definition synonym_type_property has_exact_synonym has_related_synonym part of has_part The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms. reproductive physiological process reproduction The part of a cell or its extracellular environment in which a gene product is located. A gene product may be located in one or more parts of a cell and its location may be as specific as a particular macromolecular complex, that is, a stable, persistent association of macromolecules that function together. cell or subcellular entity cellular component subcellular entity cellular_component The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope. cell The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. juxtamembrane cell membrane cellular membrane cytoplasmic membrane plasmalemma bacterial inner membrane inner endospore membrane plasma membrane lipid bilayer plasma membrane A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body. eukaryotic flagellum microtubule-based flagellum primary cilium flagellum cilium The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter, pore or motor protein. small molecule transport solute:solute exchange auxiliary transport protein activity transport accessory protein activity transport A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle. plasma membrane invagination vesicle endocytosis nonselective vesicle endocytosis endocytosis The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle. membrane evagination vesicle biosynthesis vesicle formation nonselective vesicle assembly vesicle budding membrane budding An endocytosis process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles. phagocytosis A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane. organelle organisation organelle organization and biogenesis organelle organization Any process specifically pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. A process is a collection of molecular events with a defined beginning and end. biological process physiological process biological_process Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level. cell physiology cellular physiological process cell growth and/or maintenance cellular process The infolding of a membrane. membrane invagination A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it an attached to it. membrane A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. cell organisation cellular component organisation at cellular level cellular component organisation in other organism cellular component organization at cellular level cellular component organization in other organism cell organization and biogenesis cellular component organization A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vesicle. vesicle organisation vesicle organization and biogenesis vesicle organization A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles; transported substances are enclosed in the vesicle lumen or located in the vesicle membrane. The process begins with a step that directs a substance to the forming vesicle, and includes vesicle budding and coating. Vesicles are then targeted to, and fuse with, an acceptor membrane. vesicle transport vesicular transport nonselective vesicle transport protein sorting along secretory pathway vesicle trafficking vesicle-mediated transport A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents. reproductive process A nonmembrane-bound oligomeric protein complex that participates in bidirectional transport of molecules (cargo) along axonemal microtubules. intraflagellar transport complex intraflagellar transport particle IFT complex intraciliary transport particle A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. macromolecule complex protein containing complex macromolecular complex A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. cell process cellular process cellular projection cell projection Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane. organelle A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). Prosthetic group in this context refers to a tightly bound cofactor. The component polypeptide subunits may be identical. protein-protein complex protein complex Any constituent part of an organelle, an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes constituent parts of the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, but excludes the plasma membrane. organelle part Any constituent part of a membrane, a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. membrane part Any constituent part of a cilium, a specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface. Each cilium is bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored basally in a centriole. cilial part cilium part microtubule-based flagellum part flagellar part flagellum component flagellum part ciliary part Any constituent part of the plasma membrane, the membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins. plasma membrane part Any constituent part of a cell projection, a prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. cell projection part Any constituent part of a cell, the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. cellular subcomponent protoplast cell part A biological process that involves only one organism. single organism process single-organism process The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore, involving a single organism. single-organism transport Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation. establishment and maintenance of localization establishment and maintenance of position localisation establishment and maintenance of cellular component location establishment and maintenance of substance location establishment and maintenance of substrate location localization Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation. establishment of localisation establishment of localization A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a membrane. A membrane is a double layer of lipid molecules that encloses all cells, and, in eukaryotes, many organelles; may be a single or double lipid bilayer; also includes associated proteins. cellular membrane organisation cellular membrane organization membrane organisation membrane organization and biogenesis membrane organization A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component. cellular component organisation or biogenesis cellular component organisation or biogenesis at cellular level cellular component organization or biogenesis at cellular level cellular component organization or biogenesis The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures. cell periphery A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane. region of plasma membrane plasma membrane region Any protein complex that is part of a membrane. membrane protein complex Any protein complex that is part of the plasma membrane. plasma membrane protein complex A localization which involves only one organism. single organism localization single-organism localization