), acetates (E260-269), lactates (E270-279), propionates (E280-289) and others (E290-299). antimicrobial food preservatives antimicrobial preservative antimicrobial preservatives antimicrobial food preservative An ammonium ion derivative resulting from the protonation of the nitrogen atom of a primary amino compound. Major species at pH 7.3. a primary amine substituted ammonium primary ammonium ion Any compound which can be used to treat or alleviate the symptoms of dyskinesia. antidyskinesia agents antidyskinesia drug antidyskinesia drugs antidyskinetic agent antidyskinetic agents antidyskinetic drug antidyskinetic drugs antidyskinesia agent A L-alpha-amino acid anion which is the conjugate base of L-dopa, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group: major species at pH 7.3. (2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate L-dopa carboxylate L-dopa(1-) Any compound that has anti-inflammatory effects. anti-inflammatory agents antiinflammatory agent antiinflammatory agents anti-inflammatory agent Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen. azoles azole An enzyme inhibitor that inhibits the action of a transferase (EC 2.*) EC 2 inhibitor EC 2 inhibitors EC 2.* (transferase) inhibitors EC 2.* inhibitor EC 2.* inhibitors transferase inhibitor transferase inhibitors EC 2.* (transferase) inhibitor An organic anion that is the conjugate base of tetracycline obtained by deprotonation of the two enolic hydroxy groups and protonation of the tertiary amino group. (1S,4aS,11S,11aS,12aS)-3-carbamoyl-1-(dimethylazaniumyl)-4a,7,11-trihydroxy-11-methyl-4,6-dioxo-1,4,4a,6,11,11a,12,12a-octahydrotetracene-2,5-diolate tetracycline anion tetracycline(1-) Any molecule that consists of at least one carbon atom as part of the electrically neutral entity. organic compound organic compounds organic molecules organic molecule A biomacromolecule composed of carbohydrate residues which is secreted by a microorganism into the surrounding environment. exopolysaccharides extracellular polymeric substance extracellular polymeric substances exopolysaccharide An EC 1.11.1.* (peroxidases) inhibitor that inhibits the action of L-ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11). EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitors EC 1.11.1.11 inhibitor EC 1.11.1.11 inhibitors L-ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) inhibitor L-ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) inhibitors L-ascorbate peroxidase inhibitor L-ascorbate peroxidase inhibitors L-ascorbate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase inhibitor L-ascorbate:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase inhibitors L-ascorbic acid peroxidase inhibitor L-ascorbic acid peroxidase inhibitors L-ascorbic acid-specific peroxidase inhibitor L-ascorbic acid-specific peroxidase inhibitors ascorbate peroxidase inhibitor ascorbate peroxidase inhibitors ascorbic acid peroxidase inhibitor ascorbic acid peroxidase inhibitors EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor Any compound that protects plants by activating their defence mechanisms. plant activators plant activator Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase which acts on acid anhydrides (EC 3.6.*.*). EC 3.6 inhibitor EC 3.6 inhibitors EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitors EC 3.6.* inhibitor EC 3.6.* inhibitors EC 3.6.*.* inhibitor EC 3.6.*.* inhibitors acid anhydride hydrolase inhibitor acid anhydride hydrolase inhibitors inhibitor of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*) inhibitors of hydrolase acting on acid anhydride (EC 3.6.*) EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor A cyclooxygenase inhibitor that interferes with the action of cyclooxygenase 3. COX-3 inhibitor COX-3 inhibitors cyclo-oxygenase 3 inhibitor cyclo-oxygenase 3 inhibitors cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitors cyclooxygenase-3 inhibitor cyclooxygenase-3 inhibitors cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor An L-alpha-amino acid which is biosynthesised from erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (i.e. phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). A closed class. erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acids erythrose 4-phosphate family amino acid erythrose 4-phosphate family amino acids erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acids phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acids erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid An antimetabolite that impairs the action of folic acids antifolates folic acid antagonist folic acid antagonists antifolate Any steroid lactone that is a C23 steroid with a five-membered lactone ring at C-17 and its substituted derivatives. They form the aglycone constituents of cardiac glycosides. cardenolides A compound that causes the contraction of body tissues, typically used to reduce bleeding from minor abrasions. adstringent adstringents astringents astringent Any organic aromatic compound having one or more hydroxy groups attached to a heteroarene ring. hetaryl hydroxy compound hetaryl hydroxy compounds heteroaromatic hydroxy compound heteroaromatic hydroxy compounds heteroaryl hydroxy compounds heteroaryl hydroxy compound A generally pharmacologically inactive substance that is formulated with the active ingredient of a medication. excipient bulking agent bulking agents filler fillers excipient An EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any of the peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.