The production of new individuals that contain some portion of genetic material inherited from one or more parent organisms.
Progression through the phases of the mitotic cell cycle, the most common eukaryotic cell cycle, which canonically comprises four successive phases called G1, S, G2, and M and includes replication of the genome and the subsequent segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells. In some variant cell cycles nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division, or G1 and G2 phases may be absent.
The division of a cell nucleus into two nuclei, with DNA and other nuclear contents distributed between the daughter nuclei.
A developmental process in which a progressive change in the state of some part of an organism, germline or somatic, specifically contributes to its ability to form offspring.
developmental process involved in reproduction
A molecular process that can be carried out by the action of a single macromolecular machine, usually via direct physical interactions with other molecular entities. Function in this sense denotes an action, or activity, that a gene product (or a complex) performs.
Catalysis of a biochemical reaction at physiological temperatures. In biologically catalyzed reactions, the reactants are known as substrates, and the catalysts are naturally occurring macromolecular substances known as enzymes. Enzymes possess specific binding sites for substrates, and are usually composed wholly or largely of protein, but RNA that has catalytic activity (ribozyme) is often also regarded as enzymatic.
Catalysis of the reaction: an orthophosphoric monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate, with an acid pH optimum.
acid nucleoside diphosphate phosphatase activity
acid phosphomonoester hydrolase activity
orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum)
phosphate-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum)
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any O-glycosyl bond.
hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds
Catalysis of the endohydrolysis of (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides containing three or more alpha-(1->4)-linked D-glucose units.
alpha-amylase activity (releasing maltohexaose)
1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the reaction: a fructofuranosylated fructofuranosyl acceptor + H2O = a non fructofuranosylated fructofuranosyl acceptor + a beta-D-fructofuranoside.
beta-D-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase activity
Binding to one or more specific sites on a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.
The selective, non-covalent, often stoichiometric, interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
A location, relative to cellular compartments and structures, occupied by a macromolecular machine when it carries out a molecular function. There are two ways in which the gene ontology describes locations of gene products: (1) relative to cellular structures (e.g., cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane) or compartments (e.g., mitochondrion), and (2) the stable macromolecular complexes of which they are parts (e.g., the ribosome).
A component of a cell contained within (but not including) the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes it includes the nucleus and cytoplasm.
The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.
cellular aromatic compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.
phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.
The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.
signal transduction by cis-phosphorylation
signal transduction by conformational transition
signal transduction by protein phosphorylation
signal transduction by trans-phosphorylation
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progress through the mitotic cell cycle.
modulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.
respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system
A biological process is the execution of a genetically-encoded biological module or program. It consists of all the steps required to achieve the specific biological objective of the module. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.
metabolic process resulting in cell growth
multicellular organism metabolic process
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from a UDP-sugar to a small hydrophobic molecule.
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + ATP = ADP-glucose + diphosphate.
ATP:alpha-glucose-1-phosphate adenylyl transferase activity
ADP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
ATP:alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase activity
adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase activity
glucose 1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase activity
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances; typically the energy-requiring part of metabolism in which simpler substances are transformed into more complex ones.
multicellular organismal biosynthetic process
The double lipid bilayer enclosing a plastid and separating its contents from the rest of the cytoplasm; includes the intermembrane space.
Any member of a family of organelles found in the cytoplasm of plants and some protists, which are membrane-bounded and contain DNA. Plant plastids develop from a common type, the proplastid.
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an abiotic (not derived from living organisms) stimulus.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lignins, a class of polymers of phenylpropanoid units.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lignins, a class of polymers formed by the dehydrogenetive radical polymerization of various phenylpropanoid monomers.
An developmental maturation process that has as participant a fruit. Ripening causes changes in one or more characteristics of a fruit (color, aroma, flavor, texture, hardness, cell wall structure) and may make it more attractive to animals and aid in seed dispersal.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances.
positive regulation of biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
positive regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
positive regulation of organismal metabolism
stimulation of organismal metabolic process
up-regulation of organismal metabolic process
positive regulation of metabolic process
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the flower over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The flower is the reproductive structure in a plant, and its development begins with the transition of the vegetative or inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of flower development.
positive regulation of flower development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction.
positive regulation of signaling pathway
positive regulation of signalling pathway
positive regulation of signal transduction
Any process that is carried out at the cellular level, but not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
The process of opening or closing of stomata, which is directly related to the stomatal conductance (measuring rate of passage of either water vapor or carbon dioxide (CO2) through stomata).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stomatal movement.
Release of water by the plant into the air as water vapor mainly through leaves.
