en Alessandra Bordoni Alessia Trimigno Bernard De Baets Carl Lachat Chen Yang Damariz Rivero Duccio Cavalieri ENPADASI WP 4 Francesco Capozzi Francesco Taglino Francesco Vitali Franco Miglietta Fulvio Mattivi Giovanni Felici Guy De Tré Jildau Bouwman Katharina Nimptsch Mariona Pinart Nathalie De Cock Pietro Franceschi Rosario Lombardo Tobias Pischon The Ontology for Nutritional Studies (ONS) has been developed as part of the ENPADASI European project (http://www.enpadasi.eu/) with the aim to define a common language and building ontologies for nutritional studies. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Ontology for Nutritional Studies ENPADASI_WP4 ONS Release version 1.2.3 true Version in which a concept was created. concept_properties Created in true When 'true', the concept has been proposed or is supported within Debian as a tag. concept_properties isdebtag BFO OWL specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the name of the variable that is used to represent it in the code that generates the BFO OWL file from the lispy specification. Really of interest to developers only BFO OWL specification label BFO CLIF specification label Relates an entity in the ontology to the term that is used to represent it in the the CLIF specification of BFO2 Person:Alan Ruttenberg Really of interest to developers only BFO CLIF specification label editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> editor preferred label editor preferred label editor preferred term editor preferred term editor preferred term~editor preferred label example example of usage A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> example of usage example of usage in branch An annotation property indicating which module the terms belong to. This is currently experimental and not implemented yet. GROUP:OBI OBI_0000277 in branch has curation status PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bill Bug PERSON:Melanie Courtot OBI_0000281 has curation status has curation status definition definition textual definition English language definitions of what NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They may also include information about the definition's source and attribution in a form that can easily be interpreted by software. The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions. 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with. PERSON:Daniel Schober DEFINITION GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> DEFINITION definition definition textual definition editor note An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obfoundry.org/obo/obi> IAO:0000116 uberon editor_note true editor_note IAO:0000116 uberon editor_note 1 editor_note editor note editor note definition editor term editor Name of editor entering the definition in the file. The definition editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The definition editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=115. 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115. PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition editor definition editor definition_editor term editor term editor alternative term An alternative name for a class or property which means the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent) PERSON:Daniel Schober GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> alternative term alternative term definition source formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007 PERSON:Daniel Schober Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> definition source definition source definition_source curator note An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg curator note curator note term tracker item the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/ An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term. term tracker item imported from For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> imported from OBO foundry unique label An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry. The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools . PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters PERSON:Chris Mungall PERSON:Melanie Courtot GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/> OBO foundry unique label elucidation person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Barry Smith Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms elucidation has associated axiom(nl) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language has associated axiom(nl) has associated axiom(fol) Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Alan Ruttenberg An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax has associated axiom(fol) term_mapping_to_UMLS term_mapping_to_NCIT true NHC0 code code code The semantic type describes the sort of thing or category to which a concept belongs in the context of the UMLS semantic network. P106 Conceptual Entity Semantic Type Semantic_Type In general, applying semantic types aids in allowing users (or computer programs) to draw conclusions about concepts by virtue of the categories to which they have been assigned. We use a set of semantic types developed for the UMLS Metathesaurus. There are currently 134 semantic types in the UMLS. Semantic_Type Semantic_Type Provides an alternative Preferred Name for use in some NCI systems. P107 Conceptual Entity Display Name Display_Name Display Name Display_Name Display_Name The word or phrase that NCI uses by preference to refer to the concept. P108 Conceptual Entity Preferred Name Preferred_Name Preferred Name Preferred Term Preferred_Name Preferred_Name Concept Unique Identifiers, or CUIs, are concept numbers assigned by the National Library of Medicine (NLM). If a concept in any NCI-maintained knowledgebase exists in the NLM Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), NCI includes the NLM CUI among the information we provide about the concept. P207 Conceptual Entity UMLS CUI UMLS_CUI UMLS_CUI UMLS_CUI This property is used to indicate when a non-EVS entity has contributed to, and has a stake in, a concept. This is used where such entities, within or outside NCI, have indicated the need to be able to track their own concepts. A single concept can have multiple instances of this property if multiple entities have such a defined stake. P322 Conceptual Entity Contributing Source Contributing_Source Contributing_Source Contributing_Source English language definitions of what a source other than NCI means by the concept. These are limited to 1024 characters. They include information about the definition's source in a form that can easily be interpreted by software. P325 Conceptual Entity [source] Definition ALT_DEFINITION ALT_DEFINITION ALT_DEFINITION true A retired unique concept identifier created and stored as Concept Name by legacy EVS software. Use of these values was long discouraged, but continued as late as 2009 when creation of new values ceased and Concept Name was retired. Legacy values are intended solely to help resolve and update earlier coding. P366 Conceptual Entity Legacy Concept Name Legacy Concept Name Legacy_Concept_Name Design notes are notations made by NCI vocabulary curators. They are intended to provide supplemental, unstructured information to the user or additional insight about the concept. P98 Conceptual Entity DesignNote DesignNote DesignNote DesignNote ISA alternative term An alternative term used by the ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org). Requested by Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3603413&group_id=177891&atid=886178 Person: Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran Person: Philippe Rocca-Serra ISA tools project (http://isa-tools.org) ISA alternative term NIAID GSCID-BRC alternative term An alternative term used by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Genomic Sequencing Centers for Infectious Diseases (GSCID) and Bioinformatics Resource Centers (BRC). PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group NIAID GSCID-BRC alternative term IEDB alternative term An alternative term used by the IEDB. PERSON:Randi Vita, Jason Greenbaum, Bjoern Peters IEDB IEDB alternative term an alternative term used for STATO statistical ontology and ISA team Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran Orlaith Burke Philippe Rocca-Serra STATO alternative term Super-property collecting all annotation properties assigning classes in ONS to specific subset (i.e. Metadata search). For each subset, there will be an annotation property. To assign a class to a subset, set the annotation property value to "TRUE" in subset of ONS Annotation properties assigning a class to the ONS-subset of metadata search classes. Set value to "TRUE" to assign a class. in minimal requirement ONS subset This annotation property gives the unique label of all Apollo_SV entities that are refered to in the schema. The UAL is the denotator for the Apollo_SV class in the schema. There can at all times only be ONE value of UAL for each class. UAL Unique Apollo Label Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity. An entity responsible for making contributions to the content of the resource. Contributor Contributor Coverage will typically include spatial location (a place name or geographic coordinates), temporal period (a period label, date, or date range) or jurisdiction (such as a named administrative entity). Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the Thesaurus of Geographic Names [TGN]) and that, where appropriate, named places or time periods be used in preference to numeric identifiers such as sets of coordinates or date ranges. The extent or scope of the content of the resource. Coverage Coverage Examples of a Creator include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity. An entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource. Creator Creator Typically, Date will be associated with the creation or availability of the resource. Recommended best practice for encoding the date value is defined in a profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF] and follows the YYYY-MM-DD format. A date associated with an event in the life cycle of the resource. Date Date Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, table of contents, reference to a graphical representation of content or a free-text account of the content. An account of the content of the resource. Description Description Typically, Format may include the media-type or dimensions of the resource. Format may be used to determine the software, hardware or other equipment needed to display or operate the resource. Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the list of Internet Media Types [MIME] defining computer media formats). The physical or digital manifestation of the resource. Format Format Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system. Example formal identification systems include the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) (including the Uniform Resource Locator (URL)), the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and the International Standard Book Number (ISBN). An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context. Resource Identifier Resource Identifier Recommended best practice is to use RFC 3066 [RFC3066], which, in conjunction with ISO 639 [ISO639], defines two- and three-letter primary language tags with optional subtags. Examples include "en" or "eng" for English, "akk" for Akkadian, and "en-GB" for English used in the United Kingdom. A language of the intellectual content of the resource. Language Language Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organisation, or a service. Typically, the name of a Publisher should be used to indicate the entity. An entity responsible for making the resource available Publisher Publisher Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system. A reference to a related resource. Relation Relation Typically, a Rights element will contain a rights management statement for the resource, or reference a service providing such information. Rights information often encompasses Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Copyright, and various Property Rights. If the Rights element is absent, no assumptions can be made about the status of these and other rights with respect to the resource. Information about rights held in and over the resource. Rights Management Rights Management The present resource may be derived from the Source resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system. A reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived. Source Source Typically, a Subject will be expressed as keywords, key phrases or classification codes that describe a topic of the resource. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary or formal classification scheme. The topic of the content of the resource. Subject and Keywords Subject and Keywords Typically, a Title will be a name by which the resource is formally known. A name given to the resource. Title Title Type includes terms describing general categories, functions, genres, or aggregation levels for content. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the DCMI Type Vocabulary [DCMITYPE]). To describe the physical or digital manifestation of the resource, use the Format element. The nature or genre of the content of the resource. Resource Type Resource Type description comment example hasSynonym subset http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/DOID_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from DOID http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/DOID_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from DOID http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/ICD9_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from ICD9 Definition citation for the Microarray and Gene Expression Data Ontology MO_definition_citation http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/MESH_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from MESH http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/MSH_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from MSH http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/NCI_Thesaurus_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from NCI_Thesaurus http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/NCI_Thesaurus_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from NCI_Thesaurus http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/NIFSTD_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from NIFSTD http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/OMIM_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from OMIM http://www.ebi.ac.uk/efo/SNOMEDCT_definition_citation is an annotation property that is drawn from SNOMEDCT An alternative label for a given entity such as a commonly used abbreviation or synonym. alternative_term definition A definition citation is a document, ontology class, person or organization from which the definition of the class is derived. It is used in the same sense as a citation in literature, in that the definition may have been derived from these sources or that this definition is related to these source. has_alternative_id has broad synonym has_broad_synonym database cross reference database_cross_reference Fully qualified synonym, contains the string, term type, source, and an optional source code if appropriate. Each subfield is deliniated to facilitate interpretation by software. FULL_SYN Synonym with Source Data has exact synonym has_exact_synonym has narrow synonym has_obo_format_version has_obo_namespace has_related_synonym has synonym Used to associate the concept defining a particular terminology subset with concepts that belong to this subset. Concept_In_Subset in subset in_subset shorthand shorthand is defined by label label label part of my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity) this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a part and its whole Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'. part_of part of http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:part_of has part my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities) my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity) this year has part this day (occurrent parthood) a core relation that holds between a whole and its part Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part. Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'. has_part has part realized in this disease is realized in this disease course this fragility is realized in this shattering this investigator role is realized in this investigation is realized by realized_in [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realized in realizes this disease course realizes this disease this investigation realizes this investigator role this shattering realizes this fragility to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003]) Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process realizes preceded by An example is: translation preceded_by transcription; aging preceded_by development (not however death preceded_by aging). Where derives_from links classes of continuants, preceded_by links classes of processes. Clearly, however, these two relations are not independent of each other. Thus if cells of type C1 derive_from cells of type C, then any cell division involving an instance of C1 in a given lineage is preceded_by cellular processes involving an instance of C. The assertion P preceded_by P1 tells us something about Ps in general: that is, it tells us something about what happened earlier, given what we know about what happened later. Thus it does not provide information pointing in the opposite direction, concerning instances of P1 in general; that is, that each is such as to be succeeded by some instance of P. Note that an assertion to the effect that P preceded_by P1 is rather weak; it tells us little about the relations between the underlying instances in virtue of which the preceded_by relation obtains. Typically we will be interested in stronger relations, for example in the relation immediately_preceded_by, or in relations which combine preceded_by with a condition to the effect that the corresponding instances of P and P1 share participants, or that their participants are connected by relations of derivation, or (as a first step along the road to a treatment of causality) that the one process in some way affects (for example, initiates or regulates) the other. is preceded by preceded_by http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:preceded_by preceded by precedes precedes occurs in b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t occurs_in unfolds in unfolds_in Paraphrase of definition: a relation between a process and an independent continuant, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant occurs in contains process [copied from inverse property 'occurs in'] b occurs_in c =def b is a process and c is a material entity or immaterial entity& there exists a spatiotemporal region r and b occupies_spatiotemporal_region r.& forall(t) if b exists_at t then c exists_at t & there exist spatial regions s and s’ where & b spatially_projects_onto s at t& c is occupies_spatial_region s’ at t& s is a proper_continuant_part_of s’ at t Paraphrase of definition: a relation between an independent continuant and a process, in which the process takes place entirely within the independent continuant contains process has taxonomic identifier has ingredient has measurement unit label has measurement unit label is about This document is about information artifacts and their representations is_about is a (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity. 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic. person:Alan Ruttenberg Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy is about denotes A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named. denotes is a primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically 2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r person:Alan Ruttenberg Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan denotes is quality measurement of m is a quality measurement of q at t when q is a quality there is a measurement process p that has specified output m, a measurement datum, that is about q 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: The strategy is to be rather specific with this relationship. There are other kinds of measurements that are not of qualities, such as those that measure time. We will add these as separate properties for the moment and see about generalizing later From the second IAO workshop [Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009: not completely current, though bringing in comparison is probably important] This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. -- From the second IAO workshop, various comments, [commented on by Alan Ruttenberg 8/6/2009] unit of measure is a quality, e.g. the length of a ruler. [We decided to hedge on what units of measure are, instead talking about measurement unit labels, which are the information content entities that are about whatever measurement units are. For IAO we need that information entity in any case. See the term measurement unit label] [Some struggling with the various subflavors of is_about. We subsequently removed the relation represents, and describes until and only when we have a better theory] a represents b means either a denotes b or a describes describe: a describes b means a is about b and a allows an inference of at least one quality of b We have had a long discussion about denotes versus describes. From the second IAO workshop: An attempt at tieing the quality to the measurement datum more carefully. a is a magnitude means a is a determinate quality particular inhering in some bearer b existing at a time t that can be represented/denoted by an information content entity e that has parts denoting a unit of measure, a number, and b. The unit of measure is an instance of the determinable quality. From the second meeting on IAO: An attempt at defining assay using Barry's "reliability" wording assay: process and has_input some material entity and has_output some information content entity and which is such that instances of this process type reliably generate outputs that describes the input. This one is the one we are struggling with at the moment. The issue is what a measurement measures. On the one hand saying that it measures the quality would include it "measuring" the bearer = referring to the bearer in the measurement. However this makes comparisons of two different things not possible. On the other hand not having it inhere in the bearer, on the face of it, breaks the audit trail. Werner suggests a solution based on "Magnitudes" a proposal for which we are awaiting details. Alan Ruttenberg is quality measurement of is duration of relates a process to a time-measurement-datum that represents the duration of the process Person:Alan Ruttenberg is duration of is quality measured as inverse of the relation of is quality measurement of 2009/10/19 Alan Ruttenberg. Named 'junk' relation useful in restrictions, but not a real instance relationship Person:Alan Ruttenberg is quality measured as provides_service_consumer_with The provides_service_consumer_with relation links the service to its primary process it provides for the consumer (as opposed to secondary processual parts of a service process such as payment or documentation). For example, a 'DNA sequencing service' provides_service_consumer_with 'DNA sequencing' as the essential process performed by the provider for the client. A relation between a service and the primary processual part of the service that is performed by the provider for the consumer. provides_service_consumer_with is_supported_by_data The relation between the conclusion "Gene tpbA is involved in EPS production" and the data items produced using two sets of organisms, one being a tpbA knockout, the other being tpbA wildtype tested in polysacharide production assays and analyzed using an ANOVA. The relation between a data item and a conclusion where the conclusion is the output of a data interpreting process and the data item is used as an input to that process OBI OBI Philly 2011 workshop is_supported_by_data has_specified_input see is_input_of example_of_usage A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. 8/17/09: specified inputs of one process are not necessarily specified inputs of a larger process that it is part of. This is in contrast to how 'has participant' works. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Coutot has_specified_input is_specified_input_of some Autologous EBV(Epstein-Barr virus)-transformed B-LCL (B lymphocyte cell line) is_input_for instance of Chromum Release Assay described at https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process that is not created during the process. The presence of the continuant during the process is explicitly specified in the plan specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_input_of has_specified_output A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Larry Hunter PERSON: Melanie Courtot has_specified_output is_specified_output_of A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of. Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters is_specified_output_of is_proxy_for position on a gel is_proxy_for mass and charge of molecule in an western blot. Florescent intensity is_proxy_for amount of protein labeled with GFP. Examples: A260/A280 (of a DNA sample) is_proxy_for DNA-purity. NMR Sample scan is a proxy for sample quality. Within the assay mentioned here: https://wiki.cbil.upenn.edu/obiwiki/index.php/Chromium_Release_assay level of radioactivity is_proxy_for level of toxicity A relation between continuant instances c1 and c2 where within an experiment/ protocol application, measurement of c1 is used to determine what a measurement of c2 would be. A relation between continuant instances c1 and c2 where within a protocol application, measurement of c1 is related to a what would be the measurement of c2. (another definition) Alan Ruttenberg is_proxy_for achieves_planned_objective A cell sorting process achieves the objective specification 'material separation objective' This relation obtains between a planned process and a objective specification when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. BP, AR, PPPB branch PPPB branch derived modified according to email thread from 1/23/09 in accordince with DT and PPPB branch achieves_planned_objective has grain the relation of the cells in the finger of the skin to the finger, in which an indeterminate number of grains are parts of the whole by virtue of being grains in a collective that is part of the whole, and in which removing one granular part does not nec- essarily damage or diminish the whole. Ontological Whether there is a fixed, or nearly fixed number of parts - e.g. fingers of the hand, chambers of the heart, or wheels of a car - such that there can be a notion of a single one being missing, or whether, by contrast, the number of parts is indeterminate - e.g., cells in the skin of the hand, red cells in blood, or rubber molecules in the tread of the tire of the wheel of the car. Discussion in Karslruhe with, among others, Alan Rector, Stefan Schulz, Marijke Keet, Melanie Courtot, and Alan Ruttenberg. Definition take from the definition of granular parthood in the cited paper. Needs work to put into standard form PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PAPER: Granularity, scale and collectivity: When size does and does not matter, Alan Rector, Jeremy Rogers, Thomas Bittner, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (2006) 333-349 has grain is grain of A relation between granular parts and the whole of which they are a part. Granular parts have indeterminate number such that removing one granular part does not necessarily damage or diminish the whole. JAO: Added definition 2013-10-25 based on 'has grain', but both these terms seem problematic. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg Discussion in Karslruhe with, among others, Alan Rector, Stefan Schulz, Marijke Keet, Melanie Courtot, and Alan Ruttenberg. With inspiration from the paper Granularity, scale and collectivity: When size does and does not matter, Alan Recto, Jeremy Rogers, Thomas Bittner, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (2006) 333-349 is grain of supplies A relation between an organisation or person and a material entity who owned or has license to the material entity and there was a legal transfer of ownership or licensing of the material entity to the current owner. GROUP: Relations branch supplies has_supplier A relation between a material entity and an organisation or person who owned or has license to the material entity and there was a legal transfer of ownership or licensing of the material entity to the current owner. PERSON: Alan Rutternberg PERSON: Cristian Cocos PERSON: Frank Gibson PERSON: Melanie Courtot has_supplier objective_achieved_by This relation obtains between a a objective specification and a planned process when the criteria specified in the objective specification are met at the end of the planned process. OBI OBI objective_achieved_by is member of organization Relating a legal person or organization to an organization in the case where the legal person or organization has a role as member of the organization. 2009/10/01 Alan Ruttenberg. Barry prefers generic is-member-of. Question of what the range should be. For now organization. Is organization a population? Would the same relation be used to record members of a population JZ: Discussed on May 7, 2012 OBI dev call. Bjoern points out that we need to allow for organizations to be members of organizations. And agreed by the other OBI developers. So, human and organization were specified in 'Domains'. The textual definition was updated based on it. Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Helen Parkinson Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Helen Parkinson 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case is member of organization has organization member Relating an organization to a legal person or organization. See tracker: https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=3512902&group_id=177891&atid=886178 Person: Jie Zheng has organization member specifies value of A relation between a value specification and an entity which the specification is about. specifies value of has value specification A relation between an information content entity and a value specification that specifies its value. PERSON: James A. Overton OBI has value specification has performer performer relation covers the need to report on who performed a planned processed. it has to cover processes done by People or Devices (such as a robot controlled by software WF management system) has performer process is result of The production of IFN-gamma by effector T cells is a process result of T cell stimulation through the TCR is a relationship between a process and a preceding occurrent that directly caused the later one to occur IEDB PERSON:Bjoern Peters process is result of inheres in this fragility inheres in this vase this red color inheres in this apple a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent) and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A dependent inheres in its bearer at all times for which the dependent exists. inheres_in inheres in bearer of this apple is bearer of this red color this vase is bearer of this fragility a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a specifically dependent continuant (the dependent), in which the dependent specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist. bearer_of is bearer of bearer of participates in this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation this input material (or this output material) participates in this process this investigator participates in this investigation a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process participates_in participates in has participant this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot this investigation has participant this investigator this process has participant this input material (or this output material) a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time. has_participant http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant has participant is concretized as A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The journal article (a generically dependent continuant) is concretized as the quality (a specifically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a generically dependent continuant and a specifically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. A generically dependent continuant may be concretized as multiple specifically dependent continuants. is concretized as concretizes A journal article is an information artifact that inheres in some number of printed journals. For each copy of the printed journal there is some quality that carries the journal article, such as a pattern of ink. The quality (a specifically dependent continuant) concretizes the journal article (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on that copy of the printed journal (an independent continuant). An investigator reads a protocol and forms a plan to carry out an assay. The plan is a realizable entity (a specifically dependent continuant) that concretizes the protocol (a generically dependent continuant), and both depend on the investigator (an independent continuant). The plan is then realized by the assay (a process). A relationship between a specifically dependent continuant and a generically dependent continuant, in which the generically dependent continuant depends on some independent continuant in virtue of the fact that the specifically dependent continuant also depends on that same independent continuant. Multiple specifically dependent continuants can concretize the same generically dependent continuant. concretizes function of this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. function_of is function of function of quality of this red color is a quality of this apple a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists. is quality of quality_of quality of role of this investigator role is a role of this person a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. is role of role_of role of has function this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists. has_function has function has quality this apple has quality this red color a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist. has_quality has quality has role this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator) a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists. has_role has role derives from this cell derives from this parent cell (cell division) this nucleus derives from this parent nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the new entity and the old entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops from'. derives_from derives from derives into this parent cell derives into this cell (cell division) this parent nucleus derives into this nucleus (nuclear division) a relation between two distinct material entities, the old entity and the new entity, in which the new entity begins to exist when the old entity ceases to exist, and the new entity inherits the significant portion of the matter of the old entity This is a very general relation. More specific relations are preferred when applicable, such as 'directly develops into'. To avoid making statements about a future that may not come to pass, it is often better to use the backward-looking 'derives from' rather than the forward-looking 'derives into'. derives_into derives into location of my head is the location of my brain this cage is the location of this rat a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime location_of location of located in my brain is located in my head this rat is located in this cage a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See https://code.google.com/p/obo-relations/wiki/ROAndTime located_in http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in located in 2D boundary of the surface of my skin is a 2D boundary of my body a relation between a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary) and a material entity, in which the boundary delimits the material entity A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts. Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape. 2D_boundary_of boundary of is 2D boundary of is boundary of 2D boundary of has 2D boundary my body has 2D boundary the surface of my skin a relation between a material entity and a 2D immaterial entity (the boundary), in which the boundary delimits the material entity A 2D boundary may have holes and gaps, but it must be a single connected entity, not an aggregate of several disconnected parts. Although the boundary is two-dimensional, it exists in three-dimensional space and thus has a 3D shape. has boundary has_2D_boundary has 2D boundary immediately preceded by David Osumi-Sutherland starts_at_end_of X immediately_preceded_by Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately preceded by immediately precedes David Osumi-Sutherland ends_at_start_of meets X immediately_precedes_Y iff: end(X) simultaneous_with start(Y) immediately precedes surrounded by x surrounded_by y if and only if x is adjacent to y and for every region r that is adjacent to x, r overlaps y surrounded by adjacent to adjacent to temporal relation move to BFO? Allen A relation that holds between two occurrents. This is a grouping relation that collects together all the Allen relations. temporal relation starts inverse of starts with Chris Mungall Allen starts member of An organism that is a member of a population of organisms is member of is a mereological relation between a item and a collection. is member of member part of SIO member of has member has member is a mereological relation between a collection and an item. SIO has member 'consumer of food' eats food eats SIO_000001 A is related to B iff there is some relation between A and B. 'is related to' is the top level relation in SIO core relations+ is related to has measurement value has measurement value has specified value A relation between a value specification and a number that quantifies it. A range of 'real' might be better than 'float'. For now we follow 'has measurement value' until we can consider technical issues with SPARQL queries and reasoning. PERSON: James A. Overton OBI has specified value beta12orEarlier Moby:GCP_SimpleCitation Moby:Publication Bibliographic data that uniquely identifies a scientific article, book or other published material. Bibliographic reference Reference Citation beta12orEarlier Function A function that processes a set of inputs and results in a set of outputs, or associates arguments (inputs) with values (outputs). Computational method Computational operation Computational procedure Computational subroutine Function (programming) Lambda abstraction Mathematical function Mathematical operation Computational tool Process sumo:Function Operation beta12orEarlier Search or query a data resource and retrieve entries and / or annotation. Database retrieval Query Query and retrieval beta12orEarlier Query scientific literature, in search for articles, article data, concepts, named entities, or for statistics. Literature search beta12orEarlier Search a database (or other data resource) with a supplied query and retrieve entries (or parts of entries) that are similar to the query. Search Database search beta12orEarlier true true Protein and peptide identification, especially in the study of whole proteomes of organisms. Metaproteomics Peptide identification Protein and peptide identification Proteomics beta12orEarlier true true Whole genomes of one or more organisms, or genomes in general, such as meta-information on genomes, genome projects, gene names etc. Personal genomics Genomics 1.1 true true The systematic study of metabolites, the chemical processes they are involved, and the chemical fingerprints of specific cellular processes in a whole cell, tissue, organ or organism. Metabolomics 1.1 true Community genomics Ecogenomics Environmental genomics Environmental omics The study of genetic material recovered from environmental samples, and associated environmental data. Biome sequencing Environmental sequencing Shotgun metagenomics Metagenomics 1.3 true true The analysis of transcriptomes, or a set of all the RNA molecules in a specific cell, tissue etc. Comparative transcriptomics Metatranscriptomics Transcriptome Transcriptomics entity Entity entity Julius Caesar Verdi’s Requiem the Second World War your body mass index BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81 Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001]) entity continuant Continuant continuant An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts. BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240 Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001]) if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002]) if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002]) (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001] (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002] (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002] continuant occurrent Occurrent occurrent An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time. BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players. Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process. Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame. An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002]) Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001]) b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001]) (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001] (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001] occurrent ic IndependentContinuant independent continuant a chair a heart a leg a molecule a spatial region an atom an orchestra. an organism the bottom right portion of a human torso the interior of your mouth A continuant that is a bearer of quality and realizable entity entities, in which other entities inhere and which itself cannot inhere in anything. b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002]) For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001]) For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002]) (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001] (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002] (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002] independent continuant s-region SpatialRegion spatial region BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes. Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional. A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001]) All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001]) (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001] spatial region t-region TemporalRegion temporal region Temporal region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of a temporal instant and a temporal interval that doesn't overlap the instant. In this case the resultant temporal region is neither 0-dimensional nor 1-dimensional A temporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of time as defined relative to some reference frame. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [100-001]) All parts of temporal regions are temporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [101-001]) Every temporal region t is such that t occupies_temporal_region t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [119-002]) (forall (r) (if (TemporalRegion r) (occupiesTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [119-002] (forall (x y) (if (and (TemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (TemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [101-001] (forall (x) (if (TemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [100-001] temporal region 2d-s-region TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion two-dimensional spatial region an infinitely thin plane in space. the surface of a sphere-shaped part of space A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of two dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [039-001]) (forall (x) (if (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [039-001] two-dimensional spatial region st-region SpatiotemporalRegion spatiotemporal region the spatiotemporal region occupied by a human life the spatiotemporal region occupied by a process of cellular meiosis. the spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumor A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent entity that is part of spacetime. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [095-001]) All parts of spatiotemporal regions are spatiotemporal regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [096-001]) Each spatiotemporal region at any time t projects_onto some spatial region at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [099-001]) Each spatiotemporal region projects_onto some temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [098-001]) Every spatiotemporal region occupies_spatiotemporal_region itself. Every spatiotemporal region s is such that s occupies_spatiotemporal_region s. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [107-002]) (forall (r) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion r r))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [107-002] (forall (x t) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (SpatialRegion y) (spatiallyProjectsOntoAt x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [099-001] (forall (x y) (if (and (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (occurrentPartOf y x)) (SpatioTemporalRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [096-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (Occurrent x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [095-001] (forall (x) (if (SpatioTemporalRegion x) (exists (y) (and (TemporalRegion y) (temporallyProjectsOnto x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [098-001] spatiotemporal region process Process process a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart a process of meiosis a process of sleeping the course of a disease the flight of a bird the life of an organism your process of aging. An occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003]) BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war) (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003] process disposition Disposition disposition an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways. the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type. b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002]) If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002]) (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002] (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002] disposition realizable RealizableEntity realizable entity the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity. the disposition of your blood to coagulate the function of your reproductive organs the role of being a doctor the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances. To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002]) All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002]) (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002] (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002] realizable entity 0d-s-region ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion zero-dimensional spatial region A zero-dimensional spatial region is a point in space. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [037-001]) (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [037-001] zero-dimensional spatial region quality Quality quality the ambient temperature of this portion of air the color of a tomato the length of the circumference of your waist the mass of this piece of gold. the shape of your nose the shape of your nostril a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001]) If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001]) (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001] (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001] quality sdc SpecificallyDependentContinuant specifically dependent continuant Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates. the disposition of this fish to decay the function of this heart: to pump blood the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79 the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center the role of being a doctor the shape of this hole. the smell of this portion of mozzarella A continuant that inheres in or is borne by other entities. Every instance of A requires some specific instance of B which must always be the same. b is a relational specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a specifically dependent continuant and there are n &gt; 1 independent continuants c1, … cn which are not spatial regions are such that for all 1 i &lt; j n, ci and cj share no common parts, are such that for each 1 i n, b s-depends_on ci at every time t during the course of b’s existence (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [131-004]) b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003]) Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc. (iff (RelationalSpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (forall (t) (exists (b c) (and (not (SpatialRegion b)) (not (SpatialRegion c)) (not (= b c)) (not (exists (d) (and (continuantPartOfAt d b t) (continuantPartOfAt d c t)))) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [131-004] (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003] specifically dependent continuant role Role role John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. the priest role the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories the role of a building in serving as a military target the role of a stone in marking a property boundary the role of subject in a clinical trial the student role A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts. BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives. b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001]) (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001] role fiat-object FiatObjectPart fiat object or with divisions drawn by cognitive subjects for practical reasons, such as the division of a cake (before slicing) into (what will become) slices (and thus member parts of an object aggregate). However, this does not mean that fiat object parts are dependent for their existence on divisions or delineations effected by cognitive subjects. If, for example, it is correct to conceive geological layers of the Earth as fiat object parts of the Earth, then even though these layers were first delineated in recent times, still existed long before such delineation and what holds of these layers (for example that the oldest layers are also the lowest layers) did not begin to hold because of our acts of delineation.Treatment of material entity in BFOExamples viewed by some as problematic cases for the trichotomy of fiat object part, object, and object aggregate include: a mussel on (and attached to) a rock, a slime mold, a pizza, a cloud, a galaxy, a railway train with engine and multiple carriages, a clonal stand of quaking aspen, a bacterial community (biofilm), a broken femur. Note that, as Aristotle already clearly recognized, such problematic cases – which lie at or near the penumbra of instances defined by the categories in question – need not invalidate these categories. The existence of grey objects does not prove that there are not objects which are black and objects which are white; the existence of mules does not prove that there are not objects which are donkeys and objects which are horses. It does, however, show that the examples in question need to be addressed carefully in order to show how they can be fitted into the proposed scheme, for example by recognizing additional subdivisions [29 the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body. the Western hemisphere of the Earth the division of the brain into regions the division of the planet into hemispheres the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body the upper and lower lobes of the left lung BFO 2 Reference: Most examples of fiat object parts are associated with theoretically drawn divisions b is a fiat object part = Def. b is a material entity which is such that for all times t, if b exists at t then there is some object c such that b proper continuant_part of c at t and c is demarcated from the remainder of c by a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [027-004]) (forall (x) (if (FiatObjectPart x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y) (and (Object y) (properContinuantPartOfAt x y t)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [027-004] fiat object 1d-s-region OneDimensionalSpatialRegion one-dimensional spatial region an edge of a cube-shaped portion of space. A one-dimensional spatial region is a line or aggregate of lines stretching from one point in space to another. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [038-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [038-001] one-dimensional spatial region object-aggregate ObjectAggregate object aggregate a collection of cells in a blood biobank. a swarm of bees is an aggregate of members who are linked together through natural bonds a symphony orchestra an organization is an aggregate whose member parts have roles of specific types (for example in a jazz band, a chess club, a football team) defined by fiat: the aggregate of members of an organization defined through physical attachment: the aggregate of atoms in a lump of granite defined through physical containment: the aggregate of molecules of carbon dioxide in a sealed container defined via attributive delimitations such as: the patients in this hospital the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint the aggregate of blood cells in your body the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere the restaurants in Palo Alto your collection of Meissen ceramic plates. An entity a is an object aggregate if and only if there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of a into objects BFO 2 Reference: object aggregates may gain and lose parts while remaining numerically identical (one and the same individual) over time. This holds both for aggregates whose membership is determined naturally (the aggregate of cells in your body) and aggregates determined by fiat (a baseball team, a congressional committee). ISBN:978-3-938793-98-5pp124-158#Thomas Bittner and Barry Smith, 'A Theory of Granular Partitions', in K. Munn and B. Smith (eds.), Applied Ontology: An Introduction, Frankfurt/Lancaster: ontos, 2008, 125-158. b is an object aggregate means: b is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality of objects as member_parts at all times at which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [025-004]) (forall (x) (if (ObjectAggregate x) (and (MaterialEntity x) (forall (t) (if (existsAt x t) (exists (y z) (and (Object y) (Object z) (memberPartOfAt y x t) (memberPartOfAt z x t) (not (= y z)))))) (not (exists (w t_1) (and (memberPartOfAt w x t_1) (not (Object w)))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [025-004] object aggregate 3d-s-region ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion three-dimensional spatial region a cube-shaped region of space a sphere-shaped region of space, A three-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is of three dimensions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [040-001]) (forall (x) (if (ThreeDimensionalSpatialRegion x) (SpatialRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [040-001] three-dimensional spatial region site Site site Manhattan Canyon) a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese a rabbit hole an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport the Grand Canyon the Piazza San Marco the cockpit of an aircraft the hold of a ship the interior of a kangaroo pouch the interior of the trunk of your car the interior of your bedroom the interior of your office the interior of your refrigerator the lumen of your gut your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity) b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002]) (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002] site object Object object atom cell cells and organisms engineered artifacts grain of sand molecule organelle organism planet solid portions of matter star BFO 2 Reference: BFO rests on the presupposition that at multiple micro-, meso- and macroscopic scales reality exhibits certain stable, spatially separated or separable material units, combined or combinable into aggregates of various sorts (for example organisms into what are called ‘populations’). Such units play a central role in almost all domains of natural science from particle physics to cosmology. Many scientific laws govern the units in question, employing general terms (such as ‘molecule’ or ‘planet’) referring to the types and subtypes of units, and also to the types and subtypes of the processes through which such units develop and interact. The division of reality into such natural units is at the heart of biological science, as also is the fact that these units may form higher-level units (as cells form multicellular organisms) and that they may also form aggregates of units, for example as cells form portions of tissue and organs form families, herds, breeds, species, and so on. At the same time, the division of certain portions of reality into engineered units (manufactured artifacts) is the basis of modern industrial technology, which rests on the distributed mass production of engineered parts through division of labor and on their assembly into larger, compound units such as cars and laptops. The division of portions of reality into units is one starting point for the phenomenon of counting. BFO 2 Reference: Each object is such that there are entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its interior, and other entities of which we can assert unproblematically that they lie in its exterior. This may not be so for entities lying at or near the boundary between the interior and exterior. This means that two objects – for example the two cells depicted in Figure 3 – may be such that there are material entities crossing their boundaries which belong determinately to neither cell. Something similar obtains in certain cases of conjoined twins (see below). BFO 2 Reference: To say that b is causally unified means: b is a material entity which is such that its material parts are tied together in such a way that, in environments typical for entities of the type in question,if c, a continuant part of b that is in the interior of b at t, is larger than a certain threshold size (which will be determined differently from case to case, depending on factors such as porosity of external cover) and is moved in space to be at t at a location on the exterior of the spatial region that had been occupied by b at t, then either b’s other parts will be moved in coordinated fashion or b will be damaged (be affected, for example, by breakage or tearing) in the interval between t and t.causal changes in one part of b can have consequences for other parts of b without the mediation of any entity that lies on the exterior of b. Material entities with no proper material parts would satisfy these conditions trivially. Candidate examples of types of causal unity for material entities of more complex sorts are as follows (this is not intended to be an exhaustive list):CU1: Causal unity via physical coveringHere the parts in the interior of the unified entity are combined together causally through a common membrane or other physical covering\. The latter points outwards toward and may serve a protective function in relation to what lies on the exterior of the entity [13, 47 BFO 2 Reference: an object is a maximal causally unified material entity BFO 2 Reference: ‘objects’ are sometimes referred to as ‘grains’ [74 b is an object means: b is a material entity which manifests causal unity of one or other of the types CUn listed above & is of a type (a material universal) instances of which are maximal relative to this criterion of causal unity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [024-001]) object gdc GenericallyDependentContinuant generically dependent continuant The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity. the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule. A continuant that is dependent on one or other independent continuant bearers. For every instance of A requires some instance of (an independent continuant type) B but which instance of B serves can change from time to time. b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001]) (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001] generically dependent continuant function Function function the function of a hammer to drive in nails the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc. A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001]) (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001] function p-boundary ProcessBoundary process boundary the boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life. p is a process boundary =Def. p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [084-001]) Every process boundary occupies_temporal_region a zero-dimensional temporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [085-002]) (forall (x) (if (ProcessBoundary x) (exists (y) (and (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion y) (occupiesTemporalRegion x y))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [085-002] (iff (ProcessBoundary a) (exists (p) (and (Process p) (temporalPartOf a p) (not (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [084-001] process boundary 1d-t-region OneDimensionalTemporalRegion one-dimensional temporal region the temporal region during which a process occurs. BFO 2 Reference: A temporal interval is a special kind of one-dimensional temporal region, namely one that is self-connected (is without gaps or breaks). A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is extended. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [103-001]) (forall (x) (if (OneDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [103-001] one-dimensional temporal region material MaterialEntity material entity a flame a forest fire a human being a hurricane a photon a puff of smoke a sea wave a tornado an aggregate of human beings. an energy wave an epidemic the undetached arm of a human being An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time. BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60 BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity. BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here. A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002]) Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002]) every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002]) (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002] (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002] material entity cf-boundary ContinuantFiatBoundary continuant fiat boundary b is a continuant fiat boundary = Def. b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions and does not include a spatial region as part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [029-001]) BFO 2 Reference: In BFO 1.1 the assumption was made that the external surface of a material entity such as a cell could be treated as if it were a boundary in the mathematical sense. The new document propounds the view that when we talk about external surfaces of material objects in this way then we are talking about something fiat. To be dealt with in a future version: fiat boundaries at different levels of granularity.More generally, the focus in discussion of boundaries in BFO 2.0 is now on fiat boundaries, which means: boundaries for which there is no assumption that they coincide with physical discontinuities. The ontology of boundaries becomes more closely allied with the ontology of regions. BFO 2 Reference: a continuant fiat boundary is a boundary of some material entity (for example: the plane separating the Northern and Southern hemispheres; the North Pole), or it is a boundary of some immaterial entity (for example of some portion of airspace). Three basic kinds of continuant fiat boundary can be distinguished (together with various combination kinds [29 Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one dimensional continuant fiat boundary that doesn't overlap it. The situation is analogous to temporal and spatial regions. Every continuant fiat boundary is located at some spatial region at every time at which it exists (iff (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ImmaterialEntity a) (exists (b) (and (or (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b)) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))) (not (exists (c t) (and (SpatialRegion c) (continuantPartOfAt c a t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [029-001] continuant fiat boundary immaterial ImmaterialEntity immaterial entity BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10 immaterial entity 1d-cf-boundary OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary The Equator all geopolitical boundaries all lines of latitude and longitude the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin. the median sulcus of your tongue a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a continuous fiat line whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [032-001]) (iff (OneDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (OneDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [032-001] one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary process-profile ProcessProfile process profile On a somewhat higher level of complexity are what we shall call rate process profiles, which are the targets of selective abstraction focused not on determinate quality magnitudes plotted over time, but rather on certain ratios between these magnitudes and elapsed times. A speed process profile, for example, is represented by a graph plotting against time the ratio of distance covered per unit of time. Since rates may change, and since such changes, too, may have rates of change, we have to deal here with a hierarchy of process profile universals at successive levels One important sub-family of rate process profiles is illustrated by the beat or frequency profiles of cyclical processes, illustrated by the 60 beats per minute beating process of John’s heart, or the 120 beats per minute drumming process involved in one of John’s performances in a rock band, and so on. Each such process includes what we shall call a beat process profile instance as part, a subtype of rate process profile in which the salient ratio is not distance covered but rather number of beat cycles per unit of time. Each beat process profile instance instantiates the determinable universal beat process profile. But it also instantiates multiple more specialized universals at lower levels of generality, selected from rate process profilebeat process profileregular beat process profile3 bpm beat process profile4 bpm beat process profileirregular beat process profileincreasing beat process profileand so on.In the case of a regular beat process profile, a rate can be assigned in the simplest possible fashion by dividing the number of cycles by the length of the temporal region occupied by the beating process profile as a whole. Irregular process profiles of this sort, for example as identified in the clinic, or in the readings on an aircraft instrument panel, are often of diagnostic significance. The simplest type of process profiles are what we shall call ‘quality process profiles’, which are the process profiles which serve as the foci of the sort of selective abstraction that is involved when measurements are made of changes in single qualities, as illustrated, for example, by process profiles of mass, temperature, aortic pressure, and so on. b is a process_profile =Def. there is some process c such that b process_profile_of c (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [093-002]) b process_profile_of c holds when b proper_occurrent_part_of c& there is some proper_occurrent_part d of c which has no parts in common with b & is mutually dependent on b& is such that b, c and d occupy the same temporal region (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [094-005]) (forall (x y) (if (processProfileOf x y) (and (properContinuantPartOf x y) (exists (z t) (and (properOccurrentPartOf z y) (TemporalRegion t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion y t) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion z t) (not (exists (w) (and (occurrentPartOf w x) (occurrentPartOf w z))))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [094-005] (iff (ProcessProfile a) (exists (b) (and (Process b) (processProfileOf a b)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [093-002] process profile r-quality RelationalQuality relational quality John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married. a marriage bond, an instance of love, an obligation between one person and another. b is a relational quality = Def. for some independent continuants c, d and for some time t: b quality_of c at t & b quality_of d at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [057-001]) (iff (RelationalQuality a) (exists (b c t) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (IndependentContinuant c) (qualityOfAt a b t) (qualityOfAt a c t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [057-001] relational quality 2d-cf-boundary TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary (surface) is a self-connected fiat surface whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [033-001]) (iff (TwoDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (TwoDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [033-001] two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary 0d-cf-boundary ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary the geographic North Pole the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system. the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet zero dimension continuant fiat boundaries are not spatial points. Considering the example 'the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet' : There are many frames in which that point is zooming through many points in space. Whereas, no matter what the frame, the quadripoint is always in the same relation to the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary is a fiat point whose location is defined in relation to some material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [031-001]) (iff (ZeroDimensionalContinuantFiatBoundary a) (and (ContinuantFiatBoundary a) (exists (b) (and (ZeroDimensionalSpatialRegion b) (forall (t) (locatedInAt a b t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [031-001] zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary 0d-t-region ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion zero-dimensional temporal region a temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary right now the moment at which a child is born the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident the moment of death. temporal instant. A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is without extent. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [102-001]) (forall (x) (if (ZeroDimensionalTemporalRegion x) (TemporalRegion x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [102-001] zero-dimensional temporal region history History history A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by a material entity or site, including processes on the surface of the entity or within the cavities to which it serves as host. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [138-001]) history Any member of the class of organooxygen compounds that is a polyhydroxy-aldehyde or -ketone or a lactol resulting from their intramolecular condensation (monosaccharides); substances derived from these by reduction of the carbonyl group (alditols), by oxidation of one or more hydroxy groups to afford the corresponding aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, or by replacement of one or more hydroxy group(s) by a hydrogen atom; and polymeric products arising by intermolecular acetal formation between two or more such molecules (disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides). Carbohydrates contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms; prior to any oxidation or reduction, most have the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n. Compounds obtained from carbohydrates by substitution, etc., are known as carbohydrate derivatives and may contain other elements. Cyclitols are generally not regarded as carbohydrates. CHEBI:15131 CHEBI:23008 CHEBI:9318 Wikipedia:Carbohydrate carbohydrate carbohydrates chebi_ontology Kohlenhydrat Kohlenhydrate carbohidrato carbohidratos glucide glucides glucido glucidos hydrates de carbone saccharide saccharides saccharidum CHEBI:16646 carbohydrate peptide Amide derived from two or more amino carboxylic acid molecules (the same or different) by formation of a covalent bond from the carbonyl carbon of one to the nitrogen atom of another with formal loss of water. The term is usually applied to structures formed from alpha-amino acids, but it includes those derived from any amino carboxylic acid. X = OH, OR, NH2, NHR, etc. peptide deoxyribonucleic acid High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing deoxyribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; DNA contain the genetic information of organisms. deoxyribonucleic acid glucose An aldohexose used as a source of energy and metabolic intermediate. glucose molecular entity Any constitutionally or isotopically distinct atom, molecule, ion, ion pair, radical, radical ion, complex, conformer etc., identifiable as a separately distinguishable entity. We are assuming that every molecular entity has to be completely connected by chemical bonds. This excludes protein complexes, which are comprised of minimally two separate molecular entities. We will follow up with Chebi to ensure this is their understanding as well molecular entity Any fatty acid with one double or triple bond in the fatty acid chain and singly bonded carbon atoms in the rest of the chain. MUFAs have positive effects on the cardiovascular system, and in diabetes treatment. PMID:10584045 PMID:12936956 chebi_ontology MUFA MUFAs monounsaturated fatty acids CHEBI:25413 monounsaturated fatty acid Any fatty acid containing more than one double bond. Acids in this group are reported to have cardioprotective effects; and levels are lowered in chronic fatigue syndrome. PMID:14977874 PMID:16380690 PMID:17891522 chebi_ontology PUFA PUFAs polyunsaturated fatty acids CHEBI:26208 polyunsaturated fatty acid Any fatty acid containing no carbon to carbon multiple bonds. Known to produce adverse biological effects when ingested to excess. PMID:16492686 PMID:19763019 PMID:20237329 saturated fatty acid chebi_ontology SFA SFAs saturated fatty acids CHEBI:26607 saturated fatty acid atom A chemical entity constituting the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element. atom nucleic acid A macromolecule made up of nucleotide units and hydrolysable into certain pyrimidine or purine bases (usually adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil), D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose and phosphoric acid. nucleic acid ribonucleic acid High molecular weight, linear polymers, composed of nucleotides containing ribose and linked by phosphodiester bonds; RNA is central to the synthesis of proteins. ribonucleic acid macromolecule A macromolecule is a molecule of high relative molecular mass, the structure of which essentially comprises the multiple repetition of units derived, actually or conceptually, from molecules of low relative molecular mass. polymer macromolecule A biological macromolecule minimally consisting of one polypeptide chain synthesized at the ribosome. CHEBI:13677 CHEBI:14911 proteins chebi_ontology CHEBI:36080 protein Any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental contaminants. chebi_ontology dietary component dietary components food components CHEBI:78295 food component Measurement of the entire amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, without taking into account any association with other molecules such as lipoproteins, in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. Clinical_Measurement.ontology blood TC level CMO:0000051 blood total cholesterol level Measurement of the amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, carried in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. HDL is the smallest of the major lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The HDL class of lipoproteins, specifically the subtypes of HDL2 and HDL3, have densities between 1.063 and 1.210 g/ml. Clinical_Measurement.ontology blood HDL level blood HDL-C CMO:0000052 Values for density ranges of the lipoprotein classes are approximate. The classes may be defined differently by different researchers, in part because class definitions depend on the number of subclasses into which the lipoprotein fractions are divided. blood high density lipoprotein cholesterol level Measurement of the amount of cholesterol, a eukaryotic sterol that in higher animals is the precursor of bile acids and steroid hormones and a key constituent of cell membranes, carried in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) molecules in a specified volume of blood, the fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins carrying nutrients and oxygen to the body tissues and metabolites away from them. LDL constitute a class of relatively large, heterogeneous lipoprotein particles, complex molecules that consist of a protein membrane surrounding a core of lipids. The LDL class of lipoproteins has a density between 1.019 and 1.063 g/ml. In some animal species, such as canine and rodents, this may overlap with the HDL1 class and be designated LDL/HDL1. Clinical_Measurement.ontology blood LDL level blood LDL-C level CMO:0000053 Values for density ranges of the lipoprotein classes are approximate. The classes may be defined differently by different researchers, in part because class definitions depend on the number of subclasses into which the lipoprotein fractions are divided. blood low density lipoprotein cholesterol level A measurement relating body weight to height in an organism; typically calculated as the weight of an individual divided by the height of that individual squared. For quadrupeds, the square of body height is often replaced by the square of body length. true Clinical_Measurement.ontology BMI CMO:0000105 body mass index (BMI) The quantification of any parameter related to the process whereby food (i.e. material, usually of plant or animal origin, that contains essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and/or minerals and that is ingested and assimilated by an organism to produce energy, stimulate growth, and maintain life) is taken in for utilization by the body. JSmith 2012-03-28T01:37:36Z Clinical_Measurement.ontology CMO:0000772 food intake measurement The amount of ethanol, a colorless volatile flammable liquid CH3CH2OH that is the intoxicating agent in liquors, consumed per unit time. JSmith 2013-01-14T15:41:12Z alcohol intake rate Clinical_Measurement.ontology CMO:0001407 ethanol drink intake rate An drug intervention for cancer. A planned process used to influence one or more factors in a research study, and the independent variable in an interventional study wherein the influence is measured or evaluated. PERSON: Melanie Wilson PERSON: Melissa Haendel intervention A physiological assay of the human body that uses such tools as body mass index, basal metabolic rate, bioelectrical impedance, and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, along with measurements of skinfold thickness and arm muscle circumference, to assess the structure, form, and composition of the body for purposes of comparison. PERSON: Nicole Vasilevsky http://www.answers.com/topic/anthropometric-analysis true anthropometric analysis The FoodOn food ontology is a controlled vocabulary that currently covers human food raw ingredients, food products and product types. It will develop semantics for food safety, food security, the agricultural and animal husbandry practices linked to food production, culinary, nutritional and chemical ingredients and processes. FoodOn will also grow to encompass food-chains and natural ecosystems involving other animals and plants. It is built to interoperate with the OBO Library family of ontologies. FoodOn owes a large debt to LanguaL, the food indexing system developed since the mid 1970's (see LanguaL.org). LanguaL's facets have all been imported here, with some adaptation. Damion Dooley foodon ontology swine food product http://langual.org Cucurbitaceae DPNL 2003:8684 GRIN:10675 ITIS:22356 LANGUAL:B1391 MANSFELD:3905 PLANTS:CILA3 http://eol.org/pages/584423 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai citrullus lanatus citrullus vulgaris colocynthis citrullus cucurbita citrullus datiro edible seed melon equisi kaffir melon momordica lanata watermelon fruit food product watermelon plant watermelon plant as food source A vegetable with dark green, spear-shaped leaves that can be curled or smooth and are attached to thin stems. http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13251 GRIN:35256 ITIS:20709 LANGUAL:B1420 MANSFELD:485 PLANTS:SPOL http://eol.org/pages/582002 Spinacia oleracea L. spinacia oleracea spinach plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1001 pea, edible seed cultivars as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1002 aspidobranchia archaeogastropod as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SBF ITIS:172431 LANGUAL:B1003 http://eol.org/pages/212861 Thunnus maccoyii Thunnus maccoyii (Castelnau, 1872) thunnus maccoyii southern bluefin tuna as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1003 FAO ASFIS:LOT ITIS:172430 LANGUAL:B1004 http://eol.org/pages/212863 Thunnus tonggol Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker, 1851) Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker, I851) neothunnus rarus northern bluefin tuna thunnus tonggol longtail tuna as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1005 stem or spear vegetable as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1006 fruit used as vegetable as food source Having a skeleton made up mainly of cartilage, as any of a class (Chondrichthyes) of fishes (cartilaginous fish), including sharks, rays, and skates (Source: Webster's). http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1007 http://eol.org/pages/2774522 chondrichthyes fish, cartilaginous as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1008 http://eol.org/pages/2441 mesogastropod as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1009 polysaccharide-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1010 neogastropoda neogastropod as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1011 pectin-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1012 sugar-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1013 plant used for producing extract or concentrate as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1014 gum-producing plant hemicellulose-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1015 fiber-producing plant cellulose-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1016 starch-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1017 oil-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1018 vegetable-producing plant, root, tuber or bulb used as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1019 http://eol.org/pages/4267 alpine cranberry cowberry vaccinium vitis-idaea lingonberry (cowberry) plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1020 http://eol.org/pages/8300 aciperseriformes fish, acipenseriform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1021 invertebrate, water fish or lower water animal as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1022 tropical or subtropical nut producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1023 http://eol.org/pages/5168 flat-fish flat-fishes flatfish flatfish, flounder flounders pleuronectiformes fish, pleuronectiform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1024 tropical or subtropical fruit producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1025 http://eol.org/pages/5169 soleidae sole family as food source http://langual.org BASIS:126 GRIN:14976 ITIS:506699 LANGUAL:B1026 MANSFELD:20690 http://eol.org/pages/1120264 Eleocharis dulcis (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Hensch. Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Hensch. Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trinius ex Henschel Eleocharis dulcis (Burman f.) Trin. ex Henschel chinese water chestnut eleocharis dulcis ground-chestnut ma-tai water chestnut matting reed waternut chinese waterchestnut plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1027 great northern bean plant as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:OIF LANGUAL:B1030 Soletellina diphos (Linnaeus 1771) hiatula diphos purple clam soletellina diphos diphos sanguin as food source http://langual.org GRIN:319442 LANGUAL:B1031 Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum var. macrocarpon Ser. chinese pea edible-podded pea pisum sativum var. macrocarpon snow pea sugar pea sugar pod garden pea pea, edible pod cultivars as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1033 agar-agar agar plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1059 FAO ASFIS:OPP FDA RFE 2010:66 ITIS:166707 LANGUAL:B1034 http://eol.org/pages/994486 Sebastes alutus Sebastes alutus (Gilbert, 1890) sebastes alutus pacific ocean perch as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PTS ITIS:81464 LANGUAL:B1035 http://eol.org/pages/401135 Protothaca staminea Protothaca staminea (Conrad, 1837) native littleneck protothaca staminea steamer pacific littleneck clam as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1036 floret used as vegetable as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:DJO ITIS:79501 LANGUAL:B1037 http://eol.org/pages/451577 Modiolus modiolus Modiolus modiolus (Linnaeus, 1758) modiolus modiolus northern horse mussel as food source http://langual.org BASIS:145 GRIN:27946 ITIS:36691 LANGUAL:B1038 MANSFELD:32904 http://eol.org/pages/468029 Helianthus tuberosus L. girasole helianthus tuberosus jerusalem sunflower jerusalem artichoke plant as food source Dipteryx odorata (commonly known as "cumaru" or "kumaru") is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae, that is native to the Orinoco region of northern South America. Its seeds are known as tonka beans. They are black and wrinkled and have a smooth, brown interior. Their fragrance is reminiscent of vanilla, almonds, cinnamon, and cloves. WIKIPEDIA:Dipteryx_odorata http://langual.org GRIN:14393 ITIS:506251 LANGUAL:B1039 PLANTS:DIOD2 http://eol.org/pages/639810 Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. Dipteryx odorata (Aublet) Willd. cumaru dipteryx odorata kumaru tonka bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1040 http://eol.org/pages/5099 ictaluridae bullhead catfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1042 pea, smooth wrinkled crosses (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1043 http://eol.org/pages/24776 scomber spp. mackerel as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1044 http://eol.org/pages/24016 caranx spp. jack as food source The sultana grape is cultivated in the United States under the name Thompson Seedless, named after William Thompson, a viticulturist who was an early grower in California and is sometimes credited with the variety's introduction. WIKIPEDIA:Thompson_Seedless http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13868 GRIN:41905 ITIS:28629 LANGUAL:B1045 MANSFELD:3182 PLANTS:VIVI5 http://eol.org/pages/582304 Vitis vinifera L. thompson seedless grape grape, thompson seedless (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MUJ ITIS:79455 LANGUAL:B1046 http://eol.org/pages/449960 Mytilus californianus Mytilus californianus Conrad, 1837 mytilus californianus california mussel as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1047 grain or seed-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1048 carbohydrate-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1049 protein-producing plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1353 FAO ASFIS:SCA ITIS:79718 LANGUAL:B1050 http://eol.org/pages/448745 Placopecten magellanicus Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1791) Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin, 1792) american sea scallop placopecten magellanicus sea scallop as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8122 GRIN:319636 LANGUAL:B1051 MANSFELD:23998 http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt brassica pekinensis brassica rapa var. pekinensis celery cabbage chinese cabbage heading chinese cabbage napa napa cabbage pe-tsai cabbage shantung cabbage chinese or celery cabbage plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12268 GRIN:29866 ITIS:24773 LANGUAL:B1052 MANSFELD:9206 PLANTS:PRCE http://eol.org/pages/242597 Cerasus vulgaris Mill. Prunus cerasus L. acid cherry morello cherry prunus cerasus tart cherry sour cherry plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:556175 LANGUAL:B1054 http://eol.org/pages/591395 Hapalochlaena maculosa (Hoyle, 1883) hapalochlaena maculosa octopus maculosus blue ring octopus as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12577 GRIN:31860 ITIS:504798 LANGUAL:B1055 MANSFELD:17064 PLANTS:RIRU80 http://eol.org/pages/489743 Ribes rubrum L. cultivated currant garden currant garnetberry ribes ruburm ribes sativum ribes sylvestre red currant plant as food source The Valencia Orange is a sweet orange first hybridized by California pioneer agronomist and land developer William Wolfskill, on his farm in Santa Ana, United States. WIKIPEDIA:Valencia_orange http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8703 GRIN:10782 ITIS:28889 LANGUAL:B1056 MANSFELD:7673 PLANTS:CISI3 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) california valencia orange plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1057 vegetable-producing plant, above-ground parts used as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1058 vegetable-producing plant, most parts used as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1059 shellfish or crustacean as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1060 bush bean green or wax bean pole bean phaseolus vulgaris, edible pod cultivar (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1061 black bean (phaseolus) phaseolus vulgaris, edible seed cultivar (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1062 temperate-zone nut producing plant as food source A boysenberry is a cross between a European Raspberry (Rubus idaeus), a Common Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), and a Loganberry (Rubus × loganobaccus) . WIKIPEDIA:Boysenberry http://langual.org GRIN:104968 LANGUAL:B1063 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus loganobaccus L. H. Bailey rubus hybr. rubus loganobaccus x laciniatus x idaeus rubus ursinus var. loganobaccus cv. boysen boysenberry plant Huckleberry is a name used in North America for several plants in two closely related genera in the family Ericaceae: Gaylussacia and Vaccinium. While some Vaccinium species, such as the Red Huckleberry, are always called huckleberries, other species may be called blueberries or huckleberries depending upon local custom. Similar Vaccinium species in Europe are called bilberries. Berries range in color according to species from bright red, through dark purple, and into the blues. In taste the berries range from tart to sweet, with a flavor similar to that of a blueberry, especially in blue/purple colored varieties. [Wikipedia : ] WIKIPEDIA:Huckleberries http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1064 gaylussacia spp. vaccinium spp. huckleberry plant http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1385 FAO ASFIS:BCL ITIS:568268 LANGUAL:B1065 http://eol.org/pages/491722 Saxidomus gigantea Saxidomus gigantea (Deshayes, 1839) Saxidomus giganteus (Deshayes, 1839) saxidomus giganteus butter clam as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8687 GRIN:10683 ITIS:506403 LANGUAL:B1067 MANSFELD:7576 PLANTS:CIAU7 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. & Panz.) Swingle Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Citrus ×aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle (pro sp.) citrus aurantiifolia citrus medica var. acida indian lime key lime sour lime lime (citrus) plant as food source http://langual.org CEC:1380 FAO ASFIS:CLH ITIS:81496 LANGUAL:B1068 http://eol.org/pages/492162 Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus 1758) Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) cherrystone clam clam, cherrystone hardshell littleneck mercenaria mercenaria venus mercenaria northern quahog as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1000 FAO ASFIS:BET ITIS:172428 LANGUAL:B1069 http://eol.org/pages/212862 Thunnus obesus Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839) ahi parathunnus mebachi thunnus obesus bigeye tuna as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:998 FAO ASFIS:BLF ITIS:172427 LANGUAL:B1070 http://eol.org/pages/223944 Thunnus atlanticus Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson, 1830) Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson, 1831) thunnus atlanticus blackfin tuna as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10557 GRIN:20762 ITIS:19254 LANGUAL:B1071 PLANTS:JUNI http://eol.org/pages/594611 Juglans nigra L. juglans nigra LanguaL curation note: When indexing the black walnut (drupe, seed) index both *BLACK WALNUT [B1533]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). black walnut plant as food source The sultana (also called the sultanina) is a type of white, seedless grape assumed to originate from the Turkish, Greek, or Iranian area. Unprocessed sultanas must be obtained from grapes of the varieties (cultivars) Vitis vinifera L. Apyrena.[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:192:0021:0032:EN:PDF] WIKIPEDIA:Sultana_(grape) http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13868 GRIN:41905 ITIS:28629 LANGUAL:B1072 MANSFELD:3182 PLANTS:VIVI5 http://eol.org/pages/582304 Vitis vinifera L. sultana grape, sultana (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:997 FAO ASFIS:YFT FDA RFE 2010:90 ITIS:172423 LANGUAL:B1074 http://eol.org/pages/205934 Thunnus albacares Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788) neothunnus macropterus thunnus albacares tuna, yellowfin yellowfin tuna as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1075 http://eol.org/pages/15276 crayfish, marine marine crayfish palinurus spp. rock lobster palinurid spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1076 solanum dulcamara bittersweet, european (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:258 FAO ASFIS:SVF ITIS:162003 LANGUAL:B1077 http://eol.org/pages/205276 Salvelinus fontinalis Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1815) salvelinus fontinalis speckled trout brook trout as food source "Slicing" or "globe" tomatoes are the usual tomatoes of commerce, used for a wide variety of processing and fresh eating. WIKIPEDIA:Tomato http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10985 GRIN:101442 ITIS:521671 ITIS:529044 LANGUAL:B1078 PLANTS:SOLY2 http://eol.org/pages/392557 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum P. Mill. Solanum lycopersicum L. globe tomato plant as food source Very hard, translucent, light colored grain used to make semolina flour for pasta. http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13672 GRIN:406896 LANGUAL:B1079 MANSFELD:34092 PLANTS:TRDU3 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Triticum durum Desf. Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn. triticum durum triticum ispahanicum ssp. durum triticum turgidum var. durum durum wheat plant as food source WIKIPEDIA:Penaeus http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1081 http://eol.org/pages/7184 penaeid shrimps penaeidae penaeid shrimp family as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10761 GRIN:21763 ITIS:22954 LANGUAL:B1082 PLANTS:LECA5 http://eol.org/pages/584503 Lepidium campestre (L.) Ait. f. Lepidium campestre (L.) R.Br. Lepidium campestre (L.) W. T. Aiton Lepidium campestre (L.) W.T. Aiton cream-anther field pepperwort field peppergrass field pepperweed lepidium campestre field cress plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1083 pinus genus plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1084 http://eol.org/pages/5126 scorpaenidae scorpionfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1085 http://eol.org/pages/3196 Ictiobus Rafinesque, 1820 ictiobus spp. buffalofish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1086 http://eol.org/pages/7211 rock shrimps sicyoniidae sicyoniid shrimp family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:682 FAO ASFIS:SNR FDA RFE 2010:30 ITIS:168853 LANGUAL:B1089 http://eol.org/pages/216388 Lutjanus campechanus Lutjanus campechanus (Poey, 1860) lutjanus blackfordi lutjanus campechanus lutjanus pensacolae snapper, red red snapper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1090 http://eol.org/pages/24767 jack and horse mackerel scad and horse mackerels trachurus spp. saurel as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12262 GRIN:29844 ITIS:24770 LANGUAL:B1091 MANSFELD:9202 PLANTS:PRAV http://eol.org/pages/231737 Prunus avium (L.) L. prunus avium sweet cherry plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8096 GRIN:7654 ITIS:23059 LANGUAL:B1092 MANSFELD:24014 PLANTS:BRJU http://eol.org/pages/583919 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. brassica juncea indian mustard leaf mustard mustard spinach mustard, brown brown mustard plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KCY ITIS:97937 LANGUAL:B1093 http://eol.org/pages/313373 Paralithodes brevipes Paralithodes brevipes (Benedict, 1894) Paralithodes brevipes (H. Milne Edwards and Lucas, 1841) brown king crab paralithodes brevipes hanasaki crab as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8104 GRIN:7671 ITIS:530957 LANGUAL:B1094 MANSFELD:23925 PLANTS:BROLB http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. brassica oleracea var. botrytis cauliflower plant as food source A large rooted white skinned and fleshed variety popular in Belgium and France for forage for animals but also used for human consumption. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1095 belgian carrot plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:524635 ITIS:524636 LANGUAL:B1096 PLANTS:RUIDI PLANTS:RUIDS2 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus idaeus L. ssp. idaeus Rubus idaeus L. ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke Rubus idaeus ssp. idaeus L. Rubus idaeus ssp. strigosus (Michx.) Focke Rubus idaeus var. idaeus L. american red raspberry european red raspberry rubus idaeus western red raspberry red raspberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1097 origanum heracleoticum origanum onites marjoram, pot (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1239 FAO ASFIS:RSH ITIS:96028 LANGUAL:B1098 http://eol.org/pages/342178 Sicyonia brevirostris Sicyonia brevirostris Stimpson, 1871 Sicyonia brevirostris Stimpson, 1874 sicyonia brevirostris brown rock shrimp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ASX ITIS:168899 LANGUAL:B1099 http://eol.org/pages/356304 Apsilus dentatus Apsilus dentatus Guichenot, 1853 apsilus dentatus black snapper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1100 blackeyed bean southern pea vigna unguiculata unguiculata blackeyed pea plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1101 balsam pear bitter cucumber bitter gourd fu gwa la-kwa momordica charantia bitter melon plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12571 LANGUAL:B1102 Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. inodorus H. Jacq. casaba melon plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:YNR ITIS:169243 LANGUAL:B1104 http://eol.org/pages/1012532 Cynoscion arenarius Cynoscion arenarius Ginsburg, 1930 cynoscion arenarius white seatrout sand seatrout as food source http://langual.org GRIN:20142 LANGUAL:B1106 MANSFELD:21565 NETTOX: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poiret ipomoea batatas sweet potato plant as food source Pear tomato or teardrop tomato is the common name for any one in a group of indeterminate heirloom tomatoes. It originated in Europe in the 1700s. There are yellow, orange, and red varieties of this tomato; the yellow variety being most common. They are generally sweet, and are in the shape of a pear, but smaller. Pear tomatoes are commonly eaten raw, but can also be used as a garnish, as an ingredient in many different dishes and sauces, or in drinks. WIKIPEDIA:Pear_tomato http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1107 italian tomato lycopersicon lycopersicum var. pyriforme pear tomato plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:244 FAO ASFIS:CHE ITIS:161978 LANGUAL:B1108 http://eol.org/pages/205249 Oncorhynchus masou Oncorhynchus masou (Brevoort, 1856) Oncorhynchus masou (Jordan & Oshima 1919) Oncorhynchus masu (Brevoort, 1856) masou salmon oncorhynchus masou cherry salmon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:245 FAO ASFIS:TRR FDA RFE 2010:43 ITIS:161989 LANGUAL:B1109 http://eol.org/pages/205250 Oncorhynchus mykiss Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792) Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) oncorhynchus mykiss salmo gairdneri salmo irideus steelhead trout trout, rainbow rainbow trout as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13835 GRIN:312022 ITIS:505691 LANGUAL:B1110 MANSFELD:27404 PLANTS:VIAN7 http://eol.org/pages/648839 Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi Vigna angularis var. angularis azuki bean phaseolus angularis vigna angularis adzuki bean plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:956 FAO ASFIS:LTA ITIS:172402 LANGUAL:B1111 http://eol.org/pages/223064 Euthynnus alletteratus Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810) euthynnus alletteratus spotted tunny as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:957 FAO ASFIS:BKJ ITIS:172405 LANGUAL:B1112 http://eol.org/pages/206690 Euthynnus lineatus Euthynnus lineatus Kishinouye, 1920 euthynnus lineatus black skipjack as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1113 french bean kidney bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1114 satureja montana savory winter savory savory, winter (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:242 FAO ASFIS:CHU ITIS:161976 LANGUAL:B1115 http://eol.org/pages/205247 Oncorhynchus keta Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum, 1792) keta salmon oncorhynchus keta salmon, chum chum salmon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PIN FDA RFE 2010:41 ITIS:161975 LANGUAL:B1116 http://eol.org/pages/205246 Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum, 1792) oncorhynchus gorbuscha salmon, pink pink salmon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:243 FAO ASFIS:COH FDA RFE 2010:42 ITIS:161977 LANGUAL:B1117 http://eol.org/pages/205248 Oncorhynchus kisutch Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792) cohoe salmon medium red salmon oncorhynchus kisutch salmon, coho silver salmon coho salmon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:229 FAO ASFIS:CIS ITIS:623384 LANGUAL:B1118 http://eol.org/pages/225402 Coregonus artedi Coregonus artedi Lesueur, 1818 Coregonus artedii Lesueur, 1818 chub cisco coregonus artedii lake cisco lakefish tullibee lake herring as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1119 http://eol.org/pages/7176 pandalid shrimps pandalid shrimps nei pandalidae pink shrimps pandalid shrimp family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1002 FAO ASFIS:BFT ITIS:172421 LANGUAL:B1120 http://eol.org/pages/223943 Thunnus thynnus Thunnus thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758) thunnus thynnus bluefin tuna as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1121 http://eol.org/pages/30108 rubus spp. berry, bramble (plant) as food source marine mammal is a mammal that is primarily ocean-dwelling or depends on the ocean for its food. Mammals originally evolved on land, but later marine mammals evolved to live back in the ocean. There are five groups of marine mammals: (1) Order Sirenia: the manatee, dugong, and sea cow. (2) Order Carnivora, family Ursidae: the polar bear. (3) Order Carnivora, infrafamily Pinnipedia: the seal, sea lion, and walrus. (4) Order Carnivora, family Mustelidae: the Sea Otter and Marine Otter. (5) Order Cetacea: the whale, dolphin, and porpoise. WIKIPEDIA:Marine_mammal http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1122 cetacea marine mammal as food source http://langual.org GRIN:33176 LANGUAL:B1123 MANSFELD:16404 NETTOX: Satureja hortensis L. satureja hortensis summer savory savory, summer (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1124 http://eol.org/pages/6893 clupeidae herring family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1125 http://eol.org/pages/7592 numididae guinea fowl as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1126 http://eol.org/pages/24383 oncorhynchus salmon, pacific pacific salmon as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8100 GRIN:7666 ITIS:23061 LANGUAL:B1127 MANSFELD:24109 PLANTS:BRNI http://eol.org/pages/583895 Brassica nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch brassica nigra mustard, black black mustard plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SOC ITIS:161979 LANGUAL:B1128 http://eol.org/pages/205251 Oncorhynchus nerka Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum, 1792) blueback salmon oncorhynchus nerka red salmon redfish, little salmon, sockeye sockeye salmon as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1129 http://eol.org/pages/5158 salmonidae trout and salmon family as food source Juglans regia, the Persian walnut, English walnut, or especially in Great Britain, Common walnut, is an Old World walnut tree species native to the region stretching from the Balkans eastward to the Himalayas and southwest China. The whole fruit, including the husk, falls in autumn; the seed is large, with a relatively thin shell, and edible, with a rich flavor. WIKIPEDIA:Juglans_regia http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10558 GRIN:20772 ITIS:503244 LANGUAL:B1130 MANSFELD:11850 PLANTS:JURE80 http://eol.org/pages/487229 Juglans regia L. juglans regia persian walnut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the English walnut fruit (drupe, seed) index both *ENGLISH WALNUT [B1130]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). english walnut plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FDA RFE 2010:50 ITIS:172921 LANGUAL:B1131 http://eol.org/pages/210935 Parophrys vetulus Parophrys vetulus Girard, 1854 parophrys vetulus sole, english english sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:247 FAO ASFIS:CHI FDA RFE 2010:44 ITIS:161980 LANGUAL:B1132 http://eol.org/pages/205252 Oncorhynchus tshawytscha Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum, 1792) king salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha salmon, chinook spring salmon chinook salmon as food source Persian melon, binomial name cucumis melo, is a type of melon. It is orange in color and has a strongly netted, unridged rind. It is also known as the "Patelquat". WIKIPEDIA:Persian_melon http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1133 persian melon plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1134 animal (mammal) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1135 water snail as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180722 LANGUAL:B1136 MSW3:14200054 http://eol.org/pages/328663 Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 ham pig pork sus scrofa sus scrofa domesticus swine as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1137 merluccius productus pacific hake pacific whiting as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1138 http://eol.org/pages/8897 Squatina Duméril, 1806 squatina spp. angel shark as food source Rutaceae, commonly known as the rue or citrus family, is a family of flowering plants, usually placed in the order Sapindales. Citrus is a common term and genus (*Citrus*) of flowering plants in the rue family, *Rutaceae*. Citrus is believed to have originated in the part of Southeast Asia bordered by Northeastern India, Myanmar (Burma) and the Yunnan province of China. Citrus fruit has been cultivated in an ever-widening area since ancient times; the best-known examples are the oranges, lemons, grapefruit, and limes. WIKIPEDIA:Rutaceae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1139 http://eol.org/pages/4414 rutaceae citrus family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1140 fruit-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1141 white pepper pepper, white (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1142 aquatic animal as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:282 FAO ASFIS:FPI ITIS:162139 LANGUAL:B1143 http://eol.org/pages/206652 Esox lucius Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 esox lucius northern pike as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1144 http://eol.org/pages/8245 cheilopogon spp. cypselurus spp. exocoetus spp. hirundichthys spp. parexocoetus spp. flyingfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1145 ocimum minimum basil, bush as food source http://langual.org GRIN:4234 LANGUAL:B1146 MANSFELD:23561 NETTOX: Armoracia rusticana Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. armoracia lapathifolia horseradish plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:159 FAO ASFIS:SHA ITIS:161702 LANGUAL:B1147 http://eol.org/pages/205467 Alosa sapidissima Alosa sapidissima (Wilson, 1811) alosa sapidissima american shad as food source White mustard (*Sinapis alba*) is an annual plant of the family *Brassicaceae*. It is sometimes also referred to as *Brassica alba* or *Brassica hirta*. Grown for its seeds, mustard, as fodder crop or as a green manure, it is now widespread worldwide, although it probably originated in the Mediterranean region. WIKIPEDIA:White_mustard http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13121 GRIN:33963 ITIS:23309 LANGUAL:B1148 MANSFELD:24142 PLANTS:SIAL5 http://eol.org/pages/583812 Sinapis alba L. brassica hirta mustard, white or yellow mustard, yellow white mustard plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1214 FAO ASFIS:PST ITIS:551680 LANGUAL:B1149 http://eol.org/pages/128564 Litopenaeus setiferus Litopenaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) Penaeus setiferus (Linnaeus, 1767) litopenaeus setiferus penaeus setiferus white shrimp northern white shrimp as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7927 GRIN:6531 ITIS:192210 LANGUAL:B1150 MANSFELD:25776 PLANTS:BAAL2 http://eol.org/pages/594519 Basella alba L. basella alba ceylon spinach indian spinach malabar spinach vine spinach malabar nightshade plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1151 popcorn, white (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:588 FAO ASFIS:PEW ITIS:167678 LANGUAL:B1152 http://eol.org/pages/216654 Morone americana Morone americana (Gmelin, 1789) morone americana white perch as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1063 FAO ASFIS:REG LANGUAL:B1153 http://eol.org/pages/5126 Sebastes marinus (Linnaeus, 1758) golden redfish norway haddock ocean perch rockfish (ocean perch) sebastes marinus redfish or ocean perch as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1154 http://eol.org/pages/5194 Trichiurus Linnaeus, 1758 hairtailfish trichiurus spp. cutlassfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1155 http://eol.org/pages/5115 ariidae sea catfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1156 pod or seed vegetable as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1157 http://eol.org/pages/5496 gadiformes fish, gadiform as food source http://langual.org GRIN:25478 LANGUAL:B1158 MANSFELD:15847 NETTOX: Ocimum basilicum L. basil ocimum basilicum sweet basil basil, sweet (plant) as food source Ribes is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants native throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is usually treated as the only genus in the family Grossulariaceae. Seven subgenera are recognized. WIKIPEDIA:Ribes http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1159 http://eol.org/pages/38348 ribes spp. berry, ribes (plant) as food source Cattle (colloquially cows) are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily *Bovinae*, are the most widespread species of the genus *Bos*, and are most commonly classified collectively as *Bos primigenius*. WIKIPEDIA:Domestic_cattle http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1161 http://eol.org/pages/2851454 auroch bos spp. cattle as food source The pomegranate, *Punica granatum*, is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing between five and eight meters tall. WIKIPEDIA:Punica_granatum http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12381 GRIN:30372 ITIS:27278 LANGUAL:B1162 MANSFELD:7860 PLANTS:PUGR2 http://eol.org/pages/582971 Punica granatum L. punica granatum punica malus pomegranate plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1163 http://eol.org/pages/7171 freshwater prawns freshwater shrimps palaemonid shrimps palaemonidae palaemonid shrimp family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1164 agnatha fish, jawless as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:162144 LANGUAL:B1165 http://eol.org/pages/223145 Esox masquinongy Esox masquinongy Mitchill, 1824 esox masquinongy muskellunge as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:665 FAO ASFIS:HOM ITIS:168588 LANGUAL:B1166 http://eol.org/pages/206048 Trachurus trachurus Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) scad trachurus trachurus atlantic horse mackerel as food source http://langual.org GRIN:1227 LANGUAL:B1167 MANSFELD:7306 NETTOX: Acer saccharum Marsh. sugar maple plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LJI FDA RFE 2010:31 ITIS:168848 LANGUAL:B1168 http://eol.org/pages/214443 Lutjanus griseus Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758) lutjanus griseus gray snapper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1169 green olive plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1170 black olive plant as food source turnip greens = turnip tops = turnip salad = Hanover greens. http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8123 GRIN:7687 ITIS:23063 LANGUAL:B1171 PLANTS:BRRA http://eol.org/pages/583898 Brassica rapa L. Brassica rapa L. subsp. perviridis L.H.Bailey Brassica rapa var. perviridis L. H. Bailey brassica rapa var. perviridis hanover greens turnip salad turnip tops turnip greens plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:10535 LANGUAL:B1172 MANSFELD:30808 NETTOX: Cicer arietinum L. bengal gram bean chick bean chick pea cicer arietinum indian gram bean garbanzo bean plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:36628 LANGUAL:B1173 MANSFELD:16336 NETTOX: Thymus serpyllum L. thymus serpyllum thyme, wild (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1174 edible seed producing plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8007 GRIN:7057 LANGUAL:B1175 MANSFELD:276 PLANTS:BEVUC Beta vulgaris L. ssp. cicla (L.) W.D.J. Koch Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla L. Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla (L.) Koch Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris beta vulgaris var. cicla leaf beet mangold silver beet spinach beet swiss chard chard plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1176 caraway, black nigella sativa nutmeg flower roman coriander cumin, black (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:607 FAO ASFIS:FPY ITIS:168469 LANGUAL:B1177 http://eol.org/pages/205259 Perca flavescens Perca flavescens (Mitchill, 1814) perca flavescens yellow perch as food source The Muscat variety of grapes of the species Vitis vinifera is widely grown for wine, raisins and table grapes. Unprocessed dried muscatel grapes must be obtained from grapes of the varieties (cultivars) Vitis vinifera L. muscatel.[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:192:0021:0032:EN:PDF] WIKIPEDIA:Muscat_grape http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13868 GRIN:41905 ITIS:28629 LANGUAL:B1178 MANSFELD:3182 PLANTS:VIVI5 http://eol.org/pages/582304 Vitis vinifera L. muscat grape grape, muscat (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1179 flavor-producing plant herb-producing plant spice or flavor-producing plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1275 FAO ASFIS:DUN ITIS:98675 LANGUAL:B1180 http://eol.org/pages/328221 Cancer magister Cancer magister Dana, 1852 cancer magister dungeness crab as food source http://langual.org GRIN:14175 LANGUAL:B1181 MANSFELD:18574 NETTOX: Dioscorea species dioscorea alata greater yam guyana arrowroot water yam yam, tropical (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CVB ITIS:98429 LANGUAL:B1182 http://eol.org/pages/313720 Chionoecetes bairdi Chionoecetes bairdi M. J. Rathbun, 1924 Chionoecetes bairdi Rathbun, 1924 chionoecetes bairdi tanner crab southern tanner crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1183 http://eol.org/pages/39510 mutton (meat) ovis spp. sheep as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1184 http://eol.org/pages/5288 moronidae percichthyidae temperate bass families as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1185 baby lima bean plant as food source Also called shell bean or shellout, and known as borlotti bean in Italy, the cranberry bean has a large, knobby beige pod splotched with red. The beans inside are cream-colored with red streaks and have a delicious nutlike flavor. Cranberry beans must be shelled before cooking. Heat diminishes their beautiful red color. They're available fresh in the summer and dried throughout the year. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1186 phaseolus vulgaris cranberry bean plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:711 FAO ASFIS:WEW ITIS:169387 LANGUAL:B1187 http://eol.org/pages/137943 Atractoscion nobilis Atractoscion nobilis (Ayres, 1860) atractoscion nobilis cynoscion nobilis white seabass as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1188 cusparia trifoliata galipea officinalis angostura (tree) plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1189 cucurbita maxima winter squash plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12606 LANGUAL:B1190 MANSFELD:4153 NETTOX: Cucurbita pepo L. cucurbita pepo yellow crookneck squash yellow squash summer squash plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:28589 LANGUAL:B1191 MANSFELD:9964 NETTOX: Piper nigrum L. black pepper malabar black pepper pepper, black (plant) as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12576 GRIN:31845 ITIS:24488 LANGUAL:B1192 MANSFELD:17044 PLANTS:RINI http://eol.org/pages/583204 Ribes nigrum L. ribes nigrum black currant plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8688 GRIN:10684 ITIS:28884 LANGUAL:B1193 MANSFELD:7658 PLANTS:CIAU8 PLANTS:CIAUA http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus aurantium L. Citrus aurantium L. subsp. aurantium Citrus ×aurantium L. (pro sp.) Citrus ×aurantium L. ssp. aurantium bigarade bitter orange citrus aurantium citrus aurantium var. aurantium citrus vulgaris seville orange sour orange plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1194 head vegetable as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1195 http://eol.org/pages/25511 dogfish shark spurdog squalus spp. spiny dogfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1196 crowder pea plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:21664 LANGUAL:B1197 MANSFELD:15206 NETTOX: Laurus nobilis L. bay laurel leaf bay leaf laurel laurus nobilis bay plant as food source A young chicken (usually 8-12 weeks or age), of either sex, that is tender-meated with soft, pliable, smooth- textured skin and flexible breastbone cartilage. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1198 broiler chicken fryer chicken broiler or fryer chicken as food source http://langual.org GRIN:36631 LANGUAL:B1199 MANSFELD:16318 NETTOX: Thymus vulgaris L. thyme, common thyme, white thymus vulgaris thyme plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300675 LANGUAL:B1200 MANSFELD:27303 NETTOX: Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata vigna sinensis vigna unguiculata cowpea plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:183838 LANGUAL:B1201 MSW3:14200687 http://eol.org/pages/328699 Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 bos taurus domesticated cattle cow as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7770 GRIN:4485 ITIS:18117 LANGUAL:B1202 PLANTS:ASTR http://eol.org/pages/1054816 Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal asimina triloba dog banana indian banana pawpaw plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:676899 LANGUAL:B1203 http://eol.org/pages/1064947 Patagioenas fasciata (Say, 1823) band-tailed dove columba fasciata patagioenas fasciata dove as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1204 http://eol.org/pages/99403 aplodinotus spp. river drum thunderpumper freshwater drum as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1205 http://eol.org/pages/2351 calamari loliginidae squid as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12270 GRIN:29888 ITIS:24774 LANGUAL:B1206 MANSFELD:9332 PLANTS:PRDO http://eol.org/pages/301139 Prunus domestica L. prunus domestica plum plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1208 squash plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11866 GRIN:28046 ITIS:42458 LANGUAL:B1209 MANSFELD:10700 PLANTS:PHDA4 http://eol.org/pages/1135088 Phoenix dactylifera L. phoenix dactylifera date plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:5113 LANGUAL:B1210 MANSFELD:13652 PLANTS:GOSSY http://eol.org/pages/4321 Gossypium L. gossypium spp. cotton plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8698 GRIN:10745 ITIS:28886 LANGUAL:B1211 MANSFELD:7611 PLANTS:CIME3 http://eol.org/pages/582203 Citrus medica L. Citrus medica L. var. medica citrus medica citron plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10889 GRIN:22399 ITIS:503504 LANGUAL:B1212 MANSFELD:6914 PLANTS:LICH4 http://eol.org/pages/487032 Litchi chinensis Sonn. litchee litchi chinensis litchi nut lychee nephelium litchi litchi plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1213 nut producing plant as food source The nutmeg tree is any of several species of trees in genus *Myristica*. The most important commercial species is *Myristica fragrans*, an evergreen tree indigenous to the Banda Islands in the Moluccas (or Spice Islands) of Indonesia. The nutmeg tree is important for two spices derived from the fruit: nutmeg and mace. Nutmeg is the actual seed of the tree, while mace is the dried "lacy" reddish covering or aril of the seed. WIKIPEDIA:Nutmeg http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11300 GRIN:24855 ITIS:18125 LANGUAL:B1214 MANSFELD:12036 PLANTS:MYFR3 http://eol.org/pages/596922 Myristica fragrans Houtt. myristica fragrans LanguaL curation note: When indexing the spice mace made from nutmeg, use *NUTMEG [B1214]* and *ARIL [C0287]*. nutmeg plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11328 GRIN:25110 ITIS:18400 LANGUAL:B1216 PLANTS:NENU2 http://eol.org/pages/596454 Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. nelumbo nucifera lotus plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:103137 ITIS:505272 LANGUAL:B1218 MANSFELD:5808 PLANTS:SOSU http://eol.org/pages/482935 Solanum tuberosum L. irish potato solanum tuberosum white potato potato plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7879 GRIN:6123 ITIS:41459 LANGUAL:B1219 MANSFELD:33218 PLANTS:AVSA http://eol.org/pages/1114783 Avena sativa L. avena sativa common oat plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1220 Insecta insecta insect as food source The cashew is a tree in the family Anacardiaceae. Its English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree, caju, which in turn derives from the indigenous Tupi name, acajú. It is now widely grown in tropical climates for its cashew nuts and cashew apples. The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit (sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit). What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear-shaped structure that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower. Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as "marañón", it ripens into a yellow and/or red structure about 5 to 11 cm long. It is edible, and has a strong "sweet" smell and a sweet taste. The pulp of the cashew apple is very juicy, but the skin is fragile, making it unsuitable for transport. In Latin America, a fruit drink is made from the cashew apple pulp which has a very refreshing taste and tropical flavor that can be described as having notes of mango, raw green pepper, and just a little hint of grapefruit-like citrus. The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney or boxing-glove shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple. The drupe develops first on the tree, and then the pedicel expands into the cashew apple. Within the true fruit is a single seed, the cashew nut. Although a nut in the culinary sense, in the botanical sense the nut of the cashew is a seed. The seed is surrounded by a double shell containing an allergenic phenolic resin, anacardic acid, a potent skin irritant chemically related to the more well known allergenic oil urushiol which is also a toxin found in the related poison ivy. Properly roasting cashews destroys the toxin, but it must be done outdoors as the smoke (not unlike that from burning poison ivy) contains urushiol droplets which can cause severe, sometimes life-threatening, reactions by irritating the lungs. WIKIPEDIA:Anacardium_occidentale http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7475 GRIN:3060 ITIS:28793 LANGUAL:B1221 MANSFELD:28212 PLANTS:ANOC http://eol.org/pages/582263 Anacardium occidentale L. anacardium occidentale cashew apple LanguaL curation note: When indexing the pecan fruit (drupe, seed) index both *PECAN [B1221]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). cashew plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1222 fish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1223 http://eol.org/pages/2235 mytilidae mussel as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1224 http://eol.org/pages/2248 crassostrea spp. ostrea spp. ostreidae oyster as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1225 rosaceae rosae rose plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13063 GRIN:33749 ITIS:505186 LANGUAL:B1226 MANSFELD:10138 PLANTS:SEOR4 http://eol.org/pages/4428 Sesamum indicum L. Sesamum orientale L. sesamum indicum sesamum orientale sesame plant as food source The carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) is a root vegetable, usually orange, purple, red, white, or yellow in colour, with a crisp texture when fresh. The edible part of a carrot is a taproot. It is a domesticated form of the wild carrot Daucus carota, native to Europe and southwestern Asia. It has been bred for its greatly enlarged and more palatable, less woody-textured edible taproot, but is still the same species. [Wikipedia] \n\nDaucus carota (common names include wild carrot, (UK) bird's nest, bishop's lace, and (US) Queen Anne's lace) is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe, southwest Asia and naturalised to northeast North America; domesticated carrots are cultivars of a subspecies, Daucus carota subsp. sativus. Like the cultivated carrot, the wild carrot root is edible while young, but quickly becomes too woody to consume. [Wikipedia] http://langual.org GRIN:13337 GRIN:300172 ITIS:29477 ITIS:524845 ITIS:524846 LANGUAL:B1227 MANSFELD:1080 http://eol.org/pages/581785 Daucus L. Daucus carota L. Daucus carota L. subsp. carota Daucus carota ssp. carota L. Daucus carota ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang. baby carrot bird's nest daucus carota queen anne's lace wild carrot LanguaL curation note: Use for both wild and domesticated (garden) carrot. The is some disagreement concerning the scientific name. carrot plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:326 FAO ASFIS:FCP ITIS:163344 LANGUAL:B1228 http://eol.org/pages/985921 Cyprinus carpio Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 Cyprinus carpio carpio Linnaeus, 1758 chub (carp) cyprinus carpio common carp as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180691 LANGUAL:B1229 MSW3:14100015 http://eol.org/pages/328648 Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 equus caballus horse as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10323 GRIN:317403 ITIS:40874 LANGUAL:B1230 MANSFELD:33890 PLANTS:HOVU http://eol.org/pages/1114455 Hordeum vulgare L. hordeum vulgare barley plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1231 berry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13973 GRIN:311987 ITIS:42269 LANGUAL:B1232 MANSFELD:36372 PLANTS:ZEMA http://eol.org/pages/1115259 Zea mays L. Zea mays subsp. mays maize zea mays LanguaL curation note: Use 'field corn' for any breakfast cereals or snack foods having 'corn' as the main ingredient. corn plant (sensu maize) http://langual.org GRIN:315611 LANGUAL:B1233 MANSFELD:212 NETTOX: Allium sativum L. allium sativum garlic plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1234 http://eol.org/pages/25595 calamus spp. porgy as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:200 FAO ASFIS:SPR ITIS:161789 LANGUAL:B1235 http://eol.org/pages/607993 Sprattus sprattus Sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus, 1758) Sprattus sprattus sprattus (Linnaeus, 1758) clupea sprattus european sprat sprattus sprattus sprat as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1236 http://eol.org/pages/18523 meleagris spp. turkey (poultry) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1237 http://eol.org/pages/2602479 caridea crangonidae palaemondidae penaeidae prawn shrimp as food source http://langual.org GRIN:316592 LANGUAL:B1238 MANSFELD:23971 NETTOX: Brassica rapa L. ssp. rapa brassica rapa var. rapifera turnip plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1239 http://eol.org/pages/25872 opisthonema spp. thread herring as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1158 CEC 1993:1159 FAO ASFIS:TUR ITIS:616195 LANGUAL:B1240 http://eol.org/pages/213913 Psetta maxima Psetta maxima (Linnaeus, 1758) Psetta maxima maeotica (Pallas, 1811) psetta maxima scophthalmus maximus turbot as food source Okra (*Abelmoschus esculentus* Moench, known in many English-speaking countries as lady's fingers or gumbo) is a flowering plant in the mallow family. It is valued for its edible green seed pods. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of South Asian, Ethiopian and West African origins. The plant is cultivated in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions around the world. WIKIPEDIA:Abelmoschus_esculentus http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7006 GRIN:619 ITIS:21770 LANGUAL:B1241 PLANTS:ABES http://eol.org/pages/584458 Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench abelmoschus esculentus gombo gumbo hibiscus esculentus lady's finger okra plant as food source Turtles are reptiles of the order *Testudines* (the crown group of the superorder *Chelonia*), characterised by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs that acts as a shield.Species of the zoological order *Chelonia*. WIKIPEDIA:Turtle http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1242 chelonia malaclemys terrapin turtle as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1243 http://eol.org/pages/25445 istiophorus spp. makaira spp. tetrapturus spp. marlin as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9581 GRIN:15602 ITIS:502403 LANGUAL:B1244 MANSFELD:8991 PLANTS:ERJA3 http://eol.org/pages/628975 ErioboInOwltrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. erioboInOwltrya japonica japanese medlar japanese plum (erioboInOwltrya) loquat plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11049 GRIN:104681 LANGUAL:B1245 MANSFELD:8860 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Malus domestica Borkh. malus communis malus domestica pyrus malus apple tree as food source http://langual.org GRIN:8897 LANGUAL:B1247 MANSFELD:24347 NETTOX: Capparis spinosa L. capparis spinosa caper plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:311781 LANGUAL:B1248 MANSFELD:24078 NETTOX: Brassica napus L. emend. Metzg. var. napus brassica napus rape plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8382 GRIN:9147 ITIS:22324 LANGUAL:B1249 MANSFELD:23437 PLANTS:CAPA23 http://eol.org/pages/585682 Carica papaya L. carica papaya hawaiian papaya lechoza melon tree pawpaw papaya plant as food source The taxonomies given vary widely. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1250 capsicum capsicum annuum pepper, green or red (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1251 http://eol.org/pages/2822835 tetraoninae grouse as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1252 rana catesbiana rana esculenta rana japonica rana nigromaculata rana pipiens rana sylvatica salientia frog as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1253 http://eol.org/pages/18070 branta spp. goose as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1254 trifolium spp. clover plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:50069 LANGUAL:B1255 MANSFELD:12338 NETTOX: Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry caryophyllus eugenia aromatica syzygium aromaticum clove plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:722 FAO ASFIS:SPT ITIS:169267 LANGUAL:B1256 http://eol.org/pages/206726 Leiostomus xanthurus Leiostomus xanthurus Lacepède, 1802 Leiostomus xanthurus Lacépède, 1803 leiostomus xanthurus spot croaker as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180703 LANGUAL:B1257 MSW3:14200208 http://eol.org/pages/328654 Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) Alces alces Linnaeus, 1758 alces alces eurasian elk moose as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1258 salmo except salmo salar trout as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1259 http://eol.org/pages/58242 busycon strombus spp. conch as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10032 GRIN:17540 ITIS:183269 LANGUAL:B1260 PLANTS:GIBI2 http://eol.org/pages/1156278 Ginkgo biloba L. ginkgo biloba LanguaL curation note: When indexing the ginkgo fruit (nut) index both *GINGKO [B1260]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). ginkgo plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9845 GRIN:300219 ITIS:29509 LANGUAL:B1262 MANSFELD:1536 PLANTS:FOVU http://eol.org/pages/585008 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. foeniculum vulgare fennel plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1232 FAO ASFIS:PRF ITIS:96343 LANGUAL:B1263 http://eol.org/pages/344690 Macrobrachium rosenbergii Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man 1879) Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879) giant freshwater shrimp giant river prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii giant freshwater prawn as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1264 http://eol.org/pages/13109 sarda spp. bonito as food source http://langual.org GRIN:42254 LANGUAL:B1265 MANSFELD:3222 NETTOX: Zingiber officinale Roscoe zingiber officinale ginger plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11278 GRIN:70453 ITIS:42391 LANGUAL:B1266 MANSFELD:12425 PLANTS:MUPA3 http://eol.org/pages/1116069 Musa X paradisiaca L. (pro sp.) Musa x paradisiaca L. Musa ×paradisiaca L. (pro sp.) banana, common common banana dessert banana french plantain musa sapientum musa x paradisiaca plantain sweet banana common banana plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1267 mentha spp. mint plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:21739 LANGUAL:B1268 MANSFELD:30720 NETTOX: Lens culinaris Medik. lens culinaris lentil plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1269 http://eol.org/pages/2804369 thunnini tuna as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11082 GRIN:23351 ITIS:28803 LANGUAL:B1270 MANSFELD:28253 PLANTS:MAIN3 http://eol.org/pages/582270 Mangifera indica L. indian mango mangifera indica mango plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:312261 LANGUAL:B1271 MANSFELD:18979 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Bambusa Schreb. Bambusa spp. bambusa spp. bamboo plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12275 GRIN:29890 ITIS:24775 LANGUAL:B1272 MANSFELD:9421 http://eol.org/pages/231567 Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb Prunus dulcis (P. Mill.) D.A. Webber prunus amygdalus prunus communis prunus dulcis LanguaL curation note: When indexing the almond fruit (drupe), index both *ALMOND [B2721]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). almond plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12617 LANGUAL:B1274 MANSFELD:1199 NETTOX: Cuminum cyminum L. cuminum cyminum cumin plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8694 GRIN:10732 ITIS:28885 LANGUAL:B1275 MANSFELD:7625 PLANTS:CILI5 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f. Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil. Citrus ×limon (L.) Burm. f. (pro sp.) citrus limon citrus medica var. limonum lemon plant as food source The word "tomato" may refer to the plant (Solanum lycopersicum) or the edible, typically red, fruit that it bears. Originating in South America, the tomato was spread around the world following the Spanish colonization of the Americas, and its many varieties are now widely grown, often in greenhouses in cooler climates.See also the list of tomato cultivars . WIKIPEDIA:List_of_tomato_cultivars http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10985 GRIN:101442 ITIS:521671 ITIS:529044 LANGUAL:B1276 MANSFELD:6054 PLANTS:SOLY2 http://eol.org/pages/392557 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum P. Mill. Solanum lycopersicum L. gold apple love apple lycopersicon esculentum lycopersicon lycopersicum solanum lycopersicum tomato plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:3412 LANGUAL:B1277 MANSFELD:1571 NETTOX: Anethum graveolens L. anethum dill plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1278 anguillidae congridae nettastomatidae eel as food source Cola acuminata belongs to the family Sterculiaceae and its fruits are harvested from the forests of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The fruits are rough, mottled and up to 8 inches long and contain large, flat and bright red coloured seeds. The fruit is commonly known as a Kola nut. WIKIPEDIA:Cola_acuminata http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8778 GRIN:101905 ITIS:506101 LANGUAL:B1279 MANSFELD:5440 PLANTS:COAC4 http://eol.org/pages/486399 Cola acuminata (P. Beauv.) Schott & Endl. Cola acuminata (P.Beauv.) Schott & Endl. abata cola abatacola cola acuminata colatree kola nut cola plant as food source A male hog castrated before sexual maturity.[Webster´s] http://langual.org ITIS:180722 LANGUAL:B1280 MSW3:14200054 http://eol.org/pages/328663 Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 barrow as food source Kale (also called Borecole) is a form of cabbage (*Brassica oleracea* Acephala Group) in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species *Brassica oleracea* contains a wide array of vegetables, including broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. The Cultivar Group Acephala also includes spring greens and collard greens, which are extremely similar genetically. Kale can be classified by leaf type: Curly leaved (Scots kales), Plain leaved, Rape kale, Leaf and spear (a cross between curly leaved and plain leaved kale), Cavolo nero (also known as black cabbage, Tuscan kale, Lacinato and dinosaur kale) ( WIKIPEDIA:Kale) http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8115 GRIN:319629 ITIS:23062 LANGUAL:B1281 MANSFELD:23870 http://eol.org/pages/583899 Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. sabellica L. Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L. brassica oleracea cole kale plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300034 LANGUAL:B1282 MANSFELD:1212 NETTOX: Apium graveolens L. apium graveolens var. dulce celery plant as food source Melon is a name given to various members of the plant family Cucurbitaceae with sweet flavored, fleshy fruit e.g. gourds or cucurbits. Melon can be referred as a plant or a fruit. Many different cultivars have been produced, particularly of muskmelons. WIKIPEDIA:Melon http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1283 http://eol.org/pages/38795 cucumis spp. melon plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13277 GRIN:35331 ITIS:182142 LANGUAL:B1284 PLANTS:SPDU3 http://eol.org/pages/596822 Spondias dulcis Parkinson Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson golden apple otaheite ambarella spondias cytherea spondias dulcis wi tree ambarella plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11617 GRIN:317710 ITIS:40946 LANGUAL:B1285 MANSFELD:34757 PLANTS:PAMI2 http://eol.org/pages/1114498 Panicum miliaceum L. panicum miliaceum proso millet common millet plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1286 palm plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1287 http://eol.org/pages/24151 mugil spp. gray mullet as food source The Pili nut (Canarium ovatum), one of 600 species in the family Burseraceae, is native to Malesia. The genus name Canarium comes from the vernacular name "kenari" in the Molucca Isles of Indonesia. Pili (pronounced pee-lee) fruit is a drupe, 4 to 7 cm long, 2.3 to 3.8 cm in diameter, and weighs 15.7 to 45.7 g. The most important product from pili is the kernel. When raw, it resembles the flavor of roasted pumpkin seed, and when roasted, its mild, nutty flavor and tender-crispy texture is superior to that of the almond. WIKIPEDIA:Canarium_ovatum http://langual.org GRIN:8819 ITIS:506413 LANGUAL:B1289 PLANTS:CAOV7 http://eol.org/pages/483518 Canarium ovatum Engl. Canarium ovatum Engler canarium ovatum pili nut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the pili fruit (drupe, seed) index both *PILI TREE [B1289]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). pili tree as food source Juglans is a plant genus of the family Juglandaceae, the seeds of which are known as walnuts. WIKIPEDIA:Juglans http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1290 http://eol.org/pages/38394 juglans spp. LanguaL curation note: When indexing the walnut fruit (drupe, seed) index both *WALNUT [B1290]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). walnut plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1291 http://eol.org/pages/25222 hake merluce merluza urophycis spp. codling as food source The elk or wapiti (*Cervus canadensis*) is one of the largest species of deer in the world, and one of the largest land mammals in North America and eastern Asia. It was long believed to be a subspecies of the European red deer (*Cervus elaphus*), but evidence from a 2004 study of the mitochondrial DNA indicates that the two are distinct species. This animal should not be confused with the larger moose (*Alces alces*), to which the name "elk" applies in Eurasia. Apart from the moose, the only other member of the deer family to rival the elk in size is the south Asian sambar *(Rusa unicolor*). WIKIPEDIA:Wapiti http://langual.org ITIS:180695 LANGUAL:B1292 MSW3:14200358 http://eol.org/pages/328649 Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 Cervus elaphus canadensis Erxleben, 1777 cervus canadensis cervus elaphus canadensis wapiti elk as food source WIKIPEDIA:Esox http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1293 http://eol.org/pages/25461 esox spp. pike as food source http://langual.org GRIN:2369 LANGUAL:B1294 MANSFELD:85 NETTOX: Allium schoenoprasum L. allium schoenoprasum chive plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1295 Serpentes Linnaeus, 1758 ophidia serpentes snake as food source http://langual.org GRIN:28395 LANGUAL:B1296 MANSFELD:1373 NETTOX: Pimpinella anisum L. anise, common aniseed pimpinella anisum anise plant as food source Multicellular animal, e.g., fish, meat animal or poultry. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1297 LanguaL curation note: For a unicellular animal, use *ALGAE OR FUNGUS USED AS FOOD SOURCE*. animal used as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1298 http://eol.org/pages/30000 cydonia spp. quince plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:25555 LANGUAL:B1299 MANSFELD:11672 NETTOX: Olea europaea L. manzanilla olive olea europaea olive plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7304 GRIN:300022 LANGUAL:B1300 PLANTS:ALLIU http://eol.org/pages/4174 Allium Allium L. Allium sp. allium spp. bulb onion cebolla garden onion onion plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9805 GRIN:16801 ITIS:19093 LANGUAL:B1302 MANSFELD:12757 PLANTS:FICA http://eol.org/pages/594632 Ficus carica L. common fig edible fig ficus carica fig plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:32950 LANGUAL:B1303 MANSFELD:16755 NETTOX: Salvia officinalis L. salvia sage plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1304 http://eol.org/pages/7978 columbidae squab pigeon as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300141 LANGUAL:B1305 MANSFELD:2900 NETTOX: Coffea arabica L. coffea arabica coffee plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1306 http://eol.org/pages/29913 prunus spp. cherry plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:35334 ITIS:28816 LANGUAL:B1307 MANSFELD:28347 PLANTS:SPMO http://eol.org/pages/582279 Spondias mombin L. ashanti plum jamaica-plum joboInOwl spondias lutea spondias mombin yellow mombin hog plum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:2351 ITIS:532057 LANGUAL:B1308 MANSFELD:200 Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum Allium porrum L. allium porrum garden leek leek plant as food source The beet (*Beta vulgaris*) is a plant in the Chenopodiaceae family which is now included in *Amaranthaceae* family. It is best known in its numerous cultivated varieties, the most well known of which is the root vegetable known as the beetroot or garden beet. However, other cultivated varieties include the leaf vegetables chard and spinach beet, as well as the root vegetables sugar beet, which is important in the production of table sugar, and mangelwurzel, which is a fodder crop. Three subspecies are typically recognised. All cultivated varieties fall into the subspecies *Beta vulgaris* subsp. *vulgaris*, while *Beta vulgaris* subsp. *maritima*, commonly known as the sea beet, is the wild ancestor of these, and is found throughout the Mediterranean, the Atlantic coast of Europe, the Near East, and India. A second wild subspecies, *Beta vulgaris* subsp. *adanensis*, occurs from Greece to Syria. WIKIPEDIA:Beta_vulgaris http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8005 GRIN:300073 ITIS:20681 LANGUAL:B1309 PLANTS:BEVU2 http://eol.org/pages/585884 Beta vulgaris L. beetroot beta vulgaris beet plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:OSY ITIS:162049 LANGUAL:B1310 http://eol.org/pages/205330 Spirinchus thaleichthys Spirinchus thaleichthys (Ayres 1860) Spirinchus thaleichthys (Ayres, 1860) osmerus thaleichthys spirinchus thaleichthys longfin smelt as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1311 http://eol.org/pages/59534 ziziphus spp. jujube plant as food source Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a domesticated grass from the Levant that is cultivated worldwide. Major cultivated species of wheat: * Common wheat or Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) A hexaploid species that is the most widely cultivated in the world. * Durum (Triticum durum) The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat. * Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) A diploid species with wild and cultivated variants. Domesticated at the same time as emmer wheat, but never reached the same importance. * Emmer (Triticum dicoccon) A tetraploid species, cultivated in ancient times but no longer in widespread use. * Spelt (Triticum spelta) Another hexaploid species cultivated in limited quantities. WIKIPEDIA:Wheat http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1312 triticum spp. wheat plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12952 GRIN:317600 ITIS:42090 LANGUAL:B1313 PLANTS:SECE http://eol.org/pages/1115159 Secale cereale L. secale cereale rye plant as food source Endive, *Cichorium endivia*, is a leaf vegetable belonging to the daisy family. Endive can be cooked or used raw in salads. WIKIPEDIA:Endive http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8651 GRIN:10542 ITIS:501522 LANGUAL:B1314 MANSFELD:31969 PLANTS:CIEN http://eol.org/pages/488332 Cichorium endivia L. cichorium endivia endive plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:30857 LANGUAL:B1315 MANSFELD:24313 NETTOX: Raphanus sativus L. var. acanthiformis Makino raphanus sativus radish plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1316 http://eol.org/pages/8027 anatidae duck as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1317 http://eol.org/pages/2278 cardiidae cockle as food source http://langual.org GRIN:400137 LANGUAL:B1318 MANSFELD:5328 NETTOX: Theobroma cacao L. theobroma cacao cacao plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1319 http://eol.org/pages/3196 Catostomus Lesueur, 1817 catostomus spp. sucker as food source The pecan, Carya illinoinensis, is a species of hickory, native to south-central North America, in Mexico from Coahuila south to Jalisco and Veracruz, in the United States from southern Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, and Indiana east to western Kentucky, southwestern Ohio, North Carolina, South Carolina, and western Tennessee, south through Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Florida, and west into New Mexico. "Pecan" is from an Algonquian word, meaning a nut requiring a stone to crack. In Mexico, pecans and walnuts share the same Spanish name, nuez, which is a cognate of the English word nut. WIKIPEDIA:Pecan http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8402 GRIN:9253 ITIS:19234 LANGUAL:B1320 MANSFELD:11946 PLANTS:CAIL2 http://eol.org/pages/594985 Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch carya illinoinensis carya pecan pecan nut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the pecan fruit (drupaceous nut) index both *PECAN [B1320]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precidese narrower terms). pecan plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11528 GRIN:26077 ITIS:41976 LANGUAL:B1322 MANSFELD:20986 PLANTS:ORSA http://eol.org/pages/1115098 Oryza sativa L. asian rice lowland rice oryza sativa upland rice rice plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1323 http://eol.org/pages/1689 leporidae oryctolagus spp. sylvilagus spp. rabbit as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1324 grain plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1325 http://eol.org/pages/42276 castor spp. beaver as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1326 early june pea pea, smooth skin cultivars alaska pea plant as food source *Acacia* is a genus of shrubs and trees belonging to the subfamily *Mimosoideae* of the family *Fabaceae*. Acacias are also known as thorntrees, whistling thorns or wattles. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1327 acacia spp. wattle acacia (genus) plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180715 LANGUAL:B1328 MSW3:14200776 http://eol.org/pages/328660 Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758 capra hircus goat as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13866 LANGUAL:B1329 http://eol.org/pages/38383 Vitis vitis spp. grape plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1331 clam as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:257 FAO ASFIS:ACH ITIS:162001 LANGUAL:B1332 http://eol.org/pages/1156463 Salvelinus alpinus Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758) char, alpine salvelinus alpinus arctic char as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12335 GRIN:30205 ITIS:27240 LANGUAL:B1333 MANSFELD:12287 PLANTS:PSGU http://eol.org/pages/2508593 Psidium guajava L. abas apple guava common guava guabang guayaba kautonga kuahpa pisidium guajava psidium spp. yellow guava guava plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1334 cluster bean cyamopsis tetragonoloba cyamposis psoralioides guar plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1335 http://eol.org/pages/2604866 brachyura short-tailed crabs true crabs crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1336 crambe abyssinica crambe plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7636 GRIN:3785 ITIS:26463 LANGUAL:B1337 MANSFELD:29861 PLANTS:ARHY http://eol.org/pages/641309 Arachis hypogaea L. arachis hypogaea earthnut groundnut peanut plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300472 LANGUAL:B1338 MANSFELD:30744 NETTOX: Pisum sativum L. english pea garden pea green pea lathyrus l. pisum l. pea plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8703 GRIN:10782 ITIS:28889 LANGUAL:B1339 MANSFELD:7673 PLANTS:CISI3 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) batavian orange citrus sinensis mozambique orange sweet orange tight-skinned orange west african sweet orange orange plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1340 http://eol.org/pages/24884 raja spp. ray skate as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1341 http://eol.org/pages/7666 phocidae true seal seal family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1342 LanguaL curation note: Use only, when no other information is available. shark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1343 whale as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12395 GRIN:30474 ITIS:25295 LANGUAL:B1344 MANSFELD:8689 PLANTS:PYCO http://eol.org/pages/414311 Pyrus communis L. pyrus communis pear plant as food source Quail is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds generally considered in the order *Galliformes*. Old World quail are found in the family *Phasianidae*, and New World quail are found in the family *Odontophoridae*. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1346 http://eol.org/pages/7590 galliformes odontophoridae phasianidae quail as food source Multicellular plants. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1347 LanguaL curation note: For unicellular plants as well as for algae, mushrooms and yeast, use the appropriate narrower term under *ALGAE OR FUNGUS USED AS FOOD SOURCE*. plant used as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1348 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Alosa Linck, 1790 alosa spp. shad river herring as food source Calves are the young of domestic cattle. Calves are reared to become adult cattle, or are slaughtered for their meat, called veal. WIKIPEDIA:Calf http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1349 veal calf as food source The peach tree (Prunus persica) is a species of Prunus native to China that bears an edible juicy fruit called a peach. WIKIPEDIA:Peach http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12289 GRIN:30065 ITIS:24765 LANGUAL:B1350 MANSFELD:9402 PLANTS:PRPE3 PLANTS:PRPEP2 http://eol.org/pages/631649 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica prunus persica peach plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1351 wax bean plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:431678 LANGUAL:B1352 MANSFELD:2228 NETTOX: Manihot esculenta Crantz manihot esculenta yuca cassava plant as food source Wide, semi-hot variety used in Hungarian cuisine. Frequently pickled. Also commonly dried, ground and presented as "Paprika". WIKIPEDIA:List_of_capsicum_cultivars http://langual.org GRIN:311784 LANGUAL:B1353 Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum capsicum annuum var. longum hungarian paprika hungarian pepper paprika paprika, hungarian hungarian wax pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1354 http://eol.org/pages/5381 Ammodytes Linnaeus, 1758 ammodytes spp. sandeel sand lance as food source http://langual.org GRIN:41111 LANGUAL:B1355 MANSFELD:11314 NETTOX: Vanilla planifolia Andr. french vanilla vanilla fragrans vanilla plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:28390 LANGUAL:B1356 MANSFELD:12263 NETTOX: Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. jamaica pepper pimenta pimenta officinalis allspice plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13948 GRIN:300683 ITIS:500788 ITIS:506625 LANGUAL:B1358 PLANTS:TRRI8 http://eol.org/pages/8223 X Triticosecale X Triticosecale Wittm. X Triticosecale rimpaui Wittm. X Triticosecale sp. ×Triticosecale rimpaui Wittm. rye-wheat hybrid x triticosecale triticale plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1359 lucerne medicago sativa alfalfa plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11046 GRIN:23206 ITIS:565291 LANGUAL:B1360 MANSFELD:14412 PLANTS:MAGL6 http://eol.org/pages/398658 Malpighia glabra L. barbados cherry malpighia glabra malpighia marginata west indian cherry acerola plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1361 corn and lima beans lima bean and corn lima bean and sweet corn lima beans and corn vegetable corn and lima bean succotash plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:592 FAO ASFIS:AKR ITIS:168097 LANGUAL:B1362 http://eol.org/pages/205064 Ambloplites rupestris Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque, 1817) ambloplites rupestris rock bass as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1364 MANSFELD:9537 http://eol.org/pages/61521 rheum spp. rhubarb plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1365 osteichthyes fish, bony as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1366 ceratonia siliqua locust bean carob bean plant as food source GRIN Nomen 300661 Vicia faba L. (broad bean, bell-bean, fava-bean, faba-bean); however ITIS Id. 26339 Vicia faba L. (horsebean). Vicia faba, the Broad Bean, Fava Bean, Field Bean, Bell Bean or Tic Bean, is a species of bean (Fabaceae) native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. A variety is provisionally recognized: Vicia faba var. equina Pers. - Horse Bean. Although usually classified in the same genus Vicia as the vetches, some botanists treat it in a separate monotypic genus Faba. The term fava bean (from the Italian fava, meaning "broad bean") is usually used in English speaking countries such as the US, however the term broad bean is the most common name in the UK. WIKIPEDIA:Vicia_faba http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13823 GRIN:300661 ITIS:26339 LANGUAL:B1367 MANSFELD:30416 PLANTS:VIFA http://eol.org/pages/703202 Vicia faba L. Vicia faba L. (varieties for human consumption) faba bean fava bean horse bean vicia faba broad bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1368 pinto bean plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8108 GRIN:7676 ITIS:530960 LANGUAL:B1369 MANSFELD:23859 PLANTS:BROLG2 http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L. Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L. brassica oleracea var. gongylodes kohlrabi plant as food source Sugar beet, a cultivated plant of *Beta vulgaris*, is a plant whose tuber contains a high concentration of sucrose. It is grown commercially for sugar production. Sugar beets and other *B. vulgaris* cultivars such as beetroot and chard share a common wild ancestor, the sea beet (*Beta vulgaris maritima*). WIKIPEDIA:Sugarbeet http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8006 GRIN:7057 ITIS:20681 LANGUAL:B1370 MANSFELD:362 http://eol.org/pages/585884 Beta vulgaris L. Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris Beta vulgaris L. var. altissima Döll beta vulgaris var. altissima sugar beet plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1371 snap bean string bean stringless bean green bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1372 phaseolus lunatus sieva bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1374 http://eol.org/pages/2598871 crustacea crustacean as food source Wild rice (also called Canada rice, Indian rice, and water oats) is four species of grasses forming the genus Zizania, and the grain which can be harvested from them. The grain was historically gathered and eaten in both North America and China. While it is now something of a delicacy in North America, the grain is eaten less in China,[1]:165 where the plant's stem is used as a vegetable. WIKIPEDIA:Wild_rice http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13988 GRIN:403525 LANGUAL:B1375 MANSFELD:21064 NETTOX: http://eol.org/pages/8223 Zizania Zizania L. Zizania aquatica L. rice, wild water oats zizania spp. wild rice plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:961 FAO ASFIS:SKJ FDA RFE 2010:25 ITIS:172401 LANGUAL:B1376 http://eol.org/pages/205769 Katsuwonus pelamis Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) euthynnus pelamis katsuwonus pelamis thynnus pelamis skipjack tuna as food source http://langual.org GRIN:3415 LANGUAL:B1377 MANSFELD:1655 NETTOX: Angelica archangelica L. angelica archangelica angelica plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:32617 LANGUAL:B1378 MANSFELD:35616 NETTOX: Saccharum officinarum L. saccharum officinarum sugar cane plant as food source Field corn is maize of varieties that (in contrast with sweet corn and popcorn) are not, in the United States, grown primarily for consumption as human food in the form of fresh kernels. More than 98% of corn-growing land in the U.S. is in use for field-corn production. Principal field corn varieties are Dent corn, Flint corn, Flour corn (including blue corn (Zea mays amylacea), and Waxy corn. WIKIPEDIA:Field_corn http://langual.org GRIN:311987 LANGUAL:B1379 PLANTS:ZEMAM2 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Zea mays L. ssp. mays Zea mays L. subsp. mays Zea mays ssp. mays L. corn, field dent corn flint corn maize podcorn zea mays var. indentata (not acc.) zea mays var. indurata (not acc.) Field corn is a general term used in North America for corn varieties other than sweet corn, popcorn, yellow food grade corn used for yellow corn meal or flour and corn starch, and white food-grade corn used for white meal or flour and corn starch. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_corn LanguaL curation note: Searching note--use 'field corn' for any breakfast cereal or snack food having 'corn' as the first ingredient. field corn plant as food source Sweet corn (Zea mays convar. saccharata var. rugosa; also called Indian corn, sugar corn, and pole corn) is a variety of maize with a high sugar content. Sweet corn is the result of a naturally occurring recessive mutation in the genes which control conversion of sugar to starch inside the endosperm of the corn kernel. Unlike field corn varieties, which are harvested when the kernels are dry and mature (dent stage), sweet corn is picked when immature (milk stage) and prepared and eaten as a vegetable, rather than a grain. Since the process of maturation involves converting sugar to starch, sweet corn stores poorly and must be eaten fresh, canned, or frozen, before the kernels become tough and starchy. WIKIPEDIA:Sweet_corn http://langual.org ITIS:42269 LANGUAL:B1380 http://eol.org/pages/1115259 Zea mays L. corn, sweet corn, vegetable golden corn sugar corn sweet corn zea mays var. rugosa vegetable corn plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:11523 LANGUAL:B1381 MANSFELD:1118 NETTOX: Coriandrum sativum L. chinese parsley cilantro coriandrum sativum coriander plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1382 http://eol.org/pages/2822977 odontophorinae perdicinae perdrix partridge as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1383 http://eol.org/pages/5188 xiphiidae swordfish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1080 FAO ASFIS:CLI FDA RFE 2010:45 ITIS:167116 LANGUAL:B1384 http://eol.org/pages/206859 Ophiodon elongatus Ophiodon elongatus Girard 1854 Ophiodon elongatus Girard, 1854 ophiodon elongatus lingcod as food source Collard greens are various loose-leafed cultivars of *Brassica oleracea* (Acephala Group), the same species as cabbage and broccoli. The plant is grown for its large, dark-colored, edible leaves and as a garden ornamental, mainly in Brazil, Portugal, the southern United States, many parts of Africa, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, southern Croatia, Spain and in Pakistan, as well as in Kashmir region of both India and Pakistan. They are classified in the same cultivar group as kale and spring greens, to which they are closely similar genetically. The name "collard" is a shortened form of the word "colewort" (cabbage plant). WIKIPEDIA:Borekale http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:7679 LANGUAL:B1385 http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica oleracea L. var. viridis L. borekale brassica oleracea var. viridis cow cabbage fodder kale portuguese kale collard plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1386 gaultheria procumbens wintergreen spice wintergreen plant as food source A trailing, prickly hybrid between a blackberry and a dewberry (Rubus ursinus cv. Young) of the rose family, cultivated in the western United States. http://langual.org GRIN:104971 LANGUAL:B1388 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus Hybr. rubus hybr. rubus ursinus cv. young youngberry plant Squirrels belong to a large family of small or medium-sized rodents called the Sciuridae. The family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots (including woodchucks), flying squirrels, and prairie dogs. Squirrels are indigenous to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa and have been introduced to Australia. WIKIPEDIA:Squirrel http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1389 http://eol.org/pages/8703 sciuridae squirrel as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10656 GRIN:21360 ITIS:36607 LANGUAL:B1390 PLANTS:LASA3 http://eol.org/pages/468144 Lactuca sativa L. lactuca sativa lettuce plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1392 http://eol.org/pages/24571 sardinella spp. sardinella as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1393 http://eol.org/pages/29917 fragaria spp. strawberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12580 GRIN:31874 ITIS:504800 LANGUAL:B1394 MANSFELD:17095 PLANTS:RIUV80 PLANTS:RIUVS http://eol.org/pages/489744 Ribes uva-crispa L. Ribes uva-crispa L. var. sativum DC. ribes uva-crispa gooseberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:312026 LANGUAL:B1395 MANSFELD:27370 NETTOX: Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek golden gram bean green gram bean phaseolus aureus mung bean plant as food source Menhaden, also known as mossbunker, bunker and pogy, are forage fish of the genera Brevoortia and Ethmidium, two genera of marine fish in the family Clupeidae. WIKIPEDIA:Menhaden http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1396 http://eol.org/pages/24695 Ethmidium Thompson, 1916 brevoortia spp. ethmidium spp. menhaden as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300449 LANGUAL:B1397 MANSFELD:27587 NETTOX: Phaseolus lunatus L. var. lunatus phaseolus limensis lima bean plant as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:613 FAO ASFIS:STV ITIS:650173 LANGUAL:B1398 http://eol.org/pages/211303 Sander vitreus (Mitchill, 1818) Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill, 1818) sander vitreus stizostedion vitreum stizostedion vitreum vitreum yellow pike walleye pike as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:612 FAO ASFIS:FPP ITIS:650172 LANGUAL:B1399 http://eol.org/pages/222787 Sander lucioperca Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) Stizostedion lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) sander lucioperca stizostedion lucioperca pike perch as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1400 http://eol.org/pages/39080 phytolacca spp. pokeberry pokeweed plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12671 GRIN:104968 ITIS:506229 LANGUAL:B1401 PLANTS:RULO11 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus loganobaccus L. H. Bailey Rubus loganobaccus L.H. Bailey Rubus loganobaccus L.H.Bailey rubus loganobaccus rubus ursinus var. loganobaccus cv. logan loganberry plant http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:158 FAO ASFIS:ALE ITIS:161706 LANGUAL:B1402 http://eol.org/pages/205466 Alosa pseudoharengus Alosa pseudoharengus (Wilson, 1811) alosa pseudoharengus pomolobus pseudoharengus river herring alewife as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12780 GRIN:32994 ITIS:35324 LANGUAL:B1403 MANSFELD:23325 PLANTS:SANI4 http://eol.org/pages/488731 Sambucus nigra L. black elderberry elderberry sambucus spp. european elder plant as food source Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely cultivated plant in the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. It is a creeping vine that bears cucumiform fruits that are used as vegetables. There are three main varieties of cucumber: slicing, pickling, and seedless. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber http://langual.org GRIN:12580 LANGUAL:B1404 MANSFELD:3698 NETTOX: Cucumis sativus L. ssp. sativus cucumis sativus cucumber plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9759 GRIN:16528 ITIS:502589 LANGUAL:B1405 MANSFELD:9680 PLANTS:FAES2 http://eol.org/pages/487699 Fagopyrum esculentum Moench fagopyrum esculentum fagopyrum sagittatum buckwheat plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8101 GRIN:7668 ITIS:23062 ITIS:526963 LANGUAL:B1406 PLANTS:BROL http://eol.org/pages/583899 Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea var. oleracea L. brassica oleracea varieties cabbage plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:419819 ITIS:504851 LANGUAL:B1407 MANSFELD:8156 PLANTS:RUFR80 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus fruticosus L. Rubus fruticosus aggregate rubus fruticosus european blackberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1408 http://eol.org/pages/32566 abalones nei haliotis spp. abalone as food source The species of this genus are known as crappies and are extremely popular game fish. The genus has two species the white and black crappie. Crappie of both species are sometimes referred to as papermouths, calico bass, and strawberry bass. Both species of crappie feed on minnows as adults. Both species spawn in the early spring when the water temperature nears 64 to 68 degrees. Crappie create a nest in fine silt or gravel, and the nests are often congregated in very high densities in shallow waters. ( WIKIPEDIA:White_crappie) http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1409 http://eol.org/pages/27527 pomoxis spp. crappie as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1024 FAO ASFIS:BUT ITIS:172567 LANGUAL:B1410 http://eol.org/pages/215092 Peprilus triacanthus Peprilus triacanthus (Peck, 1804) Peprilus triacanthus (Peek, 1804) peprilus triacanthus butterfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:411 FAO ASFIS:NFA ITIS:165551 LANGUAL:B1411 http://eol.org/pages/204101 Strongylura marina (Walbaum, 1792) atlantic needlefish strongylura marina needlefish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PAM ITIS:161088 LANGUAL:B1412 http://eol.org/pages/208600 Polyodon spathula Polyodon spathula (Walbaum, 1792) polyodon spathula paddlefish as food source http://langual.org GRIN:7663 LANGUAL:B1413 MANSFELD:24068 NETTOX: Brassica napus L. emend. Metzg var. napobrassica brassica napobrassica var. solidflora brassica napus var. napobrassica swede swedish turnip rutabaga plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1414 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Clupea Linnaeus, 1758 clupea spp. herring as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300050 LANGUAL:B1415 MANSFELD:25827 NETTOX: Asparagus officinalis L. asparagus officinalis asparagus plant as food source The pistachio, Pistacia vera in the Anacardiaceae family, is a small tree originally from Persia (Iran), which now can also be found in to regions of Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Greece, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, India, Pakistan, Egypt, Sicily and possibly Afghanistan (especially in the provinces of Samangan and Badghis). The fruit is a drupe, containing an elongated seed, which is the edible portion. The seed, commonly thought of as a nut, is a culinary nut, not a botanical nut. WIKIPEDIA:Pistachio http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12006 GRIN:28655 ITIS:506470 LANGUAL:B1416 MANSFELD:28393 PLANTS:PIVE3 http://eol.org/pages/483483 Pistacia vera L. pistacia vera LanguaL curation note: When indexing the pistachio fruit (drupe, seed) index both *PISTACHIO [B1416]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). pistachio plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SXY ITIS:165555 LANGUAL:B1417 http://eol.org/pages/211686 Strongylura exilis Strongylura exilis (Girard 1854) Strongylura exilis (Girard, 1854) needlefish, california strongylura exilis california needlefish as food source Hard wheat (red or white) are varieties of common wheat with high protein (gluten) content used for bread. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1418 bread wheat triticum aestivum hard wheat plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1419 http://eol.org/pages/25735 lepomis spp. sunfish as food source Soft wheat (red or white) are lower protein (gluten), higher starch varieties used for cakes, pie crusts, biscuits and muffins. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1421 triticum aestivum soft wheat plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:755 FAO ASFIS:SPH FDA RFE 2010:3 ITIS:169189 LANGUAL:B1422 http://eol.org/pages/213714 Archosargus probatocephalus Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum 1792) Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum, 1792) archosargus probatocephalus sheepshead as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1423 http://eol.org/pages/13122 gadus spp. cod as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12676 LANGUAL:B1425 MANSFELD:3244 NETTOX: Curcuma longa L. curcuma domestica curcuma longa tumeric turmeric plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1426 http://eol.org/pages/5210 scombridae mackerel family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SWO FDA RFE 2010:93 ITIS:172482 LANGUAL:B1427 http://eol.org/pages/206878 Xiphias gladius Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 xiphias gladius swordfish as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13450 GRIN:80051 ITIS:36213 ITIS:524742 ITIS:524743 LANGUAL:B1428 MANSFELD:32135 PLANTS:TAOF PLANTS:TAOFC PLANTS:TAOFO http://eol.org/pages/1278264 Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. ssp. ceratophorum (Ledeb.) Schinz ex Thell. Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. ssp. officinale Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers Taraxacum officinale Weber ex F.H.Wigg., s.l. Taraxacum officinale aggregate Taraxacum officinale ssp. officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers Taraxacum officinale ssp. vulgare (Lam.) Schinz & R. Keller taraxacum dandelion plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8702 GRIN:10778 ITIS:28888 LANGUAL:B1429 MANSFELD:7687 PLANTS:CIRE3 http://eol.org/pages/582204 Citrus reticulata Blanco citrus deliciosa citrus nobilus citrus reticulata citrus unshia fremont loose-skinned orange tangerine mandarin orange plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1430 http://eol.org/pages/23896 argentina spp. silver smelts argentine as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1431 http://eol.org/pages/26338 hexagrammos spp. greenling as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:577 FAO ASFIS:WRF ITIS:167914 LANGUAL:B1432 http://eol.org/pages/205261 Polyprion americanus Polyprion americanus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Polyprion americanus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) polyprion americanus wreckfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1433 shellfish as food source http://langual.org GRIN:24082 LANGUAL:B1434 MANSFELD:16164 NETTOX: Mentha spicata L. emend L. mentha spicata mentha viridis spearmint plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1435 http://eol.org/pages/29970 amelanchier spp. serviceberry shadbush sugarplum juneberry plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12290 LANGUAL:B1436 MANSFELD:9406 PLANTS:PRPEN http://eol.org/pages/8097 Persica vulgaris var. nectarina (Aiton) Holub Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K. Schneid. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K.Schneid. prunus persica var. nucipersica nectarine plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1082 FAO ASFIS:SAB ITIS:167123 LANGUAL:B1437 http://eol.org/pages/206154 Anoplopoma fimbria Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas, 1811) Anoplopoma fimbria (Pallas, 1814) anoplopoma fimbria sablefish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:563 FAO ASFIS:BSB ITIS:167687 LANGUAL:B1438 http://eol.org/pages/205158 Centropristis striata Centropristis striata (Linnaeus, 1758) blackfish centropristis striata sea bass, black black sea bass as food source Plantain is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus Musa. The fruit they produce is generally used for cooking, in contrast to the soft, sweet banana (which is sometimes referred to as the dessert banana). There is a formal botanical distinction between bananas and plantains based on its structure and genus/species. WIKIPEDIA:Plantain http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11278 GRIN:70453 ITIS:42391 LANGUAL:B1439 PLANTS:MUPA3 http://eol.org/pages/1116069 Musa X paradisiaca L. (pro sp.) Musa x paradisiaca L. Musa ×paradisiaca L. (pro sp.) cooking banana french plantain musa paradisiaca musa sapientum plantain (musa) plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:461 FAO ASFIS:POK FDA RFE 2010:53 ITIS:164727 LANGUAL:B1440 http://eol.org/pages/994633 Pollachius virens Pollachius virens (Linnaeus, 1758) black cod black pollack coalfish gadus pollachius gadus virens lythe pollachius virens pollack pollock saithe sea salmon sillock saithe as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:447 FAO ASFIS:HAD FDA RFE 2010:37 ITIS:164744 LANGUAL:B1441 http://eol.org/pages/212899 Melanogrammus aeglefinus Melanogrammus aeglefinus (Linnaeus, 1758) gadus aeglifinus melanogrammus aeglefinus haddock as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:469 FAO ASFIS:HKR ITIS:164730 LANGUAL:B1442 http://eol.org/pages/210307 Urophycis chuss Urophycis chuss (Walbaum, 1792) urophycis chuss red hake as food source Broccoli is a plant in the cabbage family, whose large flower head is used as a vegetable. The word broccoli, from the Italian plural of broccolo, refers to "the flowering top of a cabbage". Broccoli is usually boiled or steamed, but may be eaten raw and has become popular as a raw vegetable in hors d'oeuvre trays. Broccoli is classified in the *Italica* cultivar group of the species *Brassica oleracea*. Broccoli has large flower heads, usually green in color, arranged in a tree-like fashion on branches sprouting from a thick, edible stalk. The mass of flower heads is surrounded by leaves. Broccoli most closely resembles cauliflower, which is a different cultivar group of the same species. WIKIPEDIA:Broccoli http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8104 GRIN:105447 ITIS:530957 LANGUAL:B1443 MANSFELD:37506 PLANTS:BROLB http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L. Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. brassica oleracea l. convar. botrytis var. italica brassica oleracea var. botrytis brassica oleracea var. italica broccoli plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:3595 LANGUAL:B1444 MANSFELD:1048 NETTOX: Anthriscus cerefolium (L.) Hoffm. anthriscus cerefolium chervil plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1446 cichorium endivia escarole plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1447 http://eol.org/pages/40060 diospyros spp. persimmon plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13225 GRIN:35092 ITIS:42108 LANGUAL:B1448 MANSFELD:35798 PLANTS:SOBI2 http://eol.org/pages/1115166 Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench gooseneck sorgho kaffir kafir milo sorghum bicolor sorghum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:24078 LANGUAL:B1449 MANSFELD:16122 NETTOX: Mentha x piperita L. mentha piperita mentha x piperita peppermint plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1450 http://eol.org/pages/7622 didelphidae opossum as food source Macadamia is a genus of nine species of flowering plants in the family *Proteaceae*, with a disjunct distribution native to eastern Australia (seven species), New Caledonia (one species *M. neurophylla*) and Sulawesi in Indonesia (one species, *M. hildebrandii*). The fruit is a very hard woody globose follicle with a pointed apex, containing one or two seeds. WIKIPEDIA:Macadamia http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1451 http://eol.org/pages/61654 macadamia nut macadamia spp. LanguaL curation note: When indexing the macadamia fruit (seed) index both *COCONUT PALM [B1130]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). macadamia plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10065 GRIN:17711 ITIS:26716 LANGUAL:B1452 MANSFELD:27017 PLANTS:GLMA4 http://eol.org/pages/641527 Glycine max (L.) Merr. glycine max soybean plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:20732 ITIS:19250 LANGUAL:B1453 PLANTS:JUCI http://eol.org/pages/596229 Juglans cinerea L. juglans cinerea noix juglans cinerea LanguaL curation note: When indexing the butternut fruit (drupe, seed) index both *BUTTERNUT [B1453]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). butternut plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:42269 LANGUAL:B1454 http://eol.org/pages/1115259 Zea mays L. popping corn zea mays var. praecox popcorn plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1455 http://eol.org/pages/57691 garden snails helix spp. snails, garden snails, land land snail as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9052 GRIN:12606 ITIS:22373 LANGUAL:B1456 PLANTS:CUPE http://eol.org/pages/584410 Cucurbita pepo L. cucurbita pepo field pumpkin pumpkin plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:176086 LANGUAL:B1457 http://eol.org/pages/1049263 Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) gallus domesticus gallus gallus domesticus chicken as food source http://langual.org GRIN:101312 LANGUAL:B1458 MANSFELD:5937 NETTOX: Solanum melongena L. aubergine solanum melongena eggplant plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12265 LANGUAL:B1459 MANSFELD:14971 NETTOX: Crocus sativus L. crocus sativus saffron plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1460 http://eol.org/pages/7591 Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 phasianus spp. pheasant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1461 http://eol.org/pages/18666 procyon spp. raccoon as food source The zucchini or courgette is a summer squash which can reach nearly a meter in length, but which is usually harvested at half that size or less. Along with certain other squashes, it belongs to the species Cucurbita pepo. Zucchini can be dark or light green. A related hybrid, the golden zucchini, is a deep yellow or orange color. WIKIPEDIA:Zucchini http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9052 GRIN:12606 ITIS:22373 LANGUAL:B1462 PLANTS:CUPE http://eol.org/pages/584410 Cucurbita pepo L. courgette cucurbita pepo cucurbita pepo var. melopepo cv. zucchini zucchini plant as food source The Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is a South American tree in the family Lecythidaceae, and also the name of the tree's commercially harvested edible seed. While cooks classify the Brazil nut as a nut, botanists consider it to be a seed and not a nut, because in nuts the shell splits in half with the meat separate from the shell. WIKIPEDIA:Bertholletia_excelsa http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8003 GRIN:7022 ITIS:21989 LANGUAL:B1463 MANSFELD:14900 PLANTS:BEEX2 http://eol.org/pages/321258 Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. bertholletia excelsa brazilnut cream nut para nut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the fruit of the brazil nut (seed) index both *BRAZIL NUT [B1463]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). brazil nut plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:19801 LANGUAL:B1464 MANSFELD:15224 NETTOX: Illicium verum J.D. Hook illicium verum star anise plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1465 acipenser spp. scaphirhynchus spp. sturgeon as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9112 GRIN:12839 LANGUAL:B1466 MANSFELD:31795 PLANTS:CYCA PLANTS:CYSC2 http://eol.org/pages/4206 Cynara cardunculus L. Cynara scolymus L. cynara cardunculus cynara scolymus artichoke plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:70440 ITIS:28691 LANGUAL:B1468 PLANTS:MEBI http://eol.org/pages/582291 Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. genip (melicoccus) honeyberry mamoncillo melicoccus bijugatus spanish lime plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:4282 LANGUAL:B1469 MANSFELD:32343 NETTOX: Artemisia dracunculus L. tarragon plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11773 GRIN:27393 ITIS:18154 LANGUAL:B1470 MANSFELD:15043 PLANTS:PEAM3 http://eol.org/pages/596888 Persea americana Mill. Persea americana P. Mill. abogado aguacate palta persea americana persea gratissima avocado plant as food source The European cantaloupe is lightly ribbed, with a gray-green skin that looks quite different from that of the North American cantaloupe. WIKIPEDIA:Cantaloupe http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9041 GRIN:12566 ITIS:22362 LANGUAL:B1471 MANSFELD:3670 PLANTS:CUME http://eol.org/pages/584424 Cucumis melo L. Cucumis melo L. ssp. melo Cantaloupe Group Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. cantalupensis Naudin Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis Naudin cucumis melo european cantaloupe plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8668 GRIN:70183 ITIS:501529 LANGUAL:B1472 MANSFELD:15093 PLANTS:CIVE2 http://eol.org/pages/490672 Cinnamomum verum J. Presl Cinnamomum verum J.Presl cassia cinnamomum verum cinnamomum zeylanicum cinnamon plant as food source The tangelo, Citrus × tangelo, is also widely known as the honeybell. Tangelo is a citrus fruit that is a hybrid of a tangerine and either a pomelo or a grapefruit. WIKIPEDIA:Tangelo http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8707 GRIN:102894 ITIS:506398 LANGUAL:B1473 PLANTS:CITA http://eol.org/pages/483520 Citrus X tangelo J. Ingram & H. Moore Citrus x tangelo J. W. Ingram & H. E. Moore Citrus x tangelo J.W.Ingram & H.E.Moore Citrus ×tangelo J.W. Ingram & H.E. Moore citrus tangelo citrus x tangelo tangelo plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1474 comello plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1475 http://eol.org/pages/26259 trachinotus spp. pompano as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1476 http://eol.org/pages/39511 bubalus buffalo as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7540 GRIN:3503 ITIS:18100 LANGUAL:B1477 MANSFELD:28762 PLANTS:ANSQ http://eol.org/pages/1054831 Annona squamosa L. annona squamosa seet sop sugar apple sweetsop plant as food source Scallions - also known as green onions, spring onions, salad onions, green shallots, onion sticks, long onions, baby onions, precious onions, yard onions, gibbons, or syboes - are the edible plants of various *Allium* species, all of which are "onion-like", having hollow green leaves and lacking a fully developed root bulb. The Welsh onion (*Allium fistulosum*) does not form bulbs even when mature, and is grown in the West almost exclusively as a scallion or salad onion, although in Asia this species is of primary importance and used both fresh and in cooking. "Scallion" is also used for young plants of the common onion (*Allium cepa* var. *cepa*) and shallot (*Allium cepa* var. *aggregatum*, formerly *Allium ascalonicum*), harvested before bulbs form, or sometimes when slight bulbing has occurred. Most of the cultivars grown in the West primarily as salad onions or scallions belong to *Allium cepa* var. *cepa*. Other species sometimes used as scallions include *Allium ×proliferum* and *Allium ×wakegi*. WIKIPEDIA:Scallion http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1478 http://eol.org/pages/17858 green onion spring onion scallion plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:252 FAO ASFIS:TRS ITIS:161997 LANGUAL:B1479 http://eol.org/pages/206777 Salmo trutta Salmo trutta Berg 1908 Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758 salmo trutta salmo trutta trutta sea trout trout, brown trutta marina brown trout as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7538 GRIN:3492 ITIS:18098 LANGUAL:B1480 MANSFELD:28746 PLANTS:ANMU2 http://eol.org/pages/1054863 Annona muricata L. annona annona muricata guamabana prickly custard apple soursop plant as food source Antelope is a term referring to many even-toed ungulate species found all over the world in places such as Africa, Asia, and North America. The term refers to a "miscellaneous" group within the family encompassing the old-world species which are not cattle, sheep, buffalo, bison, or goats. WIKIPEDIA:Antelope http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1481 hippotragus spp. neotragus spp. tetracerus spp. antelope as food source http://langual.org GRIN:9163 ITIS:501290 LANGUAL:B1482 PLANTS:CAMA37 http://eol.org/pages/488417 Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A. DC. Carissa macrocarpa (Ecklon) A. DC. carissa macrocarpa natal plum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:406685 LANGUAL:B1483 MANSFELD:1805 NETTOX: Pastinaca sativa L. parsnip plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7482 GRIN:3074 ITIS:42335 LANGUAL:B1484 MANSFELD:25228 PLANTS:ANCO30 http://eol.org/pages/1126520 Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. ananas comosus piña pineapple plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1485 sugar palm plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:311566 LANGUAL:B1486 pisum sativum var. arvense field pea plant as food source Sweet pea (*Lathyrus odoratus*) is a flowering plant in the genus *Lathyrus* in the family *Fabaceae* (legumes), native to the eastern Mediterranean. Unlike the edible pea, there is evidence that seeds of members of the genus *Lathyrus* are toxic if ingested in quantity. A related species, *Lathyrus sativus*, is grown for human consumption but when it forms a major part of the diet it causes symptoms of toxicity called lathyrism. WIKIPEDIA:Lathyrus_odoratus http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10712 GRIN:21596 ITIS:25864 LANGUAL:B1487 PLANTS:LAOD http://eol.org/pages/703179 Lathyrus odoratus L. lathyrus odoratus pea, sweet sweet pea plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:23225 ITIS:25257 LANGUAL:B1488 PLANTS:MACO5 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Malus coronaria (L.) Mill. Malus coronaria (L.) P. Mill. malus coronaria sweet crabapple plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1489 http://eol.org/pages/2249 pecten aequiscleatus pectinidae scallop as food source http://langual.org GRIN:104958 ITIS:24921 LANGUAL:B1490 PLANTS:RUFL http://eol.org/pages/246464 Rubus flagellaris Willd. rubus flagellaris american dewberry plant Blueberries are flowering plants of the genus *Vaccinium* (a genus which also includes cranberries and bilberries) with dark-blue berries and are perennial. Species in the section Cyanococcus are the most common fruits sold as "blueberries" and are native to North America (they were not introduced into Europe until the 1930s). WIKIPEDIA:Blueberry http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1491 http://eol.org/pages/4267 Vaccinium L. vaccinium spp. cyanococcus group blueberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11319 GRIN:25072 ITIS:22993 LANGUAL:B1492 MANSFELD:23589 PLANTS:NAOF http://eol.org/pages/4219 Nasturtium officinale R.Br. Nasturtium officinale W. T. Aiton Nasturtium officinale W.T. Aiton Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek nasturtium officinale rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum watercress plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1493 sassafras albidum sassafras plant as food source The raspberry is the edible fruit of a number of species of the genus *Rubus*. The name originally refers in particular to the European species Rubus idaeus, and is still used for that species as its standard English name in its native area. Other species, mostly closely related in the same subgenus Idaeobatus, also called raspberries subsequently include: * Rubus strigosus (American Raspberry) (syn. R. idaeus var. strigosus) * Rubus arcticus (Arctic Raspberry) * Rubus crataegifolius (Korean Raspberry) * Rubus occidentalis (Black Raspberry) * Rubus odoratus (Flowering Raspberry) * Rubus phoenicolasius (Wine Raspberry) * Rubus leucodermis (Whitebark or Western Raspberry, native: Blue Raspberry) WIKIPEDIA:Raspberry http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1494 PLANTS:RUBUS http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus L. raspberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:32207 LANGUAL:B1495 MANSFELD:15692 NETTOX: Rosmarinus officinalis L. rosmarinus officinalis rosemary plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1496 http://eol.org/pages/24209 epinephelus spp. grouper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1298 FAO ASFIS:CRQ ITIS:621745 ITIS:98428 LANGUAL:B1497 http://eol.org/pages/1025204 Chionoecetes opilio Chionoecetes opilio (Fabricius, 1788) Chionoecetes opilio (J. C. Fabricius, 1788) Chionoecetes opilio opilio (O. Fabricius, 1788) chionoecetes opilio queen crab snow crab as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:KCA LANGUAL:B1498 Lithodes ferox Filhol 1885 lithodes ferox king crab as food source *Xanthosoma sagittifolium*, the arrowleaf elephant ear or arrowleaf elephant's ear, is a species of tropical flowering plant in the genus *Xanthosoma*, which produces an edible, starchy tuber. WIKIPEDIA:Xanthosoma_sagittifolium http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13955 GRIN:42090 ITIS:42586 LANGUAL:B1499 PLANTS:XASA2 http://eol.org/pages/1127738 Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott arum sagittifolium malanga ocumo tanier tannia tanyah xanthosoma xanthosoma sagittifolia xanthosoma sagittifolium yautia arrowleaf elephant ear plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1500 http://eol.org/pages/7685 cervidae deer family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1501 http://eol.org/pages/72690 morus spp. mulberry plant UGLI is the trademark of Cabel Hall Citrus Limited and under which they sell their Jamaican tangelo, a citrus fruit created by hybridizing a grapefruit (or pomelo), an orange and a tangerine. Its species is Citrus reticulata × Citrus paradisi. WIKIPEDIA:Ugli http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1502 http://eol.org/pages/4414 citrus reticulata × citrus paradisi ugli fruit as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:260 FAO ASFIS:LAT ITIS:162002 LANGUAL:B1503 http://eol.org/pages/205277 Salvelinus namaycush Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum, 1792) cristivomer namaycush salvelinus namaycush lake trout as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7742 GRIN:4319 ITIS:184181 LANGUAL:B1504 PLANTS:ARAL7 http://eol.org/pages/594952 Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg artocarpus altilis artocarpus incisa breadfruit plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1505 homarus spp. panulirus spp. lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:996 FAO ASFIS:ALB FDA RFE 2010:89 ITIS:172419 LANGUAL:B1506 http://eol.org/pages/205933 Thunnus alalunga Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788) thunnus alalunga thunnus germo albacore as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8706 GRIN:10772 ITIS:28887 LANGUAL:B1507 MANSFELD:7654 PLANTS:CIPA3 http://eol.org/pages/582202 Citrus X paradisi Macfad. (pro sp.) Citrus paradisi Macfad. Citrus x paradisi Macfad. Citrus ×paradisi Macfad. (pro sp.) citrus paradisi citrus x paradisi grapefruit plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13738 GRIN:41030 ITIS:23599 LANGUAL:B1508 MANSFELD:18280 PLANTS:VAMA http://eol.org/pages/583674 Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton large cranberry oxycoccus macrocarpos vaccinium macrocarpon american cranberry plant http://langual.org ITIS:180701 LANGUAL:B1509 MSW3:14200328 http://eol.org/pages/328653 Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758) Rangifer tarandus Linnaeus, 1758 caribou rangifer tarandus reindeer as food source http://langual.org ITIS:168888 LANGUAL:B1510 http://eol.org/pages/596447 Lutjanus Bloch, 1790 Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch, 1790 common snapper lutjanus spp. snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MIP FDA RFE 2010:38 ITIS:172887 LANGUAL:B1511 http://eol.org/pages/223477 Microstomus pacificus Microstomus pacificus (Lockington 1879) Microstomus pacificus (Lockington, 1879) microstomus pacificus sole, dover dover sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:BLU ITIS:168559 LANGUAL:B1512 http://eol.org/pages/205264 Pomatomus saltatrix Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766) pomatomus saltatrix bluefish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1513 daikon raphanus sativus longipinnatus chinese radish plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1514 http://eol.org/pages/2322 octopodidae polypus octopus as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1515 http://eol.org/pages/37668 papaver poppies poppy plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:976 FAO ASFIS:KGM ITIS:172435 LANGUAL:B1516 http://eol.org/pages/205100 Scomberomorus cavalla Scomberomorus cavalla (Cuvier, 1829) scomberomorus cavalla king mackerel as food source http://langual.org GRIN:19415 LANGUAL:B1517 MANSFELD:22995 NETTOX: Humulus lupulus L. humulus hops plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1518 http://eol.org/pages/5310 istiophoridae billfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1519 http://eol.org/pages/28124 anarhichas spp. wolffish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1520 http://eol.org/pages/25099 caulolatilus spp. tilefish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1006 FAO ASFIS:SFA ITIS:172488 LANGUAL:B1521 http://eol.org/pages/228441 Istiophorus platypterus Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw & Nodder, 1792) Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw and Nodder, 1792) Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw in Shaw and Nodder, 1792) istiophorus platypterus sailfish as food source http://langual.org GRIN:104692 GRIN:30569 ITIS:25296 LANGUAL:B1523 MANSFELD:8735 PLANTS:PYPY2 http://eol.org/pages/631563 Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. f.) Nakai Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. fil.) Nakai Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nakai Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Makino) Nakai asian pear chinese pear japanese pear nashi nashi pear oriental pear pyrus pyrifolia sand pear plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1524 http://eol.org/pages/5206 serranidae sea bass family as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180318 LANGUAL:B1527 MSW3:13000330 http://eol.org/pages/313678 Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus, 1766) Ondatra zibethicus Linnaeus, 1766 ondatra zibethicus muskrat as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1528 edible currant plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12261 GRIN:29841 ITIS:24769 LANGUAL:B1529 MANSFELD:9372 PLANTS:PRAR3 http://eol.org/pages/301091 Prunus armeniaca L. prunus armeniaca LanguaL curation note: When indexing the apricot fruit (drupe), index both *APRICOT [B1529]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). apricot plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:500284 LANGUAL:B1530 PLANTS:FORTU http://eol.org/pages/4414 Fortunella Swingle fortunella spp. kumquat plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1531 capsicum annum spanish paprika pepper pimiento pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1532 http://eol.org/pages/23978 hippoglossus spp. reinhardtius spp. halibut as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8881 GRIN:11643 ITIS:501642 LANGUAL:B1533 MANSFELD:21811 PLANTS:COAV80 http://eol.org/pages/1147599 Corylus avellana L. corylus avellana corylus maxima filbert filbert nut hazel hazelnut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the hazel fruit (nut) index both *EUROPEAN FILBERT [B1533]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). european filbert plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:651 FAO ASFIS:YTC FDA RFE 2010:81 ITIS:168695 LANGUAL:B1534 http://eol.org/pages/206800 Seriola lalandei Seriola lalandi Seriola lalandi Valenciennes 1833 Seriola lalandi Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833 Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833 great amberjack seriola lalandei yellowtail amberjack yellowtail jack yellowtail as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1535 agave plant as food source The coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, is a member of the family Arecaceae (palm family). It is the only accepted species in the genus Cocos. The term coconut can refer to the entire coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which is not a botanical nut, but a drupe. The spelling cocoanut is an old-fashioned form of the word. WIKIPEDIA:Cocos_nucifera http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8763 GRIN:11043 ITIS:42451 LANGUAL:B1536 MANSFELD:10983 PLANTS:CONU http://eol.org/pages/1091712 Cocos nucifera L. coconut cocos nucifera LanguaL curation note: When indexing the coconut palm fruit (drupe, seed) index both *COCONUT PALM [B1130]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). coconut palm plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180699 LANGUAL:B1537 MSW3:14200278 http://eol.org/pages/328652 Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann, 1780 odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7310 GRIN:101652 ITIS:42720 LANGUAL:B1538 MANSFELD:110 http://eol.org/pages/1084354 Allium cepa L. Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum G. Don Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum G.Don allium cepa var. aggregatum shallot plant as food source In botany, a drupe is a fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin; and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a shell (the pit, stone or pyrene) of hardened endocarp with a seed inside. WIKIPEDIA:Drupe http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1539 drupe pit fruit stone fruit as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1540 http://eol.org/pages/24821 sphyraena spp. barracuda as food source http://langual.org GRIN:25913 LANGUAL:B1542 MANSFELD:16258 NETTOX: Origanum vulgare L. european oregano marjoram, wild oregano, common oregano, european origanum origanum vulgare wild marjoram oregano plant as food source Beech (Fagus) is a genus of ten species of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia and North America. The fruit of the beech tree is known as beechnuts or mast and is found in small burrs that drop from the tree in autumn. It is small, roughly triangular and edible, with a bitter, astringent taste. WIKIPEDIA:Beech http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1543 beech nut fagus spp. LanguaL curation note: When indexing beech nut index both *BEECH [B1543]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). beech plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1544 http://eol.org/pages/107742 castanea spp. LanguaL curation note: When indexing the chestnut fruit (nut) index both *CHESTNUT [B1544]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). chestnut plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7743 GRIN:70095 ITIS:184183 LANGUAL:B1545 MANSFELD:12606 PLANTS:ARHE2 http://eol.org/pages/596411 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. artocarpus heterophyllus artocarpus integrifolius jack jakfruit langka jackfruit plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:955 FAO ASFIS:KAW FDA RFE 2010:16 ITIS:172403 LANGUAL:B1546 http://eol.org/pages/223063 Euthynnus affinis Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) euthynnus affinis euthynnus yaito kawakawa as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10207 GRIN:27923 ITIS:36616 LANGUAL:B1547 MANSFELD:32888 PLANTS:HEAN3 http://eol.org/pages/468106 Helianthus annuus L. giant greystripe helianthus annuus sunflower plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8398 GRIN:9243 ITIS:501305 LANGUAL:B1548 PLANTS:CATI http://eol.org/pages/488433 Carthamus tinctorius L. carthamus tinctorius false saffron safflower plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:9245 LANGUAL:B1549 MANSFELD:1333 NETTOX: Carum carvi L. carum carvi cumin des pres kummel caraway plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1550 Petroselinum J. Hill petroselinum spp. parsley plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:36817 LANGUAL:B1551 MANSFELD:32164 NETTOX: Tragopogon porrifolius L. oyster plant tragopogon porrifolius salsify plant as food source Common chicory, Cichorium intybus, is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Various varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons (blanched buds), or for roots (var. sativum), which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and additive. It is also grown as a forage crop for livestock. It lives as a wild plant on roadsides in its native Europe, and in North America and Australia, where it has become naturalized. "Chicory" is also the common name in the United States for curly endive (Cichorium endivia); these two closely related species are often confused. WIKIPEDIA:Chicory http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8653 GRIN:10543 ITIS:36763 LANGUAL:B1552 MANSFELD:31967 PLANTS:CIIN http://eol.org/pages/467862 Cichorium intybus L. belgian endive cichorium intybus monk's beard witloof chicory chicory plant as food source Trees in the genus Carya are commonly known as hickory, derived from the Powhatan language of Virginia.Hickory nuts (Carya) and walnuts (Juglans) in the Juglandaceae family grow within an outer husk; these fruits are technically drupes or drupaceous nuts, and thus not true botanical nuts. "Tryma" is a specialized term for such nut-like drupes. WIKIPEDIA:Hickory http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1553 http://eol.org/pages/38128 carya spp. LanguaL curation note: When indexing the hickory fruit (tryma/drupaceous nut) index both *HICKORY [B1553]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). hickory plant as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:212 FAO ASFIS:ANA ITIS:551338 LANGUAL:B1554 http://eol.org/pages/207205 Engraulis anchoita Hubbs & Marini, 1935 Engraulis anchoita Hubbs and Marini in Marini, 1935 Engraulis anchoita Hubbs and Marini, 1935 anchoa engraulis engraulis anchoita argentine anchovy as food source http://langual.org GRIN:312013 LANGUAL:B1555 MANSFELD:27559 NETTOX: Phaseolus vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris phaseolus vulgaris plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1556 cinnamomum burmannii cassia, batavia (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1557 http://eol.org/pages/24007 freshwater perch perca spp. perch, freshwater yellow perch as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1558 pilchard sardina sardinops sardine as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11277 GRIN:24706 ITIS:42390 LANGUAL:B1559 MANSFELD:12410 PLANTS:MUAC http://eol.org/pages/1116073 Musa acuminata Colla chinese banana ladyfinger banana musa acuminata, var. dwarf cavendish musa cavendishii musa chinensis musa nana dwarf banana plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1560 pea bean phaseolus vulgaris navy or pea bean plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9520 GRIN:15184 ITIS:506498 LANGUAL:B1561 PLANTS:ENVE2 http://eol.org/pages/1119982 Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheeseman Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman abyssinian banana ensete ensete ventricosum false banana red-skinned banana red banana plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1562 large lima bean lima bean, large fordhook lima bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1563 Aves aves fowl game birds poultry or game bird as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1565 http://eol.org/pages/2777741 cisco or whitefish coregoninae whitefish or cisco as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1566 leafy vegetable as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1567 beans, species/variety unknown marrow bean bean (vegetable) as food source Latundan bananas (also called Tundan, Silk bananas, Pisang raja sereh, Manzana bananas or Apple bananas), are triploid hybrid banana cultivars from the Philippines. It is one of the most common banana cultivars in the Philippines, along with the Lacatan and Saba bananas. WIKIPEDIA:Apple_Banana http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1568 apple banana plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:972 FAO ASFIS:MAS FDA RFE 2010:61 ITIS:172412 LANGUAL:B1570 http://eol.org/pages/206784 Scomber japonicus Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782 pacific mackerel scomber japonicus chub mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:982 FAO ASFIS:SSM ITIS:172436 LANGUAL:B1571 http://eol.org/pages/2804347 Scomberomorus maculatus Scomberomorus maculatus (Mitchill, 1815) scomberomorus maculatus seer atlantic spanish mackerel as food source http://langual.org GRIN:70182 LANGUAL:B1572 MANSFELD:15074 NETTOX: Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees cassia, chinese cinnamomum cassia cinnamon, chinese (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1573 http://eol.org/pages/8268 atheriniformes fish, atheriniform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1574 http://eol.org/pages/8280 anguilliformes fish, anguilliform as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:167 FAO ASFIS:HEP ITIS:551209 LANGUAL:B1575 http://eol.org/pages/1156440 Clupea pallasi Valenciennes, 1847 Clupea pallasii Clupea pallasii Valenciennes 1847 Clupea pallasii Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847 clupea harengus pallasi clupea pallasi clupea pallasii pacific herring as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180137 LANGUAL:B1576 http://eol.org/pages/327979 Marmota monax (Linnaeus, 1758) groundhog marmota monax woodchuck as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1577 field corn, white (plant) as food source The Santa Claus melon, sometimes known as Christmas melon or Piel de Sapo, is a variety of melon that grows to approximately 1 foot in length and is oblong in shape. It has a thick outer green-striped rind with a pale green inner pulp that provides a mild melon flavor, that can be as sweet as honeydew melons, if not more so. WIKIPEDIA:Santa_claus_melon http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1578 melon, santa claus santa claus melon plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1579 vegetable-producing plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1580 field corn, yellow (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1581 http://eol.org/pages/5184 perciformes fish, perciform as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12571 LANGUAL:B1582 Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. inodorus H. Jacq. honeydew melon plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1583 http://eol.org/pages/34545 cervus spp. deer as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8417 GRIN:9445 LANGUAL:B1584 MANSFELD:17782 PLANTS:CASA27 http://eol.org/pages/4197 Castanea sativa Mill. castanea sativa LanguaL curation note: When indexing the chestnut fruit (nut) index both *EUROPEAN CHESTNUT [B1584]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). european chestnut plant as food source Cultivated peaches are divided into clingstones and freestones, depending on whether the flesh sticks to the stone or not; both can have either white or yellow flesh. WIKIPEDIA:Peach http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12289 GRIN:30065 ITIS:24765 LANGUAL:B1585 MANSFELD:9402 PLANTS:PRPE3 PLANTS:PRPEP2 http://eol.org/pages/631649 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica peach, freestone (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:166 FAO ASFIS:HER ITIS:161722 ITIS:161724 LANGUAL:B1586 http://eol.org/pages/847095 Clupea harengus Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758 Clupea harengus harengus Linnaeus, 1758 atlantic sardine clupea harengus clupea harengus harengus herring, atlantic atlantic herring as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:251 FAO ASFIS:SAL FDA RFE 2010:58 ITIS:161996 LANGUAL:B1587 http://eol.org/pages/206776 Salmo salar Salmo salar Linnaeus, 1758 salmo salar atlantic salmon as food source http://langual.org GRIN:41621 LANGUAL:B1588 MANSFELD:27363 NETTOX: Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper black lentil mungo bean phaseolus mungo urad urd urdbean black gram bean plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1135 FAO ASFIS:GHL ITIS:172930 LANGUAL:B1589 http://eol.org/pages/223542 Reinhardtius hippoglossoides Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum, 1792) black halibut greenland turbot halibut, greenland reinhardtius hippoglossoides turbot, greenland greenland halibut as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1590 cassia, saigon cinnamomum lourieri cinnamon, saigon (plant) as food source A small fowl of a breed developed by crossing white Plymouth Rock and Cornish strains, used especially as a roasting chicken. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1591 rock cornish fowl as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1592 fish, salmoniform as food source Cultivated peaches are divided into clingstones and freestones, depending on whether the flesh sticks to the stone or not; both can have either white or yellow flesh. WIKIPEDIA:Peach http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12289 GRIN:30065 ITIS:24765 LANGUAL:B1593 MANSFELD:9402 PLANTS:PRPE3 PLANTS:PRPEP2 http://eol.org/pages/631649 Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. persica clingstone peach peach, clingstone (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1594 http://eol.org/pages/3194 cypriniformes minnow sucker fish, cypriniform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1595 sweet corn, yellow vegetable corn, yellow (plant) as food source Pinus pinea has been cultivated extensively for at least 6,000 years for the edible pine nuts. These have been trade items since early historic times. This cultivation throughout the Mediterranean region for so long that it has naturalized and is often considered native beyond its natural range. WIKIPEDIA:Stone_pine http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11981 GRIN:28527 ITIS:506604 LANGUAL:B1596 MANSFELD:10031 PLANTS:PIPI7 http://eol.org/pages/999491 Pinus pinea L. italian stone pine pignolia pine nut pino nut pinon pinon nut pinus edulis pinus pinea umbrella pine LanguaL curation note: When indexing the stone pine fruit (seed) index both *STONE PINE [B1596]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precidese narrower terms). stone pine plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1597 sweet corn, white vegetable corn, white (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1598 http://eol.org/pages/5083 catfishes silures fish, siluriform as food source In botany, a pome (after the Latin word for fruit: pomum) is a type of fruit produced by flowering plants in the subfamily Maloideae of the family Rosaceae. WIKIPEDIA:Pome http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1599 maloideae pome fruit pome fruit plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1601 http://eol.org/pages/3190 clupeiformes fish, clupeiform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1603 white asparagus plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1604 green asparagus plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1606 corn, lima beans and tomatoes lima bean, corn and tomatoes lima bean, sweet corn and tomatoes tomato, corn and lima beans tomato, sweet corn and lima beans vegetable corn, lima bean and tomato triple succotash plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1607 nut or edible seed producing plant as food source A cherry tomato is a small variety of tomato that has been cultivated since at least the early 1800s and thought to have originated in Peru and Northern Chile. Cherry tomatoes range in size from a thumbtip up to the size of a golf ball, and can range from being spherical to slightly oblong in shape. The more oblong ones often share characteristics with plum tomatoes, and are known as grape tomatoes. The cherry tomato is regarded as a botanical variety of the cultivated berry, *Solanum lycopersicum* var. *cerasiforme*. WIKIPEDIA:Cherry_tomato http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10985 GRIN:406486 ITIS:566309 LANGUAL:B1608 PLANTS:SOLYC http://eol.org/pages/4437 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Solanum lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (Dunal) Spooner, G.J. Anderson & R.K. Jansen Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Alef.) Fosberg Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme (Dunal) Spooner, J. Anderson & R.K. Jansen cherry tomato lycopersicon lycopersicum var. cerasiforme midget tomato miniature tomato plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:25912 LANGUAL:B1609 MANSFELD:16210 NETTOX: Origanum majorana L. marjoram, sweet origanum majorana sweet marjoram plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8107 GRIN:7675 ITIS:530959 LANGUAL:B1611 MANSFELD:23884 PLANTS:BROLG http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera DC. Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera Zenker Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (DC.) Zenker Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera DC. brassica oleracea var. gemmifera brussels sprout plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:240 FAO ASFIS:HUC ITIS:162024 LANGUAL:B1612 http://eol.org/pages/204854 Hucho hucho Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758) hucho hucho danube salmon as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1614 http://eol.org/pages/38372 vaccinium spp. berry, vaccinium (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:716 FAO ASFIS:SWF ITIS:169239 LANGUAL:B1615 http://eol.org/pages/357152 Cynoscion nebulosus Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier 1830) Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830) Cynoscion nebulosus (Cuvier, 1838) cynoscion nebulosus spotted seatrout as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1616 ash gourd benincasa ceriflora benincasa hispida chinese watermelon dung gwa kundur tunka wax gourd white gourd white pumpkin zit kwa chinese preserving melon plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1617 popcorn, yellow (plant) as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12672 GRIN:32401 ITIS:24854 LANGUAL:B1618 PLANTS:RUOC http://eol.org/pages/244604 Rubus occidentalis L. rubus occidentalis black raspberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1620 http://eol.org/pages/39388 moschus spp. musk deer as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180696 LANGUAL:B1621 MSW3:14200371 http://eol.org/pages/328650 Cervus nippon Temminck, 1838 cervus nippon sika deer as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180698 LANGUAL:B1622 MSW3:14200267 http://eol.org/pages/328651 Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque, 1817) Odocoileus hemionus Rafinesque, 1817 odocoileus hemionus mule deer as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8281 GRIN:8732 ITIS:506801 LANGUAL:B1623 MANSFELD:4999 PLANTS:CASI16 http://eol.org/pages/482447 Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze camellia sinensis camellia thea thea sinensis tea plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1624 amphibia amphibian as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1625 reptilia reptile as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1626 http://eol.org/pages/7630 dasypodidae armadillo as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:446 FAO ASFIS:FBU ITIS:164725 LANGUAL:B1627 http://eol.org/pages/204768 Lota lota Lota lota (Linnaeus, 1758) lota lota lota maculosa burbot as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9307 GRIN:14131 ITIS:506072 LANGUAL:B1628 PLANTS:DILO7 http://eol.org/pages/590822 Dimocarpus longan Lour. dimocarpus longan dragon eyes euphorbia longan lungan nephelium longanum longan plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11357 GRIN:25188 ITIS:506073 LANGUAL:B1629 MANSFELD:6931 PLANTS:NELA7 http://eol.org/pages/595297 Nephelium lappaceum L. alectryon subcinereus euphorbia nephelium hairy lychee nephelium lappaceum rhambustan rambutan plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:950 FAO ASFIS:WAH ITIS:172451 LANGUAL:B1630 http://eol.org/pages/211408 Acanthocybium solandri Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832) Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1832) acanthocybium solandri wahoo as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1633 buccinum spp. busycon spp. neptunea spp. whelk as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11657 DPNL 2003:11658 DPNL 2003:11659 GRIN:26962 ITIS:22223 LANGUAL:B1634 PLANTS:PAED http://eol.org/pages/584518 Passiflora edulis Sims Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis Passiflora edulis Sims forma flavicarpa O.Deg. granadilla passiflora edulis purple granadilla passion fruit as food source http://langual.org GRIN:11177 LANGUAL:B1636 MANSFELD:29329 NETTOX: Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. colocasia esculenta dasheen eddo old cocoyam taro plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1640 http://eol.org/pages/5503 Merlangius Geoffroy, 1767 frostfish marling merlangius spp. whiting as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12694 GRIN:32518 ITIS:504901 LANGUAL:B1641 MANSFELD:9486 PLANTS:RUAC2 http://eol.org/pages/485385 Rumex acetosa L. dock (plant) rumex sour grass sorrel plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:29453 LANGUAL:B1642 MANSFELD:8008 NETTOX: Portulaca oleracea L. ssp. sativa (Haw.) Celak. portulaca spp. purslane plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1643 capsicum annuum, longum group capsicum chile pepper cayenne pepper chile pepper chili pepper long pepper red pepper (chile pepper) hot pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1644 http://eol.org/pages/2330 sepiidae cuttlefish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1646 burdock root lappa plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1647 tussilago farfara coltsfoot plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1281 FAO ASFIS:CRB FDA RFE 2010:6 ITIS:98696 LANGUAL:B1648 http://eol.org/pages/312939 Callinectes sapidus Callinectes sapidus M. J. Rathbun, 1896 Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 callinectes sapidus blue crab as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12334 GRIN:30200 GRIN:312939 GRIN:312940 GRIN:312942 ITIS:27239 ITIS:530947 LANGUAL:B1649 PLANTS:PSCA http://eol.org/pages/2508592 Psidium cattleianum Sabine Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg Psidium cattleianum f. lucidum O. Deg. Psidium cattleianum var. cattleianum Psidium cattleianum var. cattleianum Sabine Psidium cattleianum var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg guava, strawberry psidium cattleianum strawberry guava plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13407 GRIN:36128 ITIS:505419 LANGUAL:B1651 PLANTS:SYCU http://eol.org/pages/2508660 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels black plum (syzyguim) eugenia jambolana jambol jambolan plum jambul java plum syzygium cumini jambolan plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9653 GRIN:16210 ITIS:27224 LANGUAL:B1657 MANSFELD:12194 PLANTS:EUUN2 http://eol.org/pages/2508562 Eugenia uniflora L. brazil cherry cayenne cherry eugenia michelii eugenia uniflora pitanga surinam cherry plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1658 green kidney bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1659 phaseolus vulgaris red kidney bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1661 crenshaw melon plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:29889 LANGUAL:B1662 MANSFELD:9338 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Prunus domestica subsp. insititia (L.) C. K. Schneid. bullace prunus insititia damson plum plant as food source Horse bean and field bean refer to *Vigna faba* L. cultivars with smaller, harder seeds (more like the wild species) used for animal feed, though their stronger flavour is preferred in some human food recipes, such as falafel. WIKIPEDIA:Vicia_faba http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13823 GRIN:41483 ITIS:26339 LANGUAL:B1663 PLANTS:VIFA http://eol.org/pages/703202 Vicia faba L. Vicia faba L. (varieties for fodder) Vicia faba var. equina Pers. field bean vicia faba vicia faba equina horse bean plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7132 GRIN:1405 GRIN:420036 ITIS:506775 LANGUAL:B1664 MANSFELD:26714 PLANTS:ACCH5 http://eol.org/pages/392751 Actinidia chinensis Planch. Actinidia chinensis Planchon Actinidia chinensis var. chinensis actinidia chinensis actinidia sinensis chinese gooseberry strawberry peach kiwifruit plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:300197 LANGUAL:B1665 MANSFELD:3384 PLANTS:ELCA19 http://eol.org/pages/8183 Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton elettaria cardamomum cardamom plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1666 jalapeno pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1667 butyrospermum parkii sheabutter vitellaria paradoxa sheanut plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1669 lamb as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:611 FAO ASFIS:SZC ITIS:650171 LANGUAL:B1670 http://eol.org/pages/211301 Sander canadensis Sander canadensis (Griffith & Smith 1834) Sander canadensis (Griffith and Smith, 1834) Stizostedion canadense (Smith, 1836) canadian pike stizostedion canadense sauger as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1672 http://eol.org/pages/37701 barbary fig cholla cholla cactus opuntia spp. opuntia vulgaris tuna (opuntia) prickly pear plant as food source Ginseng is any one of 11 species of slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, belonging to the genus *Panax* of the family *Araliaceae*. WIKIPEDIA:Ginseng http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1673 http://eol.org/pages/5432 panax ginseng plant as food source Stinging nettle or common nettle, *Urtica dioica*, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant, native to Europe, Asia, northern Africa, and North America, and is the best-known member of the nettle genus *Urtica*. The plant has many hollow stinging hairs called trichomes on its leaves and stems, which act like hypodermic needles, injecting histamine and other chemicals that produce a stinging sensation when contacted by humans and other animals. The plant has a long history of use as a medicine and as a food source. WIKIPEDIA:Urtica_dioica http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13725 GRIN:40944 ITIS:19152 LANGUAL:B1674 MANSFELD:7662 PLANTS:URDI http://eol.org/pages/595063 Urtica dioica L. stinging nettle urtica spp. nettle plant as food source The Greengage (Prunus domestica subsp. italica or the Reine Claude) is an edible drupaceous fruit, a cultivar of the plum. WIKIPEDIA:Greengage http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12273 GRIN:448303 LANGUAL:B1675 MANSFELD:9343 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Prunus domestica L. subsp. italica (Borkh.) Gams Prunus domestica subsp. italica (Borkh.) Gams ex Hegi prunus insititia var. italica greengage plum plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12267 GRIN:29860 LANGUAL:B1676 MANSFELD:9307 PLANTS:PRCE2 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. prunus cerasifera cherry plum plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8593 GRIN:10178 ITIS:20592 LANGUAL:B1681 PLANTS:CHAL7 http://eol.org/pages/587522 Chenopodium album L. chenopodium album goosefoot, white pigweed white goosefoot lamb's quarter plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SBC ITIS:166733 LANGUAL:B1682 http://eol.org/pages/209611 Sebastes paucispinis Sebastes paucispinis Ayres, 1854 sebastes paucispinis bocaccio as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:259 FAO ASFIS:VAR ITIS:162000 LANGUAL:B1683 http://eol.org/pages/225241 Salvelinus malma Salvelinus malma (Walbaum in Artedi, 1792) Salvelinus malma (Walbaum, 1792) Salvelinus malma Taranetz 1933 salvelinus malma dolly varden as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11898 GRIN:102390 ITIS:30606 LANGUAL:B1684 MANSFELD:5607 PLANTS:PHPE4 http://eol.org/pages/581074 Physalis peruviana L. groundcherry, peruvian physalis peruviana poha cape gooseberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:23319 ITIS:21492 LANGUAL:B1685 PLANTS:MAAM2 http://eol.org/pages/584884 Mammea americana L. mamey mammea americana south american apricot mammy apple plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7883 GRIN:6158 ITIS:506371 LANGUAL:B1686 MANSFELD:11132 PLANTS:AVCA http://eol.org/pages/483574 Averrhoa carambola L. averrhoa carambola star fruit carambola plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7535 GRIN:3479 ITIS:506198 LANGUAL:B1687 MANSFELD:28726 PLANTS:ANCH9 http://eol.org/pages/1054913 Annona cherimola Mill. Annona cherimola Miller annona cherimola cherimoya plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:41053 ITIS:23622 LANGUAL:B1688 PLANTS:VARE http://eol.org/pages/583621 Vaccinium reticulatum Sm. vaccinium reticulatum oheloberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7539 GRIN:3498 ITIS:18099 LANGUAL:B1689 MANSFELD:28755 PLANTS:ANRE http://eol.org/pages/1054845 Annona reticulata L. annona reticulata bullock's heart corazon jamaica apple custard apple plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8051 GRIN:7271 ITIS:506071 LANGUAL:B1690 PLANTS:BLSA2 http://eol.org/pages/483850 Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig Blighia sapida K.D.Koenig Blighia sapida Koenig ackee blighia sapida akee plant as food source The roselle (*Hibiscus sabdariffa*) is a species of Hibiscus native to the Old World tropics, used for the production of bast fibre and as an infusion. It is an annual or perennial herb or woody-based subshrub, growing to 2-2.5 m (7-8 ft) tall. The leaves are deeply three- to five-lobed, 8-15 cm (3-6 in) long, arranged alternately on the stems. The flowers are 8-10 cm (3-4 in) in diameter, white to pale yellow with a dark red spot at the base of each petal, and have a stout fleshy calyx at the base, 1-2 cm (0.39-0.79 in) wide, enlarging to 3-3.5 cm (1.2-1.4 in), fleshy and bright red as the fruit matures. It takes about six months to mature. WIKIPEDIA:Roselle_(plant) http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10293 GRIN:19078 ITIS:503001 LANGUAL:B1691 MANSFELD:13432 PLANTS:HISA2 http://eol.org/pages/487306 Hibiscus sabdariffa L. hibiscus sabdariffa jamaica sorrel red sorrel (hibiscus) roselle plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11086 GRIN:102614 ITIS:23823 LANGUAL:B1693 MANSFELD:6578 PLANTS:MAZA http://eol.org/pages/1154544 Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Manilkara zapota (L.) P.Royen Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen achras sapota chicle tree chicozapote manilkara zapota nispero tree sapodilla plant as food source Sapote (from Nahuatl tzapotl) is a term for a soft, edible fruit. The word is incorporated into the common names of several unrelated fruit-bearing plants native to Mexico, Central America and northern parts of South America. WIKIPEDIA:Sapote http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1694 calocarpum sapota caolcarpum mammosum lucuma mammosa mamey colorado mamey sapote mammee sapote marmalade fruit marmalade plum pouteria sapota sapota sapote plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13434 GRIN:36219 ITIS:26980 LANGUAL:B1695 MANSFELD:17761 PLANTS:TAIN2 http://eol.org/pages/639027 Tamarindus indica L. indian tamarind tamarindus indica tamarind plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:40421 LANGUAL:B1696 MANSFELD:30938 NETTOX: Trigonella foenum-graecum L. trigonella foenum-graecum fenugreek plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10443 GRIN:19666 ITIS:503154 LANGUAL:B1697 PLANTS:ILAQ80 http://eol.org/pages/486842 Ilex aquifolium L. ilex aquifolium ilex spp. english holly plant as food source Source--A Checklist of Names for 3,000 Vascular Plants of Economic Importance, 1986, p.148 (for scientific name). http://langual.org GRIN:24865 LANGUAL:B1699 Virola surinamensis (Rol. ex Rottb.) Warb. barak virola sebifera virola surinamensis ucuhuba plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10880 GRIN:22361 ITIS:29226 LANGUAL:B1700 PLANTS:LIUS http://eol.org/pages/581568 Linum usitatissimum L. common flax cultivated flax flax, common flax, cultivated lin linum usitatissimum flax plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:22802 LANGUAL:B1701 MANSFELD:31557 NETTOX: Lupinus albus L. lupnius spp. lupine bean plant as food source Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi and Ohashi, previously Phaseolus calcaratus, is a warm-season annual vine legume with yellow flowers and small edible beans. It is commonly called ricebean or rice bean. WIKIPEDIA:Rice_bean http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13839 GRIN:41643 ITIS:506275 LANGUAL:B1702 PLANTS:VIUM2 http://eol.org/pages/655171 Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H. Ohashi Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi phaseolus calcaratus red bean vigna umbellata rice bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1703 ricinus communis castor bean plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13117 GRIN:105075 ITIS:28030 LANGUAL:B1704 PLANTS:SICH http://eol.org/pages/582468 Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid. Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid. Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K.Schneid. Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneid. deer nut goat nut simmondsia chinensis jojoba plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1707 babacu orbignya barbosiana orbignya speciosa babassu palm plant as food source *Crataegus*, commonly called hawthorn or thornapple, is a large genus of shrubs and trees in the rose family, *Rosaceae*, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia and North America. The name hawthorn was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the Common Hawthorn, *C. monogyna*, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. However the name is now also applied to the entire genus, and also to the related Asian genus *Rhaphiolepis*. WIKIPEDIA:Crataegus http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8958 GRIN:300154 LANGUAL:B1708 PLANTS:CRATA http://eol.org/pages/8097 Crataegus Crataegus L. Crataegus sp. crataegus spp. haw hawthorn plant as food source A young chicken (usually 3-5 months of age), of either sex, that is tender-meated with soft, pliable, smooth- textured skin and breastbone cartilage that may be somewhat less flexible than that of a broiler or fryer. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1710 roaster chicken as food source A surgically unsexed male chicken (usually under 8 months of age) that is tender-meated with soft, pliable, smooth-textured skin. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1711 capon as food source A male chicken (usually under 10 months of age) with coarse skin, somewhat toughened and darkened flesh, and considerable hardening of the breastbone cartilage. Their condition is intermediate between that of a roaster chicken and a rooster. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1712 stag chicken as food source A mature female chicken (usually more than 10 months of age) with meat less tender than that of a roaster, and with a nonflexible breastbone tip. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1713 stewing chicken hen as food source A mature male chicken with coarse skin, toughened and darkened meat, and hardened breastbone tip. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1714 cock cockerel rooster as food source The acorn, or oak nut, is the nut of the oaks and their close relatives (genera Quercus and Lithocarpus, in the family Fagaceae). WIKIPEDIA:Acorn http://langual.org GRIN:300504 LANGUAL:B1715 PLANTS:QUERC http://eol.org/pages/4197 Quercus L. Quercus sp. acorn oak nut quercus spp. oak plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1716 duck potato sagittaria tatifolia arrowhead plant as food source Amaranthus, collectively known as amaranth or pigweed, is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs. Approximately 60 species are presently recognised, with inflorescences and foliage ranging from purple and red to gold. Although several species are often considered weeds, people around the world value amaranths as leaf vegetables, cereals and ornamentals. . WIKIPEDIA:Amaranth http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1717 http://eol.org/pages/37601 amaranth (grain) amaranthus spp. pigweed amaranth plant as food source A gourd is a plant of the family *Cucurbitaceae*. Gourd is occasionally used to describe crops like cucumbers, squash, luffas, and melons. The term gourd, however, can more specifically refer to the plants of the two *Cucurbitaceae* genera *Lagenaria* and *Cucurbita*, or also to their hollow, dried-out shell.[A gourd is a plant of the family Cucurbitaceae. Gourd is occasionally used to describe crops like cucumbers, squash, luffas, and melons.[1] The term gourd, however, can more specifically refer to the plants of the two Cucurbitaceae genera Lagenaria and Cucurbita[citation needed], or also to their hollow, dried-out shell.[] http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1719 http://eol.org/pages/4458 cucurbitaceae gourd plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:21385 LANGUAL:B1720 MANSFELD:3862 NETTOX: Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. bottle gourd lagenaria siceraria lagenaria vulgaris calabash gourd plant as food source *Luffa aegyptiaca* is a species of Luffa. Commonly known as Smooth Luffa, Egyptian Luffa, sometimes under the obsolete name *Luffa cylindrica$i/i$ and frequently misspelled *Luffa aegyptica*, it is cultivated and grown for its fruit. The fruit resembles a cucumber. Young fruit can be eaten as a vegetable while ripe fruits can be used to make bath sponges. WIKIPEDIA:Luffa_aegyptiaca http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10955 GRIN:22788 ITIS:503570 LANGUAL:B1721 PLANTS:LUAE http://eol.org/pages/487006 Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. Luffa aegyptiaca P. Mill. dishcloth gourd dishrag gourd loofah luffa luffa aegyptiaca luffa cylindrica rag gourd smooth loofah towel gourd vegetable sponge sponge gourd plant as food source Brosimum alicastrum, the breadnut or Maya nut, is a Brosimum tree species under the Moraceae family of flowering plants, whose other genera include fig and mulberries The plant is known by a range of names in indigenous Mesoamerican and other languages, including but not limited to: ramon,ojoche, ojite, ojushte, ujushte, ujuxte, capomo, mojo, ox, iximche , masica' in Honduras 'and uje in Michoacan Mexico. The fruit, the breadnut, is extremely high in fiber, calcium, potassium, folic acid, iron, zinc, protein and B vitamins. It has a low glycemic index (<50) and is very high in antioxidants. The fresh seeds can be cooked and eaten or can be set out to dry in the sun to roast and eaten later. Stewed the nut tastes like mashed potato, roasted it tastes like chocolate or coffee and can be prepared in numerous other dishes. In Petén, Guatemala, the breadnut is being cultivated for exportation and local consumption as powder, for hot beverages, and bread. WIKIPEDIA:Brosimum_alicastrum http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8147 GRIN:7895 ITIS:19075 LANGUAL:B1722 PLANTS:BRAL3 http://eol.org/pages/596209 Brosimum alicastrum Sw. brosimum alicastrum maya nut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the fruit index both *BREADNUT [B1722]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). breadnut plant as food source *Salvia hispanica*, commonly known as chia, is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, *Lamiaceae*, native to central and southern Mexico and Guatemala. Chia is grown commercially for its seed, a food that is rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Chia seeds are typically small ovals with a diameter of about 1 mm (0.039 in). They are mottle-colored with brown, gray, black and white. The seeds are hydrophilic, absorbing up to 12 times their weight in liquid when soaked. While soaking, the seeds develop a mucilaginous gel-like coating that gives chia-based beverages a distinctive texture. WIKIPEDIA:Salvia_hispanica http://langual.org GRIN:32939 ITIS:32718 LANGUAL:B1723 PLANTS:SAHI6 http://eol.org/pages/578468 Salvia hispanica L. salvia chia salvia columbariae salvia hispanica chia plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1724 asparagus bean dolichos sesquipedalis tau kok vigna sesquipedalis vigna unguiculata var. sesquipedalis yardlong bean plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:104887 LANGUAL:B1725 MANSFELD:27187 NETTOX: Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet dolichos lablab lablab lubia bean hyacinth bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1726 asparagus pea psophocarpus tetragonolobus winged bean goa bean plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9112 GRIN:12839 ITIS:37221 LANGUAL:B1727 MANSFELD:31793 PLANTS:CYCA http://eol.org/pages/467498 Cynara cardunculus L. cynara cardunculus cardoon plant as food source Celtuce (*Lactuca sativa* var. *asparagina*, *augustana*, or *angustata*), also called stem lettuce, celery lettuce, asparagus lettuce, or Chinese lettuce, IPA (UK,US), is a cultivar of lettuce grown primarily for its thick stem, used as a vegetable. WIKIPEDIA:Celtuce http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10657 GRIN:404620 ITIS:36607 LANGUAL:B1728 PLANTS:LASA3 http://eol.org/pages/468144 Lactuca sativa L. Lactuca sativa L. var. angustana L. H. Bailey Lactuca sativa L. var. angustana L.H.Bailey asparagus lettuce chinese lettuce lactuca sativa var. asparagina lactuca sativa var. augustana celtuce plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:3704 ITIS:530941 LANGUAL:B1729 MANSFELD:1236 apium graveolens rapaceum celery root celeriac plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12955 GRIN:33453 ITIS:22441 LANGUAL:B1730 PLANTS:SEED http://eol.org/pages/584297 Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. christophine mirliton sechium edule chayote plant as food source Jute is a long, soft, shiny vegetable fibre that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. It is produced from plants in the genus *Corchorus*, which has been classified in the family *Tiliaceae*, or more recently in *Malvaceae*. However, it has been reclassified within the family *Sparrmanniaceae*. Jute is one of the most affordable natural fibres and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses of vegetable fibres. WIKIPEDIA:Corchorus_olitorius http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8823 GRIN:11458 ITIS:21516 LANGUAL:B1731 PLANTS:COOL http://eol.org/pages/584868 Corchorus olitorius L. corchorus olitorius jew's mallow jute mallow jute, nalta molokhia tossa jute nalta jute plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:36385 ITIS:19938 LANGUAL:B1732 MANSFELD:23031 PLANTS:TETE3 http://eol.org/pages/595055 Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze Tetragonia tetragonoides (Pall.) Kuntze spinach, new zealand tetragonia expansa new zealand spinach plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:42538 LANGUAL:B1733 PLANTS:SYFO http://eol.org/pages/8191 Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt. skunk cabbage symplocarpus foetidus swamp cabbage plant as food source Borage, (*Borago officinalis*), also known as a starflower, is an annual herb originating in Syria,[1] but naturalized throughout the Mediterranean region, as well as Asia Minor, Europe, North Africa, and South America. WIKIPEDIA:Borago_officinalis http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8062 GRIN:7422 ITIS:31727 LANGUAL:B1735 MANSFELD:25390 PLANTS:BOOF http://eol.org/pages/580765 Borago officinalis L. borago officinalis borage plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1736 agati grandiflora sesbania grandiflora sesbania plant as food source *Sisymbrium altissimum* is a species of *Sisymbrium*. The plant is native to the western part of the Mediterranean Basin in Europe and Northern Africa and is widely naturalized throughout most of the world, including all of North America. Edible Parts: Leaves, Seed. Edible Uses: Condiment. Young leaves and shoots - raw or cooked. A somewhat hot flavour, they can be used as a flavouring in salads or cooked as a potherb. Seed - ground into a powder and used as a gruel or as a mustard-like flavouring in soups etc. [http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sisymbrium+altissimum] WIKIPEDIA:Sisymbrium_altissimum http://langual.org GRIN:34451 ITIS:23312 LANGUAL:B1737 PLANTS:SIAL2 http://eol.org/pages/583815 Sisymbrium altissimum L. sisymbrium altissimum tumble mustard plant as food source Pachyrhizus erosus, commonly known as Jícama, Yam, and Mexican Turnip, is the name of a native Mexican vine, although the name most commonly refers to the plant's edible tuberous root. Jícama is one species in the genus Pachyrhizus. Plants in this genus are commonly referred to as yam bean, although the term "yam bean" can be another name for jícama. The other major species of yam beans are also indigenous within the Americas. WIKIPEDIA:Jicama http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11586 GRIN:26286 ITIS:26824 LANGUAL:B1738 PLANTS:PAER3 http://eol.org/pages/645206 Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urb. Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban mexican yam bean pachyrhizus erosus yam bean jicama plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1739 fuki petasites japonica butter bur plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: DPNL 2003:8628 GRIN:417417 ITIS:35796 LANGUAL:B1740 http://eol.org/pages/4206 Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. ex Spach chrysanthemum coronarium chrysanthemum, garland crown daisy japanese-green kor tongho shungiku garland chrysanthemum plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1748 drumstick tree moringa oleifera moringa pterygosperma horseradish tree as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1750 tree fern plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8690 GRIN:314344 LANGUAL:B1751 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus clementina hort. ex Tanaka citrus clementina citrus reticulata cv. clementine clementine plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:316913 LANGUAL:B1752 Perideridia oregana (S. Watson) Mathias epos root perideridia oregana squaw potato eppaw plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1753 shellie bean green bean and pinto bean plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13752 GRIN:80009 ITIS:35392 LANGUAL:B1754 MANSFELD:2570 PLANTS:VALO http://eol.org/pages/467207 Valerianella locusta (L.) Lat. Valerianella locusta (L.) Laterr. common cornsalad cornsalad european cornsalad valerianella locusta lamb's lettuce plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1755 http://eol.org/pages/5361 carangidae jack family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:570 FAO ASFIS:EET ITIS:167695 LANGUAL:B1756 http://eol.org/pages/212570 Epinephelus itajara Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822) epinephelus itajara jewfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:572 FAO ASFIS:GPR ITIS:167702 LANGUAL:B1757 http://eol.org/pages/212571 Epinephelus morio Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828) Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes, 1828) epinephelus morio red grouper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:EPR ITIS:167737 LANGUAL:B1758 http://eol.org/pages/204319 Epinephelus areolatus Epinephelus areolatus (Forsskål, 1775) epinephelus areolatus persian grouper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:EPT ITIS:167708 LANGUAL:B1759 http://eol.org/pages/2793715 Epinephelus tauvina Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskål, 1775) epinephelus tauvina tauvina grouper greasy rockcod as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:591 FAO ASFIS:BAJ ITIS:167951 LANGUAL:B1760 http://eol.org/pages/204582 Lateolabrax japonicus Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828) Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier, 1828) lateolabrax japonicus sea bass, japanese japan sea bass as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:167835 LANGUAL:B1761 http://eol.org/pages/1157259 Paralabrax callaensis Paralabrax callaensis Starks, 1906 paralabrax callaensis sea bass, peruvian peruvian sea bass as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:560 FAO ASFIS:BSZ ITIS:167953 LANGUAL:B1762 http://eol.org/pages/205716 Acanthistius brasilianus Acanthistius brasilianus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828) Acanthistius brasilianus (Cuvier, 1828) acanthistius brasilianus sea bass, argentine argentine sea bass as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:298 FAO ASFIS:FBM ITIS:163666 LANGUAL:B1763 http://eol.org/pages/205715 Abramis brama Abramis brama (Linnaeus, 1758) abramis brama bream as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:589 FAO ASFIS:ROY ITIS:167682 LANGUAL:B1764 http://eol.org/pages/204284 Morone chrysops Morone chrysops (Rafinesque 1820) Morone chrysops (Rafinesque, 1820) bass, white morone chrysops white bass as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:584 FAO ASFIS:TEJ ITIS:167918 LANGUAL:B1765 http://eol.org/pages/209697 Stereolepis gigas Stereolepis gigas Ayres, 1859 sea bass, giant stereolepis gigas giant sea bass as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SFW ITIS:166729 LANGUAL:B1766 http://eol.org/pages/211616 Sebastes miniatus Sebastes miniatus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Sebastes miniatus (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880) rockfish, vermilion sebastes miniatus vermilion rockfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:166754 LANGUAL:B1767 http://eol.org/pages/207356 Sebastes levis Sebastes levis (Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889) sebastes levis cowcod as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:REN ITIS:166774 LANGUAL:B1768 http://eol.org/pages/209603 Sebastes fasciatus Sebastes fasciatus Storer 1856 Sebastes fasciatus Storer, 1854 redfish, labrador sebastes fasciatus labrador redfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SGO FDA RFE 2010:71 ITIS:166722 LANGUAL:B1769 http://eol.org/pages/207353 Sebastes goodei Sebastes goodei (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1890) Sebastes goodei (Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890) sebastes goodei chilipepper (fish) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RMG ITIS:166727 LANGUAL:B1770 http://eol.org/pages/209605 Sebastes melanops Sebastes melanops Girard, 1856 rockfish, black sebastes melanops black rockfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SED ITIS:166763 LANGUAL:B1771 http://eol.org/pages/207360 Sebastes serranoides Sebastes serranoides (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1890) Sebastes serranoides (Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890) rockfish, olive sebastes serranoides olive rockfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:166761 LANGUAL:B1772 http://eol.org/pages/211627 Sebastes rufus Sebastes rufus (Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1890) rockfish, bank sebastes rufus bank rockfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RRV FDA RFE 2010:77 ITIS:166740 LANGUAL:B1773 http://eol.org/pages/203887 Sebastes ruberrimus Sebastes ruberrimus (Cramer, 1895) Sebastes ruberrimus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883) rockfish, yelloweye sebastes ruberrimus yelloweye rockfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SPG FDA RFE 2010:75 ITIS:166734 LANGUAL:B1774 http://eol.org/pages/211620 Sebastes pinniger Sebastes pinniger (Gill, 1864) rockfish, canary sebastes pinniger canary rockfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:166757 LANGUAL:B1775 http://eol.org/pages/211618 Sebastes ovalis Sebastes ovalis (Ayres, 1862) rockfish, speckled sebastes ovalis speckled rockfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1061 FAO ASFIS:WRO FDA RFE 2010:69 ITIS:166719 LANGUAL:B1776 http://eol.org/pages/994488 Sebastes entomelas Sebastes entomelas (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Sebastes entomelas (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880) rockfish, widow sebastes entomelas widow rockfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1062 FAO ASFIS:YRO FDA RFE 2010:70 ITIS:166720 LANGUAL:B1777 http://eol.org/pages/994489 Sebastes flavidus Sebastes flavidus (Ayres, 1862) rockfish, yellowtail sebastes flavidus yellowtail rockfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:627 FAO ASFIS:RUB ITIS:168612 LANGUAL:B1778 http://eol.org/pages/224449 Caranx crysos Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815) caranx crysos caranx fusus blue runner as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:654 FAO ASFIS:POM ITIS:168708 LANGUAL:B1780 http://eol.org/pages/210301 Trachinotus carolinus Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766) common pompano trachinotus carolinus florida pompano as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1782 http://eol.org/pages/5287 mugilidae mullet family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:537 FAO ASFIS:MUF ITIS:170335 LANGUAL:B1783 http://eol.org/pages/206857 Mugil cephalus Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 mugil cephalus mullet, striped striped mullet as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MMW ITIS:170339 LANGUAL:B1784 http://eol.org/pages/356292 Mugil trichodon Poey, 1875 mugil trichodon mullet, fantail fantail mullet as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:170337 LANGUAL:B1785 http://eol.org/pages/5287 Mugil gaimardianus Mugil gaimardianus Desmarest in Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1831 mugil gaimardianus mullet, redeye redeye mullet as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MGU ITIS:170336 LANGUAL:B1786 http://eol.org/pages/344849 Mugil curema Mugil curema Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836 Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 blueback mullet mugil curema mullet, white white mullet as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:953 FAO ASFIS:FRI ITIS:172456 ITIS:613019 ITIS:613020 LANGUAL:B1787 http://eol.org/pages/215170 Auxis thazard Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800) Auxis thazard (Lacépède, 1800) Auxis thazard brachydorax Collette and Aadland, 1996 Auxis thazard thazard (Lacepède, 1800) auxis thazard tuna, frigate frigate tuna as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SMQ ITIS:692068 LANGUAL:B1788 http://eol.org/pages/212214 Scorpaenichthys marmoratus Scorpaenichthys marmoratus (Ayres, 1854) scorpaenichthys marmoratus cabezon as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1789 Cottidae cottidae sculpin family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:973 FAO ASFIS:MAC ITIS:172414 LANGUAL:B1790 http://eol.org/pages/206785 Scomber scombrus Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758 mackerel, atlantic scomber scombrus atlantic mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:968 FAO ASFIS:BEP FDA RFE 2010:59 ITIS:172408 ITIS:613015 ITIS:613016 LANGUAL:B1791 http://eol.org/pages/208607 Sarda chiliensis Sarda chiliensis (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832) Sarda chiliensis (Cuvier, 1832) Sarda chiliensis (Cuvier, I831) Sarda chiliensis chiliensis (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832) Sarda chiliensis lineolata (Girard, 1858) bonito, pacific eastern pacific bonito sarda chiliensis pacific bonito as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:970 FAO ASFIS:BON ITIS:172409 LANGUAL:B1792 http://eol.org/pages/356355 Sarda sarda Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) bonito, atlantic pelamys sardis sarda sarda scomber mediterraneus scomber palamitus atlantic bonito as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SIE FDA RFE 2010:62 ITIS:172440 LANGUAL:B1793 http://eol.org/pages/222540 Scomberomorus sierra Scomberomorus sierra Jordan & Starks, 1895 Scomberomorus sierra Jordan and Starks in Jordan, 1895 scomberomorus sierra sierra, pacific pacific sierra as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1794 paralonchurus spp. croaker as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:730 FAO ASFIS:CKA ITIS:169283 LANGUAL:B1795 http://eol.org/pages/994841 Micropogonias undulatus Micropogonias undulatus (Linnaeus, 1766) croaker, atlantic micropogonias undulatus atlantic croaker as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:707 FAO ASFIS:AGR ITIS:169364 LANGUAL:B1796 http://eol.org/pages/993240 Aplodinotus grunniens Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque 1819 Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque, 1819 aplodinotus grunniens gaspergou freshwater drum as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:734 FAO ASFIS:PDR ITIS:169348 LANGUAL:B1797 http://eol.org/pages/5211 Paralonchurus peruanus Paralonchurus peruanus (Steindachner, 1875) paralonchurus peruanus peruvian croaker as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1798 lutjanidae snapper family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LJU ITIS:168852 LANGUAL:B1799 http://eol.org/pages/216387 Lutjanus buccanella Lutjanus buccanella (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828) Lutjanus buccanella (Cuvier, 1828) lutjanus buccanella snapper, blackfin blackfin snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LTJ FDA RFE 2010:35 ITIS:168861 LANGUAL:B1800 http://eol.org/pages/208595 Lutjanus vivanus Lutjanus vivanus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828) Lutjanus vivanus (Cuvier, 1828) lutjanus vivanus snapper, silk silk snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:681 FAO ASFIS:HUS ITIS:168851 LANGUAL:B1801 http://eol.org/pages/221723 Lutjanus argentiventris Lutjanus argentiventris (Peters, 1869) lutjanus argentiventris snapper, amarillo amarillo snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LJN ITIS:168849 LANGUAL:B1802 http://eol.org/pages/205784 Lutjanus analis Lutjanus analis (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828) Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828) lutjanus analis snapper, mutton mutton snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LJS ITIS:168856 LANGUAL:B1803 http://eol.org/pages/212586 Lutjanus guttatus Lutjanus guttatus (Steindachner, 1869) lutjanus guttatus snapper, spotted rose spotted rose snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LJC ITIS:168867 LANGUAL:B1804 http://eol.org/pages/207856 Lutjanus colorado Lutjanus colorado Jordan & Gilbert, 1882 Lutjanus colorado Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 lutjanus colorado snapper, colorado colorado snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MAL ITIS:168870 LANGUAL:B1805 http://eol.org/pages/204627 Lutjanus malabaricus Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Lutjanus malabaricus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) lutjanus malabaricus snapper, malabar red malabar snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LJG ITIS:168866 LANGUAL:B1806 http://eol.org/pages/214442 Lutjanus gibbus Lutjanus gibbus (Forsskål, 1775) lutjanus gibbus snapper, humpback humpback snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ESZ ITIS:167125 LANGUAL:B1807 http://eol.org/pages/994967 Erilepis zonifer Erilepis zonifer (Lockington, 1880) erilepis zonifer skilfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1808 http://eol.org/pages/5203 sparidae porgy family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1809 http://eol.org/pages/5268 percophidae flathead family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1810 http://eol.org/pages/5258 pomatomidae bluefish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1811 http://eol.org/pages/5138 hexagrammidae greenling family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1812 http://eol.org/pages/5317 haemulidae sweetlip grunt family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1813 http://eol.org/pages/5317 Haemulon Cuvier, 1829 haemulon spp. tomtate grunt as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:IAG ITIS:646585 LANGUAL:B1814 http://eol.org/pages/216364 Cilus gilberti Cilus gilberti (Abbott 1899) Cilus gilberti (Abbott, 1899) chilean grunt cilus gilberti corvina chilean croaker as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FDA RFE 2010:12 ITIS:169231 LANGUAL:B1815 http://eol.org/pages/344840 Chrysophrys auratus Chrysophrys auratus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) australia red seabream chrysophrys auratus porgy, red hawaiian red hawaiian porgy as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1816 http://eol.org/pages/5379 anarhichadidae wolffish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:906 FAO ASFIS:CAA FDA RFE 2010:2 ITIS:171341 LANGUAL:B1817 http://eol.org/pages/222376 Anarhichas lupus Anarhichas lupus Linnaeus, 1758 anarhichas lupus wolffish, atlantic atlantic wolffish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1818 http://eol.org/pages/5358 centrarchidae sunfish family as food source The black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829), is very similar to P. annularis in size, shape, and habits, except that it is darker, with a pattern of black spots. The black crappie has 7-8 spines on its dorsal fin. The number of spines on the dorsal fin, is occasionally the only way to differeniate between a juvenile black crappie and a white crappie. The black crappie tends to prefer clearer water than the white crappie does. Its native range is uncertain, since it has been so widely transplanted, but it is presumed to be similar to the white crappie's. The black crappie is also known as the strawberry bass or Oswego bass. ( WIKIPEDIA:White_crappie) http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:597 FAO ASFIS:PXG ITIS:168167 LANGUAL:B1819 http://eol.org/pages/225242 Pomoxis nigromaculatus Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829) Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur, 1829) crappie, black pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1820 http://eol.org/pages/5322 cutlassfish family gempylidae snake mackerel family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LEC FDA RFE 2010:27 ITIS:172362 LANGUAL:B1821 http://eol.org/pages/212279 Lepidocybium flavobrunneum Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith, 1843) lepidocybium flavobrunneum escolar as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1822 http://eol.org/pages/5144 cyclopteridae snailfish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1093 FAO ASFIS:LUM ITIS:167612 LANGUAL:B1823 http://eol.org/pages/1011820 Cyclopterus lumpus Cyclopterus lumpus Linnaeus, 1758 cyclopterus lumpus lumpsucker lumpfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1824 http://eol.org/pages/5355 centropomidae snook family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:555 FAO ASFIS:SNO ITIS:167648 LANGUAL:B1825 http://eol.org/pages/205157 Centropomus undecimalis Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) centropomus undecimalis common snook as food source Esox is a genus of freshwater fish, the only living genus in the family *Esocidae* the esocids which were endemic to North America, Europe and Eurasia during the Paleogene through present. WIKIPEDIA:Esocidae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1826 http://eol.org/pages/5509 esocidae pike family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1827 http://eol.org/pages/5200 stromateidae butterfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1829 http://eol.org/pages/5202 sphyraenidae barracuda family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1830 http://eol.org/pages/5381 ammodytidae sand lance family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1831 http://eol.org/pages/5344 cichlidae cichlid family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:OEA ITIS:553308 LANGUAL:B1832 http://eol.org/pages/2798107 Oreochromis aureus Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) oreochromis aureus tilapia aurea tilapia, blue blue tilapia as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:823 FAO ASFIS:TLM FDA RFE 2010:46 ITIS:170015 LANGUAL:B1833 http://eol.org/pages/356342 Oreochromis mossambicus Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852) oreochromis mossambicus tilapia mossambica tilapia, mozambique mozambique tilapia as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:824 FAO ASFIS:TLN FDA RFE 2010:47 ITIS:553310 LANGUAL:B1834 http://eol.org/pages/356343 Oreochromis niloticus Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Oreochromis niloticus Trewavas 1983 oreochromis niloticus tilapia nilotica tilapia, nile nile tilapia as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1835 http://eol.org/pages/5503 gadidae cod family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:452 FAO ASFIS:POS ITIS:164775 LANGUAL:B1836 http://eol.org/pages/338209 Micromesistius australis Micromesistius australis Norman, 1937 micromesistius australis whiting, southern blue southern blue whiting as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:453 FAO ASFIS:WHB ITIS:164774 LANGUAL:B1837 http://eol.org/pages/211404 Micromesistius poutassou Micromesistius poutassou (Risso, 1826) Micromesistius poutassou (Risso, 1827) micromesistius poutassou poutassou blue whiting as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:GRN ITIS:623193 LANGUAL:B1838 http://eol.org/pages/212898 Macruronus novaezelandiae Macruronus novaezelandiae (Hector 1871) Macruronus novaezelandiae (Hector, 1871) macruronus novaezelandiae hoki as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:470 FAO ASFIS:HKW FDA RFE 2010:92 ITIS:164732 LANGUAL:B1840 http://eol.org/pages/210308 Urophycis tenuis Urophycis tenuis (Mitchill, 1814) hake, white urophycis tenuis white hake as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:440 FAO ASFIS:PCO FDA RFE 2010:17 ITIS:164711 LANGUAL:B1841 http://eol.org/pages/206691 Gadus macrocephalus Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius, 1810 cod, pacific gadus macrocephalus pacific cod as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:441 FAO ASFIS:COD FDA RFE 2010:18 ITIS:164712 LANGUAL:B1842 http://eol.org/pages/206692 Gadus morhua Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758 cod, atlantic gadus morhua atlantic cod as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:464 FAO ASFIS:ALK FDA RFE 2010:88 ITIS:164722 LANGUAL:B1843 http://eol.org/pages/5503 Theragra chalcogramma Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas 1814) Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas, 1811) Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas, 1814) theragra chalcogramma walleye pollock alaska pollock as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1844 http://eol.org/pages/5410 ophidiidae cusk-eel family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:912 FAO ASFIS:OPT LANGUAL:B1845 http://eol.org/pages/5185 Macrozoarces americanus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) Macrozoarces americanus (Schneider, 1801) macrozoarces americanus ocean pout as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1846 http://eol.org/pages/5185 zoarcidae eelpout family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:162 FAO ASFIS:MHG ITIS:161734 LANGUAL:B1848 http://eol.org/pages/225829 Brevoortia patronus Brevoortia patronus Goode, 1878 brevoortia patronus menhaden, gulf gulf menhaden as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:164 FAO ASFIS:MHA ITIS:161732 LANGUAL:B1849 http://eol.org/pages/213696 Brevoortia tyrannus Brevoortia tyrannus (Latrobe, 1802) brevoortia tyrannus menhaden, atlantic atlantic menhaden as food source http://langual.org ITIS:161745 LANGUAL:B1850 http://eol.org/pages/219520 Etrumeus micropus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) etrumeus micropus herring, round pacific round herring as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:184 FAO ASFIS:THA ITIS:161748 LANGUAL:B1851 http://eol.org/pages/213022 Opisthonema oglinum Opisthonema oglinum (Lesueur 1818) Opisthonema oglinum (Lesueur, 1818) opisthonema oglinum thread herring, atlantic atlantic thread herring as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:152 FAO ASFIS:BBH ITIS:161703 LANGUAL:B1852 http://eol.org/pages/343491 Alosa aestivalis Alosa aestivalis (Mitchill, 1814) alosa aestivalis blueback shad herring, blueback pomolobus aestivalis blueback herring as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:187 FAO ASFIS:PIL ITIS:161813 LANGUAL:B1853 http://eol.org/pages/213922 Sardina pilchardus Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) european pilchard european sardine sardina pilchardus sardine european sardine as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1854 http://eol.org/pages/3191 engraulidae anchovy food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:217 FAO ASFIS:NPA ITIS:161828 LANGUAL:B1855 http://eol.org/pages/207207 Engraulis mordax Engraulis mordax Girard, 1854 Engraulis mordax Girard, 1856 anchovy, northern californian anchoveta engraulis mordax north pacific anchovy northern anchovy as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1856 http://eol.org/pages/5173 pleuronectidae righteye flounder family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CUB ITIS:165003 LANGUAL:B1857 http://eol.org/pages/1004130 Genypterus maculatus Genypterus maculatus (Tschudi 1846) Genypterus maculatus (Tschudi, 1846) black cusk-eel genypterus maculatus kingklip, black black kingklip as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:916 FAO ASFIS:CUS ITIS:165000 LANGUAL:B1858 http://eol.org/pages/218108 Genypterus blacodes (Forster 1801) Genypterus blacodes (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Genypterus blacodes (Schneider, 1801) genypterus blacodes kingklip, golden golden kingklip as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:918 FAO ASFIS:CUC ITIS:165002 LANGUAL:B1859 http://eol.org/pages/1004129 Genypterus chilensis Genypterus chilensis (Guichenot 1848) Genypterus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848) genypterus chilensis kingklip, red red cusk-eel red kingklip as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:EOR ITIS:172911 LANGUAL:B1860 http://eol.org/pages/222399 Limanda proboInOwlscidea Limanda proboInOwlscidea Gilbert 1896 Limanda proboInOwlscidea Gilbert, 1896 dab, longhead limanda proboInOwlscidea longhead dab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1131 FAO ASFIS:PLE ITIS:172902 LANGUAL:B1861 http://eol.org/pages/208483 Pleuronectes platessa Pleuronectes platessa Linnaeus, 1758 plaice, european pleuronectes platessa european plaice as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1118 FAO ASFIS:PLA ITIS:172877 LANGUAL:B1862 http://eol.org/pages/211041 Hippoglossoides platessoides Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius, 1780) hippoglossoides platessoides plaice, american american plaice as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1113 FAO ASFIS:EOJ FDA RFE 2010:15 ITIS:172868 LANGUAL:B1863 http://eol.org/pages/211922 Eopsetta jordani Eopsetta jordani (Lockington, 1879) eopsetta jordani sole, petrale petrale sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1115 FAO ASFIS:GLZ FDA RFE 2010:20 ITIS:172978 LANGUAL:B1864 http://eol.org/pages/214299 Glyptocephalus zachirus Glyptocephalus zachirus Lockington, 1879 glyptocephalus zachirus rex sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LYW ITIS:172871 LANGUAL:B1865 http://eol.org/pages/995149 Lyopsetta exilis Lyopsetta exilis (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Lyopsetta exilis (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880) lyopsetta exilis sole, slender slender sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1111 FAO ASFIS:ARF FDA RFE 2010:55 ITIS:616029 LANGUAL:B1866 http://eol.org/pages/203944 Atheresthes stomias (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Atheresthes stomias (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880) Reinhardtius stomias Reinhardtius stomias (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880) atheresthes stomias arrowtooth flounder as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1114 FAO ASFIS:WIT FDA RFE 2010:19 ITIS:172873 LANGUAL:B1867 http://eol.org/pages/216879 Glyptocephalus cynoglossus Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758) glyptocephalus cynoglossus sole, gray witch flounder gray sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1121 FAO ASFIS:ROS ITIS:172917 LANGUAL:B1868 http://eol.org/pages/225787 Lepidopsetta bilineata Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres 1855) Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres, 1855) lepidopsetta bilineata sole, rock rock sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ISI ITIS:172919 LANGUAL:B1869 http://eol.org/pages/995111 Isopsetta isolepis Isopsetta isolepis (Lockington, 1880) isopsetta isolepis pleuronectes isolepis sole, butter butter sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:YSE ITIS:172928 LANGUAL:B1870 http://eol.org/pages/210792 Psettichthys melanostictus Psettichthys melanostictus Girard, 1854 fringe sole psettichthys melanostictus sole, sand sand sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1117 FAO ASFIS:FTS ITIS:172875 LANGUAL:B1871 http://eol.org/pages/206714 Hippoglossoides elassodon Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 Hippoglossoides elassodon Jordan and Gilbert, 1880 hippoglossoides elassodon sole, flathead flathead sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1123 FAO ASFIS:YEL FDA RFE 2010:28 ITIS:172909 LANGUAL:B1872 http://eol.org/pages/205418 Limanda ferruginea Limanda ferruginea (Storer, 1839) flounder, yellowtail limanda ferruginea yellowtail flounder as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1100 FAO ASFIS:HAI ITIS:172706 LANGUAL:B1873 http://eol.org/pages/204502 Psettodes erumei Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Psettodes erumei (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) flounder, indian ocean indian halibut psettodes erumei indian ocean flounder as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1130 FAO ASFIS:PWQ FDA RFE 2010:51 ITIS:172893 LANGUAL:B1874 http://eol.org/pages/214641 Platichthys stellatus Platichthys stellatus (Pallas, 1787) Platichthys stellatus (Pallas, 1788) flounder, starry platichthys stellatus starry flounder as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1110 FAO ASFIS:KAF ITIS:616027 LANGUAL:B1875 http://eol.org/pages/340189 Atheresthes evermanni Jordan & Starks 1904 Atheresthes evermanni Jordan and Starks, 1904 Reinhardtius evermanni Reinhardtius evermanni (Jordan and Starks, 1904) atheresthes evermanni flounder, kamchatka kamchatka flounder as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1120 FAO ASFIS:HAP ITIS:172932 LANGUAL:B1876 http://eol.org/pages/206715 Hippoglossus stenolepis Hippoglossus stenolepis Schmidt, 1904 halibut, pacific hippoglossus stenolepis pacific halibut as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1119 FAO ASFIS:HAL ITIS:172933 LANGUAL:B1877 http://eol.org/pages/206587 Hippoglossus hippoglossus Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Linnaeus, 1758) halibut, atlantic hippoglossus hippoglossus atlantic halibut as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1151 FAO ASFIS:SOL ITIS:173001 LANGUAL:B1878 http://eol.org/pages/5169 Solea solea (Linnaeus, 1758) Solea vulgaris Solea vulgaris Quensel, 1806 sole, european solea vulgaris european dover sole as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1879 http://eol.org/pages/5174 bothidae paralichthyidae lefteye flounder family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:XYL ITIS:172800 LANGUAL:B1880 http://eol.org/pages/210868 Xystreurys liolepis Xystreurys liolepis Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 Xystreurys liolepis Jordan and Gilbert, 1880 sole, fantail xystreurys liolepis fantail sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:YSH ITIS:172738 LANGUAL:B1881 http://eol.org/pages/206758 Paralichthys lethostigma Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan & Gilbert, 1884 Paralichthys lethostigma Jordan and Gilbert, 1884 flounder, southern paralichthys lethostigma southern flounder as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:YSF ITIS:172743 LANGUAL:B1882 http://eol.org/pages/217375 Paralichthys californicus Paralichthys californicus (Ayres, 1859) halibut, california paralichthys californicus california halibut as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1105 FAO ASFIS:FLS ITIS:172735 LANGUAL:B1883 http://eol.org/pages/204043 Paralichthys dentatus Paralichthys dentatus (Linnaeus, 1766) flounder, summer paralichthys dentatus summer flounder as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1884 http://eol.org/pages/8277 atherinidae silverside family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ODR ITIS:630683 LANGUAL:B1885 http://eol.org/pages/205948 Odontesthes regia Odontesthes regia (Humboldt in Humboldt and Valenciennes, 1821) Odontesthes regia (Humboldt, 1821) argentine silverside chilean silverside odontesthes regia silverside, south american south american silverside as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1886 http://eol.org/pages/8245 exocoetidae flyingfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1887 http://eol.org/pages/8246 belonidae needlefish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1888 http://eol.org/pages/8243 scomberesocidae saury family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:416 FAO ASFIS:SAU ITIS:165612 ITIS:645285 LANGUAL:B1889 http://eol.org/pages/993264 Scomberesox saurus Scomberesox saurus (Walbaum, 1792) Scomberesox saurus saurus (Walbaum, 1792) Scomberesox saurus scombroides Richardson, 1843 saury, atlantic scomberesox saurus skipper (atlantic saury) atlantic saury as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:414 FAO ASFIS:SAP ITIS:165609 LANGUAL:B1890 http://eol.org/pages/215392 Cololabis saira Cololabis saira (Brevoort, 1856) cololabis saira mackerel pike saury, pacific skipper (pacific saury) pacific saury as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1891 http://eol.org/pages/1908 zeidae dory family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1892 http://eol.org/pages/3196 catostomidae sucker family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1893 http://eol.org/pages/5468 lepisosteidae gar family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1894 http://eol.org/pages/5467 gars lepisosteiformes semionotiformes fish, semionotiformes as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1895 http://eol.org/pages/1906 john dory zeiformes fish, zeiform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1896 http://eol.org/pages/8301 polyodontidae paddlefish family as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:STU LANGUAL:B1897 http://eol.org/pages/8302 Acipenseridae acipenseridae sturgeon family as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8689 GRIN:10698 ITIS:524859 LANGUAL:B1898 MANSFELD:7666 PLANTS:CIAUB http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus aurantium ssp. bergamia (Risso & Poit.) Wight & Arn. ex Engler Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit. Citrus ×aurantium L. ssp. bergamia (Risso & Poit.) Wight & Arn. ex Engl. citrus aurantium bergamia citrus bergamia citrus ×aurantium bergamot orange plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:380 FAO ASFIS:ITP FDA RFE 2010:23 ITIS:163998 LANGUAL:B1899 http://eol.org/pages/204762 Ictalurus punctatus Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818) catfish, channel ictalurus punctatus channel catfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ITF FDA RFE 2010:22 ITIS:163997 LANGUAL:B1900 http://eol.org/pages/995103 Ictalurus furcatus Ictalurus furcatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840) Ictalurus furcatus (Valenciennes, 1840) catfish, blue ictalurus furcatus blue catfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1901 http://eol.org/pages/5106 clariidae labyrinth catfish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:266 FAO ASFIS:CAP ITIS:162035 LANGUAL:B1903 http://eol.org/pages/205084 Mallotus villosus Mallotus villosus (Müller, 1776) mallotus villosus capelin as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1904 http://eol.org/pages/5399 osmeridae smelt family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1905 http://eol.org/pages/5399 Osmerus mordax mordax (Mitchill, 1814) osmerus mordax mordax rainbow smelt smelt, rainbow LanguaL curation note: See remarks on *RAINBOW SMELT [B1905]*. atlantic rainbow smelt as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:358 FAO ASFIS:FTE ITIS:163348 LANGUAL:B1906 http://eol.org/pages/210300 Tinca tinca Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) tinca tinca tench as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:230 FAO ASFIS:WHL ITIS:161941 LANGUAL:B1907 http://eol.org/pages/211716 Coregonus clupeaformis Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill, 1818) coregonus clupeaformis coregonus makwi whitefish, lake lake whitefish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1908 http://eol.org/pages/3198 Notropis Rafinesque, 1818 notropis spp. shiner as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:226 FAO ASFIS:MIL FDA RFE 2010:11 ITIS:162838 LANGUAL:B1909 http://eol.org/pages/224731 Chanos chanos Chanos chanos (Forskal, 1775) Chanos chanos (Forsskål, 1775) chanos chanos milkfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:850 FAO ASFIS:TAK ITIS:170262 LANGUAL:B1910 http://eol.org/pages/205589 Nemadactylus macropterus Nemadactylus macropterus (Block and Schneider, 1801) Nemadactylus macropterus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Nemadactylus macropterus (Forster, 1801) jackass morwong morwong, jackass nemadactylus macropterus tarakihi as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1911 http://eol.org/pages/8888 squaliformes fish, squaliform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1912 http://eol.org/pages/8895 dogfish sharks spiny dogfishes squalidae dogfish shark family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:64 FAO ASFIS:DGS ITIS:160617 LANGUAL:B1913 http://eol.org/pages/206805 Squalus acanthias Squalus acanthias Linnaeus, 1758 dogfish, spiny greyfish piked dogfish spiny dogfish squalus acanthias dogfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1914 http://eol.org/pages/8897 squatinidae angel shark family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1915 lamnidae porbeagles mackerel shark family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1916 http://eol.org/pages/1901 carcharhinidae requiem shark family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:673 FAO ASFIS:DOL FDA RFE 2010:13 ITIS:168791 LANGUAL:B1917 http://eol.org/pages/356300 Coryphaena hippurus Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758 coryphaena hippurus dorado mahi mahi dolphinfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1918 http://eol.org/pages/5341 coryphaenidae dolphinfish family as food source http://langual.org GRIN:41645 ITIS:524854 LANGUAL:B1919 MANSFELD:27314 PLANTS:VIUNC2 Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. cylindrica (L.) Verdc. Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica (L.) Verdc. Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica (L.) Verdc. Vigna unguiculata unguiculata Biflora Group bombay cowpea catjang catjang cowpea catjung dolichos unguiculata vigna cylindrica vigna unguiculata catjang bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1920 mat bean phaseolus aconitifolius moth bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1921 http://eol.org/pages/3198 barbs cyprinidae minnow family carp or minnow family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1922 http://eol.org/pages/24043 minnow phoxinus spp. redbelly dace as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1923 http://eol.org/pages/5292 branchiostegidae malacanthidae tilefish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1924 http://eol.org/pages/5406 argentinidae herring smelts argentine family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:354 FAO ASFIS:FRO ITIS:163761 LANGUAL:B1925 http://eol.org/pages/205274 Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758) rutilus rutilus roach (fish) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:971 FAO ASFIS:MAA ITIS:172415 LANGUAL:B1926 http://eol.org/pages/206783 Scomber australasicus Scomber australasicus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832 Scomber australasicus Cuvier, 1831 Scomber australasicus Cuvier, 1832 scomber antarcticus scomber australasicus scomber tapeinocephalus spotted chub mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:642905 LANGUAL:B1927 http://eol.org/pages/1156477 Pampus cinereus Pampus cinereus (Bloch, 1795) pampus cinereus stromateus cinereus white pomfret as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:FLA ITIS:630413 LANGUAL:B1928 http://eol.org/pages/203802 Percophis brasiliensis Percophis brasiliensis Quoy & Gaimard 1825 Percophis brasiliensis Quoy and Gaimard, 1825 percophis brasiliensis brazilian duckbill as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:671 FAO ASFIS:POA ITIS:170290 LANGUAL:B1929 http://eol.org/pages/203869 Brama brama Brama brama (Bonnaterre, 1788) black sea bream brama brama brama raji bream, black sea pomfret, atlantic ray's bream atlantic pomfret as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:952 FAO ASFIS:BLT ITIS:172455 ITIS:613017 LANGUAL:B1930 http://eol.org/pages/208081 Auxis rochei Auxis rochei (Risso, 1810) Auxis rochei eudorax Collette and Aadland, 1996 Auxis rochei rochei (Risso, 1810) auxis bisus auxis rochei scomber rochei bullet tuna as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LUB ITIS:168894 LANGUAL:B1931 http://eol.org/pages/217110 Lutjanus sebae Lutjanus sebae (Cuvier, 1816) lutjanus sebae emperor snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MED ITIS:169280 LANGUAL:B1933 http://eol.org/pages/995161 Menticirrhus undulatus Menticirrhus undulatus (Girard 1854) Menticirrhus undulatus (Girard, 1854) menticirrhus undulatus california corbina as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1934 http://eol.org/pages/5343 cirrhitidae hawkfish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:558 FAO ASFIS:NIP ITIS:167670 LANGUAL:B1935 http://eol.org/pages/204767 Lates niloticus Lates niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) lake victoria perch lates niloticus nile perch as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:853 FAO ASFIS:BMO ITIS:170268 LANGUAL:B1936 http://eol.org/pages/1012817 Latridopsis ciliaris Latridopsis ciliaris (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Latridopsis ciliaris (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Latridopsis ciliaris (Forster, 1801) latridopsis ciliaris moki bastard trumpeter as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1938 http://eol.org/pages/5366 bramidae castagnole pomfret family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PAO ITIS:641991 LANGUAL:B1939 http://eol.org/pages/205256 Parona signata Parona signata (Jenyns 1841) Parona signata (Jenyns, 1841) parona signata argentine queenfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1940 http://eol.org/pages/5375 arripidae australian salmon family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RUF ITIS:168826 LANGUAL:B1941 http://eol.org/pages/203864 Arripis georgianus Arripis georgianus (Valenciennes 1831) Arripis georgianus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831) arripis georgianus australian ruff as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1942 http://eol.org/pages/8235 trachichthyidae slimehead family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CRR ITIS:620992 LANGUAL:B1943 http://eol.org/pages/1037674 Chaceon quinquedens Chaceon quinquedens (S. I. Smith, 1879) Chaceon quinquedens (Smith 1879) chaceon quinquedens geryon quinquedens red deepsea crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1279 FAO ASFIS:STC ITIS:98811 LANGUAL:B1944 http://eol.org/pages/1021778 Menippe mercenaria Menippe mercenaria (Say, 1818) black stone crab menippe menippe mercenaria stone crab florida stone crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1343 FAO ASFIS:SCC ITIS:79734 LANGUAL:B1945 http://eol.org/pages/448753 Argopecten gibbus Argopecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) aequipecten gibbus argopecten gibbus calico scallop pecten gibbus atlantic calico scallop as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1350 FAO ASFIS:SCZ LANGUAL:B1946 http://eol.org/pages/2249 Pecten novaezelandiae Pecten novaezelandiae Reeve 1852 Pecten novaezelandiae Reeve, 1852 pecten novaezelandiae new zealand commercial scallop as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1345 FAO ASFIS:ISC ITIS:79619 LANGUAL:B1947 http://eol.org/pages/449763 Chlamys islandica Chlamys islandica (Muller, 1776) Chlamys islandica (Müller, 1776) chlamys islandica iceland scallop as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:NUV ITIS:552982 LANGUAL:B1948 http://eol.org/pages/344165 Panulirus versicolor Panulirus versicolor (Latreille, 1804) painted crayfish panulirus versicolor painted spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1303 FAO ASFIS:LBA ITIS:97314 LANGUAL:B1949 http://eol.org/pages/318853 Homarus americanus Homarus americanus H. Milne Edwards, 1837 Homarus americanus Milne Edwards, 1837 homarus americanus northern lobster american lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1304 FAO ASFIS:LBE ITIS:97315 LANGUAL:B1950 http://eol.org/pages/1039672 Homarus gammarus Homarus gammarus (Linnaeus, 1758) astacus europaeus astacus marinus cancer gammarus homarus gammarus homarus marinus homarus vulgaris european lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1334 FAO ASFIS:OYA ITIS:79872 LANGUAL:B1951 http://eol.org/pages/449554 Crassostrea virginica Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) american cupped oyster american oyster blue point oyster crassostrea virginica eastern oyster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KOL LANGUAL:B1952 http://eol.org/pages/2248 Crassostrea glomerata Saccostrea glomerata (Gould, 1850) auckland oyster crassostrea glomerata saccostrea glomerata new zealand rock oyster as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1190 FAO ASFIS:KRI ITIS:95514 LANGUAL:B1954 http://eol.org/pages/509426 Euphausia superba Dana, 1852 euphausia spp. euphausia superba krill, antarctic antarctic krill as food source WIKIPEDIA:Concholepas_concholepas http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SNE LANGUAL:B1955 http://eol.org/pages/2567539 Concholepas concholepas Concholepas concholepas (Bruguiere 1789) concholepas concholepas false abalone liparis spp. locos sea snail as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1306 FAO ASFIS:NEP ITIS:97317 LANGUAL:B1956 http://eol.org/pages/128512 Nephrops norvegicus Nephrops norvegicus (Linnaeus, 1758) nephrops norvegicus scampi norway lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PNB ITIS:551571 LANGUAL:B1957 http://eol.org/pages/1021950 Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis (Latreille, 1817) Penaeus brasiliensis Latreille, 1817 farfantepenaeus brasiliensis penaeus brasiliensis pinkspotted shrimp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1338 FAO ASFIS:OFO ITIS:79883 LANGUAL:B1958 http://eol.org/pages/449515 Ostrea lurida Ostrea lurida Carpenter Ostrea lurida Carpenter, 1864 ostrea lurida western oyster yaquina oyster olympia flat oyster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1376 FAO ASFIS:CLB ITIS:80944 LANGUAL:B1959 http://eol.org/pages/448794 Spisula solidissima Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817) bar clam sea clam spisula solidissima surf clam atlantic surfclam as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1276 FAO ASFIS:CRE ITIS:98681 LANGUAL:B1960 http://eol.org/pages/1022230 Cancer pagurus Cancer pagurus Linnaeus, 1758 cancer pagurus edible crab edible rock crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:HBZ ITIS:98665 LANGUAL:B1961 http://eol.org/pages/128603 Erimacrus isenbeckii Erimacrus isenbeckii (Brandt, 1848) erimacrus isenbeckii hair crab kegani crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MUZ LANGUAL:B1963 http://eol.org/pages/2235 Perna canaliculus Perna canaliculus (Gmelin 1791) green-lipped mussel perna canaliculus new zealand green mussel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:AKK ITIS:80930 LANGUAL:B1964 http://eol.org/pages/2278 Acanthocardia aculeata Acanthocardia aculeata (Linnaeus, 1758) acanthocardia aculeata cardium aculeata cardium echinatum spiny cockle as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:190 FAO ASFIS:IOS ITIS:551453 LANGUAL:B1966 http://eol.org/pages/1000282 Sardinella longiceps Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847 Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes, 1847 sardinella longiceps tamban oil sardine as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1968 http://eol.org/pages/1858 rajiformes fish, rajiform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1969 http://eol.org/pages/5091 pimelodidae long whiskered catfish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1224 FAO ASFIS:PRA ITIS:96967 LANGUAL:B1970 http://eol.org/pages/318602 Pandalus borealis Pandalus borealis Kroyer, 1838 Pandalus borealis Krøyer, 1838 cold-water prawn coldwater prawn deepwater prawn pandalus borealis northern shrimp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1134 FAO ASFIS:FLW FDA RFE 2010:54 ITIS:172905 LANGUAL:B1971 http://eol.org/pages/220101 Pseudopleuronectes americanus Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum, 1792) Pseudopleuronectes americanus Walbaum, 1792 pleuronectes americanus pseudopleuronectes americanus blackback flounder as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:130 FAO ASFIS:AAM ITIS:161067 LANGUAL:B1972 http://eol.org/pages/206886 Acipenser medirostris Acipenser medirostris Ayres, 1854 acipenser medirostris green sturgeon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:136 FAO ASFIS:APN ITIS:161068 LANGUAL:B1973 http://eol.org/pages/223783 Acipenser transmontanus Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836 acipenser transmontanus white sturgeon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:195 FAO ASFIS:JAP ITIS:551222 LANGUAL:B1974 http://eol.org/pages/2776999 Sardinops melanostictus Sardinops melanostictus (Schlegel, 1846) Sardinops melanostictus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Sardinops melanostictus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) sardinops melanostictus sardinops sagax melanosticta japanese pilchard as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MJC ITIS:172890 LANGUAL:B1975 http://eol.org/pages/205412 Microstomus achne Microstomus achne (Jordan & Starks 1904) Microstomus achne (Jordan and Starks, 1904) microstomus achne slime flounder as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1976 http://eol.org/pages/8885 rajidae skate family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1977 fish, tetraodontiform as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:22 FAO ASFIS:POR ITIS:159911 LANGUAL:B1978 http://eol.org/pages/205461 Lamna nasus Lamna nasus (Bonnaterre, 1788) lamna cornubica lamna nasus porbeagle as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1331 FAO ASFIS:OYG ITIS:79868 LANGUAL:B1979 http://eol.org/pages/451579 Crassostrea gigas Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) crassostrea angulata crassostrea gigas pacific cupped oyster pacific oyster portuguese cupped oyster portuguese oyster pacific giant oyster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:183 FAO ASFIS:THP ITIS:161750 LANGUAL:B1980 http://eol.org/pages/222131 Opisthonema libertate Opisthonema libertate (Günther 1867) Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) opisthonema libertate opisthonema oblieri deepbody thread herring as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LWQ ITIS:550941 LANGUAL:B1981 http://eol.org/pages/344908 Lutjanus quinquelineatus Lutjanus quinquelineatus (Bloch, 1790) Lutjanus quinquelineatus Bloch, 1970 lutjanus quinquelineatus five-lined snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LJL ITIS:168888 LANGUAL:B1982 http://eol.org/pages/596447 Lutjanus lutjanus Lutjanus lutjanus Bloch, 1790 lutjanus lutjanus gold-striped snapper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1983 http://eol.org/pages/8234 beryciformes fish, beryciform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1984 sardinops ocellatus south african pilchard as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1986 http://eol.org/pages/7161 clawed lobsters nephropidae clawed lobster family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1988 http://eol.org/pages/5299 latridae latrididae trumpeter family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:578 FAO ASFIS:WHA ITIS:167915 LANGUAL:B1989 http://eol.org/pages/205262 Polyprion oxygeneios Polyprion oxygeneios (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Polyprion oxygeneios (Schneider & Forster, 1801) Polyprion oxygeneios (Schneider and Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) polyprion oxygeneios groper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1990 http://eol.org/pages/5056 tetraodontidae pufferfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1993 http://eol.org/pages/8916 protopteridae african lungfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1994 http://eol.org/pages/8914 lepidosireniformes fish, lepidosireniform as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MOU ITIS:169467 LANGUAL:B1995 http://eol.org/pages/206099 Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758) monodactylus argenteus silver moonfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1996 http://eol.org/pages/5289 fingerfish family monodactylidae moonfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1997 http://eol.org/pages/7208 scyllaridae slipper lobsters slipper lobster family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1998 decapoda decapod as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B1999 phaseolus vulgaris pink bean small white bean yellow bean common bean plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CDJ ITIS:172864 LANGUAL:B2000 http://eol.org/pages/212956 Clidoderma asperrimum Clidoderma asperrimum (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Clidoderma asperrimum (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) clidoderma asperrimum roughscale flounder as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13867 GRIN:41879 ITIS:28608 LANGUAL:B2001 PLANTS:VILA8 http://eol.org/pages/582348 Vitis labrusca L. fox grape vitis labrusca vitis labruscana grape, fox (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2002 agave americana agave atrovirens american aloe maguey century plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SAA ITIS:161763 LANGUAL:B2003 http://eol.org/pages/1000279 Sardinella aurita Sardinella aurita Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847 Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847 sardine, spanish sardinella anchovia sardinella aurita spanish sardine as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2004 Percidae percidae true perch perch family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2005 http://eol.org/pages/5211 sciaenidae drum family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2006 http://eol.org/pages/5154 anoplopomatidae sablefish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2007 ictalurus spp. bullhead catfish as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13992 GRIN:42282 ITIS:28598 LANGUAL:B2008 PLANTS:ZIZI http://eol.org/pages/4381 Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Ziziphus zizyphus (L.) Karst. chinese date chinese jujube common jujube jujube nut red date rhamnus ziziphus ziziphus jujuba ziziphus lotus ziziphus vulgaris ziziphus ziziphus zizyphus sativa chinese red date plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:27563 LANGUAL:B2009 MANSFELD:27510 NETTOX: Phaseolus coccineus L. phaseolus coccineus phaseolus multifloris scarlet runner bean plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:8319 LANGUAL:B2010 MANSFELD:27597 NETTOX: Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth cajanus cajan catjang pea gandules red gram pigeon pea plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2011 crambe maritima sea kale plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13739 GRIN:41040 ITIS:23605 LANGUAL:B2013 MANSFELD:18352 PLANTS:VAMY2 http://eol.org/pages/583633 Vaccinium myrtillus L. vaccinium myrtillus whinberry whortleberry bilberry plant Mespilus germanica, known as the medlar or common medlar, is a large shrub or small tree, and the name of the fruit of this tree. http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11174 GRIN:24182 ITIS:506235 LANGUAL:B2014 MANSFELD:9033 PLANTS:MEGE4 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Mespilus germanica L. mespilus germanica medlar plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:102411 ITIS:504374 LANGUAL:B2015 http://eol.org/pages/486222 Physalis philadelphica Lam. jamberry mexican groundcherry mexican husk tomato physalis ixocarpa physalis philadelphica tomatillo mexican ground cherry plant as food source *Solanum betaceum* (syn. *Cyphomandra betacea*) is a small tree or shrub in the flowering plant family Solanaceae "the nightshade plant". It is best known as the species that bears the tamarillo, an egg-shaped edible fruit. Other names include tree tomato, tomate de árbol, and dutch eggplant in Indonesia. WIKIPEDIA:Cyphomandra_betacea http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9134 GRIN:100825 ITIS:505817 LANGUAL:B2016 PLANTS:CYBE3 http://eol.org/pages/4437 Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn. Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtner Solanum betaceum Cav. cyphomandra betacea solanum betaceum tamarillo tree tomato plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2017 buckhorn (osmunda) fiddlehead fern osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8696 GRIN:10744 ITIS:501574 LANGUAL:B2018 MANSFELD:7643 PLANTS:CIMA5 http://eol.org/pages/488254 Citrus maxima (Burm. f.) Merr. Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. citrus decumana citrus grandis citrus maxima pomelo shaddock pummelo plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11476 GRIN:25840 LANGUAL:B2019 MANSFELD:23079 PLANTS:OPFI http://eol.org/pages/4228 Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. mission prickly-pear opuntia ficus-indica opuntia occidentalis prickly pear smooth mountain prickly-pear smooth prickly-pear spineless cactus tuberous prickly-pear indian fig plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13408 GRIN:50070 ITIS:505420 LANGUAL:B2020 MANSFELD:12364 PLANTS:SYJA http://eol.org/pages/2508661 Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston eugenia jambos jaman jambos jamrosade jamrose malabar plum pomarosa syzygium jambos roseapple plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13737 GRIN:41002 ITIS:23573 LANGUAL:B2026 MANSFELD:1753 PLANTS:VACO http://eol.org/pages/484405 Vaccinium corymbosum L. american blueberry swamp blueberry vaccinium corymbosum highbush blueberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8598 GRIN:10194 ITIS:506567 LANGUAL:B2027 MANSFELD:410 PLANTS:CHQU http://eol.org/pages/489447 Chenopodium quinoa Willd. chenopodium quinoa quinoa plant as food source Banana passionfruit is the fruit of several plants in the genus Passiflora, and are therefore related to the passion fruit. They look somewhat like a straight, small banana with rounded ends. It was given this name in New Zealand, where passionfruit are also prevalent. In Hawaii, it is called banana poka. In its Latin American homeland, it is known as curuba, curuba de Castilla, or curuba sabanera blanca (Colombia); taxo, tacso, tagso, tauso (Ecuador); parcha (Venezuela), tumbo or curuba (Bolivia); tacso, tumbo, tumbo del norte, trompos, or tintin (Peru). WIKIPEDIA:Banana_passionfruit http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2028 curuba passiflora spp. banana passionfruit plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12665 GRIN:32286 ITIS:24850 LANGUAL:B2029 MANSFELD:8377 PLANTS:RUCH http://eol.org/pages/623525 Rubus chamaemorus L. baked apple berry malka rubus chamaemorus salmonberry yellowberry cloudberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:36056 ITIS:505958 LANGUAL:B2030 PLANTS:SYDU http://eol.org/pages/1149984 Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach. & Thonn.) Daniell Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumach.) Daniell Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumacher & Thonn.) Daniell synsepalum dulcificum miracle fruit as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2031 marrow, vegetable vegetable marrow plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8641 GRIN:10405 ITIS:23811 LANGUAL:B2036 PLANTS:CHCA10 http://eol.org/pages/1148152 Chrysophyllum cainito L. caimito chrysophyllum cainito star apple plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9931 GRIN:71011 ITIS:21484 LANGUAL:B2037 MANSFELD:16944 PLANTS:GAMA10 http://eol.org/pages/584879 Garcinia mangostana L. garcinia mangostana mangosteen plant as food source The Zante currant (in the United States), or currant (in other English-speaking countries) are dried berries of small, sweet, seedless grape variety Black Corinth (Vitis vinifera). Unprocessed currants must be obtained from grapes of the varieties (cultivars) Vitis vinifera L. Black Corinth.[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:192:0021:0032:EN:PDF] WIKIPEDIA:Black_Corinth http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13868 GRIN:41905 ITIS:28629 LANGUAL:B2038 MANSFELD:3182 PLANTS:VIVI5 http://eol.org/pages/582304 Vitis vinifera L. black corinth grape currant grape, corinth (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2040 juniperus communis juniper plant as food source http://langual.org Cucurbitaceae GRIN:314922 LANGUAL:B2041 PLANTS:CILAC http://eol.org/pages/4458 Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai var. citroides (L.H. Bailey) Mansf. Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (Bailey) Mansf. Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (L. H. Bailey) Mansf. citrullus lanatus var. citroides citrullus vulgaris var. citroides preserving melon stock melon citron melon plant citron melon plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12567 LANGUAL:B2042 http://eol.org/pages/4458 Cucumis melo var. chito (C. Morren) Naudin garden lemon melon apple orange melon vegetable orange vine peach mango melon plant as food source White fonio (D. exilis) is the most important of a diverse group of wild and domesticated Digitaria species that are harvested in the savannas of west Africa. Fonio is the smallest of all species of millet. It is one of the primary cereals of southern Sudan and Ethiopia in Africa. [] http://langual.org GRIN:14016 ITIS:40628 LANGUAL:B2043 MANSFELD:35320 PLANTS:DIEX4 http://eol.org/pages/1114313 Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf digitaria exilis hungry rice white fonio fonio plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12304 GRIN:30151 ITIS:24806 LANGUAL:B2044 PLANTS:PRVI http://eol.org/pages/630083 Prunus virginiana L. prunus virginiana chokecherry plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11102 GRIN:23475 ITIS:38079 LANGUAL:B2045 PLANTS:MARE6 http://eol.org/pages/4206 Matricaria chamomilla L. Matricaria recutita L. common chamomile german chamomile hungarian chamomile matricaria chamomilla matricaria recutita scented chamomile scented mayweed chamomile plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2046 cataria nepeta cataria catnip plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2047 larrea mexicana larrea tridentata chaparral plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:17820 LANGUAL:B2048 MANSFELD:29969 NETTOX: Glycyrrhiza glabra L. glycyrrhiza glabra licorice plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2049 ephedra nevadensis gray ephedra mormon tea nevada ephedra nevada jointfir plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2050 grapple plant harpagophytum procumbens devil's claw plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2051 tilia spp. linden plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2052 european mistletoe viscum album mistletoe plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2053 erythroxylum coca coca plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2054 altamisa chrysanthemum parthenium feverfew plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2055 agrimonia eupatoria agrimony cocklebur plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2056 cassia spp. senna spp. senna plant as food source Rooibos, "red bush"; scientific name *Aspalathus linearis* is a broom-like member of the legume family of plants growing in South Africa's fynbos. The generic name comes from the plant Calicotome villosa, aspalathos in Greek. This plant has very similar growth and flowers to the redbush. The specific name linearis comes from the plant's linear growing structure and needle-like leaves. The plant is used to make a herbal tea called rooibos tea, bush tea (esp. Southern Africa), redbush tea (esp. UK), South African red tea, or red tea. The product has been popular in Southern Africa for generations and is now consumed in many countries. It is sometimes spelled rooibosch in accordance with the old Dutch etymology. WIKIPEDIA:Aspalathus_linearis http://langual.org GRIN:310979 ITIS:506239 LANGUAL:B2057 PLANTS:ASLI14 http://eol.org/pages/702617 Aspalathus linearis (Burm. f.) R. Dahlgren Aspalathus linearis (Burman f.) R. Dahlgren aspalathus linearis rooibos plant as food source Epazote, wormseed, Jesuit's tea, Mexican tea, Paico or Herba Sancti Mariæ (Dysphania ambrosioides, formerly Chenopodium ambrosioides) is an herb native to Central America, South America, and southern Mexico. WIKIPEDIA:Chenopodium_ambrosioides http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8594 GRIN:446530 ITIS:20590 LANGUAL:B2058 PLANTS:CHAM Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants chenopodium ambrosioides dysphania ambrosoides epazote wormseed mexican tea plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:19756 LANGUAL:B2059 MANSFELD:26742 NETTOX: Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil. ilex paraguariensis paraguay tea yerba mate mate plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2060 piper methysticum kava plant as food source *Aframomum melegueta* is a species in the ginger family, *Zingiberaceae*. This spice, commonly known as grains of paradise, melegueta pepper, alligator pepper, Guinea grains or Guinea pepper, is obtained from the ground seeds; it gives a pungent, peppery flavour. WIKIPEDIA:Aframomum_melegueta http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7215 GRIN:101012 ITIS:506501 LANGUAL:B2061 MANSFELD:3309 PLANTS:AFME http://eol.org/pages/1127012 Aframomum melegueta K. Schum. Aframomum melegueta K.Schum. Aframomum melegueta Schum. Aframomum melegueta Schumann aframomum melegueta alligator pepper amomum granum-paradisii amomum melegueta grains of paradise guinea grains guinea pepper grains-of-paradise plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:101253 ITIS:30475 LANGUAL:B2062 PLANTS:SOQU http://eol.org/pages/581206 Solanum quitoense Lam. lulo quito orange solanum quitoense naranjilla plant as food source Guarana (Paullinia cupana, syn. P. crysan, P. sorbilis) is a climbing plant in the maple family, Sapindaceae, native to the Amazon basin and especially common in Brazil. Guarana features large leaves and clusters of flowers, and is best known for its fruit, which is about the size of a coffee bean. As a dietary supplement, guarana is an effective stimulant:[1] it contains about twice the caffeine found in coffee beans (about 2 to 4.5% caffeine in guarana seeds compared to 1 to 2% for coffee beans). WIKIPEDIA:Guarana http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11678 GRIN:27031 ITIS:506078 LANGUAL:B2063 MANSFELD:6836 PLANTS:PACU7 http://eol.org/pages/483644 Paullinia cupana Kunth brazilian cocoa paullinia cupana uabano guarana plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2064 cucurbita pepo var. pepo acorn squash plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2065 smilax aristolochiifolia sarsaparilla plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2066 guizotia abyssinica ramtilla niger (plant) plant as food source Muskmelon (Cucumis melo) is a species of melon that has been developed into many cultivated varieties. These include smooth skinned varieties such as honeydew, crenshaw and casaba, and different netted cultivars (cantaloupe, Persian melon and Santa Claus or Christmas melon). WIKIPEDIA:Muskmelon http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9041 GRIN:12566 ITIS:22362 LANGUAL:B2067 MANSFELD:3670 PLANTS:CUME http://eol.org/pages/584424 Cucumis melo L. Cucumis melo L. ssp. melo Cantaloupe Group Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. cantalupensis Naudin Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis Naudin cucumis melo muskmelon plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8121 GRIN:319648 ITIS:23063 LANGUAL:B2068 MANSFELD:23939 PLANTS:BRRAR http://eol.org/pages/583898 Brassica rapa L. Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. Brassica rapa L. var. rapa Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. brassica campestris brassica rapa broccoli raab rapini field mustard plant as food source Mustards are several plant species in the genera *Brassica* and *Sinapis* whose small mustard seeds are used as a spice and, by grinding and mixing them with water, vinegar or other liquids, are turned into the condiment known as mustard or prepared mustard. The seeds are also pressed to make mustard oil, and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens. WIKIPEDIA:Mustard_plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2069 brassica spp. sinapis spp. mustard plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:21613 LANGUAL:B2070 MANSFELD:30514 NETTOX: Lathyrus sativus L. tare vicia vetch plant as food source White cabbage (*Brassica oleracea* convar. *capitata* var. *alba* L.) is a variety of the cabbage, a cultivar of the plant species *Brassica oleracea*. White cabbage is a winter vegetable. WIKIPEDIA:White_cabbage http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8102 GRIN:7672 LANGUAL:B2071 MANSFELD:23907 Brassica oleracea L. var. alba DC. Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. capitata brassica oleracea var. capitata green cabbage white cabbage plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8113 GRIN:7672 ITIS:23062 LANGUAL:B2072 MANSFELD:23907 http://eol.org/pages/583899 Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. rubra DC. Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. cabbage, red red cabbage plant as food source Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa, subspecies pekinensis and chinensis) can refer to two distinct varieties (see below) of Chinese leaf vegetables used often in Chinese cuisine. These vegetables are both related to the Western cabbage, and are of the same species as the common turnip. Both have many variations in name, spelling and scientific classification, especially the "bok choy" or chinensis variety. WIKIPEDIA:Pak_choi http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8118 GRIN:319634 ITIS:506219 LANGUAL:B2077 MANSFELD:23985 PLANTS:BRCH4 http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica chinensis L. Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt brassica chinensis brassica rapa var. chinensis pak choi bok choy plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2078 http://eol.org/pages/24987 rhinichthys spp. dace as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LMM ITIS:168141 LANGUAL:B2079 http://eol.org/pages/207661 Lepomis macrochirus Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819 lepomis macrochirus bluegill as food source The Beurré Bosc or Bosc is a cultivar of the European Pear (Pyrus communis) grown in the northwestern U.S. states of California, Washington, and Oregon; Australia; as well as in British Columbia, Ontario and Europe, where it is sometimes called Kaiser. WIKIPEDIA:Bosc_Pear http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12395 GRIN:30474 ITIS:25295 LANGUAL:B2080 MANSFELD:8689 PLANTS:PYCO http://eol.org/pages/414311 Pyrus communis L. bosc pear plant as food source The D'Anjou pear, sometimes referred to as the Beurré d'Anjou or simply Anjou, is a short-necked cultivar of European Pear. WIKIPEDIA:D%27Anjou http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12395 GRIN:30474 ITIS:25295 LANGUAL:B2081 MANSFELD:8689 PLANTS:PYCO http://eol.org/pages/414311 Pyrus communis L. anjou pear plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2082 http://eol.org/pages/60741 hibiscus spp. hibiscus plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10658 GRIN:21361 ITIS:36607 LANGUAL:B2083 PLANTS:LASA3 http://eol.org/pages/468144 Lactuca sativa L. Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L. crisphead lettuce lactuca sativa iceberg lettuce plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10658 GRIN:21361 ITIS:36607 LANGUAL:B2084 PLANTS:LASA3 http://eol.org/pages/468144 Lactuca sativa L. Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L. cabbage lettuce head lettuce lactuca sativa lactuca sativa var. capitata butterhead lettuce plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2085 lactuca sativa limestone lettuce bibb lettuce plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10658 GRIN:21361 ITIS:36607 LANGUAL:B2086 PLANTS:LASA3 http://eol.org/pages/468144 Lactuca sativa L. Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L. lactuca sativa boston lettuce plant as food source Lettuce with loosely curled leaves that do not form a compact head. http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10659 GRIN:404618 ITIS:36607 LANGUAL:B2087 PLANTS:LASA3 http://eol.org/pages/468144 Lactuca sativa L. Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa L. loose leaf lettuce plant as food source Lollo Rosso is a red loose leaf type of lettuce. Lollo Rosso can also be known as Lolla Rossa and Lollo Rossa due to gender confusion. Lollo Rosso's sister varieties are Lollo Biando and Lollo Verde.[http://www.specialtyproduce.com/produce/Lollo_Rosso_Lettuce_5020.php] http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10659 GRIN:404618 ITIS:36607 LANGUAL:B2088 PLANTS:LASA3 http://eol.org/pages/468144 Lactuca sativa L. Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa L. lactuca sativa var. crispa red leaf lettuce lollo rosso plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10660 GRIN:21362 ITIS:36607 LANGUAL:B2089 PLANTS:LASA3 http://eol.org/pages/468144 Lactuca sativa L. Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia Lam. Lactuca sativa var. longifolia Lam. cos lettuce lactuca sativa var. cos lactuca sativa var. longifolia romaine plant as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1427 FAO ASFIS:WAL ITIS:180639 LANGUAL:B2090 MSW3:14001024 http://eol.org/pages/328627 Odobenus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758) Odobenus rosmarus Linnaeus, 1758 odobenus rosmarus walrus as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12957 LANGUAL:B2091 MANSFELD:4048 NETTOX: Cucurbita maxima L. (Duch.) cucurbita spp. gourd, squash or pumpkin pumpkin, squash or gourd squash, gourd or pumpkin (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2092 http://eol.org/pages/11012 macropodidae macropus spp. kangaroo as food source A mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. Horses and donkeys are different species, with different numbers of chromosomes. Of the two F1 hybrids between these two species, a mule is easier to obtain than a hinny (the offspring of a male horse and a female donkey). All male mules and most female mules are infertile. WIKIPEDIA:Mule http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2093 equus asinus x equus caballus mule as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180402 LANGUAL:B2094 MSW3:13400557 Myocastor coypus (Molina, 1782) Myocastor coypus Molina, 1782 coypu myocastor coypus river rat nutria as food source http://langual.org ITIS:552476 LANGUAL:B2095 MSW3:14200694 http://eol.org/pages/311907 Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Bubalus bubalis Linnaeus, 1758 bubalus bubalis water buffalo, asian asian water buffalo as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180690 LANGUAL:B2096 MSW3:14100004 http://eol.org/pages/328647 Equus asinus Linnaeus, 1758 ass burro equus asinus donkey as food source http://langual.org ITIS:202401 LANGUAL:B2097 MSW3:14100033 http://eol.org/pages/129474 Equus zebra Linnaeus, 1758 equus zebra zebra as food source Members of the genus *Bison* are large, even-toed ungulates within the subfamily *Bovinae*. Two extant and four extinct species are recognized. The surviving species are the American bison, also known as the American buffalo (although it is only distantly related to the true buffalo), *Bison bison*, found in North America, and the European bison, or wisent (*Bison bonasus*), found in Europe and the Caucasus. The North American species is composed of two subspecies, the plains bison, *Bison bison bison*, and the wood bison, *Bison bison athabascae*. While all bison species are usually grouped into their own genus, they are sometimes included in the closely related genus *Bos*, together with cattle, gaur, kouprey and yaks, with which bison have a limited ability to interbreed. WIKIPEDIA:Bison http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2098 http://eol.org/pages/42293 bison spp. bison as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2103 http://eol.org/pages/38902 camelus spp. camel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1300 FAO ASFIS:JAJ LANGUAL:B2105 Jacquinotia edwardsii Jacquinotia edwardsii (Jacquinot, 1853) jacquinotia edwardsii maia maja new zealand crab southern spider crab new zealand spider crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2106 http://eol.org/pages/39553 portunus spp. swim crab (portunus spp.) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1501 FAO ASFIS:URS ITIS:157949 LANGUAL:B2107 http://eol.org/pages/599659 Echinus esculentus Echinus esculentus Linnaeus 1758 Echinus esculentus Linnaeus, 1758 echinus esculentus evechinus chloroticus heliocidaris spp. loxechimus spp. paracentrotus lividus pseudocentrotus spp. strongylocentrotus spp. sea urchin as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2108 asteroidae starfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2109 oenothera biennis evening primrose plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2110 bassia latifolia east indian illipe madhuca latifolia tanga kwang illipe plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2111 http://eol.org/pages/2366 gastropoda gastropod as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2112 http://eol.org/pages/2195 mollusca molluscs as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2113 http://eol.org/pages/2215 bivalvia pelecypod pelecypoda bivalve as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2114 snail as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ECH LANGUAL:B2115 Echinodermata Echinodermata Klein, 1734 echinodermata echinoderm as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2116 http://eol.org/pages/2312 cephalopoda cephalopod as food source The Ostrich, or Common Ostrich (*Struthio camelus*), is one or two species of large flightless birds native to Africa, the only living member(s) of the genus *Struthio* that is in the ratite family. Some analyses indicate that the Somali Ostrich may be better considered a full species apart from the Common Ostrich, but most taxonomists consider it to be a subspecies. WIKIPEDIA:Struthio_camelus http://langual.org ITIS:174375 LANGUAL:B2118 http://eol.org/pages/1178371 Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758 common ostrich struthio camelus ostrich as food source http://langual.org ITIS:176580 LANGUAL:B2119 http://eol.org/pages/1049378 Scolopax minor Gmelin, 1789 philohela minor scolopax minor woodcock as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2120 ogen melon plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13868 GRIN:41905 ITIS:28629 LANGUAL:B2121 MANSFELD:3182 PLANTS:VIVI5 http://eol.org/pages/582304 Vitis vinifera L. european grape vitis vinifera grape, european (plant) as food source Concord grapes are a cultivar derived from the grape species Vitis labrusca (a.k.a. fox grape) which are used as table grapes, wine grapes and juice grapes. WIKIPEDIA:Concord_grape http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13867 GRIN:41879 ITIS:28608 LANGUAL:B2122 PLANTS:VILA8 http://eol.org/pages/582348 Vitis labrusca L. concord grape vitis labrusca var. concord grape, concord (plant) as food source Muscadines are a grapevine species native to the present-day southeastern United States that has been extensively cultivated since the 16th Century. WIKIPEDIA:Muscadine http://langual.org GRIN:41895 ITIS:28609 LANGUAL:B2123 PLANTS:VIRO3 PLANTS:VIROR http://eol.org/pages/582347 Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. rotundifolia grape, scuppernong muscadine grape muscadinia rotundifolia scuppernong grape vitis rotundifolia grape, muscadine (plant) as food source http://langual.org GRIN:311851 ITIS:28607 LANGUAL:B2124 PLANTS:VIAE http://eol.org/pages/582343 Vitis aestivalis Michx. onderdonk grape summer grape vitis aestivalis grape, onderdonk (plant) as food source Variety of the Common Plum. http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12270 GRIN:29888 ITIS:24774 LANGUAL:B2125 MANSFELD:9332 PLANTS:PRDO http://eol.org/pages/301139 Prunus domestica L. italian prune plum plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2126 tea or coffee coffee or tea plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2127 http://eol.org/pages/6965 balanus spp. goose barnacles lepadidae lepas spp. barnacle as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2128 http://eol.org/pages/2630893 barnacles bernacles cirripedia cirriped as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2129 http://eol.org/pages/1644 elephantidae elephant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:625024 LANGUAL:B2130 MSW3:14200106 http://eol.org/pages/311532 Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus, 1758 common hippopotamus hippopotamus amphibius hippopotamus as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2131 http://eol.org/pages/24173 balistes app. triggerfish as food source Filefish (also known as foolfish, leatherjackets or shingles) are tropical to subtropical tetraodontiform marine fish of the diverse family *Monacanthidae*. Found in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, the filefish family contains approximately 107 species in 26 genera. Filefish are closely related to the triggerfish, pufferfish and trunkfish. WIKIPEDIA:Monacanthidae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2132 http://eol.org/pages/5058 monacanthidae filefish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2133 black turtle bean castanospermum australe moreton bay chestnut plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2134 lippia micromera thyme, spanish spanish thyme plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2135 perilla frutescens crispa beefsteak plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2136 dogfish shark, carnivorous as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2137 dogfish shark, herbivorous as food source Triggerfishes are about 40 species of often brightly colored fishes of the family *Balistidae*. Often marked by lines and spots, they inhabit tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world, with the greatest species richness in the Indo-Pacific. Most are found in relatively shallow, coastal habitats, especially at coral reefs, but a few, such as the aptly named oceanic triggerfish (Canthidermis maculata), are pelagic. While several species from this family are popular in the marine aquarium trade, they are often notoriously ill-tempered. WIKIPEDIA:Balistidae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2138 http://eol.org/pages/5061 balistidae triggerfish family as food source *Metroxylon sagu* (true sago palm) is a species of palm in the genus *Metroxylon*, native to tropical southeastern Asia in Indonesia (western New Guinea, and the Moluccas), Papua New Guinea, Malaysia (both Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak) and possibly also the Philippines (though may have been introduced there). It is also naturalised in Thailand, Java, Kalimantan, Sumatra, and the Solomon Islands. WIKIPEDIA:Metroxylon_sagu http://langual.org GRIN:103025 ITIS:506732 LANGUAL:B2139 PLANTS:MESA7 http://eol.org/pages/1138337 Metroxylon sagu Rottb. metroxylon sagu true sago palm sago palm plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11715 GRIN:27187 ITIS:565385 LANGUAL:B2140 PLANTS:PEGL2 http://eol.org/pages/1115854 Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br. bulrush millet indian millet (pennisetum) pennisetum glaucum pearl millet plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2141 merluccius capensis south african hake stock fish cape hake as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2142 merluccius hubbsi southwest atlantic hake argentine hake as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:435 FAO ASFIS:USK FDA RFE 2010:5 ITIS:164740 LANGUAL:B2143 http://eol.org/pages/205187 Brosme brosme Brosme brosme (Ascanius, 1772) brosme brosme brosmius brosme moonfish tusk cusk as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:456 FAO ASFIS:LIN ITIS:164760 LANGUAL:B2144 http://eol.org/pages/211405 Molva molva Molva molva (Linnaeus, 1758) molva molva ling as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:622984 LANGUAL:B2145 http://eol.org/pages/214054 Lotella rhacina Lotella rhacina (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) lotella rhacina physiculus barbatus rock cod as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2146 http://eol.org/pages/24410 oligoplites spp. leatherjacket as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LIJ ITIS:168602 LANGUAL:B2147 http://eol.org/pages/213780 Alectis ciliaris Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1787) alectis ciliaris threadfish african pompano as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:168883 LANGUAL:B2148 http://eol.org/pages/5294 Lutjanus inermis Lutjanus inermis (Peters, 1869) lutjanus inermis golden snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LWP FDA RFE 2010:32 ITIS:168897 LANGUAL:B2149 http://eol.org/pages/221882 Lutjanus peru Lutjanus peru (Nichols & Murphy, 1922) Lutjanus peru (Nichols and Murphy, 1922) lutjanus peru pacific red snapper pacific snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:683 FAO ASFIS:SNC FDA RFE 2010:33 ITIS:168859 LANGUAL:B2150 http://eol.org/pages/356305 Lutjanus purpureus Lutjanus purpureus (Poey, 1866) Lutjanus purpureus Poey, 1867 Lutjanus purpureus Poey, 1876 lutjanus purpureus caribbean red snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:EEO ITIS:168902 LANGUAL:B2151 http://eol.org/pages/205033 Etelis oculatus Etelis oculatus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828) Etelis oculatus (Valenciennes, 1828) bleareyed snapper cachucho etelis oculatus night snapper queen snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:HCT ITIS:161757 LANGUAL:B2152 http://eol.org/pages/206574 Harengula thrissina Harengula thrissina (Jordan & Gilbert 1882) Harengula thrissina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882) harengula thrissina flatiron herring as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:YNP ITIS:169251 LANGUAL:B2153 http://eol.org/pages/1012533 Cynoscion parvipinnis Cynoscion parvipinnis Ayres 1861 Cynoscion parvipinnis Ayres, 1861 cynoscion parvipinnis shortfin corvina as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:BPV LANGUAL:B2154 http://eol.org/pages/5091 Brachyplatystoma flavicans (Castelnau 1855) amazon catfish brachyplatystoma flavicans south american catfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:BPT ITIS:639380 LANGUAL:B2155 http://eol.org/pages/206134 Brachyplatystoma vaillanti (Valenciennes, 1840) Brachyplatystoma vaillantii Brachyplatystoma vaillantii (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1840) brachyplatystoma vaillanti brazilian catfish as food source http://langual.org GRIN:3959 LANGUAL:B2156 Argemone mexicana L. argemone argemony argenone mexicana mexican prickly-poppy mexican-poppy prickly poppy plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2157 melia azedarach sadao chinaberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2158 celosia argentea soko feather cockscomb plant as food source *Cyperus esculentus* (or chufa sedge, nut grass, yellow nutsedge, tigernut sedge, or earth almond) is a species of sedge native to warm temperate to subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere, often cultivated for its edible tubers (tigernuts). WIKIPEDIA:Cyperus_esculentus http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9124 GRIN:12901 ITIS:39888 LANGUAL:B2159 PLANTS:CYES http://eol.org/pages/1121991 Cyperus esculentus L. choufa chufa cyperus esculentus earth almond rush nut tiger nut tigernut zulu nut nutsedge plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2160 groundsel plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2161 http://eol.org/pages/37840 rhus spp. sumac plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2162 http://eol.org/pages/7125 craylets galatheidae squat lobsters squat lobster family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2163 http://eol.org/pages/7174 palinuridae spiny lobster family as food source WIKIPEDIA:Panulirus_argus http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1256 FAO ASFIS:SLC ITIS:97648 LANGUAL:B2164 http://eol.org/pages/344167 Panulirus argus Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) florida lobster panulirus argus caribbean spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:NUR ITIS:552977 LANGUAL:B2165 http://eol.org/pages/1022067 Panulirus ornatus Panulirus ornatus (Fabricius, 1798) panulirus ornatus ornate spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1248 FAO ASFIS:LBC ITIS:552953 LANGUAL:B2166 http://eol.org/pages/317431 Jasus lalandii Jasus lalandii (H. Milne Edwards 1837) Jasus lalandii (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837) Jasus lalandii (Milne Edwards 1837) cape rock lobster jasus lalandii panulirus lalandii cape spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1254 FAO ASFIS:SLS ITIS:552965 LANGUAL:B2167 http://eol.org/pages/341287 Palinurus gilchristi Palinurus gilchristi Stebbing, 1900 palinurus gilchristi southern spiny lobster gilchrist spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:NUJ ITIS:552975 LANGUAL:B2168 http://eol.org/pages/324110 Panulirus japonicus Panulirus japonicus (Von Siebold, 1824) panulirus japonicus japanese spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:LOJ ITIS:552976 LANGUAL:B2169 http://eol.org/pages/324103 Panulirus longipes (A. Milne Edwards, 1868) Panulirus longipes (A. Milne-Edwards, 1868) panulirus longipes longlegged spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2170 http://eol.org/pages/5499 moridae morid cod family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2171 ferula assa-foetida asafetida plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:24520 LANGUAL:B2172 MANSFELD:3744 NETTOX: Momordica charantia L. momordica balsamina balsam apple plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:HCG ITIS:161755 LANGUAL:B2173 http://eol.org/pages/983544 Harengula jaguana Harengula jaguana Poey, 1865 harengula jaguana scaly sardine scaled sardine as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:BEM ITIS:164159 LANGUAL:B2174 http://eol.org/pages/204171 Bagre marinus Bagre marinus (Mitchill, 1815) bagre marinus gafftopsail catfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2175 http://eol.org/pages/25047 diodon spp. fugu porcupinefish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:173 FAO ASFIS:MES ITIS:551294 LANGUAL:B2176 http://eol.org/pages/205035 Ethmidium maculatum Ethmidium maculatum (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847) Ethmidium maculatum (Valenciennes, 1847) brevoortia maculate chilcae ethmidium chilcae ethmidium maculatum machuelo peruvian menhaden as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:393 FAO ASFIS:ELA ITIS:161127 LANGUAL:B2177 http://eol.org/pages/203862 Anguilla rostrata Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur, 1817) anguilla rostrata american eel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:NXL ITIS:168610 LANGUAL:B2178 http://eol.org/pages/356288 Caranx latus Caranx latus Agassiz 1831 Caranx latus Agassiz in Spix and Agassiz, 1831 caranx latus jack, horse-eye jurel (horse-eye jack) horse-eye jack as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:NEC ITIS:550677 LANGUAL:B2179 http://eol.org/pages/213429 Pseudophycis bachus Pseudophycis bachus (Forster 1801) Pseudophycis bachus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) physiculus bachus pseudophycis bachus red cod as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2180 http://eol.org/pages/24688 centropristis spp. sea bass as food source American Fisheries Society http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:590 FAO ASFIS:STB ITIS:167680 LANGUAL:B2181 http://eol.org/pages/211032 Morone saxatilis Morone saxatilis (Walbaum, 1792) morone saxatilis striped bass as food source American Fisheries Society http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:595 FAO ASFIS:MPS ITIS:168160 LANGUAL:B2182 http://eol.org/pages/223475 Micropterus salmoides Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède, 1802) Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1801) black bass micropterus salmoides largemouth bass as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ITC ITIS:164037 LANGUAL:B2183 http://eol.org/pages/995102 Ameiurus catus Ameiurus catus (Linnaeus, 1758) ictalurus catus white catfish as food source Multilingual dictionary of fish and fish products. http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ZCP ITIS:625289 LANGUAL:B2184 http://eol.org/pages/213647 Zeus capensis Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1835 Zeus capensis Valenciennes, 1835 zeus capensis cape dory as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:941 FAO ASFIS:SNK ITIS:172372 LANGUAL:B2185 http://eol.org/pages/212632 Thyrsites atun Thyrsites atun (Euphrasen, 1791) Thyrsites atun (Euphrasen,l791) barracouta snoek thyrsites atun snake mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ALM ITIS:173133 LANGUAL:B2186 http://eol.org/pages/217015 Aluterus monoceros Aluterus monoceros (Linnaeus, 1758) aluterus monoceros andora unicorn filefish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2187 Opsanus Rafinesque, 1818 opsanus toadfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LTD ITIS:168604 LANGUAL:B2188 http://eol.org/pages/356345 Alectis indicus Alectis indicus (Rüppell 1830) Alectis indicus (Rüppell, 1830) threadfin, indian indian threadfin as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:969 FAO ASFIS:BIP ITIS:172410 LANGUAL:B2189 http://eol.org/pages/211444 Sarda orientalis Sarda orientalis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) Sarda orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1844) sarda orientalis sarda velox striped bonito as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2191 http://eol.org/pages/17440 semotilus spp. creek chub as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:198 FAO ASFIS:CHP ITIS:161729 LANGUAL:B2192 http://eol.org/pages/338628 Sardinops sagax Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842) Sardinops sagax de Buen, 1958 pacific sardine peruvian sardine sardinops sagax sardinops sagax sagax south american sardine chilean pilchard as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1370 FAO ASFIS:CLQ ITIS:81343 LANGUAL:B2193 http://eol.org/pages/493164 Arctica islandica Arctica islandica (Linnaeus, 1767) arctica islandica hard clam ocean quahog ocean quahog as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2195 http://eol.org/pages/24940 prionotus spp. searobin as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2198 http://eol.org/pages/25337 menticirrhus spp. weakfish kingfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2200 fish, batrachoidiform as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:NUP ITIS:199949 LANGUAL:B2202 http://eol.org/pages/1020641 Panulirus penicillatus Panulirus penicillatus (Olivier, 1791) panulirus penicillatus red lobster variegated crayfish pronghorn spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1253 FAO ASFIS:SLO ITIS:97657 LANGUAL:B2203 http://eol.org/pages/1022068 Palinurus elephas Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) palinurus elephas palinurus vulgaris common spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1258 FAO ASFIS:LOK ITIS:552973 LANGUAL:B2204 http://eol.org/pages/343655 Panulirus homarus Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758) panulirus burgeri panulirus homarus trasnkei spiny lobster scalloped spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PQG LANGUAL:B2205 http://eol.org/pages/7125 Pleuroncodes monodon Pleuroncodes monodon (H. Milne Edwards 1837) carrot squat lobster galathea monodon pleuroncodes monodon red crab squat lobster colorado langostino as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CZJ LANGUAL:B2206 http://eol.org/pages/7125 Cervimunida johni Cervimunida johni Porter 1903 blue squat lobster cervinumida johni langostino amarillo as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2207 http://eol.org/pages/15013 ibacus spp. fan lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1260 FAO ASFIS:LOY ITIS:552980 LANGUAL:B2208 http://eol.org/pages/311324 Panulirus regius Panulirus regius De Brito Capello, 1864 Panulirus regius de Brito Capello, 1864 panulirus regius panulirus rissonii royal spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2209 Lithodidae Samouelle, 1819 king crabs lithodidae king crab family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KCI ITIS:97936 LANGUAL:B2210 http://eol.org/pages/1021293 Paralithodes platypus Paralithodes platypus Brandt, 1850 paralithodes platypus blue king crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KCD ITIS:97935 LANGUAL:B2211 http://eol.org/pages/342038 Paralithodes camtschaticus Paralithodes camtschaticus (Tilesius, 1815) alaska deepsea crab japanese crab king crab paralithodes camtschaticus red king crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2212 http://eol.org/pages/7194 portunidae swimming crabs swimming crab family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SCD ITIS:199965 LANGUAL:B2213 http://eol.org/pages/343654 Portunus pelagicus Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1758) Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 bluey portunus pelagicus blue swimming crab as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1287 FAO ASFIS:GAZ LANGUAL:B2214 http://eol.org/pages/7194 Portunus trituberculatus (Miers 1876) Portunus trituberculatus (Miers, 1876) formosan crab gazami crab portunus trituberculatus oriental blue crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2215 http://eol.org/pages/7229 mud crabs pebble crabs rubble crabs xanthidae mud crab family as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:EQS ITIS:660606 LANGUAL:B2216 http://eol.org/pages/312908 Eriphia sebana (Shaw & Nodder, 1803) Eriphia sebana (Shaw and Nodder, 1803) eriphia sebana smooth redeyed crab smooth redeye crab as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:EHH ITIS:660607 LANGUAL:B2217 http://eol.org/pages/341460 Eriphia smithii MacLaey, 1838 Eriphia smithii MacLeay, 1838 eriphia smithii orange-hand stone crab rough redeye crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2218 http://eol.org/pages/1209 coenobitidae coconut crab family as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:BQL LANGUAL:B2219 Birgus latro (Linnaeus 1767) birgus latro purse crab robber crab coconut crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2220 http://eol.org/pages/7136 grapsidae marsh crabs shore crabs talon crabs shore, marsh and talon crab family as food source http://langual.org ITIS:99048 LANGUAL:B2221 http://eol.org/pages/317367 Pachygrapsus crassipes J. W. Randall, 1840 lined shore crab pachygrapsus crassipes striped shore crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2222 http://eol.org/pages/7155 majidae spider crab family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:98431 LANGUAL:B2223 http://eol.org/pages/1037977 Chionoecetes tanneri Chionoecetes tanneri M. J. Rathbun, 1893 chionoecetes tanneri grooved tanner crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:98430 LANGUAL:B2224 http://eol.org/pages/1040602 Chionoecetes angulatus Chionoecetes angulatus M. J. Rathbun, 1924 chionoecetes angulatus triangle tanner crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: LANGUAL:B2225 Chionoecetes japonicus beni-zuwai crab chionoecetes japonicus japanese spider crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2226 http://eol.org/pages/1188 dromiidae sponge crabs sponge crab family as food source http://langual.org ITIS:621718 LANGUAL:B2227 http://eol.org/pages/1019397 Cryptodromiopsis antillensis (Stimpson, 1858) cryptodromiopsis antillensis decorator crab velvet crab hairy sponge crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2228 http://eol.org/pages/7129 deepsea crabs geryonidae deep sea crab family as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:HNX ITIS:620998 LANGUAL:B2229 http://eol.org/pages/318608 Chaceon granulatus (Sakai, 1978) chaceon granulatus geryon granulatus japanese deep sea crab pacific deep sea crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2230 http://eol.org/pages/1232 atelecyclidae horse crabs horse crab family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RCW ITIS:97491 LANGUAL:B2231 http://eol.org/pages/344571 Procambarus clarkii Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852) crawfish, red swamp louisiana crawfish louisiana crayfish procambarus clarkii red swamp crayfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2232 http://eol.org/pages/36138 dublin bay prawn metanephrops nei metanephrops spp. deep sea lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PNS ITIS:551681 LANGUAL:B2233 http://eol.org/pages/1021452 Litopenaeus stylirostris Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson, 1874) Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson 1874 litopenaeus stylirostris pacific blue shrimp penaeus stylirostris blue shrimp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1216 FAO ASFIS:PNV ITIS:551682 LANGUAL:B2234 http://eol.org/pages/1036948 Litopenaeus vannamei Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) Penaeus vannamei Boone, 1931 litopenaeus vannamei pacific white shrimp penaeus vannamei whiteleg shrimp as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2235 http://eol.org/pages/5121 triglidae searobin family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2236 eutrema wasabi japanese horseradish wasabia japonica wasabi plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:675 FAO ASFIS:ASA ITIS:168827 LANGUAL:B2237 http://eol.org/pages/204113 Arripis trutta Arripis trutta (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Arripis trutta (Forster, 1801) Arripis trutta (Schneider, 1801) arripis trutta australian salmon kahawai as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:644 FAO ASFIS:TRZ ITIS:168641 LANGUAL:B2238 http://eol.org/pages/211642 Pseudocaranx dentex Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) pseudocaranx dentex white trevally as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1171 FAO ASFIS:PUF FDA RFE 2010:84 ITIS:173290 LANGUAL:B2239 http://eol.org/pages/215834 Sphoeroides maculatus Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Sphoeroides maculatus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) sea squab sphoeroides maculatus northern puffer as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2241 http://eol.org/pages/4228 cactaceae cactus plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180722 LANGUAL:B2248 MSW3:14200054 http://eol.org/pages/328663 Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 wild boar boar as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1069 FAO ASFIS:KUG ITIS:167052 LANGUAL:B2249 http://eol.org/pages/211548 Chelidonichthys kumu Chelidonichthys kumu (Cuvier, 1829) Chelidonichthys kumu (Lesson, 1829) chelidonichthys kumu bluefin searobin as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2250 http://eol.org/pages/17448 salmo spp. atlantic salmon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:NXC ITIS:168611 LANGUAL:B2251 http://eol.org/pages/207051 Caranx caballus Caranx caballus Günther, 1868 caranx caballus jack, green jurel (green jack) jurel bonito green jack as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2253 http://eol.org/pages/5262 polynemidae threadfin family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:329 FAO ASFIS:SVC ITIS:163691 LANGUAL:B2254 http://eol.org/pages/220327 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844) Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) amur carp carp, silver hypophthalmichthys molitrix silver carp as food source Black pepper consists of unripe whole fruit that are sundried. White pepper consists of the seeds only of ripe fruit. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2255 piper nigrum pepper, black or white (plant) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:168871 LANGUAL:B2256 http://eol.org/pages/217109 Lutjanus sanguineus Lutjanus sanguineus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828) lutjanus sanguineus scarlet snapper blood snapper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: LANGUAL:B2261 http://eol.org/pages/2295 Paphies subtriangulata Paphies ventricosa paphies subtriangulatum paphies ventricosa tuatua new zealand wedge clam as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2262 lippia graveolens mexican marjoram mexican oregano mexican sage mexican sage, origan mexican wild sage oregano, lippia oreganum origan sage, mexican oregano, mexican (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2264 http://eol.org/pages/8249 batrachoididae toadfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2265 http://eol.org/pages/5120 scorpaeniformes fish, scorpaeniform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2267 http://eol.org/pages/8902 chimaeriformes fish, chimaeriform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2268 http://eol.org/pages/8903 callorhinchidae callorhynchidae elephatfish plownose chimera family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CHB ITIS:564644 LANGUAL:B2269 http://eol.org/pages/211440 Callorhinchus milii Callorhinchus milii (Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1823) Callorhinchus milii Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1823 callorhynchus millii elephant shark silver trumpeter elephant fish as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10762 GRIN:21769 ITIS:22978 LANGUAL:B2270 MANSFELD:23709 PLANTS:LESA2 http://eol.org/pages/585527 Lepidium sativum L. lepidium sativum garden cress plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:173300 LANGUAL:B2271 http://eol.org/pages/215481 Sphoeroides spengleri Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch, 1785) sphoeroides spengleri bandtail puffer as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2272 wild caia plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12797 LANGUAL:B2273 MANSFELD:36188 NETTOX: Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. cymbopogon citratus fever grass west indian lemongrass lemon grass plant as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:UAG ITIS:171055 LANGUAL:B2274 http://eol.org/pages/5190 Astroscopus guttatus Abbott, 1860 astroscopus guttatus spotted stargazer as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2275 http://eol.org/pages/5190 uranoscopidae stargazer family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:843 FAO ASFIS:TAU ITIS:170479 LANGUAL:B2276 http://eol.org/pages/204104 Tautoga onitis Tautoga onitis (Linnaeus, 1758) tautoga onitis tautog as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2277 Labridae Cuvier, 1816 labridae wrasse family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:518 FAO ASFIS:JOD FDA RFE 2010:94 ITIS:166287 LANGUAL:B2278 http://eol.org/pages/210208 Zeus faber Zeus faber Linnaeus, 1758 galilee fish st. peter's fish zeus faber zeus japonicus european john dory as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2279 cellana denticulata fissurellidae lapa patella caerulea patella vulgata true limpets limpet as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:EHU ITIS:169362 LANGUAL:B2280 http://eol.org/pages/224897 Seriphus politus Seriphus politus Ayres, 1860 corvineta reina seriphus politus queenfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:721 FAO ASFIS:KIC ITIS:169257 LANGUAL:B2281 http://eol.org/pages/222012 Genyonemus lineatus Genyonemus lineatus (Ayres, 1855) croaker, white genyonemus lineatus white croaker as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:797 FAO ASFIS:RPG ITIS:169207 LANGUAL:B2283 http://eol.org/pages/204040 Pagrus pagrus Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758) pagrus pagrus pagrus sedicem red porgy as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:237 ITIS:161937 LANGUAL:B2284 http://eol.org/pages/994760 Coregonus pidschian Coregonus pidschian (Gmelin, 1789) Coregonus pidschianoides (Pravdin) arctic whitefish coregonus pidschian humpback whitefish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:172776 LANGUAL:B2285 http://eol.org/pages/206641 Cyclopsetta chittendeni Cyclopsetta chittendeni Bean, 1895 cyclopsetta chittendeni mexican flounder as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1021 FAO ASFIS:ERP ITIS:172566 LANGUAL:B2286 http://eol.org/pages/614554 Peprilus paru Peprilus paru (Linnaeus, 1758) northern harvestfish peprilus alepidotus peprilus paru harvestfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:172983 LANGUAL:B2287 http://eol.org/pages/217131 Trinectes inscriptus Trinectes inscriptus (Gosse, 1851) trinectes inscriptus scrawled sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:GHM ITIS:172991 LANGUAL:B2288 http://eol.org/pages/207495 Gymnachirus melas Gymnachirus melas Nichols, 1916 gymnachirus melas naked sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:TMT ITIS:172982 LANGUAL:B2289 http://eol.org/pages/203946 Trinectes maculatus Trinectes maculatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Trinectes maculatus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) trinectes maculatus hogchoker as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:855 FAO ASFIS:NEB ITIS:170968 LANGUAL:B2290 http://eol.org/pages/223569 Parapercis colias Parapercis colias (Bloch and Schneider, 1801 ) Parapercis colias (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Parapercis colias (Forster, 1801) australian cod new zealand cod parapercis colias blue cod as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2291 trachinidae weeverfish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ELP ITIS:165324 LANGUAL:B2292 http://eol.org/pages/220012 Zoarces viviparus Zoarces viviparus (Linnaeus, 1758) zoarces viviparus eelpout as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2293 lacertilia lizard as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:194 FAO ASFIS:CPI LANGUAL:B2294 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Sardinops caeruleus (Girard 1854) Sardinops caeruleus (Girard, 1854) californian sardine sardinops caeruleus california pilchard as food source Zanthoxylum (including Fagara) is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs in the citrus or rue family, Rutaceae, native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. Common names include Prickly-ash and Hercules' Club. WIKIPEDIA:Zanthoxylum http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2295 http://eol.org/pages/38359 zanthoxylum spp. prickly ash plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RMH ITIS:160997 LANGUAL:B2296 http://eol.org/pages/986006 Mobula hypostoma Mobula hypostoma (Bancroft, 1831) mobula hypostoma devil ray as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:112 FAO ASFIS:RMM ITIS:160999 LANGUAL:B2297 http://eol.org/pages/213344 Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788) mobula mobular devilfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2298 mobulidae manta family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:403 FAO ASFIS:COE ITIS:161341 LANGUAL:B2299 http://eol.org/pages/215394 Conger conger Conger conger (Linnaeus, 1758) conger conger sea eel conger eel as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2300 http://eol.org/pages/8292 congridae conger eel family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PES ITIS:167793 LANGUAL:B2301 http://eol.org/pages/205142 Diplectrum formosum Diplectrum formosum (Linnaeus, 1766) diplectrum formosum sand perch as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SDL ITIS:162006 LANGUAL:B2302 http://eol.org/pages/205332 Stenodus leucichthys Stenodus leucichthys (Güldenstädt, 1772) shee fish stenodus leucichthys stenodus makenii inconnu as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2303 http://eol.org/pages/5385 acanthuridae surgeonfish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SEM ITIS:172531 LANGUAL:B2304 http://eol.org/pages/1012799 Seriolella brama Seriolella brama (Günther, 1860) seriolella brama travelle blue warehou as food source http://langual.org ITIS:170422 LANGUAL:B2305 http://eol.org/pages/994427 Valamugil engeli (Bleeker, 1858-59) mugil kandavensis valamugil engeli kanda as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2306 zanthoxylum piperitum japan pepper plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:FSS ITIS:166667 LANGUAL:B2307 http://eol.org/pages/205160 Channa striata Channa striata (Bloch, 1793) channa channa striata ophicephalus striatus snakehead murrel striped snakehead as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:642606 LANGUAL:B2308 http://eol.org/pages/204348 Parachanna obscura Parachanna obscura (Günther, 1861) ophicephalus obscurus parachanna obscura snake-head snakehead as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2309 http://eol.org/pages/5349 channidae snakehead family as food source The Betel (Piper betle) is a spice whose leaves have medicinal properties. The plant is evergreen and perennial, with glossy heart-shaped leaves and white catkins, and grows to a height of about 1 metre. The Betel plant originated in Malaysia and now grows in India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. The best Betel leaf is the "Magahi" variety (literally from the Magadha region) grown near Patna in Bihar, India. The plant is known by a series of different names in the regions in which it is consumed - among these are Vetrilai (Tamil) (Source: WIKIPEDIA:Betel). http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2310 betle pepper piper betle betel plant as food source Betel nut, also known as Pinang or Areca nut, is the seed of the Betel Palm (Areca catechu). Betel nuts are often chewed for their helpful effects, which are caused by the relatively high levels of alkaloids in the seed. Chewing betel nuts is an important and popular cultural activity in many Asian countries (Source: WIKIPEDIA:Betel_nut). http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2311 areca catechu betel nut palm plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CTI ITIS:160230 LANGUAL:B2312 http://eol.org/pages/994610 Mustelus canis Mustelus canis (Mitchill, 1815) gummy shark mustelus canis smooth dogfish smooth hound dusky smooth-hound as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LJH ITIS:168885 LANGUAL:B2313 http://eol.org/pages/215845 Lutjanus johnii Lutjanus johnii (Bloch, 1792) blackspot snapper lutjanus johnii plainscaled snapper thailand snapper john's snapper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2314 gasterochisma melampus gastoro butterfly mackerel as food source http://langual.org GRIN:10757 LANGUAL:B2315 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus natsudaidai Hayata citrus aurantium subsp. nastridaidai citrus natsudaidai golden oriental grapefruit summer tangerine summer orange plant as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:HIY ITIS:164087 LANGUAL:B2316 http://eol.org/pages/223144 Schilbe mystus (Linnaeus, 1758) schilbe mystus silver catfish as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:GPH ITIS:162844 LANGUAL:B2317 http://eol.org/pages/211788 Phractolaemus ansorgii Boulenger 1901 Phractolaemus ansorgii Boulenger, 1901 phractolaemus ansorgii african mudfish as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:NRN ITIS:649174 LANGUAL:B2318 http://eol.org/pages/570862 Neetroplus nematopus Günther, 1867 hypsophrys nematopus neetroplus nematopus poor man's tropheus LanguaL curation note: Renamed from NEAT (FISH), LanguaL 2009 (spelling mistake). neet (fish) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KSM ITIS:81578 LANGUAL:B2319 http://eol.org/pages/440075 Macrocallista maculata Macrocallista maculata (Linnaeus, 1758) macrocallista maculata calico clam as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1218 FAO ASFIS:BOB ITIS:95750 LANGUAL:B2320 http://eol.org/pages/317672 Xiphopenaeus kroyeri Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (C. Heller, 1862) Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862) seabob xiphopenaeus kroyeri atlantic seabob as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1315 FAO ASFIS:TOS LANGUAL:B2321 Turbo cornutus Turbo cornutus Lightfoot 1786 nonodonta turbinata turbo cornutus top shell as food source http://langual.org ITIS:568327 LANGUAL:B2322 http://eol.org/pages/491110 Stramonita haemastoma (Linnaeus, 1758) florida rocksnail stramonita haemastoma thaididae rock shell snail as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8322 GRIN:8862 ITIS:19109 LANGUAL:B2323 PLANTS:CASA3 http://eol.org/pages/594919 Cannabis sativa L. cannabis sativa marihuana plant hemp plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:161808 LANGUAL:B2324 http://eol.org/pages/204185 Nematalosa vlaminghi Nematalosa vlaminghi (Munro, 1956) bony bream fluvialosa vlaminghi nematalosa vlaminghi perth herring western australia river gizzard shad western australian gizzard shad as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2325 makaira nigricans pacific blue marlin blue marlin as food source http://langual.org ITIS:205635 LANGUAL:B2326 http://eol.org/pages/2298 Ensis americanus (Gould, 1870) ensis americanus siligna patula american razor clam as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:TPT ITIS:166145 LANGUAL:B2327 http://eol.org/pages/211315 Paratrachichthys trailli Paratrachichthys trailli (Hutton, 1875) hoplostethus paratrachichthys sandpaper fish roughy as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:513 FAO ASFIS:ORY FDA RFE 2010:21 ITIS:166139 LANGUAL:B2328 http://eol.org/pages/206716 Hoplostethus atlanticus Hoplostethus atlanticus Collett, 1889 deep sea perch hoplostethus atlanticus orange roughy as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2329 trichilia emetica mafurra plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2330 dolichos plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN: LANGUAL:B2331 Phleum pratense L. phleum pratense timothy plant as food source *Melilotus officinalis*, known as the yellow sweet clover, yellow melilot, ribbed melilot or common melilot is a species of legume native to Eurasia and introduced in North America, Africa and Australia. WIKIPEDIA:Melilotus_officinalis http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11138 GRIN:24009 ITIS:26150 LANGUAL:B2332 PLANTS:MEOF http://eol.org/pages/704023 Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. Melilotus officinalis Lam. melilot melilotus officinalis yellow sweet clover sweet clover plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13634 GRIN:300623 ITIS:26313 LANGUAL:B2333 PLANTS:TRPR2 http://eol.org/pages/703430 Trifolium pratense L. trifolium pratense red clover plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:284 ITIS:162143 LANGUAL:B2334 http://eol.org/pages/223146 Esox niger Esox niger Lesueur, 1818 eastern pickerel esox niger esox reticulatus chain pickerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:630 FAO ASFIS:CXR ITIS:168615 LANGUAL:B2335 http://eol.org/pages/221352 Carangoides ruber Carangoides ruber (Bloch, 1793) Caranx ruber (Bloch 1793) Caranx ruber (Bloch, 1793) carangoides ruber caranx ruber carrang bar jack as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:608 FAO ASFIS:FPE ITIS:168470 LANGUAL:B2336 http://eol.org/pages/223357 Perca fluviatilis Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 european perch perca fluviatilis river perch eurasian perch as food source http://langual.org GRIN:13114 LANGUAL:B2337 Dactylis glomerata L. cocksfoot dactylis glomerata orchard grass plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:16631 LANGUAL:B2338 Festuca arundinacea Schreb. alta fescue festuca arundinacea festuca elatior meadow fescue tall fescue reed fescue plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2339 african marigold big marigold tagetes erecta aztec marigold plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12474 GRIN:403169 ITIS:506987 LANGUAL:B2340 PLANTS:FRPU7 http://eol.org/pages/4381 Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper Frangula purshiana (DC.) J. G. Cooper Rhamnus purshiana DC. frangula purshiana rhamnus purshiana cascara buckthorn plant as food source Job's Tears, Coixseed, adlay, or adlai, is a tall grain-bearing tropical plant of the family Poaceae (grass family) native to East Asia and peninsular Malaysia but elsewhere cultivated in gardens as an annual. The variety Coix lacryma-jobi var. ma-yuen is harvested as a cereal crop and is used medicinally in parts of Asia. [wikipedia] http://langual.org GRIN:11129 ITIS:41586 LANGUAL:B2341 MANSFELD:36435 PLANTS:COLA http://eol.org/pages/1114853 Coix lacryma-jobi L. coix lacryma-jobi job's tears plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2342 http://eol.org/pages/7127 cangrejos gecarcinidae land crab family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KAQ ITIS:660179 LANGUAL:B2343 http://eol.org/pages/313428 Lithodes aequispina Benedict 1894 Lithodes aequispinus Lithodes aequispinus J. E. Benedict, 1895 lithodes aequispina golden king crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2344 amorphophallus konjac amorphophallus rivieri hydrosme rivieri leopard palm devils tongue plant as food source http://langual.org BASIS:256 GRIN:70672 ITIS:28812 LANGUAL:B2347 http://eol.org/pages/582274 Schinus terebinthifolia Raddi Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi christmas berry tree schinus terebinthifolia schinus terebinthifolius brazilian pepper tree as food source *Aloe vera* is a species of succulent plant that probably originated in northern Africa. The species does not have any naturally occurring populations, although closely related aloes do occur in northern Africa. The species is frequently cited as being used in herbal medicine since the beginning of the first century AD. Extracts from *Aloe vera* are widely used in the cosmetics and alternative medicine industries, being marketed as variously having rejuvenating, healing or soothing properties. WIKIPEDIA:Aloe_vera http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7384 GRIN:311403 ITIS:182653 LANGUAL:B2348 PLANTS:ALVE2 http://eol.org/pages/1085598 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Aloë vera (L.) Burm. fil. aloe barbadensis aloe vera aloë vera barbados aloe plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12385 GRIN:30398 ITIS:25293 LANGUAL:B2349 PLANTS:PYCO2 http://eol.org/pages/635933 Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem. Pyracantha coccinea M. Roemer Pyracantha coccinea M.Roem. pyracantha coccinea fire thorn plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1274 FAO ASFIS:CRK ITIS:98679 LANGUAL:B2350 http://eol.org/pages/1021309 Cancer irroratus Cancer irroratus Say, 1817 cancer irroratus atlantic rock crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2351 http://eol.org/pages/1215 cancridae rack crabs rock crab family as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12952 GRIN:33443 ITIS:42090 LANGUAL:B2352 MANSFELD:33999 PLANTS:SECE http://eol.org/pages/1115159 Secale cereale L. Secale cereale subsp. cereale rye, common secale cereale common rye plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:JSC LANGUAL:B2353 http://eol.org/pages/2249 Patinopecten yessoensis Patinopecten yessoensis (Jay 1857) amusium japanic patinopecten yessoensis japanese scallop as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:81477 LANGUAL:B2354 http://eol.org/pages/395921 Venerupis philippinarum Venerupis philippinarum (A. Adams and Reeve, 1850) asari manila clam tapes japonica tapes philippinarum venerupis philippinarum japanese littleneck clam as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2355 allium cepa cipollini onion cipollini plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1398 FAO ASFIS:CLS ITIS:81692 LANGUAL:B2356 http://eol.org/pages/492903 Mya arenaria Mya arenaria Linnaeus, 1758 maninose clam mya arenaria steamer softshell clam as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LQJ ITIS:69732 LANGUAL:B2357 http://eol.org/pages/621237 Lottia gigantea Lottia gigantea (Sowerby, 1934) Lottia gigantea G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 giant owl limpet limpet, giant owl lottia gigantea owl limpet as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: LANGUAL:B2358 http://eol.org/pages/2379 Fissurella maxima fissurella maxima giant keyhole limpet as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:538 FAO ASFIS:MUB ITIS:170338 LANGUAL:B2359 http://eol.org/pages/356328 Mugil liza Mugil liza Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836 Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 lebranche mullet mugil brasiliensis mugil liza liza as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11881 GRIN:28113 ITIS:28366 LANGUAL:B2360 PLANTS:PHAC3 http://eol.org/pages/1153259 Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels mayom phyllanthus acidus otaheite gooseberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2362 agropyron spicatum bluebunch wheatgrass wheatgrass plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2363 shorea robusta sal tree as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2365 merluccius merluccius european hake as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:848 FAO ASFIS:CTA LANGUAL:B2366 http://eol.org/pages/5348 Cheilodactylus bergi Norman 1937 Cheilodactylus bergi Norman, 1937 cheilodactylus bergi morwong as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2367 http://eol.org/pages/5265 Pinguipes Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829 pinguipes spp. sandperch as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2368 pinguipedidae sandperch family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:227 FAO ASFIS:FVE ITIS:161963 LANGUAL:B2369 http://eol.org/pages/223193 Coregonus albula Coregonus albula (Linnaeus, 1758) coregonus albula vendace as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:CNS ITIS:161807 LANGUAL:B2370 http://eol.org/pages/204183 Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795) gizzard shad nematalosa nasus bloch's gizzard shad as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2372 http://eol.org/pages/8247 adrianichthyidae ricefish family as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:AUC ITIS:680765 LANGUAL:B2374 http://eol.org/pages/223949 Arius caelatus Valenciennes, 1840 Nemapteryx nenga (Hamilton, 1822) arius caelatus arius upsulonothorus felichthys felis galeichthys felis nemapteryx nenga tachysurus caelatus sea catfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:717 FAO ASFIS:STG ITIS:169241 LANGUAL:B2375 http://eol.org/pages/357147 Cynoscion regalis Cynoscion regalis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Cynoscion regalis (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) acaupa cynoscion regalis cynoscion acoupa gray weakfish gray seatrout as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:POB FDA RFE 2010:49 ITIS:168785 LANGUAL:B2377 http://eol.org/pages/994621 Parastromateus niger Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) apolectus niger parastromateus niger black pomfret as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:WKS ITIS:646597 LANGUAL:B2380 http://eol.org/pages/210895 Cynoscion striatus Cynoscion striatus (Cuvier, 1829) cynoscion striatus south american striped weakfish striped weakfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:638 FAO ASFIS:RRU ITIS:168738 LANGUAL:B2382 http://eol.org/pages/224373 Elagatis bipinnulata Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1825) elagatis bipinnulata rainbow runner as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:921 ITIS:171673 LANGUAL:B2383 http://eol.org/pages/206899 Ammodytes americanus Ammodytes americanus De Kay, 1842 Ammodytes americanus DeKay, 1842 ammodytes americanus american sand lance as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:NBR ITIS:168607 LANGUAL:B2384 http://eol.org/pages/597832 Carangoides bartholomaei Carangoides bartholomaei (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833) Caranx bartholomaei Cuvier 1833 carangoides bartholomaei caranx bartholomaei yellow jack as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:YSW ITIS:616427 LANGUAL:B2385 http://eol.org/pages/223364 Paralichthys woolmani Jordan & Williams, 1897 Paralichthys woolmani Jordan and Williams in Gilbert, 1897 paralichthys woolmani speckled flounder as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1381 FAO ASFIS:HCJ LANGUAL:B2386 http://eol.org/pages/2310 Meretrix lusoria (Roding, 1798) Meretrix lusoria (Röding, 1798) meretrix lusoria japanese hard clam as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:GSU LANGUAL:B2388 http://eol.org/pages/5203 Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) chrysophrys unicolor pagrus auratus squirefish sea bream as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:834 ITIS:170735 LANGUAL:B2389 http://eol.org/pages/219191 Labrus viridis Linnaeus, 1758 labrus viridis wrasse as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MKV ITIS:167764 LANGUAL:B2390 http://eol.org/pages/207352 Mycteroperca venenosa Mycteroperca venenosa (Linnaeus, 1758) mycteroperca venenosa yellowfin grouper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:650 FAO ASFIS:AMB ITIS:168689 LANGUAL:B2391 http://eol.org/pages/993271 Seriola dumerili Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810) amberjack, greater seriola dumerili greater amberjack as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:526 FAO ASFIS:BAC ITIS:170433 LANGUAL:B2392 http://eol.org/pages/211500 Sphyraena jello Sphyraena jello Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829 Sphyraena jello Cuvier, 1829 giant sea pike sphyraena jello pickhandle barracuda as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:616423 LANGUAL:B2393 http://eol.org/pages/5174 Paralichthys microps Paralichthys microps (Günther, 1881) paralichthys microps smalleye flounder as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2394 http://eol.org/pages/24020 globefish sphoeroides spp. puffer as food source http://langual.org GRIN: LANGUAL:B2397 Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis (L.) Hanelt chinese mustard cabbage mustard cabbage plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2398 http://eol.org/pages/61097 spondias dulcis spondias lutea spondias mombin spondias purpurea spondias spp. ciruela plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:800 FAO ASFIS:SCP ITIS:169182 LANGUAL:B2399 http://eol.org/pages/212966 Stenotomus chrysops Stenotomus chrysops (Linnaeus, 1766) stenotomus chrysops scup as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2400 maranta arundinacea arrowroot plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1182 FAO ASFIS:MON ITIS:164501 LANGUAL:B2401 http://eol.org/pages/206728 Lophius piscatorius Lophius piscatorius Linnaeus, 1758 allmouth anglerfish frogfish lophius piscatorius monkfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ATO ITIS:553273 LANGUAL:B2402 http://eol.org/pages/224315 Catostomus commersoni (Lacepède 1803) Catostomus commersonii Catostomus commersonii (Lacepède, 1803) buffalo fish (catostomus) catostomus commersoni white sucker as food source http://langual.org FISHBASE: LANGUAL:B2403 Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) lepomis gibbosus pumpkinseed as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2404 http://eol.org/pages/5448 lophiiformes fish, lophiiform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2405 http://eol.org/pages/5455 lophiidae goosefish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2406 http://eol.org/pages/7664 ursidae bear as food source Beefalo are a fertile hybrid offspring of domestic cattle, Bos taurus, and the American bison, Bison bison (generally called buffalo in the US). The breed was created to combine the characteristics of both animals with a view towards beef production. WIKIPEDIA:Beefalo http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2407 beefalo as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1492 FAO ASFIS:JEL LANGUAL:B2408 Rhopilema spp Rhopilema spp. medusae rhopilema spp. jellyfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2409 coelenterata coelenterate as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2412 chelonia mydas green turtle as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2413 malademys spp. diamondback terrapin as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2414 toor yellow pea plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8114 GRIN:311416 ITIS:23062 LANGUAL:B2415 MANSFELD:23903 http://eol.org/pages/583899 Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. sabauda L. Brassica oleracea var. sabauda L. brassica oleracea var. bullata savoy cabbage plant as food source The Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima) is a species of chestnut native to China. The fruit is a densely spiny cupule 4-8 cm diameter, containing two or three glossy brown nuts. WIKIPEDIA:Chinese_chestnut http://langual.org GRIN:9442 ITIS:501318 LANGUAL:B2416 MANSFELD:17775 PLANTS:CAMO83 http://eol.org/pages/1148512 Castanea mollissima Blume castanea mollissima chinese hairy chestnut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the chestnut fruit (nut) index both *CHINESE CHESTNUT [B2416]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). chinese chestnut plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:9434 ITIS:506540 LANGUAL:B2417 MANSFELD:17788 PLANTS:CACR27 http://eol.org/pages/1148515 Castanea crenata Sieb. & Zucc. Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc. castanea crenata LanguaL curation note: When indexing the chestnut fruit (nut) index both *JAPANESE CHESTNUT [B2417]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). japanese chestnut plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7316 GRIN:2276 ITIS:185463 LANGUAL:B2418 MANSFELD:126 PLANTS:ALFI4 http://eol.org/pages/1084499 Allium fistulosum L. allium fistulosum japanese bunching onion spanish onion welsh onion plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:2409 LANGUAL:B2419 MANSFELD:64 NETTOX: Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. allium tuberosum chive, chinese garlic chive oriental garlic chinese chive plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2420 coccinea cordifolia coccinea grandis coccinea indica ivy gourd plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8103 GRIN:7670 ITIS:23062 LANGUAL:B2421 PLANTS:BRAL8 http://eol.org/pages/583899 Brassica alboglabra L.H. Bailey Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra (L.H.Bailey) Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra (L. H. Bailey) Musil brassica oleracea var. alboglabra chinese broccoli chinese kale plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2422 http://eol.org/pages/5380 anabantidae gurami climbing perch family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2423 http://eol.org/pages/5276 Trichopsis Canestrini, 1860 gouramy trichopsis spp. croaking gourami as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2424 http://eol.org/pages/24399 selar spp. bigeye scad as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2425 http://eol.org/pages/8296 amiiformes fish, amiiform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2426 freshwater bass as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:594 FAO ASFIS:MPJ ITIS:550562 LANGUAL:B2427 http://eol.org/pages/207898 Micropterus dolomieu Micropterus dolomieu Lacepède, 1802 Micropterus dolomieui Lacepède, 1802 Micropterus dolomieui Lacépède, 1801 micropterus dolomieui smallmouth bass as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2428 salt-brackish water bass as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:376 FAO ASFIS:SOM ITIS:164068 LANGUAL:B2431 http://eol.org/pages/224550 Silurus glanis Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758 sheatfish silurus glanis wels catfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2432 http://eol.org/pages/2217 anadara clams nei anadara spp. arca spp. arcidae barbatia spp. arkshells as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:TKG ITIS:158344 LANGUAL:B2433 http://eol.org/pages/597386 Parastichopus californicus (Stimpson, 1857) Parastichopus californicus Stimpson cucumaria spp. parastichopus californicus sea slug sea cucumber as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2434 http://eol.org/pages/12679 tilapia spp. tilapia as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2435 amiidae bowfin family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:140 FAO ASFIS:AAC ITIS:161104 LANGUAL:B2436 http://eol.org/pages/223782 Amia calva Amia calva Linnaeus, 1766 amia calva mudfish bowfin as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2438 Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 crotalus rattlesnake as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2439 http://eol.org/pages/1658 cebidae monkey as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2440 alligator spp. alligator as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2441 crocodylidae crocodylus spp. crocodile as food source Centella asiatica, commonly centella, is a small, herbaceous, annual plant of the family Mackinlayaceae or subfamily Mackinlayoideae of family Apiaceae, and is native to India, Sri Lanka, northern Australia, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Melanesia, Papua New Guinea, and other parts of Asia.[1] It is used as a medicinal herb in Ayurvedic medicine, traditional African medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine. Botanical synonyms include *Hydrocotyle asiatica* L. and *Trisanthus cochinchinensis* (Lour.). WIKIPEDIA:Centella_asiatica http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8481 GRIN:9831 ITIS:29612 LANGUAL:B2442 PLANTS:CEAS http://eol.org/pages/581713 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban centella asiatica hydrocotyle hydrocotyle asiatica indian pennywort spadeleaf asiatic pennywort plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:21959 LANGUAL:B2443 Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit ipil-ipil jumbie bean leadtree leucaena leucocephala leucaena plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7887 GRIN:6161 ITIS:29012 LANGUAL:B2444 PLANTS:AZIN2 http://eol.org/pages/581909 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Azadirachta indica A.Juss. Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. azadirachta indica neem plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2445 neptunia prostrata water mimosa plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:7290 ITIS:19122 LANGUAL:B2447 PLANTS:BONI2 http://eol.org/pages/594795 Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud. Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich. boehmeria nivea china grass chinese grass chinese silk plant white ramie ramie plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9418 GRIN:14755 ITIS:506099 LANGUAL:B2448 MANSFELD:25525 PLANTS:DUZI http://eol.org/pages/483665 Durio zibethinus L. Durio zibethinus Murray durio zibethinus durian plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:33013 LANGUAL:B2449 PLANTS:SAKO4 Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr. red santol sandoricum koetjape santol plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2450 brake (plant) pteridium aquilinum pteris aquilina bracken fern plant as food source Lilium bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of L. lancifolium, L. pumilum, and especially L. brownii are grown at large scale in China as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller (Source: WIKIPEDIA:Lily). http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2451 lilium spp. lily plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8653 GRIN:10543 ITIS:36763 LANGUAL:B2452 PLANTS:CIIN http://eol.org/pages/467862 Cichorium intybus L. cichorium intybus radicchio plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2453 pteridophyta fern plant as food source *Acacia pennata* (English: Climbing wattle, Thai: Cha-om, Burmese Su pout ywet) is a species of acacia which is native to South and Southeast Asia. In Burma, Laos and Thailand, the feathery shoots of Acacia pennata are used in soups, curries, omelettes and stir-fries. The edible shoots are picked up before they become tough and thorny. WIKIPEDIA:Cha_om http://langual.org GRIN:954 LANGUAL:B2455 Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. acacia pennata cha om climbing wattle plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2456 pak kard plant as food source *Piper sarmentosum* is a plant in the *Piperaceae* family used in many Southeast Asian cuisines. The leaves are often confused with betel, but they lack the intense taste of the betel leaves and are significantly smaller. WIKIPEDIA:Piper_sarmentosum http://langual.org GRIN:423501 LANGUAL:B2457 http://eol.org/pages/4351 Piper sarmentosum Roxb. piper sarmentosum chaa phluu plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2458 sato sataw plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1344 FAO ASFIS:SCB ITIS:79737 LANGUAL:B2459 http://eol.org/pages/451516 Argopecten irradians Argopecten irradians (Lamarck, 1819) argopecten irradians bay scallop as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:749 FAO ASFIS:RDM FDA RFE 2010:60 ITIS:169290 LANGUAL:B2460 http://eol.org/pages/993263 Sciaenops ocellatus Sciaenops ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1766) sciaenops ocellatus red drum as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2461 careya sphaerica phak kradon kradon plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10480 GRIN:20138 ITIS:30759 LANGUAL:B2462 MANSFELD:21561 PLANTS:IPAQ http://eol.org/pages/580959 Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. chinese water spinach ipomoea aquatica swamp morning glory swamp morning-glory swamp morningglory water spinach chinese swamp cabbage plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2463 macrotyloma uniflorum horse gram bean plant as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:AMS ITIS:83691 LANGUAL:B2464 http://eol.org/pages/1020243 Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758) Artemia salina Linnaeus, 1758 artemia salina brine shrimp as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2465 http://eol.org/pages/277 artemiidae brine shrimps LanguaL curation note: Renamed from Anostraca shrimp family (order Anostraca Sars, 1867). artemiidae shrimp family as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8701 GRIN:10759 ITIS:506397 LANGUAL:B2468 MANSFELD:7684 PLANTS:CINO3 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus nobilis Lour. citrus nobilis cv. king king mandarin orange king orange plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:314330 LANGUAL:B2469 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus temple hort. ex Yu. Tanaka citrus nobilis cv. temple citrus temple temple orange plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2470 http://eol.org/pages/25488 isurus spp. longfin mako shortfin mako shortfin makos mako shark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SMA FDA RFE 2010:24 ITIS:159924 LANGUAL:B2471 http://eol.org/pages/356797 Isurus oxyrinchus Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810 isurus oxyrinchus shortfin mako shark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:20 FAO ASFIS:LMA ITIS:159926 LANGUAL:B2472 http://eol.org/pages/206719 Isurus paucus Isurus paucus Guitart Manday, 1966 isurus paucus longfin mako shark as food source Eaten in the immature state in Europe and the Orient. <SCINAM>Lathyrus aphaca L. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2473 lathyrus aphaca matrie plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9597 GRIN:15697 LANGUAL:B2474 MANSFELD:24173 Eruca sativa Mill. Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa (P. Mill.) Thellung arugula eruca sativa eruca vesicaria sativa rocket-salad rugula rocket plant as food source Eragrostis tef, known as Xaafii, (Oromiffa), teff, taf, is an annual grass, a species of lovegrass native to the northern Ethiopian Highlands of Northeast Africa. WIKIPEDIA:Eragrostis_tef http://langual.org GRIN:15320 ITIS:40738 LANGUAL:B2475 PLANTS:ERTE http://eol.org/pages/1114367 Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter eragrostis tef teff plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2478 http://eol.org/pages/5490 gasterosteiformes fish, gasterosteiform as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12296 GRIN:30099 ITIS:24764 LANGUAL:B2479 PLANTS:PRSE2 http://eol.org/pages/791911 Prunus serotina Ehrh. prunus serotina wild black cherry black cherry plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PVV ITIS:96391 LANGUAL:B2480 http://eol.org/pages/1021526 Palaemonetes vulgaris Palaemonetes vulgaris (Say, 1818) common american prawn common grass shrimp marsh grass shrimp marsh shrimp palaemonetes vulgaris grass shrimp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:WEC ITIS:168725 LANGUAL:B2481 http://eol.org/pages/205453 Decapterus punctatus Decapterus punctatus (Cuvier, 1829) decapterus punctatus round scad as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:835 FAO ASFIS:LCX ITIS:170566 LANGUAL:B2482 http://eol.org/pages/212275 Lachnolaimus maximus Lachnolaimus maximus (Walbaum, 1792) capitan lachnolaimus maximus hogfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2483 http://eol.org/pages/5494 gasterosteidae stickleback family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2484 scomberesox spp. saury as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2485 http://eol.org/pages/27358 genypterus spp. kingklip as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2486 squat lobster langostino lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CRY FDA RFE 2010:26 ITIS:646548 LANGUAL:B2487 http://eol.org/pages/210576 Larimichthys polyactis Larimichthys polyactis (Bleeker, 1877) larimichthys polyactis little yellow croaker pseudosciaena manchurica redlip croaker yellow croaker as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SEP ITIS:172534 LANGUAL:B2488 http://eol.org/pages/1012800 Seriolella punctata Seriolella punctata (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Seriolella punctata (Forster, 1801) polysteganus argyrosomus seriolella maculata seriolella punctata silver warehou silverfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1142 FAO ASFIS:GSM ITIS:173021 LANGUAL:B2489 http://eol.org/pages/205189 Buglossidium luteum Buglossidium luteum (Risso, 1810) buglossidium luteum yellow sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PPL ITIS:168710 LANGUAL:B2490 http://eol.org/pages/356298 Trachinotus goodei Trachinotus goodei Jordan & Evermann, 1896 Trachinotus goodei Jordan and Evermann, 1896 garrick glaucus great pompano trachinotus glaucus palometa as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2491 http://eol.org/pages/41589 bay lobster sand lobster scyllarides spp. slipper lobster as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7987 GRIN:6992 ITIS:18837 LANGUAL:B2492 MANSFELD:25732 PLANTS:BEVU http://eol.org/pages/596556 Berberis vulgaris L. berberis vulgaris barberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13167 GRIN:101310 ITIS:505840 LANGUAL:B2493 PLANTS:SOMU5 http://eol.org/pages/595310 Solanum muricatum Aiton melon pear melon shrub pear melon solanum muricatum pepino plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2495 http://eol.org/pages/699 formicidae ant (insect) as food source The grasshopper is an insect of the suborder Caelifera in the order Orthoptera. To distinguish it from bush crickets or katydids, it is sometimes referred to as the short-horned grasshopper. Species that change colour and behaviour at high population densities are called locusts. WIKIPEDIA:Grasshopper http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2496 http://eol.org/pages/2634375 Acheta domesticus caelifera grasshopper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2497 http://eol.org/pages/8250 aulopiformes fish, aulopiform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2498 synodontidae lizardfish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:290 FAO ASFIS:BUC ITIS:162425 LANGUAL:B2499 http://eol.org/pages/220324 Harpadon nehereus Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton, 1822) Harpadon nehereus Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822 bumalo bummalow harpadon nehereus bombay duck as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2501 arctica spp. mercenaria spp. quahog as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9124 GRIN:12901 ITIS:39888 LANGUAL:B2503 MANSFELD:20613 PLANTS:CYES http://eol.org/pages/1121991 Cyperus esculentus L. cyperus rotundus nutgrass purple nutsedge nutsedge plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:26917 GRIN:409667 GRIN:409668 ITIS:41040 LANGUAL:B2504 PLANTS:PASC6 PLANTS:PASCB http://eol.org/pages/1114553 Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Paspalum scrobiculatum L. var. bispicatum Hack. Paspalum scrobiculatum var. bispicatum Hack. Paspalum scrobiculatum var. scrobiculatum indian paspalum koda millet kodra millet paspalum scrobiculatum ricegrass ricegrass paspalum kodo millet plant as food source The millets are a group of small-seeded species of cereal crops or grains, widely grown around the world for food and fodder. They do not form a taxonomic group, but rather a functional or agronomic one. Their essential similarities are that they are small-seeded grasses grown in difficult production environments such as those at risk of drought. They have been in cultivation in East Asia for the last 10,000 years. WIKIPEDIA:Millet http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2505 http://eol.org/pages/8223 poaceae millet plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12268 GRIN:29866 ITIS:24773 LANGUAL:B2506 MANSFELD:9212 PLANTS:PRCE http://eol.org/pages/242597 Cerasus vulgaris Austera Group Prunus cerasus L. sour cherry morello cherry plant as food source The spaghetti squash (*Cucurbita pepo* var. *fastigata*) (also called vegetable spaghetti, noodle squash, vegetable marrow, spaghetti marrow, and squaghetti) is an oblong seed-bearing variety of winter squash. The fruit can range either from ivory to yellow or orange in color. The orange varieties have a higher carotene content. Its center contains many large seeds. Its flesh is bright yellow or orange. When raw, the flesh is solid and similar to other raw squash; when cooked, the flesh falls away from the fruit in ribbons or strands like spaghetti. WIKIPEDIA:Spaghetti_squash http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2508 cucurbita pepo var. fastigata vegetable spaghetti spaghetti squash plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12601 LANGUAL:B2509 MANSFELD:4090 NETTOX: Cucurbita moschata Duch. cucurbita moschata var. butternut butternut squash plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN: GRIN:311569 LANGUAL:B2510 Cucurbita maxima Duchesne subsp. maxima cucurbita maxima var. banana cucurbita maxima var. maxima banana squash plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2511 cucurbita maxima var. hubbard hubbard squash plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:26062 ITIS:506651 LANGUAL:B2512 PLANTS:ORGL2 http://eol.org/pages/1115583 Oryza glaberrima Steud. Oryza glaberrima Steudel oryza glaberrima red rice rice, red african rice plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7882 GRIN:6157 ITIS:506370 LANGUAL:B2513 PLANTS:AVBI http://eol.org/pages/483572 Averrhoa bilimbi L. averrhoa bilimbi blimbing cucumber tree tree sorrel bilimbi plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2515 aiwain ajawain ajwan carum copticum trachyspermum copticum ajowan plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:263 FAO ASFIS:PCA ITIS:162027 LANGUAL:B2516 http://eol.org/pages/994386 Plecoglossus altivelis Plecoglossus altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Plecoglossus altivelis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck and Schlegel, 1846 Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) plecoglossus altivelis ayu as food source Semecarpus anacardium is a native of India, found in the outer Himalayas to Coromandel Coast. It is closely related to the cashew.It is known as bhallatak in India and was called "marking nut" by Europeans, because it was used by washermen to mark cloth and clothing before washing, as it imparted a water insoluble mark to the cloth. It is also known as ker beeja in Kannada and bibba in Marathi. WIKIPEDIA:Semecarpus_anacardium http://langual.org GRIN:33598 ITIS:506459 LANGUAL:B2517 PLANTS:SEAN7 http://eol.org/pages/483492 Semecarpus anacardium L. f. markingnut tree semecarpus anacardium oriental cashew plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2518 benincasa hispida var. chinese vegetable marrow hairy melon mogwa fuzzy melon plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2519 groundcherry husk tomato physalis spp. ground cherry plant as food source A cross between red raspberry and other bramble berry species [The Plant Book, Cambridge University Press 1990, page 571]. Tayberry (Rubus idaeus x fruticosus) is a cultivated shrub in the genus Rubus of the family Rosaceae patented in 1979 as a cross between a loganberry and the black raspberry . WIKIPEDIA:Tayberry http://langual.org GRIN:104968 LANGUAL:B2520 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus loganobaccus L. H. Bailey rubus idaeus x fructicosus tayberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2523 cabocha squash cucurbita moschata japanese pumpkin kabocha squash nam gwa japanese squash plant as food source Seeds of prickly water-lily frequently cultivated in India and China. http://langual.org GRIN:16447 ITIS:506588 LANGUAL:B2524 MANSFELD:11779 PLANTS:EUFE6 http://eol.org/pages/485242 Euryale ferox Salisb. fox nut gorgon nut euryale plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:49 FAO ASFIS:GAG ITIS:160181 LANGUAL:B2525 http://eol.org/pages/217962 Galeorhinus galeus Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758) galeorhinus galeus grey shark greyboy school shark tope shark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2526 http://eol.org/pages/5415 notacanthidae spiny eel family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:NNN ITIS:161690 LANGUAL:B2527 http://eol.org/pages/207980 Notacanthus chemnitzii Notacanthus chemnitzii Bloch, 1788 notacanthus chemnitzi spiny eel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:137 FAO ASFIS:HUH ITIS:161084 LANGUAL:B2528 http://eol.org/pages/994822 Huso huso Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758) huso huso beluga as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1028 FAO ASFIS:FPC ITIS:172585 LANGUAL:B2529 http://eol.org/pages/222264 Anabas testudineus Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1795) anabas testudineus climbing perch as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2530 http://eol.org/pages/25902 bembrops spp. flathead as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:BMQ ITIS:170997 LANGUAL:B2531 http://eol.org/pages/211203 Bembrops anatirostris Ginsburg, 1955 bembrops anatirostris duckbill flathead as food source http://langual.org ITIS:170998 LANGUAL:B2532 http://eol.org/pages/218751 Bembrops gobioides (Goode, 1880) bembrops gobioides goby flathead as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2533 http://eol.org/pages/8284 nettastomatidae duckbill eel family as food source http://langual.org ITIS:636199 LANGUAL:B2534 http://eol.org/pages/204362 Muraenesox bagio (Hamilton, 1822) muraenesox bagio pike-conger as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:636217 LANGUAL:B2535 Hoplunnis diomediana Hoplunnis diomediana Goode and Bean, 1896 hoplunnis diomediana pike-conger, blacktail blacktail pike-conger as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:636218 LANGUAL:B2536 http://eol.org/pages/221427 Hoplunnis macrura Hoplunnis macrura Ginsburg, 1951 hoplunnis macrura freckled pike-conger as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2537 spotted pike-conger as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:GEC ITIS:81779 LANGUAL:B2538 http://eol.org/pages/440073 Panopea abrupta Panopea abrupta (Conrad, 1849) clam, pacific geoduck panopea abrupta pacific geoduck as food source http://langual.org GRIN:16772 LANGUAL:B2539 Ficus aspera G. Forst. ficus aspera mosaic fig clown fig plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2541 http://eol.org/pages/17798 goby periophthalmus spp. mudskipper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2542 http://eol.org/pages/5319 gobiidae goby family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2543 http://eol.org/pages/5483 gonorynchiformes fish, gonorynchiform as food source American Fisheries Society. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2544 http://eol.org/pages/8298 albuliformes fish, albuliform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2545 http://eol.org/pages/8295 anguillidae freshwater eel family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2546 http://eol.org/pages/5348 cheilodactylidae jackassfish morwong family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2547 siluridae sheatfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2548 http://eol.org/pages/5487 chanidae milkfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2549 california pepper chili verde pepper pepper, anaheim anaheim pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2550 ancho pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2551 pepper, arbol arbol pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2552 pepper, cascabel sleigh bell pepper cascabel pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2553 http://eol.org/pages/1874 lamniformes mackerel shark fish, lamniform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2554 pepper, guajillo guajillo pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2555 pepper, habanero habanero pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2556 bird cherry pepper capsicum annuum, cerasiforme group creole cherry pepper hot cherry pepper hungarian cherry pepper pepper, hot cherry cherry pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2557 pepper, mulato mulato pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2558 chili de ristra pepper pepper, new mexico red wreath chili pepper new mexico red pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2559 pepper, poblano poblano pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2560 pepper, pasilla pasilla pepper plant as food source Pequin (or Piquin) pepper a hot chili pepper cultivar commonly used as a spice. Taxonomically, it is classified within variety *glabriusculum* of the species *Capsicum annuum*. WIKIPEDIA:Pequin_pepper http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8332 GRIN:102342 LANGUAL:B2561 PLANTS:CAANG Capsicum annuum L. Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill american bird pepper bird pepper chile pequin chilipequin chiltepin pepper, pequin turkey pepper pequin pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2562 pepper, rocotillo rocotillo pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2563 pepper, serrano serrano pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2564 pepper, thai thai pepper plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:643073 LANGUAL:B2565 http://eol.org/pages/5294 Hoplopagrus guentherii Hoplopagrus guentherii Gill, 1862 hoplopagrus guentheri pargo raisero pargo, striped striped pargo as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:PKP ITIS:630214 LANGUAL:B2566 http://eol.org/pages/210376 Plectorhinchus pictus (Tortonese 1936) Plectorhinchus pictus (Tortonese, 1936) diagramma pictum mother-in-law fish plectorhinchus pictus plectorhynchus pictus thicklip bream painted sweetlips as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:810 FAO ASFIS:MUR ITIS:169418 LANGUAL:B2567 http://eol.org/pages/207915 Mullus surmuletus Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 mullet, red mullus surmuletus red mullet as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:854 FAO ASFIS:JAS ITIS:170916 LANGUAL:B2568 http://eol.org/pages/213715 Arctoscopus japonicus (Steindachner, 1881) arctoscopus japonicus sailfin sandfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2569 http://eol.org/pages/5193 trichodontidae sandfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2570 http://eol.org/pages/24839 northern flounder pleuronectes spp. plaice as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2571 http://eol.org/pages/23904 brama spp. pomfret as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2572 http://eol.org/pages/5064 Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810 hippocampus spp. seahorse as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2573 http://eol.org/pages/5064 syngnathidae pipefish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2574 http://eol.org/pages/1206 crangonidae crangonid shrimp family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:GQS ITIS:97110 LANGUAL:B2575 http://eol.org/pages/342524 Crangon septemspinosa Crangon septemspinosa Say, 1818 crangon septemspinosa shrimp, sand sand shrimp as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2576 http://eol.org/pages/5049 oreosomatidae oreo dory family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2577 http://eol.org/pages/26627 allocyttus spp. oreo dory as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:BOE ITIS:625296 LANGUAL:B2578 http://eol.org/pages/596474 Allocyttus niger Allocyttus niger James, Inada & Nakamura, 1988 Allocyttus niger James, Inada and Nakamura, 1988 allocyttus niger oreo dory, black black oreo dory as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SSO ITIS:625280 LANGUAL:B2579 http://eol.org/pages/213217 Pseudocyttus maculatus Pseudocyttus maculatus Gilchrist 1906 Pseudocyttus maculatus Gilchrist, 1906 oreo dory, smooth pseudocyttus maculatus smooth oreo dory as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1204 FAO ASFIS:APS ITIS:551574 LANGUAL:B2580 http://eol.org/pages/325037 Farfantepenaeus duorarum Farfantepenaeus duorarum (Burkenroad, 1939) Penaeus duorarum Burkenroad, 1939 farfantepenaeus duorarum penaeus duorarum shrimp, pink northern pink shrimp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1122 FAO ASFIS:YES ITIS:172907 LANGUAL:B2581 http://eol.org/pages/207428 Limanda aspera Limanda aspera (Pallas, 1811) Limanda aspera (Pallas, 1814) Limanda aspera Pallas, 1814 limanda aspera sole, yellowfin yellowfin sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:IPO ITIS:164029 LANGUAL:B2582 http://eol.org/pages/221296 Pylodictis olivaris Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque, 1818) catfish, flathead pylodictis olivaris flathead catfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2583 pepper, cubanelle cubanelle pepper plant as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1174 FAO ASFIS:MRW ITIS:173419 LANGUAL:B2584 http://eol.org/pages/205741 Masturus lanceolatus (Lienard, 1840) Masturus lanceolatus (Liénard, 1840) mola lanceolata sharptail mola as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2586 http://eol.org/pages/5059 headfish molidae ocean sunfish trunkfish mola family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CFJ FDA RFE 2010:10 ITIS:167740 LANGUAL:B2588 http://eol.org/pages/206389 Cephalopholis fulva Cephalopholis fulva (Linnaeus, 1758) cephalopholis fulva coney as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:EFC ITIS:167749 LANGUAL:B2589 http://eol.org/pages/205496 Epinephelus acanthistius Epinephelus acanthistius (Gilbert, 1892) coney, gulf epinephelus acanthistius rooster hind gulf coney as food source http://langual.org 2008 FDA:Seafood List LANGUAL:B2590 http://eol.org/pages/2294 Mactra sachalinensis clam, hen mactra sachalinensis hen clam as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2591 http://eol.org/pages/1895 bonnethead sharks hammerhead sharks sphyrnidae hammerhead shark family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SPL ITIS:160508 LANGUAL:B2592 http://eol.org/pages/994497 Sphyrna lewini Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) Sphyrna lewini (Griffith and Smith, 1834) hammerhead, scalloped sphyrna lewini scalloped hammerhead as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SPK ITIS:160515 LANGUAL:B2593 http://eol.org/pages/224168 Sphyrna mokarran Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837) hammerhead, great sphyrna mokarran great hammerhead as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SPJ ITIS:160502 LANGUAL:B2594 http://eol.org/pages/224169 Sphyrna tiburo Sphyrna tiburo (Linnaeus, 1758) sphyrna tiburo bonnethead as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:47 FAO ASFIS:SPZ ITIS:160505 LANGUAL:B2595 http://eol.org/pages/224170 Sphyrna zygaena Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) hammerhead, smooth sphyrna zygaena smooth hammerhead as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SPQ ITIS:160519 LANGUAL:B2596 http://eol.org/pages/225538 Sphyrna tudes Sphyrna tudes (Valenciennes, 1822) hammerhead, smalleye shark, smalleye hammerhead sphyrna tudes smalleye hammerhead as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2598 http://eol.org/pages/25471 bonnethead shark shark, bonnethead shark, hammerhead sphyrna spp. hammerhead shark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2599 fundulus spp. killifish as food source A hybrid cross between broccoli and cauliflower having milder taste than cauliflower and a light green color. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2600 broccoflower plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:2666 LANGUAL:B2601 MANSFELD:3422 http://eol.org/pages/8183 Alpinia galanga (L.) Sw. Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. alpinia galanga galangal galangale java root kha (spice) languas laos (spice) thai ginger greater galangal plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2602 http://eol.org/pages/5365 caesionidae fusilier family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2603 http://eol.org/pages/25241 blue fusilier caesio spp. fusilier as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2604 caesio lunaris fusilier, lunar lunar fusilier as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:FJR ITIS:550961 LANGUAL:B2605 http://eol.org/pages/5365 Caesio suevica Klunzinger 1884 Caesio suevica Klunzinger, 1884 caesio suevica fusilier, suez suez fusilier as food source http://langual.org ITIS:550960 LANGUAL:B2606 http://eol.org/pages/5365 Caesio striata Rüppell, 1830 caesio striata fusilier, striated striated fusilier as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ITN ITIS:164041 LANGUAL:B2607 http://eol.org/pages/995105 Ameiurus natalis Ameiurus natalis (Lesueur, 1819) catfish, yellow bullhead ictalurus natalis yellow catfish yellow bullhead as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SGN ITIS:166820 LANGUAL:B2608 http://eol.org/pages/209579 Scorpaena grandicornis Scorpaena grandicornis Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829 Scorpaena grandicornis Cuvier, 1829 lionfish scorpaena grandicornis turkeyfish plumed scorpionfish as food source A black berry that is a cross between the loganberry and the youngberry cultivated in California and Oregon [CFSAN thesaurus]. http://langual.org GRIN:104971 LANGUAL:B2609 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus Hybr. rubus hybr. olallieberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2610 ewe as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180715 LANGUAL:B2611 MSW3:14200776 http://eol.org/pages/328660 Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758 capra hircus nanny goat doe (goat) as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1210 FAO ASFIS:GIT ITIS:95638 LANGUAL:B2612 http://eol.org/pages/1024670 Penaeus monodon Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 black tiger prawn penaeus monodon giant tiger prawn as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1212 FAO ASFIS:REP ITIS:551581 LANGUAL:B2613 http://eol.org/pages/993016 Fenneropenaeus penicillatus Fenneropenaeus penicillatus (Alcock, 1905) Penaeus penicillatus Alcock, 1905 fenneropenaeus penicillatus penaeus penicillatus redtail prawn as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1243 FAO ASFIS:LAA ITIS:95971 LANGUAL:B2614 http://eol.org/pages/344949 Pleoticus muelleri Pleoticus muelleri (Bate, 1888) pleoticus muelleri argentine red shrimp as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2615 http://eol.org/pages/1715 gekkonidae gecko as food source Juglans mandshurica, the Manchurian walnut, is a deciduous tree of the genus Juglans (section Cardiocaryon), native to the Eastern Asiatic Region (China, Russian Far East, North Korea and South Korea). It grows to about 25 m. The kernels of the nuts are edible, but small and difficult to extract. WIKIPEDIA:Juglans_mandshurica http://langual.org GRIN:20758 LANGUAL:B2616 PLANTS:JUMA8 http://eol.org/pages/4299 Juglans mandshurica Maxim. chinese butternut juglans mandshurica manchurian walnut walnut, chinese LanguaL curation note: When indexing the chinese walnut fruit (drupe, seed) index both *CHINESE WALNUT [B2616]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). chinese walnut plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2617 http://eol.org/pages/3198 cyprinidae carp as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2618 http://eol.org/pages/5521 cyprinodontidae killifish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2620 catfish as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11140 GRIN:24036 ITIS:32565 LANGUAL:B2621 MANSFELD:16386 PLANTS:MEOF2 http://eol.org/pages/582374 Melissa officinalis L. balm lemon balm melissa officinalis balm, lemon (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2622 guinea corn indian millet (sorghum) red guinea corn brown durra plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8695 GRIN:313479 LANGUAL:B2625 PLANTS:CIMA9 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus madurensis Lour. X Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands citrus madurensis panama orange x citrofortunella microcarpa x citrofortunella mitis calamondin plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:311784 LANGUAL:B2628 MANSFELD:6120 NETTOX: Capsicum anuum L. bell pepper capsicum frutescens var. grossum paprika, sweet sweet pepper bell pepper or sweet pepper plant as food source Unripe fruit of red or yellow bell pepper varieties. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2629 green pepper pepper, immature pepper, unripe green bell pepper plant as food source Ripe fruit of red bell pepper varieties. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2630 red bell sweet pepper red sweet pepper LanguaL curation note: Do not confuse with *RED PEPPER*. red bell pepper plant as food source Ripe fruit of yellow bell pepper varieties. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2631 yellow bell pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2632 capsicum annuum, conoides group cone pepper plant as food source Grouped together because of similar use. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2633 paprika, hot red pepper (pungent pepper variety) pungent pepper variety plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2635 capsicum annuum, fasciculatum group red cluster pepper cluster pepper plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:8913 LANGUAL:B2636 MANSFELD:6121 NETTOX: Capsicum frutescens L. capsicum frutescens tabasco pepper plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2637 amorphophallus rivieri var. konjac konjac plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2642 http://eol.org/pages/25218 seriola spp. amberjack as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2643 chilean hake as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:448 CEC 1993:449 FAO ASFIS:WHG ITIS:164758 LANGUAL:B2644 http://eol.org/pages/216882 Merlangius merlangus Merlangius merlangus (Linnaeus, 1758) Merlangius merlangus euxinus (Nordmann, 1830) gadus merlangus merlangius merlangus european whiting as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:477 FAO ASFIS:HKS ITIS:164791 LANGUAL:B2645 http://eol.org/pages/205098 Merluccius bilinearis Merluccius bilinearis (Mitchill, 1814) merluccius bilinearis silver hake as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:CMA ITIS:81387 LANGUAL:B2646 http://eol.org/pages/395903 Corbicula fluminea (Muller 1774) Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774) corbicula fluminea asian clam as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1128 FAO ASFIS:LEM ITIS:172888 LANGUAL:B2647 http://eol.org/pages/208740 Microstomus kitt Microstomus kitt (Walbaum, 1792) microstomus kitt lemon sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:189 FAO ASFIS:FRS ITIS:161768 LANGUAL:B2648 http://eol.org/pages/206984 Sardinella fimbriata Sardinella fimbriata (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847) Sardinella fimbriata (Valenciennes, 1847) sardinella fimbriata fringescale sardinella as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1125 FAO ASFIS:DAB ITIS:172881 LANGUAL:B2649 http://eol.org/pages/993992 Limanda limanda Limanda limanda (Linnaeus, 1758) Limanda limanda Linnaeus, 1758 common dab dab dab, common limanda limanda sanddab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2650 http://eol.org/pages/24568 parupeneus spp. upeneus spp. goatfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2651 http://eol.org/pages/26569 ulua trevally as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2652 http://eol.org/pages/5260 pomacanthidae angelfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2653 http://eol.org/pages/24478 angelfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:272 FAO ASFIS:EUL ITIS:162051 LANGUAL:B2654 http://eol.org/pages/216656 Thaleichthys pacificus Thaleichthys pacificus (Richardson, 1836) thaleichthys pacificus eulachon as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2655 squirrelfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2656 holocentrus spp. menpachi squirrelfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2657 http://eol.org/pages/5211 Cynoscion Gill, 1861 cynoscion weakfish seatrout as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2658 http://eol.org/pages/5286 mullidae goatfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2659 plantago afra plantago ovata plantago psyllium psyllium plant spanish psyllium fleawort plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:BIS ITIS:168677 LANGUAL:B2660 http://eol.org/pages/215191 Selar crumenophthalmus Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793) akule selar crumenophthalmus bigeye scad as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2661 eucalyptus globulus eucalyptus plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:395 ITIS:34995 LANGUAL:B2662 PLANTS:GEAM http://eol.org/pages/1096067 Genipa americana L. genipa americana genipap marmalade box plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2665 http://eol.org/pages/25075 micropterus spp. black bass as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2666 http://eol.org/pages/5172 psettodidae spiny turbot psettodid family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SFY ITIS:166730 LANGUAL:B2667 http://eol.org/pages/211617 Sebastes mystinus Sebastes mystinus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1881) Sebastes mystinus (Jordan and Gilbert, 1881) sebastes mystinus blue rockfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RVT ITIS:166741 LANGUAL:B2668 http://eol.org/pages/207358 Sebastes saxicola Sebastes saxicola (Gilbert, 1890) sebastes saxicola stripetail rockfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SFD ITIS:166716 LANGUAL:B2669 http://eol.org/pages/203882 Sebastes diploproa Sebastes diploproa (Gilbert, 1890) sebastes diploproa splitnose rockfish as food source *Prunus americana*, commonly called the American plum, wild plum, or Marshall's large yellow sweet plum, is a species of *Prunus* native to North America from Saskatchewan to New Mexico east to New Hampshire and Florida. WIKIPEDIA:Prunus_americana http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12260 GRIN:29831 ITIS:24763 LANGUAL:B2670 PLANTS:PRAM http://eol.org/pages/301085 Prunus americana Marsh. Prunus americana Marshall august plum goose plum hog plum (prunus) prunus americana wild plum yellow plum american plum plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:BWA ITIS:172514 LANGUAL:B2671 http://eol.org/pages/219609 Hyperoglyphe antarctica Hyperoglyphe antarctica (Carmichael, 1819) hyperoglyphe antarctica antarctic cutlerfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:AAQ ITIS:635476 LANGUAL:B2672 http://eol.org/pages/217086 Anguilla dieffenbachii Anguilla dieffenbachii Gray 1842 Anguilla dieffenbachii Gray, 1842 anguilla dieffenbachii new zealand longfin eel new zealand long-finned eel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:390 FAO ASFIS:ELU ITIS:161133 LANGUAL:B2673 http://eol.org/pages/221873 Anguilla australis Anguilla australis Richardson, 1841 anguilla australis short-finned eel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1136 FAO ASFIS:RMP ITIS:172953 LANGUAL:B2674 http://eol.org/pages/1012814 Rhombosolea plebeia Rhombosolea plebeia (Richardson, 1843) rhombosolea plebeia sand flounder as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:172954 LANGUAL:B2675 http://eol.org/pages/219431 Rhombosolea leporina Rhombosolea leporina Günther, 1862 rhombosolea leporina yellowbelly flounder as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:939 FAO ASFIS:GEM ITIS:550883 LANGUAL:B2676 http://eol.org/pages/205865 Rexea solandri Rexea solandri (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832) Rexea solandri (Cuvier, 1831 ) Rexea solandri (Cuvier, 1832) rexea solandri silver gemfish as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:SEO ITIS:172533 LANGUAL:B2678 http://eol.org/pages/213832 Seriolella porosa Guichenot, 1848 seriolella porosa silver warehou as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2679 http://eol.org/pages/5356 centrolophidae warehou family ruff family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:616113 LANGUAL:B2680 http://eol.org/pages/214952 Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae Günther, 1862 peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae new zealand sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: LANGUAL:B2681 Haliotis iris haliotis iris ormer shells paua blackfoot abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:AFQ LANGUAL:B2682 http://eol.org/pages/2295 Paphies australis Paphies australis (Gmelin 1791) paphies australis pipi clam as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:OJO ITIS:82373 LANGUAL:B2683 http://eol.org/pages/448891 Loligo plei Loligo plei Blainville, 1823 loligo plei slender inshore squid arrow squid as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:EQV LANGUAL:B2684 Mesodesma ventricosum (Gray 1843) amphidesma ventricosum new zealand surf clam LanguaL curation note: Renamed from New Zealand surf clam based on scientific name. toheroa wedge clam as food source Crayfish, often referred to as crawfish or crawdad, are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are closely related. They are found in bodies of fresh water that do not freeze to the bottom, and which have shelter against predators. Most crayfish cannot tolerate polluted water, although some species such as the invasive Procambarus clarkii are more hardy. Some crayfish have been found living as much as 3 m (10 feet) underground. WIKIPEDIA:Crayfish http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2686 http://eol.org/pages/1218 astacoidea cambarus spp. crawfish crayfish procambarus spp. crawfish or crayfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:232 FAO ASFIS:PLN ITIS:161950 LANGUAL:B2687 http://eol.org/pages/267571 Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758) Coregonus lavaretus Dybowski 1874 baltic whitefish coregonus lavaretus whitefish, baltic whitefish, common common whitefish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1339 FAO ASFIS:DRY LANGUAL:B2690 http://eol.org/pages/2248 Ostrea lutaria Hutton 1873 Ostrea lutaria Hutton, 1873 ostrea lutaria tiostrea lutaria new zealand dredge oyster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CIZ ITIS:161947 LANGUAL:B2693 http://eol.org/pages/5158 Coregonus reighardi Coregonus reighardi (Koelz, 1924) coregonus reighardi shortnose cisco as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:EFH ITIS:643197 LANGUAL:B2694 http://eol.org/pages/224316 Epinephelus chlorostigma Epinephelus chlorostigma (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1828) Epinephelus chlorostigma (Valenciennes, 1828) epinephelus chlorostigma brownspotted rockcod as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2695 http://eol.org/pages/10840 lepus spp. hare as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2696 http://eol.org/pages/7988 Gallinago Brisson, 1760 gallinago spp. snipe as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2697 http://eol.org/pages/33764 lagopus spp. ptarmigan as food source http://langual.org ITIS:625159 LANGUAL:B2698 http://eol.org/pages/331073 Rupicapra rupicapra (Linnaeus, 1758) rupicapra rupicapra chamois as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2701 Iguana Laurenti, 1768 iguana spp. iguana as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2702 kid as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1071 FAO ASFIS:GUG ITIS:167044 LANGUAL:B2703 http://eol.org/pages/204772 Eutrigla gurnardus (Linnaeus, 1758) chelidonichthys gurnardus trigla gurnardus grey gurnard as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:6 FAO ASFIS:LAU ITIS:159722 LANGUAL:B2704 http://eol.org/pages/580535 Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758 petromyzon marinus sea lamprey as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:327 FAO ASFIS:GOG ITIS:163658 LANGUAL:B2705 http://eol.org/pages/207392 Gobio gobio (Berg 1949) Gobio gobio (Linnaeus, 1758) gobio gobio gudgeon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:389 FAO ASFIS:ELE ITIS:161128 LANGUAL:B2706 http://eol.org/pages/356349 Anguilla anguilla Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) anguilla anguilla european eel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:462 FAO ASFIS:RCR ITIS:164777 LANGUAL:B2707 http://eol.org/pages/223615 Raniceps raninus (Linnaeus, 1758) forkbeard raniceps raninus tadpole fish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1162 FAO ASFIS:BLL ITIS:172749 LANGUAL:B2708 http://eol.org/pages/994475 Scophthalmus rhombus Scophthalmus rhombus (Linnaeus, 1758) scophthalmus rhombus brill as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1147 FAO ASFIS:MKG ITIS:173026 LANGUAL:B2709 http://eol.org/pages/211403 Microchirus variegatus Microchirus variegatus (Donovan, 1808) microchirus variegatus thickback sole as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1156 FAO ASFIS:MEG ITIS:172835 LANGUAL:B2710 http://eol.org/pages/216881 Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis (Walbaum, 1792) lepidorhombus whiffiagonis whiff megrim as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:262 FAO ASFIS:TLV ITIS:162022 LANGUAL:B2711 http://eol.org/pages/204590 Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus, 1758) thymallus thymallus grayling as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:307 FAO ASFIS:PTB ITIS:163619 LANGUAL:B2712 http://eol.org/pages/211593 Barbus barbus (Linnaeus, 1758) barbus barbus barbel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:337 FAO ASFIS:FID ITIS:163576 LANGUAL:B2713 http://eol.org/pages/207288 Leuciscus idus (Linnaeus, 1758) golden orfes leuciscus idus ide as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:DIY ITIS:173391 LANGUAL:B2714 http://eol.org/pages/1012692 Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758 diodon hystrix porcupine fish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1342 FAO ASFIS:QSC ITIS:79627 LANGUAL:B2715 http://eol.org/pages/448743 Aequipecten opercularis (Linnaeus 1758) Chlamys opercularis Chlamys opercularis (Linnaeus, 1758) aequipecten opercularis chlamys opercularis queen scallop as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1396 FAO ASFIS:RAE ITIS:81018 LANGUAL:B2716 http://eol.org/pages/448701 Solen marginatus Solen marginatus (Pulteney, 1799) Solen vagina Linnaeus, 1758 european razor clam grooved razor razor clam solen marginatus solen vagina margin jackknife as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PEE ITIS:70419 LANGUAL:B2717 http://eol.org/pages/619396 Littorina littorea Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) littorina littorea periwinkle, common common periwinkle as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:CCT ITIS:159888 LANGUAL:B2718 http://eol.org/pages/206680 Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 carcharias taurus odontaspis taurus sand shark sand tiger as food source The Emu, *Dromaius novaehollandiae*, is the largest bird native to Australia and the only extant member of the genus *Dromaius*. It is the second-largest extant bird in the world by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. There are three subspecies of Emus in Australia. The Emu is common over most of mainland Australia, although it avoids heavily populated areas, dense forest, and arid areas. WIKIPEDIA:Dromaius_novaehollandiae http://langual.org ITIS:174385 LANGUAL:B2719 http://eol.org/pages/1178369 Dromaius novaehollandiae (Latham, 1790) dromaius novaehollandiae emu as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12277 GRIN:29890 ITIS:24775 LANGUAL:B2720 http://eol.org/pages/231567 Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb var. dulcis Prunus dulcis (P. Mill.) D.A. Webber prunus amygdalus var. dulcis prunus dulcis var. dulcis LanguaL curation note: When indexing the almond fruit (drupe), index both *ALMOND, SWEET [B2720]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). almond, sweet (plant) as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12276 GRIN:29890 ITIS:24775 LANGUAL:B2721 http://eol.org/pages/231567 Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb var. amara (DC.) Buchheim Prunus dulcis (P. Mill.) D.A. Webber bitter almond prunus dulcis var. amara LanguaL curation note: When indexing the almond fruit (drupe), index both *ALMOND, BITTER [B2721]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). almond, bitter (plant) as food source A hort. class of mandarin oranges from Japan (Hortus) [CFSAN thesaurus]. http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8705 GRIN:10793 LANGUAL:B2722 PLANTS:CIREU http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus reticulata Blanco ssp. unshiu (Marcow.) D.Rivera Núñez et al. Citrus unshiu Marcow. citrus reticulata cv. owan citrus unshiu satsuma mandarin unshu orange satsuma orange plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12274 LANGUAL:B2733 MANSFELD:9350 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Prunus domestica L. subsp. syriaca (Borkh.) Janch. prunus domestica var. syriaca prunus insititia var. syriaca syrian plum mirabelle plum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:409748 ITIS:29817 LANGUAL:B2734 MANSFELD:1265 http://eol.org/pages/4200 Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill var. tuberosum (Bernh.) Mart. Crov. Petroselinum crispum (P. Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill Petroselinum crispum convar. radicosum (Alef.) Danert petroselinum crispum convar. radicosum petroselinum crispum var. tuberosum turnip-rooted parsley plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12294 GRIN:30091 ITIS:506232 LANGUAL:B2736 MANSFELD:9360 PLANTS:PRSA3 http://eol.org/pages/231338 Prunus salicina Lindl. Prunus salicina Lindley prunus salicina susina japanese plum plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:625028 LANGUAL:B2741 http://eol.org/pages/309018 Lama glama (Linnaeus, 1758) lama glama llama as food source http://langual.org ITIS:24768 LANGUAL:B2743 PLANTS:PRAN3 PLANTS:PRANA PLANTS:PRANW http://eol.org/pages/231184 Prunus angustifolia Marsh. Prunus angustifolia Marsh. var. angustifolia Prunus angustifolia Marsh. var. watsonii (Sarg.) Waugh prunus angustifolia chickasaw plum plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13207 GRIN:310534 ITIS:25320 LANGUAL:B2746 MANSFELD:8932 PLANTS:SOAU http://eol.org/pages/241042 Sorbus aucuparia L. european mountain-ash rowan sorbus aucuparia european rowan plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:19177 ITIS:503044 LANGUAL:B2748 PLANTS:HIRH80 http://eol.org/pages/488204 Hippophae rhamnoides L. hippophae rhamnoides sea buckthorn plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7860 GRIN:6017 ITIS:20538 LANGUAL:B2751 MANSFELD:553 PLANTS:ATHO http://eol.org/pages/586486 Atriplex hortensis L. atriplex hortensis mountain spinach orach garden orach plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:31803 ITIS:24466 LANGUAL:B2752 PLANTS:RIGL http://eol.org/pages/583185 Ribes glandulosum Grauer ribes glandulosum skunk currant white currant plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2753 http://eol.org/pages/1903 petromyzontiformes fish, petromyzontiform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2754 http://eol.org/pages/1876 odontaspididae sand tiger family as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7138 GRIN:1433 ITIS:21591 LANGUAL:B2759 PLANTS:ADDI3 http://eol.org/pages/584789 Adansonia digitata L. adansonia digitata adansonia somalensis adansonia sphaerocarpa adansonia sulcata dead-rat tree monkey-bread tree upside-down tree baobab plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2760 aframomum alboviolaceum aframomum angustifolium aframomum giganteum aframomum latifolium aframomum melegueta aframomum stipulatum aframomum plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7647 GRIN:3849 ITIS:23629 LANGUAL:B2761 MANSFELD:18141 PLANTS:ARUN4 http://eol.org/pages/583608 Arbutus unedo L. arbutus arbutus unedo cane apple strawberry tree as food source http://langual.org GRIN:3501 ITIS:506201 LANGUAL:B2762 PLANTS:ANSE16 http://eol.org/pages/1054183 Annona senegalensis Pers. annona chrysophylla annona porpetac annona senegalensis annona senegalensis var. latifolia annona senegalensis var. porpetac wild bullock's heart wild soursop wild custard apple plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8637 GRIN:10397 ITIS:25148 LANGUAL:B2763 PLANTS:CHIC http://eol.org/pages/629655 Chrysobalanus icaco L. chrysobalanus chrysobalanus elipticus chrysobalanus icaco chrysobalanus orbicularis chrysobalanus purpureus cocoplum fat prof icaco coco plum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:400210 ITIS:505966 LANGUAL:B2764 PLANTS:CHAL19 http://eol.org/pages/4187 Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don chrysophyllum albidum white apple white star apple plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9319 GRIN:14293 ITIS:505970 LANGUAL:B2766 MANSFELD:18485 PLANTS:DIKA2 http://eol.org/pages/4262 Diospyros kaki L. f. Diospyros kaki Thunb. date plum diospyros chinensis diospyros kaki japanese persimmon kaki persimmon keg fig persimmon, japanese sharon fruit common kaki plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:506165 LANGUAL:B2767 MANSFELD:12137 PLANTS:FESE2 http://eol.org/pages/8095 Feijoa sellowiana (O. Berg) O. Berg acca sellowiana brazilian guava feijoa feijoa sellowiana orthostemon sellowiana pineapple guava plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:310587 ITIS:506419 LANGUAL:B2768 PLANTS:DAED http://eol.org/pages/483480 Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H. J. Lam Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H.J. Lam bush buttertree bushbutter dacryodes edulis pachylobus edulis eben tree as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2769 http://eol.org/pages/61089 dacryodes spp. dacryodes plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2770 detarium spp. detarium plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:411953 LANGUAL:B2771 Detarium microcarpum Guill. & Perr. detarium microcarpum sweet dattock plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:13690 LANGUAL:B2772 Detarium senegalense J. F. Gmel. dattock tree deta detar detarium senegalense senegal dattock tallow tree (detarium) plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:13792 ITIS:506249 LANGUAL:B2773 PLANTS:DIGU2 http://eol.org/pages/417260 Dialium guineense Willd. dialium guineense sierra leone tree velvet berry velvet tamarind plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9855 GRIN:238 LANGUAL:B2774 MANSFELD:7546 PLANTS:FOMA2 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Fortunella margarita (Lour.) Swingle fortunella margarita nagami kumquat oval kumquat plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9854 GRIN:237 ITIS:502643 LANGUAL:B2775 MANSFELD:7544 PLANTS:FOJA http://eol.org/pages/483556 Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle fortunella japonica marumi kumquat round kumquat plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11261 GRIN:24619 ITIS:19069 LANGUAL:B2776 MANSFELD:12919 PLANTS:MONI http://eol.org/pages/596202 Morus nigra L. morus nigra black mulberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:50068 ITIS:506166 LANGUAL:B2777 PLANTS:SYAQ http://eol.org/pages/2508664 Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston Syzygium aqueum (Burman f.) Alston eugenia aqua jambu fruit syzygium aqueum water apple water rose water roseapple plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2778 eugenia capensis plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9825 GRIN:17000 ITIS:506546 LANGUAL:B2779 PLANTS:FISY2 http://eol.org/pages/491538 Ficus sycomorus L. egyptian sycamore ficus gnaphalocarpa ficus sycomorus ficus trachophylla mulberry fig sycomorus ghaphalocarpa sycamore fig plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9929 GRIN:420224 LANGUAL:B2780 Garcinia cambogia (Gaertn.) Desr. Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) N. Robson brindall berry brindleberry gambooge garcinia cambogia garcinia gummi-gutta goraka kodumpuli malabar tamarind sweet garcinia plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10400 GRIN:19487 ITIS:503101 LANGUAL:B2781 PLANTS:HYUN3 http://eol.org/pages/487275 Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britt. & Rose Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose dragon fruit hylocereus triangularis hylocereus undatus pitahaya red pitaya pitaya plant as food source Hyphaene thebaica, with common names doum palm and gingerbread tree, is a type of palm tree with edible oval fruit. It is native to the Nile valley in Egypt and Sudan, and in riverine areas of northwestern Kenya. WIKIPEDIA:Hyphaene_thebaica http://langual.org GRIN:19615 ITIS:506725 LANGUAL:B2782 PLANTS:HYTH2 http://eol.org/pages/1142755 Hyphaene thebaica (L.) C. Martius Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. corypha thebaica doom palm egyptian doum gingerbread palm gingerbread tree hyphaene dahomeensis hyphaene guineensis hyphaene thebaica hyphaene togoensis vegetable ivory palm doum palm plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:451886 LANGUAL:B2783 Lantana strigocamara R. W. Sanders lantana lantana camara lantana strigocamara the' de gambie yellow sage plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:103235 LANGUAL:B2784 Sarcocephalus latifolius (Sm.) Bruce nauclea latifolia sarcocephalus sarcocephalus esculentus sarcocephalus latifolius african peach plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11666 GRIN:27001 ITIS:22243 LANGUAL:B2785 PLANTS:PAQU3 http://eol.org/pages/581884 Passiflora quadrangularis L. passiflora macrocarpa passiflora quadrangularis passiflora quadrangularis var. variegata giant granadilla plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:28054 ITIS:504334 LANGUAL:B2786 PLANTS:PHRE http://eol.org/pages/1135083 Phoenix reclinata Jacq. phoenix phoenix reclinata senegal date palm plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:35855 ITIS:505393 LANGUAL:B2787 PLANTS:STSP8 http://eol.org/pages/482140 Strychnos spinosa Lam. brehmia spinosa elephant orange kaffir orange monkey ball strychnos laxa strychnos spinosa natal orange plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9837 GRIN:17118 ITIS:502628 LANGUAL:B2789 PLANTS:FLIN http://eol.org/pages/487574 Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Flacourtia indica (Burm. fil.) Merr. batoka plum flacourtia hirtiuscula flacourtia indica flacourtia latifolia flacourtia ramontchi flacourtia sepiaria gmelina indica indian plum madagascar plum governor's plum plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2790 african apricot chrysophyllum autranianum gambeya lacourtiana longhi gambeya plant as food source Ancylobotrys capensis (Oliv.) Pichon, or Wild Apricot, is a tangled, sprawling, multi-stemmed South African creeper of the Apocynaceae family. WIKIPEDIA:Ancylobotrys_capensis http://langual.org GRIN:102220 LANGUAL:B2791 AncyloboInOwltrys capensis (Oliv.) Pichon ancyloboInOwltrys capensis wild apricot plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:102255 ITIS:505997 LANGUAL:B2792 PLANTS:SASE15 http://eol.org/pages/4280 Saba senegalensis (A. DC.) Pichon landolphia senegalensis saba saba senegalensis senegal saba gumvine plant as food source Quassia amara is a species in the genus Quassia, with some botanists treating it as the sole species in the genus. It is famous and used for the bitterwood or quassia, its heartwood, used as a febrifuge; this contains quassin, a bitter-tasting substance (it is, in fact, the bitterest substance found in nature). Extracts of Q. amara bark containing quassinoids are used as insecticides, being particularly useful against aphids on crop plants [1]. It is also used to flavor aperitifs and bitters which are added to cocktails. WIKIPEDIA:Bitterwood http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12404 GRIN:30632 ITIS:28841 LANGUAL:B2793 PLANTS:QUAM http://eol.org/pages/582215 Quassia amara L. mafourere quassia amara quassia-wood surinam quassia bitterwood plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:42285 ITIS:28595 LANGUAL:B2794 PLANTS:ZIMA http://eol.org/pages/582336 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. ber cottony jujuba indian cherry indian plum (ziziphus) ziziphus abyssinicus ziziphus mauritiana ziziphus orthacantha indian jujube plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13993 GRIN:42295 LANGUAL:B2795 Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. kurna rhamnus spina-christi syrian christ-thorn ziziphus spina-christi christ's thorn plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:9161 ITIS:30165 LANGUAL:B2796 PLANTS:CAED8 http://eol.org/pages/581123 Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl Carissa edulis Vahl carissa edulis carissa edulis var. candolleana carissa edulis var. cornifolia carissa edulis var. tomentosa egyptian carissa wild plum (carissa edulis) arabian mummum plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8383 GRIN:418402 LANGUAL:B2797 Carica x heilbornii V.M.Badillo nothovar. pentagona (Heilborn) V.M.Badillo Vasconcellea x heilbornii (V. M. Badillo) V. M. Badillo carica pentagona carica x heilbornii babaco plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2798 http://eol.org/pages/29273 canthium spp. canthium plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:7424 ITIS:506708 LANGUAL:B2799 PLANTS:BOAE http://eol.org/pages/1123540 Borassus aethiopum C. Martius Borassus aethiopum Mart. borassus aethiopum palmyra palm african fan palm plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:410180 LANGUAL:B2800 Fadogia homblei De Wild. fadogia homblei fadogia triphylla wild date fadogia plant as food source Fadogiella is a genus of flowering plants in the Rubiaceae family. It was descripted by Walter Robyns in 1928.[1] This genus is morphologically similar to Fadogia and is related to the latter genus.[2] It is found in central and east tropical Africa. WIKIPEDIA:Fadogiella http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2801 fadogiella spp. fadogiella plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2802 feretia spp. feretia plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:70994 LANGUAL:B2803 Garcinia buchananii Baker garcinia buchananii garcinia huillensis granite garcinia granite mangosteen mutunduru garcinia plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2804 http://eol.org/pages/61019 grewia spp. grewia plant as food source Guarea is a genus of evergreen trees in the mahogany family Meliaceae, native to tropical Africa and Central and South America. They are large trees 20-45 m tall, with a trunk over 1 m trunk diameter, often buttressed at the base. The leaves are pinnate, with 4-6 pairs of leaflets, the terminal leaflet present. The flowers are produced in loose inflorescences, each flower small, with 4-5 yellowish petals. The fruit is a four or five-valved capsule, containing several seeds, each surrounded by a yellow-orange fleshy aril; the seeds are dispersed by hornbills and monkeys which eat the fleshy aril. WIKIPEDIA:Guarea http://langual.org GRIN:459726 LANGUAL:B2805 PLANTS:GUARE http://eol.org/pages/4413 Guarea Allam. ex L. Guarea sp. guarea spp. guarea plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:20449 LANGUAL:B2806 Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill. african wild mango bush mango irvingia gabonensis african mango plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:21431 ITIS:505993 LANGUAL:B2807 PLANTS:LAHE6 http://eol.org/pages/4280 Landolphia heudelotii A. DC. guinea gumvine landolphia heudelotti landolphia rubber plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2808 carpodinus hirsuta landolphia poilu landolphia hirsuta hairy landolphia plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:21435 ITIS:505996 LANGUAL:B2809 PLANTS:LAOW http://eol.org/pages/4280 Landolphia owariensis P. Beauv. landolphia owariensis white ball rubber white rubber vine plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:311301 ITIS:506122 LANGUAL:B2810 PLANTS:MAAF2 http://eol.org/pages/483625 Mammea africana Sabine african mammee-apple african mammyapple mammea africana mammea plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:24461 LANGUAL:B2811 Mimusops zeyheri Sond. mimusops zeyheri transvaal red milkwood mimusops plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2812 olax obtusifolia olax plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:27035 ITIS:28694 LANGUAL:B2813 PLANTS:PAPI4 http://eol.org/pages/595739 Paullinia pinnata L. barbasco bread and cheese paullinia pinnata paulinia plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2814 pachylobus balsamiflora pachylobus trimera santiria santiria trimera tooth-brush tree as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2815 sorindeia juglandifolia sorindeia katangensis sorindeia plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:417928 LANGUAL:B2816 Zanha africana (Radlk.) Exell zanha africana plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2817 zanha golungensis zanha golungensis plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:14301 LANGUAL:B2818 PLANTS:DIME8 Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A. DC. diospyros bicolor diospyros mespiliformis diospyros senegalensis jackal berry monkey guava nigerian ebony swamp ebony african ebony plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:32418 LANGUAL:B2819 Rubus pinnatus Willd. rubus pinnatus var. afrotropicus rubus plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12328 LANGUAL:B2820 Trichoscypha Hook. f. trichoscypha spp. trichoscypha plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2821 uapaca paludosa uapaca plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:404097 LANGUAL:B2822 http://eol.org/pages/61095 Sclerocarya sp. cat thorn cider tree maroola nut marula morula poupartia birrea pourpartia caffra sclerocarya birrea sclerocarya caffra spondias birrea sclerocarya plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:16936 LANGUAL:B2823 Ficus platyphylla Delile ficus bibracteata ficus umbrosa ficus platyphylla plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:429040 ITIS:565194 LANGUAL:B2824 PLANTS:FITH2 http://eol.org/pages/20701892 Ficus thonningii Blume ficus bongoensis ficus dekdekena ficus sassandrensis ficus spragueana ficus thonning ficus thonningii small figtree chinese banyan plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:21444 LANGUAL:B2825 Lannea edulis (Sond.) Engl. broom druif grape, wild lannea edulis lannea velutuna odina edulis wild grape plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:26768 LANGUAL:B2827 Parinari curatellifolia Planch. ex Benth. cork tree (parinari) hissing tree marbola plum parinari curatellifolia parinari moboInOwlla sand apple mobola plum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:26769 LANGUAL:B2828 Parinari excelsa Sabine guinea-plum parinari excelsa parinari holstii parinarium gray plum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:449464 LANGUAL:B2829 Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance neocarya macrophylla parinari macrophylla gingerbread plum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:459882 LANGUAL:B2830 Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. eugenia guineensis syzygium guineense water pear water berry plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:70774 ITIS:505421 LANGUAL:B2831 PLANTS:SYMA2 http://eol.org/pages/2508662 Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry eugenia malaccensis jambosa malaccensis malay apple malaysian apple mamiew pomerac ohia pinkapple pomerac roseapple (syzygium malaccense) saraek pomerac syzygium malaccense mountain apple plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:42111 LANGUAL:B2832 Ximenia caffra Sond. ximenia caffra sourplum plant as food source Anonidium mannii (Junglesop) is a tropical African tree. It has both large leaves (can be over a foot long) and edible fruits of similar length. Although rare the fruits are in demand where available. WIKIPEDIA:Anonidium_mannii http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2833 annona manii anonidium mannii anonidium plant as food source Antidesma is a tropical plant genus of about 170 species from the family Phyllanthaceae. WIKIPEDIA:Antidesma http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2834 phyllanthaceae antidesma plant as food source Antrocaryon micraster (also called Antrocaryon) is a species of plant in the Anacardiaceae family. WIKIPEDIA:Antrocaryon http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2835 antrocaryon klaineanum antrocaryon plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:417692 LANGUAL:B2836 Lepisanthes senegalensis (Juss. ex Poir.) Leenh. aphania senegalensis lepisanthes senegalensis sapindus senegalensis soapberry plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7904 GRIN:6322 ITIS:506376 LANGUAL:B2837 PLANTS:BAAE http://eol.org/pages/4418 Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile agialida barteri agialida senegalensis agialida tombuctensis balanites aegyptiaca balanites ziziphoides betu bitu egyptian myroboInOwllan jericho balsam soapberry (balanites aegyptiaca) torchwood ximenia aegyptiaca desert date plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2838 http://eol.org/pages/61427 boscia spp. boscia plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2839 bridelia spp. bridelia plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:310568 ITIS:506415 LANGUAL:B2840 PLANTS:CASC28 http://eol.org/pages/484974 Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. Canarium schweinfurthii Engler canarium schweinfurthii papo canary tree incense tree as food source http://langual.org GRIN:435926 LANGUAL:B2841 PLANTS:COAF2 Cordyla africana Lour. cordyla africana cordyla plant as food source The horned melon (*Cucumis metuliferus*), also called African horned cucumber or melon, jelly melon, hedged gourd, English tomato, melano, kiwano, or cherie, is an annual vine in the cucumber and melon family. WIKIPEDIA:Cucumis_metuliferus http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9045 ITIS:501835 LANGUAL:B2842 PLANTS:CUME3 http://eol.org/pages/488083 Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey. ex Naud. Cucumis metuliferus E.Mey. ex Naudin cucumis metuliferus kiwano african horned cucumber plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2843 http://eol.org/pages/66462 chrysophyllum spp. chrysophyllum plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2844 http://eol.org/pages/1280 euphausiidae krill as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10861 GRIN:22253 ITIS:506392 LANGUAL:B2845 PLANTS:LIAC5 http://eol.org/pages/483559 Limonia acidissima L. elephant apple feronia limonia indian wood apple limonia acidissima wood apple plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2857 http://eol.org/pages/23968 dentex spp. dentex as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:793 FAO ASFIS:SBG ITIS:647901 LANGUAL:B2858 http://eol.org/pages/587825 Sparus aurata Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758 sparus aurata gilt headed bream as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2859 http://eol.org/pages/24724 lethrinus spp. emperor as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:TLA ITIS:162016 LANGUAL:B2860 http://eol.org/pages/204794 Thymallus arcticus Thymallus arcticus (Pallas 1776) Thymallus arcticus (Pallas, 1776) thymallus arcticus arctic grayling as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:949 FAO ASFIS:LHT FDA RFE 2010:91 ITIS:172385 LANGUAL:B2861 http://eol.org/pages/219637 Trichiurus lepturus Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 trichiurus lepturus atlantic cutlassfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ZCN ITIS:625303 LANGUAL:B2862 http://eol.org/pages/5051 Cyttus novaezealandiae Cyttus novaezealandiae (Arthur, 1885) cyttus novaezealandiae silver dory as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:709 FAO ASFIS:MGR ITIS:169366 LANGUAL:B2863 http://eol.org/pages/203937 Argyrosomus regius Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) sciaena aquila meagre as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:454 FAO ASFIS:BLI ITIS:164761 LANGUAL:B2864 http://eol.org/pages/215832 Molva dipterygia dipterygia (Pennant, 1784) Molva dypterygia Molva dypterygia (Pennant, 1784) molva dypterygia blue ling as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:442 FAO ASFIS:GRC ITIS:164717 LANGUAL:B2865 http://eol.org/pages/206695 Gadus ogac Gadus ogac Richardson, 1836 gadus ogac greenland cod as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2866 http://eol.org/pages/5296 lethrinidae emperor family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:324 ITIS:163537 LANGUAL:B2867 http://eol.org/pages/212044 Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1844) Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) ctenopharyngodon idella grass carp as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2868 http://eol.org/pages/24659 pterois spp. butterfly cod as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:249 FAO ASFIS:ONC ITIS:161983 LANGUAL:B2869 http://eol.org/pages/212910 Oncorhynchus clarki (Richardson 1836) Oncorhynchus clarkii Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson, 1836) Salmo clarki Richardson, 1836 oncorhynchus clarki salmo clarki cutthroat trout as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:264 FAO ASFIS:PSM ITIS:162031 LANGUAL:B2870 http://eol.org/pages/220325 Hypomesus olidus (Pallas, 1811) Hypomesus olidus (Pallas, 1814) hypomesus olidus pond smelt as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:783 FAO ASFIS:PAC ITIS:169215 LANGUAL:B2871 http://eol.org/pages/223570 Pagellus erythrinus Pagellus erythrinus (Linnaeus, 1758) pagellus erythrinus pandora as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:557 FAO ASFIS:GIP ITIS:167669 LANGUAL:B2872 http://eol.org/pages/204766 Lates calcarifer Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) lates calcarifer barramundi perch as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7917 GRIN:105428 ITIS:22743 LANGUAL:B2873 PLANTS:BAVE http://eol.org/pages/584060 Barbarea verna (Mill.) Asch. Barbarea verna (P. Mill.) Aschers. american cress american winter cress barbarea verna creecy greens early winter cress early yellowrocket normandy cress upland cress land cress plant as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1237 FAO ASFIS:CSH ITIS:97118 LANGUAL:B2874 http://eol.org/pages/1039673 Crangon crangon (Linnaeus, 1758) brown shrimp crangon crangon crangon vulgaris common shrimp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1360 FAO ASFIS:MUS ITIS:79454 LANGUAL:B2875 http://eol.org/pages/449959 Mytilus edulis Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758 common mussel edible mussel mytilus edulis blue mussel as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ODW LANGUAL:B2876 http://eol.org/pages/2248 Ostrea denselamellosa Lischke 1869 ostrea denselamellosa ostrea laperousei japanese flat oyster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:STZ ITIS:171064 LANGUAL:B2877 http://eol.org/pages/220079 Kathetostoma giganteum Kathetostoma giganteum Haast, 1873 kathetostoma giganteum giant stargazer as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:121 FAO ASFIS:CMO ITIS:161022 LANGUAL:B2878 http://eol.org/pages/227516 Chimaera monstrosa Linnaeus, 1758 chimaera monstrosa hydrolagus novaezelandiae hydrolagus spp. ratfish as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:EQH LANGUAL:B2879 http://eol.org/pages/2298 Ensis macha (Molina 1782) ensis macha giant jackknife razor shell clam as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1234 FAO ASFIS:CPR ITIS:96451 LANGUAL:B2880 http://eol.org/pages/1022774 Palaemon serratus Palaemon serratus (Pennant, 1777) leander serratus palaemon serratus common prawn as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:TQE LANGUAL:B2881 http://eol.org/pages/2266 Atrina pectinata Atrina pectinata (Linnaeus 1767) atrina pectinata comb penshell as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2882 http://eol.org/pages/8904 chimaeridae shortnose chimaera family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2883 Beryx Cuvier, 1829 beryx spp. alfonsinos as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2884 http://eol.org/pages/8239 berycidae alfonsino family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:603 FAO ASFIS:EPI ITIS:168298 LANGUAL:B2885 http://eol.org/pages/994787 Epigonus telescopus Epigonus telescopus (Risso, 1810) epigonus telescopus bigeye cardinalfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2886 http://eol.org/pages/5377 apogonidae cardinalfish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MKH ITIS:167763 LANGUAL:B2887 http://eol.org/pages/207922 Mycteroperca phenax Mycteroperca phenax Jordan & Swain, 1884 Mycteroperca phenax Jordan and Swain, 1884 mycteroperca phenax scamp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:NDD ITIS:96995 LANGUAL:B2888 http://eol.org/pages/343371 Pandalopsis dispar Pandalopsis dispar M. J. Rathbun, 1902 Pandalopsis dispar M.J. Rathbun, 1902 pandalopsis dispar sidestriped shrimp as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2889 burdock, gobo (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2890 http://eol.org/pages/2310 veneridae venus clam family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SLT ITIS:172460 LANGUAL:B2891 http://eol.org/pages/224134 Allothunnus fallai Allothunnus fallai Serventy, 1948 allothunnus fallai slender tuna as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RIB ITIS:164687 LANGUAL:B2892 http://eol.org/pages/214998 Mora moro Mora moro (Risso, 1810) common mora mora moro pseudophycis breviusculus morid cod as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:644521 LANGUAL:B2893 http://eol.org/pages/5126 Scorpaena papillosa Scorpaena papillosa (Schneider and Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) helicolenus papillosus rockfish as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:SEU ITIS:642977 LANGUAL:B2894 http://eol.org/pages/217245 Seriolella caerulea Guichenot, 1848 seriolella caerulea white warehou as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1030 FAO ASFIS:CEO ITIS:172520 LANGUAL:B2895 http://eol.org/pages/205156 Centrolophus niger Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1788) Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) centrolophus niger black ruff as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MAD ITIS:170374 LANGUAL:B2896 http://eol.org/pages/1012810 Aldrichetta forsteri Aldrichetta forsteri (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1836) Aldrichetta forsteri (Valenciennes, 1836) aldrichetta forsteri yelloweye mullet as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2897 http://eol.org/pages/24096 macrourus spp. grenadier as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LDE ITIS:165425 LANGUAL:B2898 http://eol.org/pages/5502 Lepidorhynchus denticulatus Lepidorhynchus denticulatus Richardson, 1846 lepidorhynchus denticulatus deepsea whiptail as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2899 http://eol.org/pages/5502 macrouridae grenadier family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:166844 LANGUAL:B2900 http://eol.org/pages/216476 Scorpaena cardinalis Scorpaena cardinalis Solander and Richardson in Richardson, 1842 scorpaena cardinalis red rockfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:661 FAO ASFIS:CJM ITIS:168597 LANGUAL:B2901 http://eol.org/pages/224921 Trachurus murphyi Trachurus murphyi Nichols, 1920 inca scad trachurus murphyi chilean horse mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:946 FAO ASFIS:SFS ITIS:172391 LANGUAL:B2902 http://eol.org/pages/216769 Lepidopus caudatus Lepidopus caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788) lepidopus caudatus silver scabbardfish as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ZCT ITIS:625276 LANGUAL:B2903 http://eol.org/pages/219069 Cyttus traversi Hutton, 1872 cyttus traversi lookdown dory as food source Eschmeyer, Catalog of the Genera of recent Fishes, California Academy of Sciences, 1990, p.458. Scientific name verifiable, common name unverified. http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MCK ITIS:550608 LANGUAL:B2905 http://eol.org/pages/216574 Caelorinchus kaiyomaru Arai & Iwamoto 1979 Caelorinchus kaiyomaru Arai and Iwamoto, 1979 caelorinchus kaiyomaru kaiyomaru rattail as food source Eschmeyer, Catalog of the Genera of recent Fishes, California Academy of Sciences, 1990, p.458. Scientific name verifiable, common name unverified. http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:CQS ITIS:550599 LANGUAL:B2906 http://eol.org/pages/209566 Caelorinchus aspercephalus Waite 1911 Caelorinchus aspercephalus Waite, 1911 caelorinchus aspercephalus smooth rattail as food source Eschmeyer, Catalog of the Genera of recent Fishes, California Academy of Sciences, 1990, p.455. Scientiric name verifiable, common name unverified. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2907 http://eol.org/pages/24501 alepocephalus spp. large scaled brown slickhead as food source Eschmeyer, Catalog of the Genera of recent Fishes, California Academy of Sciences, 1990, p.455. Scientific name verifiable, common name unverified. http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:AVS ITIS:162312 LANGUAL:B2908 http://eol.org/pages/344799 Alepocephalus australis Barnard 1923 Alepocephalus australis Barnard, 1923 alepocephalus australis small scaled brown slickhead as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2909 http://eol.org/pages/5407 alepocephalidae slickhead family as food source http://langual.org FISHBASE:54017 ITIS:160674 LANGUAL:B2910 http://eol.org/pages/994319 Etmopterus baxteri Garrick, 1957 baxters dogfish etmopterus baxteri new zealand lanternshark as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:HYI ITIS:616686 LANGUAL:B2911 Hyporhamphus ihi Phillipps, 1932 hyporhamphus ihi new zealand garfish as food source Eschmeyer, Catalog of the Genera of recent Fishes, California Academy of Sciences, 1990, p.464. Scientific name verifiable, common name unverified. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2912 http://eol.org/pages/8244 hemiramphidae halfbeak family as food source http://langual.org ITIS:550805 LANGUAL:B2913 http://eol.org/pages/5502 Trachyrincus longirostris (Günther, 1878) trachyrhynchus longirostris unicorn rattail as food source Eschmeyer, Catalog of the Genera of recent Fishes, California Academy of Sciences, 1990, p.455. Scientific name verifiable, common name unverified. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2914 http://eol.org/pages/24139 xenodermichthys spp. black slickhead as food source Eschmeyer, Catalog of the Genera of recent Fishes, California Academy of Sciences, 1990, p.470. Scientific name verifiable, common name inverified. http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:NEG LANGUAL:B2915 http://eol.org/pages/5128 Neophrynichthys angustus Nelson 1977 neophrynichthys angustus pale toadfish as food source Eschmeyer, Catalog of the Genera of recent Fishes, California Academy of Sciences, 1990, p.470. Scientific name verifiable, common name unverified. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2916 http://eol.org/pages/5128 psychrolutidae fathead family as food source Spelt (Triticum spelta) is a hexaploid species of wheat. Spelt was an important staple in parts of Europe from the Bronze Age to medieval times; it now survives as a relict crop in Central Europe and has found a new market as a health food.[] http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13673 GRIN:406903 ITIS:42243 LANGUAL:B2917 MANSFELD:34190 PLANTS:TRSP3 http://eol.org/pages/1115243 Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta (L.) Thell. Triticum spelta L. german wheat triticum aestivum subsp. spelta triticum aestivum, spelta group triticum spelta spelt plant as food source Eschmeyer, Catalog of the Genera of recent Fishes, California Academy of Sciences, 1990, p.441. Scientific name verifiable, common name unverified. http://langual.org ITIS:635910 LANGUAL:B2918 http://eol.org/pages/223764 Bassanago bulbiceps Whitley, 1948 bassanago bulbiceps pseudoxenamystax bulbiceps swollenhead conger eel as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2919 ocimum frutescens perilla frutescens perilla ocimoides perilla plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:41819 LANGUAL:B2920 Vitex doniana Sweet vitex doniana black plum plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2921 http://eol.org/pages/83701 eugenia spp. stopper eugenia plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2922 ficus, wild ficus spp. plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2923 pseudospondias longifolia pseudospondias plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2925 http://eol.org/pages/2501 littorinidae periwinkle family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2926 nere parkia filicoidea african locust bean plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2928 http://eol.org/pages/28239 dialium spp. dialium plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2929 http://eol.org/pages/60887 salacia spp. salacia plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2930 http://eol.org/pages/60775 strychnos spp. strychnos plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:438178 LANGUAL:B2931 Bobgunnia fistuloides (Harms) J. H. Kirkbr. & Wiersema swartzia fistuloides swartzia plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2932 vangueriopsis lanciflora vangueriopsis plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:312482 LANGUAL:B2933 http://eol.org/pages/38870 Vitex sp. chastetree vitex spp. vitex plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:965 FAO ASFIS:RAG ITIS:172462 LANGUAL:B2934 http://eol.org/pages/208604 Rastrelliger kanagurta Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) rastrelliger kanagurta indian mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:977 FAO ASFIS:COM ITIS:172441 LANGUAL:B2935 http://eol.org/pages/205201 Scomberomorus commerson Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepède, 1800) Scomberomorus commerson (Lacépède, 1802) narrow-barred king mackerel narrow-barred spanish mackerel scomberomorus commerson narrow-barred mackerel as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2936 http://eol.org/pages/25359 epigonus spp. cardinalfish as food source http://langual.org GRIN:101035 LANGUAL:B2938 MANSFELD:3440 NETTOX: Alpinia officinarum Hance lesser galangal plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7537 GRIN:3484 ITIS:18101 LANGUAL:B2939 MANSFELD:28730 PLANTS:ANGL4 http://eol.org/pages/1054891 Annona glabra L. pond apple plant as food source The beetroot, also known as the table beet, garden beet, red beet or informally simply as beet, is one of the many cultivated varieties of beets (Beta vulgaris) and arguably the most commonly encountered variety in North America, Central America and Britain. WIKIPEDIA:Red_beet http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8011 GRIN:7057 LANGUAL:B2940 MANSFELD:330 Beta vulgaris L. var. vulgaris Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris L. Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris beetroot beta vulgaris var. conditiva beta vulgaris var. vulgaris red beet plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8651 GRIN:10542 ITIS:501522 LANGUAL:B2941 MANSFELD:31983 PLANTS:CIEN http://eol.org/pages/488332 Cichorium endivia L. curled endive plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8651 GRIN:10542 ITIS:501522 LANGUAL:B2942 MANSFELD:31979 PLANTS:CIEN http://eol.org/pages/488332 Cichorium endivia L. cichorium endivia escarole broadleaved endive plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8653 GRIN:10543 ITIS:36763 LANGUAL:B2943 MANSFELD:31958 PLANTS:CIIN http://eol.org/pages/467862 Cichorium intybus L. cichorium intybus ssp. intybus coffee chicory plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:10577 LANGUAL:B2944 MANSFELD:15067 NETTOX: Cinnamomum burmanii Bl. padang cassia plant as food source Scurvy-grass (Cochlearia species; a.k.a. Scurvy grass, Scurvygrass, or Spoonwort) is a genus of about 30 species of annual and perennial herbs in the cabbage family Brassicaceae. They are widely distributed in temperate and arctic areas of the northern hemisphere, most commonly found in coastal regions, on cliff-tops and salt marshes where their high tolerance of salt enables them to avoid competition from larger, but less salt-tolerant plants; they also occur in alpine habitats in mountains and tundra. Scurvy-grass was extensively eaten in the past by sailors suffering from scurvy after returning from long voyages, as the leaves are rich in vitamin C, which cures this deficiency disease resulting from a lack of fresh vegetables in the diet. The leaves, which have a strong peppery taste similar to the related horseradish and watercress, are also sometimes used in salads. WIKIPEDIA:Cochlearia http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8761 GRIN:11010 ITIS:22816 LANGUAL:B2945 MANSFELD:23616 PLANTS:COOF4 http://eol.org/pages/584102 Cochlearia officinalis L. cochlearia officinalis scurvygrass spoonwort scurvy-grass plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8849 GRIN:11563 ITIS:565094 LANGUAL:B2946 MANSFELD:24774 PLANTS:COMA21 http://eol.org/pages/591119 Cornus mas L. cornelian cherry plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:12678 LANGUAL:B2947 MANSFELD:3231 NETTOX: Curcuma zedoaria (Bergius) Rosc. curcuma zedoaria zedoary plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9865 GRIN:264 ITIS:24634 LANGUAL:B2948 MANSFELD:8594 PLANTS:FRVE http://eol.org/pages/229659 Fragaria vesca L. european wild strawberry fragaria vesca wild strawberry woodland strawberry european strawberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9866 GRIN:267 ITIS:24639 LANGUAL:B2949 MANSFELD:8610 PLANTS:FRVI http://eol.org/pages/234385 Fragaria virginiana Duchesne Fragaria virginiana Mill. fragaria virginiana scarlet strawberry wild strawberry virginia strawberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:19644 LANGUAL:B2950 MANSFELD:16171 NETTOX: Hyssopus officinalis L. hyssop plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10661 GRIN:21365 ITIS:36608 LANGUAL:B2951 MANSFELD:32046 PLANTS:LASE http://eol.org/pages/468149 Lactuca serriola L. prickly lettuce plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:22014 LANGUAL:B2952 MANSFELD:1731 NETTOX: Levisticum officinale W. Koch lovage plant as food source *Aloysia citrodora* is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family *Verbenaceae*, native to Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. Common names include lemon verbena and lemon beebrush. It was brought to Europe by the Spanish and the Portuguese in the 17th century. Lemon verbena leaves are used to add a lemon flavor to fish and poultry dishes, vegetable marinades, salad dressings, jams, puddings, greek yogurt and beverages. It also is used to make herbal teas, or added to standard tea in place of actual lemon (as is common with Moroccan tea). It can also be used to make a sorbet. In addition, it has anti-Candida albicans activity. In the European Union, Verbena essential oils (Lippia citriodora Kunth.) and derivatives other than absolute are prohibited when used as a fragrance ingredient (Commission Directive 2009/164/EU of 22 December 2009). WIKIPEDIA:Lemon_verbena http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7394 GRIN:317750 LANGUAL:B2953 MANSFELD:4474 http://eol.org/pages/4304 Aloysia citrodora Palau aloysia citrodora lemon beebush lippia triphylla lemon verbena plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11260 GRIN:24607 ITIS:19066 LANGUAL:B2954 MANSFELD:12894 PLANTS:MOAL http://eol.org/pages/594885 Morus alba L. morus alba white mulberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:102387 ITIS:30589 LANGUAL:B2955 MANSFELD:5594 PLANTS:PHAL5 http://eol.org/pages/581063 Physalis alkekengi L. chinese lantern plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:400109 LANGUAL:B2956 MANSFELD:9956 NETTOX: Piper longum L. indian long pepper plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12264 LANGUAL:B2957 MANSFELD:9193 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Prunus avium (L.) L. subsp. duracina (L.) D.Rivera & al. hard-fleshed cherry plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12336 GRIN:30208 ITIS:506172 LANGUAL:B2958 MANSFELD:12292 PLANTS:PSGU3 http://eol.org/pages/2508601 Psidium guineense Sw. psidium guineense brasilian guava plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:319665 LANGUAL:B2959 MANSFELD:24313 NETTOX: Raphanus sativus L. var. niger (Mill.) Kerner black radish plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:319668 LANGUAL:B2960 MANSFELD:24314 NETTOX: Raphanus sativus L. var. sativus little radish plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12609 GRIN:5309 ITIS:24819 LANGUAL:B2961 PLANTS:ROCA3 http://eol.org/pages/234403 Rosa canina L. dog rose plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:33412 LANGUAL:B2962 MANSFELD:32155 NETTOX: Scorzonera hispanica L. scorzonera hispanica spanish salsify black salsify plant as food source The fruit is a component of a cider-like drink which is still made in parts of Europe. Picked straight off the tree it tastes highly unpleasant. WIKIPEDIA:Service_tree http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13211 GRIN:35018 ITIS:505296 LANGUAL:B2963 MANSFELD:8924 PLANTS:SODO5 http://eol.org/pages/636879 Sorbus domestica L. sorbus domestica service tree as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13279 GRIN:35337 ITIS:28817 LANGUAL:B2964 MANSFELD:28353 PLANTS:SPPU http://eol.org/pages/582278 Spondias purpurea L. hog-plum purple mombin red mombin spondias purpurea spanish plum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:35402 LANGUAL:B2965 MANSFELD:16641 NETTOX: Stachys affinis Bunge japanese artichoke stachys affinis stachys sieboldii chinese artichoke plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:36675 LANGUAL:B2966 MANSFELD:4863 NETTOX: Tilia cordata Mill. littleleaf linden plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:36695 LANGUAL:B2967 MANSFELD:4863 NETTOX: Tilia platyphyllos Scop. bigleaf linden plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13681 GRIN:40686 ITIS:505615 LANGUAL:B2968 MANSFELD:4811 PLANTS:TRMA7 http://eol.org/pages/484394 Tropaeolum majus L. garden nasturtium nasturtium tropaeolum majus indian cress plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13740 GRIN:41047 ITIS:505635 LANGUAL:B2969 MANSFELD:18288 PLANTS:VAOX http://eol.org/pages/484408 Vaccinium oxycoccos L. european cranberry mossberry northern cranberry small cranberry vaccinium microcarpum vaccinium oxycoccos vaccinium oxycoccus common cranberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13741 GRIN:41063 ITIS:23574 LANGUAL:B2970 MANSFELD:18312 PLANTS:VAUL http://eol.org/pages/583654 Vaccinium uliginosum L. bog blueberry vaccinium uliginosum bog bilberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B2971 galangal plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12299 GRIN:30116 ITIS:24802 LANGUAL:B3325 PLANTS:PRSP http://eol.org/pages/632461 Prunus spinosa L. blackthorn prunus spinosa sloe plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9318 GRIN:14280 ITIS:505968 LANGUAL:B3326 PLANTS:DIDI15 http://eol.org/pages/483959 Diospyros digyna Jacq. black sapote diospyros digyna black persimmon plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:14204 ITIS:502073 LANGUAL:B3327 MANSFELD:18717 PLANTS:DIES2 http://eol.org/pages/1121044 Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill asiatic yam chinese sweet potato chinese yam dioscorea esculenta lesser yam plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9320 GRIN:14296 ITIS:505971 LANGUAL:B3328 PLANTS:DILO8 http://eol.org/pages/482113 Diospyros lotus L. date-plum diospyros lotus lotus persimmon lotus tree date plum plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9321 GRIN:14329 ITIS:23855 LANGUAL:B3329 PLANTS:DIVI5 http://eol.org/pages/595775 Diospyros virginiana L. common persimmon diospyros virginiana eastern persimmon american persimmon plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3330 elaeis guineensis african oil palm plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9803 GRIN:16785 ITIS:19083 LANGUAL:B3331 PLANTS:FIBE http://eol.org/pages/594918 Ficus benjamina L. ficus benjamina java fig javatree benjamin tree as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9819 GRIN:16951 ITIS:502618 LANGUAL:B3332 PLANTS:FIPU2 http://eol.org/pages/489706 Ficus pumila L. ficus pumila climbing fig plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:405602 LANGUAL:B3333 MANSFELD:1564 http://eol.org/pages/4200 Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum (Mill.) Thell. finocchio foeniculum vulgare subsp. vulgare var. azoricum florence fennel plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:102104 ITIS:29509 LANGUAL:B3334 MANSFELD:1559 PLANTS:FOVU http://eol.org/pages/585008 Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce (Mill.) Batt. Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce (Mill.) Battand. & Trabut foeniculum vulgare subsp. vulgare var. dulce roman fennel sweet fennel plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9867 GRIN:268 LANGUAL:B3335 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Fragaria viridis Duchesne Fragaria viridis Weston fragaria viridis green strawberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9868 GRIN:244 ITIS:24630 LANGUAL:B3336 MANSFELD:8618 PLANTS:FRAN http://eol.org/pages/245515 Fragaria X ananassa Duchesne (pro sp.) Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier Fragaria ×ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier (pro sp.) cultivated strawberry fragaria x ananassa garden strawberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9864 GRIN:257 LANGUAL:B3337 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Fragaria moschata Duchesne Fragaria moschata Weston fragaria eliator fragaria moschata hautbois strawberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9863 GRIN:246 ITIS:24625 LANGUAL:B3338 PLANTS:FRCH http://eol.org/pages/230224 Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill. Fragaria chiloensis (L.) P. Mill. Fragaria chiloënsis (L.) Mill. beach strawberry chiloe strawberry fragaria chiloensis chilean strawberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:104709 LANGUAL:B3339 Fragaria vesca f. semperflorens (Duchesne) Staudt fragaria semperflorens fragaria vesca subsp. vesca f. semperflorens alpine strawberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10323 DPNL 2003:10324 GRIN:317403 ITIS:40874 LANGUAL:B3340 PLANTS:HOVU http://eol.org/pages/1114455 Hordeum vulgare L. Hordeum vulgare L. convar. distichon (L.) Alef. hordeum distichum hordeum vulgare l. convar. distichon hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare two row barley plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10325 GRIN:19333 ITIS:40874 LANGUAL:B3341 MANSFELD:37920 PLANTS:HOVU http://eol.org/pages/1114455 Hordeum vulgare L. Hordeum vulgare L. convar. vulgare Hordeum vulgare convar. hexastichon Alef. Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare hordeum hexastichum hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare convar. vulgare hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare six row barley plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10654 GRIN:21341 ITIS:505918 LANGUAL:B3342 PLANTS:LAIN13 http://eol.org/pages/590834 Lactuca indica L. lactuca indica indian lettuce plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10659 GRIN:404618 ITIS:36607 LANGUAL:B3343 PLANTS:LASA3 http://eol.org/pages/468144 Lactuca sativa L. Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa L. lactuca sativa var. crispa leaf lettuce curled lettuce plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11048 GRIN:23219 ITIS:25256 LANGUAL:B3344 PLANTS:MABA http://eol.org/pages/230643 Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. malus baccata malus baccata var. baccata chinese crabapple plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11051 GRIN:104672 ITIS:565975 LANGUAL:B3345 PLANTS:MAMA37 http://eol.org/pages/2508061 Malus mandshurica (Maxim.) Kom. Malus mandshurica (Maxim.) Kom. ex Skvortsov malus baccata var. mandshurica malus mandshurica mandchurian crabapple plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11052 GRIN:23261 ITIS:25262 LANGUAL:B3346 PLANTS:MAPU http://eol.org/pages/629943 Malus pumila Mill. Malus pumila P. Mill. malus pumila malus pumila var. niedzwetzkyana malus sylvestris var. niedzwetskyana malus sylvestris var. paradisiaca paradise apple plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11055 GRIN:23279 ITIS:25264 LANGUAL:B3347 MANSFELD:8846 PLANTS:MASY2 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. Malus sylvestris Mill. Malus sylvestris P. Mill. crab apple crabapple malus sylvestris european crabapple plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3348 medicago sativa nothosubsp. varia medicago ×varia sand lucerne variegated lucerne bastard medic plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11358 GRIN:313511 ITIS:506074 LANGUAL:B3349 PLANTS:NEMU5 http://eol.org/pages/4415 Nephelium mutabile Blume Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh. nephelium mutabile nephelium ramboutan-ake pulasan plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:907 FAO ASFIS:CAS ITIS:171342 LANGUAL:B3350 http://eol.org/pages/224648 Anarhichas minor Anarhichas minor Olafsen, 1772 anarhichas minor spotted wolffish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:409 FAO ASFIS:GAR ITIS:165594 ITIS:645292 ITIS:645293 ITIS:645294 LANGUAL:B3351 http://eol.org/pages/212567 Belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) Belone belone acus Risso, 1827 Belone belone belone (Linnaeus, 1761) Belone belone euxini Günther, 1866 belone belone belone belone belone garpike garfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SFV ITIS:166779 LANGUAL:B3352 http://eol.org/pages/209615 Sebastes viviparus Sebastes viviparus Krøyer, 1845 norway redfish sebastes viviparus norway haddock as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1129 FAO ASFIS:FLE ITIS:172894 LANGUAL:B3353 http://eol.org/pages/994631 Platichthys flesus Platichthys flesus (Linnaeus, 1758) flounder, european platichthys flesus european flounder as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:465 FAO ASFIS:NOP ITIS:164756 LANGUAL:B3354 http://eol.org/pages/206050 Trisopterus esmarki (Nilsson, 1855) Trisopterus esmarkii (Nilsson, 1855) pout, norway trisopterus esmarkii norway pout as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8105 GRIN:7668 ITIS:23062 LANGUAL:B3355 MANSFELD:23907 http://eol.org/pages/583899 Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. conica DC. brassica oleracea convar. capitate var. conica cabbage, pointed headed sugar loaf sugarloaf pointed headed cabbage plant as food source *Lathyrus sativus*, is a legume (family *Fabaceae*) commonly grown for human consumption and livestock feed in Asia and East Africa. It is a particularly important crop in areas that are prone to drought and famine, and is thought of as an 'insurance crop' as it produces reliable yields when all other crops fail. Like other grain legumes, *Lathyrus sativus* produces a high-protein seed. The seeds also contain variable amounts of a neurotoxic amino acid ß-N-Oxalyl-L-a,ß-diaminopropionic acid or ODAP or BOAA. WIKIPEDIA:Lathyrus_sativus http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10714 GRIN:21613 ITIS:25877 LANGUAL:B3356 PLANTS:LASA2 http://eol.org/pages/703183 Lathyrus sativus L. cicerchia grass pea lathyrus sativus white pea chickling vetch plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3357 LanguaL curation note: This term is for CLASSIFICATION ONLY; DO NOT USE term in indexing. Use a more precise narrower term. plant according to family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3358 feed plant fodder fodder plant forage plant used as fodder as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3359 medicinal plant plant for medicinal use as food source Diadromous fish travel between salt and fresh water. Anadromous fish live in the sea mostly, breed in fresh water; the best-known are salmon, which hatch in small freshwater streams, go down to the sea and live there for several years, then return to the same streams where they were hatched, spawn, and die shortly thereafter. Salmon are capable of going hundreds of kilometers upriver, and humans must install fish ladders in dams to enable the salmon to get past. Catadromous fish live in fresh water, breed in the sea; the most remarkable are freshwater eels of genus Anguilla, whose larvae drift on the open ocean, sometimes for months or years, before travelling thousands of kilometres back to their original streams. Amphidromous fish move between fresh and salt water during some part of life cycle, but not for breeding. ( WIKIPEDIA:Diadromous_fish) http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3360 diadromous fish as food source Potamodromous fish migrate within fresh water only. ( WIKIPEDIA:Potamodromous) http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3361 potamodromous fish freshwater fish as food source Oceanodromous fish migrate within salt water only ( WIKIPEDIA:Oceanodromous) http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3362 oceanodromous fish marine fish as food source Dolphins are aquatic mammals related to whales and porpoises… Any member of the families Delphinidae and Platanistoidea (oceanic and river dolphins). Porpoises (suborder Odontoceti, family Phocoenidae) are thus not dolphins in this sense. Orcas and some related species belong to the Delphinidae family and therefore qualify as dolphins, even though they are called whales in common language. There are almost 40 species of dolphin in 17 genera. They vary in size from 1.2 m (4 ft) and 40 kg (88 lb) (Maui's Dolphin), up to 9.5 m (30 ft) and 10 tonnes (the Orca). However, the average length for most North American Species is 13.89 feet in length. Most species weigh about 50 to 200 kg (110 to 440 lb). They are found worldwide, mostly in the shallower seas of the continental shelves, and are carnivores, mostly eating fish and squid. Bottlenose Dolphin is the most common and familiar species of dolphin. ( WIKIPEDIA:Dolphin) http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3363 http://eol.org/pages/7659 bottlenose dolphin humpback dolphin spinner dolphin dolphin family as food source The porpoises are small cetaceans of the family Phocoenidae; they are related to whales and dolphins. They are however distinct from dolphins, although the word "porpoise" is often used to refer to any small dolphin, especially in North America. A key difference is the shape of the teeth and of the head. Porpoises, divided into six species, live in all oceans, mostly near the shore. Probably best known is the Harbour Porpoise, which can be found across the Northern Hemisphere. ( WIKIPEDIA:Porpoise) http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3364 http://eol.org/pages/7653 phocoenidae porpoise family as food source The yak (Bos grunniens) is a long-haired humped domestic bovine found in Tibet and throughout the Himalayan region of south central Asia. In Tibetan, the word yak refers only to the male of the species; a female is a dri or nak. In English, however, yak is usually used for both sexes. Wild yaks (Bos mutus) stand about two meters tall at the shoulder. Domestic yaks are about half that height. Both types have long shaggy hair to insulate them from the cold. Wild yaks can be either brown or black. Domesticated ones can also be white. Both males and females have horns. The word Yak is also used to describe an irritating or disagreeable individual. WIKIPEDIA:Yak http://langual.org ITIS:183840 LANGUAL:B3365 MSW3:14200680 http://eol.org/pages/328700 Bos grunniens Linnaeus, 1766 bos grunniens grunting ox yak as food source There are two species of Roe Deer. The European Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), a deer species of Europe and Asia Minor, and the Siberian Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus), found from the Ural Mountains to as far east as China and Siberia. The two species met at the Caucasus Mountains, with the European species occupying the southern flank of the mountain ranges and adjacent Asia Minor and the Siberian species occupying the northern flank of the mountain ranges. Within Europe, the European Roe Deer occurs in most areas, with the exception of northern Scandinavia and some of the islands, notably Iceland, Ireland, and the Mediterranean Sea islands; in the Mediterranean region it is largely confined to mountainous regions, and is absent or rare at low levels. The Roe Deer is a relatively small deer, with a body length of 95-135 cm, a shoulder height of 65-75 cm, and a weight of 15-30 kg. It has rather short, erect antlers and a reddish body with a grey face. Its hide is golden red in summer, darkening to brown or even black in winter, with lighter undersides and a white rump patch; the tail is very short (2-3 cm), and barely visible. Only the males have antlers, which are lost during winter, but which re-grow in time for the mating season. WIKIPEDIA:Roe_deer http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3366 http://eol.org/pages/15610 capreolus spp. roe deer as food source Zebus (Bos taurus indicus), sometimes known as 'nothing cattle', are better-adapted to tropical environments than other domestic cattle. Their scientific name was originally Bos indicus, but this name is now deemed invalid by ITIS, who classify the zebu under Bos taurus along with all other domestic cattle, and their aurochs ancestors, domesticated in India about 10,000 years ago. The ancient species of Bos nomadicus cattle or even gaur may have contributed to the development of the zebus. There are some 75 known breeds, split about evenly between African breeds and South Asian ones. The major Zebu cattle breeds of the world include Gyr, Guzerat, Indu-Brazilian, Nellore, Ongole and Brahman. Zebu have humps, large dewlaps and ears. They have more sweat glands than European cattle (Bos taurus). They handle hot, humid climates well and have pest resistances not seen in European cattle. ( WIKIPEDIA:Zebu) http://langual.org ITIS:183838 LANGUAL:B3367 MSW3:14200689 http://eol.org/pages/328699 Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Bos taurus indicus Linnaeus, 1758 bos indicus bos taurus indicus zebu as food source The white crappie, Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, 1818, is native throughout the eastern half of Canada and the United States, and has been widely introduced in the west as well. The white crappie is generally deep-bodied and silvery in color, with darker vertical stripes. The dorsal fin of the white crappie has six spines. The maximum recorded length for a white crappie in 53.0 cm (21 in), with a maximum weight of almost 2.35 kg (more than 5.18 lb); it can live as long as thirty years. This species prefers slower-moving water, whether a backwater of a small creek or a large lake. Some sources say the White Crappie will overpopulate in lakes less than 1000 acres (4 km²). White Crappie often school around structure such as submerged trees. ( WIKIPEDIA:White_crappie) http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:596 FAO ASFIS:PXR ITIS:168166 LANGUAL:B3368 http://eol.org/pages/218001 Pomoxis annularis Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, 1818 aspledinotus grunniens pomoxis annularis white crappie as food source WIKIPEDIA:Murray_cod) http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MCP ITIS:641894 LANGUAL:B3369 http://eol.org/pages/357118 Maccullochella peelii (Mitchell 1839) Maccullochella peelii (Mitchell, 1838) goodoo greenfish maccullochella peeli murray cod as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:757 FAO ASFIS:BOG ITIS:169218 LANGUAL:B3370 http://eol.org/pages/203866 Boops boops Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758) boops boops bogue as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:AKU ITIS:647905 LANGUAL:B3371 http://eol.org/pages/206982 Acanthopagrus australis (Günther, 1859) acanthopagrus australis surf bream silver bream as food source http://langual.org CCPR: DPNL 2003:8093 GRIN:30008 GRIN:300085 LANGUAL:B3372 PLANTS:BRASS2 http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica Brassica L. Brassica sp. Brassica spp. brassica spp. brassica species as food source Komatsuna (*Brassica rapa* var. *perviridis* or komatsuna) is a type of leaf vegetable. It is a variant of the same species as the common turnip. It is grown commercially in Japan, Taiwan and Korea; the name is from Japanese komatsuna. It is also known as Japanese Mustard Spinach and is usually stir-fried, pickled, boiled and added to soups or used fresh in salads. WIKIPEDIA:Komatsuna http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8123 GRIN:7687 ITIS:23063 LANGUAL:B3373 http://eol.org/pages/583898 Brassica rapa L. Brassica rapa L. subsp. perviridis L.H.Bailey Brassica rapa var. perviridis L. H. Bailey brassica rapa var. perviridis japanese mustard spinach komatsuma plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:319637 ITIS:506222 LANGUAL:B3374 PLANTS:BRPA13 http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica campestris L., var. parachinensis (Bailey) Sinsk. Brassica parachinensis L. H. Bailey Brassica parachinensis L.H. Bailey Brassica rapa var. parachinensis (L. H. Bailey) Hanelt brassica parachinensis brassica rapa parachinensis choisum false pak-choi tsai shim tsoi sum tsai shim plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: DPNL 2003:8110 GRIN:319632 ITIS:23062 LANGUAL:B3375 http://eol.org/pages/583899 Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. medullosa Thell. Brassica oleracea L., convar, acephala (D.C.) Alef, var. medullosa Thell. Brassica oleracea var. medullosa Thell. brassica oleracea var. medullosa marrow-stem cabbage marrow-stem kale plant as food source Kale or borecole is a form of cabbage (*Brassica oleracea* Acephala Group), green or purple, in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species *Brassica oleracea* contains a wide array of vegetables including broccoli, cauliflower, collard greens, and brussels sprouts. The cultivar group Acephala also includes spring greens and collard greens, which are extremely similar genetically. WIKIPEDIA:Borecole http://langual.org CCPR: DPNL 2003:8115 GRIN:319629 ITIS:23062 LANGUAL:B3376 http://eol.org/pages/583899 Brassica oleracea L. Brassica oleracea L. var. sabellica L. Brassica oleracea L., convar. acephala (D. C.) Alef., var. sabellica L. Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L. borecole brassica oleracea sabellica curly kale plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3377 legume animal feed plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3378 straw, fodder or forage of cereal grains and grasses http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:314966 LANGUAL:B3379 Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi; P. thunbergiana (Sieb. & Zucc.) Benth. ; P. phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth. pueraria montana lobata kudzu plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:21856 LANGUAL:B3380 Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don ; L. sericea Miq. lespedeza plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:25737 LANGUAL:B3381 Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.; O. sativa Lamk. sainfoin plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:300317 LANGUAL:B3382 Lotus corniculatus, L.; other Lotus spp. trefoil plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:1284 LANGUAL:B3383 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cynodon dactylon bermuda grass plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:28896 LANGUAL:B3384 Poa spp. poa spp. bluegrass plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:300088 LANGUAL:B3385 Bromus spp. bromus spp. brome grass plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:22502 LANGUAL:B3386 Lolium spp. lollium spp. darnel plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3387 tropical or subtropical fruit - edible peel plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:9159 ITIS:30164 LANGUAL:B3388 PLANTS:CACA74 http://eol.org/pages/581122 Carissa carandas L. carissa carandas karanda caranda plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:10993 ITIS:21039 LANGUAL:B3389 PLANTS:COUV http://eol.org/pages/585315 Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. Coccoloba uvifera Jacq. coccoloba uvifera jamaican kino platterleaf sea-grape plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:409501 ITIS:506414 LANGUAL:B3390 PLANTS:CAPI16 http://eol.org/pages/396430 Canarium pimela Koenig; syn: C. nigrum Engl.; Canarium album (Lour.) Taeusch. Canarium pimela Konig Canarium vulgare Leenh. canarium pimela canarium vulgare chinese olive kenarinut-tree java-almond plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3391 tropical or subtropical fruit - inedible peel plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:7249 ITIS:22251 LANGUAL:B3392 PLANTS:BIOR http://eol.org/pages/584439 Bixa orellana L. annato arnatto lipsticktree annatto plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: DPNL 2003:12193 GRIN:102607 ITIS:23830 LANGUAL:B3393 PLANTS:POCA23 http://eol.org/pages/1152194 Pouteria campechiana (HBK.) Baenhi; this species includes former Lacuma nervosa A.DC. and L. salicifolia HBK. Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni egg-fruit tree pouteria campechiana yellow sapote canistel plant as food source The ilama (also known as the tree of the ilama, Annona diversifolia) is a tropical fruit tree found in Central America. WIKIPEDIA:Annona_diversifolia http://langual.org CCPR: ITIS:506199 LANGUAL:B3394 PLANTS:ANDI11 http://eol.org/pages/1546 Annona diversifolia Saff. annona diversifolia ilama plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: DPNL 2003:13410 GRIN:312990 ITIS:506170 LANGUAL:B3395 PLANTS:SYSA3 http://eol.org/pages/2508668 Eugenia javanica Lam; Syn: Syzigium samarangense (Bl.) Merr. & Perry Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L. M. Perry Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & Perry eugenia javanica java apple plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:300191 LANGUAL:B3396 Dioscorea L. yam plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:14263 ITIS:43378 LANGUAL:B3397 PLANTS:DITR3 http://eol.org/pages/1120635 Dioscorea trifida L. Dioscorea trifida L. f. dioscorea trifida indian yam cush-cush yam plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:14249 ITIS:43376 LANGUAL:B3398 MANSFELD:18876 PLANTS:DIRO http://eol.org/pages/1294852 Dioscorea rotundata Poir. common yam eight-months yam guinea yam white yam white guinea yam plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:14189 ITIS:506485 LANGUAL:B3399 MANSFELD:18799 PLANTS:DICA25 http://eol.org/pages/1121127 Dioscorea cayenensis Lam. twelve-months yam yellow yam yellow guinea yam plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:8827 LANGUAL:B3400 Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. giant stock-bean jack-bean plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:882 LANGUAL:B3401 Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. dolichos gladiatus sword-bean plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:27549 LANGUAL:B3402 Phaseolus acutifolius Gray, var. latifolius Freem. tepary plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:24652 LANGUAL:B3403 Mucuna deeringiana (Bort.) Merr.; Stizolobium deeringianum Bort.; other Stizolobium spp. velvet bean plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7658 GRIN:3866 ITIS:23530 LANGUAL:B3404 PLANTS:ARUV http://eol.org/pages/583640 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. arctostaphylos uva-ursi bear-grape hog-cranberry bearberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:26276 ITIS:21605 LANGUAL:B3405 PLANTS:PAIN7 http://eol.org/pages/584766 Pachira insignis (Sw.) Savigny Pachira insignis (Sw.) Sw. ex Savigny malabar chestnut pachira nut wild chestnut LanguaL curation note: When indexing the chestnut fruit (nut) index both *WILD CHESTNUT [B3405]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). pachira plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:103582 GRIN:400366 GRIN:410702 LANGUAL:B3406 PLANTS:ZEMAH PLANTS:ZEMAP http://eol.org/pages/8223 Zea mays L. ssp. parviglumis Iltis & Doebley Zea mays L. ssp. parviglumis Iltis & Doebley var. huehuetenangensis Iltis & Doebley Zea mays ssp. mexicana (Schrader) Iltis; Zea mexicana (Schrader) Kunze; Euchlaena mexicana Schrader. Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Iltis & Doebley Zea mays subsp. huehuetenangensis (H. H. Iltis & Doebley) Doebley Zea mays subsp. mexicana (Schrad.) H. H. Iltis Zea mays subsp. parviglumis H. H. Iltis & Doebley Zea mays var. huehuetenangensis Iltis & Doebley teosinte plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:12546 LANGUAL:B3407 Cucumis sativus L.; pickling cucumber cultivars bur cucumber bur gherkin cucumis anguria west indian gherkin plant as food source *Chenopodium pallidicaule*, sometimes known as Cañihua, Canihua, Kañiwa, Cañahua is a species of goosefoot, similar in character and uses to the closely related quinoa. WIKIPEDIA:Chenopodium_pallidicaule http://langual.org GRIN:10193 ITIS:506566 LANGUAL:B3408 PLANTS:CHPA23 http://eol.org/pages/489446 Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen cañahua cañihua chenopodium pallidicaule kañiwa canihua plant as food source *Solanum nigrum* (European Black Nightshade or locally just "black nightshade", Duscle, Garden Nightshade, Hound's Berry, Petty Morel, Wonder Berry, Small-fruited black nightshade or popolo) is a species in the *Solanum* genus, native to Eurasia and introduced in the Americas, Australasia and South Africa. Parts of this plant can be highly toxic to livestock and humans, and it's considered a weed. Nonetheless, ripe berries and cooked leaves of edible strains are used as food in some locales; and plant parts are used as a traditional medicine. WIKIPEDIA:Solanum_nigrum http://langual.org CCPR: DPNL 2003:13168 GRIN:310124 ITIS:565525 LANGUAL:B3409 PLANTS:SONI http://eol.org/pages/418543 Solanum nigrum L. solanum nigrum black nightshade plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:7169 ITIS:35731 LANGUAL:B3410 PLANTS:BIPI http://eol.org/pages/579063 Bidens pilosa L. bidens pilosa hairy beggar-ticks spanish-needles blackjack plant as food source Wolfberry, commercially called goji berry, is the common name for the fruit of two very closely related species: *Lycium barbarum* and *Lycium chinense*, two species of boxthorn in the family *Solanaceae* (which also includes the potato, tomato, eggplant, deadly nightshade, chili pepper, and tobacco). It is native to southeastern Europe and Asia. WIKIPEDIA:Lycium_chinense http://langual.org CCPR: DPNL 2003:10983 GRIN:22942 ITIS:30538 LANGUAL:B3411 PLANTS:LYCH http://eol.org/pages/581046 Lycium chinense Mill. Lycium chinense P. Mill. chinese boxthorn chinese desert-thorn chinese wolfberry lycium chinense chinese box thorn plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:23312 ITIS:21841 LANGUAL:B3413 PLANTS:MAVE http://eol.org/pages/584649 MaMalva verticillata L.; syn: M. crispa L.; M. mohileviensis Graebn., M. pamiroalaica Ilj. and M. sylvestris L. Malva verticillata L. cluster mallow malva verticillata mallow plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: DPNL 2003:8266 GRIN:8657 ITIS:18454 LANGUAL:B3414 PLANTS:CAPA5 http://eol.org/pages/596646 Caltha palustris L. caltha palustris cowflock cowslip marsh marigold plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: DPNL 2003:13194 GRIN:34939 ITIS:38427 LANGUAL:B3415 PLANTS:SOOL http://eol.org/pages/492350 Sonchus oleraceus L. sowthistle plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:9703 LANGUAL:B3416 Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. kapok plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:101417 LANGUAL:B3417 Allium chinense Don. allium bakeri chinese scallion rakkyo chinese onion plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: DPNL 2003:13838 GRIN:105107 ITIS:506274 LANGUAL:B3418 PLANTS:VISU7 http://eol.org/pages/655134 Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. Voandzeia subterranea (L.) Thou. bambara bean congo goober ground-bean hog-peanut vigna subterranea voandzeia subterranea bambara groundnut plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:311411 LANGUAL:B3419 Macrostyloma geocarpum (Harms) Marcechal & Baudet; Kerstingiella geocarpa Harms.; Voandzeia poissoinii Chev. geocarpa bean geocarpa groundnut kersting's groundnut plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: DPNL 2003:8715 GRIN:316941 ITIS:20395 LANGUAL:B3420 PLANTS:CLPE http://eol.org/pages/586874 Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd. Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd.; Montia perfoliata Howell claytonia perfoliata cuban-spinach miner's-lettuce winter-purslane plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:33026 LANGUAL:B3421 Great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis L.; Poterium officinala A. Gray) ; Salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor Scop.; syn: Poterium sanguisorba L.) burnet plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:1392 LANGUAL:B3422 Dictamnus albus L. ; D. fraxinella Pers. cretan dittany dittany burning-bush plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:1358 LANGUAL:B3423 Acorus calamus L. flagroot calamus plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:24703 LANGUAL:B3424 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. curryleaf plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:20121 LANGUAL:B3425 Inula helenium L. elecampane plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:23450 LANGUAL:B3426 Marrubium vulgare L. horehound plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:21677 LANGUAL:B3427 Lavandula angustifolia Mill..; L. officinalis Chaix; L. spica L.; L. vera DC. lavender plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:8457 LANGUAL:B3428 Calendula officinalis L. calendula marigold plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:32578 LANGUAL:B3429 Ruta graveolens L. rue plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:102117 LANGUAL:B3430 Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. myrrh sweet cicely plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:80037 LANGUAL:B3431 Tanacetum balsamita L.; Chrysanthemum balsamita L. tansy plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:103279 LANGUAL:B3432 Asperula odorata L. galium odoratum woodruff plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:427 LANGUAL:B3433 Artemisia absinthium L.; A. abrotanum L.; A. vulgaris L. mugwort southernwood wormwood plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:12569 LANGUAL:B3434 Trichosanthes cucumerina L.; syn: T. anguina L. cucumis melo flexuosus serpent melon snake melon snake gourd plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: LANGUAL:B3435 Hybrids of Grapefruit x Tangelo tangelolo plant as food source The Lecythidaceae comprise a family of about 20 genera and 250-300 species of woody plants native to tropical South America and Madagascar. The most important member of the family in world trade is the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), valued for its edible nuts; the Paradise nut (Lecythis species) is also eaten. WIKIPEDIA:Lecythidaceae http://langual.org CCPR: LANGUAL:B3436 http://eol.org/pages/34921 Lecythis zabucajo Aubl.; L. elliptica Kunth; L. ollaria L.; L. usitatis Miers lecythis spp. paradise nut sapucaia-nut plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:36334 ITIS:27762 LANGUAL:B3437 PLANTS:TECA http://eol.org/pages/582724 Terminalia catappa L. indian-almond malabar-almond sea-almond terminalia catappa tropical almond plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:2492 LANGUAL:B3438 Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) Schott alocasia indica alocasia macrorrhizos alocasia plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:4256 LANGUAL:B3439 Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancr.; A. esculenta DC. peruvian-carrot arracacha plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:10020 LANGUAL:B3440 Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. turnip-rooted chervil bulbous chervil plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:8858 LANGUAL:B3441 Canna edulis Ker. achira canna indica gruya queensland arrowroot edible canna plant as food source *Allium ampeloprasum* is a member of the onion genus *Allium. The wild plant is commonly known as wild leek or broadleaf wild leek. Its native range is southern Europe to western Asia, but it is cultivated in many other places and has become naturalized in many countries. WIKIPEDIA:Allium_ampeloprasum http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:405537 LANGUAL:B3442 Allium ampeloprasum L., var. kurrat Schweinf. ex Krause allium ampeloprasum allium kurrat broadleaf wild leek salad leek wild leek kurrat plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:26219 LANGUAL:B3443 Oxalis tuberosa Mol. oca plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:8778 LANGUAL:B3444 Campanula rapunculus L. rampion plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:34477 LANGUAL:B3445 Sium sisarum L. skirret skirrit plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:8405 LANGUAL:B3446 Calathea allouia (Aubl.) Lindl. guinea arrowroot leren topee tambu plant as food source http://langual.org CCPR: GRIN:40814 LANGUAL:B3447 Ullucus tuberosus Caldas ullucu plant as food source Anadromous fish live in the sea mostly, breed in fresh water; the best-known are salmon, which hatch in small freshwater streams, go down to the sea and live there for several years, then return to the same streams where they were hatched, spawn, and die shortly thereafter. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3448 anadromous fish as food source Catadromous fish live in fresh water, breed in the sea; the most remarkable are freshwater eels of genus Anguilla, whose larvae drift on the open ocean, sometimes for months or years, before travelling thousands of kilometres back to their original streams. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3449 catadromous fish as food source Amphidromous fish move between fresh and salt water during some part of life cycle, but not for breeding. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3450 amphidromous fish as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:EWN ITIS:161131 LANGUAL:B3451 http://eol.org/pages/222625 Anguilla nebulosa McClelland, 1844 anguilla nebulosa mottled eel long-finned eel as food source Astacus astacus, the European crayfish, noble crayfish or broad-fingered crayfish, is the most common species of crayfish in Europe. Like other crayfish, The European crayfish is restricted to freshwater, living only in unpolluted streams, rivers and lakes. It is found from France throughout central Europe, to the Balkan peninsula, and north as far as parts of the British Isles, Scandinavia, and the western parts of the former Soviet Union. Astacus astacus is susceptible to the crayfish plague carried by the invasive American species Pacifastacus leniusculus, and is therefore listed as "vulnerable" by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Citation: Sket, B. 1996. Astacus astacus. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 26 January 2007. WIKIPEDIA:Astacus_astacus http://langual.org CEC 1993:1263 FAO ASFIS:AAS ITIS:97333 LANGUAL:B3453 http://eol.org/pages/1021866 Astacus astacus (Linnaeus, 1758) astacus astacus braod-fingered crayfish european crayfish noble crayfish as food source Astacus leptodactylus, the Danube crayfish or Galician crayfish, is a species of crayfish native to eastern Europe. It can be distinguished most easily from the commoner European or broad-fingered crayfish (Astacus astacus) by the relatively thinner "fingers" of the claws. WIKIPEDIA:Astacus_leptodactylus http://langual.org CEC 1993:1264 FAO ASFIS:CRD LANGUAL:B3454 Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823 Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholz, 1823 astacus leptodactylus galician crayfish danube crayfish as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7720 GRIN:4247 LANGUAL:B3455 http://eol.org/pages/8097 Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott aronia melanocarpa black chokeberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3456 tropaeolum majus garden nasturtium plant as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:QSH ITIS:645493 LANGUAL:B3457 http://eol.org/pages/207636 Polydactylus macrochir (Günther, 1867) king salmon king threadfin salmon polydactylus macrochir polydactylus sheridani threadfin salmon king threadfin as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3458 piber auritum piper sanctum piper umbellatum pepper leaves plant as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:FOK ITIS:775084 LANGUAL:B3459 http://eol.org/pages/330963 Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802) Rana catesbeiana Shaw 1802 lithobates catesbeianus rana catesbeiana american bullfrog as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:FRT LANGUAL:B3460 Rana tigrina Daudin 1802 asiatic bullfrog rana tigrina indian bullfrog as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:FGM ITIS:665296 LANGUAL:B3461 http://eol.org/pages/1019739 Rana dalmatina Bonaparte 1840 Rana dalmatina Fitzinger in Bonaparte, 1839 rana dalmatina agile frog as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:FGT ITIS:173444 LANGUAL:B3462 http://eol.org/pages/331133 Rana temporaria Linnaeus 1758 Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758 european frog rana temporaria common frog as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:FGK LANGUAL:B3463 Rana esculenta Linnaeus 1758 common water frog green frog rana esculenta edible frog as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:FGI ITIS:775195 LANGUAL:B3464 http://eol.org/pages/320013 Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771) Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771 pelophylax ridibundus rana ridibunda marsh frog as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:FGL ITIS:775190 LANGUAL:B3465 http://eol.org/pages/332998 Pelophylax lessonae (Camerano, 1882) Rana lessonae Camerano 1882 rana lessonae pool frog as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3466 eretmochelys imbricate hawksbill turtle as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1476 FAO ASFIS:TTL ITIS:173830 LANGUAL:B3467 http://eol.org/pages/1056566 Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) caretta caretta thalasochelys caretta loggerhead turtle as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3468 amphibian or reptile as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LRH ITIS:163681 LANGUAL:B3469 http://eol.org/pages/216382 Labeo rohita Labeo rohita (Hamilton 1822) Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) catla catla indian carp labeo calbassa labeo rohita rohu as food source Morinda citrifolia, commonly known as great morinda, Indian mulberry, nunaakai (Tamil Nadu, India) , dog dumpling (Barbados), mengkudu (Indonesia and Malaysia), Kumudu (Balinese), pace (Javanese), beach mulberry, cheese fruit[1] or noni (from Hawaiian) is a tree in the coffee family, Rubiaceae. WIKIPEDIA:Morinda_citrifolia http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11258 GRIN:318237 ITIS:35071 LANGUAL:B3470 PLANTS:MOCI3 http://eol.org/pages/1095628 Morinda citrifolia L. gret morinda hog apple indian mulberry morinda citrifolia noni rotten cheesefruit indian mulberry tree http://langual.org GRIN:14027 ITIS:40635 LANGUAL:B3471 PLANTS:DIIB2 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Digitaria iburua Stapf digitaria iburua black fonio plant as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ALR ITIS:163663 LANGUAL:B3472 http://eol.org/pages/203970 Alburnus alburnus (Linnaeus, 1758) alburnus alburnus bleak as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ROR ITIS:163607 LANGUAL:B3473 http://eol.org/pages/204542 Rhodeus sericeus (Pallas 1776) Rhodeus sericeus (Pallas, 1776) rhodeus sericeus amur bitterling as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:314 FAO ASFIS:FCC ITIS:163352 LANGUAL:B3474 http://eol.org/pages/205155 Carassius carassius Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) carassius carassius crucian carp as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:335 FAO ASFIS:LUH ITIS:163581 LANGUAL:B3475 http://eol.org/pages/2778689 Leuciscus cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) leuciscus cephalus european chub as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:318 FAO ASFIS:HON ITIS:639383 LANGUAL:B3476 http://eol.org/pages/339806 Chondrostoma nasus (Linnaeus, 1758) chondrostoma nasus sneep as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: LANGUAL:B3477 http://eol.org/pages/3198 Scardinius erythrophthalmus scardinius erythrophthalmus rudd as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ACC ITIS:168520 LANGUAL:B3478 http://eol.org/pages/203972 Gymnocephalus cernuus (Linnaeus, 1758) gymnocephalus cernuus ruffe as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13782 GRIN:300653 LANGUAL:B3479 PLANTS:VERBE http://eol.org/pages/4304 Verbena Verbena L. Verbena sp. verbena ssp. vervain verbena plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13787 GRIN:41164 ITIS:32110 LANGUAL:B3480 PLANTS:VEOF http://eol.org/pages/579851 Verbena officinalis L. common vervain verbena officinalis common verbena plant as food source See also [http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/pectenmaximus.htm] http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1348 FAO ASFIS:SCE ITIS:79683 LANGUAL:B3481 http://eol.org/pages/449733 Pecten maximus Pecten maximus (Linnaeus, 1758) coquille saint-jacques pecten maximus great atlantic scallop as food source http://langual.org ITIS:177152 LANGUAL:B3482 http://eol.org/pages/914623 Columbina passerina (Linnaeus, 1758) columbina passerina common ground dove as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3483 pod or seed vegetable, poisonous cultivars as food source The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit *Pisum sativum*. Green "garden" peas, eaten immature and fresh, were an innovative luxury of Early Modern Europe. In England, the distinction between "field peas" and "garden peas" dates from the early 17th century. WIKIPEDIA:Pisum_sativum http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12010 GRIN:300472 ITIS:26867 LANGUAL:B3484 PLANTS:PISA6 http://eol.org/pages/703192 Pisum sativum L. garden pea plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:UDQ LANGUAL:B3485 http://eol.org/pages/7125 Munida gregaria Munida gregaria (Fabricius 1793) lobster krill munida gregaria red whalefeed squat lobster swarming squat lobster new zealand langostino as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7306 GRIN:2217 ITIS:42708 LANGUAL:B3486 PLANTS:ALAM http://eol.org/pages/8790855 Allium ampeloprasum L. allium ampeloprasum broadleaf wild leek levant garlic wild leek great-headed garlic plant as food source Tree onions, also commonly called top onions or Egyptian onions, are a strong-growing onion with a bunch of bulblets where a normal onion would have flowers. In some varieties these bulblets will sprout and grow while still on the original stalk, which may bend down under the weight of the new growth, giving rise to the name, walking onion. [Source: Wikipedia] http://langual.org GRIN: GRIN:404736 LANGUAL:B3487 Allium ×proliferum (Moench) Schrad. ex Willd. beltsville bunching onion catawissa onion egyptian onion top onion wakegi onion tree onion plant as food source *Luffa acutangula* (Angled luffa, Ridged luffa, Vegetable Gourd, Silk squash, Sin qua) is a species of *Luffa*. It is commercially grown for its unripe fruits as a vegetable. Mature fruits are used to make cleaning sponges. Its fruit slightly resembles a cucumber with ridges. It ranges from central Asia and eastern Asia to southeastern Asia. WIKIPEDIA:Luffa_acutangula http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10954 GRIN:22787 ITIS:503569 LANGUAL:B3488 PLANTS:LUAC2 http://eol.org/pages/487004 Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. chinese-okra luffa acutangula ribbed gourd ribbed loofah ridged gourd silky gourd angled loofah plant as food source Vaccinium parvifolium (Red Huckleberry) is a species of Vaccinium native to the Pacific Northwest of North America. Indigenous peoples found the plant and its fruit very useful. The bright red, acidic berries were used extensively for food throughout the year. WIKIPEDIA:Vaccinium_parvifolium http://langual.org GRIN:41050 ITIS:23612 LANGUAL:B3489 PLANTS:VAPA http://eol.org/pages/583641 Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. vaccinium parvifolium red huckleberry plant http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1207 FAO ASFIS:TGS ITIS:551590 LANGUAL:B3490 http://eol.org/pages/999884 Melicertus kerathurus Melicertus kerathurus (Forskål, 1775) Penaeus kerathurus (Forsskål 1775) Penaeus kerathurus (Forsskål, 1775) melicertus kerathurus penaeus caramote penaeus kerathurus penaeus trisulcatus tripple-grooved shrimp caramote prawn as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PNP ITIS:551593 LANGUAL:B3491 http://eol.org/pages/325036 Melicertus plebejus Melicertus plebejus (Hess, 1865) Penaeus plebejus Hess 1865 melicertus plebejus ocean king prawn penaeus plebejus eastern king prawn as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1194 FAO ASFIS:ENS ITIS:95812 LANGUAL:B3492 http://eol.org/pages/7184 Metapenaeus endeavouri (Schmitt, 1926) Metapenaeus endeavouri Schmitt, 1926 endeavour prawn endeavour shrimp metapenaeus endeavouri brown prawn as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1213 FAO ASFIS:TIP ITIS:95644 LANGUAL:B3493 http://eol.org/pages/321430 Penaeus semisulcatus Penaeus semisulcatus De Haan, 1844 Penaeus semisulcatus de Haan, 1844 penaeus semisulcatus green tiger prawn as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1206 FAO ASFIS:KUP ITIS:551588 LANGUAL:B3494 http://eol.org/pages/1022155 Marsupenaeus japonicus Marsupenaeus japonicus (Bate, 1888) Penaeus japonicus Bate, 1888 japanese tiger shrimp kuruma shrimp marsupenaeus japonicus penaeus canaliculatus japonicus penaeus japonicus kuruma prawn as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1208 FAO ASFIS:WKP ITIS:551687 LANGUAL:B3495 http://eol.org/pages/1021965 Melicertus latisulcatus Melicertus latisulcatus (Kishinouye, 1896) Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, 1896 melicertus latisulcatus melicertus latisulcatus latisulcatus penaeus latisulcatus western king prawn as food source FAO Species fact sheet [http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2598]. http://langual.org CEC 1993 :1199 FAO ASFIS:DPS ITIS:95733 LANGUAL:B3496 http://eol.org/pages/343935 Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas 1846) Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) deepwater rose shrimp gamba neopenaeopsis paradoxus parapenaeus paradoxus penaeopsis paradoxus penaeus bocagei penaeus cocco penaeus longirostris deep-water rose shrimp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:392 FAO ASFIS:ELJ ITIS:161134 LANGUAL:B3497 http://eol.org/pages/206835 Anguilla japonica Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1847 Anguilla japonica Temminck and Schlegel, 1846 anguilla japonica japanese eel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:268 FAO ASFIS:SME ITIS:162039 LANGUAL:B3498 http://eol.org/pages/204828 Osmerus eperlanus Osmerus eperlanus (Linnaeus, 1758) Osmerus eperlanus Linnaeus, 1758 osmerus eperlanus european smelt as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:269 CEC 1993:270 FAO ASFIS:SMR ITIS:162041 LANGUAL:B3499 http://eol.org/pages/357054 Osmerus mordax Osmerus mordax (Mitchill, 1814) Osmerus mordax Mitchill, 1814 Osmerus mordax Steindachner & Kner 1870 Osmerus mordax dentex Osmerus mordax dentex Steindachner, 1870 Osmerus mordax mordax (Mitchill, 1814) osmerus mordax LanguaL curation note: According to FISHBASE, the taxonomic status of the scientific name is not valid. Valid entry is *ATLANTIC RAINBOW SMELT [B1905]* (Osmerus mordax mordax (Mitchill, 1814)). Status of scientific name in ITIS is valid, in which , Osmerus mordax mordax (Mitchill, 1814) is a subspecies. rainbow smelt as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:AMU ITIS:623349 LANGUAL:B3500 http://eol.org/pages/1015234 Esox reichertii Dybowski, 1869 blackspotted pike esox reichertii amur pike as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MCA ITIS:641895 LANGUAL:B3501 http://eol.org/pages/211386 Macquaria ambigua (Richardson, 1845) macquaria ambigua golden perch as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:791 FAO ASFIS:SLM ITIS:182942 LANGUAL:B3502 http://eol.org/pages/205278 Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758) boops salpa sarpa salpa sparus salpa salema as food source Gulls or seagulls are seabirds of the family *Laridae* in the sub-order *Lari*. They are most closely related to the terns (family *Sternidae*) and only distantly related to auks, skimmers, and more distantly to the waders. Until the twenty-first century most gulls were placed in the genus *Larus*, but this arrangement is now known to be polyphyletic, leading to the resurrection of several genera. An older name for gulls is mew, cognate with German "Möwe", Danish "måge", Dutch "meeuw" and French "mouette"; this term can still be found in certain regional dialects.]. WIKIPEDIA:Gull http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3503 http://eol.org/pages/8001 guillemots seagull tern gull as food source See also Wikipedia . WIKIPEDIA:Plover http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3504 http://eol.org/pages/8011 oystercatcher plover as food source Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum), also known as farro especially in Italy, is a low yielding, awned wheat. It was one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. It was widely cultivated in the ancient world, but is now a relict crop in mountainous regions of Europe and Asia. WIKIPEDIA:Emmer http://langual.org ITIS:506639 LANGUAL:B3505 http://eol.org/pages/1114086 Triticum dicoccon Schrank farro triticum dicoccum ttiticum turgidum subsp. dicoccon emmer plant as food source Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "single grain") can refer either to the wild species of wheat, Triticum boeoticum (the spelling baeoticum is also common), or to the domesticated form, Triticum monococcum. The wild and domesticated forms are either considered separate species, as here, or as subspecies of T. monococcum. Einkorn is a diploid species of hulled wheat, with tough glumes ('husks') that tightly enclose the grains. The cultivated form is similar to the wild, except that the ear stays intact when ripe and the seeds are larger. WIKIPEDIA:Einkorn http://langual.org GRIN:410367 ITIS:42241 LANGUAL:B3506 PLANTS:TRMO22 http://eol.org/pages/1115242 Triticum monococcum L. einkorn plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13671 GRIN:40544 GRIN:410383 ITIS:42237 LANGUAL:B3507 MANSFELD:34204 PLANTS:TRAE http://eol.org/pages/1115240 Triticum aestivum L. Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum triticum aestivum common wheat plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:176985 LANGUAL:B3508 http://eol.org/pages/1049817 Cepphus grylle (Linnaeus, 1758) cepphus grylle guillemot black guillemot as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3509 http://eol.org/pages/8892 etmopteridae lantern sharks lantern shark family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3510 http://eol.org/pages/1888 houndsharks smooth dogfishes smooth-hounds topes triakidae whiskery sharks hound shark family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:52 FAO ASFIS:SMD ITIS:160242 LANGUAL:B3511 http://eol.org/pages/221103 Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758) mustelus mustelus smooth hound smooth-hound as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:50 FAO ASFIS:CTU ITIS:160249 LANGUAL:B3512 http://eol.org/pages/988264 Mustelus antarcticus Mustelus antarcticus Günther, 1870 lemonfish mustelus antarcticus gummy shark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MTL ITIS:160258 LANGUAL:B3513 http://eol.org/pages/2775242 Mustelus lenticulatus Mustelus lenticulatus Phillipps, 1932 lemonfish mustelus lenticulatus rig spotted estuary smooth-hound as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:65 FAO ASFIS:QUB ITIS:160621 LANGUAL:B3514 http://eol.org/pages/339916 Squalus blainville Squalus blainville (Risso, 1827) Squalus blainvillei (Risso, 1826) Squalus blainvillei (Risso, 1827) northern spurdog squalus blainville longnose spurdog as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3515 http://eol.org/pages/1887 carcharhiniformes ground sharks fish, carcharhiniform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3516 http://eol.org/pages/1896 cat sharks catsharks scyliorhinidae cat shark family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:33 FAO ASFIS:SYT ITIS:160067 LANGUAL:B3517 http://eol.org/pages/994481 Scyliorhinus stellaris Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) greater spotted dogfish large spotted dogfish scyliorhinus stellaris squalus stellaris nursehound as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:31 FAO ASFIS:SYC ITIS:160065 LANGUAL:B3518 http://eol.org/pages/994476 Scyliorhinus canicula Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758) rock salmon scyliorhinus canicula small-spotted catshark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3519 squatiniformes fish, squantiniform as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SUD ITIS:160787 LANGUAL:B3520 http://eol.org/pages/206815 Squatina dumeril Squatina dumeril Lesueur, 1818 atlantic angelshark monkfish nurse fish sand devil squatina dumeril atlantic angel shark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SUC ITIS:160785 LANGUAL:B3521 http://eol.org/pages/206814 Squatina californica Squatina californica Ayres, 1859 california angel shark monkfish northern angelshark pacific angelshark squatina californica pacific angel shark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3522 http://eol.org/pages/24907 lamna spp. mackerel shark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3523 http://eol.org/pages/26898 carcharodon spp. carcharodon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:21 FAO ASFIS:LMD ITIS:159910 LANGUAL:B3524 http://eol.org/pages/209379 Lamna ditropis Lamna ditropis Hubbs & Follett, 1947 Lamna ditropis Hubbs and Follett, 1947 lamna ditropis shark, salmon salmon shark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:18 FAO ASFIS:WSH ITIS:159903 LANGUAL:B3525 http://eol.org/pages/213726 Carcharodon carcharias Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) carcharodon carcharias maneater great white shark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3526 http://eol.org/pages/23812 carcharhinus spp. gray sharks grey sharks as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:40 FAO ASFIS:CCP ITIS:160289 LANGUAL:B3527 http://eol.org/pages/218733 Carcharhinus plumbeus Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) carcharhinus plumbeus sandbar shark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CCS ITIS:160413 LANGUAL:B3528 http://eol.org/pages/203973 Carcharhinus signatus Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868) carcharhinus signatus night shark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CCR ITIS:160340 LANGUAL:B3529 http://eol.org/pages/212086 Carcharhinus porosus Carcharhinus porosus (Ranzani, 1839) Carcharhinus porosus (Ranzani, 1840) carcharhinus porosus smalltail shark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:160336 LANGUAL:B3530 http://eol.org/pages/845614 Carcharhinus perezii Carcharhinus perezii (Poey, 1876) carcharhinus perezii carribean reef shark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:39 FAO ASFIS:DUS ITIS:160268 LANGUAL:B3531 http://eol.org/pages/212281 Carcharhinus obscurus Carcharhinus obscurus (Lesueur, 1818) carcharhinus obscurus dusky shark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1309 FAO ASFIS:ABG LANGUAL:B3532 Haliotis gigantea Haliotis gigantea Gmelin, 1791 haliotis gigantea giant abalone as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1310 FAO ASFIS:ABP LANGUAL:B3533 Haliotis midae (Linnaeus 1758) haliotis midae perlemoen abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1311 FAO ASFIS:ABR LANGUAL:B3534 Haliotis ruber Leach, 1814 Haliotis rubra Haliotis rubra Leach 1814 haliotis ruber haliotis rubra blacklip abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1313 FAO ASFIS:HLT ITIS:69508 LANGUAL:B3535 http://eol.org/pages/620404 Haliotis tuberculata Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus, 1758 haliotis tuberculata tube abalone tuberculate abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:HRW ITIS:69500 LANGUAL:B3536 http://eol.org/pages/620393 Haliotis fulgens Haliotis fulgens Philippi, 1845 haliotis fulgens southern green abalone green abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:HAZ ITIS:69498 LANGUAL:B3537 http://eol.org/pages/620397 Haliotis cracherodii Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814 haliotis cracherodii black abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ABF ITIS:69497 LANGUAL:B3538 http://eol.org/pages/620396 Haliotis rufescens Haliotis rufescens Swainson, 1822 haliotis rufescens red abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:HJV ITIS:69499 LANGUAL:B3539 http://eol.org/pages/620395 Haliotis corrugata Haliotis corrugata Gray, 1828 Haliotis corrugata W. Wood, 1828 haliotis corrugata pink abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:HSW ITIS:69502 LANGUAL:B3540 http://eol.org/pages/462646 Haliotis sorenseni Haliotis sorenseni Bartsch, 1940 haliotis sorenseni white abalone as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:LIY ITIS:69507 LANGUAL:B3541 http://eol.org/pages/462648 Haliotis asinina Linnaeus, 1758 haliotis asinina donkeys ear abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:HTW ITIS:69509 LANGUAL:B3542 Haliotis assimilis Haliotis assimilis Dall, 1878 haliotis assimilis threaded abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: LANGUAL:B3543 Haliotis australis haliotis australis queen paua australian abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:69501 LANGUAL:B3544 http://eol.org/pages/620394 Haliotis walallensis Haliotis walallensis Stearns, 1899 haliotis walallensis flat abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:69494 LANGUAL:B3545 http://eol.org/pages/620425 Haliotis kamtschatkana Haliotis kamtschatkana Jonas, 1845 haliotis kamtschatkana pinto abalone as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:79380 LANGUAL:B3546 http://eol.org/pages/450168 Barbatia cancellaria Barbatia cancellaria (Lamarck, 1819) barbatia cancellaria red-brown ark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RQZ ITIS:79368 LANGUAL:B3547 http://eol.org/pages/452127 Arca zebra Arca zebra (Swainson, 1833) arca zebra turkey wing as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RKQ LANGUAL:B3548 Arca noae Arca noae Linnaeus, 1758 arca noae noahs ark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RKM ITIS:79370 LANGUAL:B3549 http://eol.org/pages/452058 Arca imbricata Arca imbricata Bruguiere, 1789 arca imbricata mossy ark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: LANGUAL:B3550 Anadara subcrenata anadara subcrenata mogai clam as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:79351 LANGUAL:B3551 http://eol.org/pages/2217 Anadara baughmani Anadara baughmani Hertlein, 1951 anadara baughmani skewed ark baughman ark as food source http://langual.org ITIS:89566 LANGUAL:B3552 http://eol.org/pages/1020447 Lepas anserifera Linnaeus, 1758 lepas anserifera goose barnacle as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ESF ITIS:89561 LANGUAL:B3553 http://eol.org/pages/1020694 Lepas anatifera Linnaeus 1767 Lepas anatifera Linnaeus, 1758 lepas anatifera duck barnacle as food source http://langual.org ITIS:98888 LANGUAL:B3554 http://eol.org/pages/1040970 Eriphia gonagra (J. C. Fabricius, 1781) eriphia gonagra warty crab redfinger rubble crab as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:EIK ITIS:199975 LANGUAL:B3555 http://eol.org/pages/344746 Eriphia verrucosa (Forskal, 1775) Eriphia verrucosa (Forsskål, 1775) eriphia verrucosa warty crab as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MIQ ITIS:98813 LANGUAL:B3556 http://eol.org/pages/1021197 Menippe nodifrons Stimpson 1859 Menippe nodifrons Stimpson, 1859 lumpy stone crab menippe nodifrons cuban stone crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:98812 LANGUAL:B3557 http://eol.org/pages/312903 Menippe adina Menippe adina A. B. Williams and Felder, 1986 menippe adina gulf stone crab as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MHZ LANGUAL:B3558 Menippe rumphii (Fabricius, 1798) menippe rumphii maroon stone crab as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ENF LANGUAL:B3559 http://eol.org/pages/7156 Menippe frontalis A. Milne Edwards, 1879 menippe frontalis stridulating stone crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1273 FAO ASFIS:CRJ ITIS:98678 LANGUAL:B3560 http://eol.org/pages/342191 Cancer borealis Cancer borealis Stimpson, 1859 cancer borealis jonah crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ROC ITIS:98672 LANGUAL:B3561 http://eol.org/pages/317369 Cancer productus Cancer productus J. W. Randall, 1840 Cancer productus Randall, 1839 cancer productus red rock crab pacific rock crab as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:KKM ITIS:98684 LANGUAL:B3562 http://eol.org/pages/313334 Cancer amphioetus M. J. Rathbun, 1898 Cancer amphioetus Rathbun 1898 cancer amphioetus japanese rock crab bigtooth rock crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ROC ITIS:98672 LANGUAL:B3563 http://eol.org/pages/317369 Cancer productus Cancer productus J. W. Randall, 1840 Cancer productus Randall, 1839 california red rock crab cancer productus red rock crab as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:KCB LANGUAL:B3564 http://eol.org/pages/1215 Cancer bellianus Johnston 1861 cancer bellianus toothed rock crab as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:KKJ LANGUAL:B3565 Cancer johngarthi Carvacho, 1989 cancer johngarthi northern lemon rock crab as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:YGT ITIS:99047 LANGUAL:B3566 http://eol.org/pages/344572 Pachygrapsus transversus (Gibbes, 1850) african matchbox crab pachygrapsus transversus mottled shore crab as food source http://langual.org ITIS:660438 LANGUAL:B3567 http://eol.org/pages/1188 Cryptodromiopsis plumosa (Lewinsohn, 1984) cryptodromiopsis plumosa shaggy sponge crab as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1293 FAO ASFIS:KCT ITIS:97943 LANGUAL:B3568 http://eol.org/pages/1021868 Lithodes maja (Linnaeus, 1758) lithodes maia lithodes maja norway king crab stone king crab as food source http://langual.org CEC:1295 FAO ASFIS:KCR LANGUAL:B3569 Lithodes antarcticus Jacquinot 1853 Lithodes santolla Molina, 1782 lithodes antarcticus lithodes santolla southern king crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3570 http://eol.org/pages/36228 callinectes spp. swim crab (callinectes spp.) as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1280 FAO ASFIS:CRZ ITIS:98698 LANGUAL:B3571 http://eol.org/pages/313352 Callinectes danae (Smith, 1869) Callinectes danae S. I. Smith, 1869 Callinectes danae Smith, 1869 callinectes danae dana swimcrab dana swimming crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PCC ITIS:97492 LANGUAL:B3572 http://eol.org/pages/344568 Procambarus acutus Procambarus acutus (Girard 1852) Procambarus acutus (Girard, 1852) procambarus acutus white crawfish white river crayfish as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RQA ITIS:97498 LANGUAL:B3573 http://eol.org/pages/344648 Procambarus alleni (Faxon 1884) Procambarus alleni (Faxon, 1884) procambarus alleni florida crayfish as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RKT LANGUAL:B3574 http://eol.org/pages/1219 Procambarus bivitattus Hobbs, 1942 procambarus bivitattus ribbon crayfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1267 FAO ASFIS:UTT LANGUAL:B3575 http://eol.org/pages/1233 Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank, 1803) Austropotamobius torrentium Schrank, 1803 austropotamobius torrentium stone crayfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1266 FAO ASFIS:AUP LANGUAL:B3576 http://eol.org/pages/1233 Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet, 1858) austropotamobius pallipes river crayfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1192 FAO ASFIS:NKR ITIS:95534 LANGUAL:B3577 http://eol.org/pages/509431 Meganyctiphanes norvegica Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars 1857) Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars, 1857) Meganyctiphanes norvegica (Sars, 1857) meganyctiphanes norvegica norwegian krill as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:KRC ITIS:95520 LANGUAL:B3578 http://eol.org/pages/509402 Euphausia crystallorophias Holt & Tattersall, 1906 Euphausia crystallorophias Holt and Tattersall, 1906 euphausia crystallorophias ice krill as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:KRF ITIS:95517 LANGUAL:B3579 http://eol.org/pages/509407 Euphausia frigida Hansen, 1911 euphausia frigida pygmy krill as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:KRV ITIS:95515 LANGUAL:B3580 http://eol.org/pages/509430 Euphausia vallentini Stebbing, 1900 euphausia vallentini northern krill as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:KRT ITIS:95518 LANGUAL:B3581 http://eol.org/pages/1280 Euphausia triacantha Holt & Tattersall, 1906 Euphausia triacantha Holt and Tattersall, 1906 euphausia triacantha spiny krill as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:UFP ITIS:95502 LANGUAL:B3582 http://eol.org/pages/509419 Euphausia pacifica Hansen, 1911 euphausia pacifica isada krill as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:HCW ITIS:677531 LANGUAL:B3583 http://eol.org/pages/345041 Homarinus capensis (Herbst, 1792) Homarus capensis (Herbst 1792) homarus capensis cape lobster as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1305 FAO ASFIS:NEA ITIS:552930 LANGUAL:B3584 http://eol.org/pages/1021411 Metanephrops andamanicus (Wood-Mason, 1891) metanephrops andamanicus southern langoustine andaman lobster as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1291 FAO ASFIS:SCY ITIS:97666 LANGUAL:B3585 http://eol.org/pages/128511 Scyllarus arctus (Linnaeus, 1758) lesser slipper lobster scyllarus arctus small european locust lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:IBA ITIS:553009 LANGUAL:B3586 http://eol.org/pages/7208 Ibacus alticrenatus Bate, 1888 Ibacus altricrenatus Bate, 1888 ibacus alticrenatus ibacus altricrenatus velvet fan lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MFU ITIS:552931 LANGUAL:B3587 http://eol.org/pages/1038468 Metanephrops arafurensis (De Man, 1905) metanephrops arafurensis arafura lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MFT ITIS:552932 LANGUAL:B3588 http://eol.org/pages/324950 Metanephrops armatus Chan & Yu, 1991 Metanephrops armatus Chan and Yu, 1991 metanephrops armatus armoured lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MFL ITIS:552933 LANGUAL:B3589 http://eol.org/pages/324948 Metanephrops australiensis (Bruce, 1966) metanephrops australiensis northwest lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MFI ITIS:97323 LANGUAL:B3590 http://eol.org/pages/343993 Metanephrops binghami Metanephrops binghami (Boone, 1927) carribean lobsterette metanephrops binghami caribbean lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MFO ITIS:552934 LANGUAL:B3591 http://eol.org/pages/324946 Metanephrops boschmai (Holthuis, 1964) metanephrops boschmai bight lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MEC ITIS:552935 LANGUAL:B3592 http://eol.org/pages/346024 Metanephrops challengeri Metanephrops challengeri (Balss, 1914) Metanephrops challengeri (Blass, 1914) metanephrops challengeri new zealand lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MFM ITIS:552936 LANGUAL:B3593 http://eol.org/pages/289777 Metanephrops formosanus Chan & Yu 1987 Metanephrops formosanus Chan and Yu, 1987 metanephrops formosanus formosa lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MFJ ITIS:552937 LANGUAL:B3594 http://eol.org/pages/999954 Metanephrops japonicus (Tapparone-Canefri, 1873) metanephrops japonicus japanese lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:NEM ITIS:552938 LANGUAL:B3595 http://eol.org/pages/324954 Metanephrops mozambicus Macpherson, 1990 african lobster metanephrops mozambicus mozambique lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MFN ITIS:552939 LANGUAL:B3596 http://eol.org/pages/324947 Metanephrops neptunus (Bruce, 1965) metanephrops neptunus neptune lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MFS ITIS:552940 LANGUAL:B3597 http://eol.org/pages/324944 Metanephrops rubellus Metanephrops rubellus (Moreira, 1903) metanephrops rubellus urugayian lobster urugavian lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MFQ ITIS:552941 LANGUAL:B3598 http://eol.org/pages/324945 Metanephrops sagamiensis (Parisi, 1917) metanephrops sagamiensis okinawa sculptured lobster sculpted lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MFK ITIS:552942 LANGUAL:B3599 http://eol.org/pages/1038421 Metanephrops sibogae (De Man, 1916) metanephrops sibogae siboga lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MFD ITIS:552943 LANGUAL:B3600 http://eol.org/pages/324949 Metanephrops sinensis (Bruce, 1966) metanephrops sinensis china lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MFH ITIS:552944 LANGUAL:B3601 http://eol.org/pages/344964 Metanephrops thomsoni Metanephrops thomsoni (Bate, 1888) metanephrops thomsoni red-banded lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:MFV ITIS:552945 LANGUAL:B3602 http://eol.org/pages/1038467 Metanephrops velutinus Chan & Yu 1991 Metanephrops velutinus Chan and Yu, 1991 metanephrops velutinus velvet lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1246 FAO ASFIS:LOR ITIS:660225 LANGUAL:B3603 http://eol.org/pages/324114 Jasus edwardsii Jasus edwardsii (Hutton, 1875) jasus edwardsii red rock lobster as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1247 FAO ASFIS:LOF ITIS:552952 LANGUAL:B3604 http://eol.org/pages/317430 Jasus frontalis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) Jasus frontalis (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837) Jasus frontalis (Milne Edwards, 1837) jasus frontalis juan fernandez rock lobster as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1249 FAO ASFIS:LBT ITIS:552956 LANGUAL:B3605 http://eol.org/pages/343861 Jasus tristani Holthuis, 1963 jasus tristani tristan rock lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1250 FAO ASFIS:LOG ITIS:552957 LANGUAL:B3606 http://eol.org/pages/128857 Jasus verreauxi Jasus verreauxi (H. Milne Edwards, 1851) Jasus verreauxi (H. Milne-Edwards, 1851) Jasus verreauxi (Milne Edwards, 1851) jasus verreauxi green rock lobster as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3607 http://eol.org/pages/15300 jasus spp. jasid spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:JSP ITIS:552955 LANGUAL:B3608 http://eol.org/pages/347038 Jasus paulensis Jasus paulensis (Heller, 1862) jasus paulensis st.paul rock lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:JSN LANGUAL:B3609 http://eol.org/pages/7174 Jasus novaehollandiae Holthuis 1963 jasus novaehollandiae southern rock lobster as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3610 http://eol.org/pages/14974 panulirus spp. panulirid spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1252 FAO ASFIS:SLN ITIS:552964 LANGUAL:B3611 http://eol.org/pages/128820 Palinurus delagoae Palinurus delagoae Barnard, 1926 palinurus delagoae natal spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:NRH ITIS:552963 LANGUAL:B3612 http://eol.org/pages/324109 Palinurus charlestoni Forest & Postel, 1964 Palinurus charlestoni Forest and Postel, 1964 palinurus charlestoni cape verde spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1255 FAO ASFIS:PSL ITIS:552966 LANGUAL:B3613 http://eol.org/pages/324107 Palinurus mauritanicus Palinurus mauritanicus Gruvel, 1911 palinurus mauritanicus pink spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1257 FAO ASFIS:LOA ITIS:552970 LANGUAL:B3614 http://eol.org/pages/128255 Panulirus cygnus Panulirus cygnus George, 1962 panulirus cygnus australian spiny lobster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LQL ITIS:98056 LANGUAL:B3615 http://eol.org/pages/1021195 Pleuroncodes planipes Pleuroncodes planipes Stimpson, 1860 pelagic crab pleuroncodes planipes pelagic red crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3616 branchiopods branchiopod as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1231 FAO ASFIS:MBK ITIS:96227 LANGUAL:B3617 http://eol.org/pages/128503 Macrobrachium carcinus Macrobrachium carcinus (Linnaeus, 1758) bigclaw river shrimp macrobrachium carcinus painted river prawn as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1225 FAO ASFIS:AES ITIS:96971 LANGUAL:B3618 http://eol.org/pages/344445 Pandalus montagui Leach ,1814 Pandalus montagui Leach, 1814 pandalus montagui aesop shrimp as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1242 FAO ASFIS:KNS ITIS:96024 LANGUAL:B3619 http://eol.org/pages/7212 Haliporoides triarthrus Stebbing, 1914 Hymenopenaeus triarthrus (Stebbing, 1914) haliporoides triarthrus hymenopenaeus triarthrus knife shrimp as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3620 http://eol.org/pages/7212 solenocerid shrimps solenoceridae solenocerid shrimp family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1193 FAO ASFIS:ASH ITIS:95781 LANGUAL:B3621 http://eol.org/pages/1039896 Artemesia longinaris Bate, 1888 artemesia longinaris argentine stiletto shrimp as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1195 FAO ASFIS:SHI ITIS:95829 LANGUAL:B3622 http://eol.org/pages/343596 Metapenaeus joyneri (Miers, 1880) metapenaeus joyneri shiba shrimp as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1197 FAO ASFIS:GUS ITIS:95859 LANGUAL:B3623 http://eol.org/pages/7184 Parapenaeopsis atlantica Balss, 1914 parapenaeopsis atlantica guinea shrimp as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1202 FAO ASFIS:YPS ITIS:551573 LANGUAL:B3624 http://eol.org/pages/344236 Farfantepenaeus californiensis (Holmes, 1900) Penaeus californiensis Holmes, 1900 farfantepenaeus californiensis penaeus californiensis yellowleg shrimp as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:EKU ITIS:551589 LANGUAL:B3625 http://eol.org/pages/128591 Melicertus canaliculatus (Olivier, 1811) Penaeus canaliculatus (Olivier, 1811) melicertus canaliculatus penaeus canaliculatus witch prawn as food source http://langual.org CEC:1201 FAO ASFIS:CSP ITIS:551572 LANGUAL:B3626 http://eol.org/pages/1021967 Farfantepenaeus brevirostris (Kingsley, 1878) Penaeus brevirostris Kingsley 1878 Penaeus brevirostris Kingsley, 1878 penaeus brevirostris crystal shrimp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1203 FAO ASFIS:FLP ITIS:551578 LANGUAL:B3627 http://eol.org/pages/344332 Fenneropenaeus chinensis Fenneropenaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) Penaeus chinensis (Osbeck, 1765) fenneropenaeus chinensis penaeus chinensis fleshy prawn as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1205 FAO ASFIS:PRB ITIS:95625 LANGUAL:B3628 http://eol.org/pages/344525 Penaeus esculentus Penaeus esculentus Haswell 1879 Penaeus esculentus Haswell, 1879 brown tiger shrimp penaeus esculentus brown tiger prawn as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1209 FAO ASFIS:PBA ITIS:551580 LANGUAL:B3629 http://eol.org/pages/344689 Fenneropenaeus merguiensis Fenneropenaeus merguiensis (De Man, 1888) Penaeus merguiensis De Man, 1888 Penaeus merguiensis de Man, 1888 fenneropenaeus merguiensis penaeus merguiensis banana prawn as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1211 FAO ASFIS:SOP ITIS:551575 LANGUAL:B3630 http://eol.org/pages/1033937 Farfantepenaeus notialis (Pérez Farfante, 1967) Penaeus notialis Perez Farfante, 1967 farfantepenaeus notialis penaeus notialis southern pink shrimp as food source Xiphopenaeus kroyeri was first described by Camill Heller in 1862, under the name Penaeus kroyeri. It was transferred to the genus Xiphopenaeus in 1869 by Sidney Irving Smith. X. kroyeri has been considered conspecific with the Pacific species X. riveti, but recent genetic analysis indicates that the two are separate species, and that X. kroyeri (sensu stricto) may even constitute two cryptic species. WIKIPEDIA:Xiphopenaeus_kroyeri http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:TIT LANGUAL:B3631 http://eol.org/pages/7184 Xiphopenaeus riveti Bouvier 1907 xiphopenaeus kroyeri xiphopenaeus riveti pacific seabob as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1244 FAO ASFIS:RRS ITIS:95966 LANGUAL:B3632 http://eol.org/pages/317682 Pleoticus robustus Pleoticus robustus (S. I. Smith, 1885) Pleoticus robustus (Smith, 1885) pleoticus robustus royal red shrimp as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1245 FAO ASFIS:SKM ITIS:96005 LANGUAL:B3633 http://eol.org/pages/347713 Solenocera membranacea (Risso, 1816) Solenocera membranacea Risso, 1816 solenocera membranacea atlantic mud shrimp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1390 FAO ASFIS:CLR ITIS:81022 LANGUAL:B3634 http://eol.org/pages/448700 Ensis directus Ensis directus (Conrad, 1843) Ensis directus Conrad, 1843 atlantic jackknife clam ensis directus atlantic jackknife as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:EKK ITIS:81499 LANGUAL:B3635 http://eol.org/pages/448968 Mercenaria campechiensis Mercenaria campechiensis (Gmelin, 1791) gulf quahog hard clam mercenaria campechiensis southern quahog as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:TCL ITIS:81472 LANGUAL:B3636 http://eol.org/pages/493294 Protothaca thaca Protothaca thaca (Molina, 1782) hardshell protothaca thaca quahog hardshell clam as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:GQF ITIS:97114 LANGUAL:B3637 http://eol.org/pages/1021223 Crangon franciscorum Crangon franciscorum Stimpson, 1856 california shrimp crangon franciscorum california bay shrimp as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1391 FAO ASFIS:EQE ITIS:81024 LANGUAL:B3638 http://eol.org/pages/448704 Ensis ensis Ensis ensis (Linnaeus, 1758) Ensis ensis Linnaeus, 1758 ensis ensis pod razor as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KID ITIS:81559 LANGUAL:B3639 http://eol.org/pages/2310 Chione undatella Chione undatella (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835) Chione undatella (Sowerby, 1835) chione undatella frilled venus as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:567356 LANGUAL:B3640 http://eol.org/pages/592405 Chionista fluctifraga Chionista fluctifraga (G. B. Sowerby II, 1853) chionista fluctifraga smooth venus as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KSN ITIS:81579 LANGUAL:B3641 http://eol.org/pages/440077 Macrocallista nimbosa Macrocallista nimbosa (Lightfoot, 1786) macrocallista nimbosa sunray venus as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KIK ITIS:81537 LANGUAL:B3642 http://eol.org/pages/2310 Chione californiensis Chione californiensis (Broderip, 1835) chione californiensis california venus as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KNU LANGUAL:B3643 http://eol.org/pages/2310 Austrovenus stutchburyi Chione stutchburyi (Wood 1828) austrovenus stutchburyi new zealand cockle as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:GCJ LANGUAL:B3644 Glycymeris pilosa Glycymeris pilosa (Linnaeus 1767) glycymeris pilosa pilose bittersweet dock cockle as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1368 FAO ASFIS:GKL ITIS:79429 LANGUAL:B3645 http://eol.org/pages/449946 Glycymeris glycymeris Glycymeris glycymeris (Linnaeus, 1758) Glycymeris glycymeris (Linnaeus, 1767) common european bittersweet dog cockle glycymeris glycymeris pectunculus glycymeris european bittersweet as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: LANGUAL:B3646 Glycymeris violacescens glycymeris violacescens purple bittersweet violet bittersweet as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1373 FAO ASFIS:COC ITIS:80901 LANGUAL:B3647 http://eol.org/pages/395985 Cerastoderma edule Cerastoderma edule (Linnaeus, 1758) cerastoderma edule common cockle as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KTS LANGUAL:B3648 Acanthocardia spinosa (Solander 1786) Cardium tuberculatum acanthocardia spinosa cardium tuberculatum knotted cockle as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:80876 LANGUAL:B3649 http://eol.org/pages/449114 Clinocardium californiense Clinocardium californiense (Deshayes, 1839) clinocardium californiense california cockle as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:DKR ITIS:80913 LANGUAL:B3650 http://eol.org/pages/449039 Dinocardium robustum Dinocardium robustum (Lightfoot, 1786) dinocardium robustum giant atlantic cockle atlantic giant cockle as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:80879 LANGUAL:B3651 http://eol.org/pages/449116 Serripes groenlandicus Serripes groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786) greenland smoothcockle serripes groenlandicus greenland cockle as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:KCL ITIS:80873 LANGUAL:B3652 http://eol.org/pages/449112 Clinocardium nuttallii Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad 1837) Clinocardium nuttallii (Conrad, 1837) basket cockle clinocardium nuttallii heart cockle nuttall cockle as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1358 FAO ASFIS:MYC LANGUAL:B3653 http://eol.org/pages/2235 Mytilus chilensis (Hupé, 1854) Mytilus chilensis Hupe, 1854 mytilus chilensis chilean blue mussel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1359 LANGUAL:B3654 http://eol.org/pages/2235 Mytilus crassitesta mytilus crassitesta korean mussel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1361 FAO ASFIS:MSM ITIS:79456 LANGUAL:B3655 http://eol.org/pages/449961 Mytilus galloprovincialis Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 mytilus galloprovincialis mediterranean mussel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1362 FAO ASFIS:MYA LANGUAL:B3656 http://eol.org/pages/2235 Mytilus planulatus Mytilus planulatus Lamarck, 1819 mytilus planulatus australian mussel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1363 FAO ASFIS:MSR LANGUAL:B3657 http://eol.org/pages/2235 Mytilus platensis Orbigny, 1846 Mytilus platensis d’Orbigny 1846 mytilus platensis river plata mussel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1364 LANGUAL:B3658 http://eol.org/pages/2235 Mytilus smaragdinus mytilus smaragdinus green mussel as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:YUS ITIS:567928 LANGUAL:B3659 http://eol.org/pages/578868 Mytilus trossulus Gould, 1850 foolish mussel mytilus trossulus northern blue mussel as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:YUD LANGUAL:B3660 http://eol.org/pages/2235 Mytilus desolationis Lamy 1936 mytilus desolationis kerguelen mussel as food source http://langual.org ITIS:77905 LANGUAL:B3661 http://eol.org/pages/449904 Helix aperta Born, 1778 helix aperta green gardensnail as food source http://langual.org ITIS:77906 LANGUAL:B3662 http://eol.org/pages/449907 Helix aspersa Muller, 1774 helix aspersa brown gardensnail as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:77907 LANGUAL:B3663 http://eol.org/pages/449906 Helix pomatia Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758 helix pomatia escargot as food source WIKIPEDIA:Helix_lucorum http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3664 http://eol.org/pages/2640 helix lucorum turkish snail as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:72556 LANGUAL:B3665 http://eol.org/pages/455232 Strombus alatus Strombus alatus Gmelin, 1791 strombus alatus florida fighting conch as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:74187 LANGUAL:B3666 http://eol.org/pages/403425 Pleuroploca gigantea Pleuroploca gigantea (Kiener, 1840) pleuroploca gigantea horse conch as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MBQ ITIS:72557 LANGUAL:B3667 http://eol.org/pages/455239 Strombus costatus Strombus costatus Gmelin, 1791 strombus costatus milk conch as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:COO ITIS:72558 LANGUAL:B3668 http://eol.org/pages/455238 Strombus gigas Strombus gigas Linnaeus, 1758 strombus gigas queen conch as food source WIKIPEDIA:Lambis_lambis http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:BQA LANGUAL:B3669 Lambis lambis Lambis lambis (Linnaeus, 1758) common spider conch lambis lambis spider conch as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RXU ITIS:72560 LANGUAL:B3670 http://eol.org/pages/480624 Strombus pugilis Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758 strombus pugilis west indian fighting conch as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1335 FAO ASFIS:OCH LANGUAL:B3671 http://eol.org/pages/2248 Ostrea chilensis Philippi 1845 Ostrea chilensis Philippi, 1847 ostrea chilensis chilean flat oyster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1337 FAO ASFIS:OYF ITIS:79885 LANGUAL:B3672 http://eol.org/pages/449502 Ostrea edulis Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758 edible oyster european flat oyster ostrea edulis european oyster as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1332 FAO ASFIS:OYM ITIS:79881 LANGUAL:B3673 http://eol.org/pages/449549 Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding crassostrea rhizophorae pacific cupped oyster mangrove cupped oyster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1341 FAO ASFIS:CSC ITIS:79893 LANGUAL:B3674 http://eol.org/pages/449497 Saccostrea cuccullata Saccostrea cuccullata (Born, 1778) crassostrea commercialis saccostrea cuccullata sydney cupped oyster as food source http://langual.org CEC:1336 FAO ASFIS:ODE LANGUAL:B3675 http://eol.org/pages/2248 Ostrea denticulata Born 1778 Ostrea denticulata Born, 1778 ostrea denticulata denticulate rock oyster as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:79869 LANGUAL:B3676 http://eol.org/pages/2248 Crassostrea gigas kumamoto crassostrea gigas kumamoto kumamoto oyster as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3677 http://eol.org/pages/2266 pinnidae penshell as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1401 FAO ASFIS:CTC ITIS:82363 LANGUAL:B3678 http://eol.org/pages/448836 Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758 sepia officinalis common cuttlefish as food source http://langual.org CEC:1417 FAO ASFIS:EDT ITIS:556275 LANGUAL:B3679 http://eol.org/pages/491494 Eledone moschata (Lamarck 1798) Eledone moschata (Lamarck, 1798) eledone moschata white octopus as food source http://langual.org CEC:1421 FAO ASFIS:OCC ITIS:82603 LANGUAL:B3680 http://eol.org/pages/492280 Octopus vulgaris Cuvier 1797 Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797 octopus vulgaris common octopus as food source http://langual.org CEC:1416 FAO ASFIS:EOI ITIS:82646 LANGUAL:B3681 http://eol.org/pages/492409 Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck, 1798) Eledone cirrosa (Lamarck 1798) Eledone cirrosa (Lamarck, 1798) eledone cirrhosa eledone cirrosa horned octopus curled octopus as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1404 FAO ASFIS:OUM ITIS:556291 LANGUAL:B3682 http://eol.org/pages/591526 Alloteuthis media (Linnaeus, 1758) Loligo media Loligo media (Linnaeus, 1758) alloteuthis media loligo media little squid as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1406 FAO ASFIS:SQL ITIS:82372 LANGUAL:B3683 http://eol.org/pages/448839 Loligo pealei Lesueur, 1821 Loligo pealeii Loligo pealeii Lesueur 1821 Loligo pealeii Lesueur, 1821 loligo pealei longfin inshore squid long-fin squid as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3684 http://eol.org/pages/5092 pangasiidae giant catfishes as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PGS ITIS:639954 LANGUAL:B3685 http://eol.org/pages/570181 Pangasius hypophthalmus Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) pangasius hypophthalmus striped catfish sutchi catfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PNG ITIS:681698 LANGUAL:B3686 http://eol.org/pages/848907 Pangasius gigas Pangasius gigas (Chevey, 1931) giant catfish pangasius gigas mekong giant catfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PGJ ITIS:681703 LANGUAL:B3687 http://eol.org/pages/220771 Pangasius larnaudii Pangasius larnaudii Bocourt, 1866 pangasius larnaudii spot pangasius as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PGK ITIS:681708 LANGUAL:B3688 http://eol.org/pages/206980 Pangasius micronemus Pangasius micronemus Bleeker, 1847 pangasius micronemus shortbarbel pangasius as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PGP ITIS:681712 LANGUAL:B3689 http://eol.org/pages/205253 Pangasius pangasius Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton, 1822) pangasius pangasius yellowtail catfish pangas catfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PNW ITIS:201966 LANGUAL:B3690 http://eol.org/pages/212455 Pangasius sanitwongsei Pangasius sanitwongsei Smith, 1931 pangasius sanitwongsei giant pangasius as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1407 FAO ASFIS:CHO LANGUAL:B3691 http://eol.org/pages/2351 Loligo reynaudi Orbigny, 1845 Loligo reynaudi d’Orbigny 1845 chokker squid loligo reynaudi cape hope squid as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1408 FAO ASFIS:SQR ITIS:82375 LANGUAL:B3692 http://eol.org/pages/451497 Loligo vulgaris Loligo vulgaris Lamarck 1798 Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798 loligo vulgaris common squid as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3693 http://eol.org/pages/2357 flying squids ommastrephidae shortfin squids flying squid as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1410 FAO ASFIS:SQA ITIS:556070 LANGUAL:B3694 http://eol.org/pages/591440 Illex argentinus Illex argentinus (Castellanos, 1960) illex argentinus argentine shortfin squid as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SQM ITIS:82523 LANGUAL:B3695 http://eol.org/pages/451353 Illex coindetii Illex coindetii (Verany, 1839) broadtail shortfin squid illex coindetii southern shortfin squid as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1412 FAO ASFIS:SQI ITIS:82521 LANGUAL:B3696 http://eol.org/pages/451352 Illex illecebrosus Illex illecebrosus (Lesueur, 1821) illex illecebrosus northern shortfin squid as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:IXO ITIS:82524 LANGUAL:B3697 http://eol.org/pages/451354 Illex oxygonius Roper, Lu & Mangold 1969 Illex oxygonius Roper, Lu and Mangold, 1969 illex oxygonius sharptail shortfin squid as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1413 FAO ASFIS:TSQ ITIS:556164 LANGUAL:B3698 http://eol.org/pages/591402 Nototodarus sloani (Gray, 1849) Nototodarus sloanii Nototodarus sloanii (Gray, 1849) arrow squid nototodarus sloani wellington flying squid as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SQG ITIS:555983 LANGUAL:B3699 http://eol.org/pages/399986 Todarodes angolensis Todarodes angolensis Adam, 1962 todarodes angolensis angolan flying squid as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:TFP ITIS:555986 LANGUAL:B3700 http://eol.org/pages/491913 Todarodes filippovae Adam 1975 Todarodes filippovae Adam, 1975 todarodes filippovae antarctic flying squid as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1414 FAO ASFIS:SQJ ITIS:557230 LANGUAL:B3701 http://eol.org/pages/590939 Todarodes pacificus (Steenstrup, 1880) todarodes pacificus japanese flying squid as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1415 FAO ASFIS:SQE ITIS:205726 LANGUAL:B3702 http://eol.org/pages/586266 Todarodes sagittatus Todarodes sagittatus (Lamarck, 1798) Todarodes sagittatus sagittatus (Lamarck, 1798) ommastrephes sagittatus red squid sea squid todarodes sagittatus european flying squid as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:TDQ ITIS:205728 LANGUAL:B3703 http://eol.org/pages/586269 Todaropsis eblanae (Ball 1841) Todaropsis eblanae (Ball, 1841) todaropsis eblanae lesser flying squid as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:NDG ITIS:556308 LANGUAL:B3704 http://eol.org/pages/491462 Nototodarus gouldi (McCoy 1888) Nototodarus gouldi (McCoy, 1888) nototodarus gouldi gould's flying squid as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3705 http://eol.org/pages/2379 fissurellidae keyhole limpets keyhole limpet as food source http://langual.org GRIN:409749 LANGUAL:B3706 Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill var. neapolitanum Danert broadleaved parsley petrosellinum crispum var. neapolitanum italian parsley plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:411921 LANGUAL:B3707 MANSFELD:1246 Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill var. crispum curly parsley double-curled parsley garden parley plant as food source *Silene vulgaris* or Bladder Campion is a plant species of the genus *Silene*. The young shoots are edible, but saponin gives them a bitter flavor. WIKIPEDIA:Silene_vulgaris http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13111 GRIN:105074 ITIS:20142 LANGUAL:B3708 PLANTS:SIVU http://eol.org/pages/581986 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke bladder silene cowbell maiden's tears maiden's-tears maidenstears rattleweed silene vulgaris bladder campion plant as food source Papaver rhoeas is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It has a variety of common names, including the Corn Poppy, Field Poppy, Flanders Poppy, or Red Poppy, one of the many species and genera named poppy. The four petals are vivid red, most commonly with a black spot at their base. Its seed is a moderately useful commodity, used in bread dough, for example, and to decorate bread. The red petals are used to make syrups and alcoholic/non-alcoholic drinks. Red poppy syrup is a traditional beverage of Mediterranean regions. [Wikipedia] http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11623 GRIN:26703 ITIS:18893 LANGUAL:B3709 PLANTS:PARH2 http://eol.org/pages/596241 Papaver rhoeas L. common poppy coquelicot field poppy flanders poppy papaver rhoeas shirley poppy corn poppy plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11624 GRIN:406377 ITIS:18894 LANGUAL:B3710 PLANTS:PASO2 http://eol.org/pages/594796 Papaver somniferum L. papaver somniferum opium poppy plant as food source *Tordylium apulum*, commonly known as the Mediterranean Hartwort, is an annual forb or herb. It is classified within the family *Apiaceae*, the carrot family. It is located in a range from Europe to west Asia, but was introduced to the United States. It is now found only in Arizona. The hartwort does have edible leaves. In Italy it is used as a condiment. WIKIPEDIA:Tordylium_apulum http://langual.org GRIN:36756 ITIS:505532 LANGUAL:B3711 http://eol.org/pages/485022 Tordylium apulum L. Tordylium maximum L. tordylium apulum tordylium maximum hartwort plant as food source *Plantago* is a genus of about 200 species of small, inconspicuous plants commonly called plantains. *Plantago* species have been used since prehistoric times as herbal remedies. The herb is astringent, anti-toxic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-histamine, as well as demulcent, expectorant, styptic and diuretic. Externally, a poultice of the leaves is useful for insect bites, poison-ivy rashes, minor sores, and boils. In folklore it is even claimed to be able to cure snakebite. Internally, it is used for coughs and bronchitis, as a tea, tincture, or syrup. The broad-leaved varieties are sometimes used as a leaf vegetable for salads, green sauce, et cetera. Plantain seed husks expand and become mucilaginous when wet, especially those of *Plantago psyllium*, which is used in common over-the-counter bulk laxative and fiber supplement products. [] http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12024 GRIN:317089 LANGUAL:B3712 PLANTS:PLANT http://eol.org/pages/4354 Plantago Plantago L. Plantago sp. indianwheat plantago spp. plantain plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:316475 ITIS:32908 LANGUAL:B3713 http://eol.org/pages/579236 Plantago afra L. Plantago psyllium L. plantago afra plantago psyllium psyllium african plantain plant as food source PlantLife [http://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/assets/saving-species/saving-species-dossier/Scandix_pecten-veneris_dossier.pdf] http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12893 GRIN:70632 ITIS:29865 LANGUAL:B3714 PLANTS:SCPE http://eol.org/pages/581457 Scandix pecten-veneris L. scandix pecten-veneris shepherdsneedle venus'-comb shepherd's needle plant as food source Sow thistles have been used as fodder, particularly for rabbits, hence the other common names of "hare thistle" or "hare lettuce". They are also edible to humans as a leaf vegetable; old leaves and stalks can be bitter but young leaves have a flavour similar to lettuce. Going by the name puha or rareke (raraki) it is frequently eaten in New Zealand as a vegetable, particularly by the native Maori. When cooked it tastes a little similar to chard. [Wikipedia] http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13194 GRIN:34939 ITIS:38427 LANGUAL:B3715 PLANTS:SOOL http://eol.org/pages/492350 Sonchus oleraceus L. annual sow thistle common sow thistle common sowthistle hare's lettuce sonchus oleraceus sow thistle annual sowthistle plant as food source Allium ampeloprasum is a member of the onion genus Allium, in the family Alliaceae (Liliaceae). The wild plant is commonly known as (Broadleaf) Wild Leek - not to be confused with the N. American Allium tricoccum of the same name. Its native range is S. Europe to W. Asia. It has been differentiated into three cultivated vegetables, namely leek, elephant garlic and kurrat.. [Wikipedia] http://langual.org GRIN:400394 ITIS:185435 ITIS:185436 ITIS:42708 LANGUAL:B3716 http://eol.org/pages/8790855 Allium ampeloprasum L. Allium ampeloprasum L. var. ampeloprasum Allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum L. Allium ampeloprasum var. atroviolaceum (Boiss.) Regel allium ampeloprasum allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum allium ampeloprasum var. atroviolaceum broadleaf wild leek great-headed garlic broadleaf wild leek plant as food source The sea beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima) is a member of the family Chenopodiaceae, and is the wild ancestor of common vegetables such as beetroot, sugar beet, and Swiss chard. Its leaves have a pleasant texture and taste when served raw or cooked. WIKIPEDIA:Sea_beet http://langual.org GRIN:103151 ITIS:20681 LANGUAL:B3717 http://eol.org/pages/585884 Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (L.) Arcang. Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang. beta vulgaris beta vulgaris subsp. maritima sea beet plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3718 http://eol.org/pages/4267 vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus northern mountain cranberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:400138 ITIS:27170 LANGUAL:B3719 MANSFELD:4856 http://eol.org/pages/582969 Trapa natans L. Trapa natans L. var. natans caltrop trapa natans waternut waterchestnut plant as food source Rapini (also known as Broccoli Rabe (or Raap or Raab), Broccoletti, Broccoli di Rape, Cime di Rapa, Rape, Rappi, Friarielli (in Naples) is a common vegetable in the cuisines of southern Italy (in particular Basilicata, Puglia, and Sicily), Galicia (northwestern Spain), Portugal, the Netherlands and China. The plant is a member of the tribe *Brassiceae* of the *Brassicaceae* (mustard family). Rapini is classified scientifically as *Brassica rapa* subspecies *rapa*, in the same subspecies as the turnip, but has also been treated as *Brassica rapa ruvo*, *Brassica rapa rapifera*, *Brassica ruvo*, and *Brassica campestris ruvo*. WIKIPEDIA:Brassica_ruvo http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8126 GRIN:100916 ITIS:506216 LANGUAL:B3720 PLANTS:BRRU4 http://eol.org/pages/483604 Brassica ruvo L. H. Bailey Brassica ruvo L.H. Bailey Brassica ruvo L.H.Bailey brassica raab brassica rabe brassica ruvo broccoletti broccoli di rape friarielli italian turnip broccoli nabana rape rapini rappi saishin ruvo kale plant as food source Sweet onion is a variety of onion that is not pungent. There are several varieties of sweet onion. The term sweet onion comes from the perceived sweetness of the onion compared to other varieties. This perceived sweetness is derived from a low sulfur content and and high water content when compared to other onion varieties. WIKIPEDIA:Sweet_onion http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7309 GRIN:2244 ITIS:42720 LANGUAL:B3721 PLANTS:ALCE http://eol.org/pages/1084354 Allium cepa L. white onion sweet onion plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:311784 LANGUAL:B3722 Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum capsicum annuum var. annuum banana pepper plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:410680 ITIS:27285 LANGUAL:B3725 PLANTS:CHANA2 http://eol.org/pages/479009 Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub ssp. angustifolium Epilobium angustifolium ssp. angustifolium L. chamerion angustifolium chamerion angustifolium ssp. angustifolium epilobium angustifolium epilobium angustifolium ssp. angustifolium fireweed plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:319648 LANGUAL:B3727 MANSFELD:23939 Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg. canola field mustard polish canola turnip-rape winter turnip rape plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:409366 LANGUAL:B3728 MANSFELD:1235 Apium graveolens var. secalinum (Alef.) Mansf. Apium graveolens var. secalinum Alef. apium graveolens var. secalinum chinese cellery leaf celery plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:102051 ITIS:182185 LANGUAL:B3729 MANSFELD:1236 PLANTS:APGRD http://eol.org/pages/1245043 Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) DC. Apium graveolens var. dulce (Mill.) Pers. Apium graveolens var. dulce (P. Mill.) DC. apium graveolens var. dulce stalk celery plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:6398 LANGUAL:B3730 MANSFELD:19198 Bambusa oldhamii Munro bambusa oldhamii giant timber bamboo oldham's bamboo plant as food source http://langual.org ITIS:506663 LANGUAL:B3731 MANSFELD:19296 PLANTS:DEAS http://eol.org/pages/1115595 Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. & Schult.f.) Backer ex Heyne Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. f.) Backer ex Heyne dendrocalamus asper giant bamboo plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:13523 ITIS:556521 LANGUAL:B3732 MANSFELD:19310 PLANTS:SILA23 http://eol.org/pages/490702 Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro Sinocalamus latiflorus (Munro) McClure dendrocalamus latiflorus ma bamboo sinocalamus latifloru sweet bamboo sweet giant bamboo wideleaf bamboo taiwan giant bamboo plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:403384 LANGUAL:B3733 MANSFELD:19259 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Gigantochloa albociliata (Munro) Kurz gigantochloa albociliata white-fringe gigantochloa plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:17528 LANGUAL:B3734 MANSFELD:19275 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merr. Gigantochloa levis (Blanco) Merrill gigantochloa levis smooth giant grass smooth-shoot gigantochloa poring bamboo plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:28158 ITIS:565400 LANGUAL:B3735 MANSFELD:19092 http://eol.org/pages/1115855 Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) Houz. Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) Lehaie Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J. Houz. moso bamboo phyllostachys edulis pubescent bamboo tortoise shell bamboo plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:36634 LANGUAL:B3736 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Thyrsostachys siamensis Gamble monastery bamboo thyrsostachys siamensis umbrella-handle bamboo thailand bamboo plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:316651 ITIS:502098 LANGUAL:B3737 MANSFELD:23755 PLANTS:DITE4 http://eol.org/pages/487913 Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. lincoln's-weed sand mustard sand rocket wall rocket perennial wallrocket plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10082 GRIN:17915 ITIS:506096 LANGUAL:B3738 MANSFELD:13708 http://eol.org/pages/483662 Gossypium herbaceum L. arabian cotton gossypium herbaceum maltese cotton short-staple cotton syrian cotton levant cotton plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10083 GRIN:17917 ITIS:21711 LANGUAL:B3739 MANSFELD:13760 PLANTS:GOHI http://eol.org/pages/584705 Gossypium hirsutum L. american cotton american upland cotton bourbon cotton cotton gossypium hirsutum upland cotton plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:101304 LANGUAL:B3740 MANSFELD:5835 http://eol.org/pages/4437 Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. andigenum (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena (Juz. & Buk.) Hawkes solanum tuberosum l. subsp. andigenum andean potato plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13736 GRIN:40981 ITIS:23579 LANGUAL:B3741 MANSFELD:18251 PLANTS:VAAN http://eol.org/pages/583661 Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton sugar berry sweet lowbush blueberry vaccinium angustifolium lowbush blueberry plant A plum tomato, also known as a processing tomato or paste tomato, is a type of tomato bred for sauce and packing purposes. Varieties commonly available in markets include Roma VF and San Marzano (semi-determinate; a signature tomato of Italian cuisine), though there are many other varieties, such as the short-season Ropreco Paste and the larger Amish Paste and Big Mama. Five hybrid cultivars grown in California constitute over 60% of total production of processing tomatoes. Small plum tomatoes (similar in size to cherry tomatoes) are known as grape tomatoes. WIKIPEDIA:Plum_tomato http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3742 paste tomato processing tomato plum tomato plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10985 GRIN:101442 ITIS:521671 ITIS:529044 LANGUAL:B3745 PLANTS:SOLY2 http://eol.org/pages/392557 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum P. Mill. Solanum lycopersicum L. lycopersicon esculentum cocktail tomato plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3746 frillice lettuce plant as food source Mizuna (Japanese: 'water greens'), also called Xiu Cai, Kyona, Japanese Mustard, Potherb Mustard, Japanese Greens, California Peppergrass, Spider Mustard, etc., is a Japanese name used primarily for cultivated varieties of Brassica rapa nipposinica but also for Brassica juncea var. japonica. WIKIPEDIA:Mizuna http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8120 GRIN:319651 ITIS:23063 LANGUAL:B3747 PLANTS:BRRA http://eol.org/pages/583898 Brassica rapa L. Brassica rapa L. subsp. nipposinica (L.H.Bailey) Hanelt Brassica rapa subsp. nipposinica (L. H. Bailey) Hanelt brassica juncea var. japonica brassica rapa nipposinica california peppergrass japanese greens kyona mizuna potherb mustatd spider mustard water greens xiu cai japanese mustard plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7309 GRIN:2244 ITIS:42720 LANGUAL:B3748 PLANTS:ALCE http://eol.org/pages/1084354 Allium cepa L. red onion plant as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ATG ITIS:164704 LANGUAL:B3789 http://eol.org/pages/223486 Arctogadus glacialis Arctogadus glacialis (Peters, 1872) arctogadus glacialis arctic cod as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1480 FAO ASFIS:AGM ITIS:551771 LANGUAL:B3799 http://eol.org/pages/796029 Alligator mississippiensis Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1801) Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin, 1803) Alligator mississippiensis Daudin, 1802 alligator mississippiensis gator american alligator as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:GTW ITIS:202209 LANGUAL:B3800 http://eol.org/pages/796028 Alligator sinensis Alligator sinensis Fauvel, 1879 alligator sinensis chinese alligator as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:YUU ITIS:174361 LANGUAL:B3801 http://eol.org/pages/1056415 Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) Crocodylus acutus Cuvier, 1807 central-american alligator crocodylus acutus american crocodile as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1484 FAO ASFIS:CNG ITIS:174363 LANGUAL:B3802 http://eol.org/pages/795276 Crocodylus novaeguineae (Schmidt, 1928) Crocodylus novaeguineae Schmidt, 1928 crocodylus novaeguineae new guinea crocodile as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1485 FAO ASFIS:CDP ITIS:174364 LANGUAL:B3803 http://eol.org/pages/454963 Crocodylus porosus (Schneider, 1801) Crocodylus porosus Schneider 1801 Crocodylus porosus Schneider, 1801 crocodylus porosus estuarine crocodile as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:CRI ITIS:202200 LANGUAL:B3804 http://eol.org/pages/795278 Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti, 1768 crocodylus niloticus nile crocodile as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1486 FAO ASFIS:CDS ITIS:202202 LANGUAL:B3805 http://eol.org/pages/795275 Crocodylus siamensis (Schneider, 1801) Crocodylus siamensis Schneider, 1801 crocodylus siamensis siamese crocodile as food source http://langual.org ITIS:173930 LANGUAL:B3806 http://eol.org/pages/793235 Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) common green iguana iguana iguana green iguana as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3807 Salmoninae salmoninae salmonins as food source *Esociformes* are a small order of ray-finned fish, with two families, the *Umbridae* (mudminnows) and the *Esocidae* (pikes). The pikes of genus *Esox* give the order its name. WIKIPEDIA:Esociformes http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3808 Esociformes esciformes fish, esociform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3809 Osmeriformes osmeriformes fish, osmeriform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3810 http://eol.org/pages/5484 phractolaemidae african mudfish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:APG ITIS:161073 LANGUAL:B3811 http://eol.org/pages/356566 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt & Ratzeberg 1833 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt and Ratzeburg, 1833 acipenser gueldenstaedti acipenser güldenstädti danube sturgeon russian sturgeoun as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:APU ITIS:161072 LANGUAL:B3812 http://eol.org/pages/206890 Acipenser sturio Acipenser sturio Linnaeus, 1758 acipenser sturio common sturgeon sturgeon european sturgeon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:APE ITIS:161078 LANGUAL:B3813 http://eol.org/pages/206889 Acipenser stellatus Acipenser stellatus Pallas, 1771 acipenser stellatus starry surgeon sevruga as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:APR ITIS:161079 LANGUAL:B3814 http://eol.org/pages/211359 Acipenser ruthenus Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758 acipenser ruthenus siberian sterlet sterlet as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:AAN ITIS:161077 LANGUAL:B3815 http://eol.org/pages/206888 Acipenser nudiventris Acipenser nudiventris Lovetsky, 1828 Acipenser nudiventris Lovetzky, 1828 acipenser nudiventris ship fringe-barbel sturgeon as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:131 FAO ASFIS:AAA ITIS:161076 LANGUAL:B3816 http://eol.org/pages/206887 Acipenser naccarii Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte 1836 Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte, 1830 Acipenser naccarii Bonaparte, 1836 acipenser naccarii adriatic sturgeon as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:400 FAO ASFIS:DPC ITIS:161296 LANGUAL:B3817 http://eol.org/pages/205526 Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål, 1775) muraenesox cinereus sharp-toothed eel daggertooth pike-conger as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3818 muraenesocidae pike-conger family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3819 http://eol.org/pages/8276 atherinopsidae new world silversides neotropical silverside family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:541 FAO ASFIS:ATB ITIS:166024 LANGUAL:B3820 http://eol.org/pages/206981 Atherina boyeri Risso, 1810 atherina boyeri capsian sandsmelt small sandsmelt boyer's sandsmelt as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:542 FAO ASFIS:AHH ITIS:166023 LANGUAL:B3821 http://eol.org/pages/206989 Atherina hepsetus Linnaeus, 1758 atherina hepsetus mediterranean sandsmelt sand-smelt silverside smelt as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:543 FAO ASFIS:ATP ITIS:166025 LANGUAL:B3822 http://eol.org/pages/340190 Atherina presbyter Cuvier, 1829 atherina presbyter sandsmelt as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:545 FAO ASFIS:SSA ITIS:165994 LANGUAL:B3823 http://eol.org/pages/205984 Menidia menidia Menidia menidia (Linnaeus, 1766) menidia menidia atlantic silverside as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3824 http://eol.org/pages/8265 aulopidae flagfin family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:383 FAO ASFIS:ULF ITIS:644695 LANGUAL:B3825 http://eol.org/pages/211393 Aulopus filamentosus (Bloch, 1792) aulopus filamentosus mediterranean flagfin as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:LIG ITIS:162414 LANGUAL:B3826 http://eol.org/pages/215089 Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795) saurida tumbil greater lizardfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:385 FAO ASFIS:LIB ITIS:162417 LANGUAL:B3827 http://eol.org/pages/993261 Saurida undosquamis (Richardson, 1848) large-scale lizardfish saurida undosquamis brushtooth lizardfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:387 FAO ASFIS:SDR ITIS:162380 LANGUAL:B3828 http://eol.org/pages/212055 Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758) lizardfish synodus saurus atlantic lizardfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:512 FAO ASFIS:BXD ITIS:166155 LANGUAL:B3829 http://eol.org/pages/211204 Beryx decadactylus Beryx decadactylus Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829 Beryx decadactylus Cuvier, 1829 alfonsino beryx decadactylus red bream as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:206 FAO ASFIS:ENP ITIS:161838 LANGUAL:B3830 http://eol.org/pages/339468 Anchoa hepsetus Anchoa hepsetus (Linnaeus, 1758) anchoa hepsetus broad-striped anchovy striped anchovy as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:207 FAO ASFIS:ANB ITIS:161839 LANGUAL:B3831 http://eol.org/pages/223306 Anchoa mitchilli Anchoa mitchilli (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1848) Anchoa mitchilli (Valenciennes, 1848) anchoa mitchilli bay anchovy as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:208 FAO ASFIS:AVA ITIS:161861 LANGUAL:B3832 http://eol.org/pages/211953 Cetengraulis edentulus (Cuvier, 1829) cetengraulis edentulus atlantic anchoveta as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:209 FAO ASFIS:VEP ITIS:161862 LANGUAL:B3833 http://eol.org/pages/211952 Cetengraulis mysticetus Cetengraulis mysticetus (Günther, 1867) cetengraulis mystecetus pacific anchoveta as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:210 FAO ASFIS:RAA ITIS:551439 LANGUAL:B3834 http://eol.org/pages/357148 Coilia mystus (Linnaeus, 1758) coilia mystus osbeck's grenadier anchovy rat-tail anchovy as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:213 ITIS:161834 LANGUAL:B3835 http://eol.org/pages/205026 Engraulis australis Engraulis australis (Shaw, 1790) Engraulis australis (White, 1790) engraulis australis australian anchovy as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:214 FAO ASFIS:ANC LANGUAL:B3836 http://eol.org/pages/3191 Engraulis capensis Gilchrist 1913 Engraulis capensis Gilchrist, 1913 engraulis capensis southern africa anchovy stet anchovy as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:215 FAO ASFIS:ANE ITIS:161831 LANGUAL:B3837 http://eol.org/pages/223061 Engraulis encrasicolus Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758) anchovy engraulis encrasiolus european anchovy as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:216 FAO ASFIS:JAN ITIS:161835 LANGUAL:B3838 http://eol.org/pages/207206 Engraulis japonicus Engraulis japonicus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) Engraulis japonicus Temminck & Schlegel 1846 Engraulis japonicus Temminck and Schlegel, 1846 engraulis japonicus japanese anchovy as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:VET ITIS:551340 LANGUAL:B3839 http://eol.org/pages/206650 Engraulis ringens Engraulis ringens Jenyns, 1842 engraulis ringens peruvian anchovy anchoveta as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:219 FAO ASFIS:ANR ITIS:161865 LANGUAL:B3840 http://eol.org/pages/207083 Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz in Spix and Agassiz, 1829) Lycengraulis grossidens (Agassiz, 1829) lycengraulis grossidens river anchoita as food source http://langual.org ITIS:161726 LANGUAL:B3841 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Clupea harengus membras Linnaeus, 1761 clupea harengus membras baltic herring as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3842 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Dorosomatinae dorosomatinae gizzard shad as food source http://langual.org ITIS:161791 LANGUAL:B3845 Sprattus sprattus balticus (Schneider, 1908) sprattus sprattus balticus baltic sprat as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3846 http://eol.org/pages/2776970 round herring as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3847 http://eol.org/pages/6893 clupea pallasii marisalbi white sea herring as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3848 http://eol.org/pages/6893 clupea pallasii suworowi chosa herring as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:174 LANGUAL:B3849 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Etrumeus acuminatus Gilbert, 1891 etrumeus acuminatus californian round herring as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:175 LANGUAL:B3850 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Etrumeus sadina (Mitchill, 1814) etrumeus sardina atlantic round herring as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:177 FAO ASFIS:RRH ITIS:161743 LANGUAL:B3851 http://eol.org/pages/205036 Etrumeus teres Etrumeus teres (DeKay, 1842) Etrumeus teres De Kay, 1842 etrumeus teres red-eyed round herring as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:WRR ITIS:551211 LANGUAL:B3852 http://eol.org/pages/207276 Etrumeus whiteheadi Wongratana, 1983 etrumeus whiteheadi whitehead's round herring as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3853 http://eol.org/pages/28522 sardinops spp. pilchard as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:HCC ITIS:161753 LANGUAL:B3854 http://eol.org/pages/206572 Harengula clupeola Harengula clupeola (Cuvier, 1829) false herring harengula clupeola false herring as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:HCU ITIS:161754 LANGUAL:B3855 http://eol.org/pages/206573 Harengula humeralis Harengula humeralis (Cuvier, 1829) harengula humeralis redear herring redear sardine as food source Harengula is a genus of herrings that occur mostly in the western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, with one species in the eastern Pacific Ocean. There are currently four described species. WIKIPEDIA:Harengula http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3856 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Harengula Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847 harengula as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:196 FAO ASFIS:SRP ITIS:551223 LANGUAL:B3857 http://eol.org/pages/2777000 Sardinops neopilchardus Sardinops neopilchardus (Steindachner, 1879) sardinops neopilchardus picton herring as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PIA ITIS:551224 LANGUAL:B3858 http://eol.org/pages/2777001 Sardinops ocellatus Sardinops ocellatus (Pappe, 1853) sardinops ocellatus southern african pilchard as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:191 FAO ASFIS:SAE ITIS:161767 LANGUAL:B3859 http://eol.org/pages/223233 Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1838) Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1839) sardinella maderensis short-body sardinella as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:193 FAO ASFIS:JSS ITIS:551460 LANGUAL:B3860 http://eol.org/pages/204826 Sardinella zunasi (Bleeker, 1854) sardinella zunasi japanese sardinella as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:NCO ITIS:161803 LANGUAL:B3861 http://eol.org/pages/213499 Nematalosa come (Richardson, 1846) nematalosa come western pacific gizzard shad as food source http://langual.org FISHBASE 2004:1614 ITIS:161805 LANGUAL:B3862 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Nematalosa galatheae Nelson & Rothman, 1973 Nematalosa galatheae Nelson and Rothman, 1973 nematalosa galatheae galathea gizzard shad as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:153 FAO ASFIS:ASD ITIS:161708 LANGUAL:B3863 http://eol.org/pages/225607 Alosa alosa Alosa alosa (Linnaeus, 1758) alewife allice shad alosa alosa alosa vulgaris clupea alosa rock herring allis shad as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:154 FAO ASFIS:TSD LANGUAL:B3864 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Alosa fallax (Lacepède, 1803) Alosa fallax Lacépède, 1803 alosa fallax twaite shad as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:155 LANGUAL:B3865 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Alosa fallax nilotica (Lacépède, 1803) alosa fallax nilotica nile twaite shad as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:156 FAO ASFIS:SHH ITIS:161704 LANGUAL:B3866 http://eol.org/pages/343495 Alosa mediocris Alosa mediocris (Mitchill, 1814) alosa mediocris hickory shad as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:157 FAO ASFIS:SHC ITIS:161719 LANGUAL:B3867 http://eol.org/pages/6893 Alosa pontica (Eichwald, 1838) alosa pontica black sea shad as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:345 LANGUAL:B3868 http://eol.org/pages/3198 Phoxinus percnurus (Pallas, 1811) phoxinus percnurus swamp minnow as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:346 FAO ASFIS:PXP ITIS:163596 LANGUAL:B3869 http://eol.org/pages/204013 Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) phoxinus phoxinus pink minnow as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:357 ITIS:690020 LANGUAL:B3870 http://eol.org/pages/994590 Scardinius graecus (Stephanidis, 1937) Scardinius graecus Stephanidis, 1937 scardinius graecus greek rudd as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:359 FAO ASFIS:VIV ITIS:639696 LANGUAL:B3871 http://eol.org/pages/994546 Vimba vimba (Linnaeus, 1758) vimba vimba vimba bream as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:281 LANGUAL:B3872 http://eol.org/pages/5509 Esox americanus vermiculatus Esox americanus vermiculatus Lesueur Esox americanus vermiculatus Lesueur, 1846 esox americanus vermiculatus grass pickerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:468 FAO ASFIS:HKU ITIS:164738 LANGUAL:B3873 http://eol.org/pages/210306 Urophycis brasiliensis Urophycis brasiliensis (Kaup, 1858) brazilian hake urophycis brasiliensis brazilian codling as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3874 http://eol.org/pages/24269 molva spp. european ling as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:455 FAO ASFIS:BVM ITIS:623033 LANGUAL:B3875 http://eol.org/pages/220820 Molva dipterygia macrophthalma (Rafinesque, 1810) Molva macrophthalma Molva macrophthalma (Rafinesque 1810) Molva macrophthalma (Rafinesque, 1810) molva dipterygia macrophthalma molva macrophthalma spanish ling mediterranean ling as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3876 http://eol.org/pages/5503 Pollachius Nilsson, 1832 pollacchius spp pollock as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:460 FAO ASFIS:POL ITIS:164728 LANGUAL:B3877 http://eol.org/pages/2788745 Pollachius pollachius Pollachius pollachius (Linnaeus, 1758) green pollack pollachius pollachius pollack lythe pollock european pollock as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3878 http://eol.org/pages/5500 Merluccius Rafinesque, 1810 merluccius spp. hake as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3879 http://eol.org/pages/5500 merlucciidae merlucid hakes hake family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3880 http://eol.org/pages/5503 Micromesistius Gill, 1863 micromesistius spp. blue whiting as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:449 LANGUAL:B3881 http://eol.org/pages/5503 Merlangius merlangus euxinus (Nordmann, 1830) black sea whiting as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:920 FAO ASFIS:OOA ITIS:164846 LANGUAL:B3882 http://eol.org/pages/5410 Ophidion barbatum Linnaeus, 1758 ophidion barbatum snake blenny as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3883 http://eol.org/pages/5410 Ophidion Linnaeus, 1758 ophidion spp. cusk-eel as food source http://langual.org ITIS:164856 LANGUAL:B3884 http://eol.org/pages/205861 Ophidion scrippsae (Hubbs, 1916) ophidion scrippsae basketweave cusk-eel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:471 FAO ASFIS:GRM ITIS:550662 LANGUAL:B3885 http://eol.org/pages/206739 Macruronus magellanicus Macruronus magellanicus Lönnberg, 1907 macruronus magellanicus patagonian grenadier as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3886 http://eol.org/pages/5500 Macruronus Günther, 1873 macruronus spp. blue grenadier as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:475 FAO ASFIS:HOF ITIS:164793 LANGUAL:B3887 http://eol.org/pages/212900 Merluccius albidus (Mitchill 1818) Merluccius albidus (Mitchill, 1817) Merluccius albidus (Mitchill, 1818) merluccius albidus offshore silver hake as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:476 FAO ASFIS:HKN ITIS:164797 LANGUAL:B3888 http://eol.org/pages/205985 Merluccius australis Merluccius australis (Hutton 1872) Merluccius australis (Hutton, 1872) merluccius australis southern hake as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:478 FAO ASFIS:HKK ITIS:164798 LANGUAL:B3889 http://eol.org/pages/207888 Merluccius capensis Merluccius capensis Castelnau 1861 Merluccius capensis Castelnau, 1861 merluccius capensis shallow-water hake cape hake as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:479 FAO ASFIS:PHA ITIS:164799 LANGUAL:B3890 http://eol.org/pages/357052 Merluccius gayi Merluccius gayi (Guichenot, 1848) merluccius gayi chilean hake as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:480 FAO ASFIS:HKP ITIS:164800 LANGUAL:B3891 http://eol.org/pages/589820 Merluccius hubbsi Merluccius hubbsi Marini 1933 Merluccius hubbsi Marini, 1932 Merluccius hubbsi Marini, 1933 merluccius hubbsi argentine hake as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:481 FAO ASFIS:HKE ITIS:164795 LANGUAL:B3892 http://eol.org/pages/208465 Merluccius merluccius Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758) merluccius merluccius european hake as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:482 FAO ASFIS:HKO ITIS:164796 LANGUAL:B3893 http://eol.org/pages/207889 Merluccius paradoxus Franca 1960 Merluccius paradoxus Franca, 1960 merluccius paradoxus deepwater hake as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:483 FAO ASFIS:HKB ITIS:550664 LANGUAL:B3894 http://eol.org/pages/338207 Merluccius polli Cadenat 1950 Merluccius polli Cadenat, 1950 merluccius polli benguela hake as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:484 FAO ASFIS:NHA ITIS:164792 LANGUAL:B3895 http://eol.org/pages/205099 Merluccius productus Merluccius productus (Ayres 1855) Merluccius productus (Ayres, 1855) merluccius productus north pacific hake as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:485 FAO ASFIS:HKM ITIS:550665 LANGUAL:B3896 http://eol.org/pages/338208 Merluccius senegalensis Cadenat 1950 Merluccius senegalensis Cadenat, 1950 black hake merluccius senegalensis senegalese hake as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:491 FAO ASFIS:RHG ITIS:165421 LANGUAL:B3897 http://eol.org/pages/206738 Macrourus berglax Lacepède 1801 Macrourus berglax Lacepède, 1801 Macrourus berglax Lacépède, 1801 macrourus berglax rough-head grenadier as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:221 FAO ASFIS:ALC ITIS:162315 LANGUAL:B3898 http://eol.org/pages/224139 Alepocephalus bairdii Goode & Bean, 1879 Alepocephalus bairdii Goode and Bean, 1879 alepocephalus bairdii baird's smmoth-head as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:270 LANGUAL:B3899 http://eol.org/pages/5399 Osmerus mordax dentex Osmerus mordax dentex Steindachner, 1870 asiatic smelt boreal smelt arctic smelt as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3900 http://eol.org/pages/24396 seriolella spp. silverfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:724 FAO ASFIS:KGB ITIS:169274 LANGUAL:B3901 http://eol.org/pages/994838 Menticirrhus americanus Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758) menticirrhus americanus southern kingfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:725 FAO ASFIS:KGG ITIS:169275 LANGUAL:B3902 http://eol.org/pages/994839 Menticirrhus littoralis Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook 1855) Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847) Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1855) gulf kingcroaker menticirrhus littoralis gulf kingfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:726 FAO ASFIS:KGF ITIS:169276 LANGUAL:B3903 http://eol.org/pages/994840 Menticirrhus saxatilis Menticirrhus saxatilis (Bloch & Schneider 1801) Menticirrhus saxatilis (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) menticirrhus saxatilis northern kingfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:715 LANGUAL:B3904 http://eol.org/pages/5211 Cynoscion macdonaldi (Gilbert, 1890) conyscion macdonaldi macdonald's weakfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3905 http://eol.org/pages/25491 leiostomus spp. spot as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3906 http://eol.org/pages/17542 atractoscion spp. atractoscion as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:710 FAO ASFIS:AWE ITIS:169389 LANGUAL:B3907 http://eol.org/pages/203945 Atractoscion aequidens (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830) Atractoscion aequidens (Cuvier, 1830) atractoscion aequidens atractoscion atelodus african weakfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3908 http://eol.org/pages/27313 cilus spp. cilus as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3909 http://eol.org/pages/5211 Micropogonias Bonaparte, 1831 micropogonias spp. finebarbel croaker as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:CKM ITIS:169285 LANGUAL:B3910 http://eol.org/pages/213345 Micropogonias furnieri Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) micropoginias furnieri white-mouth croaker as food source http://langual.org ITIS:169347 LANGUAL:B3911 http://eol.org/pages/5211 Paralonchurus goodei Gilbert in Jordan and Evermann, 1898 paralonchurus goodei angel croaker as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3912 http://eol.org/pages/25345 genyonemus spp. genyonemus as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3913 http://eol.org/pages/5211 Larimichthys Jordan and Starks, 1905 larimichthys spp. larimichthys as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:LYC ITIS:646547 LANGUAL:B3914 http://eol.org/pages/204617 Larimichthys crocea Larimichthys crocea (Richardson, 1846) Larimichthys croceus (Richardson, 1846) large yellow croaker croceine croaker as food source http://langual.org ITIS:646626 LANGUAL:B3915 http://eol.org/pages/5211 Larimichthys pamoides (Munro, 1964) larimichthys pamoide southern yellow croaker as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3916 http://eol.org/pages/24569 mullus spp. mullet as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:807 ITIS:169417 LANGUAL:B3917 http://eol.org/pages/207914 Mullus auratus Mullus auratus Jordan and Gilbert, 1882 mullus auratus golden goatfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:808 FAO ASFIS:MUT ITIS:169419 LANGUAL:B3918 http://eol.org/pages/1156454 Mullus barbatus Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758 bluntsnouted mullet mullus barbatus striped goatfish striped mullet as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:811 FAO ASFIS:GOA ITIS:620958 LANGUAL:B3919 http://eol.org/pages/206766 Pseudupeneus prayensis (Cuvier 1829) Pseudupeneus prayensis (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829) Pseudupeneus prayensis (Cuvier, 1829) pseudupeneus prayensis west african goatfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:812 ITIS:620959 LANGUAL:B3920 http://eol.org/pages/5286 Upeneus asymmetricus Lachner, 1954 upeneus asymmetricus golden-striped goatfish as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RPB LANGUAL:B3921 http://eol.org/pages/5286 Parupeneus bifasciatus (Lacepède 1801) parupeneus bifasciatus doublebar goatfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RPY ITIS:169456 LANGUAL:B3922 http://eol.org/pages/211691 Parupeneus cyclostomus Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacepède 1801) Parupeneus cyclostomus (Lacepède, 1801) parupeneus cyclostomus goldsaddle goatfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3923 http://eol.org/pages/23821 gobius spp. freshwater goby as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1040 ITIS:171838 LANGUAL:B3924 http://eol.org/pages/211551 Gobius auratus Risso, 1810 gobius auratus golden goby as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1041 FAO ASFIS:GBC ITIS:171841 LANGUAL:B3925 http://eol.org/pages/2802148 Gobius cobitis Pallas, 1811 Gobius cobitis Pallas, 1814 gobius cobitis giant goby as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1042 FAO ASFIS:GBN ITIS:171850 LANGUAL:B3926 http://eol.org/pages/206703 Gobius niger Linnaeus, 1758 gobius niger black goby as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1043 FAO ASFIS:GON ITIS:171854 LANGUAL:B3927 http://eol.org/pages/2802153 Gobius paganellus Linnaeus, 1758 gobius paganellus rock goby as food source http://langual.org ITIS:172058 LANGUAL:B3928 http://eol.org/pages/206041 Periophthalmus barbarus (Linnaeus, 1766) atlantic mudskipper periophthalmus barbarus mudskipper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3929 http://eol.org/pages/24507 pomatoschistus spp. pomatoschistus as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1047 ITIS:171984 LANGUAL:B3930 http://eol.org/pages/223790 Pomatoschistus canestrinii (Ninni, 1883) pomatoschistus canestrinii canestrini's goby as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1048 ITIS:171978 LANGUAL:B3931 http://eol.org/pages/994642 Pomatoschistus minutus (Pallas, 1770) pomatoschistus minutus sand goby as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3932 http://eol.org/pages/24389 knipowitschia knipowitschia as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1045 ITIS:172140 LANGUAL:B3933 http://eol.org/pages/356819 Knipowitschia panizzae (Verga, 1841) knipowitschia pannizzae lagoon goby as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3934 http://eol.org/pages/5319 Neogobius Iljin, 1927 neogobius round goby as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1046 ITIS:172071 LANGUAL:B3935 http://eol.org/pages/356813 Neogobius kessleri (Günther, 1861) neogobius kessleri bighead goby as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:NBU ITIS:172072 LANGUAL:B3936 http://eol.org/pages/218104 Neogobius melanostomus Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas 1814) Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) round goby as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3937 http://eol.org/pages/5319 Proterorhinus Smitt, 1900 proterorhinus spp. tubenose goby as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1049 FAO ASFIS:RSO ITIS:172080 LANGUAL:B3938 http://eol.org/pages/218110 Proterorhinus marmoratus (Pallas, 1811) Proterorhinus marmoratus (Pallas, 1814) tubenose goby as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3939 http://eol.org/pages/5319 Zosterisessor Whitley, 1935 zosterisessor spp. zosterisessor as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1050 FAO ASFIS:GBO ITIS:172086 LANGUAL:B3940 http://eol.org/pages/1012834 Zosterisessor ophiocephalus (Pallas, 1811) Zosterisessor ophiocephalus (Pallas, 1814) zosterisessor ophiocephalus grass goby as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3941 http://eol.org/pages/5276 osphronemidae giant gourami family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1034 FAO ASFIS:FGG ITIS:638762 LANGUAL:B3942 http://eol.org/pages/206862 Osphronemus goramy Lacepède, 1801 Osphronemus goramy Lacépède, 1801 osphronemus goramy giant gourami as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:696 FAO ASFIS:BRG ITIS:169090 LANGUAL:B3943 http://eol.org/pages/357150 Conodon nobilis Conodon nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) conodon nobilis barred grunt as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:694 FAO ASFIS:HNR ITIS:169086 LANGUAL:B3944 http://eol.org/pages/218029 Anisotremus virginicus Anisotremus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758) anisostremus virginicus porkfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:695 FAO ASFIS:GRB ITIS:169108 LANGUAL:B3945 http://eol.org/pages/211778 Brachydeuterus auritus (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832) Brachydeuterus auritus (Valenciennes, 1831) brachydeuterus auritus bigeye grunt as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:698 FAO ASFIS:GRP ITIS:630254 LANGUAL:B3946 http://eol.org/pages/204763 Isacia conceptionis (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830) Isacia conceptionis (Cuvier, 1830) Isacia conceptionis (Valenciennes, 1830) isacia conceptionis southeast pacific grunt as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:699 FAO ASFIS:PIG ITIS:169077 LANGUAL:B3947 http://eol.org/pages/356344 Orthopristis chrysoptera Orthopristis chrysoptera (Linnaeus, 1766) orthopristis chrysoptera pigfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:700 FAO ASFIS:GRA ITIS:630262 LANGUAL:B3948 http://eol.org/pages/221261 Parapristipoma octolineatum (Valenciennes 1833) Parapristipoma octolineatum (Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833) Parapristipoma octolineatum (Valenciennes, 1833) parapristipoma octolineatum african striped grunt as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:701 FAO ASFIS:GBL ITIS:630211 LANGUAL:B3949 http://eol.org/pages/219230 Plectorhinchus macrolepis (Boulenger, 1899) plectorhincus macrolepis biglip grunt as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3950 http://eol.org/pages/25570 carangoides island jack as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3951 http://eol.org/pages/28407 elagatis spp. runner as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:666 LANGUAL:B3952 http://eol.org/pages/5361 Trachurus trachurus capensis (Castelnau, 1861) trachurus trachurus capensis cape horse mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:662 FAO ASFIS:JAA ITIS:168593 LANGUAL:B3953 http://eol.org/pages/206047 Trachurus picturatus Trachurus picturatus (Bowdich, 1825) blue jack mackerel blue scad trachurus picturatus offshore jack mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:664 FAO ASFIS:PJM ITIS:168586 LANGUAL:B3954 http://eol.org/pages/210305 Trachurus symmetricus Trachurus symmetricus (Ayres, 1855) trachurus symmetricus pacific jack mackerel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:667 FAO ASFIS:HMZ ITIS:168595 LANGUAL:B3955 http://eol.org/pages/224922 Trachurus trecae Cadenat, 1949 Trachurus trecae Cadenat, 1950 trachurus trecae cunene horse mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:657 FAO ASFIS:HMG ITIS:168596 LANGUAL:B3956 http://eol.org/pages/210303 Trachurus declivis Trachurus declivis (Jenyns, 1841 ) Trachurus declivis (Jenyns, 1841) greenback scad trachurus declivis green-back horse mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:658 FAO ASFIS:JJM ITIS:642012 LANGUAL:B3957 http://eol.org/pages/210304 Trachurus japonicus Trachurus japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel 1844) Trachurus japonicus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1844) Trachurus japonicus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1845) japanese horse mackerel japanese scad trachurus japonicus japanese jack mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:659 FAO ASFIS:RSC ITIS:168587 LANGUAL:B3958 http://eol.org/pages/356299 Trachurus lathami Trachurus lathami Nichols, 1920 trachurus lathami rough scad as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:LRO ITIS:621131 LANGUAL:B3959 http://eol.org/pages/993268 Selar boops (Cuvier 1833) Selar boops (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833) selar boops oxeye scad as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3960 http://eol.org/pages/24015 decapterus spp. round scad mackerel scad as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:DCC ITIS:168735 LANGUAL:B3961 http://eol.org/pages/993841 Decapterus macrosoma Bleeker, 1851 decapterus macrosoma shortfin scad as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:633 FAO ASFIS:MSD ITIS:168724 LANGUAL:B3962 http://eol.org/pages/203982 Decapterus macarellus Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833) Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833) decapterus macarellus mackerel scad as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:634 FAO ASFIS:RSA ITIS:168729 LANGUAL:B3963 http://eol.org/pages/205139 Decapterus maruadsi (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844) Decapterus maruadsi (Temminck and Schlegel, 1842) Decapterus maruadsi (Temminck and Schlegel, 1843) decapterus maruadsi japanese scad as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:636 FAO ASFIS:RUS ITIS:168730 LANGUAL:B3964 http://eol.org/pages/211717 Decapterus russelli Decapterus russelli (Rüppell, 1830) decapterus russelli indian scad as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:OLI ITIS:168673 LANGUAL:B3965 http://eol.org/pages/205903 Oligoplites saurus Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Oligoplites saurus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) oligoplites saurus leatherjacket as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:OLG ITIS:641990 LANGUAL:B3966 http://eol.org/pages/5361 Oligoplites refulgens Gilbert & Starks 1904 Oligoplites refulgens Gilbert and Starks, 1904 oligoplites refulgens shortjaw leatherjacket as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3967 http://eol.org/pages/26908 alectis spp. threadfish cobblerfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:624 FAO ASFIS:ALA ITIS:641972 LANGUAL:B3968 http://eol.org/pages/343488 Alectis alexandrinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Alectis alexandrinus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817) Alectis alexandrinus (Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1817) alectis alexandrinus alexandria pompano as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3969 http://eol.org/pages/5361 Parastromateus Bleeker, 1865 parastromateus spp. parastromateus as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:SXW ITIS:621129 LANGUAL:B3970 http://eol.org/pages/211643 Pseudocaranx wrighti (Whitley, 1931) pseudocaranx wrighti skipjack trevally as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:SXC ITIS:621128 LANGUAL:B3971 http://eol.org/pages/213914 Pseudocaranx chilensis (Guichenot, 1848) pseudocaranx chilensis juan fernandez trevally as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:967 FAO ASFIS:BAU ITIS:202018 LANGUAL:B3972 http://eol.org/pages/208606 Sarda australis Sarda australis (Macleay, 1880) Sarda australis (Macleay, 1881) sarda australis australian bonito as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3973 http://eol.org/pages/24721 cybium spp. scomberomorus spp. seerfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3974 http://eol.org/pages/25976 indian mackerel rastrelliger spp. chub mackerel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:964 FAO ASFIS:RAF ITIS:202055 LANGUAL:B3975 http://eol.org/pages/592581 Rastrelliger faughni Matsui, 1967 rastrelliger faugni island mackerel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:963 FAO ASFIS:RAB ITIS:172463 LANGUAL:B3976 http://eol.org/pages/208603 Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1850) Rastrelliger brachysoma (Bleeker, 1851) rastrelliger brachysoma short mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:978 FAO ASFIS:MOS ITIS:172438 LANGUAL:B3977 http://eol.org/pages/205202 Scomberomorus concolor Scomberomorus concolor (Lockington, 1879) scomberomorus concolor monterey spanish mackerel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:979 FAO ASFIS:GUT ITIS:172442 LANGUAL:B3978 http://eol.org/pages/205203 Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) scomberomorus guttatus indo-pacific king mackerel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:980 FAO ASFIS:KOS ITIS:172443 LANGUAL:B3979 http://eol.org/pages/205204 Scomberomorus koreanus (Kishinouye, 1915) Scomberomorus koreanus (Kishinouye, 1915) ES carite coreano scomberomorus koreanus korean seerfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:981 FAO ASFIS:STS ITIS:172445 LANGUAL:B3980 http://eol.org/pages/5210 Scomberomorus lineolatus (Cuvier, 1829) Scomberomorus lineolatus (Cuvier, 1831) scomberomorus lineolatus streaked seerfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:983 FAO ASFIS:PAP ITIS:202046 LANGUAL:B3981 http://eol.org/pages/5210 Scomberomorus multiradiatus Munro 1964 Scomberomorus multiradiatus Munro, 1964 scomberomorus multiradiatus papuan seerfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:984 FAO ASFIS:ASM ITIS:202047 LANGUAL:B3982 http://eol.org/pages/206787 Scomberomorus munroi Colette and Russo, 1980 Scomberomorus munroi Collette & Russo 1980 Scomberomorus munroi Collette and Russo, 1980 scomberomorus munroi australian spotted mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:985 FAO ASFIS:NPH ITIS:172446 LANGUAL:B3983 http://eol.org/pages/205207 Scomberomorus niphonius Scomberomorus niphonius (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832) Scomberomorus niphonius (Cuvier, 1831) Scomberomorus niphonius (Cuvier, 1832) scomberomorus niphonius japanese spanish mackerel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:986 FAO ASFIS:KAK ITIS:202048 LANGUAL:B3984 http://eol.org/pages/206788 Scomberomorus plurilineatus Fourmanoir 1966 Scomberomorus plurilineatus Fourmanoir, 1966 scomberomorus plurilineatus kanadi kingfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:987 FAO ASFIS:QUM ITIS:172447 LANGUAL:B3985 http://eol.org/pages/222539 Scomberomorus queenslandicus Munro, 1943 scomberomorus queenslandicus queensland school mackerel as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:988 FAO ASFIS:CER ITIS:172437 LANGUAL:B3986 http://eol.org/pages/205208 Scomberomorus regalis Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch, 1793) scomberomorus regalis cero as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:989 FAO ASFIS:BBM ITIS:172448 LANGUAL:B3987 http://eol.org/pages/205209 Scomberomorus semifasciatus (Macleay, 1883) Scomberomorus semifasciatus (Macleay, 1884) scomberomorus semifasciatus broad-barred king mackerel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:991 FAO ASFIS:CHY ITIS:172449 LANGUAL:B3988 http://eol.org/pages/205210 Scomberomorus sinensis (Lacepède, 1800) Scomberomorus sinensis (Lacépède, 1800) scomberomorus sinensis chinese seerfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3989 http://eol.org/pages/25172 thunnus spp. albacore and tuna as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3990 http://eol.org/pages/25067 euthynnus spp. lesser tuna as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3991 http://eol.org/pages/25843 auxis spp. frigate tuna frigate mackerel as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3992 http://eol.org/pages/25068 katsuwonus spp. skipjack tuna oceanic bonito as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:849 FAO ASFIS:HAW ITIS:645626 LANGUAL:B3993 http://eol.org/pages/1004126 Cheilodactylus variegatus (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833) Cheilodactylus variegatus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1833 Cheilodactylus variegatus Valenciennes, 1833 cheilodactylus variegatus pintadilla as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3994 http://eol.org/pages/13855 agonostomus spp. mountain mullet as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3995 http://eol.org/pages/25496 valamugil spp. bluespot mullet as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B3996 http://eol.org/pages/27864 aldrichetta spp. aldrichetta as food source http://langual.org ITIS:170289 LANGUAL:B3997 http://eol.org/pages/207041 Brama japonica Hilgendorf, 1878 brama japonica pacific pomfret as food source http://langual.org ITIS:170292 LANGUAL:B3998 http://eol.org/pages/356302 Brama dussumieri Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1831 brama dussumieri lowfin pomfret as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:765 FAO ASFIS:DEC ITIS:169224 LANGUAL:B3999 http://eol.org/pages/205454 Dentex dentex Dentex dentex (Linnaeus, 1758) dentex dentex common dentex as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:762 FAO ASFIS:DEA ITIS:647934 LANGUAL:B4000 http://eol.org/pages/206644 Dentex angolensis Poll & Maul, 1953 Dentex angolensis Poll and Maul, 1953 dentex angolensis angola dentex as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:763 FAO ASFIS:DEN ITIS:169223 LANGUAL:B4001 http://eol.org/pages/211147 Dentex canariensis Steindachner, 1881 dentex canariensis canary dentex as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:764 FAO ASFIS:DNC ITIS:647936 LANGUAL:B4002 http://eol.org/pages/5203 Dentex congoensis Poll, 1954 dentex congoensis congo dentex as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:766 FAO ASFIS:DEP ITIS:169222 LANGUAL:B4003 http://eol.org/pages/210976 Dentex gibbosus Dentex gibbosus (Rafinesque, 1810) dentex gibbosus pink dentex as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:767 FAO ASFIS:DEL ITIS:169221 LANGUAL:B4004 http://eol.org/pages/205455 Dentex macrophthalmus (Bloch, 1791) dentex macrophtalmus large-eyed dentex as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:768 FAO ASFIS:DEM ITIS:169220 LANGUAL:B4005 http://eol.org/pages/211146 Dentex maroccanus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830 Dentex maroccanus Valenciennes, 1830 dentex maroccanus morocco dentex as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:922 ITIS:171674 LANGUAL:B4006 http://eol.org/pages/206900 Ammodytes dubius Ammodytes dubius Reinhardt, 1837 Ammodytes dubius Reinhardt, 1838 ammodytes dubius northern sand lance as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:923 ITIS:171672 LANGUAL:B4007 http://eol.org/pages/206901 Ammodytes hexapterus Ammodytes hexapterus Pallas, 1811 Ammodytes hexapterus Pallas, 1814 ammodytes hexapteru pacific sand lance as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:924 ITIS:171677 LANGUAL:B4008 http://eol.org/pages/224136 Ammodytes marinus Raitt, 1934 ammodytes marinus raitt's sandeel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:926 FAO ASFIS:ABZ ITIS:171676 LANGUAL:B4009 http://eol.org/pages/224138 Ammodytes tobianus Linnaeus, 1758 ammodytes tobianus sandeel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:929 ITIS:171682 LANGUAL:B4010 http://eol.org/pages/344930 Hyperoplus lanceolatus (Le Sauvage, 1824) hyperoplus lanceolatus greater sandeel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:928 LANGUAL:B4011 http://eol.org/pages/5381 Gymnammodytes cicerellus (Rafinesque, 1810) gymnammodytes cicerellus mediterranean sandeel as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:TDC ITIS:170919 LANGUAL:B4012 http://eol.org/pages/338580 Trichodon trichodon (Tilesius, 1813) trichodon trichodon pacific sandfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4013 http://eol.org/pages/5128 psychrolutidae flathead sculpin as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4014 http://eol.org/pages/24210 mycteroperca spp. mycteroperca as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4015 http://eol.org/pages/5206 Cephalopholis Bloch and Schneider, 1801 cephalopholis spp. cephalopholis as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:565 FAO ASFIS:GPW ITIS:551036 LANGUAL:B4016 http://eol.org/pages/215496 Epinephelus aeneus Epinephelus aeneus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817) Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1817) epinephelus aeneus white grouper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:566 FAO ASFIS:EEA ITIS:167709 LANGUAL:B4017 http://eol.org/pages/597168 Epinephelus alexandrinus (Valenciennes, 1828) Epinephelus fasciatus Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål 1775) Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål, 1775) epinephelus alexandrinus epinephelus fasciatus golden grouper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:567 FAO ASFIS:GPS ITIS:167697 LANGUAL:B4018 http://eol.org/pages/206651 Epinephelus analogus Epinephelus analogus (Gill, 1863) Epinephelus analogus Gill, 1863 epinephelus analogus spotted grouper as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:568 FAO ASFIS:EFJ ITIS:551046 LANGUAL:B4019 http://eol.org/pages/209889 Epinephelus caninus (Valenciennes, 1843) epinephelus caninus dogtooth grouper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:569 FAO ASFIS:GPD ITIS:551078 LANGUAL:B4020 http://eol.org/pages/206618 Epinephelus guaza (Linnaeus, 1758) Epinephelus marginatus Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) epinephelus guaza epinephelus marginatus dusky sea perch as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:571 FAO ASFIS:MAR ITIS:551076 LANGUAL:B4021 http://eol.org/pages/2793766 Epinephelus malabaricus Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) epinephelus malabaricus malabar grouper as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:574 FAO ASFIS:GPN ITIS:167706 LANGUAL:B4022 http://eol.org/pages/1015634 Epinephelus striatus Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792) epinephelus striatus nassau grouper as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4023 http://eol.org/pages/24685 diplectrum diplectrum as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4024 http://eol.org/pages/5206 Paralabrax Girard, 1856 paralabrax spp. sand bass as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4025 http://eol.org/pages/5206 Acanthistius Gill, 1862 acanthistius spp. acanthistius as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4026 http://eol.org/pages/5194 hairtail trichiuridae cutlassfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4027 http://eol.org/pages/24704 ambloplites spp. rock bass as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4028 http://eol.org/pages/25735 lepomis spp. common sunfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:593 FAO ASFIS:LEJ ITIS:168144 LANGUAL:B4029 http://eol.org/pages/995125 Lepomis gibbosus Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) lepomis gibbosus pumpkin-seed as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:MTT ITIS:168161 LANGUAL:B4030 http://eol.org/pages/205773 Micropterus punctulatus Micropterus punctulatus (Rafinesque, 1819) micropterus punctulatus spotted bass as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4031 http://eol.org/pages/5261 polyprionidae wreckfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4032 http://eol.org/pages/5302 lateolabracidae as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:546 FAO ASFIS:FOT ITIS:645505 LANGUAL:B4033 http://eol.org/pages/220322 Eleutheronema tetradactylum Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) eleutheronema tetradactylum four-finger threadfin as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:547 FAO ASFIS:PET ITIS:170475 LANGUAL:B4034 http://eol.org/pages/205258 Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus, 1758) pentanemus quinquarius royal threadfin as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:549 FAO ASFIS:TGA ITIS:645936 LANGUAL:B4035 http://eol.org/pages/5262 Polydactylus quadrifilis Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829) Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, 1829) Polynemus quadrifilis (Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829) giant african threadfin polydactylus quadrifilis polynemus quadrifilis threadfin five-rayed threadfin as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:905 FAO ASFIS:CAB ITIS:550561 LANGUAL:B4036 http://eol.org/pages/224968 Anarhichas denticulatus Anarhichas denticulatus Krøyer, 1845 anarhichas denticulatus northern wolffish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4037 http://eol.org/pages/5170 scophthalmidae turbot family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1108 FAO ASFIS:YSO ITIS:172783 LANGUAL:B4038 http://eol.org/pages/208245 Hippoglossina oblonga Hippoglossina oblonga (Mitchill, 1815) Paralichthys oblongus (Mitchill, 1815) paralichthys oblongus four-spot flounder as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1106 FAO ASFIS:BAH ITIS:172744 LANGUAL:B4039 http://eol.org/pages/224379 Paralichthys olivaceus Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck and Schlegel, 1846) bastard halibut paralichthys olivaceus olive flounder as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1098 FAO ASFIS:SOT ITIS:616137 LANGUAL:B4040 http://eol.org/pages/988103 Psettodes belcheri Psettodes belcheri Bennett, 1831 psettodes belcheri spottettail turbot spot-tail spiny turbot as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:PSB ITIS:616138 LANGUAL:B4041 http://eol.org/pages/211693 Psettodes bennettii Psettodes bennettii Steindachner, 1870 psettodes bennetti spring turbot spiny turbot as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4042 http://eol.org/pages/2805725 rhombosoleidae rhombosoleidae as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4043 http://eol.org/pages/24508 limanda spp. mud dab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4044 http://eol.org/pages/5179 achiridae scrawled sole freshwater sole as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4045 http://eol.org/pages/10955 thymallus spp. grayling as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4047 http://eol.org/pages/24585 hucho spp. danube salmon as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:HUP LANGUAL:B4048 Hucho perryi (Brevoort, 1856) stringfish japanese huchen as food source http://langual.org ITIS:623484 LANGUAL:B4049 http://eol.org/pages/212945 Hucho taimen (Pallas, 1773) hucho taimen taimen as food source http://langual.org ITIS:623483 LANGUAL:B4050 http://eol.org/pages/5158 Hucho ishikawae Mori, 1928 hucho ishikawae korean taimen as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4051 http://eol.org/pages/5158 Salvelinus Richardson, 1836 salvelinus spp. char as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:228 FAO ASFIS:CIP LANGUAL:B4052 http://eol.org/pages/5158 Coregonus altior Coregonus pollan Thompson 1835 Coregonus pollan Thompson, 1835 coregonus altior coregonus elegans coregonus pollan freshwater herring pollan as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:231 FAO ASFIS:CIH ITIS:623413 LANGUAL:B4053 http://eol.org/pages/5158 Coregonus hiemalis Coregonus hiemalis Jurine, 1825 coregonus hiemalis lake geneva whitefish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:233 FAO ASFIS:CIR ITIS:623416 LANGUAL:B4054 http://eol.org/pages/845285 Coregonus macrophthalmus (Nusslin, 1882) Coregonus macrophthalmus Nüsslin 1882 Coregonus macrophthalmus Nüsslin, 1882 coregonus macrophthalmus lake neuchâtel whitefish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:234 FAO ASFIS:CIQ ITIS:161936 LANGUAL:B4055 http://eol.org/pages/994758 Coregonus nasus (Pallas, 1776) coregonus nasus large-bottom pollan as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:235 FAO ASFIS:HOU ITIS:161955 LANGUAL:B4056 http://eol.org/pages/994186 Coregonus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758) coregonus oxyrinchus houting as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:CIJ ITIS:161969 LANGUAL:B4057 http://eol.org/pages/206427 Coregonus peled (Gmelin, 1789) coregonus peled big powan as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:239 FAO ASFIS:CIG ITIS:623435 LANGUAL:B4058 http://eol.org/pages/1156777 Coregonus wartmanni Coregonus wartmanni (Bloch, 1784) coregonus wartmanni blue whitefish as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ONH ITIS:553425 LANGUAL:B4059 http://eol.org/pages/5158 Oncorhynchus apache (Miller, 1972) Oncorhynchus gilae apache (Miller, 1972) oncorhynchus apache arizona trout as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ONA ITIS:553419 LANGUAL:B4060 http://eol.org/pages/5158 Oncorhynchus aguabonita (Jordan 1892) Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita (Jordan, 1892) ancorhynchus aguabonita golden trout as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ONY ITIS:161992 LANGUAL:B4061 http://eol.org/pages/204570 Oncorhynchus chrysogaster (Needham & Gard 1964) Oncorhynchus chrysogaster (Needham and Gard, 1964) oncorhynchus chrysogaster mexican golden trout as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:ONG ITIS:161985 LANGUAL:B4062 http://eol.org/pages/213575 Oncorhynchus gilae Oncorhynchus gilae (Miller, 1950) oncorhynchus gilae gila trout as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ONR ITIS:623486 LANGUAL:B4063 http://eol.org/pages/5158 Oncorhynchus rhodurus Jordan & McGregor 1925 Oncorhynchus rhodurus Jordan and McGregor in Jordan and Hubbs, 1925 oncorhynchus rhodurus biwa as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:253 LANGUAL:B4064 Salmo trutta fario Linnaeus, 1758 salmo trutta fario river trout as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:254 LANGUAL:B4065 Salmo trutta lacustris Linnaeus, 1758 salmo trutta lacustris lake trout as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4066 http://eol.org/pages/24532 ameiurus spp. bullhead as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4067 http://eol.org/pages/28014 pylodictis spp. flathead catfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:375 ITIS:681957 LANGUAL:B4068 http://eol.org/pages/1156756 Silurus aristotelis (Agassiz, 1856) Silurus aristotelis Garman, 1890 silurus aristotelis greek sheatfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4069 http://eol.org/pages/5088 schilbeidae glass catfish family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1175 FAO ASFIS:MOX ITIS:173414 LANGUAL:B4070 http://eol.org/pages/213810 Mola mola (Linnaeus, 1758) mola mola ocean sunfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1176 FAO ASFIS:RZV ITIS:173417 LANGUAL:B4071 http://eol.org/pages/214643 Ranzania laevis (Pennant, 1776) ranzania laevis slender sunfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4072 http://eol.org/pages/5060 diodontidae porcupinefish burrfish family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1180 FAO ASFIS:ANG ITIS:164499 LANGUAL:B4073 http://eol.org/pages/206727 Lophius americanus Lophius americanus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1837 Lophius americanus Valenciennes, 1837 amercan angler lophius americanus goosefish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1181 FAO ASFIS:ANK ITIS:164502 LANGUAL:B4074 http://eol.org/pages/223471 Lophius budegassa Spinola, 1807 lophius budegassa black-bellied angler as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1183 FAO ASFIS:MVO ITIS:690539 LANGUAL:B4075 http://eol.org/pages/218352 Lophius upsicephalus A. Smith, 1841 Lophius vomerinus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1837 Lophius vomerinus Valenciennes, 1837 cape monk lophius upsicephalus lophius vomerinus devil anglerfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4076 http://eol.org/pages/5051 cyttidae bigeye dory family as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ZCU ITIS:166292 LANGUAL:B4077 http://eol.org/pages/206432 Cyttus australis (Richardson, 1843) cyttus australis silver dory boar fish as food source http://langual.org ITIS:625294 LANGUAL:B4078 http://eol.org/pages/222462 Allocyttus folletti Myers, 1960 allocyttus folletti oxeye oreo as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:ALL ITIS:166306 LANGUAL:B4079 http://eol.org/pages/211947 Allocyttus verrucosus (Gilchrist, 1906) allocyttus verrucosus warty dory as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RJA ITIS:564123 LANGUAL:B4080 http://eol.org/pages/217968 Raja alba Lacepède, 1803 Rostroraja alba (Lacepède, 1803) raja alba rostroraja alba white skate as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:94 FAO ASFIS:JRS ITIS:160879 LANGUAL:B4081 http://eol.org/pages/215169 Raja asterias Delaroche 1809 Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 raja asterias mediterranean starry ray as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RJB ITIS:564126 LANGUAL:B4082 http://eol.org/pages/217969 Dipturus batis (Linnaeus, 1758) Raja batis Linnaeus, 1758 blue skate common european skate dipturus batis flapper skate raja batis skate as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RJH ITIS:160880 LANGUAL:B4083 http://eol.org/pages/218668 Raja brachyura Lafont 1873 Raja brachyura Lafont, 1873 raja brachyura blond ray as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RJI ITIS:564128 LANGUAL:B4084 http://eol.org/pages/345060 Leucoraja circularis (Couch, 1838) Raja circularis Couch 1838 leucoraja circularis raja circularis sandy ray as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RJC ITIS:160901 LANGUAL:B4085 http://eol.org/pages/209174 Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 raja clavata thornback ray as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:95 FAO ASFIS:RJD ITIS:564130 LANGUAL:B4086 http://eol.org/pages/217228 Leucoraja erinacea Leucoraja erinacea (Mitchill, 1825) Raja erinacea (Mitchill 1852) Raja erinacea Mitchill, 1825 leucoraja erinacea raja erinacea little skate as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RJF ITIS:564134 LANGUAL:B4087 http://eol.org/pages/345059 Leucoraja fullonica (Linnaeus, 1758) Raja fullonica Linnaeus, 1758 leucoraja fullonica raja fullonica shagreen ray as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:96 FAO ASFIS:RJK ITIS:564141 LANGUAL:B4088 http://eol.org/pages/218418 Dipturus linteus (Fries, 1838) Raja lintea Fries, 1838 Raja lintea Fries, 1839 dipturus lintea raja lintea sailray sharpnose skate as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RJE ITIS:160882 LANGUAL:B4089 http://eol.org/pages/1012918 Raja microocellata Montagu 1818 Raja microocellata Montagu, 1818 raja microocellata small-eyed ray painted ray as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:JAI ITIS:160878 LANGUAL:B4090 http://eol.org/pages/979293 Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 raja miraletus brown ray as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RJM ITIS:160883 LANGUAL:B4091 http://eol.org/pages/211505 Raja montagui Fowler, 1910 homelyn ray raja montagui spotted ray as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RJN ITIS:564143 LANGUAL:B4092 http://eol.org/pages/345058 Leucoraja naevus (Müller and Henle, 1841) Raja naevus Müller & Henle 1841 butterfly skate leucoraja naevus raja naevus cuckoo ray as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:97 FAO ASFIS:RJT ITIS:564145 LANGUAL:B4093 http://eol.org/pages/217218 Leucoraja ocellata Leucoraja ocellata (Mitchill, 1815) Raja ocellata Mitchill, 1815 big skate eyed skate leucoraja ocellata raja ocellata winter skate as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:RJO ITIS:564148 LANGUAL:B4094 http://eol.org/pages/217203 Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758) Raja oxyrinchus Linnaeus, 1758 dipturus oxyrinchus long-nose skate raja oxyrinchus long-nosed skate as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:RJR ITIS:564149 LANGUAL:B4095 http://eol.org/pages/217212 Amblyraja radiata Amblyraja radiata (Donovan, 1808) Raja radiata Donovan 1808 amblyraja radiata atlantic pricly skate raja radiata thorny skate tarry skate as food source http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:JAR ITIS:160898 LANGUAL:B4096 http://eol.org/pages/215259 Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 raja radula rough skate as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:80 FAO ASFIS:RJQ ITIS:160932 LANGUAL:B4097 http://eol.org/pages/1156433 Bathyraja spinicauda Bathyraja spinicauda (Jensen, 1914) bathyraja spinicauda spiny-tail skate as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:99 FAO ASFIS:RFT ITIS:160854 LANGUAL:B4098 http://eol.org/pages/211773 Raja stellulata Raja stellulata (Jordan & Gilbert, 1880) Raja stellulata Jordan and Gilbert, 1880 raja stellulata starry skate as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:100 FAO ASFIS:RJU ITIS:160900 LANGUAL:B4099 http://eol.org/pages/213487 Raja undulata Lacepede, 1802 Raja undulata Lacepède, 1802 Raja undulata Lacépède, 1802 marbled ray painted ray raja undulata undulate ray as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4100 http://eol.org/pages/2774882 arhynchobatidae softnose skate family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4101 http://eol.org/pages/26926 leucoraja spp. rough skate as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4102 http://eol.org/pages/26097 dipturus spp. long-nosed skate as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4103 http://eol.org/pages/25060 amblyraja spp. stout skate as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:51 FAO ASFIS:SDS ITIS:160240 LANGUAL:B4104 http://eol.org/pages/988269 Mustelus asterias Cloquet, 1821 mustelus asterias stellate smooth-hound starry smooth-hound as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:53 FAO ASFIS:SDP ITIS:160265 LANGUAL:B4105 http://eol.org/pages/988268 Mustelus schmitti Springer, 1939 Mustelus schmitti Springer, 1940 mustelus schmitti patagonian smooth-hound as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4106 http://eol.org/pages/8894 somniosidae sleeper shark family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4107 http://eol.org/pages/25171 somniosus spp. sleeper shark as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:62 FAO ASFIS:GSK ITIS:160611 LANGUAL:B4108 http://eol.org/pages/205932 Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) ground shark sleeper shark somniosus microcephalus greenland shark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4109 http://eol.org/pages/24297 mustelus spp. smoot hound shark smooth-hound as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4110 http://eol.org/pages/24344 triakis spp. leopard shark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:56 FAO ASFIS:LES ITIS:160448 LANGUAL:B4111 http://eol.org/pages/218711 Triakis semifasciata Triakis semifasciata Girard, 1854 Triakis semifasciata Girard, 1855 triakis semifasciata leopard shark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4112 http://eol.org/pages/8889 centrophoridae gulper shark family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:57 FAO ASFIS:GUP ITIS:160633 LANGUAL:B4113 http://eol.org/pages/214440 Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch and Schneider, 1801) centrophorus granulosus rough shark gulper shark as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:58 FAO ASFIS:GUQ ITIS:160635 LANGUAL:B4114 http://eol.org/pages/223207 Centrophorus squamosus Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre 1788) Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788) catshark centrophorus squamosus leaf-scale gulper shark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4115 http://eol.org/pages/8890 dalatiidae sleeper shark kitefin shark familie as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:59 FAO ASFIS:SCK ITIS:160651 LANGUAL:B4116 http://eol.org/pages/210896 Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788) dalatias licha kitefin shark darkie charlie as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:60 FAO ASFIS:ETX ITIS:160670 LANGUAL:B4117 http://eol.org/pages/215489 Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758) black centrina etmopterus spinax lantern shark velvet belly as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:66 FAO ASFIS:DOP ITIS:160628 LANGUAL:B4118 http://eol.org/pages/215099 Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881) squalus megalops shortnose spurdog as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:67 FAO ASFIS:AGN ITIS:160788 LANGUAL:B4119 http://eol.org/pages/212965 Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758) angelfish monkfish squatina squatina angel shark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4120 http://eol.org/pages/8893 oxynotidae rough shark family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:70 FAO ASFIS:OXY ITIS:160690 LANGUAL:B4121 http://eol.org/pages/223564 Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758) angular rough shark centrina shark oxynotus centrina prickly dogfish humantin as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4122 http://eol.org/pages/8891 echinorhinidae bramble shark as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:71 FAO ASFIS:SHB ITIS:160713 LANGUAL:B4123 http://eol.org/pages/215490 Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) echinorhinus brucus spinous shark spiny shark bramble shark as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4124 guitarfishes rhinobatiformes fish, rhinobatiform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4125 http://eol.org/pages/8886 rhinobatidae guitarfish family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:73 FAO ASFIS:GUB ITIS:564441 LANGUAL:B4126 http://eol.org/pages/8886 Rhinobatos albomaculatus (Norman, 1930) Rhinobatos albomaculatus Norman, 1930 rhinobatos albomaculatus white-spotted guitarfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:74 FAO ASFIS:GUD ITIS:160817 LANGUAL:B4127 http://eol.org/pages/208605 Rhinobatos percellens (Walbaum, 1792) Rhinobatos percellens Walbaum, 1792 rhinobatos percellens chola guitarfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:75 FAO ASFIS:GUF ITIS:564464 LANGUAL:B4128 http://eol.org/pages/8886 Rhinobatos planiceps Garman, 1880 rhinobatos planiceps peruvian guitarfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:76 FAO ASFIS:RBX ITIS:160819 LANGUAL:B4129 http://eol.org/pages/339123 Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758) common guitarfish rhinobatos rhinobatos guitarfish as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4130 http://eol.org/pages/24252 rhinobatos spp. guitarfish as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:110 FAO ASFIS:RMB ITIS:160992 LANGUAL:B4131 http://eol.org/pages/206970 Manta birostris Manta birostris (Donndorff, 1798) Manta birostris (Walbaum, 1792) manta birostris atlantic manta as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:111 ITIS:160993 LANGUAL:B4132 Manta hamiltoni Manta hamiltoni (Hamilton and Newman in Newman, 1849) Manta hamiltoni (Newman, 1849) manta hamiltoni pacific manta as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4133 http://eol.org/pages/1904 petromyzontidae lamprey family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4134 cheiragonidae helmet crab family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4135 http://eol.org/pages/7156 menippidae stone crab family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1279 FAO ASFIS:STC ITIS:98811 LANGUAL:B4136 http://eol.org/pages/1021778 Menippe mercenaria Menippe mercenaria (Say, 1818) menippe mercenaria black stone crab as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1294 FAO ASFIS:KCM LANGUAL:B4137 Lithodes murrayi Lithodes murrayi Henderson 1888 Lithodes murrayi Henderson, 1888 lithodes murrayi murray king crab as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4138 http://eol.org/pages/7169 oregoniidae oregoniid family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4139 http://eol.org/pages/1233 astacidae european crayfish family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4140 http://eol.org/pages/1219 cambaridae american crayfish family as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1269 FAO ASFIS:ORL ITIS:97423 LANGUAL:B4141 http://eol.org/pages/344149 Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) orconectes limosus spinycheek crayfish as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1323 FAO ASFIS:BLC LANGUAL:B4142 Anadara granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) anadara granosa blood cockle as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4143 http://eol.org/pages/2298 pharidae razor shell family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1392 FAO ASFIS:EQI ITIS:81026 LANGUAL:B4144 http://eol.org/pages/448706 Ensis siliqua Ensis siliqua (Linnaeus, 1758) ensis siliqua sword razor as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4145 http://eol.org/pages/2294 mactridae mactra surf shell family as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1347 FAO ASFIS:SJA LANGUAL:B4146 http://eol.org/pages/2249 Pecten jacobaeus Pecten jacobaeus (Linnaeus, 1758) great mediterranean scallop pecten jacobaeus great scallop as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1346 FAO ASFIS:VSC ITIS:79628 LANGUAL:B4147 http://eol.org/pages/449769 Chlamys varia Chlamys varia (Linnaeus, 1758) chlamys varia variegated scallop as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1349 LANGUAL:B4148 http://eol.org/pages/2249 Pecten meridionalis Pecten meridionalis Tate, 1887 pecten meridionalis australian scallop as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1351 FAO ASFIS:PSU LANGUAL:B4149 http://eol.org/pages/2249 Pecten sulcicostatus Sowerby 1842 Pecten sulcicostatus Sowerby, 1842 groovesided scallop pacten culcicostatus south atlantic scallop as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1354 FAO ASFIS:MSC LANGUAL:B4150 http://eol.org/pages/2235 Aulacomya ater (Molina, 1782) aulacomya ater ribbed mussel magellan mussel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1355 FAO ASFIS:LFF LANGUAL:B4151 http://eol.org/pages/2235 Lithophaga lithophaga (Linnaeus, 1758) date mussel european date mussel lithophaga lithophaga date shell as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4152 http://eol.org/pages/57674 modiolus spp. horse mussel as food source http://langual.org CEC 1993:1366 FAO ASFIS:MSL ITIS:568077 LANGUAL:B4153 http://eol.org/pages/468743 Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1758) Perna perna (Linnaeus, 1767) perna perna south american rock mussel as food source http://langual.org ITIS:180706 LANGUAL:B4154 MSW3:14200669 http://eol.org/pages/328109 Bison bison (Linnaeus, 1758) Bison bison Linnaeus, 1758 american buffalo bison bison american bison as food source http://langual.org ITIS:183836 LANGUAL:B4155 MSW3:14200670 http://eol.org/pages/328110 Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bison bonasus Linnaeus, 1758 bison bonasus wisent european bison as food source The African buffalo, affalo, nyati, mbogo or Cape buffalo (*Syncerus caffer*), is a large African bovine. It is not closely related to the slightly larger wild Asian water buffalo, but its ancestry remains unclear. Owing to its unpredictable nature, which makes it highly dangerous to humans, it has not been domesticated unlike its Asian counterpart the domestic Asian water buffalo. WIKIPEDIA:Syncerus_caffer http://langual.org ITIS:183847 LANGUAL:B4156 MSW3:14200707 http://eol.org/pages/328707 Syncerus caffer (Sparrman, 1779) Syncerus caffer Sparrman, 1779 cape buffalo syncerus caffer african buffalo as food source http://langual.org ITIS:625063 LANGUAL:B4157 MSW3:14200217 http://eol.org/pages/308479 Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) Capreolus capreolus Linnaeus, 1758 capreolus capreolus european roe deer as food source http://langual.org ITIS:625064 LANGUAL:B4158 MSW3:14200222 http://eol.org/pages/129573 Capreolus pygargus (Pallas, 1771) Capreolus pygargus Pallas, 1771 capreolus pygargus eastern roe siberian roe deer as food source http://langual.org ITIS:552472 LANGUAL:B4159 MSW3:14200389 http://eol.org/pages/313992 Dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758) Dama dama Linnaeus, 1758 dama dama fallow deer as food source Odocoileus is a genus of medium-sized deer (family Cervidae) containing two species native to the Americas. The name is sometimes spelt odocoeleus; it is from a contraction of the roots odonto- and coelus meaning "hollow-tooth". WIKIPEDIA:Odocoileus http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4160 http://eol.org/pages/34547 odocoileus spp. odocoileus deer as food source http://langual.org ITIS:552501 LANGUAL:B4161 http://eol.org/pages/118009 Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 brown hare lepus europaeus european hare as food source http://langual.org ITIS:552511 LANGUAL:B4162 http://eol.org/pages/988114 Lepus arcticus Ross, 1819 arctic hare as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4163 http://eol.org/pages/7667 fur seal otariidae sea lion eared seal family as food source The order Cetacea includes the marine mammals commonly known as whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Cetus is Latin and is used in biological names to mean "whale"; its original meaning, "large sea animal", was more general. WIKIPEDIA:Cetacea http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4164 http://eol.org/pages/7649 cetacea cetacean marine mammal as food source Pinnipeds (from Latin pinna, wing or fin, and ped-, foot) or fin-footed mammals are a widely distributed and diverse group of semiaquatic marine mammals comprising the families Odobenidae (the walrus), Otariidae (eared seals, including sea lions and fur seals), and Phocidae (earless seals). WIKIPEDIA:Pinniped http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4165 pinniped group as food source http://langual.org ITIS:176136 LANGUAL:B4166 http://eol.org/pages/1049266 Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758 meleagris gallopavo wild turkey as food source http://langual.org ITIS:553897 LANGUAL:B4167 http://eol.org/pages/915307 Meleagris ocellata Cuvier, 1820 meleagris ocellata ocellated turkey as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4168 plant used for dietary supplements as food source *Aloe ferox*, also known as Cape Aloe, Bitter Aloe, Red Aloe and Tap Aloe, is a species of aloe indigenous to South Africa's Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, and Lesotho. WIKIPEDIA:Cape_Aloe http://langual.org GRIN:2541 ITIS:505880 LANGUAL:B4169 PLANTS:ALFE2 http://eol.org/pages/1085297 Aloe ferox Mill. Aloe ferox Miller aloe ferox cape aloe plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:7458 ITIS:506410 LANGUAL:B4188 PLANTS:BOSE5 http://eol.org/pages/483516 Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. boswellia boswellia serrata indian frankincense plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13050 GRIN:100067 ITIS:505142 LANGUAL:B4189 PLANTS:SEAL5 http://eol.org/pages/418313 Senna alexandrina Mill. Senna alexandrina P. Mill. alexandrian senna senna alexandrina true senna plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:100044 ITIS:505165 LANGUAL:B4190 PLANTS:SEOB4 http://eol.org/pages/418460 Senna obtusifolia (L.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby senna obtusifolia java-bean plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:313456 ITIS:505182 LANGUAL:B4191 PLANTS:SETO4 http://eol.org/pages/418194 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. senna tora wild senna plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:70237 ITIS:37279 LANGUAL:B4192 PLANTS:ECPA http://eol.org/pages/467542 Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. echinacea pallida pale echinacea pale purple cone-flower plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9441 GRIN:14799 ITIS:37281 LANGUAL:B4193 PLANTS:ECPU http://eol.org/pages/467544 Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench echinacea purpurea eastern purple coneflower plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:27841 LANGUAL:B4194 Epimedium sagittatum (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. epimedium sagittatum bishop's hat species as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10168 GRIN:18252 LANGUAL:B4195 PLANTS:HAPR3 Harpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn. harpagophytum procumbens devil's-claw plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10419 GRIN:19600 ITIS:21454 LANGUAL:B4196 PLANTS:HYPE http://eol.org/pages/584888 Hypericum perforatum L. hypericum perforatum perforate st. john's-wort plant as food source Wolfberry, commercially called goji berry, is the common name for the fruit of two very closely related species: *Lycium barbarum* and *Lycium chinense*, two species of boxthorn in the family *Solanaceae* (which also includes the potato, tomato, eggplant, deadly nightshade, chili pepper, and tobacco). It is native to southeastern Europe and Asia. WIKIPEDIA:Lycium_chinense http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10982 GRIN:22939 ITIS:503599 LANGUAL:B4197 PLANTS:LYBA4 http://eol.org/pages/487010 Lycium barbarum L. chinese boxthorn common matrimonyvine gojiberry lycium barbarum lycium halimifolium wolfberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11661 GRIN:26977 ITIS:504139 LANGUAL:B4198 PLANTS:PAIN6 http://eol.org/pages/486617 Passiflora incarnata L. passiflora incarnata purple passionflower plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:27471 ITIS:506789 LANGUAL:B4199 PLANTS:PEBO5 http://eol.org/pages/392758 Peumus boldus Molina peumus boldus boldo plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:28790 ITIS:504438 LANGUAL:B4200 PLANTS:PLOV http://eol.org/pages/484480 Plantago ovata Forsk. Plantago ovata Forssk. blond psyllium pantago ovata desert indianwheat plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:103108 ITIS:42508 LANGUAL:B4202 PLANTS:SERE2 http://eol.org/pages/1130738 Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small Serenoa repens (Bartram) Small Serenoa repens (W. Bartram) Small serenoa repens saw palmetto plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13113 GRIN:33952 ITIS:38413 LANGUAL:B4203 PLANTS:SIMA3 http://eol.org/pages/509366 Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. silybum marianum blessed milkthistle plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13745 GRIN:400139 ITIS:35363 LANGUAL:B4204 PLANTS:VAOF http://eol.org/pages/488753 Valeriana officinalis L. common valerian garden-heliotrope valerian valeriana officinalis garden valerian plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:41813 ITIS:32221 LANGUAL:B4205 PLANTS:VIAG http://eol.org/pages/579727 Vitex agnus-castus L. abraham's balm chasteberry monk's pepper vitex agnus-castus chaste tree as food source The blackberry is an edible fruit produced by any of several species in the Rubus genus of the Rosaceae family. The fruit is not a true berry; botanically it is termed an aggregate fruit, composed of small drupelets. WIKIPEDIA:Blackberry http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4206 PLANTS:RUBUS http://eol.org/pages/8097 Rubus L. rubus spp. blackberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:32482 GRIN:415605 GRIN:415606 ITIS:25073 ITIS:524637 ITIS:524638 ITIS:530962 ITIS:566767 ITIS:566768 LANGUAL:B4207 PLANTS:RUUR PLANTS:RUURM PLANTS:RUURS PLANTS:RUURU PLANTS:RUURU2 http://eol.org/pages/244332 Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht. Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl. Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl. ssp. macropetalus (Douglas ex Hook.) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl. ssp. ursinus Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl. ssp. ursinus var. sirbenus (L.H. Bailey) J.T. Howell Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl. ssp. ursinus var. ursinus Rubus ursinus ssp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor & MacBryde Rubus ursinus ssp. ursinus Cham. & Schlecht. Rubus ursinus subsp. macropetalus (Douglas ex Hook.) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde Rubus ursinus subsp. ursinus Rubus ursinus var. sirbenus (Bailey) J.T. Howell Rubus ursinus var. ursinus Cham. & Schldl. Rubus ursinus var. ursinus Cham. & Schlecht. pacific blackberry pacific dewberry rubus ursinus california blackberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12664 GRIN:32278 ITIS:24898 LANGUAL:B4208 PLANTS:RUCA http://eol.org/pages/623336 Rubus caesius L. rubus caesius european dewberry plant Cranberries are a group of evergreen dwarf shrubs or trailing vines in the subgenus Oxycoccus of the genus Vaccinium. In some methods of classification, Oxycoccus is regarded as a genus in its own right. They can be found in acidic bogs throughout the cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere. WIKIPEDIA:Cranberry http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4209 http://eol.org/pages/38372 cranberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4210 small cranberry plant http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4211 http://eol.org/pages/38451 sambuccus spp. elderberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12779 GRIN:313652 GRIN:32983 ITIS:35318 LANGUAL:B4212 PLANTS:SANIC4 Sambucus canadensis L. Sambucus canadensis canadensis Linnaeus Sambucus canadensis var. canadensis Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli american black elderberry canadian elderberry sambucus canadensis canadian elder plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:316284 LANGUAL:B4213 PLANTS:VIROM http://eol.org/pages/4382 Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. munsoniana (Simpson ex Munson) M.O. Moore Vitis rotundifolia var. munsoniana (J. Simpson ex Munson) M. O. Moore Vitis rotundifolia var. munsoniana (Simpson ex Munson) M.O. Moore vitis rotundifolia munson's grape plant as food source Rangpur, Citrus × limonia, also known as lemandarin, is a hybrid between the mandarin orange and the lemon. It is a citrus fruit with a very acidic taste and an orange peel and flesh. WIKIPEDIA:Mandarin_Lime http://langual.org GRIN:10733 ITIS:501573 LANGUAL:B4214 PLANTS:CILI3 http://eol.org/pages/488255 Citrus X limonia Osbeck (pro sp.) Citrus limonia Osbeck Citrus ×limonia Osbeck (pro sp.) citrus × limonia lemandarin mandarin lime plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8693 GRIN:10730 ITIS:501572 LANGUAL:B4215 PLANTS:CILI2 http://eol.org/pages/488252 Citrus limetta Risso bitter orange sweet lime plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8691 GRIN:314340 LANGUAL:B4216 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus deliciosa Ten. citrus deliciosa mediterranean mandarin willow-leaf mandarin italian tangerine plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8704 GRIN:314342 LANGUAL:B4217 Citrus tangerina Tanaka Citrus tangerina hort. ex Tanaka citrus tangerina dancy tangerine tangerine plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8700 GRIN:10756 LANGUAL:B4218 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus myrtifolia Raf. myrtle-leaf orange plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9099 GRIN:12779 ITIS:25159 LANGUAL:B4219 MANSFELD:8647 PLANTS:CYOB2 http://eol.org/pages/245489 Cydonia oblonga Mill. Cydonia oblonga P. Mill. cydonia oblonga common quince plant as food source The Galia is a type of hybrid melon originating from a cantaloupe-honeydew cross, larger than a cantaloupe, and with deep green flesh. The name Galia is the feminine form of the Israeli name Gal (meaning 'wave'). WIKIPEDIA:Galia_(melon) http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4220 galia melon plant as food source Melons with netted skin. WIKIPEDIA:Melon http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9043 LANGUAL:B4221 Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Ser. true muskmelon plant as food source The North American cantaloupe, common in the United States, Mexico, and in some parts of Canada, has a net-like (or reticulated) skin covering. It is a round melon with firm, orange, moderately sweet flesh and a thin, reticulated, light-brown rind. Varieties with redder and yellower flesh exist but are not common in the U.S. market. WIKIPEDIA:Cantaloupe http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4222 north american cantaloupe plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4223 muskmelon, inodorus group (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4224 muskmelon, cantaloupe group (plant) as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4225 muskmelon, crossbred varieties (plant) as food source A sugar melon is a type of cantaloupe that is about five to six inches (12-15 cm) in diameter and weighing between two and a half to four pounds (1-2 kg). Nearly round in shape, it has thick, sweet, orange flesh and a ribbed exterior that is a silvery gray. WIKIPEDIA:Sugar_melon http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9044 LANGUAL:B4226 Cucumis melo L. var. saccharinus Naudin sugar melon plant as food source The Canary melon (C. melo (Indorus group)) is a large, bright-yellow melon with a pale green to white inner flesh. This melon has a distinctively sweet flavor that is slightly tangier than a honeydew melon. WIKIPEDIA:Canary_melon http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4227 canary melon plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12484 GRIN:311395 ITIS:504747 LANGUAL:B4228 PLANTS:RHRH2 http://eol.org/pages/485576 Rheum rhabarbarum L. rheum rhabarbarum garden rhubarb plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12483 GRIN:31118 ITIS:506564 LANGUAL:B4229 PLANTS:RHPA7 http://eol.org/pages/489443 Rheum palmatum L. rheum palmatum chinese rhubarb plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12482 GRIN:31117 ITIS:506563 LANGUAL:B4230 PLANTS:RHOF http://eol.org/pages/489444 Rheum officinale Baill. Rheum officinale Baillon rheum officinale tibetian rhubarb plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:27394 ITIS:530950 LANGUAL:B4231 PLANTS:PEAMD http://eol.org/pages/4308 Persea americana Mill. var. drymifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) S.F. Blake Persea americana var. drymifolia (Schldl. & Cham.) S. F. Blake Persea americana var. drymifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) S. F. Blake mexican avocado plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:319434 ITIS:530949 LANGUAL:B4232 PLANTS:PEAMA2 http://eol.org/pages/4308 Persea americana Mill. var. americana Persea americana var. americana Persea americana var. americana Miller lowland avocado persea americana var. americana west indian avocado trapp avocado plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13277 GRIN:35331 ITIS:182142 LANGUAL:B4234 PLANTS:SPDU3 http://eol.org/pages/596822 Spondias dulcis Parkinson Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson spondias dulcis jewish plum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:13793 LANGUAL:B4236 Dialium indum L. dialium indum tamarind plum plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:16148 ITIS:506183 LANGUAL:B4237 PLANTS:EUBR7 http://eol.org/pages/2508574 Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. eugenia brasiliensis brazil cherry plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12194 GRIN:1303 ITIS:23836 LANGUAL:B4238 PLANTS:POSA13 http://eol.org/pages/1151976 Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore & Stearn Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E.Moore & Stearn pouteria sapota mamey sapote plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:102619 ITIS:505963 LANGUAL:B4239 PLANTS:POVI21 http://eol.org/pages/4187 Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronq. Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronquist pouteria pouteria viridis green sapote plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:14325 ITIS:23854 LANGUAL:B4240 PLANTS:DITE3 http://eol.org/pages/583558 Diospyros texana Scheele chapote diospyros texana mexican persimmon texas persimmon plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8412 GRIN:9292 ITIS:506385 LANGUAL:B4241 PLANTS:CAED6 http://eol.org/pages/483587 Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex. Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex. casimiroa edulis white sapote plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:317384 LANGUAL:B4242 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum (K. Koch) Thell. wild barley plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13072 GRIN:33817 GRIN:430572 ITIS:41248 ITIS:530348 LANGUAL:B4243 PLANTS:SEIT http://eol.org/pages/1114673 Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. Setaria italica subsp. italica Setaria italica var. italica (L.) Beauv. german millet hungarian millet italian millet setaria italica foxtail millet plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:430573 LANGUAL:B4244 Setaria italica subsp. viridis (L.) Thell. setaria italica subsp. viridis green foxtail millet plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13989 GRIN:42267 ITIS:41319 LANGUAL:B4245 PLANTS:ZIAQ http://eol.org/pages/1114723 Zizania aquatica L. annual wild rice annual wildrice zizania aquatica canadian wild rice plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13990 GRIN:42268 ITIS:41320 LANGUAL:B4246 PLANTS:ZILA3 http://eol.org/pages/1114724 Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf zizania latifolia manchurian wild rice plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:42269 ITIS:505807 LANGUAL:B4247 PLANTS:ZIPA3 http://eol.org/pages/1115563 Zizania palustris L. northern wild rice plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9762 GRIN:16557 ITIS:502590 LANGUAL:B4248 PLANTS:FASY http://eol.org/pages/1143547 Fagus sylvatica L. fagus sylvatica LanguaL curation note: When indexing beech nut index both *EUROPEAN BEECH [B4248]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). european beech plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:100831 ITIS:19462 LANGUAL:B4249 PLANTS:FAGR http://eol.org/pages/1143553 Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. fagus grandifolia LanguaL curation note: When indexing beech nut index both *AMERICAN BEECH [B4249]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). american beech plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:16544 LANGUAL:B4250 http://eol.org/pages/4197 Fagus japonica Maxim. fagus japonica LanguaL curation note: When indexing beech nut index both *JAPANESE BEECH [B4250]* and *FRUIT [C0167]* (or its more precise narrower terms). japanese beech plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:404238 LANGUAL:B4251 http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. subsp. integrifolia (H. West) Thell. var. rugosa (Roxb.) M. Tsen & S. H. Lee brassica juncea var. rugosa head mustard red mustard swatow mustard cabbage-leaf mustard plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10536 GRIN:20668 ITIS:503238 LANGUAL:B4252 PLANTS:JAOF http://eol.org/pages/4426 Jasminum officinale L. common jasmine jasminum officinale jasmine plant as food source Pachyrhizus is a small genus of five or six species of tropical and subtropical plants growing from large, often edible taproots. WIKIPEDIA:Pachyrhizus http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4254 http://eol.org/pages/29378 pachyrhizus spp. yam bean plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11587 GRIN:26290 ITIS:506306 LANGUAL:B4255 PLANTS:PATU7 http://eol.org/pages/641586 Pachyrhizus tuberosus (Lam.) Spreng. Pachyrhizus tuberosus (Lam.) Sprengel ajipo amazonian yam bean goiteño jacatupe nupe pachyrhizus tuberosus potato bean goitenyo plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11585 GRIN:26283 ITIS:506305 LANGUAL:B4256 PLANTS:PAAH4 http://eol.org/pages/641703 Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) L. Parodi Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi andean yam bean pachyrhizus ahipa yam bean ahipa plant as food source *Camelina sativa*, usually known in English as camelina, gold-of-pleasure, or false flax, also occasionally wild flax, linseed dodder, German sesame, and Siberian oilseed, is a flowering plant in the family *Brassicaceae*. It has been traditionally cultivated as an oilseed crop to produce vegetable oil and animal feed. The crop is now being researched due to its exceptionally high levels (up to 45%) of omega-3 fatty acids, which is uncommon in vegetable sources. WIKIPEDIA:Camelina_sativa http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8278 GRIN:8700 ITIS:22600 LANGUAL:B4257 PLANTS:CASA2 PLANTS:CASAA PLANTS:CASAS2 http://eol.org/pages/584191 Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz ssp. alyssum (Mill.) E. Schmid Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz ssp. sativa big-seed camelina camelina sativa false flax gold-of-pleasure plant as food source *Crataegus azarolus* is a species of hawthorn known by the common names azarole, mosphilla, and Mediterranean medlar. It is native to the Mediterranean Basin and it is grown there and elsewhere as an ornamental tree and for its fruit. It has been used historically for a number of medicinal purposes. WIKIPEDIA:Crataegus_azarolus http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8959 GRIN:12083 LANGUAL:B4258 PLANTS:CRAZ Crataegus azarolus L. crataegus azarolus mediterranean-medlar azarole plant as food source *Rubus spectabilis* (Salmonberry) is a species of *Rubus* native to the west coast of North America from west central Alaska to California. Salmonberries are edible and share the fruit structure of the raspberry, with the fruit pulling away from its receptacle. Books often call the fruit "insipid", but depending on ripeness and site, they are good eaten raw and when processed into jam, candy, jelly and wine. They were an important food for indigenous peoples. Traditionally, the berries were eaten with salmon or mixed with oolichan grease or salmon roe. They were not dried because of their high moisture content. WIKIPEDIA:Salmonberry http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12677 GRIN:32449 ITIS:25051 LANGUAL:B4259 PLANTS:RUSP http://eol.org/pages/244454 Rubus spectabilis Pursh rubus spectabilis salmonberry plant *Rubus parviflorus*, commonly called thimbleberry or salmonberry, is a species of *Rubus*, native to western and northern North America. Thimbleberry fruits are larger, flatter, and softer than raspberries, and have many small seeds. Because the fruit is so soft, it does not pack or ship well, so thimbleberries are rarely cultivated commercially. However, wild thimbleberries make an excellent jam which is sold as a local delicacy. The fruits can be eaten raw or dried. WIKIPEDIA:Rubus_parviflorus http://langual.org GRIN:32408 ITIS:25007 LANGUAL:B4260 PLANTS:RUPA PLANTS:RUPAP2 PLANTS:RUPAV http://eol.org/pages/237187 Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Rubus parviflorus Nutt. var. parviflorus Rubus parviflorus Nutt. var. velutinus (Hook. & Arn.) Greene rubus parviflorus salmonberry thimbleberry plant *Rubus phoenicolasius* (Japanese Wineberry, Wineberry, or Wine Raspberry) is a species of raspberry (*Rubus* subgenus *Idaeobatus*) native to northern China, Japan, and Korea. The species was introduced to Europe and North America as an ornamental plant and for its potential in breeding hybrid raspberries. It has subsequently escaped from cultivation and become naturalised and sometimes invasive in parts of Europe and eastern North America. WIKIPEDIA:Rubus_phoenicolasius http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12674 GRIN:32416 ITIS:25017 LANGUAL:B4261 PLANTS:RUPH http://eol.org/pages/632717 Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. japanese wineberry rubus phoenicolasius wine raspberry wineberry plant Crowberry (*Empetrum*) is a small genus of dwarf evergreen shrubs that bear edible fruit. Species of crowberry include: *E. nigrum* (Crowberry), *E. eamesii* (Rockberry), *E.rubrum* and *E. hermaphroditum*. In subarctic areas. Crowberry has been a vital addition to the diet of the Inuit and the Sami. After waning popularity, the crowberry is regaining its reputation as an edible berry. It provides a steady crop and the gathering is relatively easy. The high concentration of anthocyanin pigment can be used as a natural food dye. WIKIPEDIA:Crowberry http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4262 http://eol.org/pages/61890 empetrum spp. crowberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9514 GRIN:15127 ITIS:23743 LANGUAL:B4263 PLANTS:EMNI PLANTS:EMNIH PLANTS:EMNIN http://eol.org/pages/586630 Empetrum nigrum L. Empetrum nigrum L. ssp. hermaphroditum (Lange ex Hagerup) Böcher Empetrum nigrum L. ssp. nigrum empetrum nigrum black crowberry plant http://langual.org ITIS:502294 ITIS:524042 ITIS:524043 LANGUAL:B4264 PLANTS:EMEA PLANTS:EMEAA PLANTS:EMEAE Empetrum eamesii Fern. & Wieg. Empetrum eamesii Fernald & Wiegand Empetrum eamesii Fernald & Wiegand ssp. atropurpureum (Fernald & Wiegand) D. Löve Empetrum eamesii Fernald & Wiegand ssp. eamesii Empetrum eamesii ssp. atropurpureum (Fern. & Wieg.) D. Löve Empetrum eamesii ssp. eamesii Fern. & Wieg. eames' purple crowberry empetrum eamesii rockberry purple crowberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9515 LANGUAL:B4265 Empetrum rubrum Vahl ex Willd. empetrum rubrum red crowberry plant The Jabuticaba (*Myrciaria cauliflora* (Mart.) O.Berg.) (also called Brazilian Grape Tree, Jaboticaba, Jabotica, Guaperu, Guapuru, Hivapuru, Sabará and Ybapuru) is a fruit-bearing tree in the family Myrtaceae native to Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil grown for the purple, grape-like fruits it produces. Other related species in the genus *Myrciaria*>, often referred to by the same common name, are native to Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia. The fruit is purplish black, with a white pulp; it can be eaten raw or be used to make jellies and drinks (plain juice or wine). WIKIPEDIA:Myrciaria_cauliflora http://langual.org GRIN:24830 ITIS:506174 LANGUAL:B4266 PLANTS:MYCA9 http://eol.org/pages/8095 Myrciaria cauliflora (C. Martius) O. Berg Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg brazilian grapetree myrciaria cauliflora jaboticaba plant as food source *Carissa* is a genus of about 20-30 species of shrubs or small trees native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Australia and Asia. The fruit are edible but tart, and taste like a giant cranberry and rich in Vitamin C, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. The fruit of *C. macrocarpa* is especially delicious and is used to make jelly. They are eagerly consumed by birds, which also distribute the seed. If eaten before fully ripe, a bitter, latex-like substance is released from the skin. Other than the fruit, the plant is poisonous. WIKIPEDIA:Carissa http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4267 PLANTS:CARIS http://eol.org/pages/4280 Carissa L. carissa spp. carissa plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12673 GRIN:32402 ITIS:24997 LANGUAL:B4268 PLANTS:RUOD http://eol.org/pages/628233 Rubus odoratus L. rubus odoratus purple-flowered raspberry plant http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12669 GRIN:32354 ITIS:504856 LANGUAL:B4269 PLANTS:RUIL http://eol.org/pages/239134 Rubus illecebrosus Focke rubus illecebrosus strawberry raspberry plant Banana is the common name for herbaceous plants of the genus Musa and for the fruit they produce. WIKIPEDIA:Banana http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11276 GRIN:312415 LANGUAL:B4270 PLANTS:MUSA2 http://eol.org/pages/4249 Musa Musa L. Musa sp. musa spp. banana plant as food source *Ensete*, or Enset, is a genus of plants, native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia. It is one of the three genera in the banana family, $em$Musaceae$/em$. WIKIPEDIA:Ensete http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9519 LANGUAL:B4271 PLANTS:ENSET http://eol.org/pages/4249 Ensete Ensete Horan. enset ensete spp. false banana ensete plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:404699 LANGUAL:B4272 http://eol.org/pages/4249 Ensete glaucum (Roxb.) Cheesman ensete glaucum snow banana plant as food source Amorphophallus paeoniifolius, the Elephant foot yam or Whitespot giant arum or Stink lily, is a tropical tuber crop that offers excellent scope for adoption in the tropical countries as a cash crop due to its production potential and popularity as a vegetable in various delicious cuisines. WIKIPEDIA:Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7462 GRIN:102457 ITIS:506752 LANGUAL:B4274 PLANTS:AMPA13 http://eol.org/pages/1098928 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson amorphophallus paeoniifolius elephant foot yam elephant yam telinga-potato whitespot giant arum plant as food source The splendid alfonsino, Beryx splendens, is an alfonsino of the genus Beryx, found around the world at depths of between 25 and 1,300 m. Their length is between 30 and 70 cm.<BR />It is known as kinmedai in sushi and Japanese cuisine. WIKIPEDIA:Splendid_alfonsino http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: AFNS 2009 37:258002 FAO ASFIS:BYS ITIS:166156 LANGUAL:B4275 http://eol.org/pages/207037 Beryx splendens Beryx splendens Lowe, 1834 beryx splendens splendid alfonsino as food source The Javan Rusa or Sunda Sambar (Rusa timorensis) is a deer native to the islands of Java, Bali and Timor (shared with East Timor) in Indonesia. It is also an introduced species in Irian Jaya, Borneo (Kalimantan), the Lesser Sunda Islands, Maluku, Sulawesi, Australia, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Réunion. WIKIPEDIA:Cervus_timorensis http://langual.org ITIS:625050 LANGUAL:B4276 http://eol.org/pages/7685 Cervus timorensis Blainville, 1822 cervus timorensis rusa deer timor deer as food source The New Zealand queen scallop (Zygochlamys delicatula) is also known as the southern queen scallop, southern fan scallop, and gem scallop. This small pectinid species is distributed on the outer continental shelf along the east coast of the South Island, from Kaikoura down to Macquarie Island.<br /> There are nine other species in the genus, none of which have attracted commercial interest, probably because of their small size.[http://fs.fish.govt.nz/Doc/21772/74_QSC_09.pdf.ashx] http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: LANGUAL:B4277 Zygochlamys delicatula chlamys delicatula gem scallop gem shellfish tipa zygochlamys delicatula southern queen scallop as food source Iaraj (*Cyrtosperma chamissonis - Araceae*). This large, cultivated "hard" or "swamp" taro has been a very important starchy, staple food source. It reaches heights up to 4-6 m (15-20 ft) and produces huge green to yellowish-green, heart-shaped leaves with tips that point upward. Iaraj is an aroid "root crop" species probably native to Southeast Asia or wetern Melanesia. Early settlers brought it by canoe to many islands of the tropical Pacific, including the Marshall Islands, in prehistoric times.[http://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/iaraj.html] http://langual.org ITIS:506753 LANGUAL:B4278 PLANTS:CYCH7 http://eol.org/pages/8191 Cyrtosperma chamissonis (Schott) Merr. cyrtosperma chamissonis swamp taro plant as food source Pulaka (Cyrtosperma merkusii), or swamp taro, is a crop grown in Oceania (especially Tuvalu) and an important source of carbohydrates for the area's inhabitants. It is a "swamp crop" similar to taro, but "with bigger leaves and larger, coarser roots." Pulaka roots need to be cooked for hours to reduce toxicity in the corms, but are rich in nutrients, especially calcium. Pulaka is an important part of Tuvalu cultural and culinary tradition, now under threat from rising sea level and displacement from the growing use of imported food products. WIKIPEDIA:Pulaka http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9149 GRIN:12943 ITIS:506754 LANGUAL:B4279 PLANTS:CYME10 http://eol.org/pages/1094951 Cyrtosperma merkusii (Hassk.) Schott cyrtosperma merkusii giant swamp taro pulaka plant as food source http://langual.org AFNS 2009 37:361007 FAO ASFIS:GIY ITIS:169518 LANGUAL:B4280 http://eol.org/pages/1015618 Girella tricuspidata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Girella tricuspidata (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) Girella tricuspidata Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 black bream blackfish girella tricuspidata luderick parore as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4281 http://eol.org/pages/5306 kyphosidae pilot fish rudderfishes sea chubs sea chub family as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4282 http://eol.org/pages/4321 malvaceae mallows plant as food source The aibika (Abelmoschus manihot) is a flowering plant in the mallow family Malvaceae. It was formerly considered a species of Hibiscus, but is now classified in the genus Abelmoschus. The plant is also known as the sunset muskmallow, sunset hibiscus, or hibiscus manihot. In Japanese, this plant is known as tororo aoi and is used to make neri, a starchy substance used in making washi. In Korean, this plant is known as hwang chok kyu and is used to make dak pul, which assists in making hanji. WIKIPEDIA:Abelmoschus_manihot http://langual.org GRIN:621 ITIS:21771 LANGUAL:B4283 PLANTS:ABMA9 http://eol.org/pages/584457 Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. abelmoschus manihot aibika hibiscus manihot sunset hibiscus sunset muskmallow plant as food source Abelmoschus moschatus (Abelmosk, Ambrette seeds, Annual hibiscus, Bamia Moschata, Galu Gasturi, Muskdana, Musk mallow, Musk okra, Musk seeds, Ornamental okra, Rose mallow seeds, Tropical jewel hibiscus, Yorka okra; syn. Hibiscus abelmoschus L.) is an aromatic and medicinal plant in the Malvaceae family, which is native to India.[] http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7007 GRIN:623 ITIS:21772 LANGUAL:B4284 PLANTS:ABMO http://eol.org/pages/584456 Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. abelmoschus moschatus abelmosk annual hibiscus musk okra muskmallow plant as food source Opah (also commonly known as moonfish, sunfish, kingfish, redfin ocean pan, and Jerusalem haddock) are large, colorful, deep-bodied pelagic *Lampriform* fish comprising the small family *Lampridae* (also spelled *Lamprididae*). WIKIPEDIA:Opah http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: AFNS 2009 37:268001 AFNS 2009 37:268900 CEC 1993:503 FAO ASFIS:LAG ITIS:166326 LANGUAL:B4285 http://eol.org/pages/212278 Lampris guttatus Lampris guttatus & Lampris immaculatus Lampris guttatus (Brünnich 1788) Lampris guttatus (Brünnich, 1788) Lampris guttatus Brunnich, 1788 jerusalem haddock kingfish lampris guttatus opah redfin ocean pan sunfish moonfish as food source The ridge scaled rattail, *Macrourus carinatus*, is a rattail of the genus *Macrourus*, found in the Great Southern Ocean at depths of between 200 and 1,200 m. Its length is between 30 to 65 cm, although Fishbase records lengths up to 1 m. WIKIPEDIA:Macrourus_carinatus http://langual.org AFNS 2009 37:232036 FAO ASFIS:MCC ITIS:550628 LANGUAL:B4286 http://eol.org/pages/1002768 Macrourus carinatus (Günther 1878) Macrourus carinatus (Günther, 1878) Macrourus carinatus Günther, 1878 macrourus carinatus ridge scaled rattail as food source The porae or blue morwong, *Nemadactylus douglasii*, is a morwong of the genus *Nemadactylus*, found around south eastern Australia and the north eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand at depths of about 10 to 100 metres, on sandy and rocky coasts. Its length is between 40 and 100 cm. Max weight is at least 12 kg. WIKIPEDIA:Nemadactylus_douglasii http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: AFNS 2009 37:377002 FAO ASFIS:CDD ITIS:645482 LANGUAL:B4287 http://eol.org/pages/224006 Nemadactylus douglasii Nemadactylus douglasii (Hector 1875) Nemadactylus douglasii (Hector, 1875) Nemadactylus douglasii Hector, 1875 grey morwong nemadactylus douglasii porae as food source *Odacidae* is a small family of fishes in the order *Perciformes*, commonly known as butterfish, cales, and weed-whitings. They are related to the much larger families of the wrasses and parrotfish. WIKIPEDIA:Odacidae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4288 http://eol.org/pages/5280 butterfish cales weed-whitings odacidae as food source The greenbone or butterfish, *Odax pullus*, a cale of the genus *Odax*, is found around New Zealand. WIKIPEDIA:Greenbone http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:OXP ITIS:614973 LANGUAL:B4289 http://eol.org/pages/222798 Odax pullus Odax pullus (Forster 1801) Odax pullus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) butterfish greenbone odax pullus new zealand butterfish as food source The smooth leatherjacket or velvet leatherjacket, *Meuschenia scaber*, is a filefish of the family *Monacanthidae*, found off eastern Australia and all around New Zealand to depths of about 100 m, on rocky weedy reef areas. Its length is between 25 and 35 cm. In New Zealand it is simply known as leatherjacket as it is the only fish of this family commonly found there. WIKIPEDIA:Velvet_Leatherjacket http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: AFNS 2009 37:465005 FAO ASFIS:PKB ITIS:646154 LANGUAL:B4290 http://eol.org/pages/217899 Meuschenia scaber Meuschenia scaber (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) Meuschenia scaber Forster, 1801 Parika scaber (Forster, 1801) meuschenia scaber new zealand leatherjacket parika scaber velvet leatherjacket as food source Puffins are any of three small species of auk (or alcids) in the bird genus *Fratercula* with a brightly coloured beak during the breeding season. These are pelagic seabirds that feed primarily by diving in the water. They breed in large colonies on coastal cliffs or offshore islands, nesting in crevices among rocks or in burrows in the soil. Two species, the Tufted Puffin and Horned Puffin, are found in the North Pacific Ocean, while the Atlantic Puffin is found in the North Atlantic Ocean. WIKIPEDIA:Puffin http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4292 http://eol.org/pages/84465 fratercula puffin as food source The Tufted Puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) also known as Crested Puffin, is a relatively abundant medium-sized pelagic seabird in the auk (Alcidae) family found throughout the North Pacific Ocean. It is one of three species of puffin that make up the Fratercula genus and is easily recognizable by its thick red bill and yellow tufts. WIKIPEDIA:Tufted_Puffin http://langual.org ITIS:177032 LANGUAL:B4293 http://eol.org/pages/1049982 Fratercula cirrhata (Pallas, 1769) crested puffin fratercula cirrhata tufted puffin as food source The Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica) is a seabird species in the auk family. It is a pelagic bird that feeds primarily by diving for fish, but also eats other sea creatures, such as squid and crustaceans. Its most obvious characteristic during the breeding season is its brightly coloured bill. Also known as the Common Puffin, it is the only puffin species which is found in the Atlantic Ocean. The curious appearance of the bird, with its large colourful bill and its striking piebald plumage, has given rise to nicknames such as '"clown of the ocean" and "sea parrot". WIKIPEDIA:Atlantic_Puffin http://langual.org ITIS:177025 LANGUAL:B4294 http://eol.org/pages/1049938 Fratercula arctica (Linnaeus, 1758) fratercula arctica atlantic puffin as food source The Horned Puffin (*Fratercula corniculata*) is an auk, similar in appearance to the Atlantic Puffin; this bird's bill is yellow at the base and red at the tip. It is a pelagic seabird that feeds primarily by diving for fish. It nests in colonies, often with other auks. WIKIPEDIA:Horned_Puffin http://langual.org ITIS:177029 LANGUAL:B4295 http://eol.org/pages/1049960 Fratercula corniculata (Naumann, 1821) fratercula corniculata horned puffin as food source Shearwaters are medium-sized long-winged seabirds. There are more than 30 species of shearwaters, a few larger ones in the genus *Calonectris* and many smaller species in the genus *Puffinus*. WIKIPEDIA:Shearwater http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4296 http://eol.org/pages/19902 calonectris puffinus shearwater as food source The Sooty Shearwater (*Puffinus griseus*) is a medium-large shearwater in the seabird family *Procellariidae*. In New Zealand it is also known by its Maori name titi and as "muttonbird", like its relatives the Wedge-tailed Shearwater *(P. pacificus*) and the Australian Short-tailed Shearwater (*P. tenuirostris*). WIKIPEDIA:Sooty_Shearwater http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:PFG ITIS:174553 LANGUAL:B4297 http://eol.org/pages/1047364 Puffinus griseus Puffinus griseus (Gmelin, 1789) muttonbird puffinus griseus titi sooty shearwater as food source *Rubus ulmifolius* is a species of wild blackberry known by the English common name elmleaf blackberry or thornless blackberry and the Spanish common name zarzamora. It is native to Europe and North Africa, and it is widely known elsewhere as an introduced species and sometimes a noxious weed. It is a brambly shrub with compound leaves and small, white or pink flowers. The fruit is a blackberry. WIKIPEDIA:Rubus_ulmifolius http://langual.org GRIN:313548 ITIS:504890 LANGUAL:B4298 PLANTS:RUUL http://eol.org/pages/625649 Rubus ulmifolius Schott rubus ulmifolius thornless blackberry zarzamora elmleaf blackberry plant *Sonchus asper* (Sharp-fringed Sow Thistle, Prickly Sow Thistle, Spiny Sow Thistle, or Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle) is an annual plant with spiny leaves and yellow flowers resembling those of the dandelion. The leaves are bluish-green, simple, lanceolate, with wavy and sometimes lobed margins, covered in spines on both the margins and beneath. The base of the leaf surrounds the stem. The plant can reach 180 cm (6 ft) in height. The leaves and stems emit a milky sap when cut. The flowers grow in clusters and the end of the stems. This plant is native to Europe, but is also a common weed in North American roadsides, landscapes, and pastures. Its edible leaves make a palatable and nutritious leaf vegetable. WIKIPEDIA:Sonchus_asper http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13193 GRIN:34933 ITIS:38424 LANGUAL:B4299 PLANTS:SOAS http://eol.org/pages/492388 Sonchus asper (L.) Hill prickly sow thistle rough sow thistle sharp-fringed sow thistle sonchus asper spiny leaved sow thistle spiny-leaf sow thistle spiny-leaf sowthistle spinu sowthistle plant as food source The yellowtail horse mackerel, Trachurus novaezelandiae, is a jack in the family Carangidae found around Australia and New Zealand at depths of up to 500 m. Its length is up to 50 cm. The yellowtail horse mackerel is very similar to the greenback horse mackerel but has 68 to 73 lateral line scutes, compared with 76 to 82 for the greenback horse mackerel. WIKIPEDIA:Trachurus_novaezelandiae http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: AFNS 2009 37:337003 FAO ASFIS:TUZ ITIS:642029 LANGUAL:B4300 http://eol.org/pages/206046 Trachurus novaezelandiae Trachurus novaezelandiae (Richardson 1843) Trachurus novaezelandiae Richardson, 1843 trachurus novaezelandiae yellowtail horse mackerel as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4302 http://eol.org/pages/17858 allium allium species as food source *Abelmoschus moschatus* is a perennial species comprising two recognised subspecies. Subsp. *moschatus* occurs in India, parts of Asia and the Pacific Islands. There are also naturalised occurrences of subsp. *moschatus* in northern New South Wales. Subsp. *tuberosus* is found in northern Australia and in islands to the north. It is a delightful, soft, herbaceous trailing plant to 2 metres in diameter with soft hairy stems. It has an underground tuber and dies back to this tuber in the dry season, emerging again with the first substantial rains of the wet season. It is a relative of the edible okra and tubers and foliage were a source of food for Aborigines.[http://anpsa.org.au/a-mos.html] http://langual.org GRIN:105540 LANGUAL:B4303 http://eol.org/pages/4321 Abelmoschus moschatus subsp. tuberosus (Span.) Borss. Waalk. abelmoschus moschatus subsp. tuberosus native rosella plant as food source Round lime (*Citrus australis*), also known as Australian lime or Australian round lime, is a large shrub or small tree of a height of up to 12m. It grows in the Beenleigh area, Queensland, Australia. WIKIPEDIA:Round_lime http://langual.org GRIN:24248 ITIS:506394 LANGUAL:B4304 PLANTS:MIAU5 http://eol.org/pages/483562 Microcitrus australis (A. Cunn. ex Mudie) Swingle Microcitrus australis (Planch.) Swingle Microcitrus australis (Planchon) Swingle australian lime citrus australis microcitrus australis native lime australian round lime plant as food source The Finger Lime plant, *Citrus australasica* (syn. *Microcitrus australasica*) is a thorny understorey shrub or small tree of lowland subtropical rainforest and dry rainforest in the coastal border region of Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. The plant is 2-7 metres in height. Leaves are small, 1-6 cm long and 3-25 mm wide, glabrous, with a notched tip and crenate towards the apex. Flowers are white with petals 6-9 mm long. The fruit is cylindrical, 4-8 cm long, sometimes slightly curved, coming in different colours, including pink and green. Early settlers consumed the fruit and retained the trees when clearing for agriculture. Colonial botanists suggested that they should be cultivated. The finger lime has been recently popularised as a gourmet bushfood. The globular juice vesicles have been likened to a "lime caviar", which can be used as a garnish or added to various recipes. The fresh vesicles have the effect of a burst of effervescent tangy flavour as they are chewed. The fruit juice is acidic and similar to that of a lime. Marmalade and pickles are also made from finger lime. The finger lime peel can be dried and used as a flavouring spice. There is a wide range of different coloured variants of finger lime fruit, including green, yellow, orange, red, purple, black and brown. Finger lime is thought to have the widest range of colour variation within any *Citrus* species. WIKIPEDIA:Citrus_australasica http://langual.org GRIN:24247 ITIS:506393 LANGUAL:B4305 PLANTS:MIAU4 http://eol.org/pages/483557 Microcitrus australasica (F. Muell.) Swingle citrus australasica microcitrus australasica australian finger lime plant as food source A hybrid cross of Finger Lime and a calomondin which is pear shaped and orange inside. The Australian Sunrise lime is a seedling of a Faustrimedin (originally bred in California in 1911), a hybrid of the Finger lime (Citrus australasica) and the Calamondin (Citrus × microcarpa), itself a hybrid between the Nagami kumquat (Citrus japonica 'Nagami') and the sour mandarin (Citrus sunki). Australian Sunrise produces attractive golden-coloured fruit on an upright shrub to small tree, usually 2 to 3 m high and 1.5 to 2.5 m wide. Foliage is dark, glossy-green. The oval leaves are approximately 40 to 45 mm long by 20 to 30 mm wide. The cream-coloured flowers occur in spring to early summer. Fruits ripen in winter, are pearshaped and usually 30 to 45 mm long by 20 to 40 mm wide. Seeds are small and plump. Juice squeezed from the fruit has a sharp, clean flavour and a light "floral" aroma. The fruit may be eaten whole and like a kumquat, have a sharpish flesh and a sweet albedo and skin. They can be used in products such as in cordials, beverages, conserves, puree, pastes, sauces, marmalade, syrups and garnishes.[http://users.kymp.net/citruspages/australian.html#sunrise] WIKIPEDIA:Australian_lime http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4306 http://eol.org/pages/4414 citrus × oliveri australian sunrise lime plant as food source *Argyrosomus* is a genus of fish in the drum family, *Sciaenidae*. They are large fish, with the largest, *Argyrosomus regius* growing up to 230 cm in length. They are commonly targeted as game fish. WIKIPEDIA:Argyrosomus http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4307 http://eol.org/pages/23966 argyrosomus as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: AFNS 2009 37:354001 CEC 1993:708 FAO ASFIS:KOB ITIS:646511 LANGUAL:B4308 http://eol.org/pages/213034 Argyrosomus hololepidotus Argyrosomus hololepidotus (Lacepède, 1801) Argyrosomus hololepidotus (Lacépède, 1801) Argyrosomus hololepidotus Lacépède, 1802 madagascar meagre southern meagre as food source Grunters or tigerperches are fishes in the family *Terapontidae* (also spelled *Teraponidae*, *Theraponidae* or *Therapontidae*). They are found in shallow coastal waters in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, where they live in saltwater, brackish and freshwater habitats. They grow up to 80 cm in length and feed on fishes, insects and other invertebrates. When caught, grunters make the characteristic grunting sounds that give them their name. WIKIPEDIA:Terapontidae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4309 grunters teraponidae terapontidae theraponidae therapontidae tigerperch grunter family as food source Silver perch (*Bidyanus bidyanus*) is a medium sized freshwater fish endemic to the Murray-Darling river system in south-eastern Australia. The scientific name comes from an aboriginal name for the species recorded by Major Mitchell on his 1832 expedition. It is not a perch, being a grunter in the family *Terapontidae*. It is the largest of the Australian grunters, capable of growing to 40 cm and 8 kg, more usually around 30 cm and up to 1.5 kg. WIKIPEDIA:Bidyanus_bidyanus http://langual.org AFNS 2009 37:321008 FAO ASFIS:BYB ITIS:168040 LANGUAL:B4310 http://eol.org/pages/205881 Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell 1838) Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell, 1838) Bidyanus bidyanus Mitchell, 1838 bidyan perch bidyanus bidyanus silver perch as food source The *Sillaginidae*, commonly known as the smelt-whitings, whitings, sillaginids, sand borers and sand-smelts, are a family of benthic coastal marine fishes in the order Perciformes. The smelt-whitings inhabit a wide region covering much of the Indo-Pacific, from the west coast of Africa east to Japan and south to Australia. The family comprises only three genera and thirty one species, of which a number are dubious, with the last major revision of the family in 1992 unable to confirm the validity of a number of species. They are elongate, slightly compressed fish often light brown to silver in colour with a variety of markings and patterns on their upper body. The Sillaginidae are not related to a number of fishes commonly called 'whiting' in the Northern Hemisphere, including the fish originally called whiting, *Merlangius merlangus*. WIKIPEDIA:Sillaginidae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4311 sand borers sand-smelts sillaginidae slillaginids smelt whitings smelt-whitings whitings sillago-whiting family as food source The King George whiting, *Sillaginodes punctatus* (also known as the spotted whiting or spotted sillago), is a coastal marine fish of the smelt-whitings family *Sillaginidae*. The King George whiting is endemic to Australia, inhabiting the south coast of the country from Jurien Bay, Western Australia to Botany Bay, New South Wales in the east. The King George whiting is the only member of the genus *Sillaginodes* and the largest member of the smelt-whiting family *Sillaginidae*, growing to a length of 72 cm and 4.8 kg in weight. The species is readily distinguishable from other Australian whitings by its unique pattern of spots, as well as its highly elongate shape. King George whiting are often found in bays and protected waterways over sand and seagrass beds, also venturing out onto deep continental shelf reefs during adulthood. The species is a benthic carnivore, consuming a variety of crustaceans, polychaete worms, molluscs and fish. The King George whiting forms the basis of one of southern Australia's most important commercial fisheries, reportedly worth over five million Australian dollars per year. The species is also heavily targeted by recreational anglers, who value the whiting for its sporting and eating qualities. WIKIPEDIA:Sillaginodes_punctatus http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: AFNS 2009 37:330001 FAO ASFIS:SIV ITIS:551124 LANGUAL:B4312 http://eol.org/pages/214420 Sillaginodes punctata (Cuvier, 1829) Sillaginodes punctata Cuvier, 1829 Sillaginodes punctatus Sillaginodes punctatus (Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829) australian whiting sillaginodes punctatus south australian whiting spotted sillago spotted whiting king george whiting as food source The blood orange is a variety of orange (Citrus sinensis) with crimson, almost-blood-colored flesh. The fruit is smaller than an average orange; its skin is usually pitted, but can be smooth. The distinctive dark flesh color is due to the presence of anthocyanins, a family of pigments common to many flowers and fruit, but uncommon in citrus fruits. The flesh develops its characteristic maroon color when the fruit develops with low temperatures during the night. Sometimes there is dark coloring on the exterior of the rind as well, depending on the variety of blood orange. The skin can also be more tough and harder to peel than other oranges. While all oranges are likely of hybrid origin between the pomelo and the tangerine, blood oranges originated as a mutation of the sweet orange. Within Europe, the Arancia Rossa di Sicilia (Red Orange of Sicily) has Protected Geographical Status. WIKIPEDIA:Blood_orange http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8703 GRIN:10782 ITIS:28889 LANGUAL:B4313 MANSFELD:7673 PLANTS:CISI3 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.) citrus sinensis blood orange plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7309 GRIN:2244 ITIS:42720 LANGUAL:B4314 PLANTS:ALCE http://eol.org/pages/1084354 Allium cepa L. yellow onion plant as food source http://langual.org ISTA: LANGUAL:B4315 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Avena byzantina K. Koch avena byzantina LanguaL curation note: Some sources (ITS, GRIN, and USDA PLANTS) list *RED OAT* ($i$Avena byzantina$/i$ K. Koch) as being a synonym of *COMMON OAT* ($i$Avena sativa$/i$ L.). red oat plant as food source Eleusine coracana, including African finger millet and caracan millet (koracan), is an annual plant widely grown as a cereal in the arid areas of Africa and Asia. E. coracana is native to the Ethiopian Highlands. It is very adaptable to higher elevations and is grown in the Himalaya up to 2,300 metres in elevation. WIKIPEDIA:Eleusine_coracana http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9496 GRIN:14992 ITIS:41691 LANGUAL:B4316 PLANTS:ELCO3 http://eol.org/pages/1114925 Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. eleusine coracana finger millet plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:400470 LANGUAL:B4317 PLANTS:ELCOA http://eol.org/pages/8223 Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. ssp. africana (Kennedy & O&apos;Byrne) Hilu & de Wet Eleusine coracana ssp. africana (Kennedy & O&apos;Byrne) Hilu & de Wet Eleusine coracana subsp. africana (Kenn.-O&apos;Byrne) Hilu & de Wet eleusine coracana ssp. africana african finger millet plant as food source Little Millet (Panicum sumatrense, Syn.: Panicum miliare auct. non Lam.) is a species of millet in the family Poaceae. WIKIPEDIA:Panicum_sumatrense http://langual.org GRIN:103520 ITIS:506649 LANGUAL:B4318 PLANTS:PASU34 http://eol.org/pages/1115581 Panicum sumatrense Roth Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult. Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roemer & Schultes panicum sumatrense little millet plant as food source Species belonging to the taxonomic group *Avena* spp. http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4319 avena spp. oat plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:317845 ITIS:506954 LANGUAL:B4320 PLANTS:ECES http://eol.org/pages/1115636 Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz LanguaL curation note: *JAPANESE MILLET* may refer to Echinochloa esculenta or Echinochloa frumentacea according to ITIS. japanese millet plant as food source Tetraploid wheat species (28 chromosomes). Khorasan wheat is an ancient grain type. This grain is two times larger than modern-day wheat and is known for its rich nutty flavor. KAMUT is the product name for the wheat variety Q-77 of this species. WIKIPEDIA:Kamut http://langual.org GRIN:406899 LANGUAL:B4321 PLANTS:TRTU3 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Triticum turanicum Jakubz. Triticum turgidum subsp. turanicum (Jakubz.) A. Love & D. Love kamut khorasan wheat oriental wheat plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8106 GRIN:105448 ITIS:530958 LANGUAL:B4322 PLANTS:BROLC2 http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC. Brassica oleracea var. costata DC. bedford cabbage braganza brassica oleracea var. costata portuguese cole tronchuda cabbage tronchuda kale plant as food source The silverskin onion is a small variety of the onion, *Allium cepa* L. http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7309 GRIN:2244 ITIS:42720 LANGUAL:B4323 PLANTS:ALCE http://eol.org/pages/1084354 Allium cepa L. allium cepa pickling onion silverskin onion plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:316541 ITIS:42635 LANGUAL:B4324 PLANTS:ALCA3 http://eol.org/pages/1084338 Allium canadense L. allium canadense canada onion wild garlic wild onion canadian onion plant as food source A beefsteak tomato (American English) or beef tomato (British English) is any of the largest varieties of cultivated tomatoes, some weighing 1 pound (450 g) or more. WIKIPEDIA:Beefsteak_tomato http://langual.org DPNL 2003:10985 GRIN:101442 ITIS:521671 ITIS:529044 LANGUAL:B4325 MANSFELD:6054 PLANTS:SOLY2 http://eol.org/pages/392557 Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum P. Mill. Solanum lycopersicum L. beefsteak tomato plant as food source Corn salad is several species in the *Valeriana* genus (*Valerianella locusta* (Linnaeus), *Valerianella olitoria* (Moench), *Valeriana eriocarpa*, etc Desv. - the synonym Valeriana is obsolete but appears frequently in older texts). It is small dicot annual plants of the family *Valerianaceae*. It is also called Lewiston cornsalad, lamb's lettuce, fetticus, field salad, mâche, feldsalat, nut lettuce and rapunzel. WIKIPEDIA:Cornsalad http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13747 GRIN:317121 LANGUAL:B4326 PLANTS:VALER2 http://eol.org/pages/4260 Valerianella Valerianella Mill. Valerianella P. Mill. Valerianella sp. valerianella spp. cornsalad plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13751 GRIN:41091 ITIS:506066 LANGUAL:B4327 PLANTS:VAER2 http://eol.org/pages/484990 Valerianella eriocarpa Desv. valerianella eriocarpa italian cornsalad plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13750 GRIN:316856 ITIS:35390 LANGUAL:B4328 PLANTS:VADE3 http://eol.org/pages/467518 Valerianella dentata (L.) Pollich valerianella dentata narrowfruit cornsalad plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8653 GRIN:10543 ITIS:36763 LANGUAL:B4329 PLANTS:CIIN http://eol.org/pages/467862 Cichorium intybus L. cichorium intybus ssp. intybus sugar loaf chicory plant as food source *Salsola soda*, more commonly known in English as Opposite Leaved Saltwort, Oppositeleaf Russian Thistle, or Barilla Plant, is a small (to 0.7 m tall), annual, succulent shrub that is native to the Mediterranean Basin. It is a halophyte (a salt-tolerant plant) that typically grows in coastal regions and can be irrigated with salt water. The Italian name agretti is commonly used in English to refer to the edible leaves of *Salsola soda*. WIKIPEDIA:Salsola_soda http://langual.org GRIN:32815 ITIS:504989 LANGUAL:B4330 PLANTS:SASO3 http://eol.org/pages/485330 Salsola soda L. barilla plant opposite leaved saltwort oppositeleaf russian thistle salsola soda agretti plant as food source *Kali turgida* (Synonym *Salsola kali* subsp. *kali*), commonly known as prickly saltwort, or prickly glasswort, is an annual plant that grows in salty sandy coastal soils. Its distributional range is in Europe along the shores of Baltic Sea, North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. In the Mediterranean and at dry inland places it is replaced by Kali tragus, which is less tolerant to salty soils, and has spread from Eurasia to other continents. Kali turgida does not seem to occur as an introduced species in America. WIKIPEDIA:Salsola_kali http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12759 GRIN:310094 ITIS:20655 LANGUAL:B4331 PLANTS:SAKA PLANTS:SAKAK PLANTS:SAKAP http://eol.org/pages/585945 Salsola kali L. Salsola kali L. ssp. kali Salsola kali L. ssp. pontica (Pall.) Mosyakin common saltwort prickly russian thistle russian thistle tumbleweed prickly saltwort plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:301022 LANGUAL:B4332 PLANTS:SALIC Salicornia L. Salicornia sp. pickleweed salicornia spp. glasswort plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:412197 LANGUAL:B4333 Salicornia europaea L. salicornia europaea common glasswort plant as food source Plantago major ("broadleaf plantain" or "greater plantain") is a species of Plantago, family Plantaginaceae. The plant is native to most of Europe and northern and central Asia,[1][2][3] but has widely naturalised elsewhere in the world. Plantago major is one of the most abundant and widely distributed medicinal crops in the world. A poultice of the leaves can be applied to wounds, stings, and sores in order to facilitate healing and prevent infection. WIKIPEDIA:Plantago_major http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12028 GRIN:28788 ITIS:32887 LANGUAL:B4334 PLANTS:PLMA2 http://eol.org/pages/579221 Plantago major L. broadleaf plantain common plantain plantago major greater plantain plant as food source Gentiana lutea (Great Yellow Gentian) is a species of gentian native to the mountains of central and southern Europe. Other names include 'Yellow Gentian', 'Bitter Root', 'Bitterwort', 'Centiyane', and 'Genciana'. Gentian root has a long history of use as a herbal bitter in the treatment of digestive disorders and is an ingredient of many proprietary medicines. WIKIPEDIA:Gentiana_lutea http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9966 GRIN:17392 ITIS:505985 LANGUAL:B4335 PLANTS:GELU2 http://eol.org/pages/483956 Gentiana lutea L. gentian, yellow gentiana lutea great yellow gentian yellow gentian plant as food source *Anetholea anisata* (Vickery) Peter G.Wilson (formerly *Syzygium anisatum*, *Backhousia anisata*), ringwood or aniseed tree is a rare Australian rainforest tree with an aromatic leaf that has an essential oil profile comparable to true aniseed. The leaf from cultivated plantations is used as a bushfood spice and distilled for the essential oil, and is known in the trade as aniseed myrtle or anise myrtle. WIKIPEDIA:Syzygium_anisatum http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4338 anetholea anisata aniseed tree backhousia anisata ringwood syzygium anisatum aniseed myrtle plant as food source The kaffir lime (*Citrus × hystrix*, *Rutaceae*) is also known as combava, kieffer lime, limau purut, jeruk purut or makrut lime, Kabuyao (Cabuyao). It is a lime native to Indochinese and Malesian ecoregions in India, Laos, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, and adjacent countries. It is used in Southeast Asian cuisine. WIKIPEDIA:Citrus_hystrix http://langual.org DPNL 2003:8692 GRIN:10714 ITIS:825206 LANGUAL:B4339 PLANTS:CIHY2 http://eol.org/pages/2906075 Citrus hystrix DC. citrus hystrix mauritius papeda papeda kaffir lime plant as food source *Backhousia citriodora* (common names lemon myrtle, lemon scented myrtle, lemon scented ironwood) is a flowering plant in the family *Myrtaceae*, genus *Backhousia*. It is endemic to subtropical rainforests of central and south-eastern Queensland, Australia, with a natural distribution from Mackay to Brisbane. Other common names are sweet verbena tree, sweet verbena myrtle, lemon scented verbena, and lemon scented backhousia. WIKIPEDIA:Backhousia_citriodora http://langual.org GRIN:6250 LANGUAL:B4340 Backhousia citriodora F. Muell. australian lemon myrtle backhousia citriodora lemon ironwood lemon scented backhousia lemon scented ironwood lemon scented myrtle lemon scented verbena sweet verbena myrtle sweet verbena tree lemon myrtle plant as food source Pennyroyal refers to two plants in the mint family, *Lamiaceae*. The European pennyroyal, *Mentha pulegium*, (also called Squaw Mint, Mosquito Plant, and Pudding Grass), is a plant in the mint genus, within the family *Lamiaceae*. Crushed Pennyroyal leaves exhibit a very strong fragrance similar to spearmint. Pennyroyal is a traditional culinary herb, folk remedy, and abortifacient. The essential oil of pennyroyal is used in aromatherapy, and is also high in pulegone, a highly toxic volatile organic compound affecting liver and uterine function. http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11152 GRIN:24079 ITIS:32270 LANGUAL:B4341 PLANTS:MEPU http://eol.org/pages/579696 Mentha pulegium L. mentha pulegium pennyroyal european pennyroyal plant as food source *Satureja* is a genus of aromatic plants of the family *Lamiaceae*, related to rosemary and thyme. There are about 30 species called savories, of which Summer savory and Winter savory are the most important in cultivation. WIKIPEDIA:Satureja http://langual.org GRIN:313197 LANGUAL:B4342 PLANTS:SATUR http://eol.org/pages/4302 Satureja L. Satureja sp. satureja spp. savory plant as food source *Persicaria odorata*, the Vietnamese coriander, is an herb whose leaves are used in Southeast Asian cooking. Other English names for the herb include Vietnamese mint, Vietnamese cilantro, Cambodian mint and hot mint. http://langual.org GRIN:407755 LANGUAL:B4343 Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Sojak cambodian mint hot mint persicaria odorata vietnamese cilantro vietnamese mint vietnamese mint palm vietnamese coriander plant as food source The White ginger lily (*Hedychium coronarium*) is originally from the Himalayas region of Nepal and India where it is known as dolan champa. WIKIPEDIA:Hedychium_coronarium http://langual.org GRIN:18576 ITIS:42396 LANGUAL:B4344 PLANTS:HECO11 http://eol.org/pages/1118165 Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig Hedychium coronarium Koenig hedychium coronarium white ginger plant as food source *Barbarea vulgaris*, also called as bittercress, herb barbara, rocketcress, yellow rocketcress, winter rocket, and wound rocket, is a biennial herb of the genus *Barbarea*, belonging to the family *Brassicaceae*. WIKIPEDIA:Barbarea_vulgaris http://langual.org DPNL 2003:7918 GRIN:6491 ITIS:22741 LANGUAL:B4345 PLANTS:BAVU http://eol.org/pages/584058 Barbarea vulgaris Ait. f. Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. Barbarea vulgaris W. T. Aiton Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton barbarea vulgaris rocket cress yellow rocket winter cress plant as food source *Astrocaryum vulgare* (common names Tucum or Tucumã-do-Pará in Brazil, Aouara in French Guiana, Wara awara in Guyana, awarra in Suriname, Chontilla in Ecuador) is a palm native to Amazon Rainforest vegetation, typical of the Pará state in Brazil. This plant has edible fruit, which are also used for biodiesel production. This plant is cited in Flora Brasiliensis by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius.[] http://langual.org GRIN:5941 LANGUAL:B4346 Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. astrocaryum vulgare awarra palm tucuma tucum plant as food source *Schinus* is a genus of flowering trees and tall shrubs in the sumac family, *Anacardiaceae*. Members of the genus are commonly known as pepper trees. WIKIPEDIA:Schinus http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12902 GRIN:300533 LANGUAL:B4347 PLANTS:SCHIN http://eol.org/pages/4410 Schinus Schinus L. Schinus sp. pepper tree scinus spp. peppertree plant as food source Peruvian Pepper (*Schinus molle*, also known as American pepper, Peruvian peppertree, escobilla, false pepper, molle del Peru, pepper tree, peppercorn tree, Californian pepper tree, pirul and Peruvian mastic) is an evergreen tree that grows to 15 meters (50 feet). It is native to the Peruvian Andes. The bright pink fruits of Schinus molle are often sold as "pink peppercorns" although S. molle is unrelated to true pepper (Piper nigrum). Although not related to commercial pepper (*Piper nigrum*) the pink/red berries, like the berries of its close relative the Brazilian pepper (*Schinus terebinthifolius*), are sold as pink peppercorns and often blended with commercial pepper. WIKIPEDIA:Schinus_molle http://langual.org GRIN:70668 ITIS:28811 LANGUAL:B4348 PLANTS:SCMO http://eol.org/pages/582275 Schinus molle L. schinus molle peruvian peppertree West African Pepper, also known as Ashanti Pepper, Benin Pepper, False Cubeb, Guinea Cubeb, Uziza Pepper or (ambiguously) "Guinea pepper", called locally kale, kukauabe, masoro, sasema and soro wisa, is a West African spice that corresponds to the dried fruit of *Piper guineense*. WIKIPEDIA:Piper_guineense http://langual.org GRIN:28582 ITIS:506522 LANGUAL:B4349 PLANTS:PIGU3 http://eol.org/pages/402261 Piper guineense Schumach. & Thonn. Piper guineense Schumacher & Thonn. Piper guineense Thonn. ashanti pepper benin pepper guinea cubeb piper guineense west african pebber plant as food source Cubeb (*Piper cubeba*), or tailed pepper, is a plant in genus *Piper, cultivated for its fruit and essential oil. It is mostly grown in Java and Sumatra, hence sometimes called Java pepper. The fruits are gathered before they are ripe, and carefully dried. Commercial cubebs consist of the dried berries, similar in appearance to black pepper, but with stalks attached - the "tails" in "tailed pepper". WIKIPEDIA:Piper_cubeba http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11995 GRIN:28578 ITIS:506521 LANGUAL:B4350 PLANTS:PICU http://eol.org/pages/491342 Piper cubeba L. f. Piper cubeba L. fil. java pepper piper cubeba tailed pepper cubeb plant as food source *Aleurites moluccana*, the Candlenut, is a flowering tree in the spurge family, *Euphorbiaceae*, also known as Candleberry, Indian walnut, Kemiri, Varnish tree, Nuez de la India, Buah keras or Kukui nut tree. WIKIPEDIA:Aleurites_moluccana http://langual.org ITIS:28208 LANGUAL:B4351 PLANTS:ALMO2 http://eol.org/pages/4198 Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. aleurites moluccana candleberry indian walnut kukui nut tree varnish tree candlenut plant as food source This species is the chota or billi kichili of India and the Cleopatra mandarin of the United States. The tree is attractive, round-topped, symmetrical, and thornless, with small, dark-green leaves. The fruit is orange-red, small, oblate, and highly depressed at the apex, with thin, somewhat rough rind. The flesh texture is soft and juicy and the flavor is somewhat acid. Seeds are small, polyembryonic, and have green cotyledons.<br/> Considered to be native to India and said to have been introduced into Florida from Jamaica sometime prior to 1888, Citrus reshni is increasingly important as a rootstock in the United States and elsewhere. It is an attractive ornamental and bears fruit the year round.[http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter4.html] http://langual.org GRIN:314357 LANGUAL:B4353 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka citrus reshni spice mandarin cleopatra orange plant as food source An orangelo (Spanish chironja) is a hybrid citrus fruit believed to have originated in Puerto Rico. The fruit, a cross between a grapefruit and an orange, had spontaneously appeared in the shade-providing trees grown on coffee plantations in the Puerto Rican highlands. WIKIPEDIA:Orangelo http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4354 chironja orangelo plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:314329 LANGUAL:B4355 http://eol.org/pages/4414 Citrus tankan Hayata citrus tankan tankan mandarin plant as food source *Vaccinium virgatum* (commonly known as either rabbit-eye blueberry or southern black blueberry) is a species of blueberry native to the Southeastern United States, from North Carolina south to Florida and west to Texas. WIKIPEDIA:Vaccinium_virgatum http://langual.org GRIN:41068 ITIS:505636 LANGUAL:B4356 PLANTS:VAVI2 http://eol.org/pages/4267 Vaccinium virgatum Ait. Vaccinium virgatum Aiton blueberry, rabbiteye blueberry, smallflower blueberry, southern black smallflower blueberry southern black blueberry vaccinium virgatum rabbiteye blueberry plant *Sorbus* is a genus of about 100 - 200 species of trees and shrubs in the Rose family, *Rosaceae*. Species of *Sorbus* (s.l.) are commonly known as whitebeam, rowan, service tree, and mountain-ash. WIKIPEDIA:Sorbus http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4357 http://eol.org/pages/29929 sorbus spp. sorbus plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:407718 ITIS:502078 LANGUAL:B4358 PLANTS:DISI3 http://eol.org/pages/489615 Diospyros sintenisii (Krug & Urb.) Standl. Diospyros sintenisii (Krug & Urban) Standl. diospyros sintenisii chinese persimmon plant as food source The Bactrian camel (*Camelus bactrianus*) is a large, even-toed ungulate native to the steppes of central Asia. The Bactrian camel has two humps on its back, in contrast to the single-humped dromedary camel. WIKIPEDIA:Camelus_bactrianus http://langual.org ITIS:625026 LANGUAL:B4359 MSW3:14200112 http://eol.org/pages/344581 Camelus bactrianus Linnaeus, 1758 camelus bactrianus bactrian camel as food source The dromedary camel or Arabian camel (*Camelus dromedarius*) is a large, even-toed ungulate with one hump on its back. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The dromedary camel is the second largest member of the camel family after the larger Bactrian camel. WIKIPEDIA:Camelus_dromedarius http://langual.org ITIS:625027 LANGUAL:B4360 MSW3:14200115 http://eol.org/pages/309019 Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758 arabian camel camelus dromedarius dromedary camel as food source The mouflon (*Ovis aries orientalis* group) is a subspecies group of the wild sheep *Ovis aries*. Populations of *Ovis aries* can be partitioned into the mouflons (*orientalis* group) and urials or arkars (*vignei* group). The mouflon is thought to be one of the two ancestors for all modern domestic sheep breeds. WIKIPEDIA:Ovis_aries_orientalis http://langual.org ITIS:552475 LANGUAL:B4361 MSW3:14200833 http://eol.org/pages/311906 Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 Ovis aries orientalis Gmelin, 1774 moufflon ovis aries orientalis mouflon as food source A ratite is any of a diverse group of large, flightless birds of Gondwanan origin, most of them now extinct. There is still some controversy regarding the systematics involved. Some sources state that Ratites are synonymous with *Struthioiniformes*, while other sources state that Ratites are the same group, only that the order *Struthioniformes* contains only the Ostrich and possibly the Elephant Bird. Unlike other flightless birds, the ratites have no keel on their sternum - hence the name from the Latin ratis (for raft). Without this to anchor their wing muscles, they could not fly even if they were to develop suitable wings. WIKIPEDIA:Ratite http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4362 http://eol.org/pages/8662 struthioniformes ratite as food source Kiwi are flightless birds endemic to New Zealand, in the genus *Apteryx* and family *Apterygidae*. At around the size of a domestic chicken, kiwi are by far the smallest living ratites and lay the largest egg in relation to their body size of any species of bird in the world. WIKIPEDIA:Kiwi http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4363 http://eol.org/pages/8663 Apteryx Shaw, 1813 apteryx kiwi as food source The Northern Bobwhite, Virginia Quail or (in its home range) Bobwhite Quail (*Colinus virginianus*) is a ground-dwelling bird native to the United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean. It is a member of the group of species known as New World quails (*Odontophoridae*). They were initially placed with the Old World quails in the pheasant family (*Phasianidae*), but are not particularly closely related. The name "bobwhite" derives from its characteristic whistling call. WIKIPEDIA:Bobwhite_Quail http://langual.org ITIS:175863 LANGUAL:B4364 http://eol.org/pages/1049187 Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758) bobwhite quail colinus virginianus virginia quail northern bobwhite as food source The California Quail, *Callipepla californica*, also known as the California Valley Quail or Valley Quail, is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. It is the state bird of California. WIKIPEDIA:California_Quail http://langual.org ITIS:175876 LANGUAL:B4365 http://eol.org/pages/1049189 Callipepla californica (Shaw, 1798) callipepla californica california quail as food source The Common Quail, *Coturnix coturnix*, is a small bird in the pheasant family *Phasianidae*. It is widespread and is found in parts of Europe, (should not be confused with the domesticated Japanese Quail, *Coturnix japonica*, original from Asia that although visually similar have very distinct calls). WIKIPEDIA:Common_Quail http://langual.org ITIS:553871 LANGUAL:B4366 http://eol.org/pages/914847 Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758) coturnix coturnix common quail as food source The Mallard or Wild Duck (*Anas platyrhynchos*) is a dabbling duck which breeds throughout the temperate and subtropical Americas, Europe, Asia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to New Zealand and Australia. This duck belongs to the subfamily *Anatinae* of the waterfowl family *Anatidae*. http://langual.org ITIS:175063 LANGUAL:B4367 http://eol.org/pages/1047918 Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 anas platyrhynchos duck, wild wild duck mallard as food source The Muscovy Duck (*Cairina moschata*) is a large duck native to Mexico, Central, and South America. Small wild and feral breeding populations have established themselves in the United States, particularly in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, as well as in many other parts of North America, including southern Canada. Feral Muscovy Ducks have also been reported in parts of Europe. WIKIPEDIA:Muscovy_Duck http://langual.org ITIS:175246 LANGUAL:B4368 http://eol.org/pages/1048537 Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758) barbary duck cairina moschata muscovy duck as food source Pekin duck, or Long Island duck (*Anas platyrhynchos domestica*, or *Anas peking*), is a breed of domesticated duck used primarily for egg and meat production. It was bred from the Mallard in China. WIKIPEDIA:Pekin_duck http://langual.org ITIS:175063 LANGUAL:B4369 http://eol.org/pages/1047918 Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 anas platyrhynchos dom. long island duck pekin duck as food source The Mulard (or Moulard) is a hybrid variety of domestic duck produced by crossing a female Pekin with a male Muscovy Duck. Since the domestic Pekin is descended from the Mallard Duck (*Anas platyrhynchos*) and the Muscovy (*Cairina moschata*) is a separate species, all Mulards are sterile F1 hybrids. Most are bred through artificial insemination, and are sometimes also called "mule ducks". WIKIPEDIA:Mulard_duck http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4370 mule duck mulard duck as food source The red deer (*Cervus elaphus*) is one of the largest deer species. The red deer inhabits most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Asia Minor, parts of western Asia, and central Asia. It also inhabits the Atlas Mountains region between Morocco and Tunisia in northwestern Africa, being the only species of deer to inhabit Africa. Red deer have been introduced to other areas, including Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. In many parts of the world, the meat (venison) from red deer is used as a food source. WIKIPEDIA:Red_deer http://langual.org ITIS:180695 LANGUAL:B4371 MSW3:14200352 http://eol.org/pages/328649 Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 cervus elaphus red deer as food source *Aesculus turbinata*, common name "Japanese horse-chestnut" is native to Japan but cultivated elsewhere. It is a tree up to 30 m tall. Flowers are white to pale yellowish with red spots. Capsules are dark brown, obovoid to pyriform. The seeds were traditionally eaten, after leaching, by the Jomon people of Japan over about four millennia, until 300 AD. WIKIPEDIA:Aesculus_turbinata http://langual.org GRIN:1637 ITIS:506070 LANGUAL:B4372 PLANTS:AETU http://eol.org/pages/483851 Aesculus turbinata Blume aesculus turbinata japanese horse chestnut japanese horse-chestnut plant as food source *Vicia sativa*, known as the Common Vetch, Tare or simply "the vetch", is a nitrogen fixing leguminous plant. Although considered a weed when found growing in a cultivated grainfield, this hardy plant is often grown as green manure or livestock fodder. WIKIPEDIA:Vicia_sativa http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13830 GRIN:300667 ITIS:26355 LANGUAL:B4373 PLANTS:VISA http://eol.org/pages/703227 Vicia sativa L. garden vetch narrowleaf vetch sweetpea (garden vetch) vicia sativa common vetch plant as food source The biological subfamily Bovinae includes a diverse group of 10 genera of medium- to large-sized ungulates, including domestic cattle, the bison, African buffalo, the water buffalo, the yak, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship between the members of the group is obscure, and their classification into loose tribes rather than formal subgroups reflects this uncertainty. General characteristics include cloven hoofs and usually at least one of the sexes of a species having true horns. WIKIPEDIA:Bovinae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4374 http://eol.org/pages/2851454 bovinae bovine as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4375 http://eol.org/pages/103531 tragelaphus spp. spiral-horned bovine as food source http://langual.org ITIS:625128 LANGUAL:B4376 MSW3:14200727 http://eol.org/pages/1038786 Tragelaphus angasii Angas, 1848 Tragelaphus angasii Gray, 1849 tragelaphus angasii nyala as food source http://langual.org ITIS:625129 LANGUAL:B4377 MSW3:14200728 http://eol.org/pages/1038787 Tragelaphus buxtoni (Lydekker, 1910) Tragelaphus buxtoni Lydekker, 1910 tragelaphus buxtoni mountain nyala as food source http://langual.org ITIS:625131 LANGUAL:B4378 MSW3:14200730 http://eol.org/pages/1038789 Tragelaphus imberbis (Blyth, 1869) Tragelaphus imberbis Blyth, 1869 tragelaphus imberbis lesser kudu as food source http://langual.org ITIS:625134 LANGUAL:B4379 MSW3:14200746 http://eol.org/pages/1038792 Tragelaphus strepsiceros (Pallas, 1766) Tragelaphus strepsiceros Pallas, 1766 tragelaphus strepsiceros greater kudu as food source http://langual.org ITIS:625122 LANGUAL:B4380 http://eol.org/pages/2851454 Bubalus mephistopheles Hopwood, 1925 bubalus mephistopheles short-horned water buffalo as food source A bovid (family *Bovidae*) is any of almost 140 species of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammal which has males with characteristic unbranching horns covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. The family is widespread, being native to Asia, Africa, Europe and North America, and diverse: members include bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle. WIKIPEDIA:Bovidae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4381 http://eol.org/pages/7687 bovidae bovid as food source Chinese mud carp (Cirrhinus chinensis) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Cirrhinus. Chinese mud carp is an important food fish in Guangdong Province. It is also cultured in this area and Taiwan. Cantonese and Shunde cuisines often use this fish to make fish balls and dumplings. WIKIPEDIA:Cirrhinus_chinensis http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4382 http://eol.org/pages/3198 cirrhinus chinensis chinese mud carp as food source Alaska plaice (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus) is a saltwater fish that live in the North Pacific Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 600 metres deep. Their geographic range is from the Gulf of Alaska in the east, to the Chukchi Sea in the north, to the Sea of Japan in the west. WIKIPEDIA:Pleuronectes_quadrituberculatus http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: CEC 1993:1132 ITIS:172901 LANGUAL:B4383 http://eol.org/pages/221039 Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus Pallas, 1814 pleuronectes quadrituberculatus alaska plaice as food source http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: FAO ASFIS:SCG ITIS:79757 LANGUAL:B4384 http://eol.org/pages/449725 Patinopecten caurinus Patinopecten caurinus (Gould 1850) Patinopecten caurinus (Gould, 1850) patinopecten caurinus weathervane scallop as food source The common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) is a large freshwater turtle of the family Chelydridae. Its natural range extends from southeastern Canada, southwest to the edge of the Rocky Mountains, as far east as Nova Scotia and Florida and as far southwest as northeastern Mexico. This species and the larger alligator snapping turtle are the only two species in this family found in North America (though the common snapping turtle, as its name implies, is much more widespread). WIKIPEDIA:Chelydra_serpentina http://langual.org ITIS:173752 LANGUAL:B4385 http://eol.org/pages/795409 Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) chelydra serpentina snapping turtle as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4386 achatina giant snail as food source *Stevia* is a genus of about 240 species of herbs and shrubs in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), native to subtropical and tropical regions from western North America to South America. The species *Stevia rebaudiana*, commonly known as sweetleaf, sweet leaf, sugarleaf, or simply stevia, is widely grown for its sweet leaves. As a sweetener and sugar substitute, stevia's taste has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar, although some of its extracts may have a bitter or licorice-like aftertaste at high concentrations. With its steviol glycoside extracts having up to 300 times the sweetness of sugar, stevia has garnered attention with the rise in demand for low-carbohydrate, low-sugar food alternatives. WIKIPEDIA:Stevia_rebaudiana http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13323 GRIN:35581 ITIS:505914 LANGUAL:B4455 PLANTS:STRE2 http://eol.org/pages/483967 Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni candyleaf stevia rebaudiana sugarleaf sweet leaf sweetleaf stevia plant as food source Cupuaçu (*Theobroma grandiflorum*), also spelled cupuassu, cupuazú, and copoasu, is a tropical rainforest tree related to cacao. Common throughout the Amazon basin, it is widely cultivated in the jungles of Colombia, Bolivia and Peru and in the north of Brazil, with the largest production in Pará, followed by Amazonas, Rondônia and Acre. The white pulp of the cupuaçu is uniquely fragrant (described as a mix of chocolate and pineapple), and it contains theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) instead of the xanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) found in cacao.[1] It is frequently used in desserts, juices and sweets. The juice tastes primarily like a pear, with a hint of banana. WIKIPEDIA:Cupuacu http://langual.org GRIN:101891 ITIS:506108 LANGUAL:B4457 PLANTS:THGR7 http://eol.org/pages/482162 Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum. Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum. Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Sprengel) Schumann theobroma grandiflorum cupuaçu plant as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4459 cucumis species as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4460 cucurbitaceae gourd/squash family as food source *Byrsonima crassifolia* is a species of flowering plant in the acerola family, *Malpighiaceae*, that is native to tropical America. It is valued for its small, sweet, yellow fruit, which are strongly scented. Common names include nanche, nance, chacunga, changunga, craboo, kraabu, savanna serrette (or savanna serret) and golden spoon. WIKIPEDIA:Byrsonima_crassifolia http://langual.org GRIN:8222 ITIS:29263 LANGUAL:B4461 PLANTS:BYCR http://eol.org/pages/592366 Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth byrsonima crassifolia craboo maricao cimun nance golden-spoon plant as food source *Crescentia alata* (variously called Mexican Calabash, Jicaro, Morrito, Winged Calabash) is a species in the trumpet-flower family *Bignoniaceae*, native to southern Mexico and Central America south to Costa Rica. The seeds are edible and high in protein with a licorice-like sweet taste, used in Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua to make a kind of horchata called Semilla de Jicaro. WIKIPEDIA:Morro_seed http://langual.org GRIN:12207 ITIS:506047 LANGUAL:B4462 PLANTS:CRAL11 http://eol.org/pages/483784 Crescentia alata Kunth crescentia alata jicaro morro tecomate morrito plant as food source *Nuphar lutea* (Yellow Water-lily) is an aquatic plant of the family *Nymphaeaceae*, native to temperate regions of Europe, northwest Africa, and western Asia. Root - raw or cooked. The root can be soaked in water in order to remove a bitter taste. After long boiling, it has a taste like sheep's liver. The root can also be dried and ground into a powder then used as a thickener in soups, or can be added to cereal flours when making bread, cakes etc. Seed - raw or cooked. It can be roasted, then ground into a powder and eaten raw or used to thicken soups etc. The seed can also be toasted like popcorn. [http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Nuphar+lutea] WIKIPEDIA:Nuphar_lutea http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11411 GRIN:416165 ITIS:503968 LANGUAL:B4463 PLANTS:NULU http://eol.org/pages/486680 Nuphar lutea (L.) Sm. nuphar lutea yellow water-lily yellow pond lily plant as food source The flowering tree *Crateva religiosa* (syn *Crataeva religiosa*, *Crateva adansonii*) is called the sacred garlic pear and temple plant, and many other names in a variety of dialects, including Balai Lamok, abiyuch, barna, varuna, and bidasi. The tree is sometimes called the spider tree because the showy flowers bear long, spidery stamens. It is native to Japan, Australia, much of Southeast Asia and several south Pacific islands. It is grown elsewhere for fruit, especially in parts of the African continent. The fruit of the tree is edible. WIKIPEDIA:Crateva_religiosa http://langual.org GRIN:12158 ITIS:505883 LANGUAL:B4464 PLANTS:CRRE12 http://eol.org/pages/485000 Crateva religiosa Forster f. Crateva religiosa G. Forst. crateva religiosa garlic-pear sacred barma sacred garlic-pear templeplant abiyuch plant as food source Chordates, members of the phylum *Chordata*, are deuterostome animals possessing a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail for at least some period of their life cycles. Taxonomically, the phylum includes the subphyla *Vertebrata*, including mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds; *Tunicata*, including salps and sea squirts; and *Cephalochordata*, comprising the lancelets. WIKIPEDIA:Chordate http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4465 http://eol.org/pages/694 chordata chordate as food source Tunicates, previously known as *Urochordata* or urochordates, are members of the *Tunicata*, a subphylum of the phylum *Chordata*. They are marine filter feeders with a saclike morphology. In their respiration and feeding they take in water through an incurrent (or inhalant) siphon and expel the filtered water through an excurrent (or exhalant) siphon. Most adult tunicates are sessile and attached to rocks or similarly suitable surfaces on the ocean floor; others such as salps, doliolids and pyrosomes swim in the pelagic zone as adults. Various species are commonly known as sea squirts or sea pork. WIKIPEDIA:Tunicate http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4466 oopah sea squirt tunicata tunicate as food source *Ascidiacea* (commonly known as the ascidians or sea squirts) is a class in the Tunicata subphylum of sac-like marine invertebrate filter feeders. Ascidians are characterized by a tough outer "tunic" made of the polysaccharide tunicin, as compared to other tunicates which are less rigid. WIKIPEDIA:Ascidiacea http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4467 http://eol.org/pages/1486 ascidiacea sea squirts ascidian as food source The (North) American black bear (*Ursus americanus*) is a medium-sized bear native to North America. It is the continent's smallest and most common bear species. Although they all live in North America, American black bears are not closely related to brown bears and polar bears; genetic studies reveal that they split from a common ancestor 5.05 million years ago. Both American and Asiatic black bears are considered sister taxa, and are more closely related to each other than to other species of bear WIKIPEDIA:Ursus_americanus http://langual.org ITIS:180544 LANGUAL:B4468 MSW3:14000953 http://eol.org/pages/328582 Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780 baribal ursus americanus american black bear as food source The polar bear (*Ursus maritimus*) is a bear native largely within the Arctic Circle encompassing the Arctic Ocean, its surrounding seas and surrounding land masses. It is the world's largest land carnivore and also the largest bear, together with the omnivorous Kodiak Bear, which is approximately the same size. Although it is closely related to the brown bear, it has evolved to occupy a narrower ecological niche, with many body characteristics adapted for cold temperatures, for moving across snow, ice, and open water, and for hunting the seals which make up most of its diet. WIKIPEDIA:Ursus_maritimus http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:BPL ITIS:180542 LANGUAL:B4469 MSW3:14000987 http://eol.org/pages/328580 Ursus maritimus Phipps, 1774 ursus maritimus polar bear as food source The brown bear (*Ursus arctos*) is a large bear distributed across much of northern Eurasia and North America. Adult bears generally weigh between 100 and 635 kg (220 and 1,400 lb) and its largest subspecies, the Kodiak bear, rivals the polar bear as the largest member of the bear family and as the largest land-based predator. There are several recognized subspecies within the brown bear species. In North America, two types are generally recognized, the coastal brown bear and the inland grizzly bear, and the two types could broadly define all brown bear subspecies. WIKIPEDIA:Brown_bear http://langual.org ITIS:180543 LANGUAL:B4470 MSW3:14000970 http://eol.org/pages/328581 Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 ursus arctos brown bear as food source The Kodiak bear (*Ursus arctos middendorffi*), also known as the Kodiak brown bear or the Alaskan grizzly bear or American brown bear, occupies the islands of the Kodiak Archipelago in South-Western Alaska. Its name in the Alutiiq language is Taquka-aq. It is the largest subspecies of brown bear. WIKIPEDIA:Kodiak_Bear http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4471 MSW3:14000982 http://eol.org/pages/7664 Ursus arctos middendorffi Merriam, 1896 taquka-aq ursus arctos middendorffi kodiak bear as food source The grizzly bear (*Ursus arctos horribilis*), also known as the silvertip bear, the grizzly, or the North American brown bear, is a subspecies of brown bear (Ursus arctos) that generally lives in the uplands of western North America. This subspecies is thought to descend from Ussuri brown bears which crossed to Alaska from eastern Russia 100,000 years ago, though they did not move south until 13,000 years ago. WIKIPEDIA:Grizzly_bear http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4472 MSW3:14000979 http://eol.org/pages/7664 Ursus arctos horribilis Ord, 1815 grizzly north american brown bear silvertip bear ursus arctos horribilis grizzly bear as food source The California golden bear or California grizzly (*Ursus arctos californicus*) is an extinct subspecies of the brown bear. The California golden bear disappeared from the state of California in 1922, when the last one was shot in Tulare County. In 1866, a grizzly weighing 2,200 pounds was killed in Valley Center, California, the largest grizzly killed in California. WIKIPEDIA:California_golden_bear http://langual.org ITIS:726987 LANGUAL:B4473 MSW3:14000974 http://eol.org/pages/7664 Ursus arctos californicus Merriam, 1896 ursus arctos californicus california golden bear as food source Vaccinium ovalifolium (commonly known as Alaska blueberry, early blueberry, oval-leaf bilberry, oval-leaf blueberry, and oval-leaf huckleberry) is a plant in the heath family having three varieties, all of which grow in northerly regions, including the subarctic. WIKIPEDIA:Vaccinium_ovalifolium http://langual.org GRIN:41045 ITIS:23576 ITIS:23607 LANGUAL:B4474 PLANTS:VAAL3 PLANTS:VAOV http://eol.org/pages/583635 Vaccinium alaskaense Howell Vaccinium alaskaense T.J. Howell Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. oval-leaf bilberry oval-leaf blueberry oval-leaf huckleberry vaccinium alaskaense vaccinium ovalifolium alaska blueberry plant *Typha angustifolia* L., ( also Lesser Bulrush or Narrowleaf Cattail or Lesser Reedmace), is a perennial herbaceous plant of genus *Typha*. This cattail is an "obligate wetland" species that is commonly found in the northern hemisphere in brackish locations. Several parts of the plant are edible, including during various seasons the dormant sprouts on roots and bases of leaves, the inner core of the stalk, green bloom spikes, ripe pollen, and starchy roots. The edible stem is called bòn bòn in Vietnam. WIKIPEDIA:Typha_angustifolia http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13704 GRIN:40799 ITIS:42325 LANGUAL:B4475 PLANTS:TYAN http://eol.org/pages/526430 Typha angustifolia L. lesser bulrush lesser reedmace narrow-leaf cat-tail narrowleaf cattail typha angustifolia narrowleaf cattail plant as food source Chitons are small to large marine molluscs in the class *Polyplacophora*, which formerly was known as *Amphineura*. There are approximately 940 extant and 430 fossil species recognized. These molluscs are also sometimes commonly known as sea cradles or "coat-of-mail shells". They are also sometimes referred to more formally as loricates, polyplacophorans, and rarely as polyplacophores. Chitons have a dorsal shell which is composed of eight separate shell plates or valves. These plates overlap somewhat at the front and back edges, and yet the plates articulate well with one another. WIKIPEDIA:Polyplacophora http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4476 http://eol.org/pages/2680 amphineura chiton chíton loricate polplacophore polyplacophora polyplacophoran as food source *Katharina tunicata* (Wood, 1815) is commonly known as the Black Katy chiton, Black Leather chiton, Black chiton, or Leather chiton. Capable of growing up to 12 cm, the animal is generally described as being football-shaped with a black leathery girdle in which are embedded eight protective plates. The parts of the plates that are visible are sometimes (but not always) diamond-shaped in outline. The underside of the animal is dull orange or yellow. WIKIPEDIA:Katharina_tunicata http://langual.org ITIS:78979 LANGUAL:B4477 http://eol.org/pages/450283 Katharina tunicata (W. Wood, 1815) black chiton black leather chiton gumboots katharina tunicata leather chiton leathery chiton black katy chiton as food source *Viburnum edule$&i, the squashberry, mooseberry, pembina, pimbina, highbush cranberry, lowbush cranberry or moosomin in Cree language, is a small shrub species. WIKIPEDIA:Viburnum_edule http://langual.org GRIN:41348 ITIS:35261 LANGUAL:B4478 PLANTS:VIED http://eol.org/pages/490019 Viburnum edule (Michx.) Raf. highbush cranberry lowbush cranberry mooseberry moosomin pembina pimbina viburnum edule squashberry plant The White-winged Scoter (Melanitta deglandi) or (Melanitta fusca deglandi) is a large sea duck. WIKIPEDIA:White-winged_scoter http://langual.org ITIS:175165 LANGUAL:B4479 http://eol.org/pages/8027 Melanitta fusca deglandi (Bonaparte, 1850) melanitta deglandi melanitta fusca deglandi white-winged scoter as food source The Velvet Scoter (*Melanitta fusca*), also called a Velvet Duck or whitewing (not to be confused with the white-winged scoter), is a large sea duck, which breeds over the far north of Europe and Asia west of the Yenisey basin. A small, isolated population nests in eastern Turkey. The East Siberian and North American White-winged Scoter is sometimes considered conspecific with the Velvet Scoter, and its two constituent subspecies are then known as *M. f. stejnegeri* and *M. f. deglandi*. Velvet and White-winged Scoter, along with the Surf Scoter, are placed in the subgenus *Melanitta*, distinct from the subgenus *Oidemia*, Black and Common Scoters. http://langual.org ITIS:175163 LANGUAL:B4480 http://eol.org/pages/1048996 Melanitta fusca (Linnaeus, 1758) melanitta fusca velvet scoter as food source *Umbridae* (mudminnows) are a family of *Actinopterygii*, ray-finned fish that inhabit freshwater environments in temperate regions across the Northern Hemisphere. They are generally small fish, with the largest species reaching 33 centimetres (13 in) in length, and most less than half that. WIKIPEDIA:Umbridae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4481 http://eol.org/pages/5508 umbridae mudminnow family as food source Alaska blackfish are found in swamps, ponds, lakes, and streams with vegetation for cover, in tundra and forested locations not far inland. Their range includes Alaska and the Bering Sea islands. Alaska Natives once ate these fish and fed them to their dogs, catching them in the fall and freezing them for use over winter. WIKIPEDIA:Dallia_pectoralis http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:DAP ITIS:162159 LANGUAL:B4482 http://eol.org/pages/1012685 Dallia pectoralis Bean, 1880 dallia pectoralis alaska blackfish as food source *Hedysarum alpinum* is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common name alpine sweetvetch. It has a circumpolar distribution, occurring throughout the northern latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. In North America it is widespread in Canada and the northernmost United States, including Alaska. WIKIPEDIA:Hedysarum_alpinum http://langual.org GRIN:18594 ITIS:26723 LANGUAL:B4483 PLANTS:HEAL http://eol.org/pages/703939 Hedysarum alpinum L. hedysarum alpinum alpine sweetvetch plant as food source *Enteroctopus dofleini*, also known as the giant Pacific octopus or North Pacific giant octopus, is a large cephalopod belonging to the genus *Enteroctopus*. WIKIPEDIA:Enteroctopus_dofleini http://langual.org ITIS:557227 LANGUAL:B4484 http://eol.org/pages/486386 Enteroctopus dofleini (Wülker, 1910) enteroctopus dofleini north pacific giant octopus giant pacific octopus as food source The bearded seal (*Erignathus barbatus*), also called the square flipper seal, is a medium-sized pinniped that is found in and near to the Arctic Ocean. Bearded seals are a primary food source for polar bears and for the Inuit of the Arctic coast. The Inuktitut name for the seal is Ugyuk or Oogrook or Oogruk. WIKIPEDIA:Bearded_seal http://langual.org CEC 1993:1430 FAO ASFIS:SEB ITIS:180655 LANGUAL:B4485 MSW3:14001032 http://eol.org/pages/328631 Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben, 1777) Erignathus barbatus Erxleben, 1777 erignathus barbatus oogruk square flipper seal squareflipper ugruk bearded seal as food source The beluga or white whale, *Delphinapterus leucas*, is an Arctic and sub-Arctic cetacean. It is one of two members of the family *Monodontidae*, along with the narwhal, and the only member of the genus *Delphinapterus*. This marine mammal is commonly referred to simply as the beluga or sea canary due to its high-pitched twitter. Using the term "white whale" to refer to belugas is, in the strictest sense, erroneous, as the term "whale" is usually applied to the *Mysticeti* (baleen whales) and not to toothed cetaceans which belong to the suborder *Odontoceti*, which also includes dolphins and porpoises. ] WIKIPEDIA:Beluga_whale http://langual.org CEC 1993:1460 FAO ASFIS:BEL ITIS:180483 LANGUAL:B4486 MSW3:14300105 http://eol.org/pages/328541 Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776) Delphinapterus leucas Pallas, 1776 delphinapterus leucas white whale beluga whale as food source The spotted seal (*Phoca largha*, *Phoca vitulina largha*), also known as the larga or largha seal, is a member of the family *Phocidae*, and is considered a "true seal". It inhabits ice floes and waters of the north Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas. WIKIPEDIA:Spotted_seal http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:SST ITIS:180642 LANGUAL:B4487 MSW3:14001059 http://eol.org/pages/328628 Phoca largha (Pallas, 1811) Phoca largha Pallas, 1811 larga seal phoca largha phoca vitulina largha spotted seal as food source The bowhead whale (*Balaena mysticetus*) is a baleen whale of the right whale family *Balaenidae*, in suborder *Mysticeti* and genus *Balaena*. It lives entirely in fertile Arctic and sub-Arctic waters, unlike other whales that migrate to feed or reproduce to low latitude waters. It was also known as Greenland right whale or Arctic whale. American whalemen called it the steeple-top, polar whale, or Russia or Russian whale. WIKIPEDIA:Balaena_mysticetus http://langual.org CEC 1993:1468 FAO ASFIS:BMY ITIS:180533 LANGUAL:B4488 MSW3:14300005 http://eol.org/pages/328577 Balaena mysticetus Linnaeus, 1758 arctic right whale balaena mysticetus black right whale bowhead whale great polar whale greenland right whale bowhead whale as food source Owls are a group of birds that belong to the order *Strigiformes*, constituting 200 extant bird of prey species. Most are solitary and nocturnal, with some exceptions (e.g., the Northern Hawk Owl). Owls hunt mostly small mammals, insects, and other birds, although a few species specialize in hunting fish. They are found in all regions of the Earth except Antarctica, most of Greenland and some remote islands. Though owls are typically solitary, the literary collective noun for a group of owls is a parliament. Owls are characterized by their small beaks and wide faces, and are divided into two families: the typical owls, *Strigidae*; and the barn-owls, *Tytonidae*. WIKIPEDIA:Strigiformes http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4489 http://eol.org/pages/696 strigiformes owl order as food source True owl or Typical owl (family *Strigidae*) are one of the two generally accepted families of Owls, the other being the barn owls (*Tytonidae*). The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy unites the *Caprimulgiformes* with the owl order; here, the typical owls are a subfamily *Strigidae*. This is unsupported by more recent research (see *Cypselomorphae* for details), but the relationships of the owls in general are still unresolved. This large family comprises around 189 living species in 25 genera. The typical owls have a cosmopolitan distribution and are found on every continent except Antarctica. WIKIPEDIA:Strigidae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4490 http://eol.org/pages/8660 strigidae typical owl family as food source The Great Horned Owl, (*Bubo virginianus*), also known as the Tiger Owl, is a large owl native to the Americas. It is an adaptable bird with a vast range and is the most widely distributed true owl in the Americas. WIKIPEDIA:Bubo_virginianus http://langual.org ITIS:177884 LANGUAL:B4491 http://eol.org/pages/914958 Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788) bubo virginianus great horned owl as food source *Opuntia polyacantha* is a common species of cactus known by the common names plains pricklypear, hairspine cactus, panhandle pricklypear, and starvation pricklypear. It is native to North America, where it is widespread in western Canada, the central and western United States, and northern Mexico. WIKIPEDIA:Opuntia_polyacantha http://langual.org GRIN:314437 ITIS:19726 LANGUAL:B4492 PLANTS:OPPO http://eol.org/pages/592880 Opuntia polyacantha Haw. hairspine cactus opuntia polyacantha panhandle pricklypear starvation prickle starvation pricklypear plains pricklypear plant as food source *Psoralea esculenta* (prairie turnip) is an herbaceous perennial plant native to prairies and dry woodlands of central North America, which bears a starchy tuberous root edible as a root vegetable. The plant is also known as *Pediomelum esculenta*. English names for the plant include tipsin, teepsenee, breadroot, breadroot scurf pea, and pomme blanche. The prairie turnip was a staple food of the Plains Indians. WIKIPEDIA:Prairie_Turnip http://langual.org GRIN:312047 ITIS:504177 LANGUAL:B4493 PLANTS:PEES http://eol.org/pages/639008 Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb. breadroot pediomelum esculentum prairie-turnip psoralea esculenta prairie turnip plant as food source The *Polygonaceae* are a family of flowering plants known informally as the knotweed family or smartweed-buckwheat family in the United States. The name is based on the genus *Polygonum*, and was first used by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789 in his book, Genera Plantarum. The name refers to the many swollen nodes the stems of some species have. It is derived from Greek; poly means many and goni means knee or joint. WIKIPEDIA:Polygonaceae http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4494 http://eol.org/pages/4364 polygonaceae smartweed-buckwheat family knotweed family as food source [] http://langual.org GRIN:455714 ITIS:20870 LANGUAL:B4495 PLANTS:POAL11 http://eol.org/pages/4364 Aconogonon alaskanum (Small) Sojak Polygonum alpinum All. aconogonon alaskanum polygonum alaskanum alaska wild rhubarb plant as food source *Pangium edule* (Indonesian: keluak or keluwak;Malay: kepayang) is a tall tree native to the mangrove swamps of Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia and Papua New Guinea). It produces a large poisonous fruit (the "football fruit") which can be made edible by fermentation. In Singapore and Malaysia, the seeds are best known as an essential ingredient in ayam (chicken) or babi (pork) buah keluak, a mainstay of Peranakan cuisine. Alternatively, the kernels may be ground up to form a thick black gravy called rawan (or rawon in parts of Indonesia). WIKIPEDIA:Pangium_edule http://langual.org GRIN:26427 LANGUAL:B4496 PLANTS:PAED4 Pangium edule Reinw. Pangium edule Reinw. ex Blume pangium edule rowal pangium edule plant as food source The Steller sea lion (*Eumetopias jubatus*) also known as the northern sea lion and Steller's sea lion, is a near threatened species of sea lion in the northern Pacific. WIKIPEDIA:Eumetopias_jubatus http://langual.org CEC 1993:1424 FAO ASFIS:SSL ITIS:180625 LANGUAL:B4497 MSW3:14001011 http://eol.org/pages/328617 Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber 1776) Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776) Eumetopias jubatus Schreber, 1776 eumetopias jubatus northern sea lion steller sea lion as food source The ringed seal (Pusa hispida), also known as the jar seal and as netsik or nattiq by the Inuit, is an earless seal (family: Phocidae) inhabiting the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions... Ringed seals occur throughout the Arctic Ocean. They can be found in the Baltic Sea, the Bering Sea and the Hudson Bay. They prefer to rest on ice floe and will move farther north for denser ice. One subspecies can be found in freshwater. WIKIPEDIA:Pusa_hispida http://langual.org ITIS:622018 LANGUAL:B4498 http://eol.org/pages/1052724 Pusa hispida (Schreber, 1775) jar seal pusa hispida ringed seal as food source *Rumex arcticus*, commonly known as Arctic Dock or Sourdock, is a perennial flowering plant that is native to Alaska. Its leaves are an important part of the diet of native Alaskans such as the Yupik people, who include it in various dishes such as akutaq. WIKIPEDIA:Rumex_arcticus http://langual.org GRIN:448242 ITIS:20935 LANGUAL:B4499 PLANTS:RUAR6 http://eol.org/pages/585264 Rumex arcticus Trautv. rumex arcticus sourdock arctic dock plant as food source *Spermophilus* is a genus of ground squirrels in the family *Sciuridae*. The majority of ground squirrel species, over 40 in total, are usually placed in this genus. However, *Spermophilus* in the broad sense has been found to be paraphyletic to the certainly distinct prairie dogs, marmots, and antelope squirrels, so it has been split into several genera by Kristofer Helgen and colleagues. WIKIPEDIA:Spermophilus http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4500 http://eol.org/pages/15104 spermophilus ground squirrel as food source The Arctic ground squirrel (*Urocitellus parryii*) is a species of ground squirrel native to the Arctic. People in Alaska, particularly around the Aleutians, refer to them as "Parka" (pronounced "par'kee") squirrels. probably because their pelt is good for making the fur edging on the hoods of Parka style jackets. WIKIPEDIA:Spermophilus_parryii http://langual.org ITIS:180146 LANGUAL:B4501 http://eol.org/pages/8703 Spermophilus parryii (Richardson, 1825) spermophilus parryii urocitellus parryii arctic ground squirrel as food source *Salix pulchra* is a species of flowering plant in the willow family, known by the common names diamondleaf willow, tealeaf willow, and thin red willow. It is native to northern North America, where it occurs in Alaska, Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. The species is also found in northern British Columbia, and occurs in Russia. *Salix pulchra* is one of the least bitter-tasting willows in Alaska, and in the springtime, young leaves may be harvested for human consumption. The leaves and shoots were eaten by the Eskimo raw and dried, or stored in seal oil for future use. The leaves were also used to brew tea and make soup. At Nunivak Island, parts of this plant were chewed to treat ailments such as mouth sores and pain. This willow also provides a good source of vitamin C. WIKIPEDIA:Salix_pulchra http://langual.org ITIS:22488 LANGUAL:B4502 PLANTS:SAPU15 http://eol.org/pages/585411 Salix pulchra Cham. salix pulchra tealeaf willow plant as food source Hedge mustard (*Sisymbrium officinale*) is a plant in the family *Brassicaceae*. It is found on roadsides and wasteland, and as a weed of arable land. A native of Europe and North Africa, it is now well-established throughout the world. It is distinct from the Mustard plants which belong to the genus Brassica. WIKIPEDIA:Hedge_mustard http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13132 GRIN:34458 ITIS:23316 LANGUAL:B4503 PLANTS:SIOF http://eol.org/pages/583773 Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. sisymbrium officinale hedge mustard plant as food source *Xanthosoma brasiliense* (Desf.) Engl. This particular taro was developed for its yield of edible leaves and stems rather than its roots. Food: the leaves and leaf stems are eaten as a cooked, green vegetable; the stems are widely used as a celery substitute in tropical areas. [http://greenharvest.com.au/Plants/Information/TahitianSpinach.html] http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13952 GRIN:42083 ITIS:42583 LANGUAL:B4504 PLANTS:XABR http://eol.org/pages/1127778 Xanthosoma brasiliense (Desf.) Engl. tahitian taro xanthosoma brasiliense tahitian spinach plant as food source Pattypan squash, sunburst squash, cibleme in Cajun French, white squash, scallopini or yellow squash in Australian English, is a summer squash (species *Cucurbita pepo*) notable for its small size, round and shallow shape, and scalloped edges, somewhat resembling a small toy top, or flying saucer. WIKIPEDIA:Pattypan_squash http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4505 pattypan squash scallop squash plant as food source *Corylus cornuta* Marsh. is a deciduous shrubby hazel found in most of North America, from southern Canada south to Georgia and California. *Corylus cornuta* is named from its fruit, which is a nut enclosed in a husk with a tubular extension 2-4 cm (0.79-1.6 in) long that resembles a beak. Tiny filaments protrude from the husk and may stick into, and irritate, skin that contacts them. The spherical nuts, which are surrounded by a hard shell, are edible. There are two varieties: *Corylus cornuta* var. *cornuta* - Eastern Beaked Hazel; small shrub, 4 to 6 m tall; 'beak' longer, 3 cm or more. *Corylus cornuta* var. *californica* - Western Beaked Hazel or California Hazelnut; large shrub, 4 to 15 m tall; 'beak' shorter, usually less than 3 cm. WIKIPEDIA:Corylus_cornuta http://langual.org ITIS:19507 LANGUAL:B4506 PLANTS:COCO6 PLANTS:COCOC PLANTS:COCOC2 http://eol.org/pages/1147594 Corylus cornuta Marsh. Corylus cornuta Marsh. var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp Corylus cornuta Marsh. var. cornuta beaked hazelnut corylus cornuta western hazel beaked hazel plant as food source Blue corn (also known as Hopi maize) is a variety of Flint maize grown in northern Mexico and the Southwestern United States, particularly in the states of Arizona and New Mexico. It was originally developed by the Hopi, and remains an essential part of Hopi dishes like piki bread.Blue corn meal is a corn meal that is ground from whole blue corn and has a sweet flavor. It is also a staple of New Mexican cuisine. In addition to its sharply different color, blue corn has several nutritional advantages over standard yellow or white corn varieties. It contains 20% more protein and has a lower glycemic index than white corn. When used to make tortillas, blue corn produces a sweeter, nuttier taste than yellow or white corn, and is a more complete protein source. A certain technique is used to grind the blue maize and make it release niacin. WIKIPEDIA:Blue_corn http://langual.org GRIN:311987 LANGUAL:B4507 http://eol.org/pages/8223 Zea mays ssp. mays L. Zea mays subsp. mays hopi maize zea mays indurata (not acc.) zea mays ssp. mays blue corn plant as food source *Eriophorum* (cottongrass, cotton-grass or cottonsedge) is a genus of about 25 species of flowering plants in the family *Cyperaceae*, the sedge family. They are found throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere in acid bog habitats, being particularly abundant in Arctic tundra regions. WIKIPEDIA:Cottongrass http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4508 cotton-grass cottonsedge eriophorum mouse nuts cottongrass plant as food source The southern lemon sole, *Pelotretis flavilatus*, is a righteye flounder, the only species in the genus *Pelotretis*, found around New Zealand in enclosed waters such as estuaries, harbours, mudflats, and sandflats, in waters less than 385 m in depth. Their length is from 25 to 50 cm. WIKIPEDIA:Pelotretis_flavilatus http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: AFNS 2009 37:461796 FAO ASFIS:EOL ITIS:172951 LANGUAL:B4512 http://eol.org/pages/214951 Pelotretis flavilatus Pelotretis flavilatus Waite, 1911 flounder pelotretis flavilatus southern lemon sole new zealand lemon sole as food source *Cycas rumphii*, commonly known as queen sago or the queen sago palm, is a dioecious gymnosperm, a species of cycad in the genus *Cycas* native to Indonesia, New Guinea and Christmas Island. Although palm-like in appearance, it is not a palm. WIKIPEDIA:Cycas_rumphii http://langual.org DPNL 2003:9084 GRIN:12728 ITIS:899532 LANGUAL:B4513 http://eol.org/pages/630988 Cycas rumphii Miq. cykas circinalis cykas rumphii false sago palm queen sago queen sago palm ceylon sago palm plant as food source Choy sum or choi sum also known as the Chinese Flowering Cabbage, literally means vegetable heart in Cantonese if directly translated. Chinese Flowering Cabbage (*Brassica rapa* var. *parachinensis* or *Brassica chinensis* var. *parachinensis*) is a member of the *Brassica* genus and the *Brassicaceae* (mustard) family. WIKIPEDIA:Choy_sum http://langual.org GRIN:319637 LANGUAL:B4514 http://eol.org/pages/4219 Brassica rapa var. parachinensis (L. H. Bailey) Hanelt brassica rapa var. parachinensis chinese flowering cabbage choisum false pak-choi flowering white cabbage mock pak-choi choy sum plant as food source Tatsoi (*Brassica narinosa* or *Brassica rapa* var. *rosularis*), also called Spinach mustard, Spoon mustard, or Rosette bok choy, is an Asian variety of *Brassica rapa* grown for greens. This plant has become popular in North American cuisine as well, and is now grown throughout the world. WIKIPEDIA:Tatsoi http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4515 brassica narinosa brassica rapa var. rosularis spinach mustard spoon mustard tatsoi plant as food source Buttercup squash is one of the most common varieties of this winter squash, with a turban shape (a flattish top and dark green skin), weighing three to five pounds, and normally heavy with dense, yellow-orange flesh. WIKIPEDIA:Cucurbita_maxima http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4516 cucurbita maxima var. buttercup buttercup squash plant as food source *Typha latifolia* (bulrush, common bulrush, broadleaf cattail, common cattail, great reedmace, cooper's reed, cumbungi) is a perennial herbaceous plant in the genus *Typha*. It is found as a native plant species in North and South America, Europe, Eurasia, and Africa. WIKIPEDIA:Typha_latifolia http://langual.org DPNL 2003:13705 GRIN:101629 ITIS:42326 LANGUAL:B4517 PLANTS:TYLA http://eol.org/pages/526590 Typha latifolia L. broadleaf cattail bulrush common bulrush typha latifolia common cattail plant as food source *Prunus virginiana*, commonly called bitter-berry, chokecherry, Virginia bird cherry and western chokecherry (also western chokecherry for *Prunus virginiana* var. *demissa*), is a species of bird cherry (*Prunus* subgenus *Padus*) native to North America; the natural historic range of *Prunus virginiana* includes most of the continent, except for the far north and far south. WIKIPEDIA:Prunus_virginiana http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12304 GRIN:30151 ITIS:24806 LANGUAL:B4518 PLANTS:PRVI http://eol.org/pages/630083 Prunus virginiana L. bitter-berry chokeberry prunus virginiana virginia bird cherry virginia chokeberry common chokeberry plant http://langual.org GRIN:30152 ITIS:529893 LANGUAL:B4519 PLANTS:PRVID http://eol.org/pages/8097 Prunus virginiana L. var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr. Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr. black chokeberry prunus virginiana var. demissa western chokeberry plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:32081 ITIS:24815 LANGUAL:B4520 PLANTS:ROAR3 http://eol.org/pages/631611 Rosa arkansana Porter arkansas rose prairie rose prairie wildrose rosa arkansana rosa pratincola wild rose prairie rose plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12615 GRIN:5351 ITIS:24827 LANGUAL:B4521 PLANTS:ROGA http://eol.org/pages/635719 Rosa gallica L. apothecary rose hungarian rose officinal rose red rose red-rose-of-lancaster rosa gallica french rose plant as food source *Collocalia* is a genus of swifts, containing some of the smaller species termed "swiftlets". Formerly a catch-all genus for these, a number of its erstwhile members are now normally (though not by all authors) placed in *Aerodramus*. WIKIPEDIA:Collocalia http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4522 http://eol.org/pages/18077 aerodramus collocalia swiftlet as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4523 http://eol.org/pages/8023 apodidae swift as food source The Edible-nest Swiftlet (*Aerodramus fuciphagus*) is a small bird of the swift family which is found in South-east Asia. Its nest is made of solidified saliva and is used to make bird's nest soup. WIKIPEDIA:Collocalia_fuciphaga http://langual.org ITIS:554970 LANGUAL:B4524 http://eol.org/pages/1048602 Aerodramus fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812) aerodramus fuciphagus collocalia fuciphaga edible-nest swiftlet as food source American ginseng (*Panax quinquefolius*) is a herbaceous perennial plant in the ivy family, commonly used as Chinese or herbal medicine. An extract is sold as Cold-fX. It is native to eastern North America, though it is also cultivated in places such as China. WIKIPEDIA:American_ginseng http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11606 GRIN:26381 ITIS:29399 LANGUAL:B4525 PLANTS:PAQU http://eol.org/pages/1153392 Panax quinquefolius L. panax quinquefolius american ginseng plant as food source *Panax ginseng* is available commercially as fresh, red, and white ginsengs; wild ginseng is used where available. WIKIPEDIA:Panax_ginseng http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11602 GRIN:26379 ITIS:505938 LANGUAL:B4526 PLANTS:PAGI2 http://eol.org/pages/1153396 Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Panax ginseng C.A. Mey. Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. asian ginseng asiatic ginseng korean ginseng manchurian ginseng oriental ginseng panax ginseng chinese ginseng plant as food source http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11603 GRIN:102778 ITIS:822354 LANGUAL:B4527 http://eol.org/pages/1153395 Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C. A. Mey. Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C.A. Mey. Panax japonicus C.A.Mey panax japonicus japanese ginseng plant as food source Marrowfat peas are green mature peas that have been allowed to dry out naturally in the field, rather than be harvested whilst still young like the normal garden pea. They are used to make mushy peas and also the snack food wasabi peas. Marrowfat is a traditional, starchy, large-seeded variety of pea (*Pisum sativum* var. *medullare*). The word was coined around 1730 from marrow + fat. WIKIPEDIA:Marrowfat_pea http://langual.org DPNL 2003:12013 LANGUAL:B4528 http://eol.org/pages/4277 Pisum sativum L. convar. medullare Alef. pisum sativum var. medullare marrowfat pea plant as food source http://langual.org GRIN:8810 ITIS:506411 LANGUAL:B4529 PLANTS:CAAL31 http://eol.org/pages/483517 Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch. Canarium album (Lour.) Rausch. canarium album chinese white olive plant as food source *Phyllanthus emblica* (syn. *Emblica officinalis*), the Indian gooseberry ... is a deciduous tree of the family *Phyllanthaceae*. It is known for its edible fruit of the same name. WIKIPEDIA:Phyllanthus_emblica http://langual.org DPNL 2003:11883 GRIN:28119 ITIS:504352 LANGUAL:B4530 PLANTS:PHEM2 http://eol.org/pages/1153040 Phyllanthus emblica L. aonla emblic emblic myrobalan indian-gooseberry phyllanthus emblica indian gooseberry tree *Sepiola atlantica*, also known as the Atlantic bobtail, is a species of bobtail squid native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean (65ºN to 35ºN), from Iceland, the Faroe Islands and western Norway to the Moroccan coast. There is a single record of this species from the Mediterranean Sea. WIKIPEDIA:Sepiola_atlantica http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:IOT ITIS:82357 LANGUAL:B4531 http://eol.org/pages/448833 Sepiola atlantica D'Orbigny, 1839-1842 Sepiola atlantica d’Orbigny, 1839 little cuttle sepiola atlantica atlantic bobtail as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4532 http://eol.org/pages/2333 sepiolidae bobtail squid as food source *Dipteryx alata* (Baru) is a species of legume in the family *Fabaceae*. It is a large tree, usually referred to as "Baruzeiro" (Baru tree) in Portuguese and its fruits or almond-like beans are known as Baru. Other names besides Baru are Cumaru, Cumbaru, Barujo, Coco-feijão, Cumarurana, Emburena-brava, Feijão-coco, and Pau-cumaru.$br/ $ It is found only in the Cerrado region of Brazil, and the Chiquitano region of eastern Bolivia, and is threatened by habitat loss. Historically it has been used as lumber, for charcoal production and for shade in pastures. The fruits are used as feed for cattle bovine and are also an important food source for small mammals, rodents, birds, bats, etc. They are also consumed by people. WIKIPEDIA:Dipteryx_alata http://langual.org GRIN:317431 LANGUAL:B4544 Dipteryx alata Vogel barujo coco-feijão cumaru cumarurana cumbaru dipteryx alata emburena-brava feijão-coco pau-cumaru baru plant as food source Caryocar brasiliense, known as Pequi or "souari nut", like its congeners, is an edible fruit popular in some areas of Brazil, especially in Brazil's center-west region. WIKIPEDIA:Caryocar_brasiliense http://langual.org GRIN:100466 ITIS:506783 LANGUAL:B4545 PLANTS:CABR36 http://eol.org/pages/392753 Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. caryocar brasiliense souari nut pequi plant as food source *Anacardium othonianum* is a tree native from the tropical savanna (cerrado) region of Brazil, whose fruit is similar to (but smaller than) that of the common cashew tree (*Anacardium occidentale*) of the Brazilian Northeast. It is locally known by the Tupi-derived name cajuí, and by the Portuguese names caju-de-árvore-do-cerrado ("tree cashew of the cerrado"),[1] caju-vermelho-de-goiás ("red cashew from Goiás"),[2] cajuzinho-do-cerrado or just cajuzinho ("little cashew"). <SCINAM>Anacardium othonianum Rizzini [The Plant List, KEW-2635918] WIKIPEDIA:Anacardium_othonianum http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4546 anacardium othonianum caju-de-árvore-do-cerrado cajuzinho cajuzinho-do-cerrado cajuí little cashew caju-docerrado plant as food source The rheas are large ratites (flightless birds without a keel on their sternum bone) in the order *Rheiformes*, native to South America, related to the ostrich and emu. There are two extant species: the greater or American rhea and the lesser or Darwin's rhea. WIKIPEDIA:Rhea_(bird) http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4556 pterocnemia pennata rhea americana rheidae rhea as food source http://langual.org ITIS:174379 LANGUAL:B4557 http://eol.org/pages/1178370 Rhea americana (Linnaeus, 1758) american rhea rhea americana greater rhea as food source Darwin's rhea (*Rhea pennata*), also known as the lesser rhea, is a large flightless bird, but the smaller of the two extant species of rheas. It is found in the Altiplano and Patagonia in South America. WIKIPEDIA:Darwin%27s_rhea http://langual.org ITIS:696083 LANGUAL:B4558 http://eol.org/pages/130164 Pterocnemia pennata (Orbigny, 1834) darwin's rhea pterocnemia pennata rhea pennata lesser rhea as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4559 http://eol.org/pages/5386 bonytongues osteoglossiformes fish, osteoglossiform as food source http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4560 http://eol.org/pages/5391 hiodontidae mooneye mooneye family as food source The goldeye, *Hiodon alosoides*, is a species of fish in the mooneye family (Hiodontidae). It occurs from as far down the Mackenzie River as Aklavik in the north to Mississippi in the south, and from Alberta in the west to Ohio south of the Great Lakes, with an isolated population south of James Bay. It is notable for a conspicuous golden iris in the eyes. WIKIPEDIA:Goldeye http://langual.org 2010 FDA Seafood List: ITIS:161905 LANGUAL:B4561 http://eol.org/pages/994821 Hiodon alosoides Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque, 1819) hiodon alosoides laquaiche aux yeux d'or goldeye as food source The muskox (*Ovibos moschatus*, also spelled musk ox and musk-ox) is an Arctic mammal of the family Bovidae, noted for its thick coat and for the strong odor emitted during the seasonal rut by males, from which its name derives. WIKIPEDIA:Muskox http://langual.org ITIS:180708 LANGUAL:B4562 MSW3:14200813 http://eol.org/pages/328656 Ovibos moschatus (Zimmermann, 1780) Ovibos moschatus Zimmermann, 1780 musk ox musk-ox ovibos moschatus muskox as food source The narwhal, or narwhale (Monodon monoceros), is a medium-sized toothed whale and possesses a large "tusk" from a protruding canine tooth. It lives year-round in the Arctic waters around Greenland, Canada, and Russia. It is one of two living species of whale in the Monodontidae family, along with the beluga whale. The narwhal males are distinguished by a long, straight, helical tusk, which is an elongated upper left canine. WIKIPEDIA:Narwhal http://langual.org CEC 1993:1461 FAO ASFIS:NAR ITIS:180485 LANGUAL:B4563 MSW3:14300107 http://eol.org/pages/328542 Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758 monodon monoceros narwhale unicorn whale narwhal as food source The harp seal or saddleback seal is a species of earless seal native to the northernmost Atlantic Ocean and parts of the Arctic Ocean. WIKIPEDIA:Harp_seal http://langual.org CEC 1993:1433 ITIS:622022 LANGUAL:B4564 MSW3:14001057 http://eol.org/pages/1052720 Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777) Pagophilus groenlandicus Erxleben, 1777 pagophilus groenlandicus saddleback seal harp seal as food source The fulmars are tubenosed seabirds of the family *Procellariidae*. The family consists of two extant species and two extinct fossils from the Miocene.</br>The northern fulmar (*Fulmarus glacialis*) or just fulmar lives in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, whereas the southern fulmar, (*Fulmarus glacialoides*) is, as its name implies, a bird of the Southern Ocean. Fulmars superficially resemble gulls, but are readily distinguished by their flight on stiff wings, and their tube noses. They breed on cliffs, laying a single egg on a ledge of bare rock. Outside the breeding season, they are pelagic, feeding on fish, squid and shrimp in the open ocean. WIKIPEDIA:Fulmar http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4565 http://eol.org/pages/19855 fulmarus spp. fulmar as food source The northern fulmar (*Fulmarus glacialis*), fulmar, or Arctic fulmar is a highly abundant sea bird found primarily in subarctic regions of the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Fulmars come in one of two color morphs: a light one which is almost entirely white, and a dark one which is uniformly gray. Though similar in appearance to gulls, fulmars are in fact members of the *Procellariidae* family, which include petrels and shearwaters. It and the southern fulmar (*Fulmarus glacialodes*) together comprise the only extant species in the genus Fulmarus. WIKIPEDIA:Northern_fulmar http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:FNO ITIS:174536 LANGUAL:B4566 http://eol.org/pages/1047350 Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus, 1761) arctic fulmar fulmarus glacialis northern fulmar as food source The southern fulmar (*Fulmarus glacialoides*) is a seabird of the Southern Hemisphere. Along with the northern fulmar, *Fulmarus glacialis*, it belongs to the fulmar genus *Fulmarus* in the family *Procellariidae*, the true petrels. It is also known as the Antarctic fulmar or silver-grey fulmar. WIKIPEDIA:Southern_fulmar http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:FUG ITIS:174540 LANGUAL:B4567 http://eol.org/pages/1049463 Fulmarus glacialoides (A. Smith, 1840) antarctic fulmar fulmarus glacialoides silver-grey fulmar southern fulmar as food source The black-headed gull (*Chroicocephalus ridibundus*) is a small gull which breeds in much of Europe and Asia, and also in coastal eastern Canada. WIKIPEDIA:Black-headed_gull http://langual.org ITIS:824041 LANGUAL:B4568 http://eol.org/pages/1049595 Chroicocephalus ridibundus (Linnaeus, 1766) chroicocephalus ridibundus common black-headed gull black-headed gull as food source The lesser black-backed gull (*Larus fuscus*) is a large gull that breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe. It is migratory, wintering from the British Isles south to West Africa. It is a regular winter visitor to the east coast of North America, probably from the breeding population in Iceland. WIKIPEDIA:Lesser_black-backed_gull http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:LOW ITIS:176821 LANGUAL:B4569 http://eol.org/pages/1049580 Larus fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 larus fuscus lesser black-backed gull as food source The great black-backed gull (*Larus marinus*), also known as the greater black-backed gull or, informally, as the black-back, is the largest member of the gull family. It breeds on the European and North American coasts and islands of the North Atlantic and is fairly sedentary, though some black-backs move farther south or inland to large lakes or reservoirs. WIKIPEDIA:Great_black-backed_gull http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:LVU ITIS:176815 LANGUAL:B4570 http://eol.org/pages/1049577 Larus marinus Linnaeus, 1758 greater black-backed gull larus marinus great black-backed gull as food source Balaenoptera, from the Latin *balaena* (whale) and *pteron* (fin), is a genus of *Balaenopteridae*, the rorquals, and contains eight extant species. The species *Balaenoptera omurai* was published in 2003. *Balaenoptera* is the most diverse genus of its family, the only other member being the Humpback Whale, *Megaptera novaeangliae*. WIKIPEDIA:Balaenoptera http://langual.org LANGUAL:B4571 http://eol.org/pages/7660 balaenoptera spp. baleen whale finback whale rorquals minke whale as food source The common minke whale or northern minke whale (*Balaenoptera acutorostrata*) is a species of minke whale within the suborder of baleen whales. It is the smallest member of the rorquals and the second smallest species of baleen whale. Although first ignored by whalers due to its small size and low oil yield, it began to be exploited by various countries beginning in the early 20th century. As other species declined larger numbers of common minke whales were caught, largely for their meat. It is now one of the primary targets of the whaling industry. There is a dwarf form in the Southern Hemisphere. WIKIPEDIA:Common_minke_whale http://langual.org CEC 1993:1462 FAO ASFIS:MIW ITIS:180524 LANGUAL:B4572 MSW3:14300012 http://eol.org/pages/328570 Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacepède, 1804 Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1800 Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804 balaenoptera acutorostrata common minke whale minke whale northern minke whale as food source The Antarctic minke whale or southern minke whale (*Balaenoptera bonaerensis*) is a species of minke whale within the suborder of baleen whales. It is the second smallest rorqual after the common minke whale and the third smallest baleen whale. Although first scientifically described in the mid-19th century, it wasn't recognized as a distinct species until the 1990s. Once ignored by whalers due to its small size and low oil yield, it is now one of the mainstays of the whaling industry alongside its cosmopolitan counterpart the common minke. It is the most abundant baleen whale in the world, numbering in the hundreds of thousands. It is primarily restricted to the Southern Hemisphere (although vagrants have been reported in the North Atlantic) and feeds mainly on euphausiids. WIKIPEDIA:Antarctic_minke_whale http://langual.org FAO ASFIS:BFW ITIS:612592 LANGUAL:B4573 MSW3:14300013 http://eol.org/pages/1053500 Balaenoptera bonaerensis Burmeister, 1867 balaenoptera bonaerensis southern minke whale antarctic minke whale as food source The methods contributing to the prevention or retardation of microbial, enzymatic or oxidative spoilage and thus to the extension of shelf life. Index all methods for which information is available, even if a corresponding descriptor has already been used in *H. TREATMENT APPLIED*. Preservation descriptors refer to the finished food as a whole with these exceptions: (1) if the components of a multi-component food, such as cream pie, are preservation by different methods, index all methods; (2) if chemical preservatives are declared on the label, always index them even if it is known that the preservative was introduced through or is only present in a component or ingredient of the food; and (3) if the preservation method for an ingredient is declared on the label (such as brie cheese made from pasteurized milk) index it. Also use *INGREDIENT preservation by THERMAL PROCESSING* or *INGREDIENT preservation by IRRADIATION* when ingredients have been pasteurized, ultrapasteurized, sterilized or irradiated. http://langual.org LANGUAL:J0107 food preservation process The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism. digestion biological_process Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. biological process biological_process hemopoiesis The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the myeloid and lymphoid derived organ/tissue systems of the blood and other parts of the body over time, from formation to the mature structure. The site of hemopoiesis is variable during development, but occurs primarily in bone marrow or kidney in many adult vertebrates. hemopoiesis multicellular organismal process Insulin resistance Increased resistance towards insulin, that is, diminished effectiveness of insulin in reducing blood glucose levels. Insulin resistance An abnormality in the of lipid metabolism. HP:0003611 MSH:D050171 SNOMEDCT_US:370992007 UMLS:C0242339 UMLS:C4025650 human_phenotype Dyslipidemia HP:0003119 According to CHEBI:18059 'Lipids' is a loosely defined term for substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents. They consist of saponifiable lipids, such as glycerides (fats and oils) and phospholipids, as well as nonsaponifiable lipids, principally steroids. Abnormality of lipid metabolism conditional specification a directive information entity that specifies what should happen if the trigger condition is fulfilled PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch OBI branch derived OBI_0000349 conditional specification measurement unit label Examples of measurement unit labels are liters, inches, weight per volume. A measurement unit label is as a label that is part of a scalar measurement datum and denotes a unit of measure. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term measurement unit was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000176) , edited by Chris Stoeckert and Cristian Cocos, and subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definition of this, different, term. 2009-03-16: review of this term done during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot measurement unit label objective specification In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction. a directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved. 2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed." 2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that. Answers the question, why did you do this experiment? PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Barry Smith PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Jennifer Fostel goal specification OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch OBI_0000217 true objective specification action specification Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2 a directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take Alan Ruttenberg OBI Plan and Planned Process branch action specification datum label A label is a symbol that is part of some other datum and is used to either partially define the denotation of that datum or to provide a means for identifying the datum as a member of the set of data with the same label http://www.golovchenko.org/cgi-bin/wnsearch?q=label#4n GROUP: IAO 9/22/11 BP: changed the rdfs:label for this class from 'label' to 'datum label' to convey that this class is not intended to cover all kinds of labels (stickers, radiolabels, etc.), and not even all kind of textual labels, but rather the kind of labels occuring in a datum. datum label journal article Examples are articles published in the journals, Nature and Science. The content can often be cited by reference to a paper based encoding, e.g. Authors, Title of article, Journal name, date or year of publication, volume and page number. a report that is published in a journal person:Alan Ruttenberg person:Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000159 group:OBI journal article data item Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries. a data item is an information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements. 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers. 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum. 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym. 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/ JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Chris Stoeckert PERSON: Jonathan Rees data data item symbol a serial number such as "12324X" a stop sign a written proper name such as "OBI" An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity. 20091104, MC: this needs work and will most probably change 2014-03-31: We would like to have a deeper analysis of 'mark' and 'sign' in the future (see https://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=154). PERSON: James A. Overton PERSON: Jonathan Rees based on Oxford English Dictionary symbol information content entity Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs. A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing. 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000142 information content entity 1 1 scalar measurement datum 10 feet. 3 ml. a scalar measurement datum is a measurement datum that is composed of two parts, numerals and a unit label. 2009-03-16: we decided to keep datum singular in scalar measurement datum, as in this case we explicitly refer to the singular form Would write this as: has_part some 'measurement unit label' and has_part some numeral and has_part exactly 2, except for the fact that this won't let us take advantage of OWL reasoning over the numbers. Instead use has measurment value property to represent the same. Use has measurement unit label (subproperty of has_part) so we can easily say that there is only one of them. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot scalar measurement datum directive information entity An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it. 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters directive information entity graph A diagram that presents one or more tuples of information by mapping those tuples in to a two dimensional space in a non arbitrary way. PERSON: Lawrence Hunter person:Alan Ruttenberg person:Allyson Lister OBI_0000240 group:OBI graph rule example to be added a rule is an executable which guides, defines, restricts actions MSI PRS OBI_0500021 PRS rule algorithm PMID: 18378114.Genomics. 2008 Mar 28. LINKGEN: A new algorithm to process data in genetic linkage studies. A plan specification which describes the inputs and output of mathematical functions as well as workflow of execution for achieving an predefined objective. Algorithms are realized usually by means of implementation as computer programs for execution by automata. Philippe Rocca-Serra PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch OBI_0000270 adapted from discussion on OBI list (Matthew Pocock, Christian Cocos, Alan Ruttenberg) algorithm curation status specification The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value. Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting) PERSON:Bill Bug GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi> OBI_0000266 curation status specification report Examples of reports are gene lists and investigation reports. These are not published (journal) articles but may be included in a journal article. a document assembled by an author for the purpose of providing information for the audience. A report is the output of a documenting process and has the objective to be consumed by a specific audience. Topic of the report is on something that has completed. A report is not a single figure. Examples of reports are journal article, patent application, grant progress report, case report (not patient record) 2009-03-16: comment from Darren Natale: I am slightly uneasy with the sentence "Topic of the report is on something that has completed." Should it be restricted to those things that are completed? For example, a progress report is (usually) about something that definitely has *not* been completed, or may include (only) projections. I think the definition would not suffer if the whole sentence is deleted. 2009-03-16: this was report of results with definition: A report is a narrative object that is a formal statement of the results of an investigation, or of any matter on which definite information is required, made by some person or body instructed or required to do so. 2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify this definition please notify OBI. 2009-08-10 Alan Ruttenberg: Larry Hunter suggests that this be obsoleted and replaced by 'document'. Alan restored as there are OBI dependencies and this merits further discussion disagreement about where reports go. alan: only some gene lists are reports. Is a report all the content of some document? The example of usage suggests that a report may be part of some article. Term needs clarification PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON:Chris Stoeckert GROUP: OBI OBI_0000099 report data set Intensity values in a CEL file or from multiple CEL files comprise a data set (as opposed to the CEL files themselves). A data item that is an aggregate of other data items of the same type that have something in common. Averages and distributions can be determined for data sets. 2009/10/23 Alan Ruttenberg. The intention is that this term represent collections of like data. So this isn't for, e.g. the whole contents of a cel file, which includes parameters, metadata etc. This is more like java arrays of a certain rather specific type 2014-05-05: Data sets are aggregates and thus must include two or more data items. We have chosen not to add logical axioms to make this restriction. person:Allyson Lister person:Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000042 group:OBI data set data about an ontology part data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term Person:Alan Ruttenberg data about an ontology part plan specification PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice. A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts that, when concretized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified. 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term. 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications. Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved Alan Ruttenberg OBI Plan and Planned Process branch OBI_0000344 2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them plan specification measurement datum Examples of measurement data are the recoding of the weight of a mouse as {40,mass,"grams"}, the recording of an observation of the behavior of the mouse {,process,"agitated"}, the recording of the expression level of a gene as measured through the process of microarray experiment {3.4,luminosity,}. A measurement datum is an information content entity that is a recording of the output of a measurement such as produced by a device. 2/2/2009 is_specified_output of some assay? person:Chris Stoeckert OBI_0000305 group:OBI measurement datum version number A version number is an information content entity which is a sequence of characters borne by part of each of a class of manufactured products or its packaging and indicates its order within a set of other products having the same name. Note: we feel that at the moment we are happy with a general version number, and that we will subclass as needed in the future. For example, see 7. genome sequence version GROUP: IAO version number conclusion textual entity that fucoidan has a small statistically significant effect on AT3 level but no useful clinical effect as in-vivo anticoagulant, a paraphrase of part of the last paragraph of the discussion section of the paper 'Pilot clinical study to evaluate the anticoagulant activity of fucoidan', by Lowenthal et. al.PMID:19696660 A textual entity that expresses the results of reasoning about a problem, for instance as typically found towards the end of scientific papers. 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case 2009/10/23 Alan Ruttenberg: We need to work on the definition still Person:Alan Ruttenberg conclusion textual entity textual entity Words, sentences, paragraphs, and the written (non-figure) parts of publications are all textual entities A textual entity is a part of a manifestation (FRBR sense), a generically dependent continuant whose concretizations are patterns of glyphs intended to be interpreted as words, formulas, etc. AR, (IAO call 2009-09-01): a document as a whole is not typically a textual entity, because it has pictures in it - rather there are parts of it that are textual entities. Examples: The title, paragraph 2 sentence 7, etc. MC, 2009-09-14 (following IAO call 2009-09-01): textual entities live at the FRBR (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Requirements_for_Bibliographic_Records) manifestation level. Everything is significant: line break, pdf and html versions of same document are different textual entities. PERSON: Lawrence Hunter text textual entity citation Verspoor, K., Cohen, KB., Hunter, L. Textual characteristics of traditional and Open Access scientific journals are similar, BMC Bioinformatics 2009, 10:183. a textual entity intended to identify a particular publication PERSON: Lawrence Hunter citation figure Any picture, diagram or table An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something. PERSON: Lawrence Hunter figure diagram A molecular structure ribbon cartoon showing helices, turns and sheets and their relations to each other in space. A figure that expresses one or more propositions PERSON: Lawrence Hunter diagram document A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole PERSON: Lawrence Hunter document publication A journal article or book A document that has been accepted by a publisher PERSON: Lawrence Hunter true publication publication about an investigation Most scientific journal articles A publication that is about an investigation PERSON: Lawrence Hunter scientific publication publication about an investigation supplementary material to a document part of a document that is segregated from the rest of the document due to its size PERSON: Lawrence Hunter additional information appendix supplemental information supplementary material supporting information supplementary material to a document time measurement datum A scalar measurement datum that is the result of measuring a temporal interval 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case Person:Alan Ruttenberg time measurement datum email address Alan Ruttenberg 1/3/2012 - Provisional id, see issue at http://code.google.com/p/information-artifact-ontology/issues/detail?id=130&thanks=130&ts=1325636583 Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Chris Stoeckart email address author role A role inhering in a person or organization that is realized when the bearer participates in the work which is the basis of the document, in the writing of the document, and signs it with their name. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Melanie Courtot author role data item extraction from journal article a planned process in which journal articles are read or processed and data items are extracted, typically for further analysis or indexing Person:Alan Ruttenberg data item extraction from journal article documenting Recording the current temperature in a laboratory notebook. Writing a journal article. Updating a patient record in a database. a planned process in which a document is created or added to by including the specified input in it. 6/11/9: Edited at OBI workshop. We need to be able identify a child form of information artifact which corresponds to something enduring (not brain like). This used to be restricted to physical document or digital entity as the output, but that excludes e.g. an audio cassette tape Bjoern Peters wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenting documenting assigning a centrally registered identifier A new pubmed ID being created for a journal article, and the associated pubmed record containing information to the journal article. A license plate number registered at the DMV to be belonging to a specific vehicle and owner. Placing a barcode on a product and entering information in a database that this barcode is assigned. a planned process in which a new CRID is created, associated with an entity, and stored in the CRID registry thereby registering it as being associated with some entity 2014-05-05: It is the CRID registry that assigns CRIDs, not the users of the registry. Person:Alan Ruttenberg Person:Bjoern Peters Person:Melanie Courtot assigning a CRID assigning a centrally registered identifier centrally registered identifier symbol The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed. A symbol that is part of a CRID and that is sufficient to look up a record from the CRID's registry. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bill Hogan PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Melanie Courtot CRID symbol Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls centrally registered identifier symbol centrally registered identifier The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed. An information content entity that consists of a CRID symbol and additional information about the CRID registry to which it belongs. 2014-05-05: In defining this term we take no position on what the CRID denotes. In particular do not assume it denotes a *record* in the CRID registry (since the registry might not have 'records'). Alan, IAO call 20101124: potentially the CRID denotes the instance it was associated with during creation. Note, IAO call 20101124: URIs are not always CRID, as not centrally registered. We acknowledge that CRID is a subset of a larger identifier class, but this subset fulfills our current needs. OBI PURLs are CRID as they are registered with OCLC. UPCs (Universal Product Codes from AC Nielsen)are not CRID as they are not centrally registered. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bill Hogan PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Melanie Courtot CRID Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls centrally registered identifier centrally registered identifier registry PubMed is a CRID registry. It has a dataset of PubMed identifiers associated with journal articles. A CRID registry is a dataset of CRID records, each consisting of a CRID symbol and additional information which was recorded in the dataset through a assigning a centrally registered identifier process. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bill Hogan PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Melanie Courtot CRID registry Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls centrally registered identifier registry ethical approval textual entity From McLean et al. Br J Gen Pract. 2014 Jul; 64(624): e440–e447 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4073730/): The NHS National Research Ethics Service had previously approved the use of these anonymised data for research purposes and this analysis did not require independent review. A textual entity that documents the ethical approval of some study design. PERSON: Bill Baumgartner ethical approval textual entity A document that explains all relevant study information to assist a human subject in understanding the expectations and requirements of participation in a research study. This form document is presented to and signed by the study subject. The term definition is adapted from NCIt definition of 'consent form' (C16468) with modification. Compared to the NCIt definition, the ICO definition does not restrict the form to a clinical trial. AK, FM, YH, YL, MH, EE NCIt C16468 C0009797 C16468 informed consent form an informed consent form that has been signed by at least one participant. YH true signed informed consent form a human person who is the contact for questions about research MH, AK, FM, YL, EE, YH true contact person for questions about research Viruses Viruses Euteleostomi bony vertebrates Euteleostomi Bacteria eubacteria Bacteria Archaea Archaea Eukaryota eucaryotes eukaryotes Eukaryota Euarchontoglires Euarchontoglires Tetrapoda tetrapods Tetrapoda Amniota amniotes Amniota Opisthokonta Opisthokonta Bilateria Bilateria Mammalia mammals Mammalia Ascomycota ascomycetes sac fungi Ascomycota Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker's yeast brewer's yeast lager beer yeast yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae saccharomyceta saccharomyceta Vertebrata <Metazoa> Vertebrata vertebrates Vertebrata <Metazoa> Homo sapiens human human being man Homo sapiens ncbi_taxonomy species Records pertaining to site specific approvals from an Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Independent Ethics Committee (IEC) or other governing body regarding human subjects in a biomedical or behavioral research. C115696 Intellectual Product Institutional Review Board Independent Ethics Committee Human Subject in Research Approval Documentation C3898752 CareLex Subcategory name for the eTMF domain containing documentation between an Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Independent Ethics Committee (IEC) and a Study Site regarding human subjects in biomedical or behavioral research. true IRB-IEC Doc Subcat IRB-IEC Documents Subcategory IRB/IEC Trial Approval Institutional Review Board Independent Ethics Committee Documents Institutional Review Board Independent Ethics Committee Human Subject in Research Approval Documentation Institutional Review Board Independent Ethics Committee Human Subject in Research Approval Documentation A Web-based resource that provides patients, their family members, health care professionals, researchers, and the public with access to information on publicly and privately supported clinical studies. A service of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), ClinicalTrials.gov is both a registry and a results database. C124233 Intellectual Product ClinicalTrials.gov C4086204 ClinicalTrials.gov ClinicalTrials.gov The amount of an individual's total body mass that is fat, expressed as a percent. C139218 Organism Attribute Body Fat Percentage CDISC The amount of an individual's total body mass that is fat, expressed as a percent. true BODYFATP Body Fat Percentage Body Fat Percentage The process by which information about the health status of an individual is obtained after a study has officially closed; an activity that continues something that has already begun or that repeats something that has already been done. C16033 Health Care Activity Follow-up C1522577 CDISC Monitoring a person's health over time after treatment. This includes keeping track of the health of people who participate in a clinical study or clinical trial for a period of time, both during the study and after the study ends. The process by which information about the health status of a subject is obtained after the subject is no longer receiving study medication. Follow-up true Active Follow-up CLSFUP Clinical Signs Follow-up Follow Up Follow-up Followup follow-up Follow-up The selection and obtaining of small representative quantities of biological material for the purpose of analysis; also, in biomedical statistics, sampling is the selection and implementation of statistical observations in order to estimate properties of an underlying population; also, in environmental science, the collection of representative specimens analyzed to characterize site conditions. C25662 Activity Sampling C0870078 Sampling true Sampling Sampling The act of abiding by a stated treatment plan or protocol. C25729 Functional Concept Adherence C1510802 Adherence Adherence Adherence A characteristic of a treatment regimen employed as a comparator against which the study treatment is evaluated. C49647 Research Activity Control Type C1707504 CDISC Comparator against which the study treatment is evaluated. Control_Type Control Type TCNTRL Control Type A method of selecting a sample from a population in such a way that every sample that could be selected has an equal chance of being selected. C53194 Activity Random Sampling C0150105 Random_Sampling true Probabilty Sampling Random Sampling Random Sampling C53196 Activity Simple Random Sampling C0681878 Simple_Random_Sampling true Simple Random Sampling Simple Random Sampling C53204 Activity Convenience Sampling C0150095 Convenience_Sampling true Convenience Sampling Volunteer Sample Convenience Sampling The name applied to a scientific investigation. C68631 Conceptual Entity Study Name C2348560 Study_Name true Study Name Study Name C71496 Activity Stratified Random Sampling C0681879 Stratified_Random_Sampling true Stratified Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling C71503 Activity Judgment Sampling C2346606 Judgement_Sampling Judgement Sampling Judgment Sampling Judgment Sampling C71515 Activity Multi-Stage Sampling C1709096 Multi-Stage_Sampling true Multi-Stage Sampling Multistage Sampling Multi-Stage Sampling A single serving of a beverage; any liquid suitable for drinking. C86036 Chemical Viewed Functionally Drink C0452428 true Drink Drink The textual representation of the study objective. C94090 Intellectual Product Study Objective Description C2986288 BRIDG The textual representation of the study objective. true Study Objective Description StudyObjective.description Study Objective Description The non-unique initials or abbreviated name used for identification of the study. C94108 Intellectual Product Study Protocol Version Acronym C2986306 BRIDG CDISC A word or words formed from the beginning letters or a combination of syllables and letters of a compound term, which identifies a clinical study. The non-unique initials or abbreviated name used for identification of the study. EXAMPLE(S): WHI for Women's Health Initiative true Study Acronym Study Protocol Version Acronym StudyProtocolVersion.acronym Trial Acronym Study Protocol Version Acronym A sequence of letters, numbers, or other characters that uniquely identifies a clinical trial within a clinical trial registry. C98714 Intellectual Product Clinical Trial Registry Identifier C3274381 CDISC Identification numbers assigned to the protocol by clinicaltrials.gov, EudraCT, or other registries. true Clinical Trial Registry Identifier REGID Registry Identifier Clinical Trial Registry Identifier a planned process that gathers and measures information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes. Data collection results in a collection of data. Jie Zheng, Oliver He WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_collection data collection A data sampling design that uses randomization for sample selection Marcy Harris, Jie Zheng, Yongqun He randomization sampling plan randomization sampling design A data item that is more specifically a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns. Person: Oliver He, Jie Zheng set of data sets WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics) data matrix A data collection process that results in a collection of data from the literature. Jie Zheng, Oliver He data collection from literature A data item that is produced as the output of a data transformation. Person: Jie Zheng, Oliver He transformed data item A document editing process in which one or more fields in a form are filled with related information, such as when answering a questionnare. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert Penn Group form filling A patient questionnaire which has been filled out by a patient. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert Penn Group filled patient questionnaire A questionnaire that comprises a set of questions about a patient, such as height, weight, race, biological sex, clinical history, etc., which will be filled by the human subject. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert Penn Group patient questionnaire A time measurement datum which is the end date of a smoking behavior. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert Penn Group smoking end date planned process Injecting mice with a vaccine in order to test its efficacy A processual entity that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification. 'Plan' includes a future direction sense. That can be problematic if plans are changed during their execution. There are however implicit contingencies for protocols that an agent has in his mind that can be considered part of the plan, even if the agent didn't have them in mind before. Therefore, a planned process can diverge from what the agent would have said the plan was before executing it, by adjusting to problems encountered during execution (e.g. choosing another reagent with equivalent properties, if the originally planned one has run out.) We are only considering successfully completed planned processes. A plan may be modified, and details added during execution. For a given planned process, the associated realized plan specification is the one encompassing all changes made during execution. This means that all processes in which an agent acts towards achieving some objectives is a planned process. Bjoern Peters branch derived 6/11/9: Edited at workshop. Used to include: is initiated by an agent This class merges the previously separated objective driven process and planned process, as they the separation proved hard to maintain. (1/22/09, branch call) planned process regulator role Fact sheet - Regulating the companies The role of the regulator. Ofwat is the economic regulator of the water and sewerage industry in England and Wales. http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/aptrix/ofwat/publish.nsf/Content/roleofregulator_factsheet170805 a regulatory role involved with making and/or enforcing relevant legislation and governmental orders Person:Jennifer Fostel regulator OBI regulator role biological feature identification objective Biological_feature_identification_objective is an objective role carried out by the proposition defining the aim of a study designed to examine or characterize a particular biological feature. Jennifer Fostel biological feature identification objective regulatory role Regulatory agency, Ethics committee, Approval letter; example: Browse these EPA Regulatory Role subtopics http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/enviregulatoryrole.html Feb 29, 2008 a role which inheres in material entities and is realized in the processes of making, enforcing or being defined by legislation or orders issued by a governmental body. GROUP: Role branch OBI, CDISC govt agents responsible for creating regulations; proxies for enforcing regulations. CDISC definition: regulatory authorities. Bodies having the power to regulate. NOTE: In the ICH GCP guideline the term includes the authorities that review submitted clinical data and those that conduct inspections. These bodies are sometimes referred to as competent regulatory role material supplier role Jackson Labs is an organization which provide mice as experimental material a role realized through the process of supplying materials such as animal subjects, reagents or other materials used in an investigation. Supplier role is a special kind of service, e.g. biobank PERSON:Jennifer Fostel material provider role supplier material supplier role processed material Examples include gel matrices, filter paper, parafilm and buffer solutions, mass spectrometer, tissue samples Is a material entity that is created or changed during material processing. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg processed material chromatography device a device that facilitates the separation of mixtures. The function of a chromatography device involves passing a mixture dissolved in a "mobile phase" through a stationary phase, which separates the analyte to be measured from other molecules in the mixture and allows it to be isolated. Frank Gibson chromatography instrument http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatography open tracker https://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=2881353&group_id=177891&atid=886178 chromatography device mass spectrometer LCQ Fleet Ion Trap MSn manufactured by thermo fisher scientific A mass spectrometer is an instrument which is used to measure the mass to charge ratio of ions. All mass spectrometers consist of three basic parts: an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector system. The stages within the mass spectrometer are: 1. Production of ions from the sample 2. Separation of ions with different masses 3. Detection of the number of ions of each mass produced 4.Collection of data to generate the mass spectrum Frank Gibson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry mass spectrometer investigation Lung cancer investigation using expression profiling, a stem cell transplant investigation, biobanking is not an investigation, though it may be part of an investigation a planned process that consists of parts: planning, study design execution, documentation and which produce conclusion(s). Bjoern Peters OBI branch derived Could add specific objective specification Following OBI call November 2012,26th: it was decided there was no need for adding "achieves objective of drawing conclusion" as existing relations were providing equivalent ability. this note closes the issue and validates the class definition to be part of the OBI core editor = PRS study investigation evaluant role When a specimen of blood is assayed for glucose concentration, the blood has the evaluant role. When measuring the mass of a mouse, the evaluant is the mouse. When measuring the time of DNA replication, the evaluant is the DNA. When measuring the intensity of light on a surface, the evaluant is the light source. a role that inheres in a material entity that is realized in an assay in which data is generated about the bearer of the evaluant role Role call - 17nov-08: JF and MC think an evaluant role is always specified input of a process. Even in the case where we have an assay taking blood as evaluant and outputting blood, the blood is not the specified output at the end of the assay (the concentration of glucose in the blood is) examples of features that could be described in an evaluant: quality.... e.g. "contains 10 pg/ml IL2", or "no glucose detected") GROUP: Role Branch OBI Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term. evaluant role assay Assay the wavelength of light emitted by excited Neon atoms. Count of geese flying over a house. A planned process with the objective to produce information about the material entity that is the evaluant, by physically examining it or its proxies. 12/3/12: BP: the reference to the 'physical examination' is included to point out that a prediction is not an assay, as that does not require physical examiniation. PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch measuring scientific observation OBI branch derived study assay any method assay sample preparation for assay A sample_preparation_for_assay is a protocol_application including material_enrollments and biomaterial_transformations. definition_source: OBI. PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch study OBI branch derived sample preparation for assay diagnosis textual entity diagnosis is an assessment of a disease or injury, its likely prognosis and treatment. Jennifer Fostel diagnosis textual entity reagent role Buffer, dye, a catalyst, a solvating agent. A role inhering in a biological or chemical entity that is intended to be applied in a scientific technique to participate (or have molecular components that participate) in a chemical reaction that facilitates the generation of data about some entity distinct from the bearer, or the generation of some specified material output distinct from the bearer. PERSON:Matthew Brush reagent PERSON:Matthew Brush Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term. May 28 2013. Updated definition taken from ReO based on discussions initiated in Philly 2011 workshop. Former defnition described a narrower view of reagents in chemistry that restricts bearers of the role to be chemical entities ("a role played by a molecular entity used to produce a chemical reaction to detect, measure, or produce other substances"). Updated definition allows for broader view of reagents in the domain of biomedical research to include larger materials that have parts that participate chemically in a molecular reaction or interaction. (copied from ReO) Reagents are distinguished from instruments or devices that also participate in scientific techniques by the fact that reagents are chemical or biological in nature and necessarily participate in or have parts that participate in some chemical interaction or reaction during their intended participation in some technique. By contrast, instruments do not participate in a chemical reaction/interaction during the technique. Reagents are distinguished from study subjects/evaluants in that study subjects and evaluants are that about which conclusions are drawn and knowledge is sought in an investigation - while reagents, by definition, are not. It should be noted, however, that reagent and study subject/evaluant roles can be borne by instances of the same type of material entity - but a given instance will realize only one of these roles in the execution of a given assay or technique. For example, taq polymerase can bear a reagent role or an evaluant role. In a DNA sequencing assay aimed at generating sequence data about some plasmid, the reagent role of the taq polymerase is realized. In an assay to evaluate the quality of the taq polymerase itself, the evaluant/study subject role of the taq is realized, but not the reagent role since the taq is the subject about which data is generated. In regard to the statement that reagents are 'distinct' from the specified outputs of a technique, note that a reagent may be incorporated into a material output of a technique, as long as the IDENTITY of this output is distinct from that of the bearer of the reagent role. For example, dNTPs input into a PCR are reagents that become part of the material output of this technique, but this output has a new identity (ie that of a 'nucleic acid molecule') that is distinct from the identity of the dNTPs that comprise it. Similarly, a biotin molecule input into a cell labeling technique are reagents that become part of the specified output, but the identity of the output is that of some modified cell specimen which shares identity with the input unmodified cell specimen, and not with the biotin label. Thus, we see that an important criteria of 'reagent-ness' is that it is a facilitator, and not the primary focus of an investigation or material processing technique (ie not the specified subject/evaluant about which knowledge is sought, or the specified output material of the technique). reagent role patient role a hospitalized person; a person with controlled diabetes; the patient's role http://www.fertilityjourney.com/testingAndDiagnosis/theRightDoctor/thePatientsRole/index.asp?C=55245395146924652778 a role which inheres in a person and is realized by the process of being under the care of a physician or health care provider GROUP:Role Branch patient OBI, CDISC CDISC definition: patient. Person under a physician's care for a particular disease or condition. NOTE: A subject in a clinical trial is not necessarily a patient, but a patient in a clinical trial is a subject. See also subject, trial subject, healthy volunteer. Often used interchangeably patient role material processing A cell lysis, production of a cloning vector, creating a buffer. A planned process which results in physical changes in a specified input material PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Frank Gibson PERSON: Jennifer Fostel PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON: Philippe Rocca Serra material transformation OBI branch derived material processing protocol testing objective Protocol_testing_objective is a methodology_testing_objective role describing a study designed to examine the effects of using different protocols. Jennifer Fostel protocol testing objective participant under investigation role Human subjects in a clinical trial, rats in a toxicogenomics study, tissue cutlures subjected to drug tests, fish observed in an ecotoxicology study. Parasite example: people are infected with a parasite which is then extracted; the particpant under investigation could be the parasite, the people, or a population of which the people are members, depending on the nature of the study. Lake example: a lake could realize this role in an investigation that assays pollution levels in samples of water taken from the lake. A role that is realized through the execution of a study design in which the bearer of the role participates and in which data about that bearer is collected. A participant can realize both "specimen role" and "participant under investigation role" at the same time. However "participant under investigation role" is distinct from "specimen role", since a specimen could somehow be involved in an investigation without being the thing that is under investigation. GROUP: Role Branch OBI Following OBI call November 2012,26th: 1. it was decided there was no need for moving the children class and making them siblings of study subject role. 2. it also settles the disambiguation about 'study subject'. This is about the individual participating in the investigation/study, Not the 'topic' (as in 'toxicity study') of the investigation/study This note closes the issue and validates the class definition to be part of the OBI core editor = PRS participant under investigation role responsible party role he THERAPIST has the ability to print a separate statement for the patient and each responsible party. http://www.beaverlog.com/therapist/ez_support/billing/responsible_party_statements.htm a study personnel role played by a party who is accountable for the execution of a study component and can make decisions about the conduct of the study Person: Jennifer Fostel responsible party OBI responsible party role principal investigator role a responsible party role played by a person responsible for the overall conduct of a study Person: Jennifer Fostel principal investigator CDISC definition: A person responsible for the conduct of the clinical trial at a trial site. If a trial is conducted by a team of individuals at a trial site, the investigator is the responsible leader of the team and may be called the principal investigator. 2. The individual principal investigator. 2. The individual under whose immediate direction the test article is administered or dispensed to, or used involving, a subject, or, in the event of an investigation conducted by a team of individuals, is See also sponsor-investigator.; Leiter der klinischen Prufung.Under the German Drug Law, the physician who is head of the clinical investigation (CDISC): coordinating investigator (CDISC) (also study coordinator, MUSC); sponsor-investigator. An individual who both initiates and conducts, alone or with others, a clinical trial, and under whose immediate direction the investigational product is administered to, dispensed to, or used by a subject.NOTE: The term does not include any person other than an individual, hence not a corporation, agency (CDISC) true principal investigator role specimen role liver section; a portion of a culture of cells; a nemotode or other animal once no longer a subject (generally killed); portion of blood from a patient. a role borne by a material entity that is gained during a specimen collection process and that can be realized by use of the specimen in an investigation 22Jun09. The definition includes whole organisms, and can include a human. The link between specimen role and study subject role has been removed. A specimen taken as part of a case study is not considered to be a population representative, while a specimen taken as representing a population, e.g. person taken from a cohort, blood specimen taken from an animal) would be considered a population representative and would also bear material sample role. Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. blood taken from animal: animal continues in study, whereas blood has role specimen. something taken from study subject, leaves the study and becomes the specimen. parasite example - when parasite in people we study people, people are subjects and parasites are specimen - when parasite extracted, they become subject in the following study specimen can later be subject. GROUP: Role Branch OBI specimen role intervention design PMID: 18208636.Br J Nutr. 2008 Jan 22;:1-11.Effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone and vitamin D status among Pakistani immigrants in Denmark: a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled intervention study. An intervention design is a study design in which a controlled process applied to the subjects (the intervention) serves as the independent variable manipulated by the experimentalist. The treatment (perturbation or intervention) defined can be defined as a combination of values taken by independent variable manipulated by the experimentalists are applied to the recruited subjects assigned (possibly by applying specific methods) to treatment groups. The specificity of intervention design is the fact that independent variables are being manipulated and a response of the biological system is evaluated via response variables as monitored by possibly a series of assays. Philppe Rocca-Serra OBI branch derived intervention design baseline participant role Subject at time = 0; subject before a stress test. a reference participant role which is realized by making the reference to qualities at the start of the study or intervention Person: Jennifer Fostel baseline participant baseline participant role filter paper a device manufacture with the intent to provide a porous unsized paper used for filtering. Frank Gibson sep:00107 filter paper crossover population role a role realized when a participant serves as reference to itself Person: Jennifer Fostel crossover population crossover population role study group role The group of randomized participants that are assigned to a treatment arm of the trial a study population role where the bearer is a population of material entities and the role is realized in the implementation of a study design wherein the entities bearing the study population role are observed or subjected to intervention according to the study design and are biological replicates, i.e. they receive the same treatment under the protocol Jennifer Fostel study group population study group role population PMID12564891. Environ Sci Technol. 2003 Jan 15;37(2):223-8. Effects of historic PCB exposures on the reproductive success of the Hudson River striped bass population. a population is a collection of individuals from the same taxonomic class living, counted or sampled at a particular site or in a particular area 1/28/2013, BP, on the call it was raised that we may want to switch to an external ontology for all populatin terms: http://code.google.com/p/popcomm-ontology/ PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra adapted from Oxford English Dictionnary rem1: collection somehow always involve a selection process population biological replicate role A member of a dose-time group; a patient in a given arm of a trial a reference participant role realized by equivalent treatment of participants Person:Jennifer Fostel biological replicate OBI biological replicate role investigation agent role The person perform microarray experiments and submit microarray results (including raw data, processed data) with experiment description to ArrayExpress. A role borne by an entity and that is realized in a process that is part of an investigation in which an objective is achieved. These processes include, among others: planning, overseeing, funding, reviewing. Implementing a study means carrying out or performing the study and providing reagents or other materials used in the study and other tasks without which the study would not happen. Philly2013: Historically, this role would have been borne only by humans or organizations. However, we now also want to enable representing investigations run by robot scientists such as ADAM (King et al, Science, 2009) GROUP: Role Branch investigator OBI Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term. study person role Philly2013: Historically, this role would have been borne only by humans or organizations. However, we now also want to enable investigations run by robot scientists such as ADAM (King et al, Science, 2009) investigation agent role methodology testing objective Methodology_testing_objective is an objective role carried out by a proposition defining the aim of the study is to examine the effect of using different methodologies. Jennifer Fostel methodology testing objective reference subject role Saline treated rat; one of three identically-treated subjects a reference subject role which inheres in an organism or entity of organismal origin so that the characteristics or responses of the participant playing the reference participant role are used for comparison or reference Jennifer Fostel reference participant OBI reference subject role organization PMID: 16353909.AAPS J. 2005 Sep 22;7(2):E274-80. Review. The joint food and agriculture organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives and its role in the evaluation of the safety of veterinary drug residues in foods. An entity that can bear roles, has members, and has a set of organization rules. Members of organizations are either organizations themselves or individual people. Members can bear specific organization member roles that are determined in the organization rules. The organization rules also determine how decisions are made on behalf of the organization by the organization members. BP: The definition summarizes long email discussions on the OBI developer, roles, biomaterial and denrie branches. It leaves open if an organization is a material entity or a dependent continuant, as no consensus was reached on that. The current placement as material is therefore temporary, in order to move forward with development. Here is the entire email summary, on which the definition is based: 1) there are organization_member_roles (president, treasurer, branch editor), with individual persons as bearers 2) there are organization_roles (employer, owner, vendor, patent holder) 3) an organization has a charter / rules / bylaws, which specify what roles there are, how they should be realized, and how to modify the charter/rules/bylaws themselves. It is debatable what the organization itself is (some kind of dependent continuant or an aggregate of people). This also determines who/what the bearer of organization_roles' are. My personal favorite is still to define organization as a kind of 'legal entity', but thinking it through leads to all kinds of questions that are clearly outside the scope of OBI. Interestingly enough, it does not seem to matter much where we place organization itself, as long as we can subclass it (University, Corporation, Government Agency, Hospital), instantiate it (Affymetrix, NCBI, NIH, ISO, W3C, University of Oklahoma), and have it play roles. This leads to my proposal: We define organization through the statements 1 - 3 above, but without an 'is a' statement for now. We can leave it in its current place in the is_a hierarchy (material entity) or move it up to 'continuant'. We leave further clarifications to BFO, and close this issue for now. PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra PERSON: Susanna Sansone GROUP: OBI organization technical replicate role Aliquots of a tissue subjected to parallel assays technical replicate role is realized when two portions from one evaluant are used in replicate runs of an assay Person: Jennifer Fostel technical replicate technical replicate role cohort role In statistics and demography, a cohort is a group of subjects - most often humans from a given population - defined by experiencing an event (typically birth) in a particular time span. Wikipedia "cohort", Feb 29 2008 a cohort role is a biological replicate role played by a group of study participants who share a common characteristic of interest to the study. Jennifer Fostel WEB:http://www.sceoc.com/glossaryofterms/ # a group of individuals having a statistical factor (as age or class membership) in common in a demographic study, such as a cohort of students. WEB:http://www.thebody.org/content/treat/art2612.html # a group of individuals in a study who share a demographic, clinical, or other statistical characteristic (eg, age, study site). WEB:http://www.uhhospitals.org/tabid/591/Default.aspx # A cohort is a group of people with a common characteristic that is studied over a period of time as part of a scientific or medical investigation. cohort role plan The plan of researcher X to perform an experiment according to a protocol. A plan is a realizable entity that is the inheres in a bearer who is committed to realizing it as a planned process. This class is included to make clear how the plan specification, the plan, and the planned process relate. OBI will however only subclass and work under the 'plan specification', and 'planned process' class, as we want to avoid to get deep into discussions of 'intend' etc. AR, BP, JM, MC, PRS branch derived plan protocol PCR protocol, has objective specification, amplify DNA fragment of interest, and has action specification describes the amounts of experimental reagents used (e..g. buffers, dNTPS, enzyme), and the temperature and cycle time settings for running the PCR. A plan specification which has sufficient level of detail and quantitative information to communicate it between investigation agents, so that different investigation agents will reliably be able to independently reproduce the process. PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch OBI branch derived + wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_%28natural_sciences%29) study protocol true protocol adding a material entity into a target Injecting a drug into a mouse. Adding IL-2 to a cell culture. Adding NaCl into water. is a process with the objective to place a material entity bearing the 'material to be added role' into a material bearing the 'target of material addition role'. Class was renamed from 'administering substance', as this is commonly used only for additions into organisms. BP branch derived adding a material entity into a target analyte role Glucose in blood (measured in an assay to determine the concentration of glucose). A role borne by a molecular entity or an atom and realized in an analyte assay which achieves the objective to measure the magnitude/concentration/amount of the analyte in the entity bearing evaluant role interestingly, an analyte is still an analyte even if it is not detected. for this reason it does not bear a specified input role pH (technically the inverse log of [H+]) may be considered a quality; this remains to be tested. qualities such as weight, color are not assayed but measured, so they do not fall into this category. GROUP: Role Branch OBI Feb 10, 2009. changes after discussion at OBI Consortium Workshop Feb 2-6, 2009. accepted as core term. analyte role material to be added role drug added to a buffer contained in a tube; substance injected into an animal; material to be added role is a protocol participant role realized by a material which is added into a material bearing the target of material addition role in a material addition process Role Branch OBI 9 March 09 from discussion with PA branch material to be added role drawing a conclusion based on data Concluding that a gene is upregulated in a tissue sample based on the band intensity in a western blot. Concluding that a patient has a infection based on measurement of an elevated body temperature and reported headache. Concluding that there were problems in an investigation because data from PCR and microarray are conflicting. Concluding that 'defects in gene XYZ cause cancer due to improper DNA repair' based on data from experiments in that study that gene XYZ is involved in DNA repair, and the conclusion of a previous study that cancer patients have an increased number of mutations in this gene. A planned process in which data gathered in an investigation is evaluated in the context of existing knowledge with the objective to generate more general conclusions or to conclude that the data does not allow one to draw general conclusion PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Jennifer Fostel Bjoern Peters drawing a conclusion based on data planning The process of a scientist thinking about and deciding what reagents to use as part of a protocol for an experiment. Note that the scientist could be human or a "robot scientist" executing software. a process of creating or modifying a plan specification 7/18/2011 BP: planning used to itself be a planned process. Barry Smith pointed out that this would lead to an infinite regression, as there would have to be a plan to conduct a planning process, which in itself would be the result of planning etc. Therefore, the restrictions on 'planning' were loosened to allow for informal processes that result in an 'ad hoc plan '. This required changing from 'has_specified_output some plan specifiction' to 'has_participant some plan specification'. Bjoern Peters Bjoern Peters Plans and Planned Processes Branch planning mass analyzer The mass analyzer of the Voyager-DE(tm) STR Biospectrometry Workstation A Mass analyzer is a device that separates ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. All mass spectrometers are based on dynamics of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields in vacuum where the two laws of Lorentz force law and Newton's second law of motion apply. Frank Gibson PERSON: Daniel Schober http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry#Mass_analyzer mass analyzer ion source The ion source of a Voyager-DE??? STR Biospectrometry Workstation An ion source is a device that is part of a mass spectrometer that ionizes the material under analysis. The ions are then transported by magnetic or electric fields to the mass analyzer. Techniques for ionization have been key to determining what types of samples can be analyzed by mass spectrometry. Electron ionization and chemical ionization are used for gases and vapors. In chemical ionization sources, the material is ionized by chemical ion-molecule reactions during collisions in the source. Two techniques often used with liquid and solid biological samples include electrospray ionization (due to John Fenn PMID 2675315.) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI, due to M. Karas and F. Hillenkamp (Measuring Mass: From Positive Rays to Proteins by Michael A. Grayson (Editor) (ISBN 0-941901-31-9))). Frank Gibson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry#Ion_source ion source ion detector The ion detector of the Voyager-DE(tm) STR Biospectrometry Workstation An ion detector is a device that measures and records the charge induced or current produced when an ion passes by or hits a surface. Example: In a scanning instrument the signal produced in the detector during the course of the scan versus where the instrument is in the scan (at what m/Q) will produce a mass spectrum, a record of ions as a function of m/Q. Frank Gibson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry#Detector ion detector contain function A syringe, a beaker A contain function is a function to constrain a material entities location in space Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot contain function heat function A heat function is a function that increases the internal kinetic energy of a material Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot heat function material separation function A material separation function is a function that increases the resolution between two or more material entities. The to distinction between the entities is usually based on some associated physical quality. Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot material separation function filter function A filter function is a function to prevent the flow of certain entities based on a quality or qualities of the entity while allowing entities which have different qualities to pass through Frank Gibson filter function ionization function The ion source in amass spectrometer An ionization function is a function to physically convert an atom or molecule into an ion by adding or removing charged particles such as electrons or other ions. Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization ionization function cool function A cool function is a function to decrease the internal kinetic energy of a material below the initial kinetic energy of that type of material. Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot cool function environment control function An environmental control function is a function that regulates a contained environment within specified parameter ranges. For example the control of light exposure, humidity and temperature. Bill Bug Daniel Schober Frank Gibson Melanie Courtot environment control function measuring glucose concentration in blood serum An assay that determines the concentration of glucose molecules in a blood serum sample Person:Bjoern Peters measuring glucose concentration in blood serum adding material objective creating a mouse infected with LCM virus is the specification of an objective to add a material into a target material. The adding is asymmetric in the sense that the target material largely retains its identity BP adding material objective analyte measurement objective The objective to measure the concentration of glucose in a blood sample an assay objective to determine the presence or concentration of an analyte in the evaluant PERSON: Bjoern Peters PPPB branch analyte measurement objective assay objective the objective to determine the weight of a mouse. an objective specification to determine a specified type of information about an evaluated entity (the material entity bearing evaluant role) PPPB branch PPPB branch assay objective analyte assay example of usage: In lab test for blood glucose, the test is the assay, the blood bears evaluant_role and glucose bears the analyte role. The evaluant is considered an input to the assay and the information entity that records the measurement of glucose concentration the output An assay with the objective to capture information about the presence, concentration, or amount of an analyte in an evaluant. 2013-09-23: simplify equivalent axiom Note: is_realization of some analyte role isn't always true, for example when there is none of the analyte in the evaluant. For the moment we are writing it this way, but when the information ontology is further worked out this will be replaced with a condition discussing the measurement. logical def modified to remove expression below, as some analyte assays report below the level of detection, and therefore not a scalar measurement datum, replaced by measurement datum and ('has measurement unit label' some 'measurement unit label') and ('is quality measurement of' some 'molecular concentration')) PERSON:Bjoern Peters, Helen Parkinson, Philippe Rocca-Serra, Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Bjoern Peters PERSON:Helen Parkinson PERSON:Philippe Rocca-Serra PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg GROUP:OBI Planned process branch analyte assay target of material addition role peritoneum of an animal receiving an interperitoneal injection; solution in a tube receiving additional material; location of absorbed material following a dermal application. target of material addition role is a role realized by an entity into which a material is added in a material addition process From Branch discussion with BP, AR, MC -- there is a need for the recipient to interact with the administered material. for example, a tooth receiving a filling was not considered to be a target role. GROUP: Role Branch OBI target of material addition role normalized data set A data set that is produced as the output of a normalization data transformation. PERSON: James Malone PERSON: Melanie Courtot normalized data set measure function A glucometer measures blood glucose concentration, the glucometer has a measure function. Measure function is a function that is borne by a processed material and realized in a process in which information about some entity is expressed relative to some reference. PERSON: Daniel Schober PERSON: Helen Parkinson PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON:Frank Gibson measure function material transformation objective The objective to create a mouse infected with LCM virus. The objective to create a defined solution of PBS. an objective specifiction that creates an specific output object from input materials. PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Frank Gibson PERSON: Jennifer Fostel PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra artifact creation objective GROUP: OBI PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch material transformation objective manufacturing Manufacturing is a process with the intent to produce a processed material which will have a function for future use. A person or organization (having manufacturer role) is a participant in this process Manufacturing implies reproducibility and responsibility AR This includes a single scientist making a processed material for personal use. PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Frank Gibson PERSON: Jennifer Fostel PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra GROUP: OBI PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch manufacturing manufacturing objective is the objective to manufacture a material of a certain function (device) PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Frank Gibson PERSON: Jennifer Fostel PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra GROUP: OBI PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch manufacturing objective study design execution injecting a mouse with PBS solution, weighing it, and recording the weight according to a study design. a planned process that carries out a study design a planned process that realizes the concretization of a study design removed axiom has_part some (assay or 'data transformation') per discussion on protocol application mailing list to improve reasoner performance. The axiom is still desired. branch derived 6/11/9: edited at workshop. Used to be: study design execution is a process with the objective to generate data according to a concretized study design. The execution of a study design is part of an investigation, and minimally consists of an assay or data transformation. study design execution clinical chemistry assay Influence of hydroxyethyl starch (6% HES 130/0.4) administration on hematology and clinical chemistry parameters. Mueller T, Schimetta W, Dieplinger B, Loeffler P, Rehm M, Kreimeier U, Poelz W, Haltmayer M. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2008;46(4):558-62. PMID: 18605936 a process which uses analytical methods to produce measurements and data on the concentration of a chemical parameters (analytes) present in a bodily fluid collected from an organism. 3/26/09: There needs to be a restriction set that specifies which type of evaluants are used in the assay, somewhere along the lines of 'sample derived of bodily fluid' Person: Philippe Rocca-Serra chemical pathology detection of analyte in blood sample adapted from Wikipedia clinical chemistry clinical chemistry assay manufacturer role With respect to The Accuri C6 Flow Cytometer System, the organization Accuri bears the role manufacturer role. With respect to a transformed line of tissue culture cells derived by a specific lab, the lab whose personnel isolated the cll line bears the role manufacturer role. With respect to a specific antibody produced by an individual scientist, the scientist who purifies, characterizes and distributes the anitbody bears the role manufacturer role. Manufacturer role is a role which inheres in a person or organization and which is realized by a manufacturing process. GROUP: Role Branch OBI manufacturer role scattered molecular aggregate the sodium and chloride ions in a glass of salt water a material entity that consists of all the molecules of a specific type that are located in some bounded region and which is part of a more massive material entity that has parts that are other such aggregates PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg Collective Discussion in Karslruhe with, among others, Alan Rector, Stefan Schulz, Marijke Keet, Melanie Courtot, and Alan Ruttenberg. With inspiration from the paper Granularity, scale and collectivity: When size does and does not matter, Alan Recto, Jeremy Rogers, Thomas Bittner, Journal of Biomedical Informatics 39 (2006) 333-349 scattered molecular aggregate hematology Co-associations between insulin sensitivity and measures of liver function, subclinical inflammation, and hematology. Godsland IF, Johnston DG. Metabolism. 2008 Sep;57(9):1190-7. PMID: 18702943 hematology is a process studying blood and blood producing organs relying on a variety of techniques and instruments Philippe Rocca-Serra blood analysis, haematology OBI branch derived hematology material separation objective The objective to obtain multiple aliquots of an enzyme preparation. The objective to obtain cells contained in a sample of blood. is an objective to transform a material entity into spatially separated components. PPPB branch PPPB branch material separation objective urine specimen a portion of urine collected from an organism 4/10/2011BP: It seems to me that the editor notes refer to a previous version, and are no longer relevant. This could be instead a kind of collection of secreted stuff. Among secreted stuff there is passive, and active. urine is secreted, passiv. lavage is secreted, active are we happy calling collection of urine a material separation? true urine specimen material combination Mixing two fluids. Adding salt into water. Injecting a mouse with PBS. is a material processing with the objective to combine two or more material entities as input into a single material entity as output. created at workshop as parent class for 'adding material into target', which is asymmetric, while combination encompasses all addition processes. bp bp material combination device setting Examples, 300V for 4 hours, 200mvolts, 37degrees.A knob set a 300 V is the device setting, the protocol stating to set the instrument to 300V is a device setting specification a quality inheres_in some device and is concretization of some (device_setting_specification and is_about a quality of the device PERSON: Frank Gibson device setting blood specimen blood drawn from a human for glucose assay a material entity derived from a portion of blood collected from an organism Bjoern Peters Bjoern Peters blood specimen specimen collection process drawing blood from a patient for analysis, collecting a piece of a plant for depositing in a herbarium, buying meat from a butcher in order to measure its protein content in an investigation A planned process with the objective of collecting a specimen. Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. Philly2013: A specimen collection can have as part a material entity acquisition, such as ordering from a bank. The distinction is that specimen collection necessarily involves the creation of a specimen role. However ordering cell lines cells from ATCC for use in an investigation is NOT a specimen collection, because the cell lines already have a specimen role. Philly2013: The specimen_role for the specimen is created during the specimen collection process. label changed to 'specimen collection process' on 10/27/2014, details see tracker: http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/716/ Bjoern Peters specimen collection 5/31/2012: This process is not necessarily an acquisition, as specimens may be collected from materials already in posession 6/9/09: used at workshop specimen collection process sample from organism a material obtained from an organism in order to be a representative of the whole 5/29: This is a helper class for now we need to work on this: Is taking a urine sample a material separation process? If not, we will need to specify what 'taking a sample from organism' entails. We can argue that the objective to obtain a urine sample from a patient is enough to call it a material separation process, but it could dilute what material separation was supposed to be about. sample from organism portioning objective The objective to obtain multiple aliquots of an enzyme preparation. A material separation objective aiming to separate material into multiple portions, each of which contains a similar composition of the input material. portioning objective separation into different composition objective The objective to obtain cells contained in a sample of blood. A material separation objective aiming to separate a material entity that has parts of different types, and end with at least one output that is a material with parts of fewer types (modulo impurities). We should be using has the grain relations or concentrations to distinguish the portioning and other sub-objectives separation into different composition objective specimen collection objective The objective to collect bits of excrement in the rainforest. The objective to obtain a blood sample from a patient. A objective specification to obtain a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. Bjoern Peters Bjoern Peters specimen collection objective material combination objective is an objective to obtain an output material that contains several input materials. PPPB branch bp material combination objective glucose tolerance test PMID: 19527607 Using the 100-g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test to Predict Fetal and Maternal Outcomes in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Lin CH, Wen SF, Wu YH, Huang MJ. Chang Gung Med J. 2009 May-Jun;32(3):283-9. is a process in which following administration of a bolus a glucose in-vivo, glucose clearance from blood plasma is monitored over time by repeated glucose measurement in blood serum. the output of a process is a measure which can be used to evaluate the severity of insulin resistance or the efficiency of glucose clearance. 30-10-2013:[author: PRS] removing "realizes some (concretizes some 'time series design')" axiom as it causes 'gtt' to be classified under study design execution instead of assay Philippe Rocca-Serra NuGO OBI plan branch glucose tolerance test host role In biology, a host is an organism that harbors a virus or parasite, or a mutual or commensal symbiont, typically providing nourishment and shelter. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology) 30 March 09 host role is a role played by an organism and realized by providing nourishment, shelter or a means of reproduction to another organism within the organism playing the host role 30Mar09 virus reproducing inside a cell; bacteria causing a disease, host can be harmed or not. we want to avoid a cat sitting on my lap and an animal care technician; these are not examples or hosts; dental cares = on tooth, but part of outer layer of tooth, so covered by "within" in the definition GROUP: Role Branch 30 Mar09 submitted by vaccine community OBI http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_(biology) host role material sample role a role borne by a portion of blood taken to represent all the blood in an organism; the role borne by a population of humans with HIV enrolled in a study taken to represent patients with HIV in general. A material sample role is a specimen role borne by a material entity that is the output of a material sampling process. 7/13/09: Note that this is a relational role: between the sample taken and the 'sampled' material of which the sample is thought to be representative off. material sample role material sample blood drawn from patient to measure his systemic glucose level. A population of humans with HIV enrolled in a study taken to represent patients with HIV in general. A material entity that has the material sample role OBI: workshop sample population sample material sample study design independent variable In a study in which gene expression is measured in patients between 8 month to 4 years old that have mild or severe malaria and in which the hypothesis is that gene expression in that age group is a function of disease status, disease status is the independent variable. a directive information entity that is part of a study design. Independent variables are entities whose values are selected to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon (the dependent variable). In such an experiment, an attempt is made to find evidence that the values of the independent variable determine the values of the dependent variable (that which is being measured). The independent variable can be changed as required, and its values do not represent a problem requiring explanation in an analysis, but are taken simply as given. The dependent variable on the other hand, usually cannot be directly controlled 2/2/2009 Original definition - In the design of experiments, independent variables are those whose values are controlled or selected by the person experimenting (experimenter) to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon (the dependent variable). In such an experiment, an attempt is made to find evidence that the values of the independent variable determine the values of the dependent variable (that which is being measured). The independent variable can be changed as required, and its values do not represent a problem requiring explanation in an analysis, but are taken simply as given. The dependent variable on the other hand, usually cannot be directly controlled. In the Philly 2013 workshop the label was chosen to distinguish it from "dependent variable" as used in statistical modelling. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_modeling PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Chris Stoeckert experimental factor independent variable Web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables 2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify thisdefinition please notify OBI. study factor study design independent variable study design dependent variable In a study in which gene expression is measured in patients between 8 month to 4 years old that have mild or severe malaria and in which the hypothesis is that gene expression in that age group is a function of disease status, the gene expression is the dependent variable. dependent variable specification is part of a study design. The dependent variable is the event studied and expected to change when the independent variable varies. 2/2/2009 In the design of experiments, independent variables are those whose values are controlled or selected by the person experimenting (experimenter) to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon (the dependent variable). In such an experiment, an attempt is made to find evidence that the values of the independent variable determine the values of the dependent variable (that which is being measured). The independent variable can be changed as required, and its values do not represent a problem requiring explanation in an analysis, but are taken simply as given. The dependent variable on the other hand, usually cannot be directly controlled. In the Philly 2013 workshop the label was chosen to distinguish it from "dependent variable" as used in statistical modelling. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_modeling PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Chris Stoeckert dependent variable WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_and_independent_variables 2009-03-16: work has been done on this term during during the OBI workshop winter 2009 and the current definition was considered acceptable for use in OBI. If there is a need to modify thisdefinition please notify OBI. study design dependent variable material maintenance objective An objective specification maintains some or all of the qualities of a material over time. PERSON: Bjoern Peters PERSON: Bjoern Peters material maintenance objective informed consent process A planned process in which a person or their legal representative is informed about key facts about potential risks and benefits of a process and makes a documented decision as to whether the person in question will participate. 09/28/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: This is made a subclass of the higher level processual entity in BFO because I don't want to take a stand on whether it is a process aggregate. Analogous to the situation with Material entity. Person:Alan Ruttenberg http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/info/glossary#informed 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case informed consent process to be treated with active ingredient role Role of a patient in a group treated with an active substance in a clinical trial A study subject role which begins to exist when a subject is assigned to be one of those who will receive active ingredient, and is realized in a study execution in which they receive the active ingredient Person:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON: Helen Parkinson 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case to be treated with active ingredient role to be treated with placebo role A study subject role which begins to exist when a subject is assigned to be one of those who will receive a placebo, and realized in a study execution in which they receive the placebo Person:Alan Ruttenberg 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case to be treated with placebo role research organization The SALK institute is a research organization. An organization formed with a goal to have its members conduct investigations Person:Bjoern Peters research organization measurement device A ruler, a microarray scanner, a Geiger counter. A device in which a measure function inheres. GROUP:OBI Philly workshop OBI measurement device material maintenance a process with that achieves the objective to maintain some or all of the characteristics of an input material over time material maintenance study intervention the part of the execution of an intervention design study which is varied between two or more subjects in the study PERSON: Bjoern Peters GROUP: OBI study intervention material separation device flow cytometer A device with a separation function realized in a planed process material separation device service consumer role A biologist who uses a sequencing services fulfills the role of a service consumer a role which inheres in a person who uses a service Person:Helen Parkinson OBI service consumer role service provider role Jackson Lab provides experimental animals, EBI provides training on databases, a core facility provides access to a DNA sequencer. is a role which inheres in a person or organization and is realized in in a planned process which provides access to training, materials or execution of protocols for an organization or person PERSON:Helen Parkinson service provider role compound treatment design an intervention design in which the treatment is the administration of a compound This is meant to include all kinds of material administrations, including vaccinations, chemical compounds etc. PERSON: Bjoern Peters MO_555 compound_treatment_design compound treatment design processed specimen A tissue sample that has been sliced and stained for a histology study. A blood specimen that has been centrifuged to obtain the white blood cells. A specimen that has been intentionally physically modified. Bjoern Peters Bjoern Peters A tissue sample that has been sliced and stained for a histology study. processed specimen container A device that can be used to restrict the location of material entities over time 03/21/2010: Added to allow classification of children (similar to what we want to do for 'measurement device'. Lookint at what classifies here, we may want to reconsider a contain function assigned to a part of an entity is necessarily also a function of the whole (e.g. is a centrifuge a container because it has test tubes as parts?) PERSON: Bjoern Peters container device A voltmeter is a measurement device which is intended to perform some measure function. An autoclave is a device that sterlizes instruments or contaminated waste by applying high temperature and pressure. A material entity that is designed to perform a function in a scientific investigation, but is not a reagent. 2012-12-17 JAO: In common lab usage, there is a distinction made between devices and reagents that is difficult to model. Therefore we have chosen to specifically exclude reagents from the definition of "device", and are enumerating the types of roles that a reagent can perform. 2013-6-5 MHB: The following clarifications are outcomes of the May 2013 Philly Workshop. Reagents are distinguished from devices that also participate in scientific techniques by the fact that reagents are chemical or biological in nature and necessarily participate in some chemical interaction or reaction during the realization of their experimental role. By contrast, devices do not participate in such chemical reactions/interactions. Note that there are cases where devices use reagent components during their operation, where the reagent-device distinction is less clear. For example: (1) An HPLC machine is considered a device, but has a column that holds a stationary phase resin as an operational component. This resin qualifies as a device if it participates purely in size exclusion, but bears a reagent role that is realized in the running of a column if it interacts electrostatically or chemically with the evaluant. The container the resin is in (“the column”) considered alone is a device. So the entire column as well as the entire HPLC machine are devices that have a reagent as an operating part. (2) A pH meter is a device, but its electrode component bears a reagent role in virtue of its interacting directly with the evaluant in execution of an assay. (3) A gel running box is a device that has a metallic lead as a component that participates in a chemical reaction with the running buffer when a charge is passed through it. This metallic lead is considered to have a reagent role as a component of this device realized in the running of a gel. In the examples above, a reagent is an operational component of a device, but the device itself does not realize a reagent role (as bearing a reagent role is not transitive across the part_of relation). In this way, the asserted disjointness between a reagent and device holds, as both roles are never realized in the same bearer during execution of an assay. PERSON: Helen Parkinson instrument OBI development call 2012-12-17. device dose specification a protocol specifying to administer 1 ml of vaccine to a mouse a directive information entity that describes the dose that will be administered to a target dose specification sequence data example of usage: the representation of a nucleotide sequence in FASTA format used for a sequence similarity search. A measurement datum that representing the primary structure of a macromolecule(it's sequence) sometimes associated with an indicator of confidence of that measurement. Person:Chris Stoeckert GROUP: OBI sequence data dose An organism has been injected 1ml of vaccine A measurement datum that measures the quantity of something that may be administered to an organism or that an organism may be exposed to. Quantities of nutrients, drugs, vaccines and toxins are referred to as doses. dose performing a diagnosis Diagnosing that a patient has pneumonia based on information on measurements of temperature, sound of breathing, and patient complaining about a headache. The interpretation of the information available about bodily features (clinical picture) of a patient resulting in a diagnosis performing a diagnosis administration of material to specimen Staining cells in a tissue slice with a dye. The directed combination of a material entity with a specimen. Bjoern Peters Bjoern Peters administration of material to specimen questionnaire A document with a set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers, devised for the purposes of a survey or statistical study. JT: It plays a role in collecting data that could be fleshed out more; but I'm thinking it is, in itself, an edited document. JZ: based on textual definition of edited document, it can be defined as N&S. I prefer to leave questionnaire as a document now. We can add more restrictions in the future and use that to determine it is an edited document or not. Need to clarify if this is a document or a directive information entity (or what their connection is)) PERSON: Jessica Turner Merriam-Webster true questionnaire environmental control device A growth chamber is an environmental control device. An environmental control device is a device which has the function to control some aspect of the environment such as temperature, or humidity. Helen Parkinson OBI environmental control device service providing a training course for UCSD employees how to run a DNA sequencer; sequencing a DNA sample provided by a service consumer restricted to non-human samples; giving access to tissue samples in a biobank within OHSU; JAX shipping mice from their colony A planned process in which a service provider performs a task (i.e. a planned process) for a service consumer. Carlo; Matt OBI workshop San Diego 2011 service quality control testing design A study design in which some aspects of the experiment is quality controlled for the purposes of quality assurance. Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng MO_981 quality_control_testing_design quality control testing design dose response design A study design that examines the relationship between the size of the administered dose and the extent of the response. Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng MO_485 dose_response_design dose response design specimen from organism A specimen that derives from an anatomical part or substance arising from an organism. Examples of tissue specimen include tissue, organ, physiological system, blood, or body location (arm). PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng tissue specimen MO_954 organism_part specimen from organism material maintenance service model organism colony maintanance A material processing service in which a service provider makes physical modifications to a specified input material, such that at least one of the specified outputs of this process is a modified version of a specified input material. PERSON: Carlo Torniai PERSON: Matthew Brush PERSON: Matthew Brush Here we need to go back to the defintoin of storage process. It has object specification which is material maintenance. Not necessareley a material maintenance is needed in a storage process. material maintenance service material service A service performing DNA sequencing, a service preforming cell analysis. A service performing cell line immortalization A service which has a material entity as specified input and/or specified output. PERSON: Carlo Torniai PERSON: Matthew Brush PERSON: Carlo Torniai material service material analysis service Services performing DNA sequencing or Cell Analysis A service in which a service consumer provides some input material and a service provider performs some analysis of this material to generate data that is returned to the service consumer. PERSON: Carlo Torniai PERSON: Matthew Brush PERSON: Matthew Brush material analysis service material storage service A service that offers liquid nitrogen stroage. A storage service in which a service consumer provides some material as input which a service provider stores and returns as output. PERSON: Carlo Torniai PERSON: Matthew Brush PERSON: Matthew Brush material storage service investigation description A textual entity that describes an investigation. Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group study description project description true NIAID GSCID-BRC investigation description specimen identifier A CRID symbol denotes a specimen and used to distinguish one specimen from another in an investigation. Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng specimen ID NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Specimen ID NIAID GSCID-BRC specimen identifier 1 PubMed ID A CRID symbol that is sufficient to look up a citation from the PubMed, a literature database of life sciences and biomedical information. Edits was made on Aug 24, 2016 based on OBI dev call, details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/819/ Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng PMID PubMed Identifier Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PMID Publication Citation NIAID GSCID-BRC PubMed ID investigation title A textual entity that denotes an investigation. Person:Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group study title project title true NIAID GSCID-BRC investigation title Bioinformatics Resource Center An organization that is one of the Internet-based research centers established and funded by NIAID (the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases). The Bioinformatics Resource Centers (BRCs) were formed in response to the threats posed by emerging and re-emerging pathogens, particularly CDC Category A, B, and C pathogens, and their potential use in bioterrorism. The intention of NIAID in funding these bioinformatics centers is to assist researchers involved in the experimental characterization of such pathogens and the formation of drugs, vaccines, or diagnostic tools to combat them. Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng BRC Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics_Resource_Centers NIAID GSCID-BRC Bioinformatics Resource Center country name A textual entity that denotes a geographic location that is a site or part of a site that is identified as a country in the political geography. Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country Specimen Collection Location - Country true NIAID GSCID-BRC country name investigation identifier A CRID symbol used to identify an investigation. Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zhneg NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group project ID NIAID GSCID-BRC investigation identifier grant identifier A CRID symbol used to identify a grant. Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group grant ID NIAID GSCID-BRC grant identifier analytical chromatography Detection of the presence of blood group A specific antibodies by passing a serum sample through an affinity column containing blood group A carbohydrate, and quantifying the protein content eluted from the column. An analyte assay that uses a biomaterial's preferential affinity for either the mobile phase or the stationary phase to separate it from other materials and thereby detect its presence in an input material. IEDB IEDB analytical chromatography grant A plan specification of organization A to give money to organization B so that B conducts investigations. Organization A has funder role and Organization B has research organization role. Discussed on Feb 13, 2012 dev call. Details see the tracker: https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3483338&group_id=177891&atid=886178 Group: OBI OBI AR: Grant isn't a plan specification, it has a part which is a plan specification. See tracker: https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3483338&group_id=177891&atid=886178 grant contact representative role A role inhering in a person who represents an institution, organization, or service provider and realized when communication is directed at them about the entity they represent. Discussed on May 7, 2012 dev call propose:contact role, type of organization role, and create shortcut relation between 'organization role' and 'organization' ? Whether it works for communicating author in manuscript or not? Tracker: https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3512891&group_id=177891&atid=886178 Person: Chris Stoeckert NIAID GSCID-BRC contact representative role selection criterion rats should be aged between 6 and 8 weeks and weight between 180-250grams A directive information entity which defines and states a principle of standard by which selection process may take place. Person: Philippe Rocca-Serra selection rule OBI discussion summarized under the following tracker item : http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/678/ selection criterion specimen collector role An Investigation agent role borne by a person or organization which is realized in a specimen collection process. Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert Penn Group NIAID GSCID-BRC specimen collector role drawing a conclusion Concluding that the length of the hypotenuse is equal to the square root of the sum of squares of the other two sides in a right-triangle. Concluding that a gene is upregulated in a tissue sample based on the band intensity in a western blot. Concluding that a patient has a infection based on measurement of an elevated body temperature and reported headache. Concluding that there were problems in an investigation because data from PCR and microarray are conflicting. A planned process in which new information is inferred from existing information. drawing a conclusion organization of specimen provider principal investigator An organization that is the affiliation of the principal investigator providing the specimens for the investigation PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Sample Provider PI's Institution NIAID GSCID-BRC organization of specimen provider principal investigator organization of Bioinformatics Resource Center contact person An organization that is the affiliation of the person who is contact representative of a Bioinformatics Resource Center PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Bioinformatics Resource Center Contact's Institution NIAID GSCID-BRC organization of Bioinformatics Resource Center contact person Bioinformatics Resource Center contact person A person who is the contact representative of a Bioinformatics Resource Center PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Bioinformatics Resource Center Contact Name NIAID GSCID-BRC Bioinformatics Resource Center contact person specimen-based scope of investigation specification Some examples of specimen scope are Monoisolate, Multiisolate, Multi-species, Environment, or Synthetic. A plan specification which specifies the scope of an investigation based on the heterogeneity of organisms or type of material that are the specified input of specimen collection. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Sample Scope NIAID GSCID-BRC specimen-based scope of investigation specification specimen repository organization An organization that provides a service to store and distribute specimens PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Specimen Repository NIAID GSCID-BRC specimen repository organization email address of Bioinformatics Resource Center contact person An email address of the person who is contact representative of a Bioinformatics Resource Center PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Bioinformatics Resource Center Contact's email NIAID GSCID-BRC email address of Bioinformatics Resource Center contact person sequencing facility contact person A person who is the contact representative at the sequencing facility PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Sequencing Facility Contact Name NIAID GSCID-BRC sequencing facility contact person specimen provider principal investigator A person who is a principal investigator and provides the specimen PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Sample Provider Principal Investigator (PI) Name NIAID GSCID-BRC specimen provider principal investigator email address of specimen collector An email address of the person collecting the specimen PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Specimen Collector's email NIAID GSCID-BRC email address of specimen collector sequencing facility organization An organization that provides sequence determination service PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Sequencing Facility NIAID GSCID-BRC sequencing facility organization organization of specimen collector An organization that is the affiliation of the person collecting the specimen PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Specimen Collector's Institution NIAID GSCID-BRC organization of specimen collector email address of sequencing facility contact person An email address of the contact representative at the sequencing facility PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Sequencing Facility Contact's email NIAID GSCID-BRC email address of sequencing facility contact person specimen collector A person who collects the specimen PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Specimen Collector Name NIAID GSCID-BRC specimen collector investigation assay specification Some examples of Project Method are Sequence, Array, Mass Spectrometry A plan specification which indicates the assay type used to obtain data. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Project Method NIAID GSCID-BRC investigation assay specification organization of sequencing facility contact person An organization that is the affiliation of the contact representative at the sequencing facility PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Sequencing Facility Contact's Institution NIAID GSCID-BRC organization of sequencing facility contact person comment on investigation A textual entity that is about any of the aspects of an investigation worth noting PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Comments NIAID GSCID-BRC comment on investigation specimen identifier assigned by specimen repository A specimen identifier which is assigned by a specimen repository PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Specimen Repository Sample ID NIAID GSCID-BRC specimen identifier assigned by specimen repository specimen identifier assigned by sequencing facility A specimen identifier which is assigned by a sequencing facility PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Sample ID - Sequencing Facility NIAID GSCID-BRC specimen identifier assigned by sequencing facility sample preparation for sequencing assay A sample preparation for assay that preparation of nucleic acids for a sequencing assay PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Nucleic Acid Preparation Method NIAID GSCID-BRC sample preparation for sequencing assay email address of specimen provider principal investigator An email address of the principal investigator providing the specimens for the investigation PERSON: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group Sample Provider PI's email NIAID GSCID-BRC email address of specimen provider principal investigator sequencing service A service provides sequencing service which is the realization of some sequencing such as RNA and DNA sequencing in which the service provider role is realized. Person: Jie Zheng Adpated from 'DNA sequencing service' NIAID GSCID-BRC sequencing service testable hypothesis that fucoidan has a small statistically significant effect on AT3 level but no useful clinical effect as in-vivo anticoagulant, a paraphrase of part of the last paragraph of the discussion section of the paper 'Pilot clinical study to evaluate the anticoagulant activity of fucoidan', by Lowenthal et. al.PMID:19696660 An information content entity that expresses an assertion that is intended to be tested. In the Philly 2013 workshop, we recognized the limitations of "hypothesis textual entity", and we introduced this as more general. The need for the 'textual entity' term going forward is up for future debate. Group:2013 Philly Workshop group hypothesis Group:2013 Philly Workshop group testable hypothesis conclusion based on data The conclusion that a gene is upregulated in a tissue sample based on the band intensity in a western blot. The conclusion that a patient has a infection based on measurement of an elevated body temperature and reported headache. The conclusion that there were problems in an investigation because data from PCR and microarray are conflicting. The following are NOT conclusions based on data: data themselves; results from pure mathematics, e.g. "13 is prime". An information content entity that is inferred from data. In the Philly 2013 workshop, we recognized the limitations of "conclusion textual entity", and we introduced this as more general. The need for the 'textual entity' term going forward is up for future debate. Group:2013 Philly Workshop group Group:2013 Philly Workshop group conclusion based on data selection PMID: 24023800. In this study, a set of eleven genes (VATP16, 60 S, UQCC, SMD3, EF1α, UBQ, SAND, GAPDH, ACT, PsaB, PTB2) was evaluated to identify reference genes during the first hours of interaction (6, 12, 18 and 24 hpi) between two V. vinifera genotypes and P. viticola. Two analyses were used for the selection of reference genes: direct comparison of susceptible, Trincadeira, and resistant, Regent, V. vinifera cultivars at 0 h, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours post inoculation with P. viticola (genotype effect); and comparison of each genotype with mock inoculated samples during inoculation time-course (biotic stress effect). Three statistical methods were used, GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper, allowing to identify UBQ, EF1α and GAPDH as the most stable genes for the genotype effect. A planned process which results in the creation of group of entity from a larger group by the application of predefined criteria. this term refers to a planned process and therefore is distinct from the notion of 'natural selection', a process covering the operation of natural causes by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted to the environment tend to be preserved and to transmit their characters, while those less adapted die out, so that in the course of generations the degree of adaptation to the environment tends progressively to increase. (as defined by Oxford English Dictionary) Person: Philippe Rocca-Serra selection process OBI selection 1 1 scalar value specification A value specification that consists of two parts: a numeral and a unit label PERSON:Bjoern Peters scalar value specification comparing prediction to measurement A planned process in which predicted values for some thing are compared to measured values for that thing. comparing prediction to measurement value specification The value of 'positive' in a classification scheme of "positive or negative"; the value of '20g' on the quantitative scale of mass. An information content entity that specifies a value within a classification scheme or on a quantitative scale. This term is currently a descendant of 'information content entity', which requires that it 'is about' something. A value specification of '20g' for a measurement data item of the mass of a particular mouse 'is about' the mass of that mouse. However there are cases where a value specification is not clearly about any particular. In the future we may change 'value specification' to remove the 'is about' requirement. PERSON:Bjoern Peters value specification predicted value an information content entity that has been generated by a prediction process in which an estimate of a value of an entity is made which can be measured but without performing such a measurement. The value specification is intended to be close to the value a measurement process would produce modulo a prediction error. PERSON:Bjoern Peters predicted value grant agency An organization that provides funding support for projects such as investigations. PERSON: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert funding organization NIAID GSCID-BRC metadata working group true NIAID GSCID-BRC grant agency 'funding organization' http://vivoweb.org/ontology/core#FundingOrganization collection of specimens Blood cells collected from multiple donors over the course of a study. A material entity that has two or more specimens as its parts. Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/778/ Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng OBIB, OBI Biobank collection of specimens specimen set collection process Collection of both blood and urine specimens in one clinical visit; Taking out liver and brain specimens during an autopsy. A specimen collection process that generates multiple specimens from one source (e.g. one organism) during a time period which for the purpose of the study can be considered to be taken at the same sampling time. Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng OBIB, OBI specimen set collection process specimens collected in one encounter Both blood and urine specimens collected in one clinical visit; liver and brain specimens taken during an autopsy. A collection of specimens that is collected from one source (e.g. one organism) during a time period which for the purpose of the study can be considered to be taken at the same sampling time. Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/778/ Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng specimen set OBIB, OBI Biobank specimens collected in one encounter human specimen set A specimen set that is collected from one person during a time period which for the purpose of the study can be considered to be taken at the same sampling time. Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/778/ Person: Chris Stoeckert, Jie Zheng Duke Biobank, OBIB, OBI Biobank human specimen set specimens collected longitudinally A collection of specimens that was derived from the same source material entity at different time points in order to observe changes in that entity. Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/778/ Person: Chris Stoeckert Bjoern Peters, OBI specimens collected longitudinally physical store a freezer. a humidity controlled box. A container with an environmental control function. For details see tracker item: http://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/793/ Chris Stoeckert Duke Biobank, OBIB Biobank physical store digital object identifier The doi symbol: "10.1109/5.771073" resolves to ieee website: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?reload=true&arnumber=771073 A centrally registered identifier symbol used to uniquely identify objects given by International DOI Foundation. The DOI system is particularly used for electronic documents such as journal articles. Discussed on Aug 22, 2016 OBI dev call. Details see tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/818/ OBI developers DOI https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier https://www.doi.org/ digital object identifier high performance liquid chromotography assay On-line coupled immunoaffinity chromatography-reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (IAC-HPLC) with detection by quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry using a particle beam interface has been developed for the determination of the steroids, dexamethasone and flumethasone. HEMA (polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate) was evaluated as a support material for the anti-dexamethasone antibodies used in IAC. Antibody cross-reactivity and non-specific binding have been investigated for the HEMA bound anti-dexamethasone IAC column. The on-line IAC-HPLC-MS determination of dexamethasone and flumethasone in post-administration equine urine samples showed precisions (R.S.D.) of 8.0 and 7.1%, respectively, with limits of detection in the range 3-4 ng/ml. An analytical chromatography assay that utilizes a high performance liquid chromatography instrument for separation of compounts in a solution. ImmPort HPLC http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9491555 high performance liquid chromotography assay bile specimen A specimen that is derived from bile. Chris Stoeckert Chris Stoeckert, Penn Medicine Biobank bile specimen feces specimen A specimen that is derived from feces. Chris Stoeckert stool specimen Chris Stoeckert, Penn Medicine Biobank true feces specimen digestive system fluid or secretion specimen A specimen that is derived from digestive system fluid or secretion. Chris Stoeckert gastric fluid specimen Chris Stoeckert, Penn Medicine Biobank digestive system fluid or secretion specimen milk specimen A specimen that is derived from milk. Chris Stoeckert Chris Stoeckert, Penn Medicine Biobank milk specimen saliva specimen A specimen that is derived from saliva. Chris Stoeckert Chris Stoeckert, Penn Medicine Biobank true saliva specimen sputum specimen A specimen that is derived from sputum. Chris Stoeckert Chris Stoeckert, Penn Medicine Biobank sputum specimen sweat specimen A specimen that is derived from sweat. Chris Stoeckert Chris Stoeckert, Penn Medicine Biobank sweat specimen blood plasma specimen PMID: 18217225.Sex Transm Dis. 2008 Jan;35(1):55-60. Review.Human immunodeficiency virus viral load in blood plasma and semen: review and implications of empirical findings. a material entity which corresponds to the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. 03/21/2010: BP, blood plasma is defined as the output of certain separation processes, so this is in the domain of OBI, not FMA. PERSON: Maura Gasparetto PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra plasma WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma true blood plasma specimen blood serum specimen PMID: 18229666.Adv Med Sci. 2007;52 Suppl 1:204-6.Antioxidant activity of blood serum and saliva in patients with periodontal disease treated due to epilepsy. A material entity which derives from blood and corresponds to blood plasma without fibrinogen or the other clotting factors. PERSON: Maura Gasparetto PERSON: Melanie Courtot PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma true blood serum specimen organism animal fungus plant virus A material entity that is an individual living system, such as animal, plant, bacteria or virus, that is capable of replicating or reproducing, growth and maintenance in the right environment. An organism may be unicellular or made up, like humans, of many billions of cells divided into specialized tissues and organs. 10/21/09: This is a placeholder term, that should ideally be imported from the NCBI taxonomy, but the high level hierarchy there does not suit our needs (includes plasmids and 'other organisms') 13-02-2009: OBI doesn't take position as to when an organism starts or ends being an organism - e.g. sperm, foetus. This issue is outside the scope of OBI. GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch WEB: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism organism specimen Biobanking of blood taken and stored in a freezer for potential future investigations stores specimen. A material entity that has the specimen role. Note: definition is in specimen creation objective which is defined as an objective to obtain and store a material entity for potential use as an input during an investigation. PERSON: James Malone PERSON: Philippe Rocca-Serra GROUP: OBI Biomaterial Branch specimen glucose in solution Glucose present in blood A scattered aggregate of glucose molecules in a liquid PERSON: Jie Zheng glucose molecules glucose in solution data transformation The application of a clustering protocol to microarray data or the application of a statistical testing method on a primary data set to determine a p-value. A planned process that produces output data from input data. Elisabetta Manduchi Helen Parkinson James Malone Melanie Courtot Philippe Rocca-Serra Richard Scheuermann Ryan Brinkman Tina Hernandez-Boussard data analysis data processing Branch editors data transformation data transformation objective normalize objective An objective specification to transformation input data into output data Modified definition in 2013 Philly OBI workshop James Malone PERSON: James Malone data transformation objective data normalization objective Quantile transformation which has normalization objective can be used for expression microarray assay normalization and it is referred to as "quantile normalization", according to the procedure described e.g. in PMID 12538238. A normalization objective is a data transformation objective where the aim is to remove systematic sources of variation to put the data on equal footing in order to create a common base for comparisons. Elisabetta Manduchi Helen Parkinson James Malone PERSON: Elisabetta Manduchi PERSON: Helen Parkinson PERSON: James Malone data normalization objective normalization data transformation A normalization data transformation is a data transformation that has objective normalization. James Malone PERSON: James Malone normalization data transformation scaling objective Scaling gene expression data for cross platform analysis http://www.springerprotocols.com/Abstract/doi/10.1007/978-1-59745-454-4_13 is a data transformation objective where all, or some of a data set is adjusted by some data transformation according to some scale, for example a user defined minimum or maximum Awaiting English definition from Monnie McGee James Malone Person:Helen Parkinson scaling objective sequential design PMID: 17710740.Pharm Stat. 2007 Aug 20.Sequential design approaches for bioequivalence studies with crossover designs. Any design in which the decision as to whether to enroll the next patient, pair of patients, or block of patients is determined by whether the cumulative treatment difference for all previous patients is within specified limits. Enrollment is continued if the difference does not exceed the limits. It is terminated if it does Philippe Rocca-Serra MUSC Provenance: OCI sequential design observation design PMID: 12387964.Lancet. 2002 Oct 12;360(9340):1144-9.Deficiency of antibacterial peptides in patients with morbus Kostmann: an observation study. observation design is a study design in which subjects are monitored in the absence of any active intervention by experimentalists. Philippe Rocca-Serra OBI branch derived observation design pool of specimens A pool of specimens is a mixture of a population of samples which have been gathered from one or more sample populations, obtained by the physical process of mixing individual specimens, e.g. mixing the DNA collected from the individual fish. check with advisors as to how to represent multiple instances of any class? a set of specimens which have been gathered from one or more sample_populations, obtained by the physical process of mixing individual specimens, e.g. mixing the DNA collected from the individual fish PERSON: Jennifer Fostel GROUP: CEBS pool of specimens validated information PMID: 20084519: "..Three of four interactions were validated via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in an independent sample of healthy controls;..." an information content entity which results from a validation process aimed at confirming a claim, a finding or a predicted information entity about a material entity or a process by experimental means. Person:Philippe Rocca-Serra OBI validated information curated information PMID: 17344875: A curated compendium of phosphorylation motifs.Nat Biotechnol. 2007 Mar;25(3):285-6. A information content entity that has undergone a digital curation performed by a curator for accuracy checks and compliance with curation requirements. Information which has been assessed for accuracy by domain experts. 2009-11-10 Bjoern Peters. Need to check if this was intended. overlap with 'edited information', and has the same logical restrictions. 2010-01-31 Philippe Rocca-Serra: restriction now changed to be the output of a digital curation process + reflected in example of usage and reference Person:Bjoern Peters Person:Philippe Rocca-Serra OBI curated information randomized group participant role A person enrolled in a randomized clinical trial bears a randomized group participant role a role that borne by an organism and realized by some group randomization process Person:Helen Parkinson Philippe Rocca-Serra randomized group participant role filtration PMID: 18524968.Filtration of CSF improves isolation of Mycobacteria.J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Jun 4. filtration is a process which separates components suspended in a fluid based on granularity properties relying on a filter device Philippe Rocca-Serra OBI-Branch: adapted from wikipedia and wordnet filtration centrifugation PMID: 18428461.Purification of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors using immunomagnetic separation and Percoll gradient centrifugation. Curr Protoc Neurosci. 2001 May;Chapter 3:Unit 3.12. centrifugation is a process separating molecules by size or density using centrifugal forces generated by a spinning rotor. G-forces of several hundred thousand times gravity are generated in ultracentrifugation Philippe Rocca-Serra adapted from http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X3910E/X3910E06.htm centrifugation storage PMID: 18550121.Total Prostate Specific Antigen Stability Confirmed After Long-Term Storage of Serum at -80C. J Urol. 2008 Jun 10. A maintenance process by which material entities that are not actively metabolizing are placed in well identified location and possibly under controlled environment in ad-hoc devices/structures in order to preserve and protect them from decay/alteration and maintain availability Philippe Rocca-Serra OBI-Branch storage group randomization PMID: 18349405. Randomization reveals unexpected acute leukemias in Southwest Oncology Group prostate cancer trial. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Mar 20;26(9):1532-6. A group assignment which relies on chance to assign materials to a group of materials in order to avoid bias in experimental set up. Philippe Rocca-Serra adapted from wikipedia [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomization] true group randomization document editing Wax DB, Beilin Y, Hossain S, Lin HM, Reich DL. Manual editing of automatically recorded data in an anesthesia information management system. Anesthesiology. 2008 Nov;109(5):811-5. PMID: 18946292 is a planned process with specified input original document and specified output edited document Philippe Rocca-Serra and OBI consortium adapted from wikipedia document editing validation PMID: 18557814 . Chemical and genetic validation of dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase as a drug target in African trypanosomes. Mol Microbiol. 2008 Jun 16. a planned process with objective to check that the accuracy or the quality of a claim or prediction satisfies some criteria and which is assessed by comparing with independent results Philippe Rocca-Serra adapted from wordnet (wkipedia) validation digital curation PMID: 16901087. Supporting the curation of biological databases with reusable text mining.Genome Inform. 2005;16(2):32-44. Digital curation is the process of establishing and developing long term repositories of digital assets for current and future reference by researchers, scientists, and historians, and scholars generally. Philippe Rocca-Serra wikipedia digital curation centrifuge A device with a rapidly rotating container that applies centrifugal force to its contents Melanie Courtot Person: Jennifer Fostel Trish Whetzel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifuge centrifuge study design a matched pairs study design describes criteria by which subjects are identified as pairs which then undergo the same protocols, and the data generated is analyzed by comparing the differences between the paired subjects, which constitute the results of the executed study design. A plan specification comprised of protocols (which may specify how and what kinds of data will be gathered) that are executed as part of an investigation and is realized during a study design execution. Editor note: there is at least an implicit restriction on the kind of data transformations that can be done based on the measured data available. PERSON: Chris Stoeckert experimental design rediscussed at length (MC/JF/BP). 