*). EC 1.11.1 inhibitor EC 1.11.1 inhibitors EC 1.11.1.* (peroxidase) inhibitor EC 1.11.1.* (peroxidase) inhibitors EC 1.11.1.* (peroxidases) inhibitors EC 1.11.1.* inhibitor EC 1.11.1.* inhibitors inhibitor of peroxidases inhibitors of peroxidases peroxidases inhibitors EC 1.11.1.* (peroxidases) inhibitor A ligase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a C-N bond-forming ligase (EC 6.3.*.*). C--N bond-forming ligase inhibitor C--N bond-forming ligase inhibitors C-N bond-forming ligase (EC 6.3.*) inhibitor C-N bond-forming ligase (EC 6.3.*) inhibitors C-N bond-forming ligase inhibitor C-N bond-forming ligase inhibitors EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitorS EC 6.3.* inhibitor EC 6.3.* inhibitors EC 6.3.*.* inhibitor EC 6.3.*.* inhibitors EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitor Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a ligase (EC 6.*.*.*). Ligases are enzymes that catalyse the joining of two molecules with concomitant hydrolysis of the diphosphate bond in ATP or a similar triphosphate. EC 6.* (ligase) inhibitors EC 6.* inhibitor EC 6.* inhibitors EC 6.*.*.* inhibitor EC 6.*.*.* inhibitors ligase inhibitor ligase inhibitors EC 6.* (ligase) inhibitor Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in eukaryotes, the taxon that include members of the fungi, plantae and animalia kingdoms. eukaryotic metabolites eukaryotic metabolite Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in animals that include diverse creatures from sponges, insects to mammals. animal metabolites animal metabolite Any animal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in mammals. mammalian metabolites mammalian metabolite Any member of the group of eight water-soluble vitamins originally thought to be a single compound (vitamin B) that play important roles in cell metabolism. The group comprises of vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12 (Around 20 other compounds were once thought to be B vitamins but are no longer classified as such). B vitamins B-group vitamin B-group vitamins vitamin B B vitamin Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus). Mus musculus metabolite Mus musculus metabolites mouse metabolites mouse metabolite Any fungal metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). S. cerevisiae metabolite S. cerevisiae metabolites S. cerevisiae secondary metabolite S. cerevisiae secondary metabolites Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolites Saccharomyces cerevisiae secondary metabolites baker's yeast metabolite baker's yeast metabolites baker's yeast secondary metabolite baker's yeast secondary metabolites Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite Any metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in prokaryotes, the taxon that include members of domains such as the bacteria and archaea. prokaryotic metabolites prokaryotic metabolite An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any aromatic amino-acid. an aromatic amino-acid aromatic amino-acid zwitterions aromatic amino-acid zwitterion Any metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound. xenobiotic metabolites xenobiotic metabolite A gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range, so contributing to the 'greenhouse effect'. greenhouse gases greenhouse gas A compressed gas or liquid with a boiling point lower than room temperature which to used to propel and dispense liquids such as deodorants, insecticides, paints, etc. from aerosol cans. propellants propellant A transferase inhibitor that inhibits the action of a phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*.*). EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitors EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitor EC 2.7.* (phosphorus-containing group transferase) inhibitors EC 2.7.* inhibitor EC 2.7.* inhibitors phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitor phosphorus-containing group transferase (EC 2.7.*) inhibitors phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitor phosphorus-containing group transferase inhibitors EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of a lyase (EC 4.*.*.*). Lyases are enzymes cleaving C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.* (lyase) inhibitors EC 4.* inhibitor EC 4.* inhibitors EC 4.*.*.* inhibitor EC 4.*.*.* inhibitors lyase (EC 4.*) inhibitor lyase (EC 4.*) inhibitorS lyase inhibitor lyase inhibitors EC 4.* (lyase) inhibitor A lyase inhibitor which inhibits the action of a C-O lyase (EC 4.2.*.*). C-O lyase (EC 4.2.*) inhibitor C-O lyase (EC 4.2.*) inhibitors C-O lyase inhibitor C-O lyase inhibitors EC 4.2.* (C-O lyase) inhibitors EC 4.2.* inhibitor EC 4.2.* inhibitors EC 4.2.* (C-O lyase) inhibitor An enzyme inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase (EC 1.*.*.*). EC 1.* (oxidoreductase) inhibitors EC 1.* inhibitor EC 1.* inhibitors oxidoreductase (EC 1.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase (EC 1.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase inhibitor oxidoreductase inhibitors EC 1.* (oxidoreductase) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-OH group of donors (EC 1.1.*.*). EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitors EC 1.1.* inhibitor EC 1.1.* inhibitors inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donor inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donors inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donor inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-OH group of donors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group (EC 1.1.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group (EC 1.1.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group inhibitors EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-CH group of donors (EC 1.3.*.*). EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitors EC 1.3.* inhibitor EC 1.3.* inhibitors inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group (EC 1.3.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group (EC 1.3.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group inhibitors EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on the CH-NH group of donors (EC 1.5.*.*). EC 1.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group) inhibitors EC 1.5.* inhibitor EC 1.5.* inhibitors inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donor inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donors inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donor inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on CH-NH group of donors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group (EC 1.5.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group (EC 1.5.*) inhibitors EC 1.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors (EC 1.9.*.*). EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors) inhibitor EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors) inhibitors EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group) inhibitors EC 1.9.* inhibitor EC 1.9.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors (EC 1.9.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on a heme group of donors (EC 1.9.*) inhibitors EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*.*). EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitors EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitor EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitors EC 1.11.* inhibitor EC 1.11.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitors oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitor oxidoreductases acting on peroxide as donors (EC 1.11.*) inhibitors EC 1.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on peroxide as donors) inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases), EC 1.13.*.*. EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitors EC 1.13.* inhibitor EC 1.13.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) (EC 1.13.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) (EC 1.13.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases) inhibitors EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitor An oxidoreductase inhibitor which interferes with the action of an oxidoreductase acting on hydrogen as donors (EC 1.14.*.*). EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitors EC 1.14.* inhibitor EC 1.14.* inhibitors inhibitor of oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitor of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitors of oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitors of oxidoreductases acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.*) inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen inhibitors EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor Any enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase (EC 3.*.*.*). EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.* inhibitor EC 3.* inhibitors EC 3.*.*.* inhibitor EC 3.*.*.* inhibitors hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitor hydrolase (EC 3.*) inhibitors hydrolase inhibitor hydrolase inhibitors EC 3.* (hydrolase) inhibitor A hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of any ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*.*). EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.1.* inhibitor EC 3.1.* inhibitors ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*) inhibitor ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.*) inhibitors ester hydrolase inhibitor ester hydrolase inhibitors EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor Any hydrolase inhibitor that interferes with the action of a hydrolase acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds (EC 3.5.*.*). EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolase acting on non-peptide C-N bond) inhibitors EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitor EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on C-N bonds, other than peptide bonds) inhibitors EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitors EC 3.5.* inhibitor EC 3.5.* inhibitors EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*). EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.1.1.* inhibitor EC 3.1.1.