The last stage of leaf development during which programmed degradation of macromolecules and nutrient recycling take place.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fruit over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fruit is a reproductive body of a seed plant.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inflorescence over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.
regulation of signalling receptor activity
regulation of signaling receptor activity
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process that modulates a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
positive regulation of organelle organisation
positive regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of organelle organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication. Cell communication is the process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.
positive regulation of cell communication
Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
Any process that increases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
positive regulation of phosphatase activity
A lipid bilayer along with all the proteins and protein complexes embedded in it and attached to it.
A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation at cellular level
cellular component organisation in other organism
cellular component organization at cellular level
cellular component organization in other organism
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-fructose = UDP + sucrose.
NDP-glucose:D-fructose 2-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose-fructose glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose-fructose glucosyltransferase activity
sucrose-UDP glucosyltransferase activity
sucrose-uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-fructose glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of amylose or an amylose derivative.
Catalysis of the reaction: (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)(n+1) + H2O = (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)(n-1) + alpha-maltose. This reaction is the hydrolysis of 1,4-alpha-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides so as to remove successive maltose units from the non-reducing ends of the chains.
4-alpha-D-glucan maltohydrolase activity
The process of removing one or more phosphoric (ester or anhydride) residues from a molecule.
Catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
Catalysis of the transfer of a glycosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups
transferase activity, transferring other glycosyl groups
Catalysis of the transfer of a hexosyl group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups
Catalysis of the transfer of a phosphorus-containing group from one compound (donor) to another (acceptor).
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups
Catalysis of the transfer of a nucleotidyl group to a reactant.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any ester bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.
4-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
p-nitrophenylphosphate phosphohydrolase activity
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of any glycosyl bond.
hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways within a cell or an organism.
regulation of multicellular organismal metabolic process
regulation of organismal metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aromatic compounds, any substance containing an aromatic carbon ring.
aromatic hydrocarbon biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.
A type of reproduction that combines the genetic material of two gametes (such as a sperm or egg cell or fungal spores). The gametes have an haploid genome (with a single set of chromosomes, the product of a meiotic division) and combines with one another to produce a zygote (diploid).
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure, cell or cellular component to attain its fully functional state.
The cellular process that ensures successive accurate and complete genome replication and chromosome segregation.
A biological process that directly contributes to the process of producing new individuals by one or two organisms. The new individuals inherit some proportion of their genetic material from the parent or parents.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the root system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
The entirety of a process in which information is transmitted within a biological system. This process begins with an active signal and ends when a cellular response has been triggered.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling process.
positive regulation of signalling process
positive regulation of signaling process
Binds to and modulates the activity of a receptor.
The function of interacting (directly or indirectly) with receptors such that the proportion of receptors in the active form is increased.
A membrane that is one of the two lipid bilayers of an organelle envelope or the outermost membrane of single membrane bound organelle.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
regulation of cellular metabolic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
positive regulation of cellular metabolism
up regulation of cellular metabolic process
up-regulation of cellular metabolic process
upregulation of cellular metabolic process
activation of cellular metabolic process
stimulation of cellular metabolic process
positive regulation of cellular metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
positive regulation of cellular anabolism
positive regulation of cellular biosynthesis
positive regulation of cellular formation
positive regulation of cellular synthesis
up regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
up-regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
upregulation of cellular biosynthetic process
activation of cellular biosynthetic process
stimulation of cellular biosynthetic process
positive regulation of cellular biosynthetic process
A double membrane structure enclosing an organelle, including two lipid bilayers and the region between them. In some cases, an organelle envelope may have more than two membranes.
A multilayered structure surrounding all or part of a cell; encompasses one or more lipid bilayers, and may include a cell wall layer; also includes the space between layers.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Any biological process, occurring at the level of a multicellular organism, pertinent to its function.
A biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an integrated living unit: an anatomical structure (which may be a subcellular structure, cell, tissue, or organ), or organism over time from an initial condition to a later condition.
All of the contents of a plasma membrane bounded cell projection, excluding the plasma membrane surrounding the projection.
plasma membrane bounded cell projection cytoplasm
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle.
regulation of organelle organization and biogenesis
Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group from UDP-glucose to an acceptor molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.
positive regulation of dephosphorylation
A long, thin projection from a root epidermal cell that contains F-actin and tubulin, and a cell wall.
Receiving a signal and transmitting it in the cell to initiate a change in cell activity. A signal is a physical entity or change in state that is used to transfer information in order to trigger a response.
receptor activity involved in signal transduction
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.