12/9/08). The definition was clarified to differentiate it from protocol. true study design clinical study design PMID: 17655677.J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007 Aug;18(9):965-71.Biventricular versus right ventricular pacing in patients with AV block (BLOCK HF): clinical study design and rationale. Plan for the precise procedure to be followed in a clinical trial, including planned and actual timing of events, choice of control group, method of allocating treatments, blinding methods; assigns a subject to pass through one or more epochs in the course of a trial. Specific design elements, e.g., crossover, parallel; dose-escalation [Modified from Pocock, Clinical Trials: A Practical Approach] The definition needs to be extended to other things than simply patients PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch Clinical Research Glossary Version 4.0 CDICS glossary group clinical study design repeated measure design PMID: 10959922.J Biopharm Stat. 2000 Aug;10(3):433-45.Equivalence in test assay method comparisons for the repeated-measure, matched-pair design in medical device studies: statistical considerations. a study design which use the same individuals and exposure them to a set of conditions. The effect of order and practice can be confounding factor in such designs PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch http://www.holah.karoo.net/experimentaldesigns.htm repeated measure design cross over design PMID: 17601993-Objective: HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy (HIV-lipodystrophy) are insulin resistant and have elevated plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. We aimed to explore the mechanisms underlying FFA-induced insulin resistance in patients with HIV-lipodystrophy. Research Design and Methods: Using a randomized placebo-controlled cross-over design, we studied the effects of an overnight acipimox-induced suppression of FFA on glucose and FFA metabolism by using stable isotope labelled tracer techniques during basal conditions and a two-stage euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp (20 mU insulin/m(2)/min; 50 mU insulin/m(2)/min) in nine patients with nondiabetic HIV-lipodystrophy. All patients received antiretroviral therapy. Biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle were obtained during each stage of the clamp. Results: Acipimox treatment reduced basal FFA rate of appearance by 68.9% (52.6%-79.5%) and decreased plasma FFA concentration by 51.6 % (42.0%-58.9%), (both, P < 0.0001). Endogenous glucose production was not influenced by acipimox. During the clamp the increase in glucose-uptake was significantly greater after acipimox treatment compared to placebo (acipimox: 26.85 (18.09-39.86) vs placebo: 20.30 (13.67-30.13) mumol/kg/min; P < 0.01). Insulin increased phosphorylation of Akt (Thr(308)) and GSK-3beta (Ser(9)), decreased phosphorylation of glycogen synthase (GS) site 3a+b and increased GS-activity (I-form) in skeletal muscle (P < 0.01). Acipimox decreased phosphorylation of GS (site 3a+b) (P < 0.02) and increased GS-activity (P < 0.01) in muscle. Conclusion: The present study provides direct evidence that suppression of lipolysis in patients with HIV-lipodystrophy improves insulin-stimulated peripheral glucose-uptake. The increased glucose-uptake may in part be explained by increased dephosphorylation of GS (site 3a+b) resulting in increased GS activity. a repeated measure design which ensures that experimental units receive, in sequence, the treatment (or the control), and then, after a specified time interval (aka *wash-out periods*), switch to the control (or treatment). In this design, subjects (patients in human context) serve as their own controls, and randomization may be used to determine the ordering which a subject receives the treatment and control Philippe Rocca-Serra (source: http://www.sbu.se/Filer/Content0/publikationer/1/literaturesearching_1993/glossary.html) cross over design n-to-1 design N-of-1 design is a cross-over design in which the same patient is repeatedly randomised to receive either the experimental treatment or its control (Senn, 1993). Philippe Rocca-Serra Adapted from http://www.childrens-mercy.org/stats/definitions/crossover.htm and source:http://symptomresearch.nih.gov/chapter_6/sec1/csss1pg1.htm) n-to-1 design matched pairs design PMID: 17288613-BSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Physicians in Canadian emergency departments (EDs) annually treat 185,000 alert and stable trauma victims who are at risk for cervical spine (C-spine) injury. However, only 0.9% of these patients have suffered a cervical spine fracture. Current use of radiography is not efficient. The Canadian C-Spine Rule is designed to allow physicians to be more selective and accurate in ordering C-spine radiography, and to rapidly clear the C-spine without the need for radiography in many patients. The goal of this phase III study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an active strategy to implement the Canadian C-Spine Rule into physician practice. Specific objectives are to: 1) determine clinical impact, 2) determine sustainability, 3) evaluate performance, and 4) conduct an economic evaluation. METHODS: We propose a matched-pair cluster design study that compares outcomes during three consecutive 12-months before, after, and decay periods at six pairs of intervention and control sites. These 12 hospital ED sites will be stratified as teaching or community hospitals, matched according to baseline C-spine radiography ordering rates, and then allocated within each pair to either intervention or control groups. During the after period at the intervention sites, simple and inexpensive strategies will be employed to actively implement the Canadian C-Spine Rule. The following outcomes will be assessed: 1) measures of clinical impact, 2) performance of the Canadian C-Spine Rule, and 3) economic measures. During the 12-month decay period, implementation strategies will continue, allowing us to evaluate the sustainability of the effect. We estimate a sample size of 4,800 patients in each period in order to have adequate power to evaluate the main outcomes. DISCUSSION: Phase I successfully derived the Canadian C-Spine Rule and phase II confirmed the accuracy and safety of the rule, hence, the potential for physicians to improve care. What remains unknown is the actual change in clinical behaviors that can be affected by implementation of the Canadian C-Spine Rule, and whether implementation can be achieved with simple and inexpensive measures. We believe that the Canadian C-Spine Rule has the potential to significantly reduce health care costs and improve the efficiency of patient flow in busy Canadian EDs. A matched pair design is a study design which use groups of individuals associated (hence matched) to each other based on a set of criteria, one member going to one treatment, the other member receiving the other treatment. Philippe Rocca-Serra http://www.holah.karoo.net/experimentaldesigns.htm matched pairs design parallel group design PMID: 17408389-Purpose: Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most important reason for blindness following retinal detachment. Presently, vitreous tamponades such as gas or silicone oil cannot contact the lower part of the retina. A heavier-than-water tamponade displaces the inflammatory and PVR-stimulating environment from the inferior area of the retina. The Heavy Silicone Oil versus Standard Silicone Oil Study (HSO Study) is designed to answer the question of whether a heavier-than-water tamponade improves the prognosis of eyes with PVR of the lower retina. Methods: The HSO Study is a multicentre, randomized, prospective controlled clinical trial comparing two endotamponades within a two-arm parallel group design. Patients with inferiorly and posteriorly located PVR are randomized to either heavy silicone oil or standard silicone oil as a tamponading agent. Three hundred and fifty consecutive patients are recruited per group. After intraoperative re-attachment, patients are randomized to either standard silicone oil (1000 cSt or 5000 cSt) or Densiron((R)) as a tamponading agent. The main endpoint criteria are complete retinal attachment at 12 months and change of visual acuity (VA) 12 months postoperatively compared with the preoperative VA. Secondary endpoints include complete retinal attachment before endotamponade removal, quality of life analysis and the number of retina affecting re-operation within 1 year of follow-up. Results: The design and early recruitment phase of the study are described. Conclusions: The results of this study will uncover whether or not heavy silicone oil improves the prognosis of eyes with PVR. A parallel group design or independent measure design is a study design which uses unique experimental unit each experimental group, in other word no two individuals are shared between experimental groups, hence also known as parallel group design. Subjects of a treatment group receive a unique combination of independent variable values making up a treatment Philippe Rocca-Serra independent measure design http://www.holah.karoo.net/experimentaldesigns.htm parallel group design randomized complete block design http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/steps/glossary/anova.html,(A researcher is carrying out a study of the effectiveness of four different skin creams for the treatment of a certain skin disease. He has eighty subjects and plans to divide them into 4 treatment groups of twenty subjects each. Using a randomised blocks& design, the subjects are assessed and put in blocks of four according to how severe their skin condition is; the four most severe cases are the first block, the next four most severe cases are the second block, and so on to the twentieth block. The four &members of each block are then randomly assigned, one to each of the four treatment groups. http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/steps/glossary/anova.html#rbd)) A randomized complete block design is_a study design which assigns randomly treatments to block. The number of units per block equals the number of treatment so each block receives each treatment exactly once (hence the qualifier 'complete'). The design was originally devised from field trials used in agronomy and agriculture. The analysis assumes that there is no interaction between block and treatment. The method was then used in other settings So The randomised complete block design is a design in which the subjects are matched according to a variable which the experimenter wishes to control. The subjects are put into groups (blocks) of the same size as the number of treatments. The members of each block are then randomly assigned to different treatment groups. Philippe Rocca-Serra http://www.tufts.edu/~gdallal/ranblock.htm randomized complete block design balanced incomplete block design PMID: 7622388.Health Educ Q. 1995 May;22(2):201-10.Balanced incomplete block design: description, case study, and implications for practice. balanced incomplete block design is a kind of factorial design where all treatment pairs occur together within a block an equal number ?? times. ??ii' is the number of times treatment i occurs with i' Philippe Rocca-Serra http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_design and http://www.stat.psu.edu/~jglenn/stat503/05_factorial/02_factorial_IBD.html balanced incomplete block design loop design PMID: 12933549 A loop experiment design is where labeled extracts are compared in consecutive pairs. synonym: circular design Philippe Rocca-Serra on behalf of MO MO_912 loop design reference design PMID: 12933549 A reference experiment design type is where all samples are compared to a common reference. Philippe Rocca-Serra on behalf of MO MO_699 reference design latin square design PMID: 17582121-Our objective was to examine the effects of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) with different concentrations of dietary crude protein (CP) on performance and acid-base status in early lactation cows. Six lactating Holstein cows averaging 44 d in milk were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments: DCAD of -3, 22, or 47 milliequivalents (Na + K - Cl - S)/100 g of dry matter (DM), and 16 or 19% CP on a DM basis. Linear increases with DCAD occurred in DM intake, milk fat percentage, 4% fat-corrected milk production, milk true protein, milk lactose, and milk solids-not-fat. Milk production itself was unaffected by DCAD. Jugular venous blood pH, base excess and HCO3(-) concentration, and urine pH increased, but jugular venous blood Cl- concentration, urine titratable acidity, and net acid excretion decreased linearly with increasing DCAD. An elevated ratio of coccygeal venous plasma essential AA to nonessential AA with increasing DCAD indicated that N metabolism in the rumen was affected, probably resulting in more microbial protein flowing to the small intestine. Cows fed 16% CP had lower urea N in milk than cows fed 19% CP; the same was true for urea N in coccygeal venous plasma and urine. Dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition, and acid-base status did not differ between the 16 and 19% CP treatments. It was concluded that DCAD affected DM intake and performance of dairy cows in early lactation. Feeding 16% dietary CP to cows in early lactation, compared with 19% CP, maintained lactation performance while reducing urea N excretion in milk and urine. Latin square design is_a study design which allows in its simpler form controlling 2 levels of nuisance variables (also known as blocking variables).he 2 nuisance factors are divided into a tabular grid with the property that each row and each column receive each treatment exactly once. Philippe Rocca-Serra Adapted from: http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pri/section3/pri3321.htm and latin square design graeco latin square design PMID: 6846242-Beaton et al (Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:2546-59) reported on the partitioning of variance in 1-day dietary data for the intake of energy, protein, total carbohydrate, total fat, classes of fatty acids, cholesterol, and alcohol. Using the same food intake data and the expanded National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute food composition data base, these analyses of sources of variance have been expanded to include classes of carbohydrate, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, iron, total ash, caffeine, and crude fiber. The analyses relate to observed intakes (replicated six times) of 30 adult males and 30 adult females obtained under a paired Graeco-Latin square design with sequence of interview, interviewer, and day of the week as determinants. Neither sequence nor interviewer made consistent contribution to variance. In females, day of the week had a significant effect for several nutrients. The major partitioning of variance was between interindividual variation (between subjects) and intraindividual variation (within subjects) which included both true day-to-day variation in intake and methodological variation. For all except caffeine, the intraindividual variability of 1-day data was larger than the interindividual variability. For vitamin A, almost all of the variance was associated with day-to-day variability. One day data provide a very inadequate estimate of usual intake of individuals. In the design of nutrition studies it is critical that the intended use of dietary data be a major consideration in deciding on methodology. There is no ideal dietary method. There may be preferred methods for particular purposes. Greco-Latin square design is a study design which relates to Latin square design Philippe Rocca-Serra Adapted from: http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pri/section3/pri3321.htm and only 2 articles in pubmed ->probably irrelevant graeco latin square design hyper graeco latin square design PRS to do Philippe Rocca-Serra Adapted from: http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pri/section3/pri3321.htm and no example found in pubmed->not in use in the community hyper graeco latin square design factorial design PMID: 17582121-Our objective was to examine the effects of dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) with different concentrations of dietary crude protein (CP) on performance and acid-base status in early lactation cows. Six lactating Holstein cows averaging 44 d in milk were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments: DCAD of -3, 22, or 47 milliequivalents (Na + K - Cl - S)/100 g of dry matter (DM), and 16 or 19% CP on a DM basis. Linear increases with DCAD occurred in DM intake, milk fat percentage, 4% fat-corrected milk production, milk true protein, milk lactose, and milk solids-not-fat. Milk production itself was unaffected by DCAD. Jugular venous blood pH, base excess and HCO3(-) concentration, and urine pH increased, but jugular venous blood Cl- concentration, urine titratable acidity, and net acid excretion decreased linearly with increasing DCAD. An elevated ratio of coccygeal venous plasma essential AA to nonessential AA with increasing DCAD indicated that N metabolism in the rumen was affected, probably resulting in more microbial protein flowing to the small intestine. Cows fed 16% CP had lower urea N in milk than cows fed 19% CP; the same was true for urea N in coccygeal venous plasma and urine. Dry matter intake, milk production, milk composition, and acid-base status did not differ between the 16 and 19% CP treatments. It was concluded that DCAD affected DM intake and performance of dairy cows in early lactation. Feeding 16% dietary CP to cows in early lactation, compared with 19% CP, maintained lactation performance while reducing urea N excretion in milk and urine. factorial design is_a study design which is used to evaluate two or more factors simultaneously. The treatments are combinations of levels of the factors. The advantages of factorial designs over one-factor-at-a-time experiments is that they are more efficient and they allow interactions to be detected. In statistics, a factorial design experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or levels, and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors. Such an experiment allows studying the effect of each factor on the response variable, as well as the effects of interactions between factors on the response variable. Philippe Rocca-Serra http://www.stats.gla.ac.uk/steps/glossary/anova.html#facdes And from wikipedia (01/03/2007): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial_experiment) factorial design 2x2 factorial design PMID: 17561240-The present experiment evaluates the effects of intermittent exposure to a social stimulus on ethanol and water drinking in rats. Four groups of rats were arranged in a 2x2 factorial design with 2 levels of Social procedure (Intermittent Social vs Continuous Social) and 2 levels of sipper Liquid (Ethanol vs Water). Intermittent Social groups received 35 trials per session. Each trial consisted of the insertion of the sipper tube for 10 s followed by lifting of the guillotine door for 15 s. The guillotine door separated the experimental rat from the conspecific rat in the wire mesh cage during the 60 s inter-trial interval. The Continuous Social groups received similar procedures except that the guillotine door was raised during the entire duration of the session. For the Ethanol groups, the concentrations of ethanol in the sipper [3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16% (vol/vol)] increased across sessions, while the Water groups received 0% ethanol (water) in the sipper throughout the experiment. Both Social procedures induced more intake of ethanol than water. The Intermittent Social procedure induced more ethanol intake at the two highest ethanol concentration blocks (10-12% and 14-16%) than the Continuous Social procedure, but this effect was not observed with water. Effects of social stimulation on ethanol drinking are discussed. a factorial design which has 2 experimental factors (aka independent variables) and 2 factor levels per experimental factors Philippe Rocca-Serra PMID: 17561240 2x2 factorial design fractional factorial design A fractional factorial design is_a study design in which only an adequately chosen fraction of the treatment combinations required for the complete factorial experiment is selected to be run Philippe Rocca-Serra http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/pri/section3/pri334.htm From ASQC (1983) Glossary & Tables for Statistical Quality Control fractional factorial design dye swap design PMID: 17411393-Dye-specific bias effects, commonly observed in the two-color microarray platform, are normally corrected using the dye swap design. This design, however, is relatively expensive and labor-intensive. We propose a self-self hybridization design as an alternative to the dye swap design. In this design, the treated and control samples are labeled with Cy5 and Cy3 (or Cy3 and Cy5), respectively, without dye swap, along with a set of self-self hybridizations on the control sample. We compare this design with the dye swap design through investigation of mouse primary hepatocytes treated with three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) agonists at three dose levels. Using Agilent's Whole Mouse Genome microarray, differentially expressed genes (DEG) were determined for both the self-self hybridization and dye swap designs. The DEG concordance between the two designs was over 80% across each dose treatment and chemical. Furthermore, 90% of DEG-associated biological pathways were in common between the designs, indicating that biological interpretations would be consistent. The reduced labor and expense for the self-self hybridization design make it an efficient substitute for the dye swap design. For example, in larger toxicogenomic studies, only about half the chips are required for the self-self hybridization design compared to that needed in the dye swap design. An experiment design type where the label orientations are reversed. exact synonym: flip dye, dye flip Philippe Rocca-Serra on behalf of MO MO_858 dye swap design replicate design A replicate experimental design type is where a series of replicates are performed to evaluate reproducibility or as a pilot study to determine the appropriate number of replicates for a subsequent experiments. Philippe Rocca-Serra on behalf of MO MO_885 replicate design self vs self design PMID: 17411393-Dye-specific bias effects, commonly observed in the two-color microarray platform, are normally corrected using the dye swap design. This design, however, is relatively expensive and labor-intensive. We propose a self-self hybridization design as an alternative to the dye swap design. In this design, the treated and control samples are labeled with Cy5 and Cy3 (or Cy3 and Cy5), respectively, without dye swap, along with a set of self-self hybridizations on the control sample. We compare this design with the dye swap design through investigation of mouse primary hepatocytes treated with three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) agonists at three dose levels. Using Agilent's Whole Mouse Genome microarray, differentially expressed genes (DEG) were determined for both the self-self hybridization and dye swap designs. The DEG concordance between the two designs was over 80% across each dose treatment and chemical. Furthermore, 90% of DEG-associated biological pathways were in common between the designs, indicating that biological interpretations would be consistent. The reduced labor and expense for the self-self hybridization design make it an efficient substitute for the dye swap design. For example, in larger toxicogenomic studies, only about half the chips are required for the self-self hybridization design compared to that needed in the dye swap design. A study design that investigates variance and error estimates in the experimental system, and is where the same extract is compared. Philippe Rocca-Serra on behalf of MO MO_490 self vs self design time series design PMID: 14744830-Microarrays are powerful tools for surveying the expression levels of many thousands of genes simultaneously. They belong to the new genomics technologies which have important applications in the biological, agricultural and pharmaceutical sciences. There are myriad sources of uncertainty in microarray experiments, and rigorous experimental design is essential for fully realizing the potential of these valuable resources. Two questions frequently asked by biologists on the brink of conducting cDNA or two-colour, spotted microarray experiments are 'Which mRNA samples should be competitively hybridized together on the same slide?' and 'How many times should each slide be replicated?' Early experience has shown that whilst the field of classical experimental design has much to offer this emerging multi-disciplinary area, new approaches which accommodate features specific to the microarray context are needed. In this paper, we propose optimal designs for factorial and time course experiments, which are special designs arising quite frequently in microarray experimentation. Our criterion for optimality is statistical efficiency based on a new notion of admissible designs; our approach enables efficient designs to be selected subject to the information available on the effects of most interest to biologists, the number of arrays available for the experiment, and other resource or practical constraints, including limitations on the amount of mRNA probe. We show that our designs are superior to both the popular reference designs, which are highly inefficient, and to designs incorporating all possible direct pairwise comparisons. Moreover, our proposed designs represent a substantial practical improvement over classical experimental designs which work in terms of standard interactions and main effects. The latter do not provide a basis for meaningful inference on the effects of most interest to biologists, nor make the most efficient use of valuable and limited resources. Groups of assays that are related as part of a time series. Philippe Rocca-Serra on behalf of MO MO_887 time series design stopping rule PMID: 17591081-BACKGROUND/AIMS: To investigate the viral kinetics of Chinese CHC patients received pegylated interferon plus ribavirin and examine the impact of HCV genotypes and severity of liver disease. METHODOLOGY: 65 treatment-naove CHC patients who finished a 24-week therapy with peginterferon (alpha-2b (1.5 mcg/kg/week) plus ribavirin (1000-1200 mg /day) and 24 weeks of follow-up were enrolled. Hepatic fibrosis was graded by the METAVIR scoring system. Serum quantitative HCV RNA was determined by Versant HCV RNA 3.0 assay (Bayer Inc.). RESULTS: Genotype non-1 patients responded quickly and a higher percentage of them achieved undetectable HCV RNA (< 615 IU/mL) at week 4 compared with genotype 1 patients (93% vs. 69%, p = 0.018). Degree of hepatic fibrosis significantly affected end-of-treatment and sustained response (SVR). For patients who did not achieve early virological response (EVR), the negative predictive value for SVR was 100%. In genotype 1 patients, undetectable HCV RNA by week 4 was a good marker to predict treatment response, with a positive predictive value of 84% and a negative predictive value of 82%. CONCLUSIONS: EVR can be applied to Chinese patients as an early stopping rule. A 24-week duration of pegylated IFN/ribavirin might be adequate for genotype 1 patients who rapidly responded to therapy. a stopping rule (criterion) is_a *rule* which causes a *stopping process* to happen PRS PRS stopping rule compliance rule a compliance rule is a rule which ensures a compliance process occurs PRS PRS compliance rule standard compliance rule a standard compliance rule is a compliance rule which defines conformity to a representation standard PRS PRS standard compliance rule ethical standard compliance rule an ethical standard compliance rule is_a *compliance rule* which enable a *ethical compliance process* to occur PRS PRS ethical standard compliance rule eligibility criterion PMID: 17579629 -Eligibility criteria included: untreated ED-SCLC; age >/=70 and performance status 0-2, or age <70 and PS 3. an eligibility criterion (rule) is_a selection criterion which defines and states the requirements (positive or negative) for an entity to be considered as suitable for a given task or participation in a process. Person: Philippe Rocca-Serra eligibility rule Adapted from Clinical Research Glossary Version 4.0 CDICS glossary group eligibility criterion inclusion criteria PMID: 23979341-The major inclusion criterion was patients in whom severe cerebral embolism was diagnosed at age 75 or younger (more than 9 in the NIHSS score on day 7 after the onset of stroke) . an inclusion criterion (rule) is_a *eligibility criterion* which defines and states a condition which, if met, makes an entity suitable for a given task or participation in a given process. For instance, in a study protocol, inclusion criteria indicate the conditions that prospective subjects MUST meet to be eligible for participation in a study. Person: Philippe Rocca-Serra inclusion condition inclusion rule Adapted from Clinical Research Glossary Version 4.0 CDICS glossary group true inclusion criteria exclusion criterion PMID: 17600285-Exclusion criteria included the use of any topical ophthalmic or topical oral medication and/or history of ocular or oral surgery within the past six months. an exclusion criterion (rule) is_a *eligibility criterion* which defines and states a condition which, if met, makes an entity unsuitable for a given task or participation in a given process. For instance, in a study protocol, exclusion criteria indicate the conditions that prospective subjects SHOULD NOT meet to be eligible for participation in a study Person: Philippe Rocca-Serra Adapted from Clinical Research Glossary Version 4.0 CDICS glossary group true exclusion criterion performing a clinical assessment a protocol application during which a series of tests are made of a patient leading to determination of disease state, or condition. PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch clinical diagnosis OBI branch derived (maybe CIO) performing a clinical assessment human subject enrollment enlisting familiy members of HIV patients into a study A planned process with the objective to obtain a population of human subjects to participate in an investigation by determining eligibility of subjects and obtaining informed consent. As with group assignment, should the specified output here be an organism which bears a role Bjoern Peters IEDB criteria come from plan / clinical trial branch human subject enrollment collecting specimen from organism taking a sputum sample from a cancer patient, taking the spleen from a killed mouse, collecting a urine sample from a patient a process with the objective to obtain a material entity that was part of an organism for potential future use in an investigation PERSON:Bjoern Peters IEDB collecting specimen from organism 1 administering substance in vivo Balb/c mice received an intracameral or subconjunctival injection of trinitrophenylated spleen cells injecting mice with 10 ug morphine intranasally, a patient taking two pills of 1 mg aspirin orally A process by which a substance is intentionally given to an organism resulting in exposure of the organism to that substance. 2009-11-10. Tracker: https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=2893050&group_id=177891&atid=886178 Different routes and means of administration should go as children underneath this Update the definition based on the discussion. Details see the tracker: https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/738/ needs roles such as perturber and perturbee (children of input role). Perturb is too strong. Host might be the name for one role. Others considered: Doner, Donated, Acceptor. Bjoern Peters Person:Bjoern Peters IEDB administering substance in vivo material component separation Using a cell sorter to separate a mixture of T cells into two fractions; one with surface receptor CD8 and the other lacking the receptor, or purification a material processing in which components of an input material become segregated in space Bjoern Peters IEDB material component separation group assignment Assigning' to be treated with active ingredient role' to an organism during group assignment. The group is those organisms that have the same role in the context of an investigation group assignment is a process which has an organism as specified input and during which a role is assigned Philippe Rocca-Serra cohort assignment study assignment OBI Plan group assignment sequencing assay The use of the Sanger method of DNA sequencing to determine the order of the nucleotides in a DNA template the use of a chemical or biochemical means to infer the sequence of a biomaterial has_output should be sequence of input; we don't have sequence well defined yet PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch OBI branch derived sequencing assay dialysis the use of a dialysis bag of select pore size to remove salt from collagen isolated from mouse cartilage a protocol application that uses diffusion through a semi-permeable membrane to separate an input material into two fractions of different composition PERSON:Kevin Clancy OBI branch derived dialysis disposition to cause an allergic reaction The role borne by a material entity that is realized when it is recognized by the immune system and results in the occurrence of an allergic disease. IEDB allergenic disposition IEDB disposition to cause an allergic reaction allergic reaction an allergic reaction is an pathologic immune response by an organism to a non-self entity that is normally harmless(the allergen) IEDB IEDB allergic reaction occurrence of allergy The process of an allergic disease occurring in an organism. IEDB IEDB occurrence of allergy infectious disease is a disease caused by an infectious agent IEDB IEDB infectious disease allergy is a disease in which an abnormally strong inflammatory immune response is triggered against non-self entities, and the immune response has no protective effect IEDB IEDB allergy cancer A disease characterized by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division IEDB IEDB cancer autoimmune disease Is a disease characterized by an immune response of an organism against parts of itself IEDB IEDB autoimmune disease blood harvesting A material separation where blood is taken from an organism. IEDB IEDB blood harvesting pathologic process abnormal, harmful processes caused by or associated with a disease IEDB IEDB pathologic process allergen Birch pollen is an allergen A material entity bearing the disposition to cause an allergic reaction IEDB IEDB allergen A representation that is either the output of a clinical history taking or a physical examination or an image finding, or some combination thereof. Albert Goldfain http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf creation date: 2010-07-19T10:18:02Z clinical finding clinical history A series of statements representing health-relevant qualities of a patient and of a patient's family. clinical history A representation of a quality of a specimen that is the output of a laboratory test and that can support an inference to an assertion about some quality of the patient. Albert Goldfain http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf creation date: 2009-06-23T10:21:58Z laboratory finding phenotype A (combination of) quality(ies) of an organism determined by the interaction of its genetic make-up and environment that differentiates specific instances of a species from other instances of the same species. phenotype disease A disposition (i) to undergo pathological processes that (ii) exists in an organism because of one or more disorders in that organism. Albert Goldfain http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf creation date: 2009-06-23T11:21:20Z disease A measurement assay that has as input a patient-derived specimen, and as output a result that represents a quality of the specimen. Albert Goldfain http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf creation date: 2009-06-23T11:49:49Z laboratory test A sequence of acts of observing and measuring qualities of a patient performed by a clinician; measurements may occur with and without elicitation. Albert Goldfain http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf creation date: 2010-07-19T11:50:18Z physical examination disease course The totality of all processes through which a given disease instance is realized. replace 'OBI:occurrence of disease', need to add logical definition The axioms of OBI occurence of disease: Equivalent classes: realizes some disease Superclasses: 'has part' some 'pathologic process' 'has participant' some (organism and ('has role' some 'host of immune response role')) biological_process realizes some 'host of immune response role' disease course The representation of a conclusion of a diagnostic process. Albert Goldfain http://ontology.buffalo.edu/medo/Disease_and_Diagnosis.pdf creation date: 2009-06-23T12:42:23Z diagnosis treatment A processual entity whose completion is hypothesized (by a healthcare provider) to alleviate the signs and symptoms associated with a disorder treatment A hypothesis about some future part of a disease course. Albert Goldfain http://code.google.com/p/ogms/issues/detail?id=35 creation date: 2010-03-31T12:42:23Z prognosis A microbiome located in a human body JZ, YH https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3418802/ human microbiome A material entity consisting of a complex mixture of microorganisms that reside in a specific environmental niche. YH, JZ, JO, AA microbiota WEB: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiota https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2792171/ microbiome a human microbiome that is located in a human gastrointestinal system JO, AA, YH microbiome in human gastrointestinal system A microbiome located in a human gut. YH human gut microbiota A human being's gut microbiota contains tens of trillions of microorganisms, including at least 1000 different species of known bacteria with more than 3 million genes (150 times more than human genes). Microbiota can, in total, weigh up to 2 kg. One third of our gut microbiota is common to most people, while two thirds are specific to each one of us. In other words, the microbiota in your intestine is like an individual identity card. URL: http://www.gutmicrobiotaforhealth.com/en/about-gut-microbiota-info/ human gut microbiome true A role borne by a human individual or by a collection of humans regarded as possessing rights and duties enforeable at law. Mathias Brochhausen Malcolm N. Shaw: International Law. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008. We are aware of the fact that Wikipedia's definition differs from ours by saying that "Legal personality (...) is the characteristic of a non-living entity regarded by law to have the status of personhood" (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_personality) However, Shaw explicates: "In any legal system, certain entities, whether they be individuals or companies, will be regarded as possessing rights and duties enforceable at law. Thus an individual may prosecute or be prosecuted for assault and a company can sue for breach of contract. They are able to do this because the law recognises them as 'legal persons' possessing the capacity to have and to maintain certain rights, and being subject to perform specific duties. (...) In municipal law individuals, limited companies and public corporations are recognized as each possessing a distinct legal personality, the terms of which are circumscribed by the relevant legislation" (Shaw MN: International Law. Sixth Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2008). We hold that Shaw's position is ontological more prolific since it not only allows to explain how groups of individuals become recognized as unities at law, but also how different individuals can hold different legal personality roles (always against the context of one legal system). The latter will proof useful when dealing with the representing comatous patients or minorsat law in ontologies. legal person role Partecipants' identification number Aphanumeric string (1 to 8 digits) which univocally identify a partecipant/subject. ENPADASI_WP4 participants' identification number Month of anthropometry assessment Month of anthropometry assessment counted from 1900; e.g. May 2011=1337 (2011-1900=111; 111x12 months/y= 1332; 1332 + 5 (May=05)= 1337) ENPADASI_WP4 month of anthropometry assessment true For past smokers: time in years since quitting smoking ENPADASI_WP4 Time since quitting smoking Month of physical activity assessment by questionnaire counted from 1900; e.g. May 2011=1337 (2011-1900=111; 111x12 months/y= 1332; 1332 + 5 (May=05)= 1337) ENPADASI_WP4 Month of physical activity assessment by questionnaire Categories of physical activity level 1=low; 2= Medium; 3= High ENPADASI_WP4 categories of physical activity level Total physical activity in MET-hours/day (without sedentary or sleeping time) derived from questionnaire data ENPADASI_WP4 total physical activity by questionnaire Physical activity from recreational or leisure-time activities in MET-hours/day derived from questionnaire data ENPADASI_WP4 physical activity from recreational or leisure-time activities by questionnaire time spent in light physical activity in minutes/day derived from questionnaire data ENPADASI_WP4 light physical activity by questionnaire Time spent in moderate physical activity in minutes/day derived from questionnaire data ENPADASI_WP4 moderate physical activity by questionnaire Time spent in vigorous physical activity in minutes/day derived from questionnaire data ENPADASI_WP4 vigorous physical activity by questionnaire Time spent sedentary (PC use, TV watching) in minutes/day derived from questionnaire data ENPADASI_WP4 sedentary time by questionnaire Number of physical activity bouts of moderate or vigorous physical activity of at least 10 minutes per day ENPADASI_WP4 number of bouts by questionnaire Month of physical activity assessment by accelerometer counted from 1900; e.g. May 2011=1337 (2011-1900=111; 111x12 months/y= 1332; 1332 + 5 (May=05)= 1337) ENPADASI_WP4 Month of physical activity assessment by accelerometer Time spent in light physical activity in minutes/day derived from accelerometer data ENPADASI_WP4 light physical activity by accelerometer Time spent in moderate physical activity in minutes/day derived from accelerometer data ENPADASI_WP4 moderate physical activity by accelerometer Time spent in vigorous physical activity in minutes/day derived from accelerometer data ENPADASI_WP4 vigorous physical activity by accelerometer Time spent sedentary in minutes/day derived from accelerometer data ENPADASI_WP4 sedentary time by accelerometer Number of bouts of moderate or vigorous physical activity per day ENPADASI_WP4 number of bouts by accelerometer Average minutes per bout of moderate or vigorous physical activity per day ENPADASI_WP4 average duration of bouts Dietary assessment used for uploaded dietary variables 1=24-hour recall; 2=FFQ; 3=Food record; 4=other ENPADASI_WP4 ENPADASI_WP4 Dietary assessment method true Month of dietary assessment counted from 1900; e.g. May 2011=1337 (2011-1900=111; 111x12 months/y= 1332; 1332 + 5 (May=05)= 1337) ENPADASI_WP4 month of dietary assessment Carbohydrate intake per unit time ENPADASI_WP4 calculated carbohydrate intake Fiber intake per unit time ENPADASI_WP4 calculated fiber intake Total fat intake per unit time ENPADASI_WP4 calculated total fat intake Saturated fatty acid intake per unit time ENPADASI_WP4 calculated saturated fatty acid intake Monounsaturated fatty acid intake per unit time ENPADASI_WP4 calculated monounsaturated fatty acid intake Polyunsaturated fatty acid intake per unit time ENPADASI_WP4 calculated polyunsaturated fatty acid intake Protein intake in per unit time ENPADASI_WP4 calculated protein intake Month of blood draw counted from 1900; e.g. May 2011=1337 (2011-1900=111; 111x12 = 1332; 1332 + 5 = 1337) ENPADASI_WP4 month of blood draw Fasting status before blood draw (measured in hours of fasting before blood draw) 1=less than 9 hours; 2=9 hours or more ENPADASI_WP4 true fasting status The process of collecting information on the diet/eating habits of a subject using a questionnaire. ENPADASI_WP4 Dietary assessment Anthropometric and habits information of the subject. This class should not be used as an ontology term, it is included as a superclass for the purpose to give a better organization to the ontology. ENPADASI_WP4 ENPADASI_WP4 subject informations true A study short name is a short alphanumeric string used to abbreviate a study proper name (OMIABIS_0000037) ENPADASI_WP4 Short study name Name of the consortium which the study refers to ENPADASI_WP4 true Consortium The name of the method used for randomization (OBCS_0000089), if any randomization was adopted. ENPADASI_WP4 true Randomization method Indicate whether blinded experiment were conducted or not ENPADASI_WP4 Blinding If blinded experiment were conducted, indicate the method used for blinding ENPADASI_WP4 Blinding method Indicated whether the study is terminated or not ENPADASI_WP4 true Study terminated Indicate whethet the compliance was assessed or not ENPADASI_WP4 Compliance assessment The ration between the circumference of the waist to that of the hips ENPADASI_WP4 waist:hip ratio A (short) alphanumeric string which identify the event/tretment ENPADASI_WP4 event identifier name An alphanumeric string which identify and describe the event/tretment ENPADASI_WP4 Treatment descriptive name Short description of the sampling method used (i.e. "needle" for blood drawn, or "direct sampling" for questionnaire) ENPADASI_WP4 Study sampling method A long description of the sampling method used ENPADASI_WP4 Sampling method description Long text describing the assay used. ENPADASI_WP4 assay description Platform used for the assay ENPADASI_WP4 Assay platform The unique sampling event identifier for the sample collection producing the sample ENPADASI_WP4 sampling identifier This field is usually 0 for the overall intervention but may be several time points for challenges, e.g. at 0 and 12 weeks. ENPADASI_WP4 absolute start times This class should not be used as an ontology term, it is included as a superclass for the purpose to give a better organization to the ontology of the terms pertinent to physical activity assessment assay ENPADASI_WP4 Physical activity assessment This class should not be used as an ontology term, it is included as a superclass for the purpose to give a better organization to the ontology pertinent to blood analystics assay ENPADASI_WP4 blood analytics START TAB. This class should not be used as an ontology term, it is included as a superclass for the purpose to give a better organization to the ontology. ENPADASI_WP4 Start tab true SUBJECT TAB. This class should not be used as an ontology term, it is included as a superclass for the purpose to give a better organization to the ontology. ENPADASI_WP4 Subject tab true EVENTS TAB. This class should not be used as an ontology term, it is included as a superclass for the purpose to give a better organization to the ontology. ENPADASI_WP4 Event tab true SAMPLING TAB. This class should not be used as an ontology term, it is included as a superclass for the purpose to give a better organization to the ontology. ENPADASI_WP4 Sampling tab true PHYSIOLOGY ASSAY TAB. This class should not be used as an ontology term, it is included as a superclass for the purpose to give a better organization to the ontology. ENPADASI_WP4 true INFORMATIONS TAB. This class should not be used as an ontology term, it is included as a superclass for the purpose to give a better organization to the ontology. ENPADASI_WP4 Information tab true The process of collecting various chemical-biological data (e.g. blood analytics) ENPADASI_WP4 Chemical-biological assay The process of collecting data from a sample using 'omic' technologies ENPADASI_WP4 Omics technology assay Type of omic assay performed (i.e. targeted metabolomics, untargeted metabolomics) ENPADASI_WP4 true Type of omics Assay type (i.e. Clinical chemistry assay: Standard kit #34567 from 'vendor' assayed on a Cobas Mira analyzer) ENPADASI_WP4 Assay type A short text identifying the question ENPADASI_WP4 Short question name Type of question or question variable code ENPADASI_WP4 Question type Type of physiology assay performed ENPADASI_WP4 Physiology assay type true An assay which purpose is to collect all the general information (e.g. anthropometric measurement) available on the subjects of nutritional studies ENPADASI_WP4 Subject Information collection The subject (Human) participating in a nutritional study. ENPADASI_WP4 true Subject of a nutritional study An experimental comparison study in which participants are allocated to treatment/intervention or control/placebo groups using a random mechanism (see randomisation). Best for study the effect of an intervention. ENPADASI_WP4 Randomised Controlled Trial http://www.cebm.net/study-designs/ A controlled trial where each study participant has both therapies, e.g, is randomised to treatment A first, at the crossover point they then start treatment B. Only relevant if the outcome is reversible with time, e.g, symptoms. ENPADASI_WP4 Crossover Design http://www.cebm.net/study-designs/ Data are obtained from groups who have been exposed, or not exposed, to the new technology or factor of interest (eg from databases). No allocation of exposure is made by the researcher. Best for study the effect of predictive risk factors on an outcome. ENPADASI_WP4 true Cohort Study http://www.cebm.net/study-designs/ Patients with a certain outcome or disease and an appropriate group of controls without the outcome or disease are selected (usually with careful consideration of appropriate choice of controls, matching, etc) and then information is obtained on whether the subjects have been exposed to the factor under investigation. ENPADASI_WP4 true Case-Control Studies http://www.cebm.net/study-designs/ A study that examines the relationship between diseases (or other health-related characteristics) and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at one particular time (ie exposure and outcomes are both measured at the same time). Best for quantifying the prevalence of a disease or risk factor, and for quantifying the accuracy of a diagnostic test. ENPADASI_WP4 true Cross-Sectional Survey http://www.cebm.net/study-designs/ Any substance that is distributed in foodstuffs. It includes materials derived from plants or animals, such as vitamins or minerals, as well as environmental con-taminants. Concept of food component can be viewer both as a role and as a material entity. This class, for convenience, represents the material entity "food component", including all those material entity having the role of "Food Component" ENPADASI_WP4 food component entity Component added to food to improve or preserve it ENPADASI_WP4 additive Unwanted food component that makes the food no longer suitable for use ENPADASI_WP4 contaminant A food bioactive is a food component other than those needed to meet basic human nutritional needs (nutrients). Food bioactives modulates one or more metabolic processes, possibly resulting in the promotion of better health. The daily required intake for food bioactives is not established yet, and there is no demonstration that malnutrition occurs when the right amount is not provided ENPADASI_WP4 food bioactive A nutrient is a food component used by the body for normal physiologic functions that guarantee survival and growth. It must be supplied in adequate and defined amounts from foods consumed within a diet. Malnutrition occurs when the right amount of nutrient is not provided ENPADASI_WP4 nutrient An ingredient is a material entity used as part for the preparatio of food. Recipes specify which ingredients are used to prepare a specific food ENPADASI_WP4 Ingredient The food is a complex matrix that is consumed by a person through the process of eating or drinking. Food are bearer of the nutrients, bioactives and sometimes other food components. Food consumption, through the meal consumption, follows a certain dietary pattern, which define the diet. Nutrients and bioactives contained in food can be exploited by the human organism thanks to the process of digestion, absorption, metabolization, or through the intervention of the gut microflora ENPADASI_WP4 true MSH:D005502 Food The regular course of eating and drinking adopted by an organism. ENPADASI_WP4 https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://github.com/enpadasi/Ontology-for-Nutritional-Studies MSH:D004032 individual regular diet A diet administered during an intervention study. It usually comprises the adoption of a certain nutritional intervention, intended as the prescription of consuming or not consuming certain food, and follows a precise study design. Intervention studies usually compare at least two subgroups of a population, one control group receiving a null nutritional intervention, and one or more test groups receiving the intervention ENPADASI_WP4 https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg study intervention diet A diet prescribed by a physician/ nutritionist to meet spe-cific nutritional needs of a person ENPADASI_WP4 https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg clinical treatment protocol diet therapy dietetic diet medically proscribed diet clinically prescribed diet 0 The regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a population in a certain geographical area, or in a certain cultural setting, or following certain common eating behaviour. ENPADASI_WP4 https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg usual diet population regular diet Cook role is the role of the person responsible for food prepraration ENPADASI_WP4 Cook role A meal is an eating/drinking occasion which usually accours at certain time during the day. During a meal, through processes of eating and drinking, food are consumed. ENPADASI_WP4 meal The consumption of liquids. Not for drinking alcohol or alcohol consumption ( = ALCOHOL DRINKING); differentiate from DRINKING BEHAVIOR. ENPADASI_WP4 MSH:D004326 drinking The consumption of edible substances. The act of eating: do not confuse with FOOD (the substance eaten) or EATING BEHAVIOR (the manner of eating). ENPADASI_WP4 MSH:D004435 eating A class which groups the data item collected as results from the subject information collection assay ENPADASI_WP4 subject information collection data A class which groups the data item collected as results from the dietary assessment assay ENPADASI_WP4 dietary assessment data A class which groups the data item collected as results from the chemical biological assay ENPADASI_WP4 Chemical biological data A class which groups the data item collected as results from the analysis performed with an omics platform ENPADASI_WP4 omics data A class which groups the data item collected as results from the physical activity assay ENPADASI_WP4 physical activity assessment data Food preparation is the process in which food is made. ENPADASI_WP4 Food Preparation Dietary pattern represent the quantity, proportion, variety and combination of different foods and drinks consumed in meals, and the frequency with which they are habitually consumed. ENPADASI_WP4 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/dietary-pattern eating pattern dietary pattern https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/dietary-pattern An objective measurement to assess the exposure (including food intake), effect, or succeptibility of the human organism (or an animal etc.) ENPADASI_WP4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28974991 true biomarker An exposure biomarker reflects the level of extrinsic variables that humans are exposed to, such as diets or food compounds, including nutrients and non-nutrients. ENPADASI_WP4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28974991 Intake Biomarker exposure biomarker An effect biomarker reflects the funciontal response of the human body to an exposure. ENPADASI_WP4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28974991 effect biomarker Measurable indicator including genetic or acquired host factors and intrinsic factors, influencing the response of an individual to a (dietary) exposure. ENPADASI_WP4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28974991 susceptibility biomarker A raw food is an uncooked, unprocessed food that is consumed in its natural state ENPADASI_WP4 Raw food A processed food is the result of the process of home or industrial food preparation ENPADASI_WP4 Processed food Digestion is the breakdown of large food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules. The breakdown is both mechanical and chemical (enzymatic digestion). During digestion, food components are released from the food matrix and may become bioaccessible. ENPADASI_WP4 Should break the definition down into separate terms, e.g. bioaccessable should be defined separately. food digestion Process mainly occurring in the small intestine and allowing the passage of the biaoccessible food components from the gastro-intestinal lumen into the blood vessels. Absorption occurs through either diffusion or active transport. The degree and rate at which a substance is absorbed and is made available at the site of physiological activity is called bioavailability ENPADASI_WP4 Food component absorption Sum of the chemical changes occurring to nutrients and food component within the body. Changes can be anabolic (constructive) or catabolic (destructive). Anabolism converts simpler compounds into organized substances that the body can use. Catabolism converts more organized substances into simpler compounds. In the oxidative or energetic catabolism, this is coupled with the production of ATP ENPADASI_WP4 Food component metabolization true EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases. MSH:D016036 Seroepidemiologic Studies Finite list of foods and beverages with response categories to indicate usual frequency of consumption over the time period queried. The time period can vary (from 1 week to 1 year and over). To assess the total diet, the number of foods and beverages queried typically ranges from 80 to 120. Usual portion size can be asked separately for each food and beverage. Alternatively, portion size can be combined with frequency information by asking respondents to translate usual consumption amount to number of specified units (e.g., spoon, cup, glass, etc). Some questionnaires include portion size images in an attempt to enhance reporting accuracy. In addition to foods and beverages, FFQs often ask about the frequency of intake and dosages of dietary supplements. ENPADASI_WP4 true Food Frequency Questionnaire A structured interview intended to capture detailed information about all foods and beverages (and possibly, dietary supplements) consumed by the respondent in the past 24 hours, most commonly, from midnight to midnight the previous day. A key feature of the 24HR is that, when appropriate, the respondent is asked for more detailed information than first reported. For example, a respondent reporting chicken for dinner or a sandwich for lunch would be asked about the preparation method and type of bread. This open-ended response structure is designed to prompt respondents to provide a comprehensive and detailed report of all foods and beverages consumed. A 24h can also be filled at home by the responder, and be checked during an interview to further improve it with additional details ENPADASI_WP4 true 24-hour dietary recall A food diary is a record of eaten foods on a meal-by-meal, daily, or weekly basis. It is directly filled by the investigated subject, and it can include nutritional or other dietary information, organize and track foods by food group, and allows monitoring what, when, and how often the filling subject eats. ENPADASI_WP4 true Food Diary Nutritional researcher role is the role of a researcher with specific training and expertise in the nutritional science field ENPADASI_WP4 Nutritional researcher role ENPADASI_WP4 Textual entity used to perform a specific literature search on databases (i.e. Medline or Web of Science database search). Literature database query any type of assay that can be performed in the context of a nutritional study Francesco Vitali https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg nutritional research assay an assay that is aimed at discovering new potential metabolites as food consumption biomarkers, or to measure/validate known food consumption biomarkers in a biological sample (e.g. urine, blood, serum, feces). Francesco Vitali https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg food biomarker analysis assay An assay that is aimed at measuring the quantity (or presence) of food intake biomarkers in a biological sample (e.g. urine, blood, serum, feces) in order to evaluate the consumption of defined foods Francesco Vitali https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Food biomarker validation assay An assay that is aimed at measuring the quantity (or presence) of food related metabolites in a biological sample (e.g. urine, blood, serum, feces) in order to identify/discover new food intake biomarkers Francesco Vitali https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg food biomarker discovery assay A data item which is a quantitative estimate of nutrient intake to be used as a reference value for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. Damion Dooley Francesco Vitali DRI dietary reference intake A dietary reference intake which is an average of daily nutrient intake values to be used as a reference for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. Damion Dooley Francesco Vitali https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10490/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy-carbohydrate-fiber-fat-fatty-acids-cholesterol-protein-and-amino-acids average daily nutrient intake level daily dietary intake level average daily nutrient intake level An average daily nutrient intake level which is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in a group. Damion Dooley Francesco Vitali https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10490/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy-carbohydrate-fiber-fat-fatty-acids-cholesterol-protein-and-amino-acids RDA recommended dietary allowance An average daily nutrient intake level which is recommended based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate with respect to deficiency or disease criteria. Damion Dooley Francesco Vitali https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10490/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy-carbohydrate-fiber-fat-fatty-acids-cholesterol-protein-and-amino-acids AI Adequate intake is used when an RDA cannot be determined. adequate intake An average daily nutrient intake level which is the highest level that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Damion Dooley Francesco Vitali https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10490/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy-carbohydrate-fiber-fat-fatty-acids-cholesterol-protein-and-amino-acids UL As intake increases above the UL, the potential risk of adverse effects may increase. tolerable upper intake level If a specified group is at the EAR threshold of a nutrient intake, then half of the individuals in the specified group are not having their nutritional needs met. An average daily nutrient intake level which is estimated to meet the requirement of half the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group. Damion Dooley Francesco Vitali https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10490/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy-carbohydrate-fiber-fat-fatty-acids-cholesterol-protein-and-amino-acids EAR estimated average requirement An average daily nutrient intake level which is predicted to maintain energy balance in healthy, normal weight individuals of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity consistent with good health. Damion Dooley Francesco Vitali https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10490/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy-carbohydrate-fiber-fat-fatty-acids-cholesterol-protein-and-amino-acids EER In children and pregnant and lactating women, the EER includes the needs associated with growth or secretion of milk at rates consistent with good health. • Relative body weight (i.e. loss, stable, gain) is the preferred indicator of energy adequacy estimated energy requirement A dietary reference intake data item which is a range of intake for a particular energy source (protein, fat, or carbohydrate), expressed as a percentage of total energy (kcal), that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients. Damion Dooley Francesco Vitali https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10490/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy-carbohydrate-fiber-fat-fatty-acids-cholesterol-protein-and-amino-acids AMDR Relative body weight (i.e. loss, stable, gain) is the preferred indicator of energy adequacy acceptable macronutrient distribution range unselected, autochthonous microbial consortia that initiates the fermentation natural starter culture microorganisms selected for specific technological and sensory properties that are inoculated directly into food materials used to initiate the fermentation process and in order to bring about desired and predictable changes in the finished product commercial starter cultures microorganisms naturally present in the raw food or processing environment autochthonous food microbiota the role of a material entity that is the vehicle for introduction of one or more microorganisms (representing starter culture) into a suitable substrate to initiate the fermentation process microbial inoculum a complex matrix composed of a polysaccharide (kefiran) in association with bacteria and yeasts formed during kefir fermentation kefir grains the addition of a small amount of a previously fermented batch to the raw food, with the aim of initiating a new fermentation process bakslopping the food choice management process refers to the complex decision-making process an organism carry out to realize choices about which food to be consumed, and to the choices regarding quantity and mode of consumption of foods. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-4337 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7164 food choice management process wine consumption is part of the Mediterranean diet; as opposed to the "mismanagement of food choice" an healthy management food choice of red wine consumption in the context of mediterranean diet dietary pattern, would be that of limit consumption to a maximum of 2 glasses per day during meals (https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/a-practical-guide-to-the-mediterranean-diet-2019032116194) a food choice management process resulting in healthy food choice https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-4337 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7164 healthy management of food choice Wine consumption is part of the Mediterranean diet, which can be regarded as a healthy dietary pattern. A mismanagement of red wine, which might be related to alcohol addiction, leads to unhealthy food choice about the number of red wine servings consumed per day (> 2). This produces a specific dietary pattern and diet, with unfavourable health consequences, even though all the other requirements to adhere to a Mediterranean diet are met a food choice management process resulting in unhealthy food choice https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7164 mismanagement of food choice a determinant of diet is any factor that drive the food choices of an organism evaluate if it is more convenient to use the determinant of diet as superclass of a series of factor, or else to define the various factor as separate classes (i.e. palatabiliyt) with a "determinant of diet" role. Could be convenient in case of determinants imported from other ontologies, to avoid changing the original superclass assertion https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-4337 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7164 determinant of diet food choice refers to any decision an organism makes regarding food and diet. It both refers to the selection of specific foods to be consumed by an organism, from a variety of available options, and to the choices regarding quantity and mode of consumption of foods. Food choice are direct consequence of the food management process, and depends on a variety of determinants of diet https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-4337 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7164 food selection food choice https://www.eufic.org/en/food-safety/category/food-choice https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/food-science/food-choice "Food choices" [ONS:0000132] are driven by the "food choice management process" [ONS:0000128], which in turn is influenced by a multitude of factors defined as "determinant of diet" [ONS:0000131]. Among these, there is the appeal to eat very tasty foods because of the positive effect they exert on the dopamine reward circuitry. In this way, foods rich in highly palatable ingredients such as simple sugars and fats might be preferred to healthier nutrient-dense alternatives. the palatability of a food refers to its capacity of triggering a reward (i.e. hedonic reward, or pleasure, via a stimulation of the dopamine reward pathway) upon consumption. This property can be related to various aspects of food, usually related to fats and sugars content. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-4337 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7164 palatability https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatability microbial culture responsible for the beginning of the fermentation process https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_starter starter culture for food fermentation microbial cultures that do not take part to the fermentation process but contribute to the development of flavours, aroma and organoleptic properties during maturation/ripening through other metabolic pathways https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 non starter culture for food fermentation This is a high-level term with the purpose of organization of more granular children term. Should not be used in annotation, favoring more specific sub-classes https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 technological processes during dairy food fermentation This is a high-level term with the purpose of organization of more granular children term. Should not be used in annotation, favoring more specific sub-classes https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 biological processes during dairy food fermentation This is a high-level term with the purpose of organization of more granular children term. Should not be used in annotation, favoring more specific sub-classes https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 microbiota in finished or semi-finished fermented products and in the entire food-chain a process in the cheese-making consisting of the storage of cheese in controlled temperature and condition, for defined amount of time. The process is associated to microbial activities such as proteases and lipases which change the morphology and physical texture of the cheese as well as develop taste and flavor of the final product https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 fermented food ripening the set of reactions leading to the conversion of fats (triglycerides) into free fatty acids, monoacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and glycerol during the fermentation process https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 lipolysis during food fermentation the set of reactions leading to the hydrolysis of milk proteins into peptides during the food fermentation process https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 proteolysis during food fermentation the set of reactions leading to the conversion of glucose into pyruvic acid, which is substrate for the fermentation processes https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 glucose metabolism during food fermentation Water-soluble exopolisaccharide produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens during kefir fermentation. It is present in kefir grains https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 kefiran consortium of living microorganisms present in kefir, characterized by bacteria and yeast components (has part) https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 kefir microbiota The set of reactions leading to the conversion of carbohydrates into organic acids, ethanol and CO2 by the enzymatic activity of kefir microbiota https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 kefir fermentation vital biomass containing microorganisms added to start the fermentation process https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 inoculum for fermentation complex matrix composed of an exopolysaccharide in association with bacteria and yeast cells added to milk for kefir production https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 kefir grain as inoculum the procedure in which a small amount of the finished or intermediate fermentation product is used to inoculate a new batch with the aim of starting a new fermentation process https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 backslopping kefir recipe includes and defines the set of ingredients and procedures that should be employed to obtain kefir https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 kefir recipe consortium of living microrganisms present in whey, characterized by bacteria and yeast components (has part) https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 whey microbiota mixture of milk originating from different animal species or from different milking times https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://www.parmigianoreggiano.com/product-art-of-making/ mixed milk the process of destabilization of casein micelles, which flocculate and aggregate to form a gel enclosing the soluble milk components. It is caused by acidification, by enzymatic activities or by the combination of the two processes https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 milk coagulation the set of reactions leading to the conversion of carbohydrates into organic acids by the enzymatic activity of starter microbes in the production of Parmigiano Reggiano. It can also be extended to the proteolitic and lipolytic reactions characterizing maturation and ripening steps. https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://www.parmigianoreggiano.com/product-art-of-making/ parmigiano reggiano fermentation Parmigiano Reggiano recipe includes and defines the set of ingredients and procedures that must be employed to obtain Parmigiano Reggiano cheese https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://www.parmigianoreggiano.com/consortium-specifications-and-legislation/ parmigiano reggiano recipe the result of moulding and final pressing of Parmigiano Reggiano mass retrieved from cauldron https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://www.parmigianoreggiano.com/product-art-of-making/ shaped parmigiano reggiano the set of reactions leading to the conversion of carbohydrates into organic acids, ethanol and CO2 by the enzymatic activity in the absence of oxygen https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing fermentation ons foods or beverages produced through controlled microbial growth, and the conversion of food components through enzymatic action https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 fermented food microbial culture responsible for the beginning of the fermentation process https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_starter starter culture a chemical and/or physical factor that exerts selection pressure and brings about natural selection within microbiota components https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 agent for physico-chemical selection of microbiota the process in which the cheese is placed in a mould giving rise to it its final shape, and immersed in a saturated solution of water and salt https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 cheese shaping and salting a heating process in which the curd is cooked at defined temperature for a defined amount of time. As a result the curd sink to the bottom of the cauldron forming a single mass https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 curd cooking the microbial consortium associated to curd https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 curd microbiota a hard, cooked, brittle cheese with a long ripening time (minimum of 12 months), produced using raw semiskim high-quality cow milk, natural fermented whey, calf rennet and sodium chloride, designed as PDO https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmigiano_Reggiano https://www.parmigianoreggiano.com/product-art-of-making/ parmigiano reggiano a heating process were curd is cooked at 55 °C for 12 minutes, after which the cheesy granules sink to the bottom of the cauldron forming a single mass https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://www.parmigianoreggiano.com/product-art-of-making/ parmigiano reggiano curd cooking the process in which the shaped cheese is stored in controlled temperature condition and for defined amount of time to give rise to the ripened cheese https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 cheese maturation the process during which the parmigiano reggiano cheese wheels are stored at 18-20 °C for a minimum of 12 months giving rise to the ripened parmigiano reggiano https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://www.parmigianoreggiano.com/product-art-of-making/ parmigiano reggiano maturation the microbial consortium associated to parmigiano reggiano cheese https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 parmigiano reggiano microbiota the process in which the cheese, wrapped in typical linen cloth, is placed in a mould that gives it its final shape and immersed in a saturated solution of water and salt. https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://www.parmigianoreggiano.com/product-art-of-making/ parmigiano reggiano shaping and salting the result of moulding and final pressing in cheese-making https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 shaped cheese mixture obtained by combining milk from morning milking with milk from previous evening milking and used as initial ingredient in Parmigiano Reggiano making https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://www.parmigianoreggiano.com/product-art-of-making/ starting milk mixture consortium of living microrganisms present in milk before processing, characterized by bacteria and yeast components (has part) https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 starting milk mixture microbiota the role of a material entity, generally a chemical compound, such as the material entity is not suitable for consumption by a defined group of individuals. This role has a causal relation (is determined by) with another material entity such that it exerts a strong causal influence on the role, and its removal cause the termination of the existence of the role https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 suitable for consumption the role of a material entity, generally a chemical compound, such as the material entity is unfit for consumption by a defined group of individuals. This role has a causal relation (is determined by) with another material entity such that it exerts a strong causal influence on the role, and its removal cause the termination of the existence of the role https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 unfit for consumption the ratio between the vapor pressure of the food, when in a completely undisturbed balance with the surrounding air media, and the vapor pressure of distilled water under identical conditions https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_activity water activity in food whey from the previous day manufacture containing the consortium of living microorganisms, added to start the fermentation process https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 whey as inoculum the procedure in which a small amount of the finished or intermediate kefir is used to inoculate a new batch with the aim of starting a new fermentation process https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 backslopping in kefir fermentation the procedure in which a small amount of whey product of the parmigiano reggiano milk coagulation is used to inoculate a new batch with the aim of starting a new fermentation process https://github.com/FrancescoVit https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9446-7979 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-7726 backslopping in parmigiano reggiano fermentation In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition) http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D004032 diet A feline biologically and anatomically follows a carnivorous diet; Homo sapiens biologically and anatomically follow an omnivorous diet A diet that is defined by the biological, anatomical, and evolutionistic digestive capabilities of a given organism. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg diet by digestive capability A diet that is defined by characteristics of ingested food. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg diet by type of food A diet which involves food produced under certain agricultural conditions. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg diet by agriculture treatment A diet defined by the nutritional presence or absence of types of food bioactive compounds. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg diet by nutritional composition An eating pattern that excludes a given diet. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg proscribed diet A diet assigned as a dietary pattern objective to an individual organism or group. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg prescribed diet A set of classes for the description of diet. A descriptive diet consists of some data set https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg descriptive diet An eating pattern pertaining to a single organism (an instance of organism). This can be used descriptively or prescriptively. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg individual dietary pattern An eating pattern pertaining to a population or sub-population of organism. This can be used descriptively or prescriptively. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg A population dietary pattern example: "pregnant women should not drink more than 2 glasses of wine a day population dietary pattern A food consumption process in which the timing of food and/or liquid ingestion is limited. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Leigh Carmody https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30897855 fasting process https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30897855 Intermittent fasting is a broad term that encompasses a variety of programs that manipulate the timing of eating occasions by utilizing short-term fasts with the intention of modulating body composition and/or overall health. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Leigh Carmody https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26374764/ intermittent fasting https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26374764/ involving fasting periods that are longer than a normal overnight fast of 8–12 hours. A form of time restricted eating, typically 16 h fasting and 8 h eating. A type of intermittent fasting process which allows ad libitum energy intake within controlled time frames, generally a 3-12 hour range each day. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24739093/ TRE time-restricted feeding time-restricted feeding https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24739093/ The fasting protocol indicated fasting for 16 hrs per 24 hrs for a duration of 3 months. A protocol that specifies the timing of food consumption. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg fasting schedule fasting protocol The process of ingesting food during a single eating and/or drinking session. This does not include the digestion process. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg episodic food intake process A diet of a carnivore, which focuses almost exclusively on the consumption of animal food sources. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg carnivorous diet A diet of an omivore, which includes both plant and animal food sources. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg omnivorous diet A diet of a herbivore, which focuses almost exclusively on the consumption of plants, fungi and/or lichen. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg herbivorous diet A diet defined by the food source organisms it allows or excludes. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg diet by food organism A diet which focuses almost exclusively on the consumption of plants, fungi and/or lichen. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://www.gs1.org/voc/DietTypeCode-VEGETARIAN vegetarian diet A diet that excludes all animal products (including fish and seafood). https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism https://www.gs1.org/voc/DietTypeCode-VEGAN vegan diet A diet that includes vegetarian and milk-derived food. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg lacto-vegetarian diet A diet that includes vegetarian and avian egg derived food. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg ovo-vegetarian diet A diet that includes vegetarian, avian egg, and milk derived food. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg lacto-ovo vegetarian diet primarily a plant-based diet but includes meat, dairy, eggs, poultry and fish on occasion or in small quantities https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg flexitarian diet semi-vegetarian diet A diet which includes vegetarian food as well as fish and seafood. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg pescetarian diet A diet that excludes food containing beef food products. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://www.gs1.org/voc/DietTypeCode-WITHOUT_BEEF non-beef diet A diet that excludes food containing swine food products. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://www.gs1.org/voc/DietTypeCode-WITHOUT_PORK non-pork diet A diet consisting entirely of breast milk. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg infant breast milk diet A diet involving formula milk breast milk. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg formula milk diet infant formula milk diet A diet defined by the food texture. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg diet by food texture A soft textured diet was the most often prescribed followed by pureed texture and then minced texture. A diet containing carefully selected foods of an appropriate consistency which can be more easily chewed and managed by a person with dysphagia. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://www.wlmht.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/High-risk-foods-info-sheet-2pp-A4.pdf texture modified diet https://www.wlmht.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/High-risk-foods-info-sheet-2pp-A4.pdf A full liquid diet is made up only of fluids and foods that are normally liquid and foods that turn to liquid when they are at room temperature. You can not eat solid foods when you are on a full liquid diet. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000206.htm liquid diet https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000206.htm A diet consisting of food produced from organic agriculture (food that is grown without the use of synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, irradiation, genetic engineering, pesticides, or drugs.) https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg http://www.fao.org/organicag/oa-faq/oa-faq1/en/ https://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1603.pdf https://www.gs1.org/voc/DietTypeCode-ORGANIC biological agriculture diet organic agriculture diet http://www.fao.org/organicag/oa-faq/oa-faq1/en/ https://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1603.pdf A diet consisting of food that may have been reared with the use of pesticides, herbicides or chemical fertilizers. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1603.pdf non-organic agriculture diet https://extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/pubs/az1603.pdf A ketogenic diet is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, adequate-protein diet that mimics a fasting state, resulting in the substitution of ketone bodies as a source of energy. The ketogenic diet can be used to reduce recurrent epileptic seizures in individuals with intractable epilepsy. Intractable epilepsy is defined as epilepsy that failed to respond to three or more antiepileptic drugs. A high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. It is primarily used in medicine to treat difficult-to-control epilepsy in children https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Leigh Carmody PMID:27759811 PMID:28701250 https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ketogenic-diet PMID:23419562 Modified Atkins diet ketogenic diet PMID:27759811 PMID:28701250 https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/ketogenic-diet PMID:23419562 Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trial, which demonstrated that consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and reduced in saturated fat and cholesterol https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Leigh Carmody PMID: 29141784 DASH diet PMID: 29141784 https://medlineplus.gov/dasheatingplan.html A moderate-fat, restricted-calorie, Mediterranean diet is rich in vegetables and low in red meat, with poultry and fish replacing beef and lamb. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Leigh Carmody PMID:18635428 meditteranean diet PMID:18635428 A diet which provides > 60% of total dietary energy from carbohydrates. It consists predominantly of high glycemic carbohydrates have detrimental metabolic effects https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg high-carbohydrate diet Low-carbohydrate diets restrict carbohydrate consumption relative to the average diet. Foods high in carbohydrates (e.g., sugar, bread, pasta) are limited, and replaced with foods containing a higher percentage of fat and protein (e.g., meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, eggs, cheese, nuts, and seeds), as well as low carbohydrate foods (e.g. spinach, kale, chard, collards, and other fibrous vegetables). https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Leigh Carmody https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet PMID:18635428 Low carbohydrate diet low-carbohydrate, high-protien, high fat diet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet PMID:18635428 A diet involving the a larger proportion of fat than normal. high fat diet A restricted-energy diet with less than 30% of energy from fat. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Leigh Carmody PMID:23651522 low fat diet PMID:23651522 A diet which minimises or eliminates the consumption of gluten. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://www.gs1.org/voc/DietTypeCode-FREE_FROM_GLUTEN gluten free A diet that an individual organism has chosen as a dietary pattern objective. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg self-prescribed diet A diet prescribed to a group in a research study. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg research prescribed diet A dietairy pattern adhered to by a study control group. (possibly a placebo). https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg null nutritional diet study null nutritional diet A diet designed to reduce the symptoms of Coeliac disease which is caused by a reaction to gliadin (a gluten protein found in wheat) and similar proteins found in other crops. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://www.gs1.org/voc/DietTypeCode-COELIAC celiac diet coeliac diet A diet involving the avoidance of Fermentable Oligo-Di-Monosaccharides and Polyols. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FODMAP FODMAP diet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FODMAP A diet designed to reduce the presence of fat in an organism. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg weight loss diet A diet which has an athletic performance objective https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg performance diet A cultural or religious eating pattern. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg ethnographic diet A diet consisting of halal approved food. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://www.gs1.org/voc/DietTypeCode-HALAL halal diet A diet consisting of kosher approved food. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://www.gs1.org/voc/DietTypeCode-KOSHER kosher diet An ingested food data set which is subjectively recorded or recalled by an individual consuming the food https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg diet record self-reported diet https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/63.4.491 An ingested food data set which is observed by a researcher to have been consumed by a subject organism or population of organisms. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg objectively-reported diet A dataset which contains a list of foods that an organism has ingested over some period of time. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg ingested food data set A long-term average daily intake of nutrients and/or foods calculated according to a National Cancer Institute statistical model. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/diet/usualintakes/ NCI usual diet https://epi.grants.cancer.gov/diet/usualintakes/ An ingested food data set of food consumption events detailing food ingested and the time of ingestion. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg This may include the mass or quantity of a food item, and other details such as its preparation process.' ingested food log An ingested food data set for a given day. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg daily food intake A dataset containing the averaged daily intake of each of a variety of nutrients for an individual or organism population. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg daily average nutritional intake The whole of the processes by which food components released by food digestion are able to reach bloodstream https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-4337 https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg food component absorption process https://askthescientists.com/nutrient-absorption/ A set of restrictions on food type ingestion and/or timing of food ingestion. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg dietary protocol dietary regimen The process an organism has which achieves a dietary pattern and involves food availability, physiological or psychological motivation, selection, episodic consumption, and digestion. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg organism food management process A data item recording data about a dietary pattern dietary pattern data item the diet resulting from the lifestyle adaptation following the industrial revolution. It is often associated with western countries, but is increasingly becoming adopted also in other geographic areas. It is known to be rich in red and processed meats, sweets, fried foods, and refined grains while being poor in fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, poultry, and whole grains. In terms of micronutrients, this diet is usually rich in salt, yet poor in other minerals and vitamins, whereas in terms of fats, it is high in saturated and trans-fatty acids, and low in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its fibre and complex carbohydrates contents are also very low due to the high consumption of refined sugars instead of whole-grain foods. "Western diet" synonym of this concept has a wider use in the literature, nevertheless it imply a misleading association to specific geographic location, even though it has a broader distribution. Another possible synonym, taking into consideration that this lifestyle is considered the result of the Industrial Revolution, is "industrialized diet" https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-4337 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7164 industrialized diet urban diet western diet globalized diet the diet characteristic of the lifestyle in isolated/rural areas, commonly in developing countries. It is mainly composed of naturally available food products, including fresh animal protein and vegetables while excluding industrially processed foods. Nevertheless, it is common to use traditional food processing methods to improve nutrient availability, digestibility or to increase conservation time to avoid scarcity. These methods include soaking, fermentation, cooking, pounding, and sprouting. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-4337 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7164 local agrarian diet traditional diet rural diet The temporal aspect of a dietary pattern that details meal frequency or fasting as a daily or episodic activity. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg timing of food intake A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a diet by digestive capabilities. https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg dietary pattern by digestive capability A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a diet by type of food https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg dietary pattern by type of food A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a diet by agriculture treatment https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg dietary pattern by agriculture treatment A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a diet by nutritional composition https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg dietary pattern by nutritional composition A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a proscribed diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg proscribed dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a prescribed diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg prescribed dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in descriptive diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg descriptive dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a diet by food organism https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg dietary pattern by food organism A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a vegetarian diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://www.gs1.org/voc/DietTypeCode-VEGETARIAN vegetarian dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a vegan diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://www.gs1.org/voc/DietTypeCode-VEGAN vegan dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a lacto-vegetarian diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg lacto-vegetarian dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a ovo-vegetarian diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg ovo-vegetarian dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg lacto-ovo vegetarian dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a semi-vegetarian diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg flexitarian diet semi-vegetarian dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a pescetarian diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg pescetarian dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a ketogenic diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Leigh Carmody ketogenic diet dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a DASH diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Leigh Carmody DASH diet dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a Mediterranean diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Leigh Carmody meditteranean diet dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a high-carbohydrate diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg high-carbohydrate diet dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a low-carbohydrate, high-protien, high fat diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Leigh Carmody https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet PMID:18635428 Low carbohydrate diet low-carbohydrate, high-protien, high fat diet dietary pattern https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet PMID:18635428 A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a high fat diet high fat diet dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a low fat diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg Leigh Carmody low fat diet dietary pattern A dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a gluten free diet https://github.com/FoodOntology/joint-food-ontology-wg https://www.gs1.org/voc/DietTypeCode-FREE_FROM_GLUTEN gluten free dietary pattern a dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a globalized diet https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-4337 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7164 globalized diet dietary pattern a dietary pattern that define the quantity, variety or combination of different food in a rural diet https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9125-4337 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7164 rural diet dietary pattern age A time quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of how long the bearer has existed. age biological sex An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's ability to undergo sexual reproduction in order to differentiate the individuals or types involved. true biological sex length A 1-D extent quality which is equal to the distance between two points. length mass A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the proportion of the bearer's amount of matter. mass temperature A physical quality of the thermal energy of a system. temperature behavioral quality An organismal quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's behavior aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements in a given situation. behavioral quality female A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population that only produces gametes that can be fertilised by male gametes. female male A biological sex quality inhering in an individual or a population whose sex organs contain only male gametes. male volume A 3-D extent quality inhering in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of 3-dimensional space it occupies. volume pressure A physical quality that inheres in a bearer by virtue of the bearer's amount of force per unit area it exerts. pressure quality of a single physical entity A physical object quality which inheres in a single-bearer. quality of a single physical entity quality of related physical entities A physical entity quality which exists in relation towards some other entity. quality of related physical entities mixed sex A biological sex quality inhering in a population of multiple sexes. mixed sex organismal quality A quality that inheres in an entire organism or part of an organism. organismal quality protein antithrombin III is a protein An amino acid chain that is produced de novo by ribosome-mediated translation of a genetically-encoded mRNA. protein region A sequence_feature with an extent greater than zero. A nucleotide region is composed of bases and a polypeptide region is composed of amino acids. primary structure of sequence macromolecule sequence region stratification is a planned process which executes a stratification rule using as input a population and assign it member to mutually exclusive subpopulation based on the values defined by the stratification rule Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran Orlaith Burke Philippe Rocca-Serra PRS+AGB adapted from wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified_sampling polled on June 7th,2013 stratifying population population stratification prior to sampling a stratification rule/criteria is a criteria used to determine population strata so that a stratification process implementing the rule can result in any member of the total population being assigned to one and only one stratum Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran Orlaith Burke Philippe Rocca-Serra STATO adapted from wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified_sampling polled on June 7th,2013 stratification rule a stratum population is a population resulting from a population stratification prior to sampling process which aims to produce homogenous subpopulations from an heterogeneous population by applying one or more stratification criteria Alejandra Gonzalez-Beltran Orlaith Burke Philippe Rocca-Serra STATO stratum population mouth The proximal portion of the digestive tract, containing the oral cavity and bounded by the oral opening. In vertebrates, this extends to the pharynx and includes gums, lips, tongue and parts of the palate. Typically also includes the teeth, except where these occur elsewhere (e.g. pharyngeal jaws) or protrude from the mouth (tusks). mouth blood A fluid that is composed of blood plasma and erythrocytes. true blood organism substance Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. Material anatomical entity in a gaseous, liquid, semisolid or solid state; produced by anatomical structures or derived from inhaled and ingested substances that have been modified by anatomical structures as they pass through the body. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9114-8737 organism substance organism substance material anatomical entity Anatomical entity that has mass. material anatomical entity anatomical cluster Anatomical group that has its parts adjacent to one another. anatomical cluster tissue Multicellular anatomical structure that consists of many cells of one or a few types, arranged in an extracellular matrix such that their long-range organisation is at least partly a repetition of their short-range organisation. tissue stomach An expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ. A stomach is lined, in whole or in part by a glandular epithelium. stomach adipose tissue Portion of connective tissue composed of adipocytes enmeshed in areolar tissue adipose tissue urine Excretion that is the output of a kidney urine sweat Secretion produced by a sweat gland. sweat colon Last portion of the large intestine before it becomes the rectum. colon saliva A fluid produced in the oral cavity by salivary glands, typically used in predigestion, but also in other functions. saliva milk An emulsion of fat globules within a fluid that is secreted by the mammary gland during lactation. milk bile vital aqueous secretion of the liver that is formed by hepatocytes and modified down stream by absorptive and secretory properties of the bile duct epithelium. bile feces Portion of semisolid bodily waste discharged through the anus[MW,modified] feces digestive system fluid or secretion digestive system fluid or secretion sputum Matter ejected from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea, through the mouth. sputum A substance that is consumed by the organism for food. ingested food length unit A unit which is a standard measure of the distance between two points. length unit mass unit A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of matter/energy of a physical object. mass unit time unit A unit which is a standard measure of the dimension in which events occur in sequence. time unit temperature unit A unit which is a standard measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter. temperature unit substance unit A unit which is a standardised quantity of an element or compound with uniform composition. substance unit concentration unit A unit which represents a standard measurement of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. concentration unit volume unit A unit which is a standard measure of the amount of space occupied by any substance, whether solid, liquid, or gas. volume unit frequency unit A unit which is a standard measure of the number of repetitive actions in a particular time. frequency unit pressure unit A unit which is a standard measure of the force applied to a given area. pressure unit volumetric flow rate unit A unit which is a standard measure of the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time . volumetric flow rate unit rate unit A unit which represents a standard measurement occurrence of a process per unit time. rate unit vaccine A vaccine is a processed material with the function that when administered, it prevents or ameliorates a disorder in a target organism by inducing or modifying adaptive immune responses specific to the antigens in the vaccine. vaccine vaccination a process of administering substance in vivo that involves in adding a vaccine into a host (e.g., human) in vivo with the intent to invoke a protective or therapeutic adaptive immune response. vaccination true SIO_000031 A start date is a time instant pertaining to the date of the beginning of a process. start date SIO_000085 A question is a linguistic expression used to make a request for information. question SIO_000115 An identifier is a label that specifically refers to (identifies) an entity (instance/type). identifier true SIO_000136 A description is language entity in which elements of a language (formal or natural) are used to characterize an entity. description SIO_000142 An inclusion criterion is a criterion that must be present to satisfy some objective. inclusion criterion SIO_000143 An exclusion criterion is a criterion that must be absent to satistify the objective. exclusion criterion SIO_000154 An article is a publication that is stand-alone section of a larger work. article SIO_000172 An address is a position that indicates the physical location of some entity using a social convention. address SIO_000173 An affiliation is a social relation which indicates the partnership between two or more entities. affiliation SIO_000183 A personal name is a name to identify an individual person and usually comprises of a first name and a last name. full name personal name true SIO_000262 A conclusion is a proposition which is reached after considering the evidence, arguments or premises. conclusion true SIO_000296 A website is a collection of documents published on the World Wide Web. website SIO_000337 An objective is a proposition that indicates a planned or anticipated outcome. objective SIO_000366 A number is a mathematical object used to count, label, and measure. number SIO_000391 time measurement is a measurement value of the duration of some interval of time or a particular instant of time (against some frame of reference). Time intervals are specified as date/datetime ranges. the duration of my life; the duration of a surgical procedure, the moment of death time measurement SIO_000403 A study group is a group of individuals that are subjects in an observational or intervention study. study group SIO_000508 An endpoint is a terminal point that is the last of an ordered pair of points. endpoint SIO_000664 A country is a region legally identified as a distinct entity in political geography. country SIO_000669 A start time is a time instant pertaining to the time at which a process begins. start time SIO_000670 An end time is a time instant pertaining to the time at which a process ends. end time true SIO_000688 institute is a society or organization having a object or common factor, and is normally applied to those with a scientific, educational, or social objective. institute true SIO_000811 A Uniform Resource Locator or Universal Resource Locator (URL) is a specific character string that constitutes a reference to an Internet resource. Uniform Resource Locator URL SIO_000883 A subject role is the role of an individual that is the target of the study. subject role SIO_000964 A standard operating procedure is a specification approved for use in specific environments. standard operating procedure SIO_001014 ethnicity is the biological quality of membership in a social group based on a common heritage. ethnicity SIO_001042 A recipe is a set of instructions that describe how to prepare or make something. recipe 1 SIO_001066 A study is a process that realizes the steps of a study design. study true SIO_001068 A control group is a group of individuals that are not subject to an intervention of interest, but rather serve as a baseline to compare the outcomes in the intervention group. control group SIO_001323 an email address is an identifier to send mail to particular electronic mailbox. email address James Malone DOID:1287 ICD9:390-459.99 ICD9:420-429.99 ICD9:423 ICD9:423.8 ICD9:424 ICD9:429 ICD9:429.2 ICD9:429.7 ICD9:429.8 ICD9:429.81 ICD9:429.89 ICD9:459.9 MSH:D002318 NCIt:C2931 SNOMEDCT:105980002 SNOMEDCT:49601007 ASCVD CARDIOVASC DIS CIRCULATORY DISEASE NOS CVD CVD, NOS CVS disease Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular Disorder Cardiovascular Disorders Cardiovascular disease, NOS Cardiovascular disease, unspecified Cardiovascular disorder, NOS Cardiovascular system disease Certain sequelae of myocardial infarction, not elsewhere classified Circulatory system disease NOS Circulatory system disease NOS (disorder) DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Disease affecting entire cardiovascular system Disease affecting entire cardiovascular system (disorder) Disease of cardiovascular system Disease of cardiovascular system (disorder) Disease of cardiovascular system, NOS Disease, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular Disorder of cardiovascular system Disorder of cardiovascular system (disorder) Disorder of circulatory system Disorder of circulatory system, NOS Disorder of the circulatory system ILL-DEFINED HRT DIS NEC Ill-defined descriptions and complications of heart disease OTHER SEQUELAE OF MI NEC Other diseases of endocardium Other diseases of endocardium (disorder) Other diseases of pericardium Other diseases of pericardium (disorder) Other disorders of papillary muscle Other forms of heart disease Other forms of heart disease (disorder) Other heart disease Other heart disease (disorder) Other heart disease NOS Other heart disease NOS (disorder) Other ill-defined heart disease Other ill-defined heart disease (disorder) Other ill-defined heart disease NOS Other ill-defined heart disease NOS (disorder) Other ill-defined heart diseases Other pericardial disease NOS Other pericardial disease NOS (disorder) Other sequelae of myocardial infarction, not elsewhere classified Other specified diseases of pericardium Other specified pericardial disease NOS Other specified pericardial disease NOS (disorder) PAPILLARY MUSCLE DIS NEC PERICARDIAL DISEASE NEC Unspecified circulatory system disorder [X]Cardiovascular disease, unspecified [X]Cardiovascular disease, unspecified (disorder) [X]Other forms of heart disease [X]Other forms of heart disease (disorder) [X]Other ill-defined heart diseases [X]Other ill-defined heart diseases (disorder) [X]Other specified diseases of pericardium [X]Other specified diseases of pericardium (disorder) circulatory system disease disease of subdivision of hemolymphoid system A body system disease which occurs in the blood, heart, blood vessels or the lymphatic system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells or lymph to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis.[accessedResource: DOID:1287][accessDate: 05-04-2011] A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the heart or the vessels (arteries, veins and lymph vessels). Representative examples of non-neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocarditis and hypertension. Representative examples of neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocardial myxoma and angiosarcoma.[accessedResource: NCIt:C2931][accessDate: 05-04-2011] ASCVD[accessedResource: ICD9:429.2][accessDate: 05-04-2011] CARDIOVASC DIS[accessedResource: MSH:D002318][accessDate: 05-04-2011] CIRCULATORY DISEASE NOS[accessedResource: ICD9:459.9][accessDate: 05-04-2011] CVD, NOS[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] CVD[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] CVS disease[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)[accessedResource: NCIt:C2931][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Cardiovascular Diseases[accessedResource: MSH:D002318][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Cardiovascular Disorder[accessedResource: NCIt:C2931][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Cardiovascular Disorders[accessedResource: NCIt:C2931][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Cardiovascular disease, NOS[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Cardiovascular disease, unspecified[accessedResource: ICD9:429.2][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Cardiovascular disorder, NOS[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Certain sequelae of myocardial infarction, not elsewhere classified[accessedResource: ICD9:429.7][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Circulatory system disease NOS (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195646003][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Circulatory system disease NOS[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195646003][accessDate: 05-04-2011] DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM[accessedResource: ICD9:390-459.99][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Disease affecting entire cardiovascular system (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:105980002][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Disease affecting entire cardiovascular system[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:105980002][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Disease of cardiovascular system (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Disease of cardiovascular system, NOS[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Disease of cardiovascular system[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Disease, Cardiovascular[accessedResource: MSH:D002318][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Diseases, Cardiovascular[accessedResource: MSH:D002318][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Disorder of cardiovascular system (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Disorder of cardiovascular system[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Disorder of circulatory system, NOS[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Disorder of circulatory system[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Disorder of the circulatory system[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:49601007][accessDate: 05-04-2011] ILL-DEFINED HRT DIS NEC[accessedResource: ICD9:429.89][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Ill-defined descriptions and complications of heart disease[accessedResource: ICD9:429][accessDate: 05-04-2011] OTHER SEQUELAE OF MI NEC[accessedResource: ICD9:429.79][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other diseases of endocardium (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:266241000][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other diseases of endocardium[accessedResource: ICD9:424][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other diseases of pericardium (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:194962004][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other diseases of pericardium[accessedResource: ICD9:423][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other disorders of papillary muscle[accessedResource: ICD9:429.81][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other forms of heart disease (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:194901009][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other forms of heart disease[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:194901009][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other heart disease (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:266309008][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other heart disease NOS (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195151008][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other heart disease NOS[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195151008][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other heart disease[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:266309008][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other ill-defined heart disease (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:266251004][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other ill-defined heart disease NOS (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195150009][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other ill-defined heart disease NOS[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195150009][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other ill-defined heart disease[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:266251004][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other ill-defined heart diseases[accessedResource: ICD9:429.8][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other pericardial disease NOS (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:266240004][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other pericardial disease NOS[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:266240004][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other sequelae of myocardial infarction, not elsewhere classified[accessedResource: ICD9:429.79][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other specified diseases of pericardium[accessedResource: ICD9:423.8][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other specified pericardial disease NOS (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:266239001][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Other specified pericardial disease NOS[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:266239001][accessDate: 05-04-2011] PAPILLARY MUSCLE DIS NEC[accessedResource: ICD9:429.81][accessDate: 05-04-2011] PERICARDIAL DISEASE NEC[accessedResource: ICD9:423.8][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.[accessedResource: MSH:D002318][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Unspecified circulatory system disorder[accessedResource: ICD9:459.9][accessDate: 05-04-2011] [X]Cardiovascular disease, unspecified (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195594006][accessDate: 05-04-2011] [X]Cardiovascular disease, unspecified[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195594006][accessDate: 05-04-2011] [X]Other forms of heart disease (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195551001][accessDate: 05-04-2011] [X]Other forms of heart disease[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195551001][accessDate: 05-04-2011] [X]Other ill-defined heart diseases (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195588003][accessDate: 05-04-2011] [X]Other ill-defined heart diseases[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195588003][accessDate: 05-04-2011] [X]Other specified diseases of pericardium (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195553003][accessDate: 05-04-2011] [X]Other specified diseases of pericardium[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195553003][accessDate: 05-04-2011] cardiovascular system disease[accessedResource: DOID:1287][accessDate: 05-04-2011] disease of subdivision of hemolymphoid system[accessedResource: DOID:1287][accessDate: 05-04-2011] A body system disease which occurs in the blood, heart, blood vessels or the lymphatic system that passes nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), gases, hormones, blood cells or lymph to and from cells in the body to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the heart or the vessels (arteries, veins and lymph vessels). Representative examples of non-neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocarditis and hypertension. Representative examples of neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocardial myxoma and angiosarcoma. -- 2003 A non-neoplastic or neoplastic disorder affecting the heart or the vessels (arteries, veins and lymph vessels). Representative examples of non-neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocarditis and hypertension. Representative examples of neoplastic cardiovascular disorders are endocardial myxoma and angiosarcoma. Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM. true cardiovascular disease James Malone DOID:9351 ICD9:250 MSH:D003920 NCIt:C2985 OMIM:612227 SNOMEDCT:73211009 DM - Diabetes mellitus Diabetes Diabetes NOS Diabetes mellitus (disorder) Diabetes mellitus, NOS A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.[accessedResource: MSH:D003920][accessDate: 05-04-2011] A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization.[accessedResource: NCIt:C2985][accessDate: 05-04-2011] DM - Diabetes mellitus[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:73211009][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Diabetes NOS[accessedResource: DOID:9351][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Diabetes mellitus (disorder)[accessedResource: DOID:9351][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Diabetes mellitus, NOS[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:73211009][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Diabetes[accessedResource: DOID:9351][accessDate: 05-04-2011] A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE. A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization. true diabetes mellitus 60 seconds duration of centrifugation James Malone Tomasz Adamusiak NCIt:C25330 NIFSTD:birnlex_2052 SNOMEDCT:103335007 A temporal measurement of the time between two specified points. duration James Malone DOID:10763 ICD9:401-405.99 MSH:D006973 NCIt:C3117 OMIM:145500 (hypertensive disease) or (hypertension) Blood Pressure, High Blood Pressures, High HTN HTN - hypertension HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE High Blood Pressure High Blood Pressures High blood pressure (& [essential hypertension]) Hypertensive disease (disorder) Hypertensive disease NOS (disorder) SURG COMP - HYPERTENSION [X]Hypertensive diseases [X]Hypertensive diseases (disorder) hyperpiesia hypertension NOS hypertensive disease NOS vascular hypertensive disorder Blood Pressure, High[accessedResource: MSH:D006973][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Blood Pressures, High[accessedResource: MSH:D006973][accessDate: 05-04-2011] HTN[accessedResource: DOID:10763][accessDate: 05-04-2011] HYPERTENSIVE DISEASE[accessedResource: ICD9:401-405.99][accessDate: 05-04-2011] High Blood Pressure[accessedResource: MSH:D006973][accessDate: 05-04-2011] High Blood Pressures[accessedResource: MSH:D006973][accessDate: 05-04-2011] High blood pressure (& [essential hypertension])[accessedResource: DOID:10763][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Hypertensive disease NOS (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:194794002][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Hypertensive disease NOS[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:194794002][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.[accessedResource: MSH:D006973][accessDate: 05-04-2011] SURG COMP - HYPERTENSION[accessedResource: ICD9:997.91][accessDate: 05-04-2011] [X]Hypertensive diseases (disorder)[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195537001][accessDate: 05-04-2011] [X]Hypertensive diseases[accessedResource: SNOMEDCT:195537001][accessDate: 05-04-2011] hyperpiesia[accessedResource: DOID:10763][accessDate: 05-04-2011] vascular hypertensive disorder[accessedResource: DOID:10763][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more. true hypertension Jie Zheng Tomasz Adamusiak true MO:23 A process in which the act is intended to modify or alter some other material entity, true treatment Tomasz Adamusiak MSH:D002149 NCIt:C28135 Caloric Intake Caloric Intake[accessedResource: MSH:D002149][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.[accessedResource: MSH:D002149][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes. energy intake Tomasz Adamusiak true MSH:D009043 NCIt:C17708 SNOMEDCT:68130003 Activities, Locomotor Activities, Motor Activities, Physical Activity, Locomotor Activity, Motor Activity, Physical Locomotor Activities Locomotor Activity Motor Activities Motor Activity Physical Activities Activities, Locomotor[accessedResource: MSH:D009043][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Activities, Motor[accessedResource: MSH:D009043][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Activities, Physical[accessedResource: MSH:D009043][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Activity, Locomotor[accessedResource: MSH:D009043][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Activity, Motor[accessedResource: MSH:D009043][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Activity, Physical[accessedResource: MSH:D009043][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Locomotor Activities[accessedResource: MSH:D009043][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Locomotor Activity[accessedResource: MSH:D009043][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Motor Activities[accessedResource: MSH:D009043][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Motor Activity[accessedResource: MSH:D009043][accessDate: 05-04-2011] Physical Activities[accessedResource: MSH:D009043][accessDate: 05-04-2011] The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.[accessedResource: MSH:D009043][accessDate: 05-04-2011] The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon. physical activity Dani Welter true MSH:D012907 NCIt:C20134 smoking Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of tobacco or something similar to tobacco. true smoking behavior Dani Welter true MSH:D000428 NCIt:C16273 alcohol consumption Behaviors associated with the ingesting of alcoholic beverages, including social drinking. true alcohol drinking Dani Welter true MSH:D001835 NCIt:C81328 SNOMEDCT:27113001 weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms. true body weight Dani Welter true MSH:D001827 NCIt:C25347 height The distance from the sole to the crown of the head with body standing on a flat surface and fully extended. true body height Dani Welter true MSH:D055105 NCIt:C100948 SNOMEDCT:276361009 The measurement around the body at the level of the ABDOMEN and just above the hip bone. The measurement is usually taken immediately after exhalation. true waist circumference Dani Welter NCIt:C100947 SNOMEDCT:284472007 circumferential measurement of the largest part of the hip true hip circumference collection of clinical samples from patients, collection of plant materials in a forest, collection of larvae from lab-grown Drosophila flies. Drashtti Vasant true Describes the procedure whereby biological samples for an experiment are sourced. sample collection protocol increase in risk An increase in the probability of an event occuring, as compared to a background risk such as the normal risk in a given population. For intsance, the increased risk of getting breast cancer given a Brca1 mutation. increased risk Dani Welter CPD measurement the quantification of the number of cigarettes that a subject smoked on average per day true cigarettes per day measurement Obsolete Class Obsolete Class example to be eventually removed example to be eventually removed metadata complete Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete. metadata complete organizational term term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg organizational term ready for release Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release." ready for release metadata incomplete Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors. metadata incomplete uncurated Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term. uncurated pending final vetting All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor. pending final vetting to be replaced with external ontology term Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology. Alan Ruttenberg group:OBI to be replaced with external ontology term requires discussion A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues. Alan Ruttenberg group:OBI requires discussion Affymetrix Affymetrix supplied microarray An organization which supplies technology, tools and protocols for use in high throughput applications Affymetrix Thermo Philippe Rocca-Serra Thermo Waters Philippe Rocca-Serra Waters BIO-RAD Philippe Rocca-Serra BIO-RAD Ambion Philippe Rocca-Serra Ambion Helicos Philippe Rocca-Serra Helicos Roche Philippe Rocca-Serra Roche Illumina Philippe Rocca-Serra Illumina Agilent Philippe Rocca-Serra Agilent Li-Cor Philippe Rocca-Serra Li-Cor Bruker Corporation Philippe Rocca-Serra Bruker Corporation Applied Biosystems Philippe Rocca-Serra Applied Biosystems Bruker Daltonics Philippe Rocca-Serra Bruker Daltonics Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan WEB:http://www.sysmex.com/@2009/08/06 2009/09/28 Alan Ruttenberg. Fucoidan-use-case Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration Edingburgh handedness inventory The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory is a set of questions used to assess the dominance of a person's right or left hand in everyday activities. PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg PERSON:Jessica Turner PMID:5146491#Oldfield, R.C. (1971). The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9, 97-113 WEB:http://www.cse.yorku.ca/course_archive/2006-07/W/4441/EdinburghInventory.html Edingburgh handedness inventory eBioscience A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.ebioscience.com/@2011/04/11 eBioscience Cytopeia A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.cytopeia.com/@2011/04/11 Cytopeia Exalpha Biological A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.exalpha.com/@2011/04/11 Exalpha Biological Apogee Flow Systems A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.apogeeflow.com/@2011/04/11 Apogee Flow Systems Exbio Antibodies A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.exbio.cz/@2011/04/11 Exbio Antibodies Becton Dickinson (BD Biosciences) A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.bdbiosciences.com/@2011/04/11 Becton Dickinson (BD Biosciences) Dako Cytomation A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.dakousa.com/@2011/04/11 Dako Cytomation Millipore A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.guavatechnologies.com/@2011/04/11 Millipore Antigenix A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.antigenix.com/@2011/04/11 Antigenix Partec A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.partec.de/@2011/04/11 Partec Beckman Coulter A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.beckmancoulter.com/@2011/04/11 Beckman Coulter Advanced Instruments Inc. (AI Companies) A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.aicompanies.com/@2011/04/11 Advanced Instruments Inc. (AI Companies) Miltenyi Biotec A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/@2011/04/11 Miltenyi Biotec AES Chemunex A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.aeschemunex.com/@2011/04/11 AES Chemunex Bentley Instruments A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://bentleyinstruments.com/@2011/04/11 Bentley Instruments Invitrogen A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.invitrogen.com/@2011/04/11 Invitrogen Luminex A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.luminexcorp.com/@2011/04/11 Luminex CytoBuoy A supplier of flow cytometry analyzers Karin Breuer WEB:http://www.cytobuoy.com/@2011/04/11 CytoBuoy Nimblegen An organization that focuses on manufacturing target enrichment probe pools for DNA sequencing. Person: Jie Zheng Nimblegen Pacific Biosciences An organization that supplies tools for studying the synthesis and regulation of DNA, RNA and protein. It developed a powerful technology platform called single molecule real-time (SMRT) technology which enables real-time analysis of biomolecules with single molecule resolution. Person: Jie Zheng Pacific Biosciences NanoString Technologies An organization that supplies life science tools for translational research and molecular diagnostics based on a novel digital molecular barcoding technology. The NanoString platform can provide simple, multiplexed digital profiling of single molecules. NanoString Technologies 4.5 lactic acid concentration in kefir 4.8 lactose concentration in starting milk mixture 0.01 lactose concentration in parmigiano reggiano 55 temperature of parmigiano reggiano curd cooking 10 duration of parmigiano reggiano curd cooking 0.93 water activity of parmigiano reggiano 12 duration of parmigiano reggiano maturation axiom holds for all times ## Elucidation This is used when the statement/axiom is assumed to hold true 'eternally' ## How to interpret (informal) First the "atemporal" FOL is derived from the OWL using the standard interpretation. This axiom is temporalized by embedding the axiom within a for-all-times quantified sentence. The t argument is added to all instantiation predicates and predicates that use this relation. ## Example Class: nucleus SubClassOf: part_of some cell forall t : forall n : instance_of(n,Nucleus,t) implies exists c : instance_of(c,Cell,t) part_of(n,c,t) ## Notes This interpretation is *not* the same as an at-all-times relation axiom holds for all times meter A length unit which is equal to the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. m meter second A time unit which is equal to the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom. s sec second centimeter A length unit which is equal to one hundredth of a meter or 10^[-2] m. cm centimeter millimeter A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of a meter or 10^[-3] m. mm millimeter micrometer A length unit which is equal to one millionth of a meter or 10^[-6] m. um micrometer nanometer A length unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a meter or 10^[-9] m. nm nanometer angstrom A length unit which is equal to 10 [-10] m. angstrom milligram A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a gram or 10^[-3] g. mg milligram microgram A mass unit which is equal to one millionth of a gram or 10^[-6] g. ug microgram nanogram A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a gram or 10^[-9] g. ng nanogram picogram A mass unit which is equal to 10^[-12] g. pg picogram degree Celsius A temperature unit which is equal to one kelvin degree. However, they have their zeros at different points. The centigrade scale has its zero at 273.15 K. C degree C degree Celsius month A time unit which is approximately equal to the length of time of one of cycle of the moon's phases which in science is taken to be equal to 30 days. month micromole A substance unit equal to a millionth of a mol or 10^[-6] mol. umol micromole nanomole A substance unit equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a mole or 10^[-9] mol. nmol nanomole picomole A substance unit equal to 10^[-12] mol. pmol picomole molar A unit of concentration which expresses a concentration of 1 mole of solute per liter of solution (mol/L). M molar millimolar A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of a molar or 10^[-3] M. mM millimolar micromolar A unit of molarity which is equal to one millionth of a molar or 10^[-6] M. uM micromolar nanomolar A unit of molarity which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a molar or 10^[-9] M. nM nanomolar picomolar A unit of molarity which is equal to 10^[-12] M. pM picomolar cubic centimeter A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a cubic meter or 10^[-9] m^[3], or to 1 ml. cc cubic centimeter milliliter A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a liter or 10^[-3] L, or to 1 cubic centimeter. ml milliliter liter A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 decimeter. L liter cubic decimeter A volume unit which is equal to one thousand of a cubic meter or 10^[-3] m^[3], or to 1 L. cubic decimeter microliter A volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter or 10^[-6] L. ul microliter nanoliter A volume unit which is equal to one thousandth of one millionth of a liter or 10^[-9] L. nl nanoliter picoliter A volume unit which is equal to 10^[-12] L. pl picoliter hertz A frequency unit which is equal to 1 complete cycle of a recurring phenomenon in 1 second. hertz mass percentage A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of a substance in a mixture as a percentage of the mass of the entire mixture. % w/w percent weight pr weight mass percentage mass volume percentage A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the mass of the substance in a mixture as a percentage of the volume of the entire mixture. % w/v percent vol per vol mass volume percentage volume percentage A dimensionless concentration unit which denotes the volume of the solute in mL per 100 mL of the resulting solution. % v/v percent vol per vol volume percentage gram per liter A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in liters. g per L g/L gram per liter milligram per milliliter A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in milligrams divided by the volume in milliliters. mg per ml mg/ml milligram per milliliter pH A dimensionless concentration notation which denotes the acidity of a solution in terms of activity of hydrogen ions (H+). pH milliliter per liter A volume per unit volume unit which is equal to one millionth of a liter of solute in one liter of solution. ml per L ml/l milliliter per liter gram per deciliter A mass density unit which is equal to mass of an object in grams divided by the volume in deciliters. g/dl gram per deciliter colony forming unit per volume A concentration unit which a measure of viable bacterial numbers in a given volume. colony forming unit per volume microliters per minute A volumetric flow rate unit which is equal to one microliter volume through a given surface in one minute. microliters per minute count per nanomolar second A rate unit which is equal to one over one nanomolar second. count per nanomolar second count per molar second A rate unit which is equal to one over one molar second. count per molar second count per nanomolar A rate unit which is equal to one over one nanomolar. count per nanomolar count per molar A rate unit which is equal to one over one molar. count per molar microgram per liter A mass unit density which is equal to mass of an object in micrograms divided by the volume in liters. ng/ml ug/L microgram per liter SVN Revision: Unversioned directory OBI Release 2017-02-22 geographic location A reference to a place on the Earth, by its name or by its geographical location. geographic location kilogram A mass unit which is equal to the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram kept by the BIPM at Svres, France. kg george gkoutos kg unit.ontology UO:0000009 kilogram gram A mass unit which is equal to one thousandth of a kilogram or 10^[-3] kg. g george gkoutos g unit.ontology UO:0000021 gram minute A time unit which is equal to 60 seconds. min george gkoutos min unit.ontology UO:0000031 minute hour A time unit which is equal to 3600 seconds or 60 minutes. h hr george gkoutos h unit.ontology UO:0000032 hour day A time unit which is equal to 24 hours. george gkoutos unit.ontology UO:0000033 day week A time unit which is equal to 7 days. george gkoutos unit.ontology UO:0000034 week year A time unit which is equal to 12 months which is science is taken to be equal to 365.25 days. george gkoutos unit.ontology UO:0000036 year