* inhibitors carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitor carboxylic ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.*) inhibitors EC 3.1.1.* (carboxylic ester hydrolase) inhibitor An EC 3.1.* (ester hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*). EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.1.3.* inhibitor EC 3.1.3.* inhibitors inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitor of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitors of phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitor phosphoric monoester hydrolase (EC 3.1.3.*) inhibitors phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitor phosphoric monoester hydrolase inhibitors EC 3.1.3.* (phosphoric monoester hydrolase) inhibitor An EC 3.5.* (hydrolases acting on non-peptide C-N bonds) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*). EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitors EC 3.5.1.* inhibitor EC 3.5.1.* inhibitors non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitor non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.*) inhibitors EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor An EC 2.7.* (P-containing group transferase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*). EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitors inhibitor of nucleotidyltransferases inhibitor of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferases inhibitors of nucleotidyltransferases (EC 2.7.7.*) nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitor nucleotidyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.*) inhibitors nucleotidyltransferase inhibitor nucleotidyltransferase inhibitors EC 2.7.7.* (nucleotidyltransferase) inhibitor An EC 6.3.* (C-N bond-forming ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any acid-ammonia (or amine) ligase (EC 6.3.1.*). EC 6.3.1.* (acid-ammonia/amine ligase) inhibitors EC 6.3.1.* inhibitor EC 6.3.1.* inhibitors acid-ammonia (or amine) ligase inhibitor acid-ammonia (or amine) ligase inhibitors EC 6.3.1.* (acid-ammonia/amine ligase) inhibitor An EC 1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group) inhibitor that uses NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*). EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+)acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.1.1.* inhibitor EC 1.1.1.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor (EC 1.1.1.*) inhibitors EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor An EC 1.13.* [oxidoreductase acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)] inhibitor that inhibits the action of any oxidoreductase incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*). EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 O atoms) inhibitors EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen) inhibitor EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen) inhibitors EC 1.13.11.* inhibitor EC 1.13.11.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 atoms of oxygen (EC 1.13.11.*) inhibitors EC 1.13.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on single donors and incorporating 2 O atoms) inhibitor An EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme incorporating one atom of oxygen and using reduced flavin or flavoprotein as donor (EC 1.14.14.*). EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitors EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitors EC 1.14.14.* inhibitor EC 1.14.14.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor (EC 1.14.14.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor (EC 1.14.14.*) inhibitors EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor An EC 1.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any enzyme in the EC 1.14.99.* (miscellaneous) category. EC 1.14.99.* (miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitors EC 1.14.99.* inhibitor EC 1.14.99.* inhibitors miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.99.*) inhibitor miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (EC 1.14.99.*) inhibitors EC 1.14.99.* (miscellaneous oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen) inhibitor An EC 1.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.3.1.*). EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.3.1.* inhibitor EC 1.3.1.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.3.1.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on CH-CH group of donor with NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.3.1.*) inhibitors EC 1.3.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-CH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor An EC 1.5.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.5.1.*). EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.5.1.* inhibitor EC 1.5.1.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.5.1.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor (EC 1.5.1.*) inhibitors EC 1.5.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-NH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) as acceptor) inhibitor An EC 1.9.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme using oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.9.3.*). EC 1.9.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitors EC 1.9.3.* inhibitor EC 1.9.3.* inhibitors oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.9.3.*) inhibitor oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor (EC 1.9.3.*) inhibitors EC 1.9.3.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor heme group, oxygen as acceptor) inhibitor An EC 3.6.* (hydrolases acting on acid anhydrides) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any such enzyme that catalyses transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*). EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitors EC 3.6.3.* inhibitor EC 3.6.3.* inhibitors acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*) inhibitor acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances (EC 3.6.3.*) inhibitors EC 3.6.3.* (acid anhydride hydrolase catalysing transmembrane movement of substances) inhibitor An EC 1.14.14.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, incorporating of 1 atom of oxygen, with reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of an unspecified monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1). EC 1.14.14.1 (unspecific monooxygenase) inhibitors EC 1.14.14.1 inhibitor EC 1.14.14.1 inhibitors aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitor aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inhibitors aryl-4-monooxygenase inhibitor aryl-4-monooxygenase inhibitors flavoprotein monooxygenase inhibitor flavoprotein monooxygenase inhibitors flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase inhibitor flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase inhibitors microsomal P-450 inhibitor microsomal P-450 inhibitors microsomal monooxygenase inhibitor microsomal monooxygenase inhibitors substrate,reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidising) inhibitor substrate,reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating or -epoxidising) inhibitors unspecific monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1) inhibitor unspecific monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.1) inhibitors unspecific monooxygenase inhibitor unspecific monooxygenase inhibitors xenobiotic monooxygenase inhibitor xenobiotic monooxygenase inhibitors EC 1.14.14.1 (unspecific monooxygenase) inhibitor An EC 4.2.* (C-O lyase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of any hydro-lyase (EC 4.2.1.*). EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyase) inhibitor EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyase) inhibitors EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyases) inhibitors EC 4.2.1.* inhibitor EC 4.2.1.* inhibitors hydro-lyase (EC 4.2.1.*) inhibitor hydro-lyase (EC 4.2.1.*) inhibitors EC 4.2.1.* (hydro-lyases) inhibitor Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. plant metabolites plant secondary metabolites plant metabolite An enzyme inhibitor that interferes with one or more steps in a metabolic pathway. metabolic pathway inhibitor metabolic pathway inhibitors pathway inhibitors pathway inhibitor Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in fungi, the kingdom that includes microorganisms such as the yeasts and moulds. fungal metabolites fungal metabolite Any human metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in humans. human xenobiotic metabolites human xenobiotic metabolite Any prokaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in bacteria. bacterial metabolite Any bacterial metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in Escherichia coli. E.coli metabolite E.coli metabolites Escherichia coli metabolites Escherichia coli metabolite A food additive that imparts colour to food. In European countries, E-numbers for permitted food colours are from E 100 to E 199, divided into yellows (E 100-109), oranges (E 110-119), reds (E 120-129), blues and violets (E 130-139), greens (E 140-149), browns and blacks (E 150-159), and others (E 160-199). food coloring food colorings food colourings food colouring Any protective agent that is able to prevent damage to the heart. cardioprotective agents cardioprotective agent An EC 1.1.1.* (oxidoreductase acting on donor CH-OH group, NAD(+) or NADP(+) acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of prostaglandin-F synthase (EC 1.1.1.188). (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP(+) 11-oxidoreductase inhibitor (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha,15-trihydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate:NADP(+) 11-oxidoreductase inhibitors EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitors EC 1.1.1.188 inhibitor EC 1.1.1.188 inhibitors NADPH-dependent prostaglandin D2 11-keto reductase inhibitor NADPH-dependent prostaglandin D2 11-keto reductase inhibitors PGD2 11-ketoreductase inhibitor PGD2 11-ketoreductase inhibitors PGF synthetase inhibitor PGF synthetase inhibitors PGF2alpha synthetase inhibitor PGF2alpha synthetase inhibitors prostaglandin 11-keto reductase inhibitor prostaglandin 11-keto reductase inhibitors prostaglandin 11-ketoreductase inhibitor prostaglandin 11-ketoreductase inhibitors prostaglandin D2-ketoreductase inhibitor prostaglandin D2-ketoreductase inhibitors prostaglandin F synthase inhibitor prostaglandin F synthase inhibitors prostaglandin F synthetase inhibitor prostaglandin F synthetase inhibitors prostaglandin-D2 11-reductase inhibitor prostaglandin-D2 11-reductase inhibitors reductase, 15-hydroxy-11-oxoprostaglandin inhibitor reductase, 15-hydroxy-11-oxoprostaglandin inhibitors synthetase, prostaglandin F2alpha inhibitor synthetase, prostaglandin F2alpha inhibitors EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens). H. sapiens metabolite H. sapiens metabolites Homo sapiens metabolite Homo sapiens metabolites human metabolite A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the 2-hydroxy group to the 1-amino group of tetracycline. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.). (1S,4aS,11S,11aS,12aS)-3-carbamoyl-1-(dimethylazaniumyl)-4a,5,7,11-tetrahydroxy-11-methyl-4,6-dioxo-1,4,4a,6,11,11a,12,12a-octahydrotetracen-2-olate tetracycline tetracycline zwitterion An organic anion obtained by removal of one of the methylene protons from barbituric acid. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.). 2,4,6-trioxohexahydropyrimidin-5-ide barbiturate barbiturate(1-) An EC 3.5.1.* (non-peptide linear amide C-N hydrolase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of amidase (EC 3.5.1.4). EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitors EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitor EC 3.5.1.4 inhibitors N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitor N-acetylaminohydrolase inhibitors acylamidase inhibitor acylamidase inhibitors acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitor acylamide amidohydrolase inhibitors amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitor amidase (EC 3.5.1.4) inhibitors amidase inhibitor amidase inhibitors amidohydrolase inhibitor amidohydrolase inhibitors deaminase inhibitor deaminase inhibitors fatty acylamidase inhibitor fatty acylamidase inhibitors EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor A cationic sphingoid resulting from the protonation of the amino group of L-erythro-sphingosine; major species at pH 7.3. (2R,3S,4E)-1,3-dihydroxyoctadec-4-en-2-aminium L-erythro-sphing-4-enine L-erythro-sphing-4-enine(1+) L-erythro-sphingosine(1+) A food additive that is a (generally inert) gas which is used to envelop foodstuffs during packing and so protect them from unwanted chemical reactions such as food spoilage or oxidation during subsequent transport and storage. The term includes propellant gases, used to expel foods from a container. food packaging gases food packaging gas A propellant that is used to expel foods from an aerosol container. food propellants food propellant Any saturated fatty acid anion containing 3 carbons. Formed by deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety. Major species at pH 7.3. fatty acid 3:0 fatty acid anion 3:0 A physiological role played by any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants. dietary component dietary components food components food component Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects. environmental contaminants environmental contaminant A substance used in a thermodynamic heat pump cycle or refrigeration cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. Refrigerants are used in air-conditioning systems and freezers or refrigerators and are assigned a "R" number (by ASHRAE - formerly the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers), which is determined systematically according to their molecular structure. refrigerants refrigerant A toxin used by animals and injected into their victims by a bite or sting. venoms venom An amino acid zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of any alpha-amino acid; major species at pH 7.3. an alpha-amino acid alpha-amino acid zwitterion Any organooxygen compound that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone, or a compound derived from one. Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and usually have an empirical formula Cm(H2O)n; carbohydrate derivatives may contain other elements by substitution or condensation. carbohydrates and derivatives carbohydrates and their derivatives carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives Any metabolite produced by all living cells. essential metabolite essential metabolites fundamental metabolites fundamental metabolite Any organic molecular entity that contains at least one C=C bond. olefinic compounds olefinic compound A monocarboxylic acid in which the carbon of the carboxy group is directly attached to a C=C or C#C bond. 2,3-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid 2,3-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acids alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid Any compound that is added to manufactured materials to inhibit, suppress, or delay the production of flames and so prevent the spread of fire. flame retardants flame retardant Any inorganic anion with a valency of three. trivalent inorganic anions trivalent inorganic anion Any inorganic anion with a valency of two. divalent inorganic anions divalent inorganic anion Any inorganic anion with a valency of one. monovalent inorganic anions monovalent inorganic anion A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine Phencyclidine PCP fenciclidina phencyclidine phencyclidinum phencyclidine An animal metabolite produced by arthropods such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimps and krill. crustacean metabolites crustacean metabolite A Daphnia metabolite produced by the species Daphnia magna. Daphnia magna metabolites Daphnia magna metabolite A crustacean metabolite produced by the genus of small planktonic arthropods, Daphnia Daphnia metabolites Daphnia metabolite Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes containing a mono- or poly-substituted benzene ring in which only one substituent is chlorine. monochlorobenzenes Any derivative of a proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, or a side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. canonical amino acid derivative canonical amino acid derivatives canonical amino-acid derivative canonical amino-acid derivatives proteinogenic amino acid derivatives proteinogenic amino-acid derivative proteinogenic amino-acid derivatives proteinogenic amino acid derivative Any derivative of a non-proteinogenic amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group or carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. non-canonical amino acid derivative non-canonical amino-acid derivatives non-proteinogenic amino-acid derivatives non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative Any of the 23 alpha-amino acids that are precursors to proteins, and are incorporated into proteins during translation. The group includes the 20 amino acids encoded by the nuclear genes of eukaryotes together with selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine. Apart from glycine, which is non-chiral, all have L configuration. canonical amino acid canonical amino acids proteinogenic amino acids proteinogenic amino acid Any amino-acid that is not naturally encoded in the genetic code of any organism. non-canonical amino acid non-canonical amino acids non-canonical amino-acid non-canonical amino-acids non-coded amino acid non-coded amino acids non-coded amino-acid non-coded amino-acids non-proteinogenic amino acids non-proteinogenic amino-acid non-proteinogenic amino-acids non-proteinogenic amino acid Any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom. The definition normally excludes peptides containing amino acid residues. amino acid derivatives modified amino acids amino acid derivative Any L-alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids. non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acids non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid pregnane pregnane An organic cation obtained by protonation of the amino function of any sphingoid cationic sphingoids sphingoid cation sphingoid cations cationic sphingoid Any alpha-amino acid which is not a member of the group of 23 proteinogenic amino acids. non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acids non-proteinogenic alpha-amino-acid non-proteinogenic alpha-amino-acids non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles. cardiac glycosides cardiac glycoside Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human urine samples. human urinary metabolites human urinary metabolite A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-tyrosine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-tyrosine by a heteroatom. D-tyrosine derivatives D-tyrosine derivative A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of D-phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of D-phenylalanine by a heteroatom. D-phenylalanine derivatives D-phenylalanine derivative A proteinogenic amino acid derivative resulting from reaction of L-phenylalanine at the amino group or the carboxy group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen of L-phenylalanine by a heteroatom. L-phenylalanine derivatives L-phenylalanine derivative A cationic sphingoid obtained by protonation of the amino group of any 2-amino-1,3-dihydroxysphingoid base. 2-amino-1,3-dihydroxysphingoid base(1+) a sphingoid base sphingoid base(1+) Any eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in algae including unicellular organisms like chlorella and diatoms to multicellular organisms like giant kelps and brown algae. algal metabolites algal metabolite Any metabolite (endogenous or exogenous) found in human blood serum samples. human blood serum metabolites human blood serum metabolite A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of a haloacetic acid. a haloacetate haloacetate (1-) haloacetate(1-) Any antifungal agent used to prevent or treat fungal infections in humans or animals. anti-fungal drug anti-fungal drugs anti-fungal medication anti-fungal medications antifungal drugs antifungal medication antifungal medications pharmaceutical fungicide pharmaceutical fungicides antifungal drug Any metal which causes the onset of an allergic reaction. allergenic metal allergenic metals metal allergens metal allergen Any drug which causes the onset of an allergic reaction. allergenic drug drug allergen A drug that acts as an antagonist, agonist, reverse agonist, or in some other fashion when interacting with cellular receptors. receptor modulators receptor modulator A carboxylic acic anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of any aromatic carboxylic acid. Major species at pH 7.3. an aromatic carboxylate aromatic carboxylate