The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Either of the lipid bilayers that surround a plastid and form the plastid envelope.
Catalysis of the reaction: RPO-R' + H2O = RPOOH + R'H. This reaction is the hydrolysis of any phosphoric ester bond, any ester formed from orthophosphoric acid, O=P(OH)3.
A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon.
Plant storage body for amylose and amylopectin, 1-100um in diameter. Also contains small amounts of enzymes, amino acids, lipids and nucleic acids. The shape of the grain varies widely amongst species, but is often spherical or disk-shaped.
Any process that activates or increases the activity of an enzyme.
positive regulation of metalloenzyme activity
positive regulation of catalytic activity
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, and prokaryotic structures such as anammoxosomes and pirellulosomes. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.
Organized structure of distinctive morphology and function, bounded by a single or double lipid bilayer membrane and occurring within the cell. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and vesicles. Excludes the plasma membrane.
intracellular membrane-enclosed organelle
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
regulation of secondary metabolic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.
regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
positive regulation of molecular function
The chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform chemical substances.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of substances, carried out by individual cells.
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of secondary metabolites, the compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.
secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
Functions in the storage of nutritious substrates.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
positive regulation of cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through cell cycle
up regulation of progression through cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through cell cycle
upregulation of progression through cell cycle
activation of progression through cell cycle
stimulation of progression through cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.
positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
up regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
activation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
stimulation of progression through mitotic cell cycle
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphates.
positive regulation of phosphate metabolism
up regulation of phosphate metabolic process
up-regulation of phosphate metabolic process
upregulation of phosphate metabolic process
activation of phosphate metabolic process
stimulation of phosphate metabolic process
positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-glucose + D-fructose 6-phosphate = UDP + sucrose 6-phosphate.
UDP-glucose-fructose-phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
UDP-glucose:D-fructose-6-phosphate 2-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose-fructose-phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
UDPglucose:D-fructose-6-phosphate 2-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase activity
sucrose phosphate-uridine diphosphate glucosyltransferase activity
sucrosephosphate-UDP glucosyltransferase activity
uridine diphosphoglucose-fructose phosphate glucosyltransferase activity
Catalysis of the transfer of a glucosyl group to an acceptor molecule, typically another carbohydrate or a lipid.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the response to osmotic stress.
regulation of response to osmotic stress
The activity of a gene product that interacts with a receptor to effect a change in the activity of the receptor. Ligands may be produced by the same, or different, cell that expresses the receptor. Ligands may diffuse extracellularly from their point of origin to the receiving cell, or remain attached to an adjacent cell surface (e.g. Notch ligands).
The creation of two or more organelles by division of one organelle.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the root over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The root is the water- and mineral-absorbing part of a plant which is usually underground, does not bear leaves, tends to grow downwards and is typically derived from the radicle of the embryo.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the leaf over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the shoot system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the floral organ over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a floral whorl over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A floral whorl is a circular arrangement of parts of a flower arising from a stem of a plant.
collective phyllome structure development
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gynoecium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gynoecium is the collective name for the carpels of a flower.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
positive regulation of physiological process
positive regulation of biological process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
positive regulation of cellular physiological process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
regulation of post-embryonic development
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-embryonic development. Post-embryonic development is defined as the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure.
up regulation of post-embryonic development
up-regulation of post-embryonic development
upregulation of post-embryonic development
activation of post-embryonic development
stimulation of post-embryonic development
positive regulation of post-embryonic development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of a response to a stimulus. Response to stimulus is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus.
positive regulation of response to stimulus
The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of somatic structures that will be used in the process of creating new individuals from one or more parents, from their formation to the mature structures.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a phyllome over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A phyllome is a collective term for all the different types of leaves appearing on plants.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of shoot development.
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an anatomical structure from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a biological process. Biological processes are regulated by many means; examples include the control of gene expression, protein modification or interaction with a protein or substrate molecule.
Any process that modulates the activity of an enzyme.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cellular process, any of those that are carried out at the cellular level, but are not necessarily restricted to a single cell. For example, cell communication occurs among more than one cell, but occurs at the cellular level.
regulation of cellular physiological process
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell or organism.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of development, the biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote, or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).
positive regulation of developmental process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
regulation of cellular component organisation
regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis
regulation of cellular component organization
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell structures, including the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope.
positive regulation of cell organisation
positive regulation of cellular component organization and biogenesis
positive regulation of cellular component organization
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphorus or compounds containing phosphorus.
regulation of phosphorus metabolic process
Any process in which a cell, a substance, or a cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is transported, tethered to or otherwise maintained in a specific location. In the case of substances, localization may also be achieved via selective degradation.
establishment and maintenance of localization
establishment and maintenance of position
establishment and maintenance of cellular component location
establishment and maintenance of substance location
establishment and maintenance of substrate location
Any process that localizes a substance or cellular component. This may occur via movement, tethering or selective degradation.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a multicellular organismal process, the processes pertinent to the function of a multicellular organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
regulation of multicellular organismal process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an organismal process, any of the processes pertinent to the function of an organism above the cellular level; includes the integrated processes of tissues and organs.
up regulation of multicellular organismal process
up-regulation of multicellular organismal process
upregulation of multicellular organismal process
activation of multicellular organismal process
stimulation of multicellular organismal process
positive regulation of multicellular organismal process
Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds, e.g. C-O, C-N, C-C, phosphoric anhydride bonds, etc. Hydrolase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 3.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from one compound (generally regarded as the donor) to another compound (generally regarded as the acceptor). Transferase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 2.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.
positive regulation of hydrolase activity
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.
positive regulation of transferase activity
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
modulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle progression
positive regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
up regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
up-regulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
upregulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
activation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
stimulation of progression through meiotic cell cycle
positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. The process begins with detection of the stimulus by a cell and ends with a change in state or activity or the cell.
Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the cell cycle.
regulation of progression through cell cycle
arrest of mitotic cell cycle progression
negative regulation of cell cycle arrest
positive regulation of cell cycle arrest
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of linkages in beta-D-glucans; beta-glucans are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers linked by beta-glycosidic bonds.
A compound molecular function in which an effector function is controlled by one or more regulatory components.
The progression of the reproductive system over time from its formation to the mature structure. The reproductive system consists of the organs that function in reproduction.
Any process that modulates a measurable attribute of any biological process, quality or function.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a molecular function, an elemental biological activity occurring at the molecular level, such as catalysis or binding.
Catalysis of the transfer of an adenylyl group to an acceptor.
A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state.
The directed movement of organic substances into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An organic substance is a molecular entity that contains carbon.
The chemical reactions and pathways involving an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
organic molecular entity metabolic process
A process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cellular component.
cellular component organisation or biogenesis
cellular component organisation or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular component organization or biogenesis at cellular level
cellular component organization or biogenesis
The broad region around and including the plasma membrane of a cell, encompassing the cell cortex (inside the cell), the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to stress. Response to stress is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).
Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.
positive regulation of cell cycle process
The process of closing of stomata, pores in the epidermis of leaves and stems bordered by two guard cells and serving in gas exchange.
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a reproductive shoot system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.
A plant organ developmental process during which a plant dismantles cellular components to reclaim the cellular building blocks and nutrients that have been deposited in the plant organs during growth.
A membrane that is a (regional) part of the plasma membrane.
A molecular function regulator regulates the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target. Examples of molecular function regulators include regulatory subunits of multimeric enzymes and channels. Mechanisms of regulation include allosteric changes in the target and competitive inhibition.
Development of a plant organ, a multi-tissue plant structure that forms a functional unit.
Any (proper) part of the cytoplasm of a single cell of sufficient size to still be considered cytoplasm.
The complete extent of cell cortex that underlies some some region of the plasma membrane.
A part of a cellular organism that is either an immaterial entity or a material entity with granularity above the level of a protein complex but below that of an anatomical system. Or, a substance produced by a cellular organism with granularity above the level of a protein complex.
A prolongation or process extending from a cell and that is bounded by plasma membrane, e.g. a cilium, lamellipodium, or axon.
One of the two nuclear divisions that occur as part of the meiotic cell cycle.
A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.
A molecular function regulator that activates or increases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leaf senescence.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leaf senescence.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.
regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.
activation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
positive regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
up regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
up regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
up-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
up-regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
upregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis
upregulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
activation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
positive regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lignin biosynthetic process.
regulation of lignin biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic cyclic compound.
organic cyclic compound metabolic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic cyclic compound.
organic cyclic compound biosynthetic process
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an organic substance, any molecular entity containing carbon.
organic molecular entity biosynthetic process
A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle.
A process that is part of the mitotic cell cycle.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of respiratory gaseous exchange.
up regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
up-regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
upregulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
activation of respiratory gaseous exchange
positive regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leaf development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leaf development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multicellular organismal development.
regulation of multicellular organismal development
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.
positive regulation of reproductive process
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling receptor activity.
positive regulation of signalling receptor activity
positive regulation of signaling receptor activity
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of root development.
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phenylpropanoid metabolic process.
regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism
regